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LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OP 
CALIFORNIA 

SAN  DIEGO      . 
V ^ 


presented  to  the 
UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
SAN  DIEGO 

by 

MR.   LOUIS  I.   GORDON 


HILL'S  ALBUM. 


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HILL'S  ALBUM 


OF 


iojrapltn  and  ^rt: 


CONTAINING 


porteit^  and  peq-^I^Etcpg  of  Wjani}  pergong 

WHO    HAVE    BEEN    AND    ARE 

PROMINENT   AS   RELIGIONISTS,    MILITARY    HEROES,   INVENTORS,  FINANCIERS,  SCIENTISTS, 

EXPLORERS,  WRITERS,   PHYSICIANS,  ACTORS,   LAWYERS,   MUSICIANS,  ARTISTS, 

POETS,  SOVEREIGNS,  HUMORISTS,  ORATORS  AND  STATESMEN: 

TOGETHER   WITH    CHAPTERS    RELATING   TO 


HISTORY,  SCIENCE,  AND  IMPORTANT  WORK  IN  WHICH  PROMINENT  PEOPLE  HAVE  BEEN 

ENGAGED  AT  VARIOUS  PERIODS  OF  TIME. 


BY 


THOS.  E.  HILL, 

AUTHOR  OF  "HILL-S  MANUAL  OF  SOCIAL  AND  BUSINESS  FORMS,"  Etc.,  Etc. 


CHICAGO: 
HILL   STANDARD    BOOK    COMPANY,    PUBLISHERS. 

1887. 


XS^- 


^- 


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1 


^ 


Copyright,  188IJ,  by  Thos.  E.  nill. 


Copyright,  1883,  by  Thos.  E.  Hill. 


Copyi'iglu,  1881,  by  Thos.  E. 


Hi.,.^ 


14 


Uitu<l  by  EubicrlpiloD  onlj  &nil  Dot  fur  ti&Ic  In  tbc  boolutorca.    Rcsidcnia  of  cliij  State  dcstriug  a  copj  sbouttl  address  the  publishers  and  aa  ae^nt  will  cull  upon  them. 


m 


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TD 


THDSE     STRIiriN&    FDR    EXCELLENCE 


In  the  ITarlDus  ElEpartniEnts  ai  Human  i^ctian, 


ISTHD  "WDULI]  KNOW  HDIAT  OTHERS  HAVE  WDN  SUCCESS, 


This  "yoluniB  is  RespEctfuUy  nBdicated, 


:<5:- 


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:(> — 


ome  are  horn  great,  some  acliietre  greatness, 

^nd  some  liaue  greatness  thrust  upon  them." 


— tf)|;< 


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PREFAC: 


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sYERlBODY   desires  success.       Some   will  have  a  higher  mark,     a  more  exalted 
^     ambition,  than  others,  but  from    the    cradle    to  the   grave  there   is  within  the 
huiuan  heart  a  desire  to  excel  in  some  direction. 

An  individual  lias  been  victorious  in  tlic  l)attle  of  life  and  has  coinc;  coii- 
spicuously  to  the  fnint.  The  world  is  curious  to  know  the  steps  that  were  taken 
by  which  that  success  was  won.  Under  what  circumstances  and  where  was  the  individual 
born:^  What  mental  gifts  did  he  inherit?  What  were  his  opportunities  in  childhood?  Wiiat 
were  the  fortunate  circumstances  that  assisted  him?  What  advantages  had  he  that  we 
have  not  i 

As  we  draw  lessons  from  examples,  these  are  questions  that  naturally  and  properly  arise  in 
the  muid  of  every  inquiring  and  aspiring  person.  To  answer  these  questions  is  the  object  of  this 
work.  In  its  preparation  the  aim  has  been  to  jiresent  prominent  life-histories  in  a  sjjace  so  brief 
as  to  be  quickly  read,  in  language  so  plain  as  to  be  easily  understood,  and  in  a  foi-m  so  attractive 
as  to  make  the  turning  of  its  pages  a  source  of  real  and  never-ending  pleasure. 

The  reader  will  miss  some  names,  probably,  that  should  have  been  mentioned,  and  may 
regret  that  facts  and  peculiarities  concerning  certain  individuals  have  not  been  more  fully 
given;  but  that  omission  will  be  excused  when  it  is  considered  that  no  book,  which  would  come 
within  the  ability  of  the  peoj^le  to  buy,  could  contain  all  the  names  of  those  about  whom  it  is 
desirable  to  read. 

From  tlie  multitude  of  rej^resentative  characters,  these  names  are  chosen.  The  record  of 
their  life-work  reveals  some  faults  to  be  avoided  and  many  virtues  worthy  of  imitation.  Nearly 
all  these  biographies  teach  lessons  which  the  youth  of  the  land  will  find  profitable  for  study, 
while  their  perusal  will  be  interesting  and  instructive  to  all. 


V 


? 


PAGE. 

BOOK  I. 
REL,ieiO>'  AXO  ITS  FOTIKSERS, 

Containing  Names  of  Religious  Founders,  Religious  Denominations, 

Beliefs,  Glossary  of  Religious  Terms,  Etc 19 

BOOK   II. 
.>III,ITAKY    CHIEFTAINS   ASTD    FAMOTTS   BATTl.ES, 

Giving  Biographical  Sketches  of  Military  Heroes  at  all  Times,  Great 

Battles,  Military  Terms,  Etc 50 

BOOK   III. 

DI8COVEREKS  AJfB  EXPI.ORERS, 

Presenting    the  Histories  of   Individuals  famous    for    Exploration, 

Travel  and  Discovery 77 

BOOK  IV. 

SKETCHES  OF   I.EADIXG  I^TVENTORS, 

Presenting  Condensed  Accounts  of  theirWork  and  Dates  of  Important 

Inventions  84 

BOOK  V. 

HISTORY  OF  FINANCIERS, 

Giving  the  Means  by  which  Rich  Men  have  Acquired  Wealth,  Personal 

Sketches  of  Millionaires,  Secrets  of  Success,  Etc 102 

BOOK  VI. 

SKETCHES  OF  THE  SCIENTISTS, 

Containing  the  Names  of  Famous  Originators  and  Discoverers  in 

Sclentillc  Pursuits 132 

BOOK  VII. 

THE  THEORY  OF  PROGRESSION, 

Giving  a  Portrait  of  Darwin,  and  views  of  Earth  and  .\niniul  Life  at 

Different  Epochs  of  Time 138 

BOOK  vin. 

Ol'R  DOMESTIC  ANIMAI..S, 

Giving  Historical  SkiUhes,  Di»cil|,tl.jn».  IVculiarltles  and  Merits  of 

the  Different   Varieties.    Each    Illustrated 164 

HOOK  IX. 
ASTRONOMICAL  SCIENCE, 

Presenting  Sketches  of  Distinguished   Aslronomers.  Illustrations  of 

the  Planets  aiirl  List  of  .\H(ronoinieal  Terms 100 

BOOK  X. 

PHRENOLOGY  AND  SCIENCE  OF  .MIND, 

Containing  Portraits  of  Phrenological  Teacliers.  Heads  of  DifTerent 

rhnrart,-i-s  anrl  T)i.s(.ri|itl(,iiH  of  Phrennlotfleal  Organs 213 


PAGE. 
BOOK  XI. 
HUMORISTS  AND  CARICATURISTS, 

Giving  Portraits  and  Biographies  of  Noted  Individuals  who  have 

Succeeded  in  making  People  Laugh 224 

BOOK  XII. 

PHYSICIANS,  LA-WYERS  AND  SOVEREIGNS, 

Containing  the  Names  of  a  Few  who  have  been  Celebrated  in  Law, 

Medicine,  and  as  Rulers  of  Kingdoms 197-242-249 

BOOK  XIII. 
ORATORS  AND  STATESMEN, 

Containing  Pen-Sketches  and  Portraits    of    Individuals    noted    for 

Oratorical  Power  and  Influence  in  Swaying  Public  Mind 2.53 

BOOK  XIV. 

ACTORS  AND  PLAY'-WRIGHTS, 

Giving  the  History  of  those  who  have  been  Prominent  as  Tragedians, 

Comedians,  Play- Writers,  Etc 263 

BOOK  XV. 

HISTORIANS,  NOVELISTS,   ESSAY'ISTS,   Etc., 

Giving  Personal  Sketches  of  Authors  Distinguished  as  Historians, 

Writers  of  Fiction,  Editors,  Etc 268 

BOOK  XVI. 

POETS  AND  SONG-WRITERS, 

Presenting  Sketches  of  the  most  Distinguished  Poets  in  the  Old  and 

New  Worlds,  with  Occasional  Choice  Extracts 294 

BOOK  XVII. 
PAINTERS  AND  SCX-LPTORS, 

Containing    the    Iliograidiics    of    Artists    Celrlir.-ited    for  Sculpture, 

Poitrait-Painting  and  Landscape  Delineation 327 

BOOK   XVllI. 
CONOR ESSION.VL  DIIC ECTOR Y, 

Containing  Tnbulatetl  Sketch  of  Every  Memlii-r  of  Congress  from  the 

Founding  of  our  (Jovernmentto  the  Pi-esent  Time 450 

BOOK  XIX, 
nE.WTiriTL  HOMES, 

Showing  Principles  of  Bejiuty,  Rel.-iting  u>  Curves.  Proportion  and 

Contrast,  and  Views  *»('  Itesidences  and  Ornanuuitnl  Grounils.. ,  .  .',3'i 

BOOK  XX. 
HOrsEHOLD  ORNAMENTATION. 

Giving  illustrations  of  Various  Household  Klfgancies,  Directions  for 

their  Making  along  \villi  \'ie\vs  of  Several  Interiors .WJ 


^ 


CJ.- 


i; /TTLcraiLBE^icMi:  s  ^Biographies.  ; 


<»- 


'•^=:-*-s^<- — <>— 


-&- 


Aaron.  First  Jewish  High-Priest 45 

Ahhott.  .hiculj.  Writer  of  Hooks  for  the  Young  280 

Abbutt.  Juhii  S.  C,  Writtir  of  Many  Histories 280 

Abbot,  Samuel.  American  Christian  Merchant 45 

Abercromby.Sir  Itiilph.  British  General 53 

Abercronibie,  James,  a  British  General  in  America 58 

Abernethy,  John.  Eccentric  English  Surgeon Portrait 197 

Abraham,  Founder  of  the  Jewish  Nation 45 

Abrantes,  Duke  of,  French  General 53 

Adair.  John,  an  American  General 61 

Adams,  Alvin,  Founder  of  Adams  Express Portrait 370 

Adams.  Charles  Francis,  Minister  to  England Portrait 444^ 

Adams,  John,  Statesman  and  Sth  President Portrait 244 

Adams,  John  Q.,  Statesman  and  6th  President Portrait 244 

Adams,  William  T.,  ("  Oliver  Optic")  a  Wi-iter  for  Boys Portrait 372 

Addiaon,  Joseph,  Elegant  Essayist  and  Poet Portrait 323 

^sop,  Ancient  Philosopher  and  Fabulist 192 

^tius,  a  Roman  General 53 

Agamemnon.  Grecian  Genera)  at  the  Siege  of  Troy 33 

Agassiz,  Louis  J.  R.,  Naturalist 192 

Agnew.  Dr.  D.  Hayes Portrait 387 

Agricola.  Cneius  J..  Roman  General  under  Domitian 53 

Akers,  B.  Paul,  an  American  Sculptor 338 

Alcibiades,  Athenian  Conqueror  of  Sparta 53 

Alcott.  A.Bronson,  the  "  Philosopher  of  Concord" Portrait 268 

Alcott,  Louisa  May,  Author  of  "  Little  Women  " Portrait. . .  .268 

Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailey,  Poet  and  Magazine  Writer 295 

Alexander  the  Great.  Conqueror  of  the  Ancient  World 53 

Alexander,  William,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 58 

Alfred  the  Great,  King  of  the  Saxons  in  England 53 

Alger,  W''illiam  R.,  Unitarian  Preacher  and  Author 280 

Alger.  Horatio.  Jr.,  Writer  of  Juvenile  Books 280 

Allan.  Sir  Hugh,  Great  Ocean  Navigator Portrait 438 

Allen,  Ethan,  Hero  of  Foit  Ticonderoga.... Portrait 58 

Allen.  Solomon,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 58 

Allen,  Thomas,  Journalist  and  Railroad  Official Portrait 428 

Allen,  William  H.,  an  American  Naval  Officer 63 

Allen.  William  H.,  President  of  Girard  College Portrait. . .  .387 

Allibone,  Samuel  A.,  American  Author 281 

Alvarado.  Pedro  D.,  Conqueror  of  Mexico  under  Cortez 53 

Alvarez.  Juan,  Conqueror  of  Mexico  in  1855 53 

Ames,  Daniel  T.,  Commercial  Teacher  and  Penman, Portrait..  ..^^G 

Ames,  Oakes,  Manufacturer  and  Legislator Portrait. . .  ,373 

Andersen,  Hans  Christian,  a  Danish  Author 269 

Anderson,  Robert,  an  American  General 68 

Andrew,  Christ's  Apostle 45 

Andrew,  John  A.,  War-Governor  of  Massachusetts Portrait 368 

Anglesey,  Marquis  of,  a  Distinguished  British  General  at  Waterloo 53 

Ajigell,  George  T.,  Humanitarian Portrait 371 

Angelo,  Michael.  Painter.  Sculptor  and  Poet Portrait ...  ,327 

Anton,  Charles.  Author  of  Greek  and  Latin  Educational  Books 275 

Anthony.  Mark,  Husband  of  the  Renowned  Cleopatra 53 

Appleton,  Daniel.  Foundei-  of  New  York  Book-Publishing  House 130 

Appleton,  Nathan,  Merchant  and  Political  Economist 130 

Appleton.  Samuel,  Prosperous  and  Liberal  Merchant 130 

Aquinas.  Thomas.  Italian  Theologian 45 

Aristotle,  the  Great  Grecian  Philosopher 132 

Arius,  Greek  Patriarch  and  Founder  of  Arianism 45 

ArnUnius.  James,  Founder  of  the  Arminian  Belief 45 

Armstrong,  George  B..  Founder  of  Railway  Mail-Service Portrait 400 

Armstrong.  John.  Revolutionary  Officer 58 

Arnnlil.  Benedict,  a  Revolutionary  Traitor 58 

Arnold.  Isaac  N..  Member  of  Congress  and  Historian Portrait 40] 

Arthui,  Chester  A.,  Twenty-First  President Portrait 245 


TAGE. 

Arthur,  Timothy  S.,  American  Story-Writer Portrait 26» 

Asbury,  Francis.  First  American  Methodist  Bishop 45 

Ashe,  John,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 58 

Aspinwall.  William  H.,  Merchantand  Steamboat  Owner Portrait — 381 

Astor,  John  Jacob,  Merchant  in  New  York Portrait 104 

Athanasius.  Egyptian  Patriarch 45 

Attila.  King  of  the  Huns  and  Conqueror  of  Europe 53 

Audubon.  John  J.,  the  American  Ornithologist Portrait 133 

B. 

Bacon,  Sir  Francis,  English  Philosopher  and  Politician 1^*6 

Bagley,  John  J.,  Tobacco  Maimfacturer  and  Governor. Portrait ...  .42ri 

Bailey,  Theodorus,  an  American  Admiral 63 

Bainbridge,  William,  an  American  Commodore 63 

Baker.  Edward  P..  Statesman  and  Soldier 68 

Baldwin.  E.  J..  Merchantand  Mining  Speculator Portrait 124 

Bancroft,  Albert  L. ,  Bookseller  and  Publisher Portrait 405 

Bancroft.  George,  American  Historian Portrait 269 

Bancroft.  Hubert  H..  Historian Portrait. . .  .410 

Banks.  Nathaniel  P..  Soldier  and  Statesman Portrait 368 

Barber.  Francis,  a  Revolutionary  Officer , 58 

Barings,  The.  F^nglish  Merchants  and  Bankers , 125 

Barnard,  Frederic  A.  P..  President  of  Columbia  College Portrait — 381 

Barnes,  Albert,  Preacher  and  Commentator Portrait 393 

Barney,  Joshua,  an  American  Commodore 63 

Barnum,  PhineasT.,  Showman Portrait 130 

Barron,  James,  an  American  Commodore 63 

Barron,  Samuel,  an  American  Naval  Captain 63 

Barron,  Samuel,  an  American  Commodore 63 

Barry.  .Tohn.  an  American  Commodore 63 

Bartholomew,  Christ's  Apostle 4.') 

Bates,  Edward,  Attorney-General  of  the  United  States Por(7'af(....429 

Baxter,  Richard,  English  Author  and  Divine 45 

Bayard,  "  Chevalier,"  a  French  Knight 53 

Bayard,  Thomas  F..  American  Statesman Portrait 434 

Beard,  James  H-,  Portrait  and  Scene-Painter 334 

Beard,  William  H.,  Animal -Painter 334 

Beauregard.  Peter  G.  T.,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Beechers.  The 198 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward,  Preacher,  Author  and  Lecturer Portrait.. 4^'2G'2 

Beecher,  Lyman,  American  Divine 45 

Bede,  (the  "  Venerable").  English  Monk  and  Author 45 

Beethoven,  Ludwig  von.  GermaTi  Musical  Composer 246 

Behring,  Vitus,  a  Russian  Explorer 77 

Belford,  James  M.,  Jurist  and  Legislator Portrait 416 

Belknap.  William  W.,  Secretary  of  War 68 

Bengel.  John  Albert,  Catholic  Theologian 45 

Bennett,  James  Gordon.  Founder  of  the  New  York  Berald. ,.  .Portrait 280 

Bennett,  James  G.,  Jr.,  Owner  of  the  New  York  Herald Portrait 383 

Bennett,  S.  Fillmore.  Author  of  "  Sweet  Bye-and-Bye" Portrait 305 

Benton,  Thomas  H..  Thirty  Years  a  Senator Portrait 43f) 

Berkeley.  George,  Irish  Episcopalian  Bishop 45 

Bernadotte,  Jean  B.  J.,  a  French  King  of  Sweden 53 

Bergh,  Henry.  Humanitarian— 223  Illustrations  of  Animals...  Por/rai( 147 

Bemhardt.Sara.  French  Actress Portrait 265 

Beza,  Theodore,  Swiss  Cal\-inist  Preacher 45 

Biddle,  Nicholas,  an  American  Naval  Commander 63 

Biddle,  Nicholas,  an  Old-Time  American  Financier 125 

Bierstadt,  Albert,  German- American  Artist Portrait ...  .3'2S 

Bismarck.  Prince,  the  Prussian  Statesman 143 

Black  Hawk,  a  British  Indian  Chief 61 

Blackstone,  Sir  William.  Eminent  Jurist 242 

Blaine.  James  G..  Journalist  and  Statesman Portrait 260 

Blair,  Francis  P..  Politician  and  Soldier Portrait 430 

Blair.  Hugh,  Episcopalian  Preacher  and  Author 45 

Blitz.  Signor.  Magician  and  Ventriloquist Portrait ...  .3^3 

Blucher,  Gebhard  L.  von.  an  Eminent  Prussian  Marshal 53 


^>x' 


Boehm,  Jacob,  German  Music-Writer 45 

Boehme,  Joseph  E.,  English  Sculptor Portrait. . .  .338 

Boggs,  Charles  S..  an  American  Rear-Adniiral 63 

Boker,  George  H.,  Poet  and  Political  Leader Portrait. . .  .392 

Bolivar,  Simon  Y.  P.,  Founder  of  the  South  American  Republic 53 

Bonaparte,  Napoleon,  French  Military  Chieftain Portrait .  .t>\-5S 

Bonheur.  Rosalie.  Animal-Painter ^ 334 

Bonner,  Robert.  Editor  of  the  New  York  Ledger Portrait 382 

Booth,  Edwin,  Exhibitor  of  Art  in  the  Drama 267 

Booth,  Junius  Brutus,  Delineator  of  Shakspearian  Characters 267 

Booth,  John  Wilkes.  Tragedian 267 

Bom,  Brian,  the  Irish  Conqueror  of  the  Danes * 54 

Boston  Biographical  Sketches 365 

Boucicault,  Dion,  Play-Writer  and  Actor        263 

Boudinot,  Elias,  American  Patriot  and  Philanthropist 45 

Bowen.  Thomas  M.,  Jurist  and  Senator Portrait 417 

Bozzaris,  Marco.  Greek  Warrior 54 

Braddon,  Mary  Elizabeth,  English  Novelist 270 

Bradstreet,  John,a  British  General  in  America 58 

Brainerd,  David,  American   Indian  Missionary 45 

Brandt,  Joseph,  a  British  Indian  Warrior 58 

Bragg.  Braxton,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Bremer,  Frederika,  Swedish  Novelist 271 

Brewster,  Benjamin  H.,  Jurist  and  Ex- Attorney-General Portrait 386 

Bright.  John,  English  Orator  and  Statesman Portrait 438 

Brock,  Isaac,  a  British  General  in  America 61 

Broderick,  David  C,  Politician  and  Senator 407 

Bronte  Sisters.  The,— Charlotte.  Emily  and  Anne Portrait 271 

Bross,  William,  Journalist  and  Ex-Lieutenant-Governor Portrait 399 

Brown,  Jacob,  an  American  General 61 

Brown.  John,  Scotch  Biblical  Critic 45 

Browne.  Charles  F.,  {"  Artemus  Ward")  the  Humorist Portrait 224 

Browning.  Elizabeth  Barrett.  Author  of  "  The  Cry  of  the  Children  " 295 

Browning.  Robert.  Dramatic  and  Lyric  Poet 295 

Brownlow.  William  G.,  Journalist  and  Methodist  Preacher 45 

Brownson,  Orestes  A.,  Unitarian  Writer  and  Lecturer 45 

Bruce,  Robert,  the  Scotch  Warrior  and  King 54 

Bi-unswick,  Duke  of,  Prussian  Hero 54 

Bi:yan.  Thomas  B..  Colorado  Miner Portrait 415 

Br>*ant.  William  Cullen.  Journalist  and  Poet Portrait 316 

Buchanan,  James,  Statesman  and  15th  President Portrait 245 

Buckle,  Henry  T..  English  Liberal  Author Portrait 143 

Buddha.  Founder  of  Buddhism Ideal  Portrait 22 

Buell,  Don  Carlos,  an  American  General 68 

Bull,  Ole,  Swedish  Violinist 248 

Bulwcr-Ly tton,  Edward  R.— "  Owen  Meredith  "—Poet 301 

Bunyan.  John,  English  Preacher  and  Author 45-283 

Burdett-Coutts.  Baroness,  English  Philanthropist 125 

Burdette,  Rol)t^rt  J.  ("  Hawkeye-Man  ")   Humorist Portrait.... 231 

Burgoyne.  John,  a  British  General  in  America 58 

Burnet.  Gilbert.  English  Bishop 45 

Burnet,  Jacob.  Pioneer  at  Cincinnati Portrait. . .  .424 

BuniH,  Robert.  Scottish  Bard Portrait 320 

Bumsidt!.  Ambrose  H.,  an  American  General 68 

Burr,  .\aron.  American  Offlcer ,58 

Bushnell.  Horace,  Congregatlonallst  Author  and  Preacher 45 

Butler,  Benjamin  F..  Soldier  and  Politician Por^ra//. 68-242 

Butler.  James,  a  Revolutionary  Oftlcer  58 

Butler,  John,  a  British  Guerrilla  Officer  In  America 59 

Butler,  Joseph.  English  Bishop  and  Author 45 

Butler.  Zebulon.  a  Revolutionary  Officer .-59 

Byron,  Lord,  EngliMh  Poet Portrait ...  .310 

Byron,  John,  the  English  Circumnavigator 83 

C. 

Cabot,  John,  Discoverer  of  Newfoundland 77 

Cabot.  Sebastian,  thf  Spanish  Explorer 7ft 

Cadwallader.  John,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Ca!»ar.  Jullun,  Roman  Warrior  and  Fin«t  Emperor 54 

Calhoun,  John  C,  Advocate  of"  State-Rlglitw  " Port  rait.... 444 

Calmet,  Augustine,  French  Blblf-<'ominentator 45 

Calvin.  John.  French  Rcformt-r  and  Writer 45 

Campbell.  .lamew  V..  Supreme  Court  Judge 427 

(^'anipbell.  Alexander.  Fotmder  of  the  Campbcllltc-BaptlRtK 46 

<_':implM-II.  ThomaH,  Author  of"  Th<t  Pleanures  of  Hope" Portrait 322 

Cnnne.  John.  Author  of  Bible  Rirfcrcncoit 45 

Canovo.  Antonio.  Italian  Sculptor 336 

Cany.  H.-nry  C,  p..ll(i.-il  r:<„iioin|-*t Tor/rniV. . .  .3!ki 


Carey,  Alice  and  Phoebe,  Writers  of  Prose  and  Poetry 271 

Carleton.  Will.  M..  Author  of  "Betsey  and  I  Are  Out,"  Etc  ...Portrait 302 

Carlyle,  Thomas,  English  Modern  Philosopher Portrait 283 

Carpenter,  Matthew  H.,  Lawyer  and  Statesman Portrait 432 

Carroll,  John,  First  American  Catholic  Bishop 45 

Cartwright,  Peter,  Pioneer  Methodist  Preacher 45 

Cass,  Lewis,  Soldier.  Pioneer  and  Statesman Portrait 425 

Caton,  John  D.,  Jurist,  Author  and  Traveler Portrait 403 

Canby,  Edward  R.  S.,  an  American  General 68 

Cervantes,  Author  of  "  Don  Quixote  " 275 

Chaflfee.  Jerome  B.,  Miner  and  Ex-Senator Portrait 414 

Chandler,  Zachariah,  Ex-Secretary  of  the  Interior ..Portrait 427 

Chandler,  John,  an  American  General 61 

Chauncey,  Isaac,  an  American  Commodore 63 

Chantrey,  Sir  Francis,  English  Sculptor. 339 

Cheever,  George  B.,  Congregationalist  Author  and  Preacher 45 

Chicago  Biographical  Sketches 395 

Chickering,  Jonas,  Early  American  Piano-Maker Poriraif. ..  .369 

Child,  Lydia  Maria,  a  Philanthropic  Writer 270 

Childs,  George  W.,  of  the  Philadelphia  Public  Ledger Portrait 387 

Choate.  Rufus,  Lawyer Portrait 243 

Cincinnati  Biographies 420 

Claflin.  Horace  B.,  Dr>--Goods  Merchant I^rtrait 376 

Claghom.  James  L.,  Banker Por(rai(....394 

Clark,  George  Rogei-s.  an  American  Officer 59 

Clarke.  Adam,  Methodist  Bible-Commentator 46 

Clarke,  William,  an  American  General 61 

Clay,  Henry,  American  Orator  and  Statesman Portrait 253 

Clemens.  Samuel  L.,  ("  Mark  Twain  "),  Humorist Portrait 226 

Clemmer,  Mary,  Poet,  Novelist  and  Journalist Portrait 279 

Cleveland.  Grover,  22nd  President Portrait 245 

Clinton,  De  Witt.  Builder  of  the  Erie  Canal Portrait 444 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry,  a  British  Commander  in  America 59 

Clinton,  James,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Cobden,  Richai-d,  the  "  Corn-Law  "  Advocate Portrait 442 

Cole,  Thomas,  the  American  Landscape-Pa  inter 333 

Cole,  Vicat,a  Spirited  English  Landscape- Painter Portrait 334 

Coleman,  William  T.,  Pioneer  and  Merchant Portrait 411 

Coleridge.  S.  Taylor,  Author  of  "  The  Ancient  Mariner,"  Etc. .  .Portrait 325 

Colfax,  Schuyler,  Ex  Vice-President  of  the  United  States Portrait. . .  .435 

Collins,  William  Wilkie,  an  English  Story-Writer Portrait 275 

CollingAvood,  Lord,  Nelson's  Successor  at  the  Battle  of  Trafalgar. 54 

Collyer.  Robert,  Unitarian  Clergyman Portrait 380 

'Colorado  Biographies 414 

Columbus,  Christopher,  Discoverer  of  America Portrait. ...  80 

Colt.  Samuel,  Inventor  of  the  Revolver Portrait 85 

Combe.  George,  Advocate  of  Phrenology Portrait 214 

Compte.  August,  the  Author  of  '•  Positivism" 136 

Conde,  Princes  and  Dukes  of,  Bourbon  Heroes  in  France 54 

Confucius,  Chinese  Moral  Philosopher Ideal  Portrait .  .24-4(i 

Conkling,  Roscoe,  Lawyer  and  Statesman Portrait 259 

Conway.  Moncure  D.,  Political  Economist ..269 

Conwa.v,  Thomas,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Conslantine  the  Great 54 

Cook,  David  J.,  Rocky-Mountain  Detective 417 

Cook,  Captain  James,  the  English  Navigator Portrait 78 

Cooke,  Jay,  Banker 394 

Cooper,  J.  Fenimore.  Author  of  Pioneer  and  Sea-Stories Portrait 278 

Cooper,  Pntor,  Founder  of  the  Cooper  Institute: Portrait 114 

Copernicus,  Discoverer  of  the  "  Copernican  System" 199 

Cordova.  Francisco,  F.  de,  a  Spanish  Commander 54 

CornwalUs.  Charles  (Marquisl,  a  British  Commander  in  America 59 

Corter..  Hernando,  Spanish  Contjueror  of  Mexico 54 

Coutts,  Thomas,   English  Banker 125 

Cowper.  William.  Author  of  "The  Task  "and  other  Poems..  .Portrait 326 

Cox.  Samuel  S..  Lawyer.  Editor.  Author  and  C(Uigressman,  ...Portrait. .  ..381 

Cranmer,  Thomas,  English  Archbishop  and  Reformer 46 

Crawford,  Thomas,  American  Sculptor 331 

Crevecoeur.  Philippe  de.  French  Marshal  and  nai*on 54 

Crocker.  Charles.  Merchant  and  Itailroad  Builder Portrait 413 

Croghiin,  Oeorgc,  Kx-lnspectnr-Gcncral  of  the  Army 61 

Cromwell,   Oliver.  Lord  Proti-ctor  of  Great  Britain 54 

Cnilkshank,  George,  English  Caricaturist Portrait 32H 

Curtis.  George  William,  Editor  of  Harper's  Weekly Portrait 279 

Gushing,  Cdleb.  Lawyer  and  Statesman 243 

Cushman   Charlotte.  Actress  and  Elocutionist Portrait 204 

Cuvler,  Baron.  Naturalist Portrait 133 

CyriH  the  flr.'iit.  "  M.miireh  ..f  all  the  Earth  " 54 


~^]/: 


AI.IMIAHKTU'AL    SUMMAKV    <>V    UUHiRAVlllKH, 


.Portrait. 


.  97 
.  63 


Daffuerre,  Louis  J.,  Inventin-  of  the  naj^imireotype 

Duhlgreri,  John  A.,  Iiivcntui-  uf  llie  niilili^ri-n  Gun 

Uahlgren.  L'lric,  an  Ainerieun  Army  (>lt1(.'LT 68 

Dale,  Richard,  un  American  Naval  Coniniander 63 

Danipier,  William,  an  Einini-nt  English  Navigator 77 

Dana,  Richard  H..  American  I'oet  and  Essayist 270 

Dana.  Richard  H.,  Jr.  Author 279 

Dana.  Charles  A..  Editor  of  the  New  York  Sun Portrait 382 

Dante.  Author  of  the   "  Divine  Comedy  " Portrait 301 

Darius  the  Mede,  the  Conqueror  of  Babylon r>4 

Darius  I..  King  of  Persia ^'•1 

Darius  III.,  the  Last  King  of  Persia 54 

Davoust,  Louis  N.,  Minister  of  War  under  Napoleon  I fVt 

Darwin,  Charles  R..  Expounder  of  Evolution Portrait 138 

David,  Jean  P.,  French  Sculptor 339 

Davidson.  George,  Scientist Portrait 412 

Davidson,  Tyler,  Donator  of  a  Public  Fountain Portrait 420 

Davis,  Andrew  Jackson,  Spiritualistic  Seer Portrait 34 

Davis,  David.  Jurist  and  Ex-Senator Portrait 441 

Davis,  Jefferson.  President  of  the  Southern  Confederacy Portrait .7'2-A3(i 

Davis,  Jefferson  C,  an  American  General 68 

Davis,  Dr.  Nathan  S.,  Medical  Practitioner  and  Writer Portrait 403 

Dawes,  Henry  L. ,  New  England  Statesman 374 

Dearborn.  Henry,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Decatur,  Stephen,  an  American  Commodore 63 

Decatur,  Stephen,  Jr.,  an  American   Commodore 63 

De  Foe,  Daniel,  Author  of  "  Robinson  Crusoe  " Portrait 278 

De  Kalb,  Baron  John,  a  Revolutionary  Hero 59 

De  Lesseps,  Ferdinand,  Enpineerof  the  Suez  (Egypt)  Canal. .  .Poj'^miV 08 

De  Quincey,  Thomas,  English  Essayist 279 

Desaix  de  Veigoux,  L.  C.  A.,  Known  as  "  The  Just  Sultan  " 54 

Dessaix,  Joseph  M.,  a  French  General  under  Napoleon 54 

Detroit  Biographies 425 

Dick,  Thomas,  English  Author  of  Religio-js-Scientific  Books 278 

Dickens,  Charles,  English  Novelist  and  Journalist Portrait 291 

Dickinson,  Anna  E.,  American  Female  Orator Portrait. ..  261 

Disraeli,  Benj.  (Earl  of  Beaconsfieldi.  Author  and  Statesman.  Por(rai(. ..  .274 

Disraeli,  Isaac,  Author  of  "  The  Curiosities  of  Literature,"  Etc., 274 

Disston,  Henry.  Prominent  Saw-Manufacturer Portrait 391 

Dix.  John  A.,  American  Statesman  and  Soldier 61 

Doddridge,  Philip,  English  Author  and  Preacher 46 

Dodge.  Mary  Abigail,  Caustic  American  Essayist 275 

Dougherty,  Daniel,  Lawyer,  Lecturer  and  Politician Portrait 390 

Douglass,  Frederick,  Colored  Orator  and  Journalist Portrait ...  .'2n^ 

Douglas,  Stephen  A.,  Statesman Portrait 402 

Dow,  Lorenzo,  Methodist  Preacher 46 

Downing.  Andrew  Jackson,  Landscape-Gardener Portrait ...  .S'M 

Draper,  John  W..  Chemist  and  Natural  Philosopher Portrait 136 

Dryden.  John.  Poet  and  Dramatist 295 

DuChaillu.Paul  B.,  the  African  Explorer Portrait....  78 

Dudevant,  Mme.  ("  George  Sand"),  the  French  Novelist Portrait 272 

Duffei'in.  Earl  of.  Ex-Governor-General  of  Canada Portrait 441 

Dumas,  Alexandre,  French  Novelist  and  Dramatist Portrait 280 

Dumas.  General,  a  Mulatto  French  Officer 54 

Dupont,  Samuel  F.,  an  American  Rear-Admiral 63 

Duroc,  Girard  C.  M.,  General  of  Napoleon's 54 

Dwight,  Timothy,  President  of  Yale  College 46 


Eads,  James  B. .  Civil-Engineer Portrait 196 

Early.  Jubal  A.,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Eaton,  William,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Edison,  Thomas  A.,  the  American  Inventor Portrait 86 

Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  Known  as  "  The  Black  Prince  " 54 

Edwards,  Jonathan.  Presbyterian  Preacher  and  Author 46 

Eliot,  John,  Puritan  Indian  Missionary 46 

Elliott,  Jesse  D.,  an  American  Commodore 63 

Elizabeth,  the  "  Virgin  Queen  "  of  England 249 

Emerson.  Ralph  W..  Poet  and  Speculative  Philosopher Portrait 144 

Espartero.  Joaquin  B..  a  Spanish  Nobleman  and  Warrior 54 

Ericsson.  John.  Inventor  of  the  Screw  Propeller.    Portrait  ...  97 

Evans,  John.  Ex-Governor  of  Colorado Portrait...  416 

Evans,  Marian  ("  George  Eliot"),  English  Writer Portrait 273 

Evarts,  William  M..  Ex-Secretary  of  State Portrait 380 

Everett,  Edward,  Statesman  and  Orator Portrait 374 


PAOE. 
Ewcll,  Richard  S.,  a  Confederate  General 72 

F. 

Fahrenheit,  Gabriel  D.,  Improver  of  the  Thermometer 144 

Fair,  Jame)*  G.,  Mining  Expert  and  United  States  Senator 122 

Faraday,  Michael,  English  ChciniKt Portrait.... 192 

Farley,  Jamci"  T..  Lawyer  and  Senator Portrait. . .  .4<J5 

Farragut.  David  G.,  an  American  Admiral 64 

Farwell,  Charles  H.,  Merchantand  Member  of  Congress Portrait.... 3&9 

Farwell,  John  v..  Merchant Portrait...  3&9 

Faust,  John,  Promoter  of  the  Art  of  Printing 91 

Fenelon,  Francis  de  S.,  Catholic  Prelate  and  Writer ,• 46 

Field,  Cyrus  W.,  Founder  of  the  First  Atlantic  Telegraph Portrait 384 

Field,  Marshall,  Chicago  Merchant Portrait 398 

Fields,  James  T..  Author  and  Publisher Portrait 433 

Fillmore,  Millard.  Lawyer  and  13th  President Portrait.. . ,245 

Flavel,  John.  English  Preacher  and  Author 46 

Flechiere,  John  W.,  European  Methodist  Preacher 46 

Flood,  James  C.  Pacific  Coast  Mining  Speculator Portrait ...  .123 

Florence,  William  J.,  American  Comedian. , Portrait.... '2I&^ 

Fo,  orFohi,  Chinese  Founder  of  a  Pagan  Religion 46 

Foote,  Andrew  IL.  an  American  Rear- Admiral 64 

Forepaugh,  Adam,  Cattle- Dealer  and  Showman Portrait 393 

Forney,  John  W.,  Editor  of  the  Philadelphia  Press Portrait ...  .^&2 

Forrest,  Edwin.  American  Tragedian Portrait 263 

Fourier,  Francis  M.  C,  Founder  of  a  Social  System Portrait 145 

Fowler,  O.  S.,  Lecturer  on  Phrenology  and  the  Laws  of  h\te...  Port  rait. . .  .214 

Fraley,  Frederick.  Capitnlist Portrait 387 

Franklin.  Benjamin.  Philosopher  and  Statesman Portrait 133 

Franklin,  Sir  John.  Arctic  Explorer Portrait 79 

Franklin.  William  B.,  an  American  General 68 

Fremont,  John  C,  Soldier  and  Explorer 68 

Fuller,  Margaret,  American  E^Jsayist 272 

Fulton,  Robert,  Promoter  of  St«am  Navigation Portrait 91 

G. 

Gage,  Thomas,  a  British  Commander  at  Bunker  Hill 59 

Gaines,  Edmund  P.,  an  American  General 61 

Gall,  Joseph  F.,  the  German  Phrenologist Portrait 213 

Galileo,  Italian  Astronomer  and  Scientist Ideal  Portrait 200 

Gansevoort,  Peter,  a  Revolutionary  General 59 

Garfield,  James  A.,  Soldier  and  President I^rtrait. 'Mo-^7 

Gaurgaud,  Baron  Gaspard,  a  French  Hero  at  Waterloo 54 

Garibaldi.  Guiseppe.  an  Italian  Patriot 54 

Garrison,  William  L.,  Reformer  and  Philanthropist Por(ra/(....I94 

Gates,  Horatio,  a  Revolulionaiy  Officer 59 

George,  Henry,  Writer  on  Political  Economy Portrait 433 

Gibbon,  Edward,  Historian  of  the  Roman  Empire 274 

Gibson,  Peter,  Builder  of  the  Gibson  Hotel,  Cincinnati Portrait 421 

Gillmore,  Quincy  A.,  an  American  Array  Officer 68 

Gillott,  Josei'h,  Manufacturer  of  Steel  Pens 195 

Gilpin,  William,  First  Governor  of    Colorado Portrait ...  .415 

Girard,  Stephen,  Sailor,  Merchant  and  Financier Portrait. ...  1 1 1 

Gladstone,  William  E.,  Prime  Minister  of  England Portrait 442 

Glauber,  Johann  R.,  Inventor  of  Glauber's  Salts 144 

Godey,  Louis  A.,  Publisher  of  the  Lady's  Book Portrait 392 

Ga?the,  Johann  W..  Play-Writer,  Poet  and  Statesman Portrait 296 

Goldsborough,  Louis  M.,  an  American  Rear- Admiral 64 

Goldsmith,  Oliver,  Author  of  ■'  The  Deserted  Village,"  Etc Portrait 324 

Gonsalvo  of  Cordova,  Spanish  Warrior 54 

Goodrich,  Samuel  G.,  Author  of  the  "  Peter  Parley  "Books... PorfraW 275 

Goodyear,  Charles.  Inventor  of  Vulcanized  Rubber 95 

Gough,  John  B.,  Lecturer  on  Social  Errors For/rai7. .  ..255 

Gough,  Viscount  Hugh,  a  British   Commander  in  China 54 

Gould,  Jay,  Railroad  Owner  and  Financier Portrait 126 

Graham,  Sylvester,  Originator  of  "  Graham  Bread" 194 

Gray,  Thomas,  Author  of  '■  Gray's  Elegy" 300 

Grant,  Sir  James  Hope,  British  General  in  India 54 

Grant,  Ulysses  S.,«Soldier  and  President Por/raf(,  ,61-65-245 

Green,  Seth,  Fisherman  and  Fish-Culturist Portrait 134 

Greene.  Nathaniel,  a  Revolutionary-  Officer 59 

Greeley.  Horace,  Founder  of  the  New  York  TYibune PortrcUt 288 

Grey,  Lady  Jane.  Nine  Days  Queen  of  England 250 

Griffith,  Allen  A.,  Elocutionist  and  Facial  Artist Portrait 234 

Gridley,  Hovard.  a  Revolutionaiy  Officer     59 

Grouchy.  Emmanuel.  Marquis  de.  a  Marshal  of  France 54 


f 


C 


— X)': 


^i2^ 


T 


10 


ALPHABETICAL    SUMMARY    OF    BIOGK^VPHIES. 


Gunter,  Edmund,  Mathematician  and  Astronomer 194 

Gutenberg.  John.  One  of  the  Inventors  of  Printing 91 

Guyon,  Jane  B.  de  L..  Religious  Writer 46 

Guyot,  Arnold  H.,  American  Geographer 193 

H. 

Haeckel,  Ernst  H. ,  Zoological  Scientist 193 

Hahnemann,  Samuel  C.  F.,  Discover  of  "■  Homoepathy  " 197 

Hale.  Edward  E.,  Unitarian  Clergj-man  and  Magazine-Writer 277 

Hall,  Rev,  John,  Presbyterian  Clergyman, Portrait.... 383 

Hall.  Joseph  L..  Inventor  of  Safes  and  Locks Portrait 424 

Halleck,  Fitz-Greene,  American  Merchant  and  Poet Portrait 285 

Halleck.  Henry  W..  an  American  General 68 

Halstead.  Murat.  Editor  of  Cincinnati  Commercial- Gazette Portrait....^20 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  Patriot  and  Statesman 385 

Hamlin,  Hannibal,  Ex-Vice-President  of  the  United  States Portrait 433 

Hammond.  Dr.  William  A.,  Medical  Author Portrait 377 

Hanu'tun,  Wade  S.,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Hiinipton.  Wade,  Jr.,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Hancock,  John,  the  New  England  Patriot Portrait 365 

Hancock,  Winfield  S.,  an  American  General 6S 

H.indel,  George  F.,  Musical  Composer Portrait 247 

Hardee,  William  J.,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Harmar,  Josiah,  an  American  General 61 

Harney,  William  S.,  Senior  American  General 61 

Harrison,  Carter  H.,  Mayor  of  Chicago Por(rai7. .  ..398 

Harrison,  William  H.,  Soldier  and  President Por(ru(t. 61-244 

Harte.  F.  Bret,  a  Humorous  Writer  of  Prose  and  Verse, 274 

Hartranft,  John  F-.  Soldier  and  Ex-Govemor Portrait 392 

Harvey,  William,  Physician  and  Philosopher 193 

Hassaurek.  Frederic,  Journalist  and  Diplomat 423 

Hatch,  Rufus,  Stock-Broker  and  Steamboat-Owner Portrait 383 

Havelock.  Sir  Henry,  a  British  General 55 

Haverly.  John  H..  Enterprising  Manager  of  Amusements Portrait 401 

Hawley,  Joseph  R..  Soldier  and  Statesman Port  rait.... 437 

Hawtliorne,  Nathaniel,  American  Story-Writer Portrait .  ...'27-i 

Haydn.  Josejjh.  Composer  of  "  The  Creation  " 247 

Hayes,  Rutherford  B.,  Lawyer  and  Ex-President Portrait 245 

Hayne,  Isaac,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Headley,  Joel  Tyler,  Author  of  Historical  Works Portrait 277 

Healy,  George  P.  A.,  American  Portrait-Painter 340 

Heath,  William,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Hemans,  Felicia D..  English  Poet 295 

Hendrick.s,  Thomas  A.,  Vice-President Portrait 443 

Henry,  Matthew,  English  Preacher  and  Author 46 

Henry,  Patrick,  American  Orator  and  Statesman Portrait 254 

Herkomer.  Hubert,  Painter  of  Superior  Portraits Portrait 330 

Herschel,  William,  Modern  English  Astronomer 200 

Hervey,  James,  Episcopal  Divine  and  Author 4(J 

Hill,  Ambrose  P.,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Hill,  Benjamin  H.,  Senator  from  Georgia Portrait. .  _  .441 

Hill.  Daniel  H.,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Hill,  Nathaniel  P..  ^lining-Expert  and  Senator Portrait 415 

Hill,  Thomas,  Landscape- Pa  inter , Portrait 410 

Hillel,  Je wi.Kh  Rabbi  and  Preacher 46 

Hitchcock.  Edward,  American  Geologist,  Etc., 193 

Hoar,  (K'orge  F.,  New  England  Statesman Portrait 438 

Hoe,  Richard  M.,  Improver  of  Priii ting-Presses 93 

Hiilfman.  John  T.,  Mayor  and  Governor  of  New  York 376 

Hogarth.  William,  English  Painter Por(rn«, .  ..351 

Hogg,  James,  the  ■'  Ettrick  Shepherd  "  Poet 300 

Holland.  Dr.  Joslah  G.,  Am.  Poet,  Essayist  and  Journalist Portrait 276 

HolUns,  George  N.,  an  American  Naval  Officer ^. ...  64 

Hotmrrs,  Oliver  W.,  Phyttlclan,  Poet  and  Novelist Portrait.. . .295 

Homer.  Grecian  Poet 29(i 

Hood,  John  R.,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Hood,  ThomoH,  English  Poet  and  Humorist 270 

Hooker,  Joseph,  an  Ann-rican  General 68 

Ilooley,  Richard  M.,  Proprietor  of  Hootey'a  Theatre Port  rait.... SQi) 

Hopkins,  Esek.  First  American  Commodore 64 

Hosmer,  Harriet  G,,  K«uii»tor  of  "  Zenobia,"  Etc 337 

Houghton.  Henry  O..  Boston  Publisher i*or/m«.  ...371 

Hownrrl,  .lohn  Edgar,  a  Revolutionary  Officer SO 

Howard.  John.  English  Philanthropist 46 

Howard.  Oliver  O,,  an  American  (ienoral 08 

Howe.  Georgi*  A.,  a  Brlli«h  flcncral  In  America 59 

llowft,  Ellas.  Inventor  of  the  Hi-ivlng-Mm-hlne Portrait 89 

Huw.-.SIr  Wlllliiiii.a  llritl^h  OIIU'T  In  America .".9 


PAGE. 

Howell?,  William  D.,  Poet,  Novelist  and  Play-Writer Portrait 370 

Howitts.  William  and  Mary,  English  Authors 272 

Huger,  Benjamin,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Huger,  Frank  K..  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Huger,  Isaac,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Hughes,  Thomas.  Author  of  "  Tom  Brown's  Schooldays" 277 

Hugo,  Victor  Marie,  French  Poet,  Novelist  and  Historian Portrait 276 

Hull.  Isaac,  an  American  Commodore 64 

Hull,  William,  an  American  General 61 

Humboldt,  Baron  von.  Scientific  Explorer Portrait 146 

Huntington.  CoIIis  P.,  California  Railway  King Portrait. . .  .411 

Huntington,  Countess  of ,  English  Philanthropist 46 

Buss.  John,  Protestant  Bohemian  Reformer 46 

Hutchinson,  John.  Rationalistic  Writer 46 

Huxley,  Thomas  H.,  Developer  of  the  "  Protoplasm  "  Theory 195 


Ignatius  de  Loyola,  Founder  of  the  Order  of  the  Jesuits 46 

mff.  John  W.,  ■' Cattle-King  of  the  Plains '.' Portrait 414 

Ingersoll,  Robert  G.,  Lawyer  and  Orator Portrait 256 

Ii-ving,  Washington,  American  Author Portrait. . .  .273 


Jackson,  Andrew,  Soldier  and  Ex-President PoWrait. 61-244 

Jackson,  {"  Stonewall")  Thomas  J.,  a  Confederate  Ganeral 72 

James,  Christ's  Apostle 46 

James.  G.  P.  R.,  English  Writer  of  Historical  Novels 277 

Jasper,  William,  American  Sergeant 59 

Jefferson,  Joseph,  Personator  of  "  Rip  Van  Winkle  " Portrait 267 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  Statesman  and  Ex-President Portrait 244 

Jenuer.  Edward.  Inventor  of  "  Vaccination" Portrait 197 

Jerome,  Chauncey,  Inventor  of  Brass  Clocks 90 

Jerome  of  Prague.  Protestant  Bohemian  Reformer 46 

Jesus  the  Christ,  Founder  of  Christianity Ideal  Portrait .  .'^-4G 

Joan  of  Are,  the  French  Maid  of  Orleans 55 

John,  Christ's  Apostle 46 

Johnson.  Andrew,  Politician  and  Ex-President Portrait ...  ,'24S> 

Johnston,  Alberts.,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Johnston,  Joseph  E.,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Jones,  Jacob,  an  American  Naval  Commander 64 

Jones,  John  Paul,  an  American  Naval  Commander 64 

Jones.  John  P..  Speculator  and  United  States  Senator Portrait 125 

Jonson,  Ben.,  English  Poet  and  Dramatist Portrait. ..  .298 

Josephus,  Flavius,  Intelligent  Historian  of  the  Jews 277 

Joy,  James  F.,  Prominent Ritilroad  Projector, Portrait.... 426 

Juarez,  Benito  Pablo  and  Maximilian,  Mexican  Rulers 55 

Judas  Iscariot.  Christ's  Betr.iyer 46 

Judson,  Adoniram,  Americin  Baptist  Missionary 46 

Judson.  Mrs.  Ann  H.,  American  Baptist  Missionary 40 

Judson,  Sarah  H,,  American  Baptist  Missionary  46 

Judson,Emily  C,  American  Author  and  Missionary 46 

Junot,  Andoche,  Gallant  French  Officer 53 


Kader,  Abdel,  Arabian  Author  and  Warrior 53 

Kane,  Elisha  K.,  the  Arctic  Explorer. ...Portrait 83 

Kearney,  Lawrence,  an  American  Commodore 64 

Kearney,  Philip,  an  American  General 68 

Kearny,  Stephen  W.,  an  American  General , 61 

Kecne,  James  R.,  Extensive  Speculator 123 

Kelley,  William  D.,  Jurist  and  Statesman Portrait . . .  .394 

Kellogg,  Clara  Louisa,  American  Soprano  Singer 246 

Kelly.  .John.  Political  Leader Portrait.    ..384 

Kennedy,  John  P.,  Author  of  "  Horseshoe  Robinson  '* 288 

Kepler,  Johaiin.  German  Astronomer 200 

Keppler,  Joseph,  Puck's  Humorous  Artist Portrait 233 

Key,  Francis  S..  Author  of  "The  Star-Spanglcd  Banner" 306 

Klnzle,  John  H..  Early  Resident  of  Chicago Portrait.  ...Sm 

Kiss,  August,  Sculptor  of  "The  Amazon  and  Tiger" 330 

Knott,  J.  Proctor,  Governor  of  Kentucky ...Portrait. ..  .434 

Knox.  J.  Armoy  iTcxas  SiflinUH).  Humorist Portrait.  ...'2'2i} 

Knox.  Henry,  a  R*'Volutloimry  General 5*) 

Knox,  John.  Piottr-^tant  ScoLch  Reformer 4)1 

K..^^iith.  Li.nN.  Iliiiigarian  Patriot Portrait .r>r,~-2(V2 


— jO:-  ^ 


M^ 


ALPHABETICAL    SUMMAKY    OV   lilOGRAPHIES. 


Lafayette,  Marqii is  de,  a  "Rovolutionary  Officer SB 

Larnartine,  Alplionst?  M.  I,,  de,  Historian  and  Statearauii 282 

Lamb,  Charles,  Entilish  I'oct  and  Essayist 284 

Landor,  Walters.,  Essayist  and  Dramatist 283 

Landseer,  Sir  Edwin,  English  Painter  of  Animals 335 

Laphain,  Increase  A.,  Naturalist  and  Scientific  Writer Portrait 432 

La  Place,  Pierre  S.  (Marquis),  a  French  Astrouorncr '20() 

Latimer,  Hutjh,  Protestant  Bishop  and  Martyr 4G 

Law, George,  Financier PortraU....376 

Lawrence,  Abhott,  Merchant  and  Minister  to  England 130 

Lawrence,  Amos,  Merchant  and  Manufacturer 130 

Lee,  Ann,  Founder  of  the  Shakers 46 

Lee,  Caroline  (Mi's,  Hentz),  Novelist 277 

Lee,  Fitzhugh,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Lee.  George  W.  C,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Lee,  Henry,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Lee,  Robert  E.,  a  Confederate  General Portrait 70 

Lee,  William,  Publisher Portrait 372 

Leidy,  Joseph,  Medical  and  Scientific  Writer Portrait.  ,,.394 

Leiand,  Charles  G..  Journalist  and  Author Portrait.... 390 

Leslie,  Frank,  Publisher  of  Hlustrated  Periodicals Port  rait.... 37  fi 

Lewes,  George  Henry.  Enjjlish  Author , 273 

Lewis,  Andrew,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Lewis,  Charles  B.  ("  M.  Quad  ")  Humorist Portrait 230 

Lewis,  Morgan,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Lick,  James,  California  Millionaire Portrait 117 

Liebig.  Baron,  German  Chemist Portrait 194 

Lincoln.  Abraham,  Lawyer  and  President Portrait.  ...245 

Lincoln,  Benjamin,  a  Revolutionary  General  59 

Lincoln,  Robert  T.,  Secretary  of  "War Portrait ...  .A^'2. 

Lind.  Jenny,  the  "  Swedish  rfightingale  " 248 

Linnseus,  Carl  von,  the  Swedish  Naturalist 195 

Lippincott,  Joshua  B.,  Bookseller  and  Publisher Portrait 391 

Lippincott,  Sara  Jane("  Grace  Greenwood") Portrait 270 

Livingstone,  David,  the  African  Explorer Portrait 82 

Locke,  David  R.  ("Petroleum  V.  Nasby  "),  Humorist Portrait 225 

Logan.  John  A.,  an  American  General Portrait .G^^-^)0 

Longfellow,  Henry  W.,  Author  of"  Hiawatha,"  Etc.,, Portrait 318 

Lnngstreet,  James,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Loiigworth,  Nicholas,  Horticulturist  and  Wine-Grower Portrait 115 

Lopez,  Narciso,  Patriot  of  Cuba 55 

Lorimer.  George  C.  Baptist  Clergyman Portrait 404 

Loveland,  William  A.  H..  Builder  of  Railways  in  Colorado  417 

Lowell,  James  Russell,  Poet,  Essayist  and  Diplomat Portrait 299 

Luther.  Martin.  German  Religious  Reformer 46 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles,  Geologist 144 

Lyman.  Phineas,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Lynch,  William  F.,  an  American  Naval  Commander 64 

Lyon,  Nathaniel,  an  American  General (>8 

Lytton,  Edward  Bulwer,  Novelist,  Poet  and  Play- Writer Purtrait 307 

M. 

Macaulay,  Thomas  B.,  Poet,  Historian  and  Essayist 287 

Macomb,  Alexander,  an  American  General 61 

Macdonald,  George,  Scotch  Novelist Portrait 281 

Macdonald,  Sir  Jolin  A.,  Prime  Minister  of  Canada Portrait 439 

Mackay,  Charles,  Journalist.  Lecturer  and  Poet 301 

Mackey,  John  W..  Wealthy  Mine-Owner  and  Miner Portrait. . .  ,122 

Mac  Millan,  James,  Manufacturer  of  Car- Wheels Portrait ...  .427 

Macready ,  William  C. ,  English  Tragedian 2G4 

Mac  Veagh.  Wayne,  Statesman  and  Diplomat Portrait 391 

Madison,  James.  Statesman  and  Ex-President Portrait 244 

Magellan.  Ferdinand,  Discoverer  of  the  Straits  of  Magellan  83 

Magruder,  John  B. ,  an  American  General 72 

Mahone,  William,  Senator  and  Railway  Magnate Portrait 435 

Marcy,  William  L.,  Jurist,  Statesman  and  Governor 377 

Marion,  Francis,  a  Revolutionary  General 59 

Marryat,  Captain  Frederick,  Writer  of  Sea- Tales 2S9 

Mason  John  M. ,  American  Author  and  Divine 46 

Mason.  Lowell,  American  Music-Composer Portrait 248 

Mather,  Cotton.  Presbyterian  Preacher  and  Author 46 

Mather,  Increase,  President  of  Harvard  College Portrait  .4R-SG8 

Matthew  (or  Levi l,  Christ's  Apostle 46 

Mann,  Horace,  Educational  Reformer. Portrait 437 

Maury.  Matthew  F.,  American  Marine  Philosopher 143 

McArthur,  Duncan,  an  American  Scout  and  Pioneer 59 


PAGE 

McCall,  George  A,,  an  American  General 69 

McCarthy.  Justin.  English  Journalist,  Novellttt.  Etc 288 

McClellan,  George  H.,  Soldier  and  ExGovemor Portrait. G&-44't 

McClcrnand,  John  A.,  an  American  General 6i' 

McCIurc,  Alexander  K,,  Journalist  and  Public  Officer Portrait 3i*4 

McCook,  Alexander  D.,  an  American  General 69 

McCormick,  Cyrus  H,.  Promoter  of  the  Grain-Reaper Portrait....  88 

McCulloch,  Benjamin,  a  Confederate  General 72 

McDonough.  Tlioma-"«.  an  American  Naval  Commander ., 64 

McDrmgall,  Alexander,  a  Revolutionary  General 59 

McDowell,  Irvin,  an  American  General 68 

Mcpherson,  James  B..  an  American  General 68 

McVlcker.  James  H..  Proprietor  of  McVIckor's  Theatre Portrait 398 

Meade,  George  G.,  an  American  General 68 

Meagher,  Thomas  F..  an  American  General 69 

Medill,  Joseph,  Editor  of  the  Chicago  Tribune portrait Sft*! 

MeiggB,  Henry,  Railroad  Contractor  and  Builder. Pr>r(rart....n6 

Meissonier,  Jean  L.  E.,  the  Famous  Artist Portrait.,.. 340 

Melancthon.  Philip.  European  Religious  Reformer 46 

Mercer,  Hugh,  a  Revolutionary  General 5© 

Mesmer,  Frederick  A.,  the  Founder  of  "  Mesmerism'' 145 

Michelet,  Jules,  French  Historian  and   Essayist 281 

Mifflin,  Thomas,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Mill.  John  Stuart.  Philosopher  and  Political  Economist Portrait 145 

Mills.  Darius  O.,  Founder  of  the  Bank  of  California Portrait 412 

Miller.  William,  Founder  of  the  Adventists 46 

Miller.John  F., Lawyer.  Soldier  and    Senator. Portrait 406 

Miller,  Hugh,  the  British  Geologist '•*5 

Miller,  Joaquin,  "The  Poet  of  the  Sierras" Portrait 300 

Milton.  John,  Author  of  "  Paradise  Lost."  Etc Portrait 313 

Miltiades,  the  Hero  of  the  Battle  of  Marathon &•'> 

Milwaukee  Biographies "^31 

Mitchel,  Ormsby  M.,  an  American   General 69 

Mitchell,  Alexander,  Railway  Magnate  and  Banker Portrait 431 

Mitford,  Mary  Russell,  Author  of"  Our  Village" 271 

Mohammed.  Founder  of  the  Musselman  Religion Ideal  Portrait.. '2ii-^i 

Moltke,  Helmuth  K.  B.  von.  a  German   General 35 

Montefiore,  Sir  Moses,  Jewish  Philanthropist PoHra«., ,  .435 

Moore,  Thomas,  Irish  Melodist 298 

Moody,  Dwight  L.,  Evangelist Portrait. . .  .402 

More,  Hannah.  English  Authoress 272 

Monroe,  James.  Statesman  and  President Portrait 244 

Morris,  George  P,,  American  Song-Writer 298 

Monis,  Charles,  an  American  Naval  Commander 64 

Morgan,  Edwin  D..  Governor  and  Senator For(rai7 .376 

Morgan,  Daniel,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Morse,  Prof.  S,  F.  B..  Electrician  and  Inventor Portrait 196 

Morton.  Oliver  P.,  Senator  from  Indiana Portrait 439 

Moses,  the  Hebrew  Law-Giver Meal  Portrait .  ,20-46 

Motley,  John  L.,  American  Historian Portrait '2Xi 

Moultrie,  William,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Mozart,  J.  C.  W.  A..  German  Musician Portrait....24G 

Muhlenberg.  Henry  M..  Founder  of  the  Lutheran  Church  in  America 46 

Muhlenberg.  Peter  J.  G..  a  Revolutionary  General 59 

Muloch,  Dinah  Maria,  Author  of  "  John  Halifax" 271 

Murray,  Lindley,  American  Grammarian 281 

N. 

Nast,  Thomas,  Harper's  Humorous  Artist Portrait — 232 

Nathanael.  Christ's  Apostle * 

Neal,  Joseph  C  Journalist  and  Humorous  AVriter 281 

Neander,  Augustus.  German  Historian  of  the  Church 46 

Nero,  Lucius  Domltius  C,  Tyrannical  Emperor  of  Rome 55 

Newton,  Sir  Isaac,  Discoverer  of  the  Laws  of  Gravitation Portrait. . .  .200 

New  York  Biogi-aphical  Sketches 37o 

Nichols,  George  Ward,  Originator  of  Musical  Festivals Portrait 422 

Nilsson,  Christine,  the  Swedish  Soprano 247 


O'Conor,  Charles.  Eminent  Lawyer  in  New  York fortroil. . .  .242 

Ogden,  William  B..  First  Mayor  of  Chicago For(.-a«. . .  .401 

Oglesby,  Richard  J..  Soldier  and  Statesman 69 

Ord,  Edward  O.  C,  an  American  General 69 


Packard,  S.  S.,  Founder  of  Packard's  Commercial  CoUege Portrait. . .  .380 

Paine,  Thomas,  American  Author P»rfrni(.4G-2ia 


? 


12 


ALPHABETICAL    SUMMABY    OF    BIOGRAPHIES. 


PAGE. 

Pakenham,  Sir  Edward,  a  British  General  in  America 61 

Paley,  William.  Episcopal  Theologian 46 

Palmer,  Thomas  W.,  Merchant  and  Senator ^Portrait 426 

Palmer,  Potter.  Builder  of  the  Palmer  House Portrait 401 

Park.  Mungo.  the  African  Explorer 83 

Parker,  Harvey  D..  "  Parker  House. "Boston Portrait 370 

Parker,  Theodore,  Preacher  and  Author  of  "Parkerism  " Portrait.4G-l9S 

Pamell,  Charles  Stuart,  Champion  of  Irish  Liberty Portrait.  ...435 

Parton,  James,  Biographer  and  Miscellaneous  Writer. Portrait 281 

Patti,  Adflina.  Italian  Prima-Donna 247 

Patti,  Carlotta,  Soprano  Concert  Singer  247 

Paul  the  Apostle,  Missionary  to  the  Gentiles 4C 

Paulding.  Hiram,  an  American  Rear-Adniiral G4 

Paulding,  James  K..  Author  and  Cabinet  Officer 377 

Payne,  John  Howard,  Author  of  '•  Home,  Sweet  Home" .Portrait...  304 

Payson,  Sara,  Better  Known  as  "•  Fanny  Fern  " Portrait 270 

Peabody,  George,  Banker  and  Financier Portrait 113 

Peale,  Charles  W..  Portrait-Painter  and  Naturalist 351 

Peale.  Rembrandt,  Painter  of  **  The  Court  of  Death  " 351 

Peck,  George  W,  {peck's  Sun),  Humorist Portrait 231 

Pelagius.  Founder  of  the  Pelagians 46 

Pendleton,  George  H.,  Senator  from  Ohio Portrait 421 

Penn,  William,  Founder  of  Pennsylvania Portrait 386 

Perry,  Christopher  R.,  an  American  Naval  Commander 64 

Perry,  Oliver  H.,  an  American  Commodore 64 

Perrj'.  Matthew  C..  an  American  Commodore 64 

Peter  the  Great,  Shipwright  and  Czar  of  Russia 251 

Peter  the  Hermit.  Originator  of  the  Crusades  in  the  Holy  Land 46 

Peter,  Simon,  Christ's  Apostle 46 

Phelps,  Elizabeth  Stuart,  Author  of  "  The  Gates  Ajar,"  Etc...  .Por/raff 272 

Phidias,  the  Ancient  Grecian  Sculptor a30 

Philadelphia  Biographical  Sketches 386 

Philip.  Christ's  Apostle 46 

Phillips,  Wendell,  the  Orator  and  Philanthropist Portrait 144 

Piatt,  John  J.,  Poet  and  United  States  Consul Por(raf(....424 

Pickens,  Andrew,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Pierce,  Franklin,  Soldier  and  President Portrait 245 

Pike,  Samuel  N..  Builder  of  Pike's  Opera  House Portrait 423 

Pike,  Zebulon  M.,  an  Ameiican  General 61 

Pillow,  Gideon  J.,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Pinckney,  Charles  C,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 09 

Pinckney.  Thomas,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Pitkin,  Frederick  W.,  Capitalist  and  Bunker Portrait.  ...417 

Pitman,  Isaac.  Inventor  of  Phonography Portrait 193 

Pixley,  Frank  M.,  Political  Writer Portrait.... 413 

Pizarro,  Francis,  Conqueror  of  Spanish  America 55 

Plankinton,  John.  Provision  Dealer  and  Hotel  Owner Portrait 431 

Plato.  Founder  of  the  Acjulemic  Sect 132 

Piea.'«onton,  Alfred,  an  American  General 69 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan.  Author  of  "  The  Raven,"  Etc Portrait 314 

Polk,  James  K.,  Politician  and  President Portrait. . .  .245 

Polk,  Lconidart,  a  Confederate  General 72 

Pollok,  Robert.  Author  of-  The  Course  of  Time" 294 

Poiiieroy,  Mark  M.,  Journalist  and  MiULT. Por(rai(.... 416 

Ponipey,  Cneiu.>*,  a  Roman  Statesman  and  Warrior 55 

Poniatowaki,  Prince  Joseph,  an  Illustrious  Polish  General 55 

Pope,  Alexander,  Author  of"  The  Essay  on  Man,"  Etc Portrait ...  .2Si7 

Pope,  John,  an  American  General 69 

Porter,  David,  an  American  Commodore 64 

Porter,  Davltl  D.,  an  American  Admiral 64 

Porter.  Fitz-John.  an  American  General 69 

Porter,  Peter  B.,  an  American  General 61 

PowcrH,  Hiram,  One  of  America's  Greatest  Sculptors Portrait 336 

Preble.  George  H..  an  American  Naval  Commander (M 

Preble,  Edward,  an  American  Commodore 64 

Preneott.  William  H.,  American  Historian  of  Spain Portrait.... '^4 

Presidential  Biographies... 244-24.'i 

Price.  Sterling,  a  Confederate  General 73 

Prohanco.  Henry,  Builder  of  the  Tyler-Davidson  Fountain Port  rait.... 421 

Ptolemy.  Clanrllutt,  Antronomer,  Geographer  and  Mathematician 199 

Pullman,  George  M.,  Promoter  of  Railway  Comforts Portrait....  92 

Putnam,  Israel,  a  Uevolutlonary  Ofllifer 59 

Putnarn.  Rufus.  an  American  Engineer 59 

PythftgoraH,  the  (Jrefinn  Melaphyaleal  Philosopher 199 

Q. 

Cjulncy.  JoHlah,  Statetiman  and  JuriHt 374 

V'lltiiiiiii.  J.^lm  A  .  (Ill  AuMTl'/m   'i.-ri.-riil ill 


n  PAGE. 

Raikes,  Robert.  Promoter  of  SundaySchools ..Portrait 570 

Ralston,  William  C,  the  San  Francisco  Banker Portrait 120 

Randolph,  John.  Brilliant  but  Eccentric  Statesman Portrait 436 

Ransom.  Thomas  E.  G-,  an  American  General 69 

Raphael,  the  Great  Italian  Artist Ideal  Portrait 327 

Raymond,  Henry  J..  Founder  of  the  New  York  rimes Portrait 382 

Reade,  Charles,  Eccentric  and  Entertaining  Novelist 286 

Redding,  Benjamin  B.,  Railroad  Land-Agent Portrait  ...406 

Redpath,  James,  Journalist  and  Philanthropist .....Portrait 369 

Reid,  Cajitain  Mayne.  Author  of  Books  of  Adventure 286 

Reid,  Samuel  C,  Designer  of  the  American  Flag 64 

Eeid.  Whitelaw,  Editor  of  tt;  New  York  Tribune Portrait 382 

Rembrandt,  Paul,  a  Skillful  Dutch  Artist .' 351 

Renan,  J.  Ernest,  French  Theological  Writer 1.286 

Reni,  Guido,the  Eminent  Italian  Painter 340 

Revere,  Paul,  a  Noted  Revolutionary  Patriot Portrait 368 

Reviere,  Briton,  Creator  of  Many  Fine  Art-Works Portrait 332 

Rice,  Alexander  H.,  Ex-Governor  of  Massachusetts Portrait 374 

Ripley.  Eleazer  W.,  an  American  General 61 

Ripley,  Roswell  S.,an  American  Officer 61 

Robertson.  William.  Scotch  Preacher  and  Historian 46 

Rodgers.  John,  an  American  Commodore 64 

Rodgers,  John  (2),  an  American  Rear-Admiral 64 

Rogers,  John,  Sculptor  of  Grouped  Statuettes 337 

Rogers,  John,  English  Reformer  and  Martyr 46 

Rogers,  Randolph,  a  Noted  American  Sculptor 337 

Rollin,  Charles,  Distinguished  Historian  of  the  Ancients 286 

Rosecrans,  William  S.,  an  American  General 69 

Rothschild,  Nathan  Meyer,  Founder  of  Banking-House Portrait 103 

Rouett.  John  L.,  Soldier,  Marshal  and  Governor Portrait 417 

Rousseau.  Jean  J.,  French  Writer 286 

Rubens,  Peter  P.,  German  Painter 329 


Sage,  Russell,  Member  of  Congress  and  Financier Portrait 384 

Sakya-Muna,  Teacher  of  Buddhism 46 

Santa  Anna,  Antoni  L.  de,  a  Mexican  General  and  Ruler 55 

San  Francisco  Biographies 405 

Sankey,  Ira  D.,  Singer  of  Gospel  Hymns 404 

Saxe,  John  G..  American  Humorous  foet 300 

Scammon,  Jonathan  Y.,  Attorney  and  Banker Portrait 395 

Schenck,  Robert  C.  an  Ameiican  General 69 

Schiller,  Johann  C.  T.  von.  Historian,  Poet  and  Dramatist , 296 

Schceffer,  Peter,  One  of  the  Inventors  of  Printing 91 

Schofield,  John  M.,  an  American  General 69 

Schurz,  Carl.  Journalist,  Orator  and  Diplomat Portrait.... 377 

Schuyler,  Philipi  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Scott,  Thomas,  A.,  the  Railway  Financier Portrait 125 

Scott,  Sir  Walter,  Author  of  the  "  Waverley  Novels" Portrait 293 

Scott,  Wintield,  an  American  General Portrait 62 

Sedgwick.  Catharine  M.,  American  Authoress 284 

Sedgwick,  John,  an  American  General 69 

Semmes,  Raphael,  Commander  of  the  "Alabama" 64 

Seward,  William  H.,  Great  American  Statesman Portrait 437 

Shakespeare,  William,  English  Dramatist Portrait 308 

Sharon,  William.  Merchant  and  United  States  Senator Portrait....  121 

Slwiw,  Henry,  St.  Louis  Merchant Portrait ...  .429 

Shaw,  Henry  W.  ("Josh  Billings")  Humorous  Writer  and  Lecturer 224 

Shelby.  Isaac,  an  American  Commander 61 

Shepanl.  Charles  A.  B..  Boston  Publisher PoWrai7. . .  .372 

Sheridan,  Philip  H.,  Commander-in- Chief  of  the  Army Porf7*ai7. 69-103 

Sheridan,  R.  Biinsley,  Play-Writer  and  Politician Portrait 290 

Sherman,  John,  Ex-Secretary  of  the  Treasury Pbr(rai7....434 

Sherman,  William  T.,  Ex-General  «)f  the  Army Por^raiY. 69-f29 

Shields,  James,  an  American  Soldier  and  Statesman 81 

Shuhrlck,  William  B.,an  American  Rear-Admiral 64 

Shubrlck,  John  T.,  an  American  Rear-Admiral 64 

Shuman,  Andrew,  Editor  of  the  Chicago  Evening  Journal Port  rait.... 404 

Sickles,  Doniel  E..  an  American  General 69 

Slgel.  Franz,  an  American  General 69 

Sigourncy,  Lydta  H..  P<»et  and  Miscellaneous  Writer 294 

Simpson.  Matthew.  Bishop  In  the  Methodist  Church Portrait, . .  .390 

Slnton,  David,  Manufacturer  and  Art-Patron 423 

Smiles.  Samuel,  Essayist  and  Historian 289 

Smith.  Gerrlt,  the  American  Philanthropist 198 

Smith.  .losi'pb.  Founder  of  MormoiUsm Portrait.. ..  32 


-vc).7>K 


Al.l'IlAliKTICAl,    SUMMARY    OF    lilOliKAl'lIIKS. 


13 


I 


PAGE. 

Smith,  Kirby  E.,  a  Confederate  General 73 

Smith.  Richard,  Editor  of  the  Cincinnati  Commercial-Gazette. Portrait 422 

Smith,  Willium  E.,  Merchant  and  Governor Portrait 432 

Socinu.s,  Faustus,  European  Refonner 48 

Soeratos,  the  Grecian  Philosopher Ideal  Portrait.  ...132 

Solomon,  Kin^'  of  Israel 252 

Sothern,  Edward  A.,  English  Comedian.: 266 

South  worth,  Emma  D.  E.  N.,  Writer  of  Romances 285 

Spencer,  Herbert,  English  Philosopher  and  Scientist Por(rart....l37 

Spencer,  Piatt  R.,  Author  of  "  Speuceiian  "  Penmanship Portrait 341 

Spencer,  Robert  C,  Business  Teacher  and  Penman For(rni( 432 

Spener,  Philipp  J.,  Founder  of  the  Sect  of  the  Pietists 46 

Spinosa,  Benedict,  Founder  of  the  Sect  of  Pantheists 46 

Spofford,  Harriet  E.,  Story-Writer 285 

Sprockles,  Claus,  California  Sugar-Reflner Portrait 411 

Spring,  Gardiner.  American  Author  and  Preacher 46 

Spurgeon,  Charles  H.,  English  Preacher Portrait 255 

Spurzheim.  Johann  G.,  Phrenologist Portrait 214 

St.  Clair,  Arthur,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Stager,  Anson,  Telegraph  Superintendent Portrait. .  ..400 

Stanford,  Leland,  Ex-Governor  of  California Porfrat't 124 

Stanley,  Henry  M. ,  the  African  Explorer 77 

Stanton,  Elizabeth  Cody,  Woman-Saffrage  Promoter, Portrai't.  ...195 

Stark,  John,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Stephens,  Alexander  H.,  Senator  from  Georgia Portrait. ..  .439 

Stephenson,  George,  Improver  of  Railway  Locomotion Portrait....  96 

Steuben,  Fred.  W.  A.  (Baron),  a  Revolutionary  Hero 59 

Steward,  Ira,  Eight-Hour  Advocate Portrait 362 

Stewart,  Alexander  T.,  Dry-Goods  Merchant Portrait. . .  .109 

Stewart,  Charles,  an  American  Rear-Admiral 64 

Stewart.  William  M..  Lawyer  and  Senator Portrait 413 

St.  Louis  Biographies 428 

Stockton,  Robert  F.,  an  American  Commodore 64 

Storey,  Wilbur  F.,  Editor  of  the  Chicago  Times .' Portrait. . .  .404 

Storrs,  Emory  A.,  Lawyer  and  Brilliant  Orator Portrait 399 

Strother,  David  H.,  Author  and  Artist 285 

Stringham.  Silas  H.,  an  American  Rear-Admiral 64 

Stuart,  Gilbert  C,  American  Portrait-Painter 328 

Stuart,  James  E.  B.,  a  Confederate  General 73 

Sue,  Eugene,  French  Author 285 

Sullivan,  John,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Sumner,  Charles,  Statesman ■  Portrait. . .  .371 

Sumner,  Edwin  V.,  an  American  General 69 

Sumter,  Thomas,  a  Revolutionary  General 59 

Swedenborg,  Emanuel,  Founder  of  New  Jerusalem  Church Portrait.  .31--46 

Sweet,  Alexander  E.  (Texas  Siftings),  Humorist Portrait.... 228 

Swinburne,  Algernon  C.  English  Poet 294 

Swing.  David,  Clergyman Portrait 402 

T. 

Tabor,  Horace  A.  W.,  Colorado  Capitalist Portrait 416 

Taylor,  Bayard,  Traveler,  Poet  and  Novelist 285 

Taylor,  Moses,  Merchant Portrait.... 381 

Taylor.  Zachary,  Soldier  and  President For  trait. 6 1-245 

Tecumseh,  a  Chief  of  the  Sha\vnee  Indians .^ 61 

Teller,  Henry  M.,  Ex-Secretary  of  the  Interior Por^ait 415 

Tennyson.  Alfred,  Poe^Laureate  of  England Portrait. . .  .319 

Terrail,  Peter  du — See  "  Bayard,  Chevalier" 53 

Terry,  Alfred  H.,  an  American  General 69 

Tevis,  Loyd,  California  Capitalist Portrait.  ...407 

Thackeray,  William  M.,  Lecturer,  Poet  and  Novelist Portrait 292 

Thaddeus,  or  Jude.  Christ's  Apostle 46 

Thiers,  Louis  A..  French  Statesman  and  Historian 288 

Thomas,  Christ's  Apostle 46 

Thomas,  George  H.,  an  American  General 69 

Thomas,  Hiram  W.,  Clergyman Portrait.  ...399 

Thomson,  James,  Author  of  "  The  Seasons,"  Etc Portrait 297 

Tilden,  Samuel  J..  Lawyer  and  Ex-Governor Portrait 384 

Tourgee,  Albion  W.,  Author  of  "  A  Fool's  Errand" Portrait...  390 

Tourjee,  Eben,  Leader  in  Boston  Musical  Affairs Portrait 373 

TowTie,  Alban  N..  Railway  Superintendent Portrait 406 

Trail.  Dr.  Russell  T..  Developer  of  the  Water-Cure 144 

Trollope,  Anthony,  English  Novelist 288 

Trollope,  Mrs.  Frances  M..  Traveler  and  Novelist 288 

Trollope,  Thomas  A.,  Historian  and  Novelist 288 

Trowbridge,  John  T..  American  Author Portrait 302 

Truxtun,  Thomas,  an  American  Naval  Commander 64 

Tweed,  William  M.,  New  York  Politician 385 


PAOE. 

TwiggH,  David  E.,  an  American  General 01 

Tyndall,  John,  English  Natural  Phllonophcr  136 

Tyndal.  William.  Entrlish  Translator  of  the  Bible 46 

Tyler,  John,  Politician  and  President Portrait 244 


Vallandigham,  Clement  A.,  Democratic  Politician Portrait — 44.* 

Van  Buren,  John,  Lawyi*r  and  Politician Portrait 443 

Van  Buren,  Martin,  Pulltician  and  President Portrait 244 

Vandurbilt.  Cornelius,  Steamboat-Owner  and  Financier Portrait. ...106 

Vanderbilt,  William  H.,  liailrood  Magnate Portrait ...  .^1^ 

Van  Dorn,  Earl,  a  Confederate  General 73 

Van  Rensselaer,  Solomon,  an  American  Officer 61 

Van  Rensselaer,  Stephen.  Land-Owner  and  Scientist SSTi 

Vennor,  Henry  G.,  Scientist  and  Weather  Prophet Portraft.... 44r> 

Verne,  Jules,  Fn-nch  Writer  of  Romances Portrait 2«i» 

Vespucci.  Amerigo,  Aftt-r  Whom  America  Was  Named. .  ./rfea/  Portrait 81 

Victoria.  Reigning  Queen  of  Great  Britain Portrait 2.''»0 

Villard,  Henry,  Railroad  Operator. Portrait 44.'> 

Virgil,  Publius  D.  M.,   Roman  Poet 2»4 

Volney,  Constantino  F.  C,  Physician  and  Author 4&-289 

Voltaire,  Marie  F.  A.,  Author  and  Poet 46-282 

W. 

Walters,  The  John,  Proprietors  of  the  London  Tim^s 285 

Wanamaker,  John,  Merchant Portroit.... 391 

Ward,  Artemas.  a  Revolutionary  Officer. 59 

Ward,  Eben  B.,  Navigator  and  Manufacturer. PortroW..  ..427 

Ward,  John  Q.  A.,  an  American  Sculptor 337 

Warren,  Joseph,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Warrington,  Lewis,  an  vVmerican  Commodore 64 

Washburne.  Elihu  B.,  Statesman  and  Diplomat Portrait. ..  .404 

Washington,  George,  the  Hero  of  American  Freedom Port  rait. 56-244 

Washington,  William,  a  Revolutionary  Officer 59 

Watt,  James,  Discoverer  of  the  Power  of  Steam Portrait 94 

Watts,  Isaac,  English  Hymn-Writer  and  Preacher 46 

Way  land.  Francis,  Baptir^t  Preacher  and  Author 46 

Wayne,  Anthony,  a  Revolutionary  Hero 59 

Webster,  Daniel,  Lawyer.  Orator  and  Statesman  Portrait 258 

Webster,  Noah,  the  American  Lexicographer Portrait.... 287 

Weed,  Thurlow.  American  Journalist. Portrait 286 

Weitzel.  Godfrey,  an  American  General 69 

Wells,  Samuel  R-.  Phrenologist Portrait. . .  .385 

Welsh,  John.  Minister  to  England Portrait — 392 

Wells,  William  H.,  an  Educator Portrait 395 

Wellington,  Duke  of.  English  Military  Hero Portrait 50 

Wentworth,  John,  Journalist  and  Public  Officer Portrait 402 

Wesley,  Charles,  Hymn- Writer  and  Preacher 46 

Wesley,  John,  Founder  of  the  Methodist  Church 46 

West.  Charles  W. ,  Cincinnati  Capitalist Portrait 424 

Wheeler.  William  A..  Vice-President  of  the  United  States Portrait 443 

Whipple  Abraham,  an  American  Commodoi-e 64 

Whitefield,  George,  Calvinistic  Methodist  Preacher P0rt7-oit.46-2.')3 

Whitfield.  John  G.,  the  Humorous  Character-Actor ....Portrait 236 

Whitman.  Walt..  Poet  and  Lecturer Portrait 387 

Whitney,  Eli,  Inventor  of  the  Cotton-Gin *. 87 

Whittier,  John  G..  American  Poet Portrait 303 

Wickliffe.  John,  English  Religious  Reformer 46 

Wilkinson.  James,  a  Revolutionary  Officer .59 

Williams,  Barney,  Irish  .\ctor 26;j 

Williams,  John  D..  Pen  Artist  in  Flourishing Portrait 344 

Williams,  Roger.  Founder  of  Rhode  Island 46 

Willis.  Nathaniel  Parker,  Poet  and  Journalist Portrait 299 

Wilson.  Henry,  Vice-President  of  the  United  States Portrait 440 

Winder,  William  H.,  an  American  General 61 

Windom,  William,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury Portrait 439 

Winslow,  John  A.,  an  American  Rear-Admiral 64 

Winthrop,  John,  Early  Governor  of  Massachusetts Portrait 365 

Winthrop.  Robert  C. ,  Author  and  Senator Portrait 369 

Wolfe.  Charles.  Author  of  "The  Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore" 299 

Woodward.  R  B...  Proprietor  of  Califomian  Pleasure-Grounds. Portrait 113 

Wool,  John  E.,  an  American  General 61 

Worcester.  Joseph  E..  American  Lexicographer Portrait 284 

Wordsworth.  William,  the  "  Poet  of  Humanity  " 301 

Worth.  Charles,  Ladies'  Dressmaker  in  Paris Portrait 354 

Worth,  William  J.,  an  American  General 61 


Y. 


Youmans.  Edward  L.  and  Eliza  Anne.  Scientific  Authors. 289 

Young,  Thomas  L.,  Governor  of  Ohio Portrait 422 

Z. 

Zoroaster,  Founder  of  the  Sun- Worship  in  Persia 36-46 

Zninglius,  Ulrich,  Protestant  Swiss  Reformei  4*; 


^^ 


1: 


li 


s%^i^^ 


Miscellaneous  Index. 


*-*^|255^' 


A.  B.  C.  of  Snccess 131 

Actors  and  Actresses 263 

Animals,  Our  Domestic (Illustrated) 164 

Artists — Renowned  Painters  and  Sculptors 327 

Astronomical  Dictionary (Illustrated) 205 

Astronomy — What  is  Known  of  It (33  Illustrations^ 201 

Aunt  Jerasha  on  Woman's  Rights (Illustrated) 241 

B. 

•Bad  HabitB  of  Horses— Balking,   Sbying,  etc (Illustrated). 160-161 

Beautiful  Dress — Science  of (Illustrated) 355 

Beliefs  Concerning'  a  Future  Existence 19 

Biographies — Alphabetical   Summary 7-13 

Births,  Jloted  Persons — Each  day  of  the  Tear 446 

Blinders  on  Horses— Their  Evil  Effects (Illustrated) 150 

Book  of  Nephi — Mormon  Bible — Extracts 33 

Brutality  in  the  Workshop  and  the  Home (Illustrated) 153 

Buddhistic  and  Brahministic  Beliefs 22 

Buddhistic  Hells 23 


Cattle  and  Calves  Abused  While  in  Transit (Illustrated) 

Cattle  and  Children  Cruelly  Treated (Illustrated) 

Character  and  Feeling — Facial  Changes (Illustrated) 

Character  Influenced  by  Size  of  the  Head (Illustrated) 

Check-Reins — Evils  of  Their  Use (Illustrated^ 

Check-Reins  Destroy  the  Beauty  of  the  Horse.  .(Illustratedi 

Colleges — How  Xamed 

Congregationalists — History  and  Belief 

Congresses  from  1774  to  1886 

Cruelty  to  Animals (Illustrated) 

Cruelty  to  Birds,  for  "  Sport" (Illustrated) 

Curved  Lines  in  House-Building (Illustrated) 


...152 

152 

234-235 
.  .222 
..149 
..149 

353 

....   40 

450 

....147 

153 

....359 


Dates  of  Important  Inventions 99 

Deaths,  Noted  Persons — Each  day  of  the  Year 448 

Definitions  of  Astronomical  Terms 205 

Definitions  of  Military  Terms 73-76 

Dennis  O'Brien's  '•  Champoon  Supper  " (Illustrated). . .  .237 

Divisions  of  the  Brain (Illustrated) 215 

"Docking,"  "Nicking"  and  "Clipping"  Horses — Evils  of 159 

Duty  of  Benevolence 21 

E. 

EITtcl  of  f'olor  in  Drese (Illustrated) 355 

Eminent  Luwycru S-IS 

Imminent  PhyHlrinnM 107 


English  Swell's  Dialect (Illustrated) 239 

Evolution — Darwin's  Theories (Illustrated). 138-142 

Explorere  and  Navigators 77 

Extracts  from  the  Koran 30 

Extracts  from  the  Xew  Testament 28 

Extracts  from  the  Talmud 21 


Facial  Expression (Illustrated) 336 

Famous  Warriors 50-73 

Fidelity  of  tlie  Dog (Illustrated) 154 

Financiers  and  Business -Managers 130 

Fish-Culture — Its  History  and  Science 134 

Fish,  Apparatus  for  Hatching 135 

Fish-Eggs — How   Impregnated 135 

Fish-Eggs— How  Hatched 135 

Fish,  How  to  Feed  the  Young 135 

Forms  of  Abuse  to  Animals  and  Persons (Illustrated) 148 

Franklin's  Business  Maxims 131 


General  Grant's  Trip  Around  the  World 66 

George  Peabody's  Benevolent  Bequests 114 

Good  Habits,   List  of 131 

Great  Military  Heroes  of  the  World 53-55 

H. 

Hares  Hunted — Dogs  Tormented (Hlust rated) 154 

Hans  Schmidt's  Mistake (Illustrated) 239 

Harness,  Saddle  and  Bridle — Best  Kinds  and  Proper  Use 157 

History,  Government  and  Creeds  of  Various  Denominations 36 

History  and  Oovernment  of  the  Church  of  England 38 

History  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of  the  United  States. .  38 

History  and  Belief  of  the  Baptists 39 

History  of  the  Jewish  Ueligiim 36 

History  and  Beliefs  of  the  Presbyterians 39 

History  and  Practices  of  the  Boman  Catholic  Church 87 

History  of  the  Shakers .43 

Homes,  Beautiful (Illustrated) 536 

"  Home,  Sweet  Home  "  — Its  History 304 

Horses — Their  History  and  Kinds (Illustrated). . .  .155 

Horses — Importance  and  Methods  of  Careful  Shoeing 168 

Horses  Faithful,  AUhough  Ill-Treated (Illustrated) 151 

Horses — Their  Humane  Trealmeiil  and  Management 155 

Horses — Feeding,  Bedding  and  Grooming 158-159 

Horses — Prevention  and  Cure  of  Bad  Habits. .  .(Illustrated), 160  161 

Horses — Over-F(;eding  to  be  Avoided 159 

Horses — Overworked  and  Ruined (Illustrated) 161 

Horses— Training  Them  lo  Perform  Tricks (Illustraled) 102 


:6> 


^:o: 


A1,1'11A1;I0TIIJAI.    ISUMMAliV    OF    CONTKNTb. 


Horses — Vicious  Ones  Subdued — Rarey's  Method ITjO 

Horses — Wlien  and  How  to  Water 159 

How  to  JRreali  u  Colt 150 

Homes  Made  Beautiful (Hlustrated) 530 

Humorists — Persons  Who  Malie  People   Laugh 334 

I. 

Important  Battles  of  the  English  in  Early  Times 50 

Itni)ortant  Battles  of  the  French 53 

lulluence  of  the  Christian  Religion 38 


James  Lick's  Bequests 117 

Jefferson's  Ten  Rules  For  Business 131 

Jewish  Scriptures,  The 21 

Jewish  Law  of  Punishment 21 

Jewish  Treatment  of  the  Poor 31 

Jumping  Frog  of  Calaveras  County — Murk  Twain  (Hlustrated) 226 

K. 

Kiugs   and  Queens (Illustrated) 249 


Labor— Benefits  of  Reduced  Hours 303 

Labor — Shorter  Hours  Should  be  Universally  Adopted 304 

l,!ibor — Consumption  Must  Balance  Production 364 

Labor — Changes  of  Thirty  Years  in  Hours  and  Practice 3ti3 

Laws  of  Proportion  and  Parallel  Lines (Illustrated) 355 

Lawyers,   Eminent 242 

Leading  Officers  in  the  American  Revolutionary  War 58 

Leading  Otficers  in  the  Wars  of  1812  and  with  Mexico 61 

Leading  Officers  in  the  Union  Army— 1861-1865 68 

Leading  Officers  of  the  Southern  Army — 1861-1865 72 

Letter  from  a  Traveling  Showman — Artemus  Ward 224 

Levi  Solomons  Sells  a  Coat 237 

List  of  Contents  in  this  Volume 6-18 

List  of  Poems  in  this  Volume 16 

Literary  Celebrities 268 

Lutherans — Their  Origin  and  Faith 45 

M. 

Mastering  the  Horse — Pratt's  Method 157 

Mas^ters  in  Penmanship 341 

Money-Making — McDonough's  Rules 131 

Moravians — United  Brethren 43 

Musicians  and  Musical  Composers 246 

N. 

Names  of  Well-Known  Colleges — How  Originated 353 

Nasby's  Account  of  His  First  Marriage 225 

Nature  Teaches  True  Elements  of  Art (Illustrated) 357 

New  Jerusalem  Church — Its  Doctrines 44 

New  York  City— Well-Known  Points  of  Interest. (lUnstrated) 108 

North  American  Indians — Religious  Belief 44 

Noted  Work— At  What  Age  Performed 352 


Off-Hand  Writing (IlUistrated) , . .  .344 

Old  Mother  Pitkin  Tells  the  News— Whitfield. .  .(Illustrated; 236 

Orators,  Famous 253 

Origin  of  Various  Forms  of  Worship 36 

Origin  of  Names  of  Well-Known  Colleges 353 


Our  Yankee  Cousin's  Story. 


PAOE. 

.(IIla8trated)....238 


Painters,  Eminent 327 

Parson  Skinner's  "Sarmon"  to  Skillcttvillere.  .{inuslrated) 240 

Pen- Flourishing — Principles  of  Beauty (Illustrated).. .  .345 

Philauthropists  and  Heformerw 198 

Phrenology  and  Its  Teachers (Ilhit'traled) 213 

Phrenological  Organs  Classified  and  Described.  .(Illustrated)  .217-222 

Physiognomy — The  Science  of 214 

Poets,  Distinguished , 294 

**  Positivism  " — Compte's  Philosophy .130 

Preface  to  this  Volume 5 

Precepts  from  the  Chinese  Sacred  Books 25 

Presidents  of  the  United  States (Illustrated). 244-245 

Principal  Battles  of  the  Revolution 57 

Progress  of  Invention (Illustrated) 84 

Prominent  American  Naval  Commanders 63 

Prominent  Battles  of  the  War  of  1812 60 

Prominent  People — A  Special  Group (Illustrated). 433-445 

Prominent  Religious  Teachers — Table 45 

Q. 

Quakers— Their  Government  and  Belief 42 


Railway  Travel  Made  Luxurious (Illustrated)....  92 

Relief  and  Variety  in  Arranging  Dress (Hlustrated).. .  .357 

Religion  and  Hs  Founders 19 

Religious  Terms — Glossary 47 

Rewaids  of  Kindness 23 

Robert  G.  Ingersoll's  Funeral  Sermon 257 

Rules  that  Lead  to  Success 131 


Sal  Scroggins'  Visit  to  the  City (Hlustrated) 241 

San  Francisco — Leading  Points  of  Interest (Illustrated). . .  .119 

Scientists,  Statesmen,  Philanthropists  and  Reformers 132-200 

Second  Adventists — History  and  Belief 43 

Selections  from  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures 31 

Solar  System — Description  of  the  Planets (Hlustrated). 202-204 

Spencerian  Penmanshii) — Analysis (Illustrated) 342 

Stables— The  Best 158 

"Star  Spangled  Banner" — Its  History 300 

Stephen  Girard's  Bequests 112 

Straight  and  Curved  Lines  Contrasted (Illustrated) 355 

Success,  Requisites  for 131 

Suggestions  for  Men's  Dress (Illustrated) 357 

"  Sweet  Bye-and-Bye  " — Its  History 305 

T. 

Teachings  and  Precepts  of  Buddha 23 

Teachings  of  Swedenborg 44 

Teachings  of  Zoroaster 20 

"Texas  Sittings'" — Origin  and  Success 239 

The  Brain — Quality  and  Functions (Illustrated) 216 

The  Buddhistic  Hells  and  Heaven 23 

The  Horse  as  Man' s  Willing  Serviint (Illustrated) 148 

The  Lord's  Prayer 28 

The  Methodist  Church— History  and  Growth 41 

The  Mind  Influenced  by  Training (Illustrated) 223 

The  Religion  of  Confucius  and  the  Chinese (Illustrated) 35 


i: 


:?>= 


2^ 


ii: 


■t 


It; 


ALPHABETICAL    SUMlLUiY    OF    CONTENTS 


PAGE. 

Three  Ladies'  Dresses (Illustrated) 360 

The  Silly  Boys  Experience (Illustrated) 239 

The  Sun-Worshipers — Their  Belief 26 

The  Temperaments  Described 216 

The  Ten  Commandments 21 

The  Zend-Avesta— The  Persian  Bible 26 

Two  Men's  Dresses (Illustrated) 361 

Tyler-Davidson  Fountain,  Cincinnati (Illustrated) 420 

u. 

Unitarians — Their  Historj'  and  Belief 41 

United   Brethren — Characteristics 43 

Universalists — History  and  Belief 42 

V. 

Vaccination — History  of  Its  Discovery 19T 


w. 

Wealth — Motives  for  Its    Accumulation (Illustrated) 102 

What  Dressmakers  Must  Do (Illustrated) 356 

What  Mohammedanism  Teaches 30 

What  the  Mormons   Believe 33 

What  Phrenology  has   Taught (Illustrated) 215 

What  Spiritualists  Believe 35 

What  Swedenborgianisra  Teaches 31 

What  Tailors  Cannot  Do (Tllnstrated) 355 

What  Tailors  Must  Understand (Illustrated) 355 

What  the  Talmud  Teaches 21 

Writings  of  Andrew  Jackson  Davis 35 

Who  Were  the  Christian    Fathers? 38 

Why  Vanderbilt  Became  Rich 107 

Z. 
Zoroaster — Belief  of  His  Followers 45 


"^"^; 


^ 


m\{    LIST  OF  POEMS. 


PAGE. 

Age  of  Wisdom— 77iacA-f ray 292 

Answer  to  a  Child's  Question — Coleridge 325 

Birthplace  of  Burns — Ingersoll 320 

Claude  Melnotte's  Apology  and  Defense — Bulwer 30T 

Comus;  Extract — ^^dton 313 

Destruction  of  Sennacherib — Byron 312 

Elegy  on  the  Death  of  a  Mad-Dog — Goldsmith 324 

Eve's  Lament  on  Leaving  Paradise — Milton 313 

Familiar  Quotations  from  Shakspeare 309 

Highland  Mary— B»rns 321 

Home,  Sweet  Home — Payne 304 

How  are  Thy  Servants  Blest,  O  Lordl— Addison 323 

Hymn  of  the  Hebrew  Maid— Sco« 293 

Light  Shining  Out  of  Darkness— f'ouper 326 


PAGE. 

Make  Your  Home  Beautiful — Anonymous 552 

School-Days,   Extract—  Whittler 303 

Seed-Time  and  Harvest—  nTiiUier 303 

Severed  Friendship — Coleridge 325 

Snow-Shower — Bryant 317 

Soldier's  T>vefim— Campbell 322 

Song  of  the  Brook —  Tennyson 319 

Star-Spangled  Banner— AVy 30e 

Sweet  Byc-a.nA-Bye— Bennett 305 

Thanatopsis — Bryant 317 

The  Raven— Poc 314 

To  the  Nightingale— Jfii/o/i 313 

Village  Blacksmith — Longfellow 318 


■4^-f ^^^ 


GENERAL  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


=E^^ 


I'AGE. 

Ames'  Pcn-Drawinjr 347 

Animals  Tortured  While  Dolnif  Transported. .  .IM 
Apprnntlud  Undi.T  Control  of  a  Hard  Master. . .  153 
"  A  Slt-rn  Choite,"  From  a  Pulntinti:  by  lievifrir .'.VA'-i 

Ahx 107 

"  Aiint  JeruHhft  " 241 

Hank  of  California.  Snn  Francisco 1^ 

Ittncvok-ncff  and  Kindnefw  IllUHtrated 213 

lilrdH.  Variontt  Klndh 190 

Iilrthptace  of  RumK,  near  Ayr,  Scotland 321 

Birthplace  of  fk-neni!  fJranl.  In  Ohio Cfl 

Birthplace  of  Jay  Gould.  New  York 127 

Hlrthplocc  of  tieorjfc  8t<;pheni<on.  Knirland 90 


PAGE. 

Birthplace  of  John  G.  Whittier.  Mass 303 

Boyjt  StnninK  a  DoK— The  Sftvatre  Instinct 154 

Bryant's  Kesidenee  onLonpr  Island,  N.  Y., 317 

Byron'H  Tomb,  Hucknall,  England 311 

Cathedral  at  Cologne 543 

Cattle,  VarlouM  Breeds IGS-IOS) 

Catsi,  Various  Breeds 19 1 

City  Hall,  San  Francisco.  Cal 117 

Conservatory  In  Woodward's  Gardens,  Cal 118 

Contrasted  Appearance  of  the  Hair 35H-350 

Contrasts  in  Biilldlntrs 359 

Cows  Stoned  by  Bnys  and  Bitten  by  Dogs 152 

Cruel  Acts  by  Man  and  Boys 153 


PAGE. 

Cruelly  Tortured  by  Illtrh-Checking ISO 

Cuffs  or  no  <  'uffs— Contrast 358 

Dantrers  That  Beset  Youth 571-579 

"  Dennis  O'Brien" 237 

Dotrs.  Various  Breeds  of lS0-I8a 

IHU'ks.  Various  Breeds  of 179 

Earth  as  It  A ppears  In  Space 205 

"  Election  for  Beadle,"  by  Cruikshonk 32t) 

"EnirliHh  Swell" 239 

English  Throne-Room 251 

Epochs  of  Projrresston 139-142 

"  Eventide  "—From  a  PalntlnR  by  Herkomer..  .331 
Faci?— Bright,  Intelligent  and  Educated 215 


*i 


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f 


1 


i2^ 


AIJMlAinOTHAl.    M  .M.\IAl:V     i/K    Il.LUSTKATION.S. 


17 


CAr.E, 

Face— Coarse,  Vulgar,  Brutal  and  Ignorant. . .  .2l."3 
Faces— Types  of  Character  and  Feeling, . .  .234-23.'i 

Face  of  a  Girl r)39 

Family  Record— With  a  Pen.  by  D.  T.  Ames. . .  .3.jO 

Fc-miilu  Figures— Effect  of  Dress— Contrast •i^n 

Female   Figures — Precise — Plain— Graceful ^'jO 

Female  Forms — Straight  and  Curved  Lines 359 

Oeese,  Various  Breeds  of 173 

Goats,  Various  Breeds  of 171 

Great  Comt-t  of  1843 207 

Guinea-Hen,  Various  Breeds  of 1!JI 

Ouine.i-Pig 191 

Hans  Schmidt 238 

Heads— Miserly,  Benevolent  and  Idiotic 216 

Home  of  Longfellow,  Cambridge,  Mass 318 

Homo  of  Mrs.  L.  H.  Sigourney,  Hartford,  Ct....2!)4 

Horse  Beaten  by  a  Cruel  Master lol 

Horses  in  Easy,  Graceful  Position 150 

Horse  in  the  Hands  of  Fast  Toung  Men 151 

Horse  Made  Cross  b  y  Teasing 100 

Horse  Ruined  by  Fast  Hrlving 151 

Horse  Suffering  All  Day  in  the  Storm 150 

Horse  With  Blinders  and  Check-Rein 157 

Horse — Blinders  and  Check-Rein  Removed 157 

Horses,    Various  Breeds  of Ifif)-in7 

How  Circumstances  may  Change  the  Mind 223 

Illustrations  of  Cruelty 150-154 

Jay  Gould's  Summer  Residence 128 

Killing  Birds  for  Amusement 153 

Landing  (»f  Columbus 81 

Last  Days  of  the  Old  Family  Horse 151 

Let  the  Drivers  Try  It  Themselves 149 

Levi  Solomons 237 

Location  of  Phrenological  Organs 217 

Magnified  Appearance  of  the  Moon 206 

Male  Figures— Contrasted  Appearance 361 

Male  and  Female  Figures— Contrasted, 355 


PAGE. 

Man's  Willing  Servant 148 

Marriage  Corlillcate,  by  D.  T.  Ames 349 

Methods  of  Cruelty  to  Children 152 

Mormon  Temple,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 33 

Mother  Pitkin 236 

Mule,  The 167 

Xapoleon's  Tomb,  Hotel  de3  Invalides,  Paris...  52 

Nazareth,  Childhuod  Home  of  Jesus 28 

Necks  Contrasted.. 356 

Ni'w  York  City— Hudson  and  East  Rivei's KJS 

Our  Yankue  Cousin 238 

Palace  Hotel,  San  Francisco 121 

Parson  Skinner 240 

Peacock,  The 191 

Perceptive  Faculties  Contrasted 216 

Perfecting  Newspaper  Press 93 

Pheasant,  The 191 

Pigeons,  Various  Breeds  of 187-189 

Planets  of  our  Solar  System 202 

Poultry,  Various  Breeds  of 174  to  1/9 

Preserving  of  the  Mane— Grooming  the  Horse.  158 

Prodding  Cattle  with  Sharp  Irons 152 

Progress  of  Invention 84 

Proportions  in  Men— Four  Figures 350 

Kabbits,  Various  Breeds  of 180 

Rabbits  Hunted  and  Mutilated  for  Sport 154 

Regular  and  Irregular  Lines  in  Landscapes 358 

Relative  Sizes  of  the  Planets 203 

Residence  of  F.  O.  C.  Barley,  Claymont,  Pa 548 

Residence  of  James  C.  Flood,  Calif onila 551 

Residence  of  J.  T.  Headley,  Newburgh,  N.  Y 277 

Residence  of  R.  B.  Woodward,  California 549 

Residence,  Modern  Architecture 55 1 

Sal  Scroggins 241 

San  Francisco,  Leading  Points  in.  Designated. .119 

Scene  in  West  Laurel  Hill  Cemetery.  Phila 544 

Selfish  and  Cruel  Disposition  Illustrated 213 


PAOE. 

Shaw's  Garden,  St.  Louin,  Mo 42» 

Sh  ecp,  VarlouM  Breeda  of 170-17 1 

Hilly  Boy 2:«J 

Size  of  the  Sun  Compared  with  Planets 204 

Sketch  of  a  Bad  Boy— Humorous 229 

Social  Life  on  ihe  Kail &2 

Spcncerian  Pen-Flouriwhing 343 

Statue  of  Sir  John  ltu»i*ell,  by  J.  E.  Boehmc 339 

Street  Fountain '5* 

Subdivisions  of  the  Brain 217 

Suffering  Caused  by  Intemperance 153 

Summer  Rain— From  a  Painting  by  Cole 33-1 

Supposed  Structure  of  the  Universe 201 

Swan,  The  ^^^ 

Swlno,  Various  Breeds  of 172 

Teaching  the  Trick-Horse 162 

The  Check-Rein  on  Work-Horses 150 

The  Horse  Abused 147 

The  Horse  In  Natural  Beauty 149 

The  Horse  Kindly  Treated 147 

The  Horse  with  Over-Check 149 

The  Human  Head  and  Its  Various  Organs 218 

The  Jumping  Frog 220 

The  Lord's  Prayer,  by  D.  T.  Ames 348 

Trentham  Hall.  England 550 

Turkeys,  Various  Breeds  of 173 

Two  Methods  of  Checking  Horses 149 

Two  Scenes  in  Nature— Contrasted 3.57 

Tyler-Davidson  Fountain,  Cincinnati 421 

"Various  Grades  of  Intelligence  in  Heads 215 

View  in  Prospect  Park.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y 545 

Villa  of  Alexander  Pope.  Twickenham,  Eng 297 

Waterfall— Sublime  Scene  in  Nature 542 

Ways  of  Cruelty l"*^ 

ViliitlSeld,  Comedian,  in  Ten  Characters. ..236-241 

Who  Stole  the  People's  Money  i —By  Nast 232 

Williams'  Pen-Flourishing 345 


^^^ 


P-'S^I 


HOUSEHOLD  DECORATION  ILLUSTRATED. 


IrzS^ 


PAGE. 

Baskets,  How  to  Make  Ornamental 560 

Beauty,  Moral  Benefit  of 552 

Beauty,  Fundamental  Principles  of 553 

Boudoir  of  Princess  Louise,  at  Rideau  Hall 567 

Boudoir  in  a  New  York  Suburban  Residence. . .  .569 

Canopies  for  Beds 558 

Card-Cases,  Mats  and  Dressing-Tables 565 

Chairs,  How  to  Ornament 559 

Colors,  Effect  of .VJ3 

Contrast,  Curved  Lines  and  Proportion 553 


Cushions  and  Footstools,  How  to  Make 561 

Mecoration  as  Applied  in  Furnishing 569 

Draperies  for  Windows  and  Doorways 557 

Drawing-Room  at  Rideau  Hall 567 

Dressing-Tables,  How  to  Make  Cheaply 505 

Faces  with  Straight  and  Curved  Lines .538 

Floor-Mats.  How  to  Make 563 

Home  Comforts  at  Rideau  Hall 567 

Household  Interiors.  Elegantly  Illustrated 568 

I,ambrequins,  Patterns  for 554,  555,  556,  557 


(T^s:' 


PAGE. 

Lamp  Shades 564 

Light-Stands  and  Table-Spreads 562 

Light  Screen 553 

Ponograms  for  Furniture 558 

Picture-Frames,  CIothes-Bags,  Etc 56i, 

Pincushions  and  Lamp-Shades 5&4 

Various  Furnishings .563-566 

"Wall-Paper.  Ornamental  562 

"Window  Ornamentation 554 

Window  and  Passage- Way  Decorations 555 


BEAUTIFUL   HOMES   ILLUSTRATED 


'S- — »  p* 


PAGE. 

Architecture,  Science  of  Beauty  in 538 

Architecture,  Sublime  in .542 

Architecture,  Variety  and  Relief  in 541 

Artificial  Embellishment 548 

Beautiful  Homes 530 

Central  Park  Fountain  Scene,  NewY'ork  City.  .537 

Costly  Residences  and  Elegant  Grounds 551 

Cur%*ed  Lines,  Charm  of 539 


PAGE. 

Curved  Lines  in  Nature  and  Art 541 

I^andscape  Ornamentation 547 

Landscape  Scene,  Variety  in 544 

Nature  Improved  by  Art 54(; 

Nature.  The  Sublime  in 542 

Ornamented  Grounds 549 

Parallels.  The  Laws  of 540 

Park  Fences 546 


PAGE. 

Park  Scenes 545 

Picturesque  Villa 549 

Residence  v\Jchitecture  as  a  Fine  Art 551 

Sublimity  Illustrated 543 

Table-Covers 562 

Trees  and  Vines.  Effect  of 548 

"Windows  with  Straight  and  Carved  Lines 538 


^5:= 


is 


OUR       5Jti 


iS— e3~^ 


PAGE. 

BIRDS. 

Canary ...190 

Chaffinch 190 

Linnet,  American 190 

Mocking-Bird 190 

JTigbtingale 190 

Konpariel 190 

Parrot,    Gray 190 

Skylark 190 

Thrush,  Song 190 

Tellow  Bird,  American 190 

CATS. 

Angora 191 

Brown  Tabby 191 

Persian 191 

CATTLE. 

Ayrshire 168 

Devon 168 

Galloway 168 

Guernsey 169 

Hereford 168 

Holderness 168 

Holstcin 168 

Jersey 168 

Long-Horn 168 

Jlodel-Uomed 109 

Model  Polled 169 

Short-Horns 169 

Swiss 169 

Texan  Steer... 169 

West  Highland 169 

DOCS. 

Airedale  Terrier 183 

Basset  Uonnd 185 

Beagle 185 

Bedlington  Terrier 184 

Black-and-Tan  Terrier 18.3 

Blenheim  Spaniel 182 

Bloodhound 185 

Bulldog 180 

Bull  Terrier 180 

Chinese  Crested 184 

Clumber  Spaniel 188 

Cocker  Spaniel 182 

Colley 180 

Dachshund 181 

Dalnialinn 180 

Dandle  Dinmont  Terrier 18.3 

Deer  Iloiind 181 

Fox  Hound 181 

Fox  Terrier— Rough 183 

Fox  Terrier — Smooth 183 


DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 

^  Different  Breeds  and  Their  History. 


EACH   ILLUSTRATED. 


PAGE. 

Greyhound 1^1 

Harrier 185 

Irish  Terrier 184 

Irish  Water  Spaniel 181 

Italian   Greyhound 184 

King  Charles  Spaniel 183 

Maltese 184 

MastifE 180 

Newfoundland 180 

Otter  Hound 182 

Pointer 181 

Pomeranian 1 80 

Poodle 182 

Pug 184 

Retriever,  Curly-Coated 182 

Retriever,  Wavy-Coated 181 

Scotch  Terrier 183 

Setter 181 

Skye-Terrier,  Drop-Ear 184 

Skye-Terrier,    Prick-Ear 184 

St.    Bernard — Rough 185 

St.    Bernard— Smooth 185 

Sussex  Spaniel 182 

Truffle ISO 

White  English  Terrier 183 

Yorkshire  Terrier 183 

DUCKS. 

Aylsbury 179 

Cayuga 1"9 

Pekin 179 

Kouen 179 

FOWLS. 

Black  Spanish 174 

Brown  Leghorn 177 

Bull  Cochin 175 

Cochin  Bantam 1 77 


Creve-Cieur 1 

Dark  Brahma 1 

Dominique,  American I 

Dorking 1 

Duck- Wing  Game 1 

Frizzle I 

Game,  Perfect 1 

Game,  Bantam 1 

Gold-Spangled  Hamburgh.  ..1 

Great  Black  Java 1 

Houdan 1 

Japanese  Bantam 1 

La  Flechc 1 

Laugshan 1 

Light  Brahma 1 

Malay 1 


PAGE. 

Partridge  Cochin 175 

Plymouth  Rock 174 

Red  Pile  Game 178 

Sebright  Bantam 177 

Silky 174 

Silver- Spangled  Hamburgh.  .178 

Spangled  Poland 178 

Suit,™ 176 

White  Cochin 179 

White  Crested  Polit^b 175 

White  Leghorn 179 

Wyandotte 175 

CEESE. 

Bremen 1 73 

Brown  Chinese 173 

Toulouse 173 

White  Chinese 173 

COATS. 

Angora 1"1 

Cashmere 171 

HORSES. 

Arabian 167 

Ass 167 

Barb 166 

Canadian 167 

Cleveland  Bay 166 

Clydesdale 166 

Conestogs  Draught 166 

English   Cart 166 

English  Thoroughbred 166 

Morgan 166 

Mule 167 

Mustang  Pony 167 

Percheron 167 

Running,  American 167 

Shetland  Pony 107 

Trotting,  American 167 

PICEONS. 

African  Owl 189 

Almond  Tumbler 189 

Archangel 188 

Barb 189 

Bavettc 188 

Beard  Tumbler 187 

Carrier 187 

Fantail 187 

Jacobin 189 

Latz 189 

Leghorn  Runt 1S8 

Magpie 188 


PAGE. 

Mahomet 187 

Nun 188 

Pouter 187 

Priest 187 

Swiss 188 

Trumpeter 189 

RABBITS. 

Angora 1 86 

Belgian  Hare 18li 

Dutch 18; 

Himalayan 186 

Lop-Eared 186 

Silver-Gray 186 

SHEEP. 

Anglesey 1 70 

Black-Faced 170 

Cheviot 170 

Cotswold 171 

Dorset 170 

Fat-Tailed 170 

Kentish 170 

Leicester 171 

Lincoln 171 

Merino 171 

Oxfordshire  Down 171 

Ryeland 170 

Shropshire 1 70 

South-Down 171 

SWINE. 

Berkshire 1 73 

Cheshire 172 

Chester  White 172 

Chinese 172 

Duroc 172 

Essex 172 

.Jersey  Red 172 

Large  Yorkshire 172 

Poland  China 172 

Small  White  Yorkshire 172 

SulToIk 172 

TURKEYS. 

Bronze 173 

White  Holland 173 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Gninea-Fowl 191 

Guinea-Pig 191 

Pea-Fowl....- 191 

Pheasant 191 

Swan 191 


k 


"^fW 


Beliefs  Concerning  a  Future  Existence. 


"W^ 


EYOTION   is    a 

c  li  a  r  a  c- 
t  c  !•  i  s  t  i  c 
of  the 
li  u  111  a  11 
luiiul, (lis- 
ting uish- 
>j,  ing  man 
-  from  tlie 
lower  ani- 
mal crea- 
tion. 

There 
exists    in 
the  high- 
er under- 
standing 
a    belief  that 
this  earth-life  is 
not   all — that 
tlieie  IS  a  state  of 
being  beyond  this, 
and  tint  death  is 
1)  u  t    the  })  o  r  t  a  1 
through  which  the 
soul  passes  to  the 
other    sphere     of 
existence,  when 
the   spirit  can  no 
longer  remain  in  its  habitation  on  earth. 

"What  the  condition  is  in  spirit-life  is  a  matter 
of  conjecture.  That  it  is  a  place  where  the 
extreme  of  torment  is  meted  out  to  those  who 
have  done  evil  on  earth  is  the  opinion  of  some. 


<C_^' 


That  it  is  a  haven  of  rest,  whatever  may  have 
been  the  faults  here,  is  the  belief  of  others. 

As  the  decades  go  by,  it  is  seen,  opinions  are 
constantly  changing  concerning  the  future  life, 
the  disposition  being,  as  the  mind  becomes 
enlightened,  to  take  Ijroader  views  in  regard  to 
the  greatness  and  grandeur  of  the  Supreme,  thi' 
belief  gradually  fastening  itself  in  the  mind  that 
death  is  another  birth,  ushering  the  soul  into  a 
future  existence,  that  will  be  happy  in  proj^or- 
tion  to  the  good  deeds  done  and  the  life  well- 
lived  on  earth. 

Among  all  peoples  the  idea  prevails,  also, 
that  there  is  a  Creator — a  Governor  of  the  great 
universe,  and  that  through  prayer  the  mind  may 
come  into  a  communion  with  the  Supreme  and 
be  ennobled  and  exalted  thereby.  So  thor- 
oughly is  this  fact  fixed  in  the  human  belief, 
through  the  organs  of  veneration  and  spiritu- 
ality, as  to  cause  the  inhabitants  in  every  part 
of  the  world  instinctively  to  worship. 

Numerous  are  the  forms  by  which  the  people 
of  different  countries  engage  in  their  devotions. 
It  is  a  conceded  fact,  however,  among  the  most 
highly  civilized,  that  as  the  spirituality  in  the 
nature  needs  cultivation,  it  can  best  be  obtained 
by  having  stated  times  of  worship  in  places 
set  apart  for  it,  the  ceremony  being  conducted 
by  those  who  are,  by  mental  endowment  and 
spiritual  nature,  fitted  to  lead  and  instruct. 

What  have  been  the  phases  of  religious  be- 
lief at  various  periods,  is  shown  in  the  life-work 
of  the  difterent  religious  founders  whose  histo- 
ries are  found  on  succeeding  pages. 


~i^: 


I'D 


BIOGE.VPIIICAL    SKETCH    UF    MOSES,   FOUXDEK    OF    TUE    .IKWISII    l.'KMi.H  i-\. 


.^.^J!...^ !,.^.-^  .■l..ai>-—  ^- )_-^" 


LEADER  OF  THE  ISRAELITES  OUT  FROM  THE  LAND  OF  EGYPT 


ON  ELY 

wastes 
former 


ruins  and  desolate 
mark  the  seat  of  a 
civilization    in    many 


portions  of  Egypt.  Here  flour- 
ished science  and  here  was 
fostered  art,  thousands  of 
years  back  in  ttie  history  of  a 
race,  the  evidence  of  whose 
greatness  is  shown  in  the  relics 
of  beautiful  sculpture  and 
grand  architecture  that  lie 
scattered  over   the  country. 

Throughout  Southern  Asia 
and  Egypt  the  various  systems 
of  religion  took  root  earliest  in 
the  history  of  mankind.  Here  lived  and 
taught  Confucius,  in  China;  here  Brahma  ^^^^^'^^ 
and  Buddha  established  their  codes  of  wor- 
ship in  India;  here  ZoroTister  proclaimed 
his  religion  in  Persia.  Here  Mohammed 
grew  to  power  and  made  the  Koran  the 
revealed  religion  in  Arabia.  Across  from 
Arabia,  in  Egypt,  on  the  banks  of  the  Red 
Sea,  Moses  became  a  great  religious  leader, 
and  near  by  was  the  birth-place  of  Jesus, 
whose  spiritual  teaching  and  example  laid 
the  foundation  for  that  grand  system  of 
Christianity  which  has  been  the  guide  and 
beacon  light  of  the  highest  civilization  in 
the  last  eighteen  centuries. 

The  first  mention,  according  to  the  beet 
chronological  data,  of  religious  worship, 
dates  back  to  a  period  3, 875  years 
before  Christ,  when  Cain  and  Abel  were 
offering  tlieir  sacrifices  on  the  altar.  Cain 
having  brought  of  the  fruits  of  the  ground, 
and  Abel  of  the  firstlings  of  his  flock.  The 
writer  who  made  record   of    the    fact   was 

Moses,  who  is  supposed  to  have  written  the  first  five  books  of  the  Old 
Testament,  and  was  the  founder  of  the  Jewish  religion. 

In  the  tribe  of  Levi  were  a  husband  and  wife  known  as  Aniram  and 
Jochabcd.  To  them  a  child  was  born,  at  a  time  when,  for  certain 
r<;asoiis,  the  King  of  f^gypt  had  commanded  the  death  of  every  new- 
born male  Israelite.  To  save  her  child  from  death,  the  mother  made 
H  basket  that  floated  like  a  small  boat,  in  which  she  placed  her  infant 
at  ft  prtint  !)>•  the  side  of  the  river  Nile  where  hIk:  knew  the  daughter 
(if  I'haranh  was  in  the  habitof  bathing.  In  the  meantime  she  secreted 
her  daughter  in  the  reeds  near  by,  to  watch  the  result.  As  had  been 
anticipated,  the  princess  discovered  the  child,  and  l)eing  impressed 


with  its  beauty,  she  resolved  to  adopt  it.  The  sister  of  the  infant, 
who  was  near  at  hand,  offered  to  find  a  nurse  for  tlie  child,  which  met 
the  favor  of  the  princeijs,  and  thereupon  she  brought  the  mother,  who, 
in  the  capacity  of  nurse,  became  an  inmate  of  the  palace,  where 
the  child  was  named  Moses.  In  the  court  of  the  King  he  was 
educated  in  a  most  liberal  manner 

WTien  about  forty  years  of  age  he  killed  an  Egyptian  officer,  whom 
he  saw  ill-treating  an  Israelite;  for  which  offense,  in  order  to  save 
himself,  Moses  fled  into  Arabia,  where  he  married  the  daughter  of  a 
priest,  settled  in  Midian,  and  for  forty  years  followed  the  pursuit  of 
a  shepherd  near  Mount  Sinai. 

During  his  long  residence  in  Arabia,  the  condition  of  the  descend- 
ants of  Abraham,    Isaac  and  Jacob,   known  as  Israelites,  in  Egypt, 
became  deplorable,  through  persecutions  of  various  kinds.      Accord- 
ing to  the  Biblical  account  (from  which  we  condense  this  biography), 
God  appeared  to  Moses  in  a  burning  bush, 
one   day  as  he  cared   for  his   flocks,    and 
commissioned  him  to  return  to  Egypt  and 
announce  himself  as  authorized  to  conduct 
the   Israelites   from   the    land   where    they 
were  enduring  so  many  persecutions  into 
Canaan,  a  region  of  the  country  bordering 
upon  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

That  the  people  whom  Moses  proposed 
to  deliver  might  have  no  doubt  as  to  his 
divine  authority,  the  Lord  permitted  him 
to  perform  various  miracles  in  the  presence 
of  the  people.  Of  these  is  related  the 
changing  of  a  rod  to  a  serpent,  and  from  a 
serpent  to  a  rod  again ;  the  making  his  hand 
leprous,  and  instantly  restoring  it  to  health; 
the  drawing  of  water  from  a  rock  by  smiting 
it,  and  the  turning  of  water  into  blood. 

The  peoi)le  were  thus  made  to  believe 
in  his  power  and  capacity  for  leadersliii>  nf 
the  emigrants,  of  whom  there  were  000,  OUO 
men.  beside  women  and  children. 

It  is  related  that,  aside  from  providing 
themselves  with  all  the  jewelry  they  could  obtain,  and  varictus  other 
kinds  of  personal  effects,  the  Israelites  look  with  them  (m  their  jour- 
ney large  droves  of  cattle,  whereby  food  might  be  obtained;  and  yet, 
notwithstanding  this  provision,  there  was  such  scarcity  as  to  make  it 
nec<'ssary  thiit  the  Lord  provide  manna  and  other  food  by  which  the 
people  could  be  fed. 

Another  miraculous  provisicm  made  for  them  was  that  of  sending 
before  them  on  their  journey  out  of  Egypt  a  cloud  by  day  and  a  pillar 
of  fire  by  night:  while  iniother  was  the  opening  of  the  Ked  Sea  to  lei 
them  pass  tlirouL'h  on  dry  land,  and  the  C(uuing  together  of  the  waters 
again  afler  Iheir  i)assage,  thus  drowning  the  EL'yptians,  who  were 


THE    TEACHINttS    OF   MOSES. 


21 


jmrsniii"^  iind  iiiU-ndin;^  to  culture  ibe  Israelites,  for  the  purpose  of 
returning  tbem  to  bondage. 

Thus  tbt  followers  of  Moses  escaped  out  of  Egypt,  but,  owing  to 
their  m;my  tnmsgrfpgions,  they  were  prevented  from  entering  the 
promised  land  until  the  offenders  among  them  had  died.  Even 
Moses  himsi'lf.  from  errors  committed,  was  not  allowed  to  enter  it, 
but  from  Mount  Pisgiili  he  was  i>ermitted  to  see  the  land  of  Canaan. 

Retaining  bis  faculties  undimmed  to  the  lust.  Moses  died  when  120 
years  old,  and  was  buried  on  the  confines  of  Canaan,  but  at  a  point 
which  is  not  known. 

The  Jewish  Scriptures. 

To  Moses  is  attributed  the  writing  of  the  first  five  books  of  the 
Bible.  The  history  of  the  creation  of  the  world,  the  expulsion  of 
Adam  and  Eve  from  the  Garden  of  Eden;  the  account  of  the  flood; 
the  building  of  the  Tower  of  Babel;  the  calling  of  Abraham  to  be- 
come the  founder  of  the  Jewish  nation;  the  destruction  of  Sodom  and 
Gomorrah — these  events  of  which  Moses  wrote  occurred  from  fifteen 
to  twenty-five  hundred  years  before  his  own  birth. 

The  progress  of  the  history  of  the  Israelites,  which  began  by  God 
calling  Jacob  Israel;  the  selling  of  Joseph  into  Egypt;  the  settlement 
of  Jacob  and  his  family  in  that  country;  the  rapid  increase  of  the 


Israelites  and  their  enslavement  by  the  Egyptian  kings — these  evcnte, 
by  his  record,  occurred  at  a  much  later  date  before  his  birth.  The 
deliverance  of  this  people  from  their  bondage  by  God  Himself ;  the 
receiving  of  the  ten  commandments  on  Mount  Sinai ;  the  wandering 
of  the  peoi>le  forty  years  in  the  wilderness — these  events  he  wrote  of 
as  occurring  in  his  own  time.  To  the  writings  of  Moses  the  aucient 
priests  added  much  oral  law,  legal  provisions  and  traditions.  The 
whole  of  this,  collected  into  one  volume,  along  with  the  five  books 
written  by  Moses — being  Genesis,  Exodns,  Leviticus,  Numbers  and 
Deuteronomy — became  the  Bible  of  the  Jewish  people,  called  the 
'  'Talmud. ' ' 

What  the  Talmud  Teaches. 

To  Moses  and  the  Tahnud  wan  ihr  <  hristian  world  first  indebted  for 
the  idea  of  a  Sabbath  as  a  day  of  rest  and  spiritual  imi>rovement.  By 
him  and  it  was  expounded  the  idea  of  one  God,  the  Creator  and  Ruler 
over  all  things;  and  in  it  was  taught  the  necessity  of  lifting  the 
tliought  above  the  idol  and  worshii)ing  the  one  God  as  a  Supreme  and 
All-Pervading  Spirit.  Unlike  the  teaching  of  Christ  in  its  severity 
and  in  its  advocacy  of  retaliation  for  sins  committed,  it  aimed,  never- 
theless, in  its  code  to  befriend  the  poor  and  unfortunate,  and  to  deal 
justly  by  those  who  observed  and  obeyed  the  laws. 


EXTRACTS  FROM  THE  TALMUD. 


THE  following  are  some  of  the  command- 
ments  and   teachings   of    the   Mosaic 
law  as  found  in  the  Talmud: 

In  a  place  where  there  are  no  eminent  men, 
endeavur  thou  to  become  eminent. 

Be  of  the  disciples  of  Aaron,  lovingr  and  pur- 
suing peace;  loving  mankind  and  bi'ingingthein 
to  the  study  of  the  law. 

If  I  do  not  act  for  myself,  who  can  do  it  for 
nie?  When  I  am  alone  by  myself,  what  am  I! 
If  I  act  not  now.  when  shall  I? 


If  one  has  acquired  a  good  name,  he  has 
acquired  it  for  himself;  if  one  has  acquired  a 
knowledge  of  the  law,  he  has  obtained  immortal 
life. 

He  who  attends  much  at  school  increaseth 
wisdom  ;  he  who  increaseth  in  reflection 
increaseth  in  prudence ;  he  who  exerciseth  much 
charity  multiplieth  peace. 

He  who  incnM-.rli  In-  il.-li  imili  ii.]i.f  h  food 
for  worms;  he  wli"  nui  It  i  |il  n  Ih  r  uln   -  i  m  i  riiseth 

care;  he  whoinri  ,-.,-.uii  hm.iii'  .-i  [  >.  .mi  -  im-reajs- 
eth  lewdness;  he  whi>  iiiiiHi|ilifili  uun-^t-rvnts 
increiisecu  jobbery ,  but  he  who  increaseth  hi3 
knowledge  of  the  law  incicaseth  life. 


He  who  is  ambitions  of  magnifying  his  name 
destroyeth    his  name,    and     he   who  duth  not 

increase  his  knowledge  diminishelh  it;  and  he 
who  (ioth  not  study  the  law  (ieserve.-i  death;  and 
who-soever  useth  for  himself  the  crown  of  the 
law  will  perish. 

Separate  not  thyself  from  the  congregation; 
nor  have  cnnHdence  in  tlivself  until  the  day  of 
thyiiMth.  .(ii.lt,'--  not  thy  n<it'hli<>riuitil  thou  art 

I)I,'irf(l  ill  thr  ^iUili'  '■ii'ciiiiisliiiiri.'-'  :  ttilDnV  llttfr 
aiivHiniu'"tiirhi-nir..iMpr.luMi-!l>l.Mn  Ilit-hMi.._- 
that  It  nftiTward--  may  t>i- iiimj>ri-li(inif<l.  nor 
say.  When  I  shall  liave  U-i.-^ure  I  will  study;  for 
perhaps  thou  mayest  never  have  the  leisure. 


Law  of  Punishment. 

He  that  smiteth  a  man  so 
that  he  die  shall  be  surely 
put  to  death. 

He  that  smiteth  his  father 
or  his  mother  shall  be  surely 
put  to  death. 

He  that  stealeth  a  man  and 
selleth  him.  or  if  he  be  found  ' 
in   his  hand,    he  shall  surely 
be  put  to  death. 

He  that  curseth  his  father  or 
his  mother  shall  surely  be  put 
to  death. 

Thou  shalt  give  life  for  lift-, 
evf  for  eye.  tooth  for  to.ith. 
hand  for  hand,  foot  for  loot, 
burning  for  burning,  wound 
for  wound,    stripe  for  stripe. 

If  men  strive  together,  and 
one  smite  another  with  a 
stone,  or  with  his  fisi.  and 
he  tlie  not.  but  keepeth  his 
bed,  if  he  rise  again  and  walk 
abroad  upon  his  staff,  then 
shall  he  that  smote  him  he 
quit;  only  he  shall  pay  for  tht- 
loss  of  his  time,  aiid  shall 
cause  him  to  be  thoroughly 
healed. 

Treatment  of  the    Poor. 

If  thou  lend  money  to  any 
of  my  people  that  is  poor  by 
thee,  thou  shalt  not  be  to  him 
as  a  usurer,  neither  shalt  thou 
lav  upon  him  umuv.  If  thou 
at'  :ill  taki-  thy  m-mbhoi's 
raiiin'iit  to  plrdu'i-.  thoii  ^halt 
deliver  it  iintL>  him  by  that 
the  sungoeth  down;  lor  that 
is  his  covering  only,  it  is  his 
raiment  for  his  skin;  wherein 
shall  he  sleep? 


Selections  From  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures, 


-^s^ 


THE  TEN  COMMANDMENTS. 


I. 


W  AM  the  Lord  thy  God,  which  have 
jli  brought  thee  out  of  the  land  of 
■**■  Egj'pt.  outof  the  house  of  bondage. 
Thou  Shalt  have  no  other  gods  before 
me. 

II. 
Thou  shalt  not  make  unto  thee  any 
graven  image,  or  any  likeness  of  any- 
thing that  is  in  heaven  above,  or  that  is 
in  the  earth  beneath,  or  that  is  in  the 
water  under  the  earth;  thou  shalt  not 
bow  down  tln>elf  to  them  nor  serve 
them;  fori,  the  Lord  thy  God.  am  a 
iealousG<Hi,  vl^itin^Mhe  iniquity  of  the 
fathers  upon  th./ rltildi-.'n  unto  the  third 
and  fourth  trener^ilion  o!  th.-in  that 
hate  me.  and  ;-)iewiiii;  m.rey  uiilo  tli..u- 
sands  of  them  that  lo\  e  me  ajid  keej)  my 
commandments. 

Thou  shalt  not  take  the  name  of  the 
Lord  thy  God  in  vain :  for  the  Lord  will 
mt  hold  him  guiltless  that  taketh  his 
name  in  vain. 

IV. 

Remember  the  Sabbath-day  to  keep  it 
holy.  Six  days  shalt  thou  labor  and  do 
all  thy  work;  but  the  seventh  day  is  the 


Sabbath  of  the  Lord  thy  God.  In  it 
thou  shalt  not  do  any  work,  thou,  mtr 
thy  son.  nor  thy  daughter,  thy  man- 
servant, nor  thy  maid-seiTant,  northv 
cattle,  nor  thy  stranger  that  is  within 
thy  gates:  for  in  six  days  the  Lord  made 
heaven  and  earth,  the  sea,  and  all  that 
in  them  is.  and  rested  the  seventh  day; 
wherefore  the  Lord  blessed  the  seventh 
day  and  hallowed  it. 

Honor    thy  father  and  thy  mother: 
that  thy  days  may  be  long  upon  the  land 
which  the  Lord  thy  God  giveth  thee. 
V  I. 
Thou  shalt  not  kill. 

VII. 
Thou  shalt  not  commit  adultery. 

VIII. 

Thou  shalt  not  steal. 

IX. 

Thou  shalt    not    bear    false    witness 

against  thy  neighbor. 

Thou  shalt  not  covet  thy  neighl>or's 
house,  thou  shalt  not  covet  thy  neich- 
bor'swife.  norhisman-ser\'ant.  nornis 
maid-ser^'ant.  nor  his  ox,  nor  his  ass, 
nor  anything  that  is  thy  neighbor's. 


ifflm^MnnfflH 


Duty  of  Benevolence. 

And  if  thy  brother  he  waxen 
poor  and  fallen  in  decay  with 
thee,  then  thou  shalt  relieve 
him;  3'ea,  though  he  be  a 
stranger  or  a  sojourner;  that 
he  may  live  with  then.  Take 
thou  no  usury  of  him,  or 
ln.■rease^  but  fear  thy  God, 
;  rhat     thy    brother    may    live 

iih  thee.  Thou  shalt  not  give 
lum  thy  money  upon  usury, 
nor  lend  him  thy  victuals  for 
increase. 

At  the  end  of  everj-  seven 
years  thou  shalt  make  a 
release.  And  this  is  the  man- 
ner of  the  release;  Every  cred- 
itor that  lendeth  aught  unto 
his  neighbor  shall  release  it; 
he  shall  not  exact  it  of  his 
neighbor,  or  of  his  brother, 
because  it  is  called  the  Lord's 
release.  Of  a  foreigner  thou 
mayest  exactit  again,  but  that 
which  is  then  with  thy  brother 
thine  hand  shall  release,  save 
when  there  are  no  poor  among 
you. 

Rewards  of  Kindness. 

If  there  be  amonir  you  a  poor 
man  of  one  of  thy  brethren 
within  aiiv  of  thv  gates  in  thy 
land  which  the  Lord  thy  God 
givetb  thee,  thou  shaft  not 
harden  thine  heart,  nor  shut 
thine  hand  from  thy  poor 
brother;  but  thou  shalt  open 
thine  hand  wide  unto  him,  and 
shalt  surely  lend  lum  sufficient 
for  his  need  in  that  he  want- 

eth Thou  shalt  surely  give 

him.  and  tliine  heart  shaJi  not 
be  grieved  when  thou  givest 
unto  him.  because  for  this 
thing  the  Lord  thy  God  shall 
bless  thee  in  all  thy  works  and 
in  all  that  thou  puttest  thine 
hand  unto 


:C5> — 


M-^ 


buddhism;  its  founder  and  his  history. 


? 


_1 


ft 


Ji.5W!.MW<<.<nn3,5in5nniii>'t!ii),t5,itsxs?t>jJ't!3J»i; 


BUDDHA, 

A  Reli^'ious  TeaL-ht-r  640  Years  Before  Christ. 


BUDDHA, 


Founder  of  the  Buddhistic  Religion 


^'W'W^^^^^'WW^W^W^'WW^ 


The  Buddhistic  and  Brahmanistic  Beliefs. 


T    KAPILAVASTOr.  the  capital  of 
Central  India,  Siddharta  was  born 
K '■""■^^V  "-;  /—-?  k2>^- ?"  about  670  years  before  Christ.    His 

^\c>'V  ..I  I A  V&^  i-S  >:.-  father,  Couddhodama,  was  the  kin  tj 
of  the  realm,  and  his  mother, 
Maya  Devi,  a  very  beautiful 
woman,  was  the  daughter  of  king 
StHiprabuddha.  Both  father  and 
mother  of  Siddharta  were  cele- 
brated— the  father  for  the  wisdom 
of  his  government,  and  his  mother 
for  her  exemplary  life  and  piety. 

His  mother  dying  seven  days 
after  his  birth,  his  guardianship 
was  entrusted  to  a  maternal  aunt, 
by  whom  he  was  trained  with  care.  As  a  student  in  school,  he 
excelled  in  study,  but  was  much  disposed  to  be  absorbed  in 
meditation.      Such  is  the  account  from  ancient  writings. 

Having  arrived  at  a  suitable  u^e.  a  maiden  was  selected  for  him  lu 
marry,  named  tiopa,  but  her  father,  Dandapani.  withheld  his  consent 
to  the  marriage  until  Siddharta  should  demonstrate  his  worthiness 
by  talents  of  a  high  order.  He  was  compelled,  therefore,  to  enter  a 
contest  with  five  hundred  young  men,  in  the  various  studies,  games 
and  exercises  at  that  time  esteemed  in  India.  In  this  examination  and 
exhibition.  Siddharta  came  off  victorious  in  scholastic  exercises, 
knowledge  of  morals,  philosophy,  and  games  of  bodily  skill,  through 
which  fact  Gopa  became  his  wife. 

Thougli  happily  situated,  his  mind  turned  constjintly  to  religienis 
meditjition.  and,  feeling  that  he  had  a  higher  duty  to  perform,  he 
finally  left  his  father's  palace,  exchanged  his  garments  for  those  be- 
fitting one  more  lowly  and  humble,  and  entered  upon  a  study  of 
Brahmanism,  which  dissenting  from,  he  retired  to  the  wilderness  of 
Ourovilva,  where  he  Hpent  six  years  In  austerity,  fasting,  meditation 
and  prayer,  for  the  purpose  of  solving  the  mysteries  of  life,  sin,  death, 
goodness  and  wisdom. 

At  the  end  of  this  period  of  meditation,  he  felt  himself  so  enlight- 
ened as  to  be  Buddha,  the  meaning  of  which  is  '  'Perfect  Sage. " 

He  was  seated,  at  the  time  wlien  he  received  his  revelation,  under 
a  [ig-Iree.  n  place  that  Hft<;rwards  became  greatly  celebrated,  and  was 
known  as  BfKlhimnndn.  i.  e.  the  "Seat  of  Intellect." 


Hiover  Thsang,  a  Chinese  pilgrim,  who  visited  this  locality  633 
years  before  Christ,  found  many  monuments  erected  here,  and  seven 
days  he  spent  in  worshiping  them. 

Feeling  the  inspiration  full  upon  him.  Buddha,  then  thirty-six  years 
of  age,  commenced  his  preaching,  first  in  small  places,  and  afterwards 
in  the  city  of  Benares. 

In  the  succeeding  forty  years  he  traversed  all  Northern  India,  preach- 
ing his  system,  combating  the  Brahmans,  and  making  many  converts. 
He  lived  to  see  his  doctrine  generally  accepted  throughout  India.  He 
died  when  about  eighty  years  of  age,  543  years  before  Christ. 

For  1,600  years  the  system  of  religion  thus  founded  by  Buddha 
retained  its  hold  on  the  people  of  the  country  where  it  was  first 
established,  but  in  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries,  through  much 
persecution,  the  last  traces  of  the  system  disappeared  in  India.  It 
spread,  however,  over  nearly  the  whole  of  Eastern  Asia,  and  became  the 
popular  religion  of  China,  Japan.  Siam,  Anam.  Assam,  Nepaul. 
Ceylon,  Thibet  and  the  Burman  Empire,  having  about  370,000.000  nf 
b('li('V(!rs,  making  the  largest  number  of  followers  of  any  religion  on 
earth. 

Brahmanism  and  Buddhism. 

Before  the  advent  of  liuddliit-ui,  Brahmanism  liad  been  the  religion 
of  India  for  many  centuries,  as  it  is  to-day.  It  has  never  been  traced 
to  any  individual  as  its  founder.  Brahma  being  only  the  name  of  one 
of  the  imaginary  gods  of  the  people  from  which  the  religion  takes  its 
name. 

The  book  of  Brahma  was  written  by  Menu,  and  from  its  pages  is 
learned  that  the  Brahmans  believe  in  the  transmigration  of  souls 
through  various  forms  of  animal  life,  perfect  blis.s  or  heaven  being 
attained  when  we  at  last  become  unconscious. 

What  Buddhists  Believe. 

The  doctrines  of  Buddha  are  based  on  the  same  principles  of 
philosophy  as  those  of  Brahmanism.  Both  believe  in  transmigration 
and  final  unconsciousness. 

Buddha  dilTered.  however,  from  I^rahma,  in  the  simplicity  of 
his  religious  doctrine.  He  aimed  to  raise  the  people  above  idol  wor- 
ship, and  his  religion  was  largely  instrumental  in  dispensing  with 
much  harlmric  ceremony,  bloodshed  an<l  superstition  among  the  ]>eopIe 
of  his  time. 


.h 


■O^-— ■*- 


,M-e: 


it.  I 


THK    liUDlJlIISTIC    IIKLLS    AND    HKAVKN. 


His  object  was  to  tench  man  to  attain  to  a  pnrc  and  holy  life.  He 
did  not.  tluTefore.  seek  to  propiiLiate  his  doctriai.'!-  t)y  the  sword,  but 
engrafted  them  upon  the  ri'Iiiiiuus  forms  and  habitH  already  eetab- 
lishcd.  thus  improving  the  condition  of  Uic  people. 

The  Buddhist  believes  in  no  creation,  but  that  matter  is  constantly 
undergoing  change  of  form;  that  at  death  man  is  immediately  horn 
again,  cithtr  in  some  animal,  some  condition  in  one  of  the  lower 
hells,  in  somt?  e.xaltt-d  human  being,  or  in  one  of  the  upjjcr  heavuns, 
according  as  his  lift-  Ua;'  been  ijood  and  worthy  in  the  present  existence. 

Buddhistic  Hells. 

For  the  punishment  of  the  wicked  there  are,  in  the  Buddhistic 
belief,  one  hundrt-d  and  thirty-six  hells,  situated  in  the  interior  of 
the  earth.  At  death,  the  soul  of  the  sinner  will  enter  the  form  of  a 
woman,  a  stone,  on  inanimate  clod,  some  reptile,   or  it  may  pass  to 


one  of  the  many  hells,  which  have  varying  degreee  of  punishment, 
the  least  time  in  which  is  ten  million  years. 

The  Buddhistic  Heaven. 

As  a  reward  for  goodne-s.  at  d<-ath  tin-  ^-oul  will  enter  the  form  of 
an  cxaltt'd  man,  a  blessed  spirit,  or  may  become  a  divinity  in  one  of 
the  many  heavens,  which  have  varying  degrees  of  happiness  in  which 
the  soul  may  remain  for  many  billions  of  years. 

While  the  ignorant  Bnddliist  often  worsliips  Buddha  himself  as  an 
idol,  it  was  not  the  design  of  Buddha  that  he  should  be  so  worshiped. 
The  doctrine  makes  nothing  to  worship  but  a  gcMjd  life.  It  has  no 
recognition  of  God,  no  belief  in.  and  no  e.xpectationof.  immortality. 
Heaven  is  attained,  according  to  the  doctrine,  when  man.  having 
passed  through  the  various  forms  and  conditions  assigned  him,  is 
at  last  allowed  to  rest  in  an  unconscious  state. 


Teachings  and  Precepts  of  Buddha. 


tHOU  Shalt  not  lie. 
Thou  Shalt  not  hate. 
Thou  Shalt  not  calumniate. 
Thou  shall  nut  speak  of  injuries. 
Thou    shalt    not    infringe     the     laws    of 
chastity. 

Thou  shalt  not  kill  even  the  snuillest  eiea- 
ture. 

Thou  shalt  not  excite  quarrels  by  repeating 
the  words  of  others. 

Thou  shalt  not  appropriate  to  thyself  what 
belongs  to  another. 

As  rain  breaks  throug:h  an  ill-thatched  house, 
passion  will  break  through  an  unrelleeting 
mind. 

Cut  out  the  love  of  self  like  an  autunin  lotos 
with  thy  hand.     Cherish  the  love  of  peace. 

As  a  solid  rock  is  not  shaken  by  the  wind, 
wise  people  falter  not  amidst  praise  or  blame. 

There  is  no  fire  like  passion,  no  shark  like 
hatred,  no  snare  like  folly,  no  torrent  like 
greed. 

He  whose  evil  deeds  are  covered  by  good  deeds 
brightens  up  this  world  like  the  moon  freed  from 
clouds. 

If  a  man  commits  a  sin,  let  him  not  do  it 
again;  let  him  not  delight  in  sin;  pain  is  the 
outcome  of  evil. 

If  a  man  does  what  is  good,  let  him  do  it 
again;  let  him  delight  In  it;  happiness  is  the 
outcome  of  good. 

If  a  man  has  transgressed  one  law  and  spoken 
lies,  and  scoffs  at  another  world,  there  is  no  evil 
he  will  not  do. 

Let  a  man  overcome  anger  with  love;  let  him 


overcome  evil  with  good;  let  him  overcome  the 
greedy  by  liberality  an<l  the  liar  by  truth. 

He  who  holds  back  rising  anger  like  a  rolling 
chariot,  him  I  call  a  i-eal  driver;  other  people 
are  but  holding  the  reins. 

The  sages  who  injure  nobody,  and  who 
always  control  their  bodies,  will  go  to  the 
unchangeable  place,  where  they  will  suffer  no 
more. 

As  the  bee  collects  nectar  and  departs  with- 
out injuring  the  flower,  or  its  color  or 
fragrance,  so  let  the  sage  dwell  on  earth. 

The  virtuous  man  delights  in  this  world, 
and  he  delights  in  the  next.  He  delights,  he 
rejoices,  when  he  sees  the  purity  of  his  own 
work. 

The  evil-doer  suffers  in  this  world,  and  he 
suffers  in  the  next.  He  suffei-s  when  he  thinks 
of  the  evil  he  has  done.  He  suffers  more  when 
going  in  the  evil  path. 

Reflection  is  the  path  to  immortality ; 
thoughtlessness  the  path  to  death.  Those  who 
reflect  do  not  die ;  those  who  are  thoughtless  are 
as  if  dead  already. 

Let  no  man  think  lightly  of  evil,  saying  in 
his  heart  it  will  not  come  over  me.  Even  by 
the  falling  of  water-drops  a  water-pot  is  filled; 
the  fool  becomes  full  of  evil,  even  if  he  gathei-s 
it  little  by  little. 

Let  no  nian  think  lightly  of  good,  saying  in 
his  heart,  it  will  not  benefit  me.  Even  by  the 
falling  of  water-drops  a  water-pot  is  fllled;  the 
wise  man  becomes  full  of  good,  even  if  he 
gathei-s  it  little  by  little. 

Better  than  sovereignty,  better  than  going  to 
heaven,  better  than  lordship  over  all  worlds,  is 
the  reward  of  the  Hrst  step  in  holiness. 

Like  a  beautiful  flower,  full  of  color,  but 
without    perfume,    are  the    flne    but  fruitless 


words  of  him  who  does  not  act  accordingly;  but 
like  a  beautiful  flower,  full  of  colf>r  and  full  of 
perfume,  are  the  fruitful  words  of  him  who  acts 
accordingly. 

Not  to  commit  any  sin,  to  do  good  and  to 
purify  one's  mind,  that  is  the  teaching  of  the 
Awakened.  Not  to  blame,  not  Ut  strike;  to 
live  restrained  under  the  law;  to  be  moderate 
in  eating,  and  to  dwell  on  the  highest  thoughtB, 
this  is  the  teaching  of  the  Awakened. 

Not  in  the  sky.  not  in  the  midst  of  the  sea. 
not  if  we  enter  into  the  clefts  of  the  mountains. 
is  there  known  a  spot  in  the  whole  world 
when  a  man  might  be  freed  from  an  e\il  deed. 
Not  nakedness,  not  plaited  hair,  not  diet,  not 
fasting,  ncjt  lying  on  the  earth,  not  nibbing 
with  dust,  nor  sitting  motionless,  can  purify  a 
niortnl  Mho  has  not  overcome  desires. 

All  that  we  are  is  the  result  of  what  we  have 
thought;  it  is  founded  on  our  thoughts,  it  is 
made  up  of  oiir  thought-s.  If  a  man  speaks  or 
acts  with  an  evil  thought,  pain  follows  him  as 
the  wheel  follows  the  foot  of  him  who  draws 
the  carriage.  If  a  man  speaks  or  acts  with  a 
pure  thought,  happiness  follows  him  like  a 
shallow  that  never  leaves  him.  Let  the  wise 
man  guard  his  thoughts,  for  they  are  difficult 
to  perceive,  very  artful  and  ru>h  wherever  tliey 
list. 

If  one  man  conquer  in  battle  a  thousand 
times  a  thousand  men.  and  if  another  conquer 
himself,  he  is  the  greatest  of  conquerors.  One's 
own  self  conquered  is  better  than  all  other 
people;  not  even  a  God  could  change  into 
defeat  the  victory  of  a  man  who  h.is  vanquished 
himself  and  always  lives  imder  restraint.  By 
one's  self  the  evil  is  done,  by  one's  self  one 
suffers,  by  one's  self  evil  is  left  undone,  by  one's 
self  one  is  purified.  Purity  and  impurity 
belong  to  one's  self;  no  one  can  purify  another. 


— ,0.' 


■Ji 


THE    CHINESE    LAW-GIVER. 


"WW 


Sage,  and  Principal  Author  of  the  Chinese  Moral  Law. 


^WW 


HE  READER  who  has  studied  the  Chinese 
character  has  doubtless  been  impressed  with 
the  fact  that  through  every  vicissitude,  in 
whatever  part  of  the  world  he  may  be,  thou- 
sands of  miles  from  his  native  home,  the 
Chinaman  will,  as  far  as  possible,  conform  to 
the  habits  and  customs  of  his  ancestors. 
However  fashionable  the  dress  of  the  people 
around  him.  he  is  happiest  in  his  loose  blouse. 
Whatever  may  be  the  style  for  the  boot  or 
shoe,  he  is  best  satisfied  with  his  thick-solcd 
slipper;  and  however  differently  the  men  of 
other  races  may 
dress  tlieir  hair, 
nothing  but  the 
most  stern  nec- 
essity will  cause 
him  to  chaugi-  the  style  in  which  the  hair 
has  been  worn  for  hundreds  of  years  in 
his  own  country. 

Seldom  disposed  to  originate,  but  quick 
and  iipt  as  an  imitator,  he  readily  adapts 
himstflf  to  circumstances,  and  through 
his  frugality  and  industry  is  usually  above 
the  necessity  of  beggary  or  want. 

A  study  of  Confuciusand  his  teachings 
reveals  the  fact  that  the  distinctive  char- 
acteristics of  the  Chinaman  are  the 
results  of  his  religious  training. 

The  Bible  of  the  Chinese  is  the  writings 
of  Confucius.  For  over  two  thousand 
years  they  have  been  the  supreme  law 
to  many  millions  of  the  Chinese  race, 
who  giitheri'd  their  spiritual  strength  and 
regulated  their  daily  walk  by  their  pre- 
cepts and  instructions.  Notwithstand- 
ing tliiit  no  claim  is  made  that  he  was  aided  by  Divine  assistance  or 
supernatural  power,  few  religions  have  exerted  so  great  an 
influence. 

The  wage  Confucius,  according  to  the  rccordB  of  the  Chinese  his- 
torians, was  born  flvc  hundred  and  fifty-one  years  before  Christ,  and 
was  u  direct  descendant  of  an  emperor  who  reigned  over  China  two 
thoiisnnd  yrur-  bi-rmr  his  birth.      His  fiitlur  ilvini,'  when  he  was  three 


CONFUCIUS. 


years  of  age,  his  guardianship  and  instruction  devolved  upon  his 
mother,  who,  devoting  her  best  efforts  to  his  care,  was  rewarded  by 
the  utmost  filial  piety  on  the  part  of  the  son,  a  virtue  which  the  Chi- 
nese regard  among  the  foremost  of  the  principles  of  goodness. 

Sent  to  the  public  school  when  seven  years  of  age,  he  so  quickly 
excelled  his  comrades  in  his  studies  as  to  greatly  honor  his  teacher, 
who  soon  advanced  him  to  the  position  of  assistant.  At  this  young 
age,  the  historians  tell  us.  he  avoided  the  noisy  sports  of  his  com- 
panions, and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  religious  rules,  which 
precepts  he  earnestly  endeavored  to  follow. 

He  was  appointed  to  public  service  when  seventeen  years  of  age, 
but  resigned  to  mourn  the  death  of  his  mother,  which  occurred  in  his 
twenty- fourth  year. 

Having  conveyed  her  remains  to  the 
summit  of  a  mountain  where  was  the 
grave  of  his  father,  he  went  into  retire- 
ment for  three  years,  his  only  relief  being 
the  study  of  philosophy. 

Becfmiing,  in  the  meantime,  acquainted 
with  the  precepts  of  the  sages  that  had 
lived  before  his  day,  and  being  desirous 
of  teaching,  he  entered  upon  this  work 
at  the  age  of  thirty.  To  increase  his 
knowledge  he  visited  neighboring  coun- 
tries, preaching  wherever  he  went. 

Returning  to  China,  he  was  called  in  his 
fiftieth  year  to  the  position  of  Prime  Min- 
ister, an  ottice  which  the  intrigues  of 
a  neighboring  prince  soon  compelled  him 
to  resign.  He  retired  then  to  pri\ate  lift% 
and  devoted  the  remainder  of  his  years  to 
the  recording  of  his  own  thoughts, 
besides  collecting  the  wisdom  of  others 
for  the  beneiit  of  future  generations. 

On  one  of  his  journeys  abroad,  for 
the  purpose  of  making  new  researches, 
news  came  of  the  death  of  his  wife,  which  overwhelmed  him  with 
grief.  Returning  to  his  home,  he  announced  to  his  disciples  that 
the  days  of  his  life  were  niunbered,  and  that  the  utmost  haste 
would  be  necessary  to  enable  him  to  finish  his  work. 

l'l)on  the  completion  of  his  writings,  which  comprise  four  bonks  on 
governmental  and  m()ral  law,  one  only  of  which  is  claimed  as  his  own. 
the  ollur  tlircf  rnhl;iining  Ilu-  law  of  snr^  bcfort'  him,  hi-  phici-d  Ilu-ni 


% 


7^ 


=<m' 


>k|:(?- 


TEACIIIMCJS    OK    CONFUCIUS. 


on  iui  altar  and  rfiiderod  thanks  that  his  life  had  hocn  spared  until  he 
I'ouUl  <-oniitli'te  his  labors.  He  suhsequcntly.  realizing  that  his  death 
was  rapidly  approuchin;^,  designated  the  duty  that  he  tlKJUght  each  of 
his  disciples  should  perform,  and  soon  after  died,  at  the  age  of 
sev<mty-tvvo,  honored  and  mourned  by  an  immense  miinber  of  people. 

In  11)71  it  was  estimated  that  there  were  11, 000  males  of  his  direct 
descendants  in  China  bearing  his  name,  Knng-fn-tse,  from  which  the 
name  Confucius  is  taken. 

In  the  city  of  Kiofoohien,  which  contains  his  tomb,  fonrliflhs  of 
the  inhabitants  are  bis  descendants. 

The  most  magnificent  temple  in  the  Empire  stands  on  the  site  of 
his  residence,  and  the  fact  that  370,000,000  of  people,  or  abcmt  one- 
ftnirth  of  the  inhabitants  on  the  face  of  the  earth,  are  governed 
socially  and  politically  by  the  laws  which  he  transmitted  to  posterity, 
A\ould  make  him  one  of  the  most  successful  founders  of  religion  that 
ever  lived. 

A  Religion  that  Makes  Imitators,  not  Originals. 

The  religiini  cjf  Confucius  was  a  religion  ()f  the  pasl.  While  it  is 
admired  for  its  teachings  of  filial  love,  for  its  gentleness  and  its  high 
appreciation  of  goodness  and  truth,  it  so  thoroughly  enforced  the 
duty  of  obedience  to  those  in  authority  as  to  make  its  followers  a  race 
of  imitators,  instead  of  a  progressive  people.  The  precepts  of  the 
religion  continually  admonish  the  people  to  admire  the  sages  of  the 


past,  to  iniilate  their  examide  and  to  do  as  they  have  done.  The 
result  is  that  the  people  of  China  have  steadily,  for  the  past  two 
thousand  years,  looked  back  upon  that  which  had  gone  before.  As  a 
people,  they  have  simply  imitated,  have  stood  still  and  made  no 
advancement.  In  art,  science,  agriculture  and  literature  China 
stands  where  she  stood  hundreds  of  years  ago. 

While  Confucius  evidently  acknowledges  a  Cod.  his  religion  makes 
no  mcTition  of  the  Supreme,  but  relates  principally  to  the  importance 
of  a  moral  and  a  correct  life. 

The  Chinaman  is  a  reflex  of  the  religion  of  Confucius.  Imitative 
and  obedient,  he  is  disposed  to  respect  the  laws  and  obey  those  in 
authority.  Fully  impressed  with  the  idea  that  his  ancestors  were 
possessed  of  the  best  information,  he  adopts  the  habits  of  other 
countries  with  great  reluctance,  and  being  thoroughly  imbued  with 
filial  respect  and  love,  he  longs  to  have  his  final  resting-place  beside 
the  graves  of  his  parents,  which  privilege  Confucius  proclaimed  as  a 
reward  for  well-doing.  It  is  not  strange,  therefore,  that  the  last 
dying  request  of  the  Chinaman  should  be  to  be  transported  to  his 
native  country,  where  he  nniy  rest  beside  his  friends  and  relatives  in 
the  family  burying-ground.  A  variety  of  religious  beliefs  prevails 
throughout  China.  Some  believe  in  the  transmigration  of  souls: 
many  believe  in  a  future  heaven  and  hell :  some  accept  Christ,  and 
many  regard  Mohammed  as  the  prophet. 


Precepts  from  the  Chinese  Sacred  Books. 


.— n— ^^■H-<' 


^ 


(l-^IIE  following  are  maxims  of  Confucius, 
taken  from  the  writings  in  his  sacred 
books. 

If  you  err,  fear  not  to  reform. 

Have  not  a  friend  morally  inferior  to  yourself. 

Have  faithfulness  and  sincerity  as  first  prin- 
ciples. 

Not  to  correct  our  faults  is  to  commit  new  ones. 

When  you  have  faults,  do  not  fear  to  abandon 
them. 

To  know  that  a  thing  is  right  and  not  to  do  it,  is 
weakness. 

When  yon  have  learned  to  live  well,  you  will 
know  how  to  die  well. 

Return  had  treatment  with  equity,  and  recom- 
I)ense  kindness  with  kindness. 

Be  rigid  to  yourself  and  gentle  to  others,  and 
you  will  have  no  enemies. 

Riches  and  honoi-s  acquired  by  unrighteousness 
are.  to  me,  as  a  lloating  cloud. 

He  who  persecutes  a  good  man  makes  war 
against  himself  and  all  mankind. 

The  love  of  the  perfect  man  i'^  a  universal  love; 
a  love  whose  object  is  all  mankind. 

Give  thy  superfluities  to  the  poor.  Poverty  and 
human  miseries  are  evils,  but  the  bad  only  resent 
them. 

It  is  not  enough  to  know  virtue;  it  is  necessary 
til  Inve  it—but  it  is  not  sufl[icient  to  love  it;  it  is 
necessary  to  possess  it. 

Fix  thy  thoughts  on  duty:  practice  without 
ceasing  the  virtue  of  humanity,  and  if  you  have 
leisure,  cultivate  the  arts. 

It  is  necetisary,  after  an  exact  and  extensive 
manner,  to  know  the  causes,  properties,  differ- 
ences and  effects  of  all  things. 

The  nature  of  man  is  upright.  If  in  the  course 
of  his  life  he  loses  his  natural  uprightness,  he 
removes  far  from  him  all  happiness. 

It  is  impossible  that  he  who  knows  not  how  to 
govern  and  reform  himself  and  his  family  can 
rightly  govern  and  reform  a  people. 

Labor  to  purify  thy  thoughts;  if  thy  thoughts  are 
not  ill.  neither  will  thy  actions  be  so.  The  wise 
man  has  an  iuHiiity  of  pleasures. 


5nr(5-=^?555-  <ro;^c?T)  ^^'©=*^v>'^d' 


He  who  exercises  govemmf^nt  by  means  of  his 
virtue  may  be  compared  to  the  north  polar-star, 
which  keeps  its  place,  and  all  the  stars  turn  toward 
it. 

Things  that  are  done  it  is  needless  to  speak 
about;  things  that  have  had  their  course  it  is 
needless  to  remonstrate  about;  things  that  are 
just  it  is  needless  to  blame. 

The  good  man  employs  himself  only  with  virtue; 
the  had  only  with  his  riches.  The  first  continually 
thinks  upon  the  good  and  interest  of  the  state; 
but  the  last  thinks  on  what  concerns  himself. 

Endeavor  to  imitate  the  wise,  and  never  dis- 
courage thyself,  how  laborious  soever  it  may  be; 
if  thou  canst  arrive  at  thine  end,  the  happiness 
thou  wilt  possess  will  recompense  all  thy  pain. 

If  a  i)erson  has  deviated  from  the  path  of  integ- 
rity ami  niii.HriH-e,  he  needs  only  to  excite  the 
goodili.it  i-iiiaiTis  to  make  atonement  by  pains 
and  iiulu^lry.  and  he  will  infallibly  arrive  at  the 
highest  .statu  of  virtue. 

It  is  necessary  to  meditate,  in  particular,  on  the 
things  we  believe  we  know,  and  to  weigh  every- 
thing by  the  weight  of  reason,  with  all  the  atten- 
tiveness  of  .spirits,  and  with  the  utmost  exactness 
whereof  we  are  capable. 

It  is  the  wise  man  only  who  is  always  pleased; 
virtue  renders  his  spirit  quiet,  nothing  troubles 
him,  nothing  disquiets  him,  because  he  practices 
not  virtue  as  a  reward;  the  practice  of  virtue  is 
the  sole  recompense  he  expects. 

When  the  opportunity  of  doing  a  reasonable 
thing  shall  offer,  make  use  of  it  without  hesita- 
tion. If  a  man,  although  full  of  self-love, 
endeavors  to  perform  good  actions,  behold  him 
already  very  near  that  universal  love  which  urges 
him  to  do  good  to  all. 

The  defects  of  parents  ought  not  to  be  imputed 
to  their  children.  If  a  father,  by  his  crimes, 
render  himself  unworthy  of  being  promoted  to 
honor,  the  son  ovight  not  to  be  excluded,  if  he  do 
not  render  himself  imworthy.  If  a  man  shall  be 
of  obscure  birth,  his  birth  ought  not  to  be  his 
crimes. 

Do  unto  another  what  you  would  he  should  do 
unto  you.  and  do  not  unto  another  what  you  would 
not  should  be  done  unto  you.  Thou  only  needest 
this  law  alone;  it  is  the  foundation  and  principle 
of  all  the  rest.  We  cannot  observe  the  necessary 
rules    of    life,    if    there    be    wan  tine  these   three 


virtues:  (!)  Wisdom,  which  makes  us  discern 
good  from  evil.  (2)  LTniversal  love,  which  makes 
us  love  all  men  who  are  virtuous.  (3)  That 
resolution  which  makes  ns  constantly  persevere 
in  the  adherence  to  good,  and  avei-sion  for  evil. 

Always  remember  that  thou  art  a  man,  that 
human  nature  is  frail,  and  that  thou  mayest 
easily  fall.  But,  If  liappening  to  f(»rget  what  thou 
art.  thmi  cliaiicfst  tu  fall,  be  not  discouraged; 
remciidtir  lh;it  thmi  niay.-sl  rise  again;  that  it  is 
in  thy  [xiw.r  t.i  br._:ik  the  bunds  which  join  thee 
to  thy  oiliiisi'.  and  to  subdue  the  obstacles  which 
hinder  thee  from  walking  in  the  paths  of  virtue. 
The  wise  man  never  hastens,  either  in  his  studies 
or  his  words;  he  is  sometimes,  as  it  were,  mute, 
but  when  it  concerns  him  to  act  and  practice 
virtue,  he,  as  I  may  say,  precipitates  all. 

He  who  in  Ids  studies  wholly  applies  himself  to 
labor  and  exeicise.  and  neglects  meditation,  loses 
his  tinii';  and  he  who  unly  applies  himself  to 
nit'ditation  and  neglects  experimental  exercise, 
does  oidy  wander  and  lose  himself.  The  first  can 
never  know  anything  exactly,  and  the  last  will  only 
pursue  shadows.  To  the  niind  virtue  communi- 
cates inexpre.ssible  beauties  and  perfections;  to 
the  body  it  prolines  lieli^'htful  sensations:  it 
affords  a  iiTtjiin  pli>  >M-k'iiMrM>  .  certain  transports, 
certain  \vjiy>.  a\  hicii  inlinilcly  jilease.  Andasitis 
the  projjcrty  of  virtue  tu  Ijcealm  the  heart,  and 
keep  the  peace  there,  so  this  inward  tranquillity 
and  secret  joy  produces  a  certain  serenity  in  the 
countenance;  a  certain  air  of  goodness,  kindness 
and  reason,  which  attracts  the  esteem  of  the 
whole  world. 

There  are  four  rules  according  to  which  a 
perfect  man  ought  to  square  himself.  (1 )  He 
ought  tfl  jiractlce.  in  respect  of  his  father,  what 
he  requires  from  his  son.  (2)  In  the  service  of 
the  state  he  ought  lo  show  the  same  fidelity  which 
he  demands  of  those  who  are  under  him.  (3>  He 
must  act.  in  respect  to  his  elder  brother,  after  the 
same  manner  he  wouhl  that  his  younger  brother 
should  act  toward  himself,  rit  He  ought  to 
behave  liimself  tow.'trd  his  friends  as  he  desires 
his  friends  shoidd  carry  themselves  toward  him. 
The  perfect  man  continually  acquits  himself  of 
these  duties,  how  common  soever  they  may 
appear.  If  yon  undertake  an  affair  for  another, 
manage  and  follow  it  with  the  same  eagerness  and 
fidelity  as  if  it  were  your  own.  ,\lways  beh;ive 
ytuirself  with  tin-  same  precaution  and  "discretion 
as  you  would  do  if  you  were  observed  by  ten  eyes 
and  pointeil  out  hy  so  many  h-iinls. 


d: 


26 


ZOKOASTEE,  AUTHOR  UF  THE  ZEND  AVESTA. 


The  Sun  Worshipers  of  Persia  and  their  Religion. 


HE  tnui'Ier  who  may 
sojourn  for  any  time 
in  some  of  the  Asiatic 
cities  is  interested  as 
he  retires  near  the 
close  of  day  from  the 
husy  thorouL'hfares  to 
the  seaside,  or  to  some 
elevation,  in  witness- 
ing the  worship  of  the 
declining  sun  by  the 
Parsees.  a  remnant  of 
a  once  great  religions 
body  whose  Bible  is 
the  Zend  Avesta,  the 
author  of  wliich  was 
Zoroaster. 

The    exact   date    at 

whidi   this  personage 

lived    is  not    known. 

Some  authorities  place  the  time  of  his  birth  at  a  period  about  400 

years  before   Christ.      Others  date  it  back  to  a  i>eriod  before  Moses. 

According  to  tradition,  a  good  spirit  appeared  to  his  mother,  who 

lived  in  Bokhara,  in  Southern  Turkey,  just  before   his   birth,  and 

assured  her  that  she  should  be  protected  from  the  evil  spirits  that 

were  seeking  to  destroy  her  child;  that  he  would  be  a  prophet,  and  the 

world  was  waiting  for  him.     liecorded  accounts  make  his  father  to 


have  been  Pourushaspa,  and  that  the  child  lived,  grew  to  manhood, 
and  preached  under  the  favor  of  King  Gushtasp,  who  accepted  and 
favored  the  general  adoption  of  his  doctrines. 

The  Zend  Avesta,  which  contains  the  revealed  religion  of  his 
followers,  represents  him  as  possessed  of  supernatural  endowments, 
and  as  receiving  from  the  Supreme  Divinity,  by  personal  interview, 
the  truths  which  his  religion  teaches. 

From  Turkey  his  influence  extended  southward  until  it  overspread 
all  Persia,  and  extended  largely  into  other  portions  of  Asia.  Its 
former  influence  and  strength  is  shown  in  the  remnants  of  ancient 
ruins  of  temples  dedicated  to  worship,  like  those  of  Persepolis  in 
Southern  Persia  and  others. 

The  disciples  of  Zoroaster  belie\e  that  as  time  ne\er  had  a  begin- 
ning, it  will  consequently  have  no  ending;  that  eternity  can  be  neither 
created  nor  destroyed,  but  it  can  create  and  destroy  everything,  and 
consequently  may  be  considered  the  first  great  cause  or  creator. 

They  believe  that  originally  there  were  two  spirits — good  and  evil — 
typified  by  light  and  darkness;  that  the  good  spirit,  God,  evolved 
from  the  purest  light,  resides  beyond  the  sun;  that  the  bad  spirit,  the 
Devil,  was  evolved  from  darkness,  is  the  embodiment  of  evil,  and 
resides  in  hell.  That  these  two  spirits  have  always  been  and  will 
continue  to  be  engaged  in  a  strife  for  mastery,  until  light  prevails. 
That  God,  whom  they  call  Oromasdez,  created  six  other  gods  to 
assist  him,  whose  attributes  are  Benevolence,  Wisdom,  Truth, 
Beauty,  Order  and  Health.  That  the  god  of  darkness  created  six 
other  gods  of  opposite  attributes  to  aid  him  in  counteracting  the 
influence  of  goodness.     Their  belief  is  further  explained  elsewhere. 


TEACHINGS  OF  ZOROASTER. 


Treat  old  apre  with  ureat  respept  and  tcndemesm. 
Be  very  scnipuloiiM  to  ob(«erve  the  truth  in  all 

The  part'iital  inlinl  hath  w<.wn  nyinttcils  through 
the  world. 

To  refuKC  hospitality  and  not  to  Huccor  the  poor 
are  (tins. 

Multiply  ilninfHtic  unlinalM,  nourlHh  them,  and 
trt-at  thetn  KL'nlly. 

Cniilvnti*  ihe  xoll,  drain  mai-shes  and  destroy 
dnnK^^Tous  creatiirCH. 

Ther*;  \h  no  Kreat<--r  ci'ime  than  to  buy  ffrain  and 
keep  It  until  it  bt-cornf!*  dt-ar. 

All  (foofl  thontfhtM,  worcN  and  actions  are  the 
proiluetlons  of  the  celestial  world. 

There  Is  soniethintf  Inti-lllKlhh- which  It  bchoovei* 
thft'  to  apprehend  with  the  llnwf  rof  the  mind. 

The  «fnil  Is  a  brl(fht  lire,  and  by  the  iiower  of 
the  Father  remains  immortal,  and  Is  mistress  of 
lit.-. 


Avoid  evci-j'thintr  calculated  to  injure  others. 
Have  no  eumpjuiionship  with  a  man  who  injures 
his  nei({;hb(ir. 

He  who  sows  the  (?r<nm(I  with  dilitrencc  ac<iuires 
a  (ji'cater  st<K*k  of  ivIiBTions  merit  than  he  could 
^aiii  by  ten  thousand  prayers  in  idleness. 

R(!  not  envious,  avaricious,  proud,  or  vain. 
Envy  and  jealousy  are  the  work  uf  evil  spirits. 
Haughty  thoughts  and  thirst  for  t^old  are  sins. 

Kvery  man  who  Is  pure  in  Ihouurhts.  words  and 
actions  will  go  to  celestial  regions.  Every  niaji 
who  Is  evil  in  thoughts,  words  or  actions  will  go 
to  the  place  of  the  wicked. 

T>n  not  allow  thyself  to  he  carried  away  by 
auKer.  Angry  words  and  scornful  looks  are  sins. 
To  strike  a  man,  or  vex  him  with  words.  Is  a  sin. 
Even  the  intention  t«  strike  another  merits  pnidsh- 
ment.  Opposition  to  peace  is  a  sin.  Keply  to 
thtne  enemy  with  gentleness. 

Fornication  antl  Immodest  tookti  arc  wins.  Avoid 
li.-.  lltluii-n.-s.  b.-eailH,-    it    in    nhe    of    the    readiest 


means  to  give  evil  spirits  power  over  body  and 
soul.  Strive,  therefore,  to  keep  pure  in  body  and 
mind,  and  thus  prevent  the  entrance  of  evil  spirit.s. 
who  are  always  trying  to  gain  possession  of  man. 
To  think  evil  is  a  .sin. 

Contend   cnii-itanllv  .Tgninst  evil,    morallv    and 
phyMriiH\ ,  iiil«iri,ill\    .irid   externally.     Strive    in 

every  "  ;iy  tn  ili ii-li  ili.-  |ii.wer  of  .\rlnuines.  the 

evil  uiic.  ami  (li-trii\  Ins  uiitks.  If  a  man  liii» 
done  this  he  may  fearlessly  meet  death,  well 
assure.l  that  radiant  izeds  will  lead  him  across  the 
hnnlnoiis  bridge  into  a  paradise  of  eternal  happi- 
ness. Hut  thouifh  he  has  been  brave  In  battle, 
killed  wild  be»>ts  and  I'ought  with  all  maniiei  «f 
external  evils,  if  he  has  negleetcd  t..  cnnil.iit  evil 
within  himself,  he  has  ren.son  to  fear  that 
Arinianesand  his  [>evs  will  seize  him  and  eiiriy 
him  to  Duzakh,  where  he  will  be  punished  accord- 
ing to  his  sins;  not  to  satisfy  the  vengeance  of 
Ormudz,  but  because,  having  connected  himself 
with  evil,  this  in  Ihe  only  means  of  bet>oniing 
purilled  tluM-efrom,  so  i\m  to  be  capable  of  enjoying 
liap|>iiie>~at  a  future  period. 


t>: 


OUTLINE    lilOGKAI'illCAL   SKETCH    OF   JKSUS. 


27 


t 


THE 


JESUS    THE  ^HRIST^ 

Bible  Account  of  His  Life  and  Teachings. 


power   of    the 

shadow  thee. " 

tion  says  further:     "She  was 

with  child  of  the  Holy  Ghost 


HE  founder  of  the  Christian  religion,  Jesus 
Christ,  was  bom  in  Bethlehem,  in 
Judea,  a  region  of  the  country  bordering 
on  the  East  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 
in  the  year  of  the  world  4004.  His 
mother,  Mary,  according  to  Biblical 
narrative,  was  betrothed  to  a  carpenter 
named  Joseph,  when  it  was  announced 
to  her  through  an  angel :  ' '  The  Holy 
Ghost  shall  come  upon  thee,  and  the 
hall   over  _ 


Highest 
The  Bible  dcscrip- 
found 
^    and 


further,  that  her  husband  "knew 
her  not  until  she  had  brought  forth 
her  first-born  son,"  who  was  named 
Jesus.  Joseph  and  Mary,  who 
resided  at  Nazareth,  were  stopping 
temporarily  at  an  inn  at  Bethlehem, 
which  being  full  at  the  time  of  his 
hirth,  the  child  was  wrapped  in 
swaddling  clothes  and  laid  in  a 
manger. 

Shepherds  tending  their  flocks  at 
night  had  the  fact  of  his  birth  re- 
vealed to  them  by  an  angel,  and  they 
went  to  Bethlehem  to  see  the  child, 
and  three  wise  men  from  the  East, 
guided  by  a  star,  also  came,  and  fell 
down  and  worshiped  him. 

Being  circumcised  on  the  eighth 
day,  he  was  brought  to  the  temple  in 
Jerusalem  at  the  expiration  of  thir- 
ty-three days. 

King  Herod,  at  that  time  being 
in  Judea.  hearing  of  the  birth  of 
Jesus,  and  fearing  the  loss  of  his 
throne  from  the  predictions  given  of 
the  child,  sent  a  bund  of  robbers  to 
slay  all  the  male  children  to  be  found 
in  and  about  Bethlehem  under  two  years  of  age,  but,  being  warned 
by  a  dream,  the  parents  of  Jesus  fled  into  Egypt,  where  they 
remained  until  Herod's  death,  when  they  returned  to  Nazareth,  in 
Palestine,  seventy-five  miles  north  of  Jerusalem. 

Not  much  is  known  of  him  until  he  was  twelve  years  of  age,  when 
bis  parents  took  him  to  the  annual  feast  of  the  Passover  at  Jerusa- 
lem, where  he  astonished  the  doctors  of  law  by  the  wisdom  of  his 
ciuestinns  and  answers  at  that  time. 


JESUS, 

Teacher  of  forfjiveness  and  love,  and  founder  of  the  Christian  Religion. 


Of  his  life  from  thiit  period  until  his  thirtieth  year  nothing  is 
known.  It  is  supposed,  however,  that  he  assisted  Joseph  as  a  car- 
penter, improving  such  opportunity  as  was  presented  for  reflection 
and  meditation.  Alxmt  six  months  previous  to  the  commencement 
of  hi.s  ministry,  John  the  Baptist,  a  cousin  of  Jesus,  proclaimed  the 
coming  of  Jesus  as  the  i)romised  Messiah,  and  hesonght  the  people 
to  repent  of  their  sins  and  accept  him.  Many  repented  and  were 
baptized,  thus  preparing  themselves  to  be  his  followers.  Jesus  came 
soon  after  and  was  baptized,  at  his  own  request,  in  the  river  Jordan. 
It  is  said  that  as  he  came  out  from  the  water,  a  voice  from  heaven 
proclaimed:  --This  is  My  beloved 
Son,  in  whom  I  am  well  pleased." 
Then  followed  a  fast  of  forty  days 
in  the  wilderness;  after  which  he 
selected  his  disciples  and  commenced 
his  preaching.  His  ministry  was 
remarliable  for  the  many  miracles 
which  it  is  recorded  he  performed. 
He  cured  by  a  word  a  nobleman's 
son  lying  sick  at  Capernaum.  He 
changed  water  to  wine  to  supply  the 
guests  at  a  marriage  feast  in  Galilee. 
He  stilled  a  tempest  on  the  Sea  of 
Galilee;  healed  a  palsied  centurion; 
raised  Lazarus  from  the  dead  at 
Bethany;  restored  to  sight  blind  Bar- 
timeus;  blighted  with  a  word  a 
barren  fig-tree,  and  fed  5.000  per- 
sons with  five  loaves  and  two  small 
fishes. 

He  delivered  the  memorable  Ser- 
mon on  the  Mount,  and  gave  the 
Lord's  Prayer  as  an  example  to  those 
who  are  disposed  to  indulge  in 
long  prayers.  He  drew  upon  him- 
self the  hostility  of  the  Pharisees 
for  healing  the  sick  at  the  pool  of 
Bethesda  on  the  Sabbath,  and  gave 
offense  to  the  Jews  for  gathering 
food  also  on  that  day.  For  these 
of  the  forms  and  ceremonies  of  the  Jews, 
he  claimed  to  possess  divine  power, 
which 


offenses,  the  overturnin; 

and  the  hostility  aroused  becau 

the  scribes  and  Pharisees  commenced  a  system  of  persecution, 

finally  ended  in  his  death. 

At  the  last  feast  of  the  Passover  he  instituted  the  Lord's  Supper, 
and  at  that  time  announced  that  one  of  his  disciples  would  betray 
him.  Afterwards,  in  the  garden  of  Gethsemane.  he  prayed  with 
great  agony  of  spirit,  and  hither  came  an  armed  band,  with  Judas. 


r>- 


^ 


T 


28 


CHILDHOOD    HOME    OF   JESUS.       EXTRACTS    FROM    HIS    TEACHINGS. 


one  of  his  disciples,  who  made  Jesus  known  by  kissing  him.  Refus- 
ing all  offers  of  assistance.  Jesus  surrendered  himself,  and  was 
brought  to  the  court  of  seventy — the  Jewish  Sanhedrim — where  he 
was  accused  before  Pontius  Pilate,  the  governor,  of  blasphemy  in 
claiming  to  be  the  Son  of  God — a  fact  which  Jesus  not  denying,  he 
was  condemned  to  death,  though  of  any  crime  Pilate  admitted  him  to 
be  entirely  innocent. 

With  a  crown  of  thorns  placed  upon  his  head,  he  was  led  to  Cal- 
vary, outside  of  Jerusalem,  where  he  was  ignominiously  crucified 
between  two  thieves,  among  his  last  words  being,  when  suffering  the 
agony  of  death  on  the  cross,  that  tender  and  compassionate  expres- 
sion— a  sentiment  that  will  live  and  elevate  the  races  in  all  the  years 
to  come:    "Father,  forgive  them,    fob  they  know  not   what 

THEY     DO  I"' 

At  his  death,  the  Bible  narrative  says,  the  sun  was  darkened,  the 
earth  <iuaked,  and  the  veil  of  the  temple  was  rent  in  twain.  Joseph, 
one  of  his  disciples,  came  in  the  evening  and  obtained  permission  to 
bury  his  body  in  a  tomb  "hewn  in  stone,"  from  which  grave  Jesus 
emerged  alive  on  the  third  day,  made  himself  known  to  his  followers. 

Extracts  from  the  New 
Testament. 

GIVE  to  him  that  asketh  thee, 
and  from  him  that  would  bor- 
row of  thee    turn    not    thou 
away.— Matthtwv. ,  42. 

Let  your  light  so  shine  before 
men  that  they  may  see  your  good 
works  and  glorify  your  Father 
which  is  in  heaven. —  Matthew 
V. ,  16. 

He  that  receiveth  you  (the  dis- 
ciple.sj  receiveth  Me;  and  he  that 
receiveth  Me  receiveth  Him  that 
sent  Me.— Matthew  x.,  40. 

Whosoever  shall  give  to  drink 
unto  one  of  these  little  ones  (the 
disciples)  a  cup  of  cold  water 
only  in  the  name  of  a  disciple, 
verily  I  say  unto  you  he  shall 
not  lose  his  reward.  —  Matthew 
X.,  42. 

God  sent  not  His  Son  into  the 
world  to  condemn  the  world, 
but  that  the  world  through  Him 
might  be  saved.— John  iii. ,  17. 

For  God  so  loved  the  world 
that  He  gave  His  only  hegotten 
Son  that  whosoever  believeth  in 
Him  should  not  perish. but  have 
everlasting  life.— John  iii.,  16. 

Ye  have  heard  that  it  was  said 
by  them  of  old  time.  Thou  .shalt 
not  c'ommit  adultery-,  but  1  say 
unto  you,  that  whosoever  look- 
eth  i>u  a  woman  to  lust  after  her 
hath  (committed  adultery  with 
her  alreadv  in  his  heart. — Mat- 
thew v.,  27,  28. 

If  ye  forgive  men  their  tres- 
passes, vour  Heavenly  Father 
will  Hl»o"f«rgive  you;  but  if  ye 
forgive  not  men  their  trespa-'^sen, 
neither  will  your  Father  forgive 
your  trespasses.- Matthew  vi. , 
14,  15. 

Judge    not   that    ye    be    not 
Judged.      For  with   what    Judg- 
ment ye  Judge  ye  shall  be  Judged 
and  with  what  measure  ye  mete,  it  shall  be  mea.s- 
ured  to  you  again.— Matthew  vii.,  1.  3. 

Axk.  and  it  shall  be  given  you;  seek  and  ye  shall 
And;  knock,  and  it  shall  be  opened  milo  you ;  for 
every  one  that  iusketh  receiveth.  and  he  tliat  seek- 
eth  lln<leth,  and  to  hirn  that  kncfcketh  it  shali 
be  opened.— Matthew  vii.,  7,   8. 

If  ye,  being  evil,  know  how  to  give  good  gifts 
unto  your  cliildren.  how  nuieh  more  shall  your 
Father  which  is  In  heaven  give  good  gifts  to  them 
tluitaHk  hhuf  Thi^refore  all  things  wiiatsoever  ye 
wouh)  that  men  shouhl  do  unto  you,  do  ye  oven  so 
t<>  them:  for  this  is  the  law  and  the  prophets.- 
Matthew  vil. .  II.  12. 

Entery**  in  at  the  strait  gate,  for  wide  isthegate, 
and  broad  is  the  way,  that  lea<leth  to  destnurtlon. 
and  many  theie  he'whieh  g.»  in  thereat,  beeause 
Mtratt  Ik  the  gjite.  anrl  ninrnw  Is  the  way.  which 
leadeth  unto  Hfi-.and  few  there  be  that  Ilnd  11.— 
Matthew  vii. ,  i:j.  II. 

Ye  have  heard  that  it  hath  been  said,  an  eye  for 
an  ey.-.  iititl  a  tonOi  fur'  a  tooth  ;  but  I  say  unt<.  you 


NAZARETH, 

In  Palestine,  Childhood  Home  of  Jesus.    The  place  is  called  to-day  Nasirali.  and  has 
a  popu'atiouof  about  3,000  inhabilants. 

that  ye  resist  not  evil,  but  whosoever  shall  smite 
thee  on  thy  right  cheek,  turn  to  him  the  other  also. 
—Matthew  v.,  :«,:!», 

The  Lord's  Prayer. 

WHKN  ye- pray,  use  not  vain  repetitions,  aa  the 
heathen  do;  for  thev  think  that  they  shall  be 
heard  for  their  much  speaking. 

Re  not  ye  therefi>re  like  unto  them;  for  your 
Father  knowetli  what  things  yo  have  neoci  of, 
before  ye  ask  Him. 

After  this  manner  therefore  pray  yo: 

Our  Father  which  art  In  heaven,  hallowed  be  Thy 
name. 

Thy  kingdom  come.  Thy  will  lie  done  in  earth,  oa 
it  is  In  heaven. 

Give  us  this  day  our  daily  bread. 

And  forgive  us  our  debts,  as  we  forgive  our 
debtors. 

And  lead  us  not  Into  teniiitallon.  but  deliver  us 
from  evil :  For  thine  Is  the  kingtloin,  and  the  power, 
and  (h.-  gl..rv  foievei-       Amen,      Mi.irhew  vl    ,  U 


remained  on  earth  forty  days,  giving  blessings  and  instructions,  and 
promising  to  be  with  those  who  should  believe. 

Taking  with  him  his  disciples,  he  then  retired  to  the  Mount  of  Olives, 
where,  in  the  act  of  spreading  his  hands  and  blessing  them,  he  was 
taken  up  into  heaven,  and  a  cloud  received  him  out  of  their  sight. 

The  Influence  of  the  Christian  Religion. 

Much  controversy  has  existed  since  the  appearance  of  Christ,  as  to 
his  miraculous  conception,  his  subversion  of  the  laws  of  nature  to 
perform  miracles,  and  his  alleged  divinity.  Into  that  discussion  we 
do  not  purpose  now  to  enter.  It  is  sufficiently  shown,  however,  by 
Bible  history,  that  in  daily  walk,  example  and  precept,  Christ  was 
the  purest  and  noblest  character  that  ever  appeared  on  earth. 

His  teaching  moulded  and  fixed  in  the  human  mind  an  idea  of  an 
Omnipresent,  All-wise  and  Supreme  Creator,  elevating  his  followers 
above  idol-worship.  He  inculcated  the  law  of  charity  and  forgive- 
ness as  no  one  else  had  done,  and,  by  his  disregard  of  past  observances 
and  forms,  he  ushered  in  a  progressi/e,  advancing  theology,  which 
has  been,  and  is.  the  religion  of  civiHzati(m. 

^^^^    Teaching  and  Precepts  of 
Jesus. 

TAKE  heed  that  ye  do  not  your 
alms  before  men.   to  be  "seen 
of  them :  otherwise  ye  have  no 
reward  uf  your  Father  which  isin 

heaven But  when  thi>u  doest 

alms  let  not  thy  left  hand  know 
what  thy  light  hand  doeth,  that 
thine  alms  may  be  in  secret ;  and 
thy  Father  which  seeth  in  secret 
shall  reward  thee  openly.— Mat- 
thew vi.,  1,  3.  4. 

E\.  i>  u'.M.d  treehringeth  forth 

■-■ '    '  I  ml-    '""     '■'    '■"rruj.'t    trre 

Im  [N-:'  Mi  I. .Mil  ex  il  Injlt,  A  pi.Kl 
II. ■-  ,  :,,iiiMt  l.riiiti-furlh  evil  fruit; 
neiili.  T  r:.ii  a  ...rrupt  tree  bring 
fori  1 1  jri.i.d  tnul.  Every  tree  that 
brim^.ili  li.nli  not  good  fniit  is 
hew  n  down  and  east  into  the  ftre. 
Wherefore  by  their  fruits  ye 
shall  know  them.— Matthew  vii. . 
17-20. 

Whosoevershall  e.mfess  Me  be- 
fore men  him  will  1  1■.l^te^^  als.i 
I>efore  My  Father  \\\\\v\\  is  in 
heaven;  bvit  whosoever  sliall  deny 
Me  before  men.  him  will  I  also 
deny  before  Mv  Father  in  heaven. 
—Matthew  x. .  32.  33. 

Think  not  that  I  am  come  to 
destroj  the  law  or  the  prophets; 
I  am  not  come  to  destroy,  but  to 
fulHI.  For  verily  I  say  unto  you, 
Till  heaven  and  earth  pass  one  Jot 
or  one  tittle  shall  in  no-^iseposs 
from  the  law  till  all  be  fullifled. 
Whosoevei'  therefore  shall  break 
one  of  these  least  command- 
ments, and  shall  teach  men  so, 
he  shall  lie  called  the  least  in 
thekiiiird.iMinl  lieav.ii.  Imt  wh,,- 
sover  -.^LalM.>;llld^ra.■|lllleln,tlle 
sa^llrvhall  U-  .■.illr.l  tTTval  in  the 
kingil.inn.r  he;iven— Matthew  v. 
17-19. 

Blessed  are  the  poor  in  spirit; 
for  theirs  is  the  kingdom  of 
heaven. 

Blessed  are  they  that  mourn; 
for  they  shall  be  comforted. 
BU?ssed  ai'e  the  meek ;  for  they 
shall  inherit  the  earth. 

Blessed  are  the  merciful;  for  they  shall  obtain 
mercy. 

Blessed  are  the  pure  in  heart;  for  they  shall  see 
God. 

Blessed  are  the  pcacemakei*8;  for  they  sliall  be 
called  the  children  of  God. 

Blessed  are  they. which  aiv  persecuted  for  right- 
eousness' sake;  I'or  theirs  is  the  kingdom  of  heaven. 

Blessed  are  ye  when  men  shall  revile  you  and  per- 
secute you. and  shall  say  all  manner  or  evil  against 
you  Ciilsely,  for  My  sake;  rejoice  and  be  excelling 
glad,  fnr  great  Is  your  reward  fn  heaven;  for  so 
per.seewted  they  the  prophets  which  were  before 
you,— Matthew  v..  2-12. 

Ye  have  heard  that  It  hatli  been  said,  thou  shalt 
love  tliy  neighbor  anil  hate  thine  enemy;  hut  I  say 
unto  you,  love  your  enemies,  bless  them  that 
curse  you.  do  good  to  them  that  hate  you.  and 
pray  for  them  which  ilespltefully  use  and  perse- 
cute you. -Mailhew  v..  13.  U. 


k 


HISTORV    AND    WOKK    OF    MOHAMMKD. 


29 


X*Xv^ 


I      I'      j5      p      J\      3v      f      IT      f! 


*B3i^ 


Mohammed,   ! 

i 


///    ■///l1_^     «-     # — ..••■•■■>'r-->'' ;"■■•■, 

^  v  ^iJii^liHiit  1^'.^    V-.'  ..■^'. 


THE  MOHAMMEDAN  RELIGION  AND  ITS  TEACHINGS. 


^W^'W 


.k 


ERSIA,  Arabia.  Syriii,  Asia  Minor.  Egypt, 
Northern  Africa,  Asiatic  Turkey  and  Tar- 
tary,  arc  included  in  that  portion  of  the 
world  over  which  prevails  the  Moham- 
medan religion.  That  an  individual  could 
arise  in  the  broad  light  of  history  at  so  late 
a  day,  and  establish  such  a  wide-spread 
religion,  would  indicate  him  to  be  a  very 
rcniarkaldc  man.  Such  was  Mohammed. 
The  city  of  his  nativity  was  Mecca,  in  Arabia,  where 
was  born  in  the  year  570. 
His  father,  Abdullah,  who  was 
a  merchant  in  humble  circum- 
stances, died  two  months  after 
his  birth,  and  his  mother  six 
years  later.  His  guardian- 
ship was  then  confided  to  his 
grandfather,  who  died  two 
years  afterwards,  when  he 
went  to  live  with  his  uncle, 
Abu  Taleb,  with  whom  he 
made  journeys  through  Syria 
and  other  countries;  and  with 
another  uncle,  named  Zobias, 
he  traveled  extensively 
throughout  Arabia;  during  which  time  he 
acquired  valuable  knowledge,  which,  it  may 
well  be  supposed,  served  him  in  good  stead 
in  the  later  years  of  his  eventful  life. 

In  his  varying  fortunes  he  was  at  one  time 
a  shepherd  near  Mecca ;  subsequently  a 
linen  trader,  and,  a  little  later,  was  in  the 
employ  of  a  wealthy  widow  named  Khadijah. 
whom  he  married  when  about  twenty-five 
years  of  age,  she  being  fifteen  years  his 
senior.  Through  this  marriage  he  had  four 
daughters  and  two  sons,  and  with  his  family 
he   passed   ten   years   of  peaceful   life,  the 

love  of  meditation  growing  upon  him  to  that  extent,  however,  that  at 
forty  he  was  in  the  habit  of  resorting  to  a  solitary  cave  at  Mount 
Hara,  where  he  gave  himself  up  to  religious  meditation.  It  was  a 
time  in  the  history  of  Arabia  when  reform  was  needed.  Through 
tyranny  and  conquest  in  the  surrounding  nations,  his  country  was 
being  made  the  refuge  of  the   religiously  oppressed.      Hither  came 


and  with  the  varying 
the  inauguration  of  a 


MOHAMMED, 

Founder  of  the  Mohammedaa  Religion 


the  Jews,  the  worshipers  of  lire  anil  of  idols; 
beliefs  and  contentions  the  time  was  ripe  for 
reform  that  should  bring  order  out  of  chaos. 

In  his  solitude,  Mohammed  i,'ave  himself  >ip  to  reflection,  praying 
that  he  might  become  thi'  instrumentality  whereby  the  people  should 
be  saved  from  their  idolatries.  While  he  meditated  thus  he  passed 
into  a  convulsion,  when  an  angel  appeared  to  him  and  commanded 
him  to  read.  In  that  condition,  it  is  claimed,  he  saw  and  read  the 
decrees  of  God  which  he  afterwards  promulgated  in  the  Koran. 
Having  settled  in  his  own  mind  the  fact  that  he  was  not  under  111.' 
ccmtrol  of  an  evil  spirit,  he  yielded  to  Ihr 
inlliience  thus  brought  t<i  bear  upon  him.  anil 
the  communications  continued  to  come  to 
the  end  of  his  life,  being  dictated  to  Moham- 
med by  persons  in  attendance.  These  rev- 
elations, at  the  close  of  his  life,  were  collected, 
and  became  the  Bible  of  the  Mohammedans, 
known  as  the  Koran. 

His  wife.  Khadijah,  became  his  first 
convert  when  he  commenced  preaching:  but. 
aside  from  his  family  and  immediate  friends, 
the  number  of  his  adherents  was  very  small. 
I'i\e  years  went  by.  at  the  expiration  of  which 
lime  he  announced  himself  as  a  prophet,  in 
compliance  with  a  special  message.  This, 
however,  drew  such  enmity  upon  him  as  in 
make  it  necessary  for  his  uncle.  Abu  Taleb. 
though  not  a  believer  in  his  mission,  to  pro- 
tect him  from  the  violence  of  the  mob. 

Five  years  later,  his  uncle  and  wife  both 
died.  As  before,  varying  fortune  attended 
him.  He  had  several  times  been  expelled 
from  Mecca,  and  at  last  was  compelled  sb  flee 
to  Medina  to  save  his  life,  where  he  was 
received  with  all  the  honors  of  a  king. 
There  he  was  not  only  a  prophet,  but  a  tem- 
jKJral  ruler  also. 

During  the  succeeding  ten  years  he  had 
several  battles  with  his  opponents,  but  in  the  end  he  had  not  only 
conquered  Mecca,  which  had  been  the  strongest  of  his  opposition,  but 
his  doctrines  bad  become  the  generally  accepted  faith  of  the  country, 
and  his  rule  was  admitted  throughout  all  Arabia. 

Of  various  pilgrimages  which  he  made  to  Mecca,  his  followers  that 
went  with  him  the  last  time  numbered -to.  000.      On  that  occasion  he 


i 


30 


THE    TEACHINGS    OF    MOHAMMED. 


ascended  Mount  Arrafel,  with  this  immense  concourse  of  Moslems, 
exhorted  for  the  last  time  his  people,  and  blessed  them.  In  this 
farewell  sermon  to  his  cong^regation,  having  a  premonition  that  he  was 
near  his  end.  though  only  sixty-three  years  old,  he  said:  "1  return 
to  Him  who  sent  me.  and  my  last  command  to  you  is,  that  you  love, 
honor  and  uphold  each  other:  that  you  exhort  each  other  to  faith  and 
constancy  in  belief,  and  especially  in  the  performance  of  pious  and 
charitable  deeds.  My  life  has  been  for  your  good,  and  so  will  be  my 
death. " 

Returning  to  Medina,  he  was  taken  sick  three  months  afterwards, 
the  result  of  an  enfeebled  system  from  poison  given  him  three  years 
before  by  an  enemy.  He  died  in  the  arms  of  Ayesha,  his  favorite 
wife,  in  a  house  adjoining  the  Mosque;  and.  in  a  portion  of  the 
Mosque  which  has  been  enlarged  to  cover  the  spot,  his  remains  lie 
to  this  day. 

During  the  life  of  Khadijah  he  had  no  other  wife  than  her,  but 
after  her  death,  it  is  claimed,  he  married  twenty.  Six  died  before 
him ;  from  five  he  was  divorced,  and  at  his  death  ten  were  left  widows. 

Mohammed  is  said  to  have  been  a  man  of  middle  stature,  having  a 
strong  beard,  thick  hair,  bright  eyes,  much  fluency  of  speech,  and, 
though  modest  in  bearing,   had  great  courage. 

Mohammedan  writers  claim  that  he  possessed  the  power  to  have 
prolonged  his  life;  that  the  angel  Gabriel  gave  him  permission  to 
take  life  or  death;  whereupon  Mohammed  chose  death,  and  by  an 
angel  he  was  thrown  into  a  spasm,  which  soon  terminated  in  death. 
Thus  ended  the  life-work  of  a  remarkable  man,  whose  followers 
to-day  number  160.000.000. 


What  Mohammedanism  Teaches. 

The  Mussulman  faith  teaches  that  there  is  but  one  God.  Lord  and 
Governor  of  the  Universe,  who  produced  all  things  from  nothing, 
who  never  begot  any  person  whatever,  as  He  Himself  was  never 
begotten  by  another.  Lord  and  Sovereign  over  all,  wc  are  bound  to 
serve  and  adore  Him  only.  That  we  must  believe  with  our  hearts  and 
confess  with  our  mouths  that  Mohammed  is  the  prophet,  and  that  his 
revealed  truth  has  been  transmitted  to  us  through  the  Koran.  That 
there  will  be  a  final  resurrection ;  that  the  first  who  will  arise  upon  earth 
will  be  Mohammed;  that  all  will  come  to  judgment,  and  Mohammed 
will  intercede  for  the  wicked.  That  those  whose  actions  are  good, 
who  believe, and  confess  a  belief,  in  the  one  God,  in  Mohammed  and 
the  Koran — these  shall  have  perpetual  light  in  paradise  with  Moham- 
med: that  wicked  disbelievers  shall  be  cast  into  hell,  where  they  shall 
endure  every  possible  torment ;  but  there,  even,  those  who  may  believe 
in  the  one  true  God,  though  morally  bad  and  in  hell  for  a  time,  at 
the  second  intercession  of  Mohammed  may  finally  have  their  sins 
washed  away. 

To  attain  to  purity  and  holiness  on  earth,  the  Mohammedan  faith 
enjoins  various  exercises.  Perfect  cleanliness,  frequent  prayers, 
the  giving  of  alms,  fasting,  and  a  pilgrimage  to  Mecca. 

While  many  forms  and  ceremonies  are  observed  by  the  followers  of 
this  religion,  the  general  outline  of  belief  regarding  the  resurrection, 
torment  in  hell  and  perpetual  bliss  in  heaven,  seems  to  have  been 
borrowed  from  the  Christian  faith,  Mohammed  being  regarded  as  the 
prophet  instead  of  Christ. 


Sil 


Extracts  From  the  Koran. 


^ 


4 

¥ 


r  OP  obligreth  no  man  to  do  more  than  he  hath  an 
ability  to  perform;  God  will  cause  ease  to 
succel-d  hardship. 

It  is  God  who  hath  created  seven  heavens 
and  a.s  many  different  stories  of  the  earth; 
the  divine  command  descendeth  between  them. 

Hell  shall  be  a  place  of  ambush,  a  receptacle  for 
the  transgressors,  who  shall  remain  therein  for 
ages;  they  shall  not  taste  any  refreshments 
therein,  or  any  drink,  except  boiling  water. 

This  is  the  description  of  paradise,  which  is 
promised  to  the  pious.  It  i.s  watered  by  rivei-s;  its 
food  is  perpetual,  and  its  shade  also;  this  shall  be 
the  reward  ot  those  who  fear  God.  But  the  reward 
of  the  inHdels  shall  be  hell-tire. 

Unto  those  wlio  do  right  shall  be  given  an 
excellent  reward  in  this  world,  but  the  dwelling  of 
the  next  world  shall  be  better;  and  hai)py  shall  be 
the  dwelling  of  the  pious— namely  gardens  of 
et.-rnal  abiMie.  into  which  they  shall  enter;  rivers 
chilli  i\»w  Ijcnt-ath  the  same;  therein  shall  they 
enjt)y  whatever  they  wish. 

Concerning  wine  and  lots;  In  both  there  is 
great  .«in,  and  also  some  things  of  use  i;nto  men; 
but  their  sinfulness  is  greater  than  their  use. 

The  Lord  hath  commanded  that  ye  show  kind- 
ness unto  your  parenLs.  wlietber  the  one  of  them 
or  both  of  them  attain  to  old  age  with  thee. 
Wlu-rc'fore  KU.V  not  unto  them.  Fie  on  you; 
nt-ith'i-  repioach  them,  but  speak  respectfully 
iMilo  them,  iind  submit  to  behave  humbly  toward 
tliem.   out  of  tender  atfection. 

(Jivi-  unto  hhn  who  Is  of  kin  to  you  his  due,  and 
ali*o  unto  the  poor  ami  the  traveler.  And  waste 
not  thy  substance  profusely,  for  the  profuse  are 
brethren  of  the  devils;  and  the  devil  was  ungrate- 
ful to  his  Lord. 


Verily  the  Lord  will  enlarge  the  store  of  whom 
he  pleaseth,  for  He  knoweth  and  regardeth  His 
servants. 

Give  full  measure  when  you  measure  aught; 
and  weigh  with  a  just  balance.  This  will  be 
better,  and  more  easy  for  determining  every 
man's  due. 

Set  not  up  another  god  with  the  true  God,  lest 
thou  sit  down  in  disgrace  and  destitute.  Thy 
Lord  hath  commanded  that  ye  worship  none 
beside  Him, 

Do  thou  trust  in  Him  who  livethand  dieth  not, 
and  celebrate  His  praise  who  hath  created  the 
heavens  and  the  earth,  and  whatever  is  between 
them,  in  six  days. 

The  servants  of  the  merciful  are  those  who 
walk  meekly  on  the  earth,  and  when  the  igno- 
rant speak  unto  tliem,  answer,  Peace;  and  who 
pass  the  night  adoring  tlu-ir  Lord  and  standing  up 
to  pray  unto  Him.  And  uhoi-vcr  i-epenteth  and 
doth  that  which  is  riglii,  \rriiy  he  tunieth  unto 
God  with  an  acceptable  cuuvfisiuu. 

Verily  this  present  life  is  only  a  play  and  a  vain 
amusement :  but  if  ye  believe  and  fear  God,  He  will 
give  you  your  rewards. 

Consume  not  your  wealth  among  yourselves  in 
vain;  nor  present  it  unto  judges,  that  ye  may 
devour  part  of  nicn'.s  substance  unjustly,  against 
your  own  conscience. 

Marry  those  who  are  single  among  you,  and  such 
as  are  honest  of  vour  menscrvanls  and  yourmaid- 
scrvaiits;  if  they  he  poor,  i;od  will  enrich  them  of 
Hi'*  .ilmiMhinec,  lor  (Jod  is  bounteous  and  wise. 
.\ii.l  let  liiiiM-  who  llnd  not  a  match  keep  them- 
selves from  fornication  until  God  shall  enrich  them 
of  Uis  abundance. 


God  will  render  of  none  effect  the  works  of  those 
who  believe  not,  and  who  turn  away  men  from 
thn  WMV  of  God ;  but  as  to  those  who  believe  and 
work  righteousness,  and  believe  in  the  revelation 
whicli  hath  been  sent  down  to  Mohammed  (for  it 
is  truth  Iroin  their  Lord),  He  will  expiate  their 
evil  deeds  from  them,  and  will  dispose  their  heart 
aright. 

The  law  of  Koran  forbids  a  nmn  marrying  his 
father's  wife,  his  mother,  daughter,  sisteV,  aunt, 
niece,  wet-nur.se,  foster-sister,  mother-in-law  and 
daughter-in-law,  or  free  women  who  are  married, 
and  who  are  not  slaves.  If  he  has  not  means 
enough  to  marry  a  free  woman  who  is  a  believer, 
he  may  mai'ry  those  of  his  niaid-servants  who  are 
true  believei"s. 

Ye  may  divorce  your  wives  twice,  and  then 
either    retain    them    with  humanity,    or    dismiss 

them  with  kindness But  if  the  husband  divorce 

her  a  third  time  she  shall  not  be  lawful  for  iiini 
again  until  she  marry  another  liusband.  But  if 
he  also  divorce  her,  it  shall  be  no  crime  in  them  if 
they  return  to  each  other  if  they  think  they  can 
observe  the  ordinances  of  God. 

O  true  believci-s.  the  law  of  retaliation  is 
ordaiiicd  vou  for  the  slain;  the  fiee  shall  die  for 
the  fn-e.  and  tin-  scrvjint  f.-r  the  >..m  viinl.  and  a 
woman  I'or  a  wi-niun;  biil  hv  ^Imm  bis  hrotlu-r 
Sh.-Ul  loigivc  may  he  piosr.-ii1<>ri  and  Im-  ..l.li^red  to 
make  ,sati^faL■tiun  according  to  what  is  jii>l,  and  a 
line  shall  be  t<ct  on  him  with  hmnanity.  And  lie 
who  shall  transgress  after  this  by  killing  tlio 
murderer  shall  suffer  a  gi-ievous  imnisliment. 

Observe  prayer,  and  give  alms,  and  obey  the 
apostle,   that   ye  may  ol)tain  nuM-cy. 

Walk  not  proudly  la  the  land,  for  thou  catist  not 
cleave  the  earth;  neither  shalt  thou  etpial  the 
mountains  in  stature. 


■  ^>f 


.;^^^il;K 


:(!L — 


HISTOKV    AND    WOKK    OF    SVVKDEXBUKy. 


31     ''^' 


Emanusl  Swgdsnborg. 


■ft:         -)•. 


j^^l  e  o  o  o  o  o  g^ii^pmaaiiiyij)jiiii{iii;ii>iiiy^^iii>- 


OOOOQOOO  O'  Gi  0  0  o 


Biographical  Sketch  of  the  Swedish  Seer. 


A  LEARNED  man  and  a  prophet  chosen  to 
iL'Veal  liglit  from  heaven,  Emanuel  Sweden- 
liorgmay  justly  be  classed  with  those  who  are 
recognized  by  a  large  number  of  followers  as 
having  received  spiritual  instruction  superior 
to  what  is  given  most  mortals  on  earth  to 
know. 

He  was  born  in  Stockholm,   Sweden.  Jan- 
uary 29,  1688;  his  father,    Bishop  of  Skarn, 
in  West   Gothland,   being  Jesper    Swedborg, 
hich  name,  by 
the  ennobling  of      ^^^^ 
the  family,  was 

changed  to    Swedenborg,  in  1719- 
Carefully  educated  in  the  Lutheran 

church,  he  was  remarkable,  as  a  child, 

for  spiritual   susceptibility,  the  claim 

being  that  angels  spoke  through  him. 

Completing   his    studies   at   Upsal.  he 

spent  the  following  two  years  in  travel 

througb  Holland,  England  and  France, 

afterwards   settling  in  Griefswald.    in 

Pomerania,  and  engaged   in   scientific 

pursuit.      He  subsequently  established 

and  published  in  Sweden,  for  two  years, 

a  scientific  journal  devoted  to  mathu- 

matics  and  mechanics;   during  which 

time     he     became     acquainted     with 

Christopher  Palhem.  an  engineer,  who 

secured  through  King  Charles  XIL  his 

appointment  as  assessor  extraordinary 

of  the  College  of  Mines.      During  the 

succeeding  years    he  gave 'attention  to 

mining  engineering,  published  various 

works    relating  to  scientitic  subjects, 

and    was  elected    to    membership   in 

academies  of    science  in   Stockholm. 

St.  Petersburg  and  Lipsal.       In  1745, 

being    then    fifty-seven    years   of   age.  he  announced  his   scientific 

labors  finished,  and.  feeling  himself  called  by  God,  entered  upon  the 

work  of  revealing  to  men  a  new  system  of  religious  truth,  the  claim 

being  that  he  was  permitted  to  converse  with  spirits  and  angels,  and 

could  thus  clearly  reveal  the  mysteries  of  the  spiritual  world. 
In  order  to  deA'ote  himself  exclusively  to  his  work,  he  retired  from 

other  labor,  and  commenced  his  mission  by  first  reading  the  Christian 

Bible  in  the  original;  following  which  he  wrote  several  books  explan- 
atory of  his  revelations  regarding  the  Scriptures,  which  he  published 

at  his  own  expense;  among  them  the    Arcana    Celestia.    in  eight 


Emanuel  Swedenborg, 


large  quarto  volumes,  being  a  commentary  on  GenesJB  and  Exodus, 
besides  accounts  of  '  wonderful  things  seen  and  heard  in  heaven  and 
hell."  These  were  followed  by  many  other  works  of  a  religious 
character. 

Never  married,  he  was  a  modest,  unassuming  man,  who  never 
alluded  to  his  spiritual  intercourse  unless  closely  questioned;  but  of 
his  ability  to  converse  with  spirits,  and  thus  receive  intelligence  of 
distant  countries  and  places,  independent  of  other  means  of  com- 
munication, his  believers  had  not  the  slightest  doubt. 
A  stroke  of  apoplexy,  on  Christmas  eve  in  1771,  deprived  him  of 
speecli  and  lamed  one  side.  In  a 
lethargic  state  he  remained  for  three 
weeks,  at  the  end  of  which  he  re- 
covered his  speech,  when  he  told  his 
attendants  that  the  angels  had  kept  him 
company  during  the  time,  as  usual. 
He  died  in  London,  March  24,  1772, 
being  at  the  time  eighty-four  years, 
eight  weeks  and  five  days  old. 

Uis  lx)dy  was  deposited  in  the  vault 
of  the  Swedish  church  in  Princess' 
Square,  Radcliffe  Highway,  London, 
and  there  it  has  rested  for  over  a  hun- 
dred years.  The  revelations  which  he 
taught  have  impressed  themselves 
upon  the  minds  of  thousands  of  be- 
lievers who  make  the  congregations  in 
the  New  Jerusalem  churches  in  many 
parts  of  the  civilized  world. 

What  Swedenborgianism  Teaches. 

The  writings  of  Swcdenborg  reveal 
the  fact  that  a  hidden  meaning  is  in 
the  Scriptures,  not  generally  under- 
stood, which  is  explained  by  the  law  of 
correspondence  between  natural  and 
spiritual  things.  Thus  the  garden  of 
Eden  and  what  it  contained  corre- 
sponds to  the  human  soul,  its  impulse? 
and  affections.  That  the  disobedience  of  Adam  and  Eve  symbolizes 
the  departure  of  mankind  at  an  early  period  from  their  original 
state  of  innocence.  That  the  New  Jerusalem,  seen  by  John 
descending  from  God  out  of  heaven,  signifies  not  only  the  cliief  city 
of  Palestine,  but  the  Lord's  church,  and  particularly  the  religious 
doctrines  by  which  a  person  is  united  into  a  church.  Hence  the 
New  Jerusalem  church,  which  is  synonymous  with  a  new  doctrine  of 
pure  truth  from  the  Holy  Word,  is  destined  to  regenerate  the 
world.  The  doctrines  and  belief  of  the  Swedenborgians  are  outlined 
on  another  page. 


% 


lo. — 


K 


^: 


i 


THE    MOKMON    FKUPHET. 


4^ 

.■'3r  TrsT 


Joseph  Smith. 


J 


-♦— i--.-aJ:5^:r<^'"i— ♦- 


Sketch  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of   Mormonism. 


19JK 


T  SHARON.  Vt.,  December  23.  1805.  was  born 
Jobeph  Sniilh,  the  subject  of  this  sketch.  Wben 
ten  j-ears  of  aj^e  his  parents  removed  to  Palmyra, 
N.  Y. .and  four  years  afterwards  went  to  Man- 
chester, N.  Y. .  a  town  sis  miles  distant,  where 
Joseph  spent  his  time  on  a  farm.  With  a  mind 
much  given  to  religious  contemplation.  Smith, 
then  about  fourteen  years  of  age,  retired  to  a 
■^2j3*-'/-V<  grove  and  earnestly  called  upon  the  Lord.  While 
I  '^^f^       ^*^"^  engaged  in  supplicating,  he  claims  to  have 

been  enrapt  in  a  heavenly  vision,  when  he  saw 
two  glorious  personages,  who  exactly  resembled 
each  other  in  features  and  likeness,  surrounded 
by  a  brilliant  light,  which  eclipsed  the  sun  at  noonday.  They 
assured  him  that  at  some  future  time  the  fullness  of  the  gospel 
should   be   made  known  unto  him. 

On  the  evening  of  September  21,  1833, 
while  engaged  in  prayer,  an  angel  en- 
compassed by  a  halo  of  light  appeared 
to  him.  and  announced  that  he  was 
chosen  to  be  an  instrument  in  the  hands 
of  Ood  for  the  promulgation  of  a  new 
dispensation.  He  at  that  time  was 
told.  also,  where  plates  were  deposited, 
on  which  were  engraven  an  abridgment 
of  the  records  of  the  ancient  prophets 
that  had  existed  on  the  continent.  After 
many  visits  from  the  angels,  in  which 
he  was  told  of  the  glory  of  events  that 
should  transpire  in  the  last  days,  the 
angel,  be  further  claims,  delivered  the 
plates  into  his  hands  on  the  morning  of 
September  22,  1827. 

These  plates,  he  assures  us,  had  the 
appearance  of  gold,  being  in  size  about 
six  by  eight  inches,  and  about  the  thick- 
ness of  tin.  They  were  filled  with 
engravings  in  Egyptian  characters,  and 
bound  together  in  a  volume,  as  the  leaves 
of  a  book,  with  three  rings  running 
through  the  whole,  the  volume  being  about  six  inches  thick.  With 
the  plates  came  a  pair  of  spectacles,  the  glasses  in  which  being 
transparent  were  called  Urim  andThummim;  and  looking  through 
these  he  was  enabled  to  translate  the  engravings  on  the  plates,  which 
related  to  the  early  history  of  America,  fnnu  itt^  first  settlement 
by  a  tribe  who  came  from  the  Tower  of  Babel  at  the  confusion  of 
languages,  to  the  beginning  of  the  fifth  century  of  the  Christian  era. 
The  records  on  the  plates  confirmed  the  appearance  of  Christ  on 
i-arth  and  His  resurrection,  and  was  especially  designed  to  aid  In  a 
fuller  and  more  complete  understanding  of  the  Bible,  and  was  to  be 

iiirorpi. rated  with   it. 


JOSEPH  SMITH, 

Mormon  Prophet  and  Preacher. 


In  translating  the  plates.  Smith,  with  the  aid  of  the  Btoue  spectacles, 
seated  beside  a  blanket  suspended  in  the  room,  to  hide  profane  eyes 
from  looking  upon  the  inscriptions,  read  the  records  upon  them, 
while  Oliver  Cowdery  wrote  it  as  Smith  read.  When  completed,  this 
became  the  Book  of  Mormon,  which  found  believers  in  sufficient 
number  to  enable  Smith's  followers  to  found  the  Church  of  the  Latter- 
Day  Saints  by  an  organization  at  Manchester,  N.  Y. ,  April  6.  1830. 
Various  opinions  exist  as  to  the  authenticity  of  the  Mormon 
scriptures,  the  plates  being  carried  away  by  the  angel  that  delivered 
them. 

The  Book  of  Mormon  has  the  sworn  testimony  of  Oliver  Cowdery, 
who  wrote  the  book  into  English,  that  he  saw  the  plates,  and  to  his 
name  is  appended  the  signatures  of  ten  others  who  affirm  that  they 
also  saw  them.  The  opponents  claim  that  afterwards,  in  a  quarrel 
with  Smith,  some  of  these  witnesses  renounced  Mormonism  and 
declared  that  they  had  sworn  false  as  to 
seeing  the  plates. 

It  is  believed  by  some  that  the  matter 
which  composes  this  book  was  written  as 
a  religious  novel  by  an  educated  man, 
formerly  a  clergyman,  named  Solomon 
Spalding,  who  died  soon  after  taking  his 
manuscript  to  a  Pittsburgh  printing 
ofllice.  That  in  this  oftice  was  a  man 
named  Sidney  Rigdon,  a  printer,  who, 
attracted  by  the  Oriental  and  antique 
style  of  the  composition,  copied  it,  fur- 
nished it  to  Smith  to  read  to  Cowdery.  and 
thus,  with  more  or  less  of  other  com- 
positi(m  intermixed,  the  matter  for 
the  Book  of  Mormon  was  obtained. 
Rigdon  afterwards  left  the  printing 
office,  and,  associating  himself  with 
Smith,  engaged  in  preaching. 

The  basis  of  belief  which  the  Mor- 
mons, who  styled  themselves  Latter-Day 
Saints,  preached  in  the  beginning  was 
that  the  millennium  was  near  at  hand, 
and  that  America,  the  land  of  the  free, 
somewhere  in  the  interior  of  the  conti- 
nent, was  to  become  the  New  Jerusalem. 

From  New  York  Smith  and  Rigdon  went  to  Independence,  Mo., 
where  they  arranged  for  the  erection  of  a  temple.  Subsequently 
they  were  for  some  years  at  Kirtland.  Ohio,  where  they  endureil 
various  persecutions,  Brigham  Young  in  the  meantime  joining 
them  there. 

Returning  again  to  Missouri,  they  were  soon  comp*'llt'd  to  leave 
there  and  take  up  settlement  in  Illinois,  where  was  built  up  the  city 
of  Nauvoo.  in  which  Smith  was  mayor,  president  of  the  church,  and 
commander  of  a  military  organization. 

In  Jill  the   nioveuu'uts   from  one  Stale  to  unolliir.  the  erection  of 


■G^ 


NKW    HOKMON    TEMI'LE.       EXTUACTS    KKOM   THE   MOKMoN    lilBLE. 


■63 


fliiirchi's  (ir  the  (Iciiiii;  of  miy  iinportant  work,  the  same  wjis  usually 
done  throii^b  revi'lulions  that  came  to  Smith.  In  I84.'J,  Smith,  who 
then  had  one  wife,  received  a  revelation  anthorizin^  polygamy,  whicli 
caused  a  distit-nwion  in  the  Mormon  ranks.  In  an  exposition  of 
Smith  and  Rij,'rton.  sixteen  women  testified  that  the^e  leaders  had 
made  attempts  to  j^educe  them,  under  the  guise  of  a  revelation  from 
heaven.  Foster  and  Lane,  who  printed  this  expose,  had  their 
jirinting  oftice  destroyed  by  the  Mormons,  and  were  compelled  to  flee 
In  Carthage.  111.,  where  they  obtained  warrants  for  the  arrest  of 
Joseph  Smith,  Ilyrum  Smith    (his  brother),  and  several  others. 

The  Smiths  were  lodged  in  jail  at  Carthage.  On  the  evening  of 
June  37.  a  mob  attacked  the  jail.  In  the  contest  Hyrum  Smith  was 
shot  and  killed  in  tin-  building,  and  Joseph  having  emptied  the  con- 
tents of  his  revolver  upon  the  crowd,  was  shot  while  attemiJting  to 
escape  from  a  window,  and  fell  to  the  ground  dead. 

Brighiim  Young  was  appointed  to  the  head  of  the  church,  and  in 
1848  the  Mormons  emigrated  to  Ttah,  where,  in  the  ViUley  of  the 
Great  Salt  Lake,  they  made  their  homes,  and  where  they  laid  out  and 


built  the  town  of  Salt  Lake  City.  In  18rj2.  nine  years  after  the 
revelation  to  Smith,  Brigbam  Young  afflrmed  the  revelation 
authorizing  polygamy,  which  has  been  a  distinctive  feature  of  the 
Mormcm  religion  since  that  time. 

What  the  Mormons  Believe. 

They  believe  in  the  one  God  and  Christ  the  Mediator  and  Savior,  as 
revealed  in  the  Old  and  New  TesUmients,  which,  aided  by  the 
Book  of  Mormon,  they  take  as  their  rule  of  faith.  They  believe  fur- 
ther that  we  have,  before  being  on  earth,  existed  as  spirits  in  other 
conditions,  and  that  we  descend  to  earth  to  pass  life  here  as  a  proba- 
tionary discipline.  They  believe  in  the  necessity  of  faith,  repentance, 
baptism  by  immersion,  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  and  that 
those  who  accept  the  divine  word  as  revealed  in  the  Bible  and  the 
Book  of  Mormon,  and  do  right,  will  inherit  eternal  happiness;  that 
those  who  disobey  must  suffer  in  the  next  existence. 

Polygamy  is  justified  by  them  on  the  ground  of  necessity  for  the 
protection  of  woman,  though  forbidden  by  the  Mormon  Bible. 


! 


Estracts  from  Book  of  Nephi, 


^^ii^HE  Lull!  yivL'tli  no  conuriiiiui- 
/fl  ineiits  untu  the  (.-hihlrfii  nf  im-u, 
I' J I  save  hv  shall  prepare  a  way  fur 
||il  them  that  they  tiiay  accomplish 
Vy  the  thinyr  which  he  coinmnnd- 
\  eth.  Wherefore  let  us  be  faith- 
ful in  keepiiijj:  the  comiiiaiidinents  of 
the  Lord.— 1  Nephi  iii.,  7.   16. 

The  Lord  slayeth  the  wicked  to  bring 
forth  his  li^'hteuus  purposes-  It  is 
better  that  one  man  should  perish  than 
that  a  nation  should  dwindle  and 
perish  In  unbelief.  — 1  Nephi  iv. .  13. 

The  Lord  is  able  to  do  all  thinps, 
according  to  his  will,  for  the  children 
of  men,  if  it  so  be  that  they  exercise 
faith  in  him.  Wherefore  let  us  be 
faithful  unto  him.— 1  Nephi  vii.,  12. 

Remember.  O  man.  for  all  thy  doings 
thim  shalt  be  brought  into  judgment. 
Wherefore  if  ye  have  sought  to  do 
wickedly  in  the  days  of  your  proba- 
tion, then  ye  are  found  unclean  before 
the  judgment  seat  of  God;  and  no 
unclean  thing  can  dwell  with  God. 
Wherefore  ye  must  be  cast  oti  forever. 
—1  Nephi  X.,  20,  21. 

Whoso  would  hearken  unto  the  word 
of  God,  jind  would  hold  fast  unto  it, 
tliey  would  never  perish;  neither  could 
the  temptations  and  the  tiery  darts  of 
tJie  advei-sary  overpower  them  unto 
blindnets,  to  lead  them  away  to  de- 
struction.—1  Nephi  XV.,  2i. 

Behold,  the  Lord  hath  created  the 
earth  that  it  should  be  inhabited;  and 
he  hath  created  his  children  that  they 
should  p.>SiHs:s  it.  And  he  raiseth  up 
a  j'ightf.iiis  n.iti.ii),  and  destroveth  the 
nation.-  ..f  tlif  \\  iekcd.  And  heleadeth 
away  the  rii-'htcous  into  precious 
lands.and  tlie  wicked  he  destruyeth  and 
curseth  the  land  unto  them  for  their 
sakes.  And  he  loveth  those  who  will 
have  him  to  be  their  God.— 1  Nephi  svii.,  36-36,  40. 

The  time  speedily  shall  come  that  all  churches 
which  are  built  up  to  get  gain,  to  get  power  over 
the  rtesh,  to  become  popular  in  the  eyes  of  the 
world,  who  seek  the  lusts  of  the  flesh  and  the 
things  of  the  world,  and  to  do  all  manner  of 
iniiiuity .  yea.  in  fine,  all  those  who  belong  to  the 
kingdom  of  the  devil,  are  those  who  need  fear, 
and  tremble,  and  quake;  they  are  those  who  must 


Ne^w  Mormon  Temple.  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 


be  lirought  low  in  the  dust;  they  are  those  who 
must  be  consumed  as  stubble. — 1  Nephi  xxii.,  23. 

The  Messiali  Cometh  in  the  fullness  of  time,  that 
he  may  redeem  the  children  of  men  from  the  fall. 
And  because  that  they  are  redeemed  from  the 
fall,  they  have  become  free  forever— knowing 
good  from  evil — to  act  for  themselves. — 2  Nephi 
ii. ,  26. 

O  the  vainness,  and  the  frailties,  and  the  fool- 


Extracts  from  Book  of  Kepbi, 

MoIlM'iN  mul.K. 

IshnesB  of  men !  When  they  are 
learned  they  think  they  are  wise,  and 
they  hearken  not  unto  the  counsel  of 
God,  for  they  set  it  a»ide,  supposing 
tlicy  know  of  themselves,  wherefore 
their  wisdom  is  foolishness,  and  It 
proflteth  them  not ;  and  ihey  -shall  per- 
ish. But  to  be  learned  is  good,  if  they 
hearken  unto  the  counsels  of  God.— 
2  Nephi  ix.,  28,  29. 

Who  are  cursed: 

The  rich,  who  are  rich  as  to  the 
things  of  the  world;  because  they  are 
rich  they  despise  the  poor,  and  they 
persecute  the  meek,  and  their  hearts 
are  up»jn  their  treasures;  wherefore 
their  treasure  is  their  god,  and  behold, 
their  treasure  shall  perish  with  them 
also.  The  deaf,  thai  will  n<>t  hear,  for 
they  shall  perish.  The  blind,  that 
will  not  see;  for  they  shall  pensh 
also.  The  uncircumcised  of  heart; 
for  a  knowledge  of  their  iniquities  shall 
smite  them  at  the  last  day.  The 
liar;  tfir  he  shall  be  thrust  down  to 
hell.  The  murderer,  who  deliberately 
killeth:  for  he  shall  die.  Those  who 
c'inimit  whoredoms;  for  they  shall  be 
thnisi  down  to  hell.  Those  that  wor- 
?liip  idols;  for  the  devil  of  all  devils 
dclighteth  in  them.  In  fine,  all  those 
who  die  in  their  sins;  for  they  shall 
return  to  God  and  behold  his  face, 
and  lemain  in  their  sins.  —2  Nephi  ix. , 
30,  31. 

The  Lord  doeth  that  which  is  good 
among  the  children  of  men:  and  he 
doeth  nothing  save  it  be  plain  unto  the 
children  of  men;  and  he  inviteth 
tliein  all  to  come  unto  him.  and  par- 
take of  his  goodness;  he  denieth  none 
who  conte  unto  him,  black  and  white, 
bond  and  free,  male  and  female;  and 
all  are  alike  unto  God,  both  Jew  and 
2  Nephi  xxvi.,  33. 

Behold  the  Lamanites.  your  brethren  (whom  ye 
hate,  because  of  their  filthiuess  and  the  cursings 
which  have  come  u[K>a  their  skins),  are  more 
righteous  than  you;  for  they  have  not  forgotten 
the  commandment  of  the  Lord,  which  was  given 
unto  our  fathers,  that  they  should  have,  save  it 
were  one  wife:  and  concubines  they  should  have 
none. — Book  of  Jacob  iii. ,  5. 


Gentile.- 


&:^ 


r>- 


3i 


SKETCH    OF    THE    AUTHOR    OF   NATUEE  S    DIVINE    REVELATIONS. 


Andrew  Jackson  Davis.1  *-f 


PROUIKENT  REPRESENTATIVE  DF  MODERN  SPIRITISM. 


N  THE  YEAR  1843,  Professor  Grimes,  a 
phrenologist  and  lecturer  on  magnetism, 
gave  an  exhibition  of  his  powers  as  a  mes- 
merist in  one  of  the  public  halls  in  Pough- 
keepsie,  N.  Y.  Attention  thus  directed  to 
the  subject  caused  a  citizen  in  the  town, 
Mr.  William  Livingston,  to  experiment 
upon  a  boy,  an  apprentice  in  a  boot  and 
shoe  store,  whom  he  chanced  to  meet  there, 
with  a  view  to  determining  the  truth  or 
falsity  of  that  which  was  claimed  as  a  science.  The  boy 
thus  selected  for  trial  by  Livingston  was  Andrew  Jack- 
son Davis.  He  was  then  sixteen  years  old,  slight  in 
frame,  delicate  in  constitution,  honest,  inexperienced  and 
uneducated.  Born  in  Blooming  Grove,  Orange  county, 
N.  Y. ,  in  1826,  young  Davis  had  with  his  parents  been  a 
resident  of  several  places  prior  to  coming  to  Poughkeepsie, 
mostly  in  rural  neighborhoods, 
where  his  father,  who  was  a 
shoemaker  in  very  humble  cir- 
cumstances, in  turn  worked 
at  weaving,  shoemaking,  and 
by  the  day  for  various  farmers. 
The  mother  of  Davis,  a  woman  of  deli- 
cate constitution,  possessed  the  gift  of 
second  sight,  which  enabled  her  to  detail 
where  lost  things  about  their  premises 
might  be  found;  to  see  sights,  and  hear 
sounds,  in  which  condition  she  exhibited 
an  abstractic)n  of  mipd  that  made  her 
oblivious  to  things  about  her.  From  her 
the  son  inherited  an  extreme  susceptibility 
of  impression,  through  which,  it  is  stated, 
he  often  heard  music  in  the  air,  when 
in  the  fields,  and  words  addressed  to  him 
from  an  unseen  source. 

On  the  occasion  of  the  first  experiment 
by  Livingston,  Davis  went  from  the  mes- 
meric into  the  clairvoyant  c(mdition,  in 
which,  while  blindfolded,  he  minutely  told 
the  time  by  holding  a  watch  to  hi.-*  forehead, 
read  a  newspaper,  tfjid  the  ailments  of 
those  present  and  described  various  articles  presented  for  examination. 
On  the  evening  of  January  1,  1844,  he  passed  into  the  third 
magnetic  condition,  in  which  he  claimed  he  could  see  the  internal 
organs  of  each  person  in  the  room,  could  see  the  interior  of  other 
houses  and  their  inmates,  and  sec  the  entire  city;  that  on  this 
occHHion,  for  the  first,  bis  mind  went  out  and  away,  thousands  of 
mihrs.  and  nature  revealed  itself  as  it  could  not  be  seen  with  mortal 
•  yen;  that  every  object,  from  a  grain  of  salt  to  the  loftient  mountain, 
lind  each  an  atmosphere  of  its  own.     Thus  the  flower,  the  blade  of 


ANDREW  JACKSON  DAVIS. 

DlatlnguisliuJ  Autliuc,  I'liiloauphcr,  Spirilualiat  &ntl  Sncr. 


grass,  the  tendril,  the  leaf,  the  nafleral — all  had  an  atmosphere  with 
a  color  distinctly  its  own.  This  emanation  encircling  some  species 
of  vegetation  seemed  from  four  inches  to  eight  feet  in  diameter. 
Each  animal  had  also  a  sphere  about  it.  At  this  time,  as  contin- 
ually afterwards,  was  revealed  to  him  the  law  of  sympathy  by  which 
everything  in  nature  exists,  the  position  of  minerals  in  the  earth,  the 
dependence  one  upon  the  other  of  earth,  trees,  vegetation,  animals, 
human  beings,  and  of  the  sun.  moon  and  stars  in  the  heavens. 

On  the  evening  of  March  0,  1844.  he  went,  in  company  with  Mr. 
Livingston,  to  a  residence  in  Poughkeepsie,  to  make  a  clairvoyant 
examination  of  a  patient,  on  which  occasion  the  somnambulic  condi- 
tion remained  so  firmly  fastened  upon  him  after  he  left  the  house  and 
parted  company  with  Livingston,  as  to  cause  him  to  walk  along  the 
banks  of  the  Hudson  to  Catskill,  a  distance  of  forty  miles  from  Pough- 
keepsie. Restored  to  consciousness  at  the  end  of  his  journey,  he 
obtained  food,  and  being  directed  as  to  his  way  back,  was  a  portion  of 
the  time  again  in  the  clairvoyant  condition  on  his  return.  Many 
singular  visions,  it  is  related,  appeared  to 
him  during  this  journey,  which  he  was 
compelled  to  make  by  an  unseen  power. 

At  that  time  he  claims  to  have  conversed 
with  invisible  beings,  who  gave  him  in- 
structions as  to  the  position  he  should 
occupy  as  a  teacher.  During  the  suc- 
ceeding year  he  was  engaged  with  Mr. 
Livingston  in  giving  diagnoses  of  disease 
and  prescriptions  to  the  sick,  hundreds  of 
the  alUicted  crowding  their  rooms. 

Within  this  time  Davis  developed  other 
powers  of  a  philosophical  character,  and, 
severing  his  connection  with  Livingston, 
he  went  with  Dr.  S.  S.  Lyon,  of  Bridge- 
l)ort,  Conn.,  to  New  York  city,  in  the  fall 
of  1845,  to  deliver  a  series  of  private 
lectures  in  the  clairvoyant  condition,  the 
Rev.  William  Fishbough.  of  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  being  chosen  to  transcribe  the  rev- 
elati()ns. 

lu  a  room  at  No.  9d  Greene  street. 
New  York,  on  the  38th  of  November, 
1845,  there  sat  young  Davis,  Dr.  Lytm, 
Mr.  Fishbough  and  three  witnesses,  among 
them  being  Dr.  T.  Lea  Smith.  Only  a  few  had  been  invited  to 
witness  the  exhibition. 

When  all  was  in  readiness,  with  Mr.  Fishbough  at  the  tal»le.  Davis, 
in  a  clairvoyant  state,  with  closed  eyes,  after  a  little  time  of  still- 
ness, slowly  remarked:  "This  night  I  reach  my  superior  condition." 
Then  began  the  first  part  of  that  series  of  discourses  which  after- 
wards appeared  as  "Nature's  Divine  Revelations,"  a  scientific, 
metaphysical  work  which  attracted  much  attention  at  the  time  because 
of  the  rationalistic  views  advanced.      More  especially  was  the  work 


TIIK    I'AS.SACiK    OK    A    KiiUL    FROM    EARTH-LIKE    INTO    SI'IKIT    EXI!5TE>X'E. 


60 


njiarded  very  rcmjirkablL'  as  coming  in  such  a  inannLT  from  an  ilUter- 
atf,  niu'dticated  .vcmlli,  twenty-one  years  of  age. 

Davis.  Fishliongh  and  Lynn  remained  in  New  York  two  years,  the 
clairvoyant  giving  medical  prui^cripticms  during  a  portion  of  eacli  day, 
and  at  other  times  dictating  what  was  to  be  written.  During  the 
time  on  one  occasion,  having  discovered  from  u  clairvoyant  exami- 
nation, that  a  certain  lady  patient  would  die  of  a  cancer  at  a  given 
time,  he  repaired  to  her  residence  at  the  period  designated  to  witness 
tlie  departure  of  the  spirit  from  the  body — a  dissolution  termed 
dcjith. 

The  birth  of  this  woman  into  the  spirit-world  Davis  very  minutely 
described.  As  her  body  lay  motionless,  with  weeping  friends 
around  it,  he  passed  into  the  superior  condition,  and  in  an  adjoining 
room  he  beheld  first  a  bright  light,  as  the  extremities  of  the  body 
grew  cold,  begin  to  gather  itself  above  her  head.  Gradually  this 
light  grew  larger,  then  the  woman  herself  began  to  appear,  first  her 
head  and  then  her  body  being  developed,  until,  as  life  became 
extinct  in  the  body,  she  stood  as  a  spirit  in  the  freshness  of  mature 
life  above  the  inanimate  frame  in  which  she  had  lived. 

She  hovered  in  spirit  form  a  brief  time  among  her  friends,  who 
mourned  her  as  dead,  took  a  brief  survey  of  those  who  did  not 
realize  that  she  stood  in  life  beside  them,  gave  a  farewell  look  at  her 

What  Spiritualists  Believe. 


HAT  man  has  a  spiritual  nature  as  well  as  a 
(■■•rporal;  in  other  woi-ds.  that  the  real  man 
IS  a  spirit,  whieh  spirit  has  an  organized 
form  composed  of  spiritual  substance,  with 
parts  and  organs  corresponding  to  those  of 
I  the  corporeal  body. 
That  man,  a«  a  spirit,  is  immortal,  and  has 
contimifi!  idriitity,  Rtiiik' fuiinil  to  survive  that 
chant.'''  I  Mllftl  |'li>  sirnl  lii-ath,  it  iiia>'  be  reasonably 
sui>pi>^e<l  that  lie  will  survive  all  future  vicissi- 
tudes. 

That  there  is  a  spirit-world,  with  its  substan- 
tial realities,  objective  as  well  as  subjective. 

That  the  process  of  physical  death  in  no  way 
essentially  transforms  the  mental  constitution,  or 
the  moral  character    of  those  who  experience  it. 

That  happiness  or  suffering  in  the  spirit-world, 
as  in  this,  depends  not  on  arbitrary  decree,  or 
special  provisions,  but  on  character,  aspirations 
and  degree  of  harmonization,  or  of  personal  con- 
fornnty  to  universal  and  divine  law. 

Hence,  that  the  experiences  and  attainments  of 
this  life  lay  the  foundation  on  which  the  next 
commences. 

That  since  growth  is  the  law  of  the  human  being 
in  till-'  pri-.iiit  life;  and  since  the  process  called 
death  IS  ill  t:iii  but  a  birth  into  another  condition 
of  life,  retaining  ail  the  advantages  gained  in  the 
experiences  of  this  life,  it  may  be  inferred  that 
growth,  development,  or  progression,  is  the  end- 
less destiny  of  the  human  spirit. 

That  the  spirit-world  is  near  or  around,  and 
interljlended  with  our  present  state  of  existence; 
and  hence  that  we  are  constantly  under  the  cog- 
nizance and  influence  of  spiritual  beings. 

That  as  individuals  are  passing  from  the  earthly 
to  the  spirit-world  in  all  stages  of  mental  and 
moral  growth,  that  world  includes  all  grades  of 
character  from  the  lowest  to  the  highest. 

That  since  happiness  and  misery  depend  on 
internal  states  rather  than  on  external  surround- 
ings, there  must  be  as  many  grades  of  each  in  the 
spirit-world  as  there  are  shades  of  character — 
each  gravitating  to  his  own  place  by  the  natural 
law  of  affinity. 

That  communications  from  the  spirit-world, 
whether  by  mental  impresaion.  inspiration,  or  any 
other  mode  of  transmission,  are  not  necessarily 
infallible  truths,  but,  on  the  contrar>',  partake 
unavoidably  of  the  imperfections  of  the  inind  from 
which  they  emanate,  and  of  the  channels  through 
which  they  come,  and  are.  moreover,  liable  to 
misinterpretation  by  those  to  whom  they  are 
addressed. 

Hence,  that  no  inspired  communication,  in  this 
or  any  past  age  (whatever  claims  may  be  or 
have  been  set  up  as  to  its  source),  is  authorita- 
tive, any  further  than  it  expresses  truth  to  the 
individual  consciousness;  which  lost  is  the  final 
standard  to  which  all  inspired  or  spiritual  teach- 
ings must  be  brought  for  test. 

That  inspiration,  or  the  influx  of  ideas  and 
promptings  from  the  spirit-world,  is  not  a  miracle 


The  Writings  of  A.  J.  Davis. 

Although  Mr.  Davis  attended  school 
but  a  few  months,  in  which  he  mastered 
only  the  barest  rudiments  of  writing, 
spelling  and  reading,  he  has  become  a 
well  known  lecturer  and  an  author  of 
many  books  treating  upon  the  philosoj)hy 
of  Life.  Death  and  the  Hereafter.  With 
such  limited  opportunity  for  educational 
advancement  in  the  schools,  and  in  his 
early  home,  his  present  intellectual  en- 
dowment is  very  remarkable.  His  friends 
claim  it  to  be  the  result  of  direct  spirit 
assistance.  The  books  claiming  his 
authorship  are  named  as  follows: 

Nature's  Divine  Revelations. 

The  Physician.     Vol.  I.  Gt.  Harmonia. 

The  Teacher.     Vol.  II.  Gt.  Harmonia. 

The  Seer.     Vol.  HI.  Gt.  Harmonia. 

The  Reformer.     Vol.  IV.  Gt.  Harmonia. 

The  Thinker.     Vol.  V.  Gt.  Harmonia. 

Magic  Staff — An  Autobiography  of  A.  J.  Davis. 

A  Stellar  Key  to  the  Summer-Land. 


I'Ukl 


<n-  l>i 


■St. 


Tiiith  vs.  Theologj-. 
curring  Questions  from  the 


Appr-arhm^M 
Answers  tu  Ev 

People. 
Children's  Progi*essive  Lyceum  Manual. 
Death  and  the  After-Life. 
History  and  Philosophy  of  Evil. 
Harbinger  of  Health. 

Harmunial  Man.  or  Thoughts  for  the  Age. 
Events  in  the  Life  of  a  Seer.     (Memoranda). 
Philosophy  of  Special  Providence. 
Free  Thoughts  <'i.iicernint:  Religion. 
Peneti'alia,  Containing'  Hannonial  Answers. 
Philosophy  of  Spiritual  Intercourse. 
The  Inner  Life,  or  Spirit  Mysteries  Explained. 
The  Temple — on  Diseases  of  Brain  and  Nerves. 
"The  Fountain,  with  Jets  of  New  Meanings. 
Tale  of  a  Physician,  or  Seeds  and  Fruits  of 

Crime. 
Genesis  and  Ethics  of  Conjugal  Love. 
Diakka.  and  their  Earthly  Victims. 
.Views  of  Our  Heavenly  Home. 


of  a  past  age,  but  a  perpetual  fact,  the  ceaseless 
method  of  the  divine  economy  for  human  eleva- 
tion. 

That  all  angelic  and  demoniac  beings  whieh 
have  manifested  themselves,  or  interposed  in  hu- 
man affairs  in  the  past,  were  simply  disembodied 
human  spirits,  or  beings  of  like  character  and 
origin,  in  different  grades  of  advancement. 

That  all  authentic  miracles  (so  called)  in  the 
past,  such  as  the  raising  of  the  apparently  dead, 
the  healing  of  the  sick  by  the  laying-on  of  hands 
or  other  simple  means,  the  power  over  deadly 
poisons,  the  movement  of  physical  objects  without 
visible  instrumentality,  etc..  have  been  produced 
in  harmony  with  uiiiversnl  laws,  and  hence  may 
be  repeated  at  any  time  under  suitable  cunditions. 


former  h<jme  of  clay,  then  passed  through  an  open  window,  joined 
other  spirit  friends,  and  passed  heavenwards  out  of  sight. 

Two  years  went  by.  The  lectures  being  comi>leted,  the  clairvoyant 
power  gradually  diminished,  and  Davis  no  longer  submitted  to  the 
magnetic  manifestations.  He  has  written  several  bm»ke  since  then, 
but,  his  friends  claim,  none  containing  greater  wisdom  than  that 
entitled  ''Nature's  Divine  Revelations."  He  subsequently  trav- 
eled extensively  throughout  the  country,  engaged  in  lecturing.  Mr. 
Davis  has  been  twice  married,  and  of  late  years  ha»  resided  at 
Orange,  New  Jersey. 

In  1848  the  so-called  spirit-rappings  made  their  appearance  at 
Rochester,  N.  Y. ,  and  at  other  points.  These  were  followed  by 
various  other  physical  manifestations,  which  to  skeptics  have  never 
been  entirely  satisfactorily  accounted  for.  Spiritualists  believe  that 
these  demonstrations  are  made  by  spirit-power,  and  that  the  revela- 
tions of  Davis  came  also  through  the  agency  of  departed  spirits  once 
on  earth. 

The  adherents  of  this  belief  have  multiplied  so  rapidly  that  they 
now  number,  it  is  estimated,  some  ten  millions  of  believers.  At 
their  fifth  annual  convention,  held  at  Rochester,  X.  Y.,  1808,  the 
Spiritualists  of  America  formed  themselves  into  an  association,  and 
announced  and  adopted  the  following  as  their  basis  of  faith: 

Here  and  the  Hereafter. 

That  the  causes  of  all  phenomena— the  sources 
of  all  power,  life  and  intelligence— are  to  be  sought 
for  in  the  internal  or  bpirituai  realm,  not  in  the 
external  or  material. 

That  the  chain  of  causation,  traced  backwards 
from  what  we  see  in  nature  and  In  man.  lead.s 
inevitably  to  a  Creative  spirit,  who  nmst  l>e  not 
only  a  faiint  of  life  i  [uvi't.  but  a  farming  principle 
(wisdom)— thus  sustaining  the  dual  parental  rela- 
tions of  father  and  mother  to  all  individualized 
intelligences,  who   consequently  are  all  brethren. 

That  man.  as  the  offspring  of  this  Infinite  Par- 
ent, is  in  some  .sense  his  image  or  finite 
embodiment;  and  that,  by  virtue  of  this  parent- 
age, each  human  being  is.  or  has  in  his  inmost 
nature,  a  germ  of  divinity— an  incorruptible  off- 
shoot of  the  divine  essence,  which  is  ever  prompt- 
ing to  good  and  right. 

That  all  evil  in  man  is  in  harmony  with  this 
divine  principle;  and  hence  whatever  prompts 
and  aids  man  to  biing  his  external  nature  into 
subjection  to  and  in  harmony  with,  the  divine  in 
him— in  whatever  religious  system  or  formula  it 
may  be  embodied— is  a  "means  of  salvation" 
from  evil. 

That  the  hearty  and  intelligent  conviction  of 
these  truths,  with  a  realization  of  spirit-communi- 
cation, tends:  (11  To  enkindle  lofty  desires  and 
spiritual  aspirations,  an  effect  opposite  to  that 
of  materialism,  which  limits  existence  to  the 
present  life.  t2t  To  deliver  from  painful  fears  of 
death,  and  dread  of  imaginary  evils  consequent 
thereupon,  as  well  as  to  prevent  inordinate  sorrow 
and  mourning  for  deceased  friends.  (3)  To  give 
a  rational  and  inviting  (■.iruei)tion  of  the  after- 
life to  those  who  us.;  Die  lUe^-nt  worthily,  (ii  To 
stimulate  to  the  liit,'lie>I  pn-vjhle  uses  of  'the  pres- 
ent life,  in  view  uf  \x>  relation.--  to  the  future,  loj 
To  energize  the  soul  in  all  that  is  good  and  elevat- 
ing, and  to  restrain  from  all  that  is  evil  and 
impure.  This  must  result,  according  to  the  laws 
of  moral  inrtuence.  from  a  knowledge  of  the  con- 
stant pressure  or  cognizance  of  the  loved  and 
pure.  <C>  To  promote  our  earnest  endeavors,  by 
purity  of  life,  by  unselfishness,  and  by  loftiness 
of  aspiration,  to  live  constantly  en  r(i/>por(  with 
the  higher  conditions  of  spirit  life  and  thought. 
(7i  To  stimulate  the  mind  to  the  largest  investiga- 
tion and  the  freest  thought  on  all  subjects, 
especially  on  the  vital  themes  of  spiritual  philos- 
ophy and  duty,  that  we  may  be  qualified  to  judge 
for  ourselves  what  is  right  and  true.  <8)  To  deliver 
from  all  bondage  to  authority,  whether  vested  in 
creed,  book,  or  church,  except  that  of  received 
truth.  (9)  To  cultivate  self-reliance  and  careful 
investigation  by  taking  away  the  support  of 
authorities,  and  leaving  each  mind  to  exercise  its 
own  truth-determining  powers.  (10)  To  quicken 
all  philanthropic  impulses,  stimulating  to  enlight- 
ened and  unselfish  labors  for  universal  human 
good,  under  the  encouraging  assurance  that  the 
redeemed  and  exalted  spirits  of  our  race,  instead 
of  retiring  to  idle  away  an  eternity  of  inglorious 
ease,  are  encompassing  us  about  as  a  great  cloud 
of  witnesses,  inspiring  us  to  the  work,  and  aiding 
it  forward  to  a  certain  and  glorious  issue. 


36 


HISTOEY    AXD    WuRK   OF   THE   JEWISH    CHURCH. 


gV      .'-^ 


Heligious  Denominations. 


J^^"^^ 

W^"^^^^ 


History,  Government  and  Beliefs  of  Varioys  Cliurcli  Organizations. 


ORIGIN  OF  VARIOUS  FORMS  OF  WORSHIP. 


IIATEVER  may  be  the 
nationality  of  individ- 
uals, or  whatever  may 
he     the     religion     to 
which  they  have  been 
born  or    educated — whether    Bud- 
dhistic, Mohammedan,  Christian  or 
Barbaric,     it    will    be     found,    if 
religionists    at  all,    that  each  has 
his   or   her   peculiar   ideas   of   the 
means  by  which  a  worship  shall  be 
conducted. 


^Vbile  no  two  minds,  probably,  ever  exactly  agree  concerning 
human  destiny  any  more  than  two  faces  ever  look  exactly  alike,  yet, 
in  every  community  there  will  generally  be  a  certain  number  that 
will  nearly  enough  agree  in  religious  opinion  to  form  an  organiza- 
tion. If  this  organization  lives,  retains  its  individuality,  and  has 
peculiarities  of  belief  and  government  distinctly  its  own,  it  becomes 
a  denomination. 

Among  the  believers  in  the  Christian  religion  there  have  been 
and  are  at  the  present  time  many  different  grades  of  opinion.  Tliere 
are,  in  all,  over  one  thousand  different  religions.  The  history  of 
several  of  the  most  prominent  of  the  religious  orgauLzations  and  be- 
liefs will  be  found  in  the  succeeding  pages  relating  to  deno-minations. 


Af  te  r  the 
death  of  Moses 
Joshua,  his 
chosen  succes- 

r.  conducted 

•^  ^~<Jj\  KTO  Israel  into  Pal- 

^^■—^  ^""^  promised  land. 

where  Ihey  subdiiud  7nn-t  of  the  heathen  na- 
tions and  rlivided  thi*  country  among  them- 
selves. Their  history,  as  recorded  in  sacred 
writ,  shows  that  they  tired  of  the  Theoc- 
racy, or  (iod  government,  and  the  judicial 
system  under  which  they  had  lived,  and  de- 
sired a  monarchal  form  of  government. 
Saul,  the  sonof  Kish.  was  chosen  for  the  first 
sovereign,  and  with  varied  fortunes  and  under 
various  kings,  sometimes  relapsing  into 
idolatry,  and  again  returning  to  obedience 
to(;od;  Mometimes  attaining  extreme  pros- 
jierity,  and  a^'ain  falling  into  degradation, 
they  retained  possession  of  their  inheritance. 
until  Nebuchadnezzar,  the  king  of  Babylon, 
destroyed  the  Jewish  nation  and  curried  its 
InhabltflntH  into  captivity,  about  the  year  of 
the  world  .341*),  or  about  ;JH8  years  after  the 
rebellion  which  separated  the  ten  tribes  froui 
that  of  Judea.  They  were  retained  in  captiv- 
ity in  Babylon  for  Heventy  yearH.  butreleased 
by  Cyrus.  Most  of  them  then  relumed  to 
Palestine,  rebuilt  the  city  and  temple  at  Je- 
rusalem, and  renewed  their  covenant  with 
God.  btif  many  retnaincd  In  Babyloti.      About 


HISTORY   OF  THE  JEWISH   RELIGION 

A.  M.  3653  the  King  of  Persia  ravaged  part 
of  Judea.  and  carried  away  a  great  number  of 
prisoners.  About  thirty  years  afterwards,  and 
also  eight  years  later.  Ptolemy,  King  of  Egypt, 
carried  tens  of  thousands  of  the  Jews  into 
Egypt,  using  them  kindly.  Thirty  new  cities 
in  Asia  were  also  settled  with  Jews,  by  Selen- 
cus  Nicalor.  About  A.  M.  3834  Antiochus 
Epiphanes  forced  his  way  to  Jerusalem  and 
murdered  40.000  Jews.  Two  years  after- 
wards his  ti<iops  pillaged  the  citiesof  Judea, 
murdered  multitudes  of  men  and  carried  (iff 
10,  000  women  and  children  prisomrrs;  the  holy 
temple  at  Jerusalem  was  devoted  to  the  wor- 
ship of  a  Grecian  idol,  and  the  Jews  were 
exposed  to  the  basest  treatment.  About  A.  M. 
3840  the  city  and  temple  of  Jerusalem  were 
regained  and  repaired  by  Nicanor.  For  thirty 
years  more  the  country  was  ravaged,  del- 
uged in  blood,  and  desolated  by  various  natlims 
and  civil  broils,  and  for  twenty-four  years 
was  oppressed  by  Herod  the  Great,  who  at 
length  assumed  the  government.  Twenty 
years  before  the  birth  of  Christ  he  rebuilt 
wilhgreat  splendor  the  Jewish  temple  ut  Je- 
rusalem. Ab()ut  A.  M.  4004  <'bri«t  wjisborii. 
only  to  l)e  rejected  as  the  pnunised  Messiah 
by  the  Jews,  who  crucified  iiiiii.  About  the 
year  70  after  Christ  Jerusalem  was  des- 
troyed by  Titus,  the  Rtmian  (ieneral,  and  in 
that  catastrophe  about  1.100.000  Jews  per- 
ished. Since  then  the  remainder  and  their 
descendants  have  been  scattered,  persecuted, 
slain  and   cnslavt-d   among  all    nation 


of  tlu 


earth,  but  have,  through  all,  retained  their 
distinctive  national  characteristics,  preserv- 
ing their  Jewish  worship,  devoid  of  animal 
sacrifices  and  having  undergone  several 
changes.  For  eighteen  centuries  they  have 
kept  themselves  a  separate  people,  worship- 
ing one  God  and  awaiting  the  coming  of  the 
Messiah,  who  was  promised  by  their  prophets 
700  years  before  the  advent  of  Christ. 

In  numbers  they  are  probably  as  strong  as 
at  any  time  they  formerly  \\ere  in  Palestine. 
In  every  nation  they  live  and  i)rosper.  Their 
civil  governuu'iit  is  that  of  the  respective 
countries  in  which  they  dwell. 

In  religion  ahnost.  all  modern  Jews  hold  to 
certain  distinctions  In  food  and  ceremonies, 
and  adhere  as  closely  to  the  M()saic  dispensa- 
tion as  their  tlispersed  condition  will  permit. 
They  meet  in  their  symigoyues  (or  places  of 
worsliip)  on  the  sev<'ntli  day  of  the  week,  as 
ofcdd.  instead  of  cm  the  first,  asthe  Christians 
do.  The  Jews  formerly  sal  during  the  public 
services  with  their  hats  on.  The  service 
consists  chietly  In  reading  the  ancient  laws 
of  Moses,  togrllier  with  a  variety  of  prayers. 
Tbi-y  repeat  hlcssiuL's  ;ind  particular  praisrs 
to  (iod.  not  (puly  in  their  prayers,  but  on  all 
accidental  occasions,  and  in  almost  all  their 
actiims.  All  vain  swearing  and  the  unnec- 
essary use  of  the  name  of  (iod  ia  forbidden. 
All  their  meats  are  prepared  by  Jewish 
butchers  in  a  peculiar  mainuT.  to  avoid 
contamination  from  prohibited  food.  They 
ackniiwU-dL'e  a  two-fold  law  of  (iod — written 


HISTORY    OF    KOMAN    CATHOLICISM. 


and  iinwriltfii;  the  foriniT  is  found  in  the 
five  tii-st  buukfi  of  our  Old  Tti-Iimuiit ;  the 
latter  is  handed  down  from  t.'<'i'Tiition  to 
generation  Ijy  word  of  month.  The  cere- 
mony of  f.ircumciBion  is  pructiced  upon 
infants  eight  days  old.  as  in  the  days  of 
Abraham.  But,  especially  in  the  United 
States,  the  Jews  gradually  hecome  less  rigid 
in  their  national  practices  and  conform  more 
to  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  Amerietin 
people,  and  the  eating  of  pork  is  not  now 
considered  so  great  an  abomination  as  for- 
merly. 

The  restoration  of  Palestine  to  the  Jews 
before  the  end  of  the  world  is  i)redict,ed  in 
the  Old  Testament  prophecies.     Their  gath- 


ering into  the  Holy  Land  is  to  ref>nlt  in  their 
becoming  a  strong  and  prosperous  nation,  in 
whicli  the  promif<ed  Messiah  is  expected  to 
be  received  by  them  and  govern  them. 

Religious  Belief. 
The  Jew6  believe  in  one  (iod.  the  Creator 
of  all  things,  first  principle  of  all  beings. 
sLdf-sufticient  and  independent;  without  \\  horn 
no  created  being  can  f^ubsint;  having  u  unity 
peculiar  lohiinsidf;  being  eternal  and  incor- 
poreal ;  who  is  the  sole  object  of  adoration  and 
worship;  having  no  mediator  between  him 
and  mankind.  That  Moses  was  a  prophet  of 
God.  superior  to  all  others,  enjoying  a  pecu- 
liar gift  from  Ood  in  this  direction;  that  the 
prophecies  of  Moses  were  true;  that  the  law 


that  he  left  was  purely  dictated  by  God 
himself  to  MoKes.  from  whom  they  received 
and  have  it  to-day.  That  this  hiw  is  un- 
changeable; that  <;od  will  not  give  another, 
and  that  there  can  be  nothing  added  to  or 
taken  from  it.  That  God  knowt*  the  mof»t 
secret  thoughts  of  men  and  governs  all  their 
actions;  that  he  will  reward  those  wlio observe 
his  law,  and  severidy  punish  Ihot^e  who  are 
gniliy  of  violating  it;  that  of  these  rewards 
eternal  life  is  the  b.-^t  and  greatest,  and  of 
punishment,  damnation  of  the  soul  is  the 
most  severe.  That  a  Messiah,  of  the  royal 
house  of  David,  shall  yet  come  to  deliver 
Israel,  and  that  God,  in  his  own  good  time, 
will  raise  the  dead  to  life. 


-♦-!— ^;=ot=?«— -!— •- 


THE   ROMAN    CATHOLIC   CHURCH. 


:^*(^^ 


..^$=J3t:<f- 


Its  History,  Government,  Belief  and  Form  of  Worship, 


'iS^^^I^HE  Roman  Catholic  Church  traces 
tJ  ^/^Hii    its  origin  to  the  days  of  the  Apos- 
tle S  i  m  on  P  e  t  e  r ,    one  of  the 
^J^  I)ersonal  disciplesof  Jesus  Christ, 
_    _    '         from  whose  lips  was  addressed  to 
/^(^f-J\   him  that  remarkable   passage  in  the 
•jL-      Scriptures:    ' ' Thou   art    Peter;    and 
Wd     upon  this  rock  I  will  build  my  church." 
t      Whatever  controversy  may  arise  upon 
I       the    mistranslation  or    misconception 
of  this  quotation,    it  is  clung  to  with 
unswerving    tenacity     by    the    ancient     and 
modern  writers  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
as  sufllcient  authority  for  all  that  it  believes 
and  does  as  a  mighty  system  of  religion. 

It  is  claimed,  also,  that  Peter  visited  Rome 
and  established  there  the  church  that  now 
venerates  him  as  its  founder  and  its  first 
Pope.  On  this  point,  however,  great  diversity 
of  opinion  exists;  but  the  fact  remains,  that 
upon  this  belief  rests  and  is  perpetuated  the 
Papal  Church  of  Rome. 

Rome  is  to-day.  as  in  the  past  centuries  of 
the  Christian  church,  the  great  center  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  religion,  and  the  long  lino  of 
Popes,  including  the  present  potentate.  Leo 
XIII. ,  claimed  their  supremacy  over  the 
universal  Christian  church.  According  to  the 
records  of  the  church,  the  line  of  supreme 
Pontiffs  is  unbroken  from  A.  D.  42  to  A.  D. 
1880. 

Form  of  Government.  —  The  Church  of 
Rome  is  governed  by  the  Pope  ;  his  counselors, 
the  college  of  seventy  cardinals,  appointed 
from  many  nations,  and  classified  as  cardinal 
bishops,  cardinal  priests  and  cardinal  deacons, 
and  they  rank  as  secular  princes,  next  to  the 
kings  of  the  earth ;  after  these  succeed  arch- 
bishops, bishops  and  the  various  orders  of 
vicars  and  priests,  each  holding  proportionate 
rank  and  sway,  according  to  the  degree  of 
their  ofiice.  The  Popes  are  elected  by  the 
cardinals,  but  the  Pope  appoints  the  cardinals. 
The  common  people  are,  therefore,  subject  to 
theirbishops;  the  bishops  to  the  archbishops; 
the  arclabishops  to  the  cardinals,  and  all  are 
controlled  by  the  Pope;  thus  there  is  ''one 
church,  having  one  faith,  under  one  head." 
In  all  ecclesiastical  matters  the  infallibility 
of  the  Pope  is  maintained,  whatever  differ- 
ences may  exist  in  the  church  as  to  his  tem- 
poral authority. 


The  Discipline  of  the  Church.— Camui  law. 
compiled  from  the  decrees  of  different  Popes 
and  councils  of  the  church,  and  of  several 
passages  of  the  holy  fathers  and  other  repu- 
table writers,  and  other  authoritative  works, 
now  regulates  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
in  place  of  the  canons  of  the  apostles,  the 
apostolic  constitutions,  and  the  ancient  com- 
pilations of  the  church.  No  diversity  of 
faith  is  allowed  in  the  church;  but  in 
matters  of  worship  or  discipline  a  difference  is 
permitted,  so  long  as  peace  is  not  subverted 
or  communion  broken.  The  Pope  extends  his 
care  and  solicitude  to  every  Roman  Catholic 
church  in  the  world;  he  enacts  new  rules  of 
discipline,  abrogates  others,  and  punishes 
those  who  do  not  obey  them;  decides  in 
church  differences,  and  listens  to  the  appeals 
of  all  bishops.  No  priest  or  prelate  in  the 
church  may  marry;  ofticial  vestments  for  the 
priesthood  are  prescribed  for  the  greater  de- 
cency of  the  public  worship;  church  worship, 
formerly  conducted  in  a  tongue  almost  wholly 
unknown  to  the  mass  of  the  congregation, 
though  largely  yet  in  Latin,  is  now  varied 
by  the  presentation  of  moral  truths,  in  the 
English  tongue,  so  clearly  expounded  in  com- 
mon language,  as  to  enable  the  people  to  un- 
derstand the  moral  law.  Lent,  the  fast  in  com- 
memoration of  the  fasting  of  Jesus  in  the 
wilderness  for  forty  days,  is  strictly  kept, 
as  a  time  for  doing  penance  for  sin.  It 
is  also  a  preparation  for  celebrating  the 
greatest  festival  of  the  church,  known  as 
Easter,  the  anniversary  of  the  resurrection 
of  Christ  from  the  dead.  Numerous  other 
fast  and  feast  days  are  prescribed  by  the 
church  and  observed  by  devout  Catholics  in  all 
countries.  During  these  fasts  no  animal  fiesh 
is  permitted  to  be  eaten,  except  on  certain 
days  and  under  special  circumstances.  The 
Christian  Sabbath  is  always  a  church  holiday. 

Religious  Orders. —  In  Catholic  countiies. 
in  all  quarters  of  the  globe,  exist  several 
orders  of  priests,  known  as  monks.  Basilians. 
Benedictines,  Angus tinians. Dominicans. 
Franciscans,  etc.  All  belonging  to  these 
orders  take  upon  themselves  solemn  vows  of 
chastity,  poverty  and  obedience  for  life. 
Usually  they  are  under  the  jvirisdiction  of  the 
Pope,  instead  of  the  bishops,  and  differ  only 
in  discipline,  manner  of  dress,  and  particular 
privileges  granted  to  each  other.  Several 
orders  of  nuns,  or  female  devotees,  also  exist. 


each  following  its  own  rules  and  wearinir  a 
peculiar  cot-lume.  Their  vow^  of  consecra- 
tion are  similar  to  llio^e  of  the  monks;  after 
their  profession  they  are  never  allowed  to 
leave  the  ctmvent  during  life,  without  the 
leave  of  the  bishop,  and  then  only  on  the 
burning  of  the  convent  or  some  similar  occa- 
si<m;  nor  is  any  man  permitted  to  enter  the 
convent  without  the  bishop's  permission,  and 
for  some  necessary  purpose. 

Principal  Beliefs  of  the  Church.— The  fun- 
damental principle  of  the  church  is  the  doc- 
tiine  that  (Jod  has  promised  and  does  exert 
o^er  it  a  constant  and  perpetual  protection, 
to  preserve  it  from  destruction,  error  or  fatal 
corruption.  This  belief  assures  the  infalli- 
bility of  the  church.  The  Pope  is  the  repre- 
sentative of  God  on  earth,  and  hence  his  qwn 
infallibility.  The  bread  and  wine  of  the  sacra- 
ment of  the  Lord's  Supper  are  representative 
of  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ,  and  in  partak- 
ing of  them  communicants  come  nearer  the 
Divine  presence.  There  is  a  place  beyond  the 
grave,  and  this  side  of  heaven,  called  purgato- 
ry through  which  the  souls  of  believers  must 
pass,  as  a  disciplinary  and  purifying  process, 
to  fit  them  for  heavenly  joy.  Saints,  who  are 
believed  to  reign  with  Christ  after  this  life, 
should  be  honored  and  prayed  to.  Principal 
among  these  is  the  Virgin  Mary,  the  mother 
of  Jesns.  whose  intercession  with  her  Son  for 
her  supplicants  is  universally  sought  by  all 
devout  believers.  The  images  of  Christ,  the 
Virgin  Mary  and  the  saints  and  saintly  relics, 
are  held  in  veneration  and  honor.  Sins  should 
be  confessed  to  the  priests,  as  the  represen- 
tatives of  Christ,  who  are  enabled  by  His 
appointment  to  declare  His  forgiveness  of  sin. 
Indulgences  are  obtained  only  by  special 
prayer  and  great  devotional  application. 

Form  of  Worship. —  Public  services  are 
mostly  conducted  in  the  Latin  language,  after 
set  forms,  called  masses  and  vespers,  as  fully 
printed  in  the  missals  of  the  churches.  These 
are  divided  into  solemn  or  high  mass,  plain  or 
low  mass:  mass  sung  or  said:  public  mass  and 
private  mass.  These  vary  in  details,  and  are 
conducted  by  bishops  and  priests,  a  high  mass 
being  assisted  by  other  ministers  of  the 
church.  Vespers  are  the  evening  services. 
Another  form  of  worship,  called  canonical 
hours,  combines  prayer  and  instruction,  con- 
sisting of  psalms,  lessons,  hymns,  prayers. 
anthems,  versicles.  etc.,  divided  into  sections 


■>- 


38 


THE    EPISCOPAL    CHURCH    IN    ENGLAND    AND    AMERICA. 


for  use  at  different  hours.  The  fasts  and  fes- 
tivals have  distinctive  peculiarities  of  worship. 
Clianeres. —  Under  Pope  Gregol-y.  about  the 
year  600.  ancient  Britain  was  converted  from 
Paganism  to  Catholicism,  which  continued  to 
flourish,  with  varying  success,  until  the  acces- 
sion of  Henry  VIII. ,  in  the  sixteenth  century. 
Henry  sought  the  aid  of  the  Pope  in  getting  a 
divorce  from  his  wife,  the  queen,  in  order 
that  he  might  marry  Anne  Boleyn.  This  being 
refused.  Henry  threw  off  his  allegiance  to 
Catholicism,  and  became  the  head  of  the 
church  in  England.  In  the  succeeding  reign 
of  his  only  son,  Edward  VI. ,  also  in  the  six- 
teenth century,  the  Church  of  England  was 
established,  and  England  was  arrayed  on  the 
Protestant  side  of  the  struggle  then  going  on 
in  Europe.  When  Queen  Mary,  in  1553, 
ascended  the  throne,  she  brought  England 
again  under  Papal  dominion,  and  slew  about 
300  Protestants,  including  some  of  their  most 
prominent  leaders — Latimer,  Ridley  and 
others.  Under  Elizabeth,  who  succeeded 
Mary.  Protestantism  was  again  restored,  and 
Catholicism  has  since  then  been  subordinate 
to  the  Puritans  and  Establish'ed  Church  of 
England  in  its  public  influence.  In  Ireland, 
however,  Catholicism  has  held  a  prosperous 
sway. 


The  Reformation,  beginning  in  1517  by 
Luther,  himself  a  Catholic  monk,  greatly 
injured  Catholicism  by  its  assaults  upon 
several  of  the  distinctive  Catholic  doctrines; 
and  extending  throughout  Germany,  Switzer- 
land and  France,  led  to  the  introduction  of  a 
vigorous  Protestantism  in  those  countries. 
John  Calvin,  in  the  same  century,  becoming 
dissatisfied  with  the  doctrines  of  Catholicism, 
in  which  he  had  been  educated,  also  became 
noted  as  a  reformer  and  a  Protestant  leader. 

The  countries  in  which  Catholicism  mostly 
prevails  at  this  day  are  Austria.  France, 
Spain,  Italy.  Ireland.  Portugal,  Mexico  and 
all  the  countries  of  South  America.  They 
have  also  many  missions  and  a  large  number 
of  believers  in  other  countries. 

In  the  United  States,  where  the  Catholic 
religion  was  first  established  {in  Maryland) 
in  1G2.3.  there  was.  in  I81"6,  computed  to  be  a 
membership  of  10.000,000. 

The  Christian  Fathers.  —  These  were  the 
first  and  most  eminent  writers  of  the  Chris- 
tian church.  Those  of  the  first  century  are 
styled  the  '  'Apostolical  Fathers ;"  those  of  the 
first  three  centuries,  prior  to  the  religious 
council  at  Nice,  "Antenicene  Fathers,"  and 
those  who  flourished   subsequently,    "Post- 


nicene  Fathers."  None  of  their  writings  are 
to  be  considered  as  inspired  in  the  sense  in 
which  that  word  is  applied  to  the  Christian 
Bible.  The  following  is  a  complete  list  of 
these  fathers;  Barnabas,  Clement  of  Rome, 
Hermas,  Ignatius  and  Polycarp  lived  in  the 
days  of  Christ's  apostles;  Papius,  A.  D.  't^"^: 
Justin  Martyr.  140;  Dionysius  of  Corinth, 
IT.O;  Tatian.  172;  Hegesippus.  173;  Melito. 
177;  Irensus,  178;  Athenagoras,  178;  Milti- 
ades.  180;  Theophilus.  181:  Clement  of 
Alexandria,  194;  Tertullian,  200;  Minutius 
Felix.  210;  Ammonius,  220;  Origen.  230; 
Firmilian.  23  3;  Dionysius  of  Alexandria, 
247;  Cyprian,  348;  Novatus,  or  Novatian, 
251;  Arnobius.  306;  Lactantius,  306;  Alex- 
ander of  Alexandria.  313:  Eusebius.  315; 
Athanasius.  326:  Cyril  of  Jerusalem,  34H; 
Hilary.  354:  Epiphaneus.  368;  Basil,  370; 
Gregory  of  Nazianzen.  3  70;  Gregory  of 
Nyssa.'370;  Optatus,  370;  Ambrose.  374: 
Philaster.  380;  Jerome,  392;  Theodore  of 
Mopsuestia.  394:  Ruftinus,  397;  Augustine, 
398;  Chrysostom.398:  Siilpitius  Severus.401 ; 
Cyril  of  Alexandria,  412;  Theodoret.  423; 
and  Germanius,  494.  Their  writings  are  prin- 
cipally valuable  as  proofs  of  the  exi^tencr  and 
authenticity  of  the  New  Testament,  extending 
back,  as  they  do,  to  the  time  of  the  apostles. 


=THE  CHURCH   OF  ENGLAND. 


^ 


-*-/  w-z**^  ^^  Church  of  England,  which  is 
^\y^f^W^^  Episcopal  in  government,  the 
most  prominent  Protestant  or- 
ganization in  England,  was 
founded  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
VI..  King  of  Great  Britain,  in  the 
sixteenth  century.  Christianity, 
however,  both  Protestant  and 
Catholic,  had  a  previous  existence  in  the 
nation.  Eusebius,  an  ancient  writer,  posi- 
tively declares  that  it  was  introduced  Into 
Britain  by  the  apostles  of  Christ  and  their 
disciples. 

Its  Government. — The  reigning  sovereign  is 
the  head  of  the  church,  with  supreme  power. 
There  are  two  archbishops  —  of  Canterbury 
and  York  —  and  twenty-five  bishops.  These 
bishops  rank  as  temporal  barons,  so  that  each 
has  a  seat  and  a  vote  in  the  House  of  Peers  in 
Parliament.  Other  prelates  in  the  church  are 
designated  as  deans,  archdeacons,  rectors, 
vicars,  etc.  The  archdeacons  possess  author- 
ity next  to  the  bishops,  and  are  sixty  in 
number.  They  look  after  church  property, 
reform  abuses,  excommunicate  members,  etc. 
Rectors  have  charge  of  the  parish  churches, 
and  vicars  seem  t<i  be  supernumerary  over- 
seers of  parish  affairs. 

Belief. — The  church  expresses  its  Protest- 
ant christian  faith  in  the  Apostles'.  Niccnc 
and  Athanasian  creeds.  The  first  of  these  is 
as  follows: 

"I  believe  tn  God  the  Father  Almighty, 
Maker  of  heaven  and  earth,  and  in  Jesus  Christ, 
His  only  Son,  our  Lord,  who  was  conceived  by 
the  Holy  Ghost,  born  of  the  Virgin  Mary ;  was 
crucified,  dead  and  buried.  He  descended 
into  hell.  The  third  day  He  rose  from  the 
(lead.  He  ascended  into  heaven;  and  sitteth 
on  the  right  hand  of  God;  from  thence  He 
shall  come  to  judge  the  quick  and  the  dead. 
I  brli.-vc  in  th.-  H<.lv  Gho!-tl  the  liuly  ciitbniic 


church;  the  communion  of  saints;  the  for- 
giveness of  sins ;  the  resurrection  of  the  body, 
and  the  life  everlasting. " 

This  creed  is  also  accepted  by  the  Methodist, 
Episcopal  and  Roman  Catholic  Churches. 
The  Nicene  creed,  a  formula  adopted  by  a 
convocation  of  Bishops  at  Nice  in  A.  D.  S25. 
is  more  elaborate,  but  accords  with  tbis:  while 
the  Athanasian.  a  creed  formulated  liy  Athan- 
asius, Bishop  of  Alexandria,  in  the  fifth  cen- 
tury, is  a  sublime  exposition  of  the  two- fold, 
God-man  nature  of  Jesus  Christ. 

Besides  these  creeds  are  the  "Thirty-nine 
Articles"  of  belief,  which  may  be  thus  sum- 
marized: A  profession  of  faith  in  the  Divine 
Trinity;  the  incarnation  of  Jesus  Christ,  His 
descent  into  the  place  of  departed  spirits  — 
the  •  ■  hell"  of  the  creed — His  resurrection  and 
the  divinity  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  An  accept- 
ance of  the  canonical  books  of  the  Bible  us 
the  word  of  (Jod.  A  belief  in  the  creeds  of 
the  church.  Declarations  of  the  doctrines  of 
original  sin.  of  justification  by  faith  in  Christ 
alone,  of  predestination,  etc.  The  church 
declared  to  be  the  assembly  of  the  faithful. 
Rejection  of  the  Roman  Catholic  doctrines 
of  purgatory,  the  mass,  the  sale  of  indul- 
gences, the  adoration  of  images,  the  change 
of  the  wine  and  bread  in  tlie  sacrament 
to  the  real  blood  anil  body  of  Christ,  and 
the  invocation  of  paints.  Only  those  lawfully 
called  may  preach  or  administer  the  sacra- 
ments of  baptism  and  the  Lord's  sui)per. 
Requiring  the  form  of  worship  to  be  in  the 
English  language.  Declaring  Ihat  the  sacra- 
ments are  effectual  signs  of  grace.  Permit- 
ting the  marriage  of  the  clergy.  Maintaining 
the  eftlcacy  of  excommunication,  and  indors- 
ing the  power  of  the  civil  magistrates. 

The  Mturfcy  of  the  fhurdu— The  Book  of 
Prayer  now  in  use  in  the  Churcli  nf  KnL'land 
was  cniiipused   In  I.'ilT.  and  has   since   under- 


gone several  alterations.  It  breathes  a  true 
devotional  spirit  in  its  petitions  and  psalms 
of  praise,  indicating  the  deep  piety  of  its 
authors. 

The  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States. 

Origin. — Tbis  church  derives  its  doctrines, 
liturgy  and  practices  almost  wholly  from  the 
Church  of  England.  The  changes  in  all  are 
rather  circumstantial  than  material,  and  were 
made  after  the  war  of  the  Revolution  had 
separated  the  American  colonies  from  the  rule 
of  Great  Britain.  It,  however,  differs  from 
the  mother  church  in  being  distinct  from  the 
state  government,  and  its  bishops  enjoy  no 
civil  powers,  immunities  or  emoluments  (ju 
account  of  their  othce. 

The  Worship. — This  is  essentially  the  same, 
with  some  verbal  improvements,  curtail- 
ments, etc.  The  Apostles'  and  the  Nieene 
creeds  are  retained,  but  the  Athanasian  is 
rejected.  In  baptism  the  sign  of  the  cross 
may  be  omitted  at  i)leasure.  The  marriage 
service  is  shortened.  The  prayers  for  the 
rulers  of  the  nation  were  also  changed  to  meet 
the  exigencies  of  the  new  government. 

The  Episcopaey. — Bishops,  priests  and  dea- 
cons, wardens,  jind  vestrymen,  comprise  the 
government.  The  bishops  govern  about  fifty- 
five  dioceses  in  the  I'nited  States  and  Terri- 
tories, with  several  in  charge  of  missicms  in 
Africa.  China  and  Japan.  General  conven- 
tiims  of  bishops,  clergy  and  laity  meet  once 
in  three  years.  Bishops  are  elected  in  annual 
diocesan  conventions,  and  ratified  or  rejected 
by  a  majority  of  the  standing  committees  of 
other  dioceses.  Clergymen  are  educated  at 
Episcopal  universities  in  several  stales,  and 
'■called"  wherever  it  may  happen.  In  1H73 
tbi-re  were  40  dioceses.  2,700  parishes.  2.938 
priests  and  deacons,  and  about  248.000  com- 
nmidrants. 


^^^1^ 


k 


lIISTDliY    ^V-NU    UELIKFS    OF    THE    IJAl'TISTS    AM)    rilESl;  VlEltl  A,\S. 


-■ ^;>  •  • 


2«2^a»S«,j^^^ 


_j.jJ^,.f<lT»? 


HISTORY  AND   BELIEF  OF  THE  BAPTISTS. 


0!afS«=»='S*ft*-' 


OME  writers  of  this  denomination 
trace  its  oriKiti  to  the  llrst  t-eiitury, 
i«     with  Jiihri  the  Baptist  as  its  exein- 


ir^'S'  '"hnrch.  Others  agai 
'^  history  in  a  success 
churches,  essentially  Baf 
under  various  names,  from 


h~;  idar,  and  Jesus  Christ 
i^  founder,  thus  giving  it  the  basis 
^^v  and  dignity  of  a  first  Christian 
^jr^Jg-  church.  Others  again  trace  their 
'1  '^  iiwt.ifv  ill  (1  u"ccession  of  pure 
Baptist,  though 
roin  the  third  cen- 
ljX\a  tury  down  to  Luther's  (iivat  Kcforumtion. 
'*'  These  churches  were  the  suhjfit  ot  hitter 
persecution  from  and  after  the  fifth  cen- 
tury onward,  fiom  tlie  reliijrionists  of  the 
East  and  the  West.  .\t(ii>nt:  tiie  early  per- 
secutors ot  the  German  Baptists  were  Pope 
Innocent  I. .  and  Cyril  of  Alexandria,  by  whom 
they  were  driven  from  their  houses  of  worship 
into  secret  places,  and  threatened  with  death, 
under,  ancient  laws  wdiich  forbade  rebaptism.  so- 
called.  Thus  they  were  scattered,  but  in  the  first 
da\vn  of  the  Kef.)rm;ilinii  tlnir  piiriri pies  reap- 
peared anii'llK  tlie  riihli'es,  .if  the  West,  and 
several  sects,  including  the  Waldenses  and  Albi- 
genses.  Prominent  in  the  results  of  the  Reforma- 
tion the  German  Baptists  applied  its  doctrines  to 
the  social  positions  of  life  and  threatened  "  "an  end 
to  priestcraft  and  kiIl^,^■|■aft, spiritual  domination, 
titles  iUld  v;iss;daMT."  lllll  they  Weie  overi'Onie 
with  fuul  r.-|irii:u'ln'-  n\\'\  an^K'nnt  sr..rii,  ;uid  thou- 
sands of  German  BajtlisL  peasants  peiis-hed  for 
their  principles.  In  England,  from  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII.  until  that  of  William  III. .  a  full  cen- 
tury and  a  half,  the  Baptists  struggled  against 
intense  «ippositii>n  in  their  elTnrts  tn  uldaiii  liberty 
of  eoii>ri<-iiee  I'lr  all.  Hut  iiiitd  tlie  Quakers  arose 
they  stiKid  enlirrlv  a|c.Tii>  in  I  liis  atli-riipt  to  secure 
thc'-suul  liberty"  of  the  subject.  In  (.'lomweli's 
time,  however,  they  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  fair 
hearing,  and  made  progress  under  the  leadership 
of  Milton  and  Vane,  but  were  betrayed  by  one 
Monk.  In  the  time  of  f'h.irles  II.  the  prisons  were 
filled  with  their  iniifessors  and  martyrs,  but  their 
priiiiiples  e..iit  iinied  to  (,'ain  adherents  among  the 
people,  and  hustcneil  the  religious  revolution  of 
1688.  It  is  claimed  that  to  the  Baptists  English 
constitutional  liberty  owes  a  debt  that  it  can 
never  fully  repay.  Among  them  "christian" 
freedom  found  its  earliest,  itsstaunehest,  its  most 


^    ^-^ 


consistent  and  Us  most  disinterested  champIonB." 

RellKloiiH  Belief.— The  Baptists,  with  the 
generality  of  ebritsliaii  ilennniiiiatloiis.  believe  In 
the  Hlvine  Trinity  of  Kiither,  Soti  and  Holy  (iliost, 
as  one  Sujiieiue  Being,  I'lf/itor  oT  all  things, 
Saviurof  all  men  who  believe  in  the  Lord  .lesuS 
Christ  and  His  atonement  for  sin,  and  the  sancti- 
fyink'.  enlik'litenmt;  antl  comforting  Influences  of 
the  Holy  i;li.ist  I. n  tlie  souls  of  mem  thesplritual 
unity  of  the  whole  biliiving  church  under  Christ, 
ItH  head,  and  m  the  diilv  of  inakiiiu'  this  unity 
visible  by  snbj.ction  to  Mini  mall  things.  They 
differ  from  other  den. imiiiatioris,  h'lwever.  In  per- 
sistently refusing  to  acknowledge  any  baptism 
complete  and  satisfactory  except  that  which 
immerses  the  entire  body  of  the  disciple  in  water; 
rejecting,  rigidlv,  all  other  forms  and  methods 
of  performing  this  important  rite.  Baptism,  to 
them,  is  an  essential  means  of  grace.  While  they 
do  not  believe  in  the  baptism  of  infants  of  an 
irresponsible  age,  and  consider  spiritual  rpialiflea- 
tion  necessary,  they  baptize  all  who  repent  and 
believe  the  gospel,  whether  in  childhood,  youth 
or  manhood,  and  frei|uently  wlude  households  are 
thus  engi-afted  on  the  church  of  (:;"hrist.  The 
majority  also  exercise  a  rigid  regulation  in  their 
churches  that  no  person  who  has  not  been  bap- 
tizeil  by  immersion  shall  be  permitted  to  partake 
of  the  bread  and  wine  In  the  sacrament  of  the 
Lord's  sujiper.  This  prohibition,  however,  has 
led  to  divisions,  and  the  doctrine  of  a  more  liberal 
comnmnion  is  by  some  now  strenuously  a<lvo- 
cated. 

Government.— The  church  povemnient  of 
the  baptists  IS  democratic,  or  ri.nirreiratioual. 
Each  elinrch  being  considered  entinly  dep<.-ndent 
on  Christ,  is  entirely  independent  of  all  others, 
and  complete  in  itself  for  the  choice  of  its  officers, 
declaration  of  faith,  and  the  reception,  dismissal 
or  discipline  of  its  members.  The  principle  of 
inter-communion  of  the  churches,  however,  is 
maintained  as  the  hiehest  form  of  visible  imity, 
and  should  never  be  Interrupted.  They  therefore 
associate  their  churches,  invite  councils  for 
advice,  and  organize  societies  for  mutual  co-oper- 
ation in  benevolent,  educational  or  missionary 
enterprises;  hut  no  association  claims  any  juris- 
diction over  individual  churches.     No  distinction 


■-"■^^i^^^^pJyffK^C^I 


exi'cpt  that  of  office  Is  made  between  clergymen 
and  laymen.  They  recognize  no  higher  church 
olll«'ers  than  nas'tors  and  deuconn.  Elders,  as 
evangelists  and  missionaries,  are.  after  due  trial, 
ordained  and  sent  tnit  t^^  preach  the  (fospeh 
Councils  are  usually  called  to  ordain  mlnlMt«rH, 
f<»rm  churches  and  settle  serious  difflcultlew. 

BranchcN.— In  England  there  are  two  parties, 
known  as  Particular  and  General  Baptists,  having: 
but  little  communication  with  each  other.  The 
latter  maintain  the  doctrine  of  general  redemp- 
tion and  the  other  points  of  the  Arminian  system, 
and  are  agreed  with  the  Particular  Baptists  <.nlv 
on  the  subject  of  baptism,  worship  and  church 
discipline.  The  Particular  Baptists  are  the  most 
nvimerous,  and  ernhnwe  the  (..'alvinistic  doctrine 
of  particular  redemi)lion,  or  election.  The  .Scot- 
tish Baptists  differ  in  various  respects  from  the 
English  Baptists,  and  nuiny  ritvisions  exist  among 
Ibemon  doctrinal  points.  In  the  L'nited  States 
there  are  several  dllferent  branches  of  the  Baptist 
church.— the  Seventh-Day  (or  Saturday  observer*) 
Free-Will.  Anti-Mission,  the  Six-Principle.  Tunk- 
ers,  Mennonttes.  CampbeHites  and  Church  of  God. 
The  Six  Pi  inejplc.  Meinionltes  and  Tunkeni  are  of 
forei^'n    OT  it;iii.    atid    are    lartfely    composed    of 

i grants    ii.,ni    Knk'l.iud.    Russia,    etc.,   driven 

from  their  native  UithIs  by  persecutions. 

American  Bnptlitdi.  —  Roger  Williams 
foimded  the  Ilrst  Baptist  church  in  America,  at 
Providence.  R.  L.  in  1(539.  and  it  is  now,  with  one 
exception,  the  largest  denomination  of  evangelical 
christians,  having  a  foothold  in  every  State  and 
Territory.  They  have  been  a  prosperous  people, 
and  have  done  much  for  the  cause  of  education. 
They  have  about  thiitv  colleges,  more  than  one 
hundred  academies  and  female  seminaries,  and 
nine  or  more  theological  schools,  besides  numer- 
ous publication  houses  in  several  cities  of  the 
Union,  and  supporting  nearly  fifty  denomina- 
tional periodicals.  Their  mission  work  is  very 
large,  extending  to  Canada.  Oregon.  California, 
New  Mexico  and  Havti;  in  France, Spain, Germany. 
Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway:  in  Africa,  India, 
Siam  and  China.  In  doctrine  the  Baptists  of  the 
United  States  are  Calvinistic.  with  nmch  freedom 
and  moderation.  The  total  population  attached 
to  Baptist  views  is  estimated  at  8,000,000,  and  the 
increase  is  very  rapid. 


M^^.- 


-^^jm^^-^l  ^'      THE 

SSj     Id- 
#^ 

HE  principles  of  Luther's  Reform- 
ation foimd  their  way  into  Scot- 
land about  the  year  1527,  where 
they  excited  the  apprehensions 
of  the  Catholic  priesthood  and 
led  to  a  series  of  persecutions 
upon  those  who  professed  the 
Protestant  faith.  Indeed,  from 
the  first  dawn  of  the  Reformation 
in  Scotland,  for  a  long  series  of 
years,  there  was  a  perpetual 
struggle  between  the  court  and 
the  people  for  the  establishment 
of  an  Kplscopal  or  Presbyterian 
form  of  \M.rship  and  church 
govi  inmenf.  The  celebrated 
house  ot  Stuart  advocated  the 
former  system,  but  the  latter  was  supported  by 
a  majority  of  the  people,  perhaps  because,  as  was 
not  the  ease  with  Episcopacy,  the  laity  and 
the  clergy  participated  together  in  church  juris- 
diction. 

The  first  adherents  of  this  form  of  church  gov- 
ernment in  England  were  those  Protestants  who 
returned  from  Germany,  to  which  place  they  had 
fled  for  refuge  in  the  time  of  Queen  Mary.  Com- 
ing back  in  the  generous  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
they  first  met  In  private  houses,  and  afterwards 
more  publicly,  to  worship  in  the  forms  of  the 
Genevan  service  book.  The  first  Presbyterian 
place  of  worship  was  erected  at  Wadsworth.  in 
Surrey,  where  they  also  formed  a  presbytery. 
Other    presbyteries    were    soon     established     at 


=t=5«— -^W— 3(f— -^5=r: 


PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH 


■®3r* 


other  points,  and  in  a  short  time  the  number  of 
Presbyterians  in  England  is  said  to  have  reached 
100,000.  In  Cromwell's  administration  the  famous 
Westminster  Assembly,  consisting  of  biO  minis- 
ters, was  held.  The  hope  was  that  Presbyterian- 
ism  would  be  made  the  established  religion  of 
England  by  act  of  Parliament;  but  a  law  was 
passed,  granting  freedom  of  thought  and  worship 
to  all  the  people,  a  measure  that  much  displeased 
the  Presbyterians. 

Charles  I.  attempted  to  assimilate  the  churches 
of  England  (Episcopal)  and  of  Scotland  (Presbyte- 
rian), but  his  overtures  were  met  with  a  fierce  and 
angry  revolution  i.'n  the  part  of  the  latter,  which 
fc^irni's  an  Important  chapter  in  the  history  of 
Great  Britain.  Episcopacv  was,  however,  re-estab- 
lished In  Scotland  by  Charles  II.  The  Presbyteri- 
ans, not  dismayed,  maintained  their  ground. 
Subsequently  an  arrangement  was  effected  by  a 
treaty  of  union,  in  1707,  continuing  Episcopacy  in 
England  and  establishing  Presbyterianism  as 
the  religion  of  Scotlond. 

To  John  Knox,  the  celebrated  and  intrepid 
reformer,  the  church  of  Scotland  owes  much. 
For  twelve  months,  after  coming  fresh  from  the 
Reformation  in  Switzerland,  he  labored  actively 
and  successfully  to  strengthen  the  cause  of 
ProtestJintism  in  Scotland.  From  the  time  of  his 
second  coming,  in  1559.  until  his  death,  in  1572,  the 
reformed  church  was  triumphant. 

Government.— The  primary  doctrine  of  the 
Presbyterians  is  the  representation  of  congrega- 
tions in  presbyteries,    etc,    by    their    delegated 


elders,  of  whom  the  preaching  elder,  or  minister, 
is  always  one.  This  system  of  chun*h  representa- 
tion is  partly  founded  on  the  example  of  the 
apostles  in  the  primitive  church,  as  set  forth  in 
Acts  XV.,  and  partly  on  the  general  unity  of  the 
church.  Particular  congregations  confide  the 
management  of  their  affairs  to  a  court  called  "the 
session,"  which  consists  of  the  minister  and  the 
other  elders,  the  minister  presiding,  but  each 
member  having  equal  power  and  an  equal  vote. 
From  the  decisions  of  this  court,  appeals  may  be 
taken  to  the  presbyter}',  which  usually  comprises 
the  ministers  of  a'  certain  number  of  congrega- 
tions and  one  ruling  elder  from  each  congrega- 
tion. Beyond  this  appeals  may  be  cair'ed  to  the 
higher  governing  bodies— the  synods  and  general 
assemblies.  The  general  assembly  is  the  highest 
court.,  to  which  the  synods  are  subordinate.  An 
order  of  deacons,  for  the  furtherance  of  its 
secular  affairs,  exists  in  some  churches,  while  in 
otliei-s  their  duties  devolve  on  the  elders.  The 
whole  care  of  the  flock  is  intrusted  to  the  teaching 
elders  and  the  ruling  elders. 

Whatever  dilTerence  may  exist  in  the  names  of 
the  several  judicatory  bodies  among  the  different 
branches  of  the  church,  as  well  as  in  minuter 
arrangements,  yet  any  church  embodying  the 
above  principles  is  strictly  a  Presbyterian  church. 

Kelleloas  Belief.- TheChurch  of  Scotland 
possesses  no  liturgy,  no  alta.r.  no  instrumental 
music,  no  sacred  vestments.  It  condemns  saint- 
worship;  observes  no  festival  days;  uses  extem- 
poraneous prayer;  teaches  that  all  its  ministers 


f 


40 


HISTORY    AND    BELIEF    OF    THE    COXGKEGATIOXALISTS. 


are  equal  in  commission,  and  that  bishops  and 
presbyters  are  the  same  in  ottlce;  baptism  is  per- 
formed by  sprinkling,  and  includes  infants;  and 
the  ring  is  omitted  in  the  marriage  service; 
believes  in  the  doctrine  of  spiritual  election,  and 
otherwise  indorses  the  ordinai-y  beliefs  of  ortho- 
dox Christianity,  the  atonement  of  Christ,  etc. 
Calvinism  maintains  the  doctrine  that  God  has 
chosen  certain  persons  to  be  saved  from  His 
Avrath  for  sin.  in  His  free  love  and  grace,  without 
the  least  foresight  of  faith,  good  works  or  any 
condition  performed  by  the  creature,  and  that 
the  rest  of  mankind  will  be  eternally   tormented. 

The  English  Presbyterians  are  less  attached  to 
Calvinism  than  the  Scotch,  and  differ  somewhat 
I'roin  them  in  their  church  government,  with 
more  latitude  of  religious  sentiment. 

In  the  United  States.— Presbyterianism 
was  introduced  into  Maryland  in  the  seventeenth 
centurj-  by  Francis  Makemie.  who  gathered  the 
scattered  elements  of  that  religion  in  that  State, 
who  were  immigrants  from  Scotland  and  the 
North  of  Ireland.  The  Presbytery  of  Philadel- 
phia (the  first)  was  constituted  in  1704.  In  1T16 
four  presbyteries  were  formed,  with  the  Synod  of 
Philadelphia.     They  were  not  harmonious,  but  all 


differences  were  settled  in  17.58.  The  first  general 
assembly  was  convened  at  Philadelphia,  in  1789. 
Since  then  Presbyterianisni  has  greatly  prospered 
in  this  country.  The  original  doctrines  of  the 
church  in  the  United  States  were  Calvinistic,  but 
were  followed  in  moderation.  From  an  early 
day  new  organizations  from  secessions  have 
sprung  up  and  attained  importance,  with  some 
changes  in  doctrine  and  government. 

The  Cumberland  Presbyterian  church  originated 
in  Kentucky  toward  the  close  of  the  last  century, 
and  is  now  a  large  and  infiuential  organization. 
The  United  Presbyterian  church  of  North  America 
was  organized  in  1782,  from  the  Associate  Re- 
formed and  the  Associate  Presbyterian  churches. 
The  union  of  these  churches  caused  another  dis- 
sension, which  resulted  in  the  foundation  of  the 
Reformed  Presbyterian  church  in  America. 

General  Council.— In  London,  July  21,  1875, 
a  conference  of  one  hundred  delegates  from  such 
Presbyterian  bodies  throughout  all  the  world  as 
acquiesced  in  a  plan  previously  promulgated, 
called  an  "  Alliance  of  reformed  churches 
throughout  the  world,"  and  formed  an  inorganic 
and  Co-operative,  voluntary  union,  to  promote 
mutual  sympathy  and   help,  diffuse  information, 


aid  in  mission  work,  promote  christian  reform  in 
appropriate  spheres,  and  oppose  infidelity  and 
religious  intolerance;  no  interference  with  the 
status  of  the  constituent  churches,  assuming 
no  church  authority,  and  requiring  no  changes 
of  doctrine. 

Xhe  Cumberland  Church.  —  When  the 
Cumberland  Presbyterians  organized,  they  in- 
dorsed the  doctrines  of  the  .American  Presbyterian 
church,  except  "the  fatality  of  predestination" 
(Calvinism)  and  the  requisition  of  an  academical 
education  for  the  ministry. 

Elsewhere.— Presbyterianisni  has  also  a  firm 
foothold  in  Canada  and  Ireland. 

Xhe  New  Il.lKht«. — An  important  division 
occurred  in  the  United  States  in  1838,  whereby  the 
American  Presbyterian  church  was  divided  into 
two  great  sections,  commonly  known  as  the  Old 
School  and  New  School  Presbyterianisni.  The 
first  maintained  strong  Calvinistic  doctrines;  the 
latter  a  modified  indorsement  of  the  same  tenets. 
Both  churches  prospered  and  extended  over  the 
whole  country,  instituted  and  supported  missions 
in  various  heathen  lands,  and  finally,  in  1869, 
they  reunited. 


THE  CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCH. 


ONGIIEGATIONALISM. 
church    government 


a     system     of 
hich    was    origi- 


;ip  nally  designed   to   be   used    by  several 
'^^  denominations  of  Protestant  christians. 


naintains  that  each    congregation  of 

orshipers,   meeting   regularly  in  one 

ipj^  place,  is  a  complete  church,  formed  by 
■£^7     the  free  consent  and  mutual  agreement 
of  its  members,  adopting  it.s   own  rules 
of  government,  and  is  subject  to  no  con- 
trol from  other  churches. 

This  system  was  originated  in  the  time 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  from  the  desire  of 
certain  members  of  the  Church  of  England  to 
establish  a  purer  church,  and  determined,  at  all 
hazards,  to  enjoy  the  rights  of  conscience.  On 
this  account  they  were  stigmatized  with  the  gen- 
eral name  of  "Puritans,"  and  since  then  they 
have  been  generally  known  by  that  name.  The 
Congregationalistsof  the  United  States,  but  first  in 
New  England,  are  the  descendants  of  this  people. 
H  iHtory.— The  first  recorded  organization 
occurred  in  England  in  1583,  under  the  auspices 
of  one  Robert  Browne;  but  it  is  thought  that 
churches  had  been  previously  founded  on  these 
principle^*  as  far  back  as  in  the  days  of  Edward 
VI.  and  Queen  Mary.  Browne's  church,  however, 
was  soon  broken  up,  and  he  and  many  of  his 
congregation  fled  to  Holland.  There  he  re-estab- 
lished the  organization,  but  it  fell  into  dissensions 
after  his  return  to  England  and  soon  dissolved. 
In  England  the  system  was  also  separittfd  by  the 
opinions  of  its  adherents.  Some  <''iiitinu''(l  to 
recognize  the  Church  of  England  as  a  true  church, 
and  refused  to  leave  her,  but  demanded  that  her 
discipline  should  be  reformed,  and  her  bishops 
rank  as  the  heads  of  the  presbytei-s,  nor  did  they 
recognize  the  doctrine  of  the  liberty  of  oon- 
scirnce.  These  were  known  a-;  thf  ('.irifnrniinyr 
Puritans.  The  others,  or  Nori-<'nnl*..i mivt^.  would 
enter  into  no  compromise  with  the  E^tahlisluMl 
Church.  They  desired  its  utter  overthrow,  with 
nil  its  machinery,  ceremonie-s  and  forms,  and  to 
build  upon  its  nifns  churches  after  the  pure  and 
Kimple  model  of  the  first  christian  ni>ostles.  At 
least  Mvtr  of  the  Noii  i  ■uiifoi  iiii-.t^  wnr  i-xi-ruted 
iiy  tin-  govL'inmriit  fi.i'  ini-iilv  ndvi.iatini;  tlu'ir 
princijjlcs.  In  nddition.  in  I.'"i!''.!,  an  act  was  passi'd 
iiiiprl.sonlng  and  bani>hing  from  tin- kirigdon 


of  discretionary  years  who  should  embrace  the 
doctrines  of  the  Non-Conformist  or  refuse  to  attend 
the  services  of  the  Established  Church.  In  conse- 
quence of  this  law  a  number  of  the  proscribed 
people  went  to  Holland — how  many  is  not  known, 
but  the  Dutch  treated  them  with  little  favor, 
owing  to  prejudices  derived  from  the  slanders  of 
English  prelates.  In  time,  however,  these  bad 
impressions  were  removed,  and  churches  were 
established  in  several  cities  of  Holland,  where 
they  continued  to  flourish  for  more  than  one  hun- 
dred years. 

At  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the  act  of  banish- 
ment, in  England,  it  was  estimated  that  there 
were  20.000  Non-Conformists  in  the  kingdom. 
Those  who  remained  in  England  were  subsequently 
ti'eated  with  more  kindness  and  allowed  greater 
liberty  of  conscience  during  the  latter  part  of 
Queen  Elizabeth's  reign.  In  the  reign  of  her  suc- 
cessor, James  VI.,  a  new  series  of  acts  was  passed 
by  which  conformity  to  the  Established  Church 
was  rigidly  enforced,  on  pain  of  excommunica- 
tion. Thus  the  Puritans  were  silenced,  and  many 
sought  relief  in  flight. 

Among  others  who  fled  from  the  country  amid 
painful  persecution  was  one  John  Robinson,  a 
Non-Conformist  minister,  and  part  of  his  congrega- 
tion, from  the  North  of  England.  Going  to  Hol- 
land, about  the  year  lfi08.  they  remained  at 
Leyden  for  about  ten  years,  during  which  they 
prospered  and  the  church  increased. 

In  America.— In  1617.  owing  to  the  contam- 
inating influences  of  society  in  Holland.  Mr. 
Robinson  and  his  friends  meditated  a  removal  to 
North  America,  where  in  the  wilds  of  that  new 
country  they  hoped  to  be  instrumental  in  convert- 
ing the  native  savages  and  securing  the  broadest 
liberty  of  r-unsciencc.  Negotiations  were  begun 
wiih  ill--  c'lii.tiy  of  Virginia,  but  the  liberty  of 
C'.iisri.MU'r  that  they  so  much  desired  could  not  be 
assured  to  th-in  there. 

In  1619  a  grantof  land  in  America  was  obtained, 
but  as  ships  enough  could  not  be  procured  to  con- 
vey the  entire  Holland  church  across  the  Atlantic, 
Mr.  Robinwon  and  a  part  of  his  conprcgntinn 
remained  at  Leyden,  while  the  others,  uiidir  I\1i1it 
Brewster,  sailed.  Discouraging  <'iiriirn>t!iiii.s 
twice  caused  them  to  return,  but  at  l.i^t,  in  Die 
Mayflower,  one  hundretl  succeeded  in  landing  at 


Plymouth,  in  Massachusetts.  December  22.  1620. 
Ten  years  they  struggled  against  serious  hard- 
ships and  adverse  circumstances,  but  then  and 
there  and  subsequently  they  established  the 
present  Congregational  Church  of  America— a 
church  that  has  given  to  the  world  some  of  its 
most  talented  and  pious  divines,  materially  aided 
in  fonuing  the  best  and  greatest  of  our  national 
institutions,  and  done  much  in  framing  the  char- 
acter of  the  American  people. 

Present     Form     of    Govemnjent.— The 

Congregational  form  of  church  government  was 
in  effect,  if  not  altogether  in  name,  established  in 
Massachusetts  and  in  New  England  generally. 
With  it  any  body  of  men  united  together  for 
religious  worship  constituted  a  church,  perfect 
and  complete  in  all  its  parts.  From  this  principle 
the  whole  system  may  logically  be  deduced.  It  is 
a  voluntary  union,  leaving  each  church  (self- 
created,  in  one  sense)  independent  of  every  other, 
except  so  far  as  it  is  bound  by  those  laws  of 
christian  intercourse  which  govern  societies 
equally  with  individuals.  It  can  elect  its  own 
officers,  admit  and  exclude  membei"s  at  wjU.  and 
whatever  the  Bible  recognizes  as  coming  within  the 
province  of  a  christian  church.  The  only  church 
officers  now  recognized  by  the  Congregationalists 
are  pastors  and  deacons,  the  office  of  elder  having 
been  dropped  more  than  a  century  ago.  Deacons 
are  chosen  by  the  votes  of  the  church,  and  gener- 
ally they  are  ordained  by  tin-  iinpo-^ilion  of  liands. 
To  dismiss  a  pastor,  a.  niut'inl  r.iuncii  of  ministers 
of  neighboring  churches  is  I'oininoiily  called.  The 
power  of  licensing  pasturs  is  now  generally  in- 
trusted to  associations  of  p)istoi"s,  whicli  embrace 
all  within  certain  local  limits.  The  ordinary 
meetings  of  these  associated  pastors  are  for  per- 
sonal improvement,  mutual  counsel  and  advice. 
This  denomination  is  one  of  the  most  prosperous 
in  the  United  States. 

Reliorloufi  Belief.— Implicit  reliance  on  the 
christian  scriptures  is  an  i'ssential  part  of  their 
faith  and  polity,  and  no  doctrine  not  round  therein 
is  to  be  received.  Calvinism  exists  as  a  prominent 
feature  with  the  usual  i>rlli.nli.x  bt-licfs.  infant 
and  adult  baptism  by  s|ninkliiig.  tlu-  sacianient 
of  the  Lord's  supper,  to  In-  partaken  of  by  all 
christians  jtresent,  etc. 


^■ 


-^^ITHE  METHODISTS  IN  ENGLAND  AND  AMERICA.  If^         f^ 


^fa/c^Tr&v. 


1^  lU'^       I.IOtll 

S  OtllLTS,     Se 

'  S  in^s    for 

'  "^  soi-iptures 


L(>W  state  of  religion  and  mor- 
ality prevailed  in  KuKlaiid  in 
the  early  part  of  the  i'i(jhtcenth 
t-enturv.  In  1729.  John  Wesley, 
now  fiiiiioiis  us  Ihe  founder  <>f 
M.  llii..lisrii.iiiul  Ihrii  a  in-eslnter 
in  I  In'  <  iMii.'h  ..f  Kiik'land.  with 
Ijrothrr  Charles  and  tw.i 
set  apart  certain  even- 
reiuling  the  orijrinal 
■iptures  and  prayei-.  Their 
littl.-  i-iiL-le  was  subsequently 
in.-i,iis(d  hy  thf  adnii>sn)n  of 
fi.iii-.itluTS,  -.IK-  -if  vvlnirri  was 
aftiTwai'ds  the  (■■■h-hnitt'd  evan- 
gelist,George  Whiterteld.  Their 
sphere  of  work  was  then  extend- 
ed to  visiting  prisoners,  and 
the  sick  poor  in  the  town;and 
their  private  meetings,  further  eidarged  by  new 
members,  became  more  religious.  They  now 
numbered  fifteen,  "all  of  one  heart  and  one 
mind  "  in  piety  and  charity,  and  were  irreverently 
called  the  "  Godly  Club,"  and  afterwards  "  Meth- 
odists." 

In  the  latter  part  of  1739.  eight  or  ten  persona 
came  to  Mr.  Wesley  in  London,  "who  ai)peared  to 
be  deeply  convicted  of  sin  and  earnestly  groaning 
for  redemption."  With  these  he  formed  the  first 
Methodist  class-meeting.  They  met  every  Thurs- 
day evening,  and.  soon  growing  in  numbei-s,  they 
then  and  there  received  such  advice  from  Mr. 
Wesley  as  he  judgi-it  was  most  nt-fiifiil  for  them, 
and  engntred  in  di'\'i>ti"nal  t-xiTrj-i's.  This  was 
the  origin  of  that  wmld  wide  d<'in>iinnation  now 
known  as  Methodists,  wliich,  whatever  peculiar- 
ities distinguish  its  several  branches,  remains 
essentially  in  doctrine  and  government  very  much 
as  Mr.  Wesley  established  it. 

Hlntory.— Mr.  Wesley,  in  1735,  visited  Amer- 
ica in  the  furtherance  of  his  project  of  establish- 
ing the  principles  of  a  pure  religion,  but  met  with 
no  tlattfiirik'  -nneess.  and  returned  home.  In  1738 
Rev.  (n-iiikT''  W'liiterield  also  came  to  America,  and 
by  tlu>  hiilliim  y  of  his  oratory  and  influential 
presence  created  a  remarkable  enthusiasm  in  the 
religious  world.  Whitelield  returned  to  America 
seven  times,  preaching  along  the  Atlantic  coast, 
visiting  Georgia,  the  Caiolinas,  Maryland  and 
Virginia  and  the  Bermudas;  but  while  he  labored 
successfully  in  the  cause  of  benevolence,  he  estab- 
lished no  separate  congreg.ations.  On  some  points 
of  belief  he  and  Mr.  Wesley  differed. 

After  a  prosperous  growth  in  England,  Method- 
ism was  introduced  as  an  organization  into  the 
United  States  about  1766,  when  a  few  Methodists 
from  Ii'eland  settled  in  New  York.  Preachers 
were  sent  over  by  Mr.  Wesley,  and  in  1773  the  first 
regular  conference  was  held  in  Philadelphia. 
Eleven  years  later  American  Methodism  became 
independent  of  the  English  organization,  and 
Thomas  Coke  and  Francis  Asbury  were  commis- 
sioned as  bishops  in  America  by  Mr.  Wesley,  and 


they  were  so  received.  '  H.-fon- thi- close  of  the 
century  Methodism  had  rxt.  ruled  w.slwurd  to  the 
Mississipjpl  river,  into  f:ari;nl;i,  and  pro-piri-d  In 
New  England.  In  1812  Its  rpK-iiilins  h.id  inin-ased 
to  nioii-  than  lH.'i.OOO.  wilh  in-urlv  700  pniichcrs. 
It  iiilr.iductd  tin-  Sund.iv  s.|,.,..l  Into  t  his  cutintry, 
eslablishe.t  a  publishirig  house,  and  took  ad- 
vanced giuurid  in  the  cau.se  ot   lernperanee. 

The  <}f»vernineiil:.  —The  general  conference 
meets  once  in  lour  years,  and  is  composed  of 
clergy  and  hiy  delegates  from   all    dioceses.       It 

electa  bishops,  niLssionary  and  cdn-ii il    si-cre- 

taries,  book-agents  and  its  periodn. I  niiii.i^,  and 
is  the  final  court  of  appeals:  trn-  l.i-li.i.-  and 
cases  of  niijii-al  from  tin-  Jtnnii;il  (■-.iilii  i-nces. 
The  anini.il  .■..rilVi  .-urcs  aiv  held  in  airh  dn>cese, 
and  pir-i.ied  ..MI  l.v  ji  l.isli,,p,  ()!.■  I.i-ln.ps  not 
being  conlin.-d  111  thfir  mimstrat  imis  to  uny  one 
diocese.  This  conference  consists  of  traveling 
preachers,  whom  it  locatcH,  and  over  whose  char- 
acters and  labors  it  holds  supervision.  Tlie  dis- 
trict conference  is  controlled  hv  the  presiding 
elder  of  the  district,  pa.sturs,  l.jcal  preac-hers. 
exhorters  and  one  steward,  and  the  Sunday-school 
sujjerintendent  from  eaeli  pa-sti>ia!  i-harge.  It 
licenses  local  preachers,  and  commends  them  for 
ordination  or  admission,  and  looks  after  the 
financial,  educational  and  benevolent  interests  of 
the  district.  The  quarterly  conference  consists 
of  the  pastor,Iocal  preachers, exhorters.  stewai-ds, 
class-leadei-s,  trustees  and  Sunday-school  suiierin- 
tendents  of  a  single  pastoral'  charge,  over  which 
it  has  supervision.  The  class-leaders  and  stew- 
ards usually  hold  a  meeting  for  each  church  once 
a  month,  presided  over  by  the  pastor,  and  care 
for  the  sick  and  needy,  guard  the  discipline  of 
the  members,  recommend  persons  for  member- 
ship and  for  license  to  exhort.  Each  church  is 
also  divided  into  classes  under  pious  leadei'ship, 
who  meet  weekly  for  testimony,  prayer  and 
counsel  as  to  their  spiritual  welfare.  The  minis- 
try consists  of  bishops  and  traveling  preachers, 
the  latter  being  obliged  to  change  their  charges 
every  three  years.  The  bishops  preside  over  the 
annual  and  missionary  conferences,  station  the 
ministers,    arrange   the   preaching  districts,  etc. 

nfethodlflm    In    the     United     States.— 

Tlie  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  the  United 
States  is  divided  into  two  sections,  Xorth  and 
South,  with  separate  jurisdirtitm-.  and  controlling 
interests,  but  similar  toeurh  utln-r  in  executive 
powers  and  divisions.  Bodi  air  thrifty  institu- 
tions, and  have  large  intinberships.  and  their 
many  educational,  publishing,  benevolent  and 
missionary  institutions  exert  a  wide  influence  on 
the  prosperity  of  their  respective  sections. 

Branches. — The  church,  both  in  England  and 
America,  has,  from  time  to  time,  experienced 
secessions  and  the  formation  of  new  organiza- 
tions, with  more  or  less  important  changes  in 
discipline  and  point*  of  doctrine.  In  Great 
Britain  we  have  the  Wesieyan  (original  i  Metlu>d 
ists,    the  Calvinistic,    the     New    Connection,    the 


Primitive,  the  United  Free,  the  lUble  Chr^Htlan 
and  the  Irish  Primitive  Methodlj*tK,  with  Keveral 
minor  divlnlons.  In  America,  hesidei*  the  main 
divisionsof  a  .Vorth  and  South  church,  there  are 
the  African  MethudlMt  Episcopal,  the  Methodist 
I'rrjtewtant,  the  Wcnh-yan  Connection.  Canadian 
Methodists,  the  Evangelical  Association,  the 
United  Brethren  in  Christ  and  the  Free  Meth- 
odists. 

RellKlouN  Beller.— Faith  in  the  Holy  Trinity 
a-s  one  GcmI;  the  combined  divine  and  human 
natures  of  Christ,  who  sullered.  was  cruciHed. 
deiul  and  buried,  in  order  to  atone  for  the  wins  of 
men;  who  rose  again  from  the  dead,  and  ascended 
to  heaven  as  the  Jledlator  between  God  and  man. 
to  return  again  a-s  the  Judge  of  men  at  the  last 
day;  the  divine  identity  of  the  Holy  Ghost  with 
God;  the  siitllci.-ncy  of  the  holy  scriptures  for  all 
necessai  \  iii-ti  luiion  as  to  salvation;  the  doctrine 
of  oiigiriiil  MO  maintained;  man's  free  will  to 
tpurii  to  Uod  for  salvation  declared;  man  justified 
alone  by  faith  in  Christ  as  the  only  and  all-suffi- 
cient Savior;  good  works  of  no  value  beyond 
testifying  to  one's  faith,  and  In  that  ca.se  pleasing 
God;  sin,  rejH,'ntanoe  and  foi'giveness  may  follow 
one's  first  conversion  from  sin;  the  visible  church 
of  Christ  found  in  his  faithful  followers;  denial 
of  the  doctrine  of  pui-gatory,  woi-ship  of  images, 
etc..  public  service  to  be  carried  on  in  tht-  common 
language  of  the  pe<»|de.  the  sacrarm  iit>  of  liapti-m 
and  the  I-ord's  supjter  not  savintc  ordimuiCL-s; 
infant  baptism  pi-rmitted;  masses  declared  to  be 
blasphcni.nis  .aul  il.-reitliil;  permitting  the  mar- 
riage (if  ministf-rs;  changes  in  rites  or  ceremonies 
permitted:  rt-t^ognition  of  the  civil  government 
of  the  United  States  declared;  a  community  of 
goods  in  the  church  denied,  but  the  duty  of  alms- 
giving urged;  the  nature  and  righteousness  of  a 
christian  man's  oath  in  court  justiii.-d.  Tlle^^.■  are 
the  main  principles  of  the  .M.lJji.dlst  fhiiich. 
whose  "general  rules"  require  a  ^luft  ^mcj  pnnis 
observance  of  public  and  private  duty  in  common 
life,  touching  our  own  and  our  neighbor's  wel- 
fare. These  general  rules  forbid  doing  harm  or 
evil  of  any  kind,  such  as  profanity,  sabbath-break- 
ing, drunkenness,  buying  and  selling  slaved; 
fighting,  'luarieling,  retuming  evil  for  evil,  law- 
suits, bantering,  dealing  in  smuggled  goods, 
taking  usury,  uncharitable  and  unprotilable  con- 
versation: speaking  evil  of  magistrates  or  minis- 
tei-s;  doing  toothers  what  we  would  not  wish  them 
to  do  to  us,  wearing  gold  ornaments  and  costly 
apparel;  unholy  anmsement.  singing  secular 
songs  orunprolltable  books;  softness  of  "living  and 
self-indulgence;  laying  up  treasure  on  earth; 
borrowing  without  a  probability  of  paying; 
requiring  members  to  evidence  their  desire  for 
salvation  by  doing  good  to  all  men,  exercising 
mercy  and  charity,  by  being  diligent  and  finigal; 
attending  public  worship,  hearing  or  reading  the 
Bible:  partaking  of  the  Lord's  supper,  praying  in 
private  and  in  the  family;  searching  the  scrip- 
tures, and  by  fasting  or  abstinence. 


<$>-4t^^> 


THE  UNITARIAN  DENOMINATION. 


;|-^ 


ISTORY.— The     Unitarians    trace 
tin    history  of  their  doctrines  back  to 
Aims,  a  liberal  bishop  who   lived  in 
Alexandria  in  the  fourth  century.    In 
182.>    the  British  and  Foreign  Unitar- 
_  ian   Association  was  founded.     It   is 
.    JT  devoted  to  the  dis.semination  of  Uni- 
■^  ^'S'''"'  '^  tarian  literature,  and  the  promotion 
c/^\»        of  missionary  efforts,  philanthropy, 

*  etc. 

In  Anierleii.— From  the  earlv  i^cttlement  of 
New  Kn-l.in.l.  tin- li.irli  ims  ..f  rn'itaiiainsm  were 
man!t.->t.  In  isi:,  ih,-  lii-cii-viun  l.i.>t\v  .-.-ii  Dr. 
Chaiiiiing  and  hr.  Wurce^trr  rfsultfd  in  the  sep- 
aration of  the  Unitarians  from  the  Congregation- 
alists.  and  the  establishment  of  a  distinct  .sect  of 
the  former.  This  movement  was  followed  by  the 
secession  of  a  large  number  of  Congregationalist 
ministei-s  and  churches  to  the  Unit-arian  fold  from 
Boston    and    its    vicinity,   and   Harvard    College 


passed  into  their  hands.  Since  then  Unitarianism 
lias  widt'Iy  spr.-ad  and  prospered  in  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States,  and  in  other  parts  of  the 
world.  It>  advocates  number  many  talented  and 
popular  preachers  and  writers,  and  it  has  origi- 
n.ated  numerous  educational  institutions.  Persecu- 
tion followed  it  in  Hungary  and  Transylvania  for 
a  while,  but  it  has  since  then  increased  its  influ- 
ence, especially  in  the  latter  country,  where  they 
number  about  60.000  or  more. 

ReliariouH  Belief.— The  Unitarians  believe 
that  there  is  but  one  God.  the  Father  and  Creator 
of  all  men,  who  is  superior  in  might  and  g^)vem- 
ment  to  all  other  beings,  having  no  equal.  They 
consequently  deny  Christ  was  himself  divine,  but 
admit  that  his  disposition  and  life  partook  of  the 
divine  nature.  They  reject  the  doctrine  of  total 
depravity,  moral  inability  and  the  necessity  of  a 
vicarious  atonement  for  sin.  Some  individuals 
accept  the  doctrine  of  the  fall  of  Adam,  but  deny 


its  power  to  destroy  the  inbred  rectitude  of  human 
nature,  while  others  do  not  totally  reject  the 
redeeming  office  of  Christ,  and  others  again  con- 
Hne  His  missiou  on  earth  to  that  of  an  exemplar 
and  a  teacher.  Unitarianism  beyond  this  ha,s  no 
creed  to  bind  its  followers.  It  recognizes  the  rites 
of  baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper.  It  is  liberal  in 
all  things.  Christmas  and  Easter  are  commonly 
recognized  as  festivals.  Some  regard  the  chris- 
tian gospel  as  a  means  of  redemption  for  the 
human  race,  and  others  recognize  it  as  an  expo- 
nent of  natural  religion,  with  precept*,  truths, 
laws.  etc..  tending  to  exalt  the  individual  life. 
The  Unitarians  claim  fellowship  in  belief  with  the 
Jewish  tenet  of  one  God.  to  which  thev  say  that 
the  tt-achings  of  Christ  and  His  disciples  in  the 
New  Testament  strictly  conform.  Controversies  in 
the  early  church,  they  claim,  impaired  this  belief 
and  made  way  for  the  opposite  doctrine  of  the 
Holy  Trinity. 


1 


^ 


42 


UNIVERSALISTS    AXD    QUAKERS. 


::<m 


14 
M 


THE    UNIVERSALISTS 


4--^i''N». 


^  HE  Universalists  claim 
that  their  peculiar 
doctrines  may  be 
found  outlined  in  the 
writings  of  tlie  early 
christians,  especially 
in  the  "SybilHne  Ora- 
cles," which  taught 
the  doctrine  of  the 
final  restoration  of 
lost  souls,  and  that 
Clement,  Origen  and 
others  advocated  the 
same  doctrine.  Uni- 
versalism  is  traced  in  strength  in  Europe,  through 
the  fifth,  twelfth,  fourteenth,  fifteenth  and  six- 
teenth centuries.  In  England  it  received  the 
sanction  of  eminent  members  of  the  Established 
Chui-ch,  and  is  now  widely  spread  in  Eurojieah 
nations  and  America. 

.Since  the  arrival  of  Rev,  John  Murray  in  the 
United  States,  in  1770,  it  has  spread  here  with 
great  rapitiity,  having  a  place  in  most  of  the 
states,  with  a  large  membership,  numerous  im- 
portant educational  institutions,  periodicals,  etc. 
In  England  Universalism  was  organized  about 
1750,  in  the  city  of  London,  under  the  preaching 
of  Rev.  John  Kelly,  who  held,  with  his  congre- 
gation, to  a  modified  form  of  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity,  which  gives  to  Universalism  in  that  coun- 
try a"  character  that  it  does  not  possess  in 
the  United  States.  The  Unitarians  in  England 
are  generally  Universalists  in  sentiment  and 
preaching,    and  all.  or  nearly  all,  Universalists 


who  embrace  the  doctrine  of  the  divine  unity 
combine  with  the  Unitarians,  so  that  the  Univer- 
salists. as  a  denomination,  do  not  increase  as 
rapidly  a.s  in  the  United  Stiites. 

Rellgiouft  Belief.— In  the  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  United  States,  held  at  Winchester,  N. 
H..  in  18i>3.  the  following  profession  of  faith  was 
formed  and  published; 

"We  believe  that  the  holy  scriptures  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testaments  contain  a  revelation  of  the 
character  and  will  of  God.  and  of  the  duty,  inter- 
est and  linal  destination  of  mankind. 

"We  believe  there  is  one  God,  whose  nature  is 
love:  revealed  in  one  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  by  one 
Holy  Spirit  of  Grace,  who  will  finally  restore 
the  whole  family  of  mankind  to  hohness  and 
happiness. 

"We  believe  that  holiness  and  true  happiness 
are  inseparably  connected;  and  that  believers 
ought  to  maintiiin  order  and  practice  good  works, 
for  these  things  are  good  and  protttable  unto 
men." 

As  the  principal  doctrine  that  distinguishes  the 
Universalists  from  other  christian  believers  is  the 
final  restoration  of  mankind  to  eternal  holiness 
and  happiness,  the  following  extended  article  of 
faith  will  perhaps  throw  light  upon  the  reasons 
for  this  belief: 

"Believing  that  the  scriptures  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments  are  profitable  for  doctrine, 
reproof,  correction  and  instruction  in  righteous- 
ness, that  the  servant  of  God  may  be  thoroughly 
furnished  unto  good  works,  and  whoso  that  prop- 
erly readeth  them  becomes  wise  unto  salvation, 


we  do  most  devoutly  believe  that  every  promise 
and  every  threatening  made  in  them  and  relating 
to  a  period  yet  future  will  be  fully  performed  and 
completely  fulfilled,  to  the  honor,  glory  and 
praise  of  God,  and  to  the  benefit,  satisfaction  and 
final  salvation  of  man.  We  do  not,  therefore, 
believe  that  the  law  (or  threatenings)  is  against 
the  gospel  tor  promises),  for  the  promises  were 
first  made  unto  Abraham,  and  the  law  was  given 
to  Moses  i30  years  afterwards,  not  to  tmnut.  but 
to  confirm,  the  promises.  Therefore  will  all  eh;!-, 
tisement  but  tend  to  produce  the  ble^MiiK's 
promised  for  all  the  nations,  families  and  kin- 
dreds of  the  earth,  in  Christ,  the  chosen  Seed." 

They  also  teach,  and  constantly  enforce  in  their 
preachings  and  writings,  that  salvation  is  not 
shelter  nor  safety,  nor  escape  from  present  or 
future  punishment.  It  is  inward  and  spiritual, 
and  not  from  any  outward  evil,  but  deliverance 
from  error,  unbelief,  sin,  the  tyranny  of  the  flesh 
and  its  hurtful  lusts  into  the  liberty  and  blessed- 
ness of  a  holy  life,  and  supreme  love  to  God  and 
man.  They  urge  on  all  to  seek  salvation,  not  from 
the  torments  of  a  future  hell,  but  from  the  pres- 
ent captivity  and  sin.  No  one  is  wholly  saved  in 
this  life,  but  all  men  are  saved,  in  a  greater  or 
less  degree  after  death ;  in  other  words,  that 
man's  probationary  state  will  continue  until 
Christ  shall  have  fully  completed  His  work  of 
redemption  and  surrendered  His  kingdom  to  the 
Father. 

GoTernnienl.~The  government  of  the  Uni- 
versalist  church  is  ecclesiastical  and  congrega- 
tional, the  United  Convention  being  the  final 
court  of  appeal  in  all  cases  of  fellowship  and 
discipline. 


Government  and  Belief  of  the  Quakers, 


HE  religious  society  of 
Friends,  commonly  called 
Quakers,  was  originated  in 
England,  about  the  middle 
of  the  seventeenth  century, 
by  George  Fox,  a  shoe- 
maker, who  was  much 
given  to  meditation.  Con- 
sidering the  low  state  of 
religitm  among  the  people, 
and  their  worldly-minded- 
ness  {hv  himself  having 
always  led  a  religious  lifel. 
he  became  troubled  because 
the  teachings  and  practices 
of  the  Established  Church, 
in  which  he  was  reared,  did 
not  give  to  Its  members  tliat 
victory  over  sin  which  the 
gospel  enjoins.  He  with- 
drew into  retirement  and 
studied  the  scriptures,  with 
a  desire  rightly  to  under- 
stand them.  Some  time 
afterwards  he  commenceii 
his  labors  as  a  preacher, 
traveling  through  England  mostly  on  foot,  and 
refusing  all  compensation  for  his  preaching. 
His  earnestness,  piety  and  Hible  teachings  were 
crowned  with  gratifying  success,  and  in  a  few 
years  a  large  number  of  persons  had  (embraced 
the  doctrines  which  he  preached.  His  success, 
however,  woh  attended  with  a  ncries  of  severe 
ncrHfciitions  from  the  priesthood  of  the  Estab- 
IlMhed  Church  and  Its  adlierentH.  but  his  doctrines 
grew  In  favor  with  the  people.  In  Cromwell's 
lime  he  first  despised  the  Foxltes;  and  subse- 
'juently  he  endeavored  to  purchase  their  infiuencc, 
but  In  thiM  he  failed;  they  were  above  comiptlon. 
In  a  few  years  meetings  were  cHtabllshcd  In 
rirarly  all  parlM  of  (Jreat  Britain,  and  although 
the  FriendM  were  subjected  to  extfUHlve  Individual 


persecution,  whippings,  imprisonment,  loss  of 
property,  etc. ,  their  nunibei"s  continued  to 
mcrease,  so  that  their  religion  flourished  in  Hol- 
land and  other  countries. 

In  America.— About  the  year  1655,  the  first 
Friends  arrived  in  .\merica,  at  Boston,  and  began 
their  religious  labors  among  the  people,  many  of 
wh'Uri  cniljiarfd  their  il<'i;triiies.  But  the  spirit 
of  i-fr-erntiuii  followni  th.-iii  in  N.-w  KriL'land.  as 
in  t 'Id  F,Tik'luUil:  vurimis  piini-hniiiils  were 
inllictcd  \ip<ju  Iheiii.  and  fmir  suffered  death  on 
the  gallows  for  conscience"  sake.  Yet.  as  in  Eng- 
land, their  doctrines  widely  spread;  other  Friends 
came  from  Englniul,  and  in  1682  the  celebrated 
William  Penn  brought  more  with  him  and 
founiled  his  colony  in  Pennsylvania.  .\t  that 
day,  from  Boston  to  North  Carolina,  along  the 
Atlantic  coast,  the  religion  grew  and  meetings 
were  established. 

Why  Calletl  Quakera.— It  was  George 
Fox's  expressed  opinion  that  the  scriptures,  as  the 
word  of  God.  ."(hould  be  read  and  heard  with 
quaking  and  trembling;  hence  the  n.ame  "Qua- 
kers" soon  became  attached  to  this  class  of 
worshipers. 

Oovernmeiit.— The  gnvei-niiient  of  the  Qua- 
kers Is  cnngiegatloiml.  with  Chiist  as  their 
Supreme  Head,  as  one  wlio  is  present  with  them 
in  all  their  assemblages,  by  His  Spirit.  Four 
grades  of  meetings  are  held.  A  preparative 
meeting,  to  prepare  business  for  the  monthly 
mcttiiiM-s;  in  th.-s.-  the  <-xcrutive  di-purttiunt  uf 
tb.-  rlisciplim-  is  .■hiclly  hHlt."-d.  Vim?  in  ly  rn.-.l- 
ing-.  whi-h  ivi-rris."  a -^iiprrviNoiy  <;it-'  mv.-i  Hi.- 
monthly  meetings,  examining  their  ciinditinn, 
and  advising  or  asKlsttng  as  may  be  required. 
Annual  meetings,  which  include  the  whole,  pos- 
sessing legislative  powent,  and  annually  investi- 
gate the  state  of  the  whole  body,  one  or  two 
Friends  of  eai-h  sex  are  appointed  as  ((verseers. 
to   labor  with  offenders,  etf.      The  women,  also. 


have  overseers  appointed  to  extend  christian  care 
and  advice  to  their  own  sex.  Meetings  of  minis- 
ters and  elders  are  also  held,  the  latter  being 
prudent  members  of  the  society,  to  regulate  the 
conduct  of  the  ministry. 

Rellfffioiis  Belief  or  Quakers. —The 
Friends  believe  in  the  Divine  Tiinity,  as  do  ortho- 
dox christians;  in  one  ,\lniij,'htv.  All-wise  (Joil. 
the  Cival.Tof  all  things.  They  believe  in  Tliiist; 
in  Hi^  (liKil  natuie.  and  in  Mis  ledempi  inn. 
mediation,  and  .nlvocaey  of  men.  They  belie\e 
in  the  enlightening,  directing,  strengtlit-nint,'. 
helping  and  comforting  influences  of  the  Hi.iv 
Ghost.  They  believe  in  the  fa. 1  of  man  tlii.Miirii 
sin;  in  man's  salvation  from  sin  tlii-outrli  the 
saiTlflce  uf  (.'hrist.  As  many  as  believe  in  ami 
obey  Chiist  receive  a  holy,  pure  :iiid  -I'liiiniil 
birth,  lJ^l^^:in^;  forlh  in  them  holine^-,  ii;:iilrniis- 
ne^s,  piiiitv  ,.tnl  ..III,  r  rrnils  ae.-eptal.le  t.i  liod, 
Thev  b,|i,  ^,.  n,  II, ,  r,>>mTe.>linn  ol  the  dead;  the 
eleULiI  1. 1,  --,  >liM--  ,,|  III.'  re.leemeii  a  lid  the  ever- 
lasting t,  .1  in.  it  (  ..1  tlie  wieked.  the  divine  Inspi- 
ration  of  Iliesei  iplnies;  one  baptism:  thcspiritnal 
naiiiie  of  the  eel.biation  of  the  Lord's  sujuier; 
the  religi..us  ministry  of  men  and  wonu-n ;  sileiie,' 
in  the  churches,  where  all  sit  with  their  heu. Is 
covered,  and  speak  only  "as  the  ^l.lllt  iii,ive.s 
them;"  a  free  gospel  for  all  peojile.  ■■p|,.,,iiiipti 
to  war,  contention  and  personal  violence,  the 
sufferance  of  injuries  without  resentment  or 
going  to  law;  the  refusal  to  take  any  legal  oath 
concerning  the  truth  in  courts;    the  observance 

of  the  S;.bbath;  the  ..ppo^iti..^  to  slaveiV;  (he 
snbinl'-sion  to  liimian  tr-n  eininents;  simple  und 
nmi-t-'Titatioiis  nuide-i  of  livin^r  and  teniperaiice ; 
foibiddlnic  indulgence  in  worhlly  aiiiusenieTits 
or  the  observance  of  worldly  fashions  in  dIl■v^, 
language  or  furnltui-e,  and  aih-ocatinga  coni  innal 
fear  of  God,  with  the  crucifixion  of  oil  worldly 
lusts;  a  christian  conduct  at  all  times  becoming 
their  profession  and  adorning  the  doctrine  of 
the  Savior  In  all  things. 


illE    SlIAKKKS,    MOKAVIANS    AiM)    ADYKNTLSTS. 


■i'-i 


i^^^ 


THE  SHAKER  DENOMINATION. 


^% 


*<^,^--^  v^ 


_-.<^.^f^ 


:>*» 


•^HE  Shakers,  or  Millennial  Church,  was 

ri'UMilfil  by  Ann  Lee.  a  seceticr  from 

III  ■    I'lu-nds,  Mr  Vimkers.  iin    Knulisli 

^^Mlll,lll.    in    tin-  Siati-  of    New   York. 

|ii  KiiijMiiy  jit  WalLTviiet,  eijfht  miles 

hiini    Albany,     She  eanie  from   Man- 

'lifsiri-.     Eni^Innd,     whei'e     she    had 

r:iuij'ht  her  relipion.     She  hroiiijht  to 

•  Aincncii  with  her  a  hr<)thei'  aiiil  also 

(K/ltw        two  (M-  three  of  her  proselytes,  arriv- 

T  Y  e  ^S  at  New  York  in  May,  1774. 

IVhy  Xntned  Shakers.  —  The 
name -.1  the  s.nittv  f"fiii.ie<l  by  her  is 
deriveii  iyin  the  ii.iiti.i  li..ns  .nid 
niov.liii-nts  .if  (lie  Ijnily  while  imilej-  :in 

alletfed  religious  in-spiration,  resem- 
bling tremblini^,  followed  by  a  deprivation  of 
strength.     Ann's  authority  was  very  great,  and 


her  teaching!"  forl)ade  the  use  of  ornaments  on  the 
pert^oii.  or  of  anvlhinirto  rmuriHh  pride,  even  to 
the  iMittint.' short  of  the  womenMi;iir.  Since  her 
.lt:ilh,  h.r  tnll.>wfi>  h.iv.-  tl..iiii-.h.d  and  atliiined 
an  lii.ii.MaljIe  lejuitalion  fortlirill  ari<l  imliistiv  at 
Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  and  <»llier  ]>la(;es  in  tile  United 
States. 

^Vhere  Originated.  -The  society  originated 
in  a  secessitm  fmm  the  Quakers  in  England,  in 
1747.  They  hold  that  the  revelation  of  God  in  pro- 
gressive, and  believe  in  an  eternal  "Mother,"  a« 
well  as  an  eteiiial  Father,  and  two  Chi'ists.  main 
and  female,  are  the  pi.>treny  ot  tin-  tw..  ^rl■^■a^  Kter- 

iial  I'.eingH.     They  aie  < iiniini-tie  in  Ihei?' social 

reiutiiuiH.  living  in  taMiiIies  toj,'-,rlier;  b.-lieve  only 
in  marriage  as  a  means  to  perpetuate  tlie  laeo 
instead  of  for  sensual  indulgence,  while  soniH 
reside  in  isolated  family  relations;  but  there  is  a 


general  commune  of  property  for  the  benefit  of 
the  society  at  large.  There  in  nineh  of  mysticism 
and  spiritism  in  their  religion,  with  a  few  doc- 
irine^  (derived  from  their  own  "  revelalionH ") 
that  ai-e  not  to  be  found  in  the  religion  of 
other  sects.  They  aim  to  lead  holy  lives, 
and  provide  comfortably  for  each  other  In 
health,  sickness  or  old  age.  In  their  ordinary 
nu-etings  for  worship  they  formerly  engaged  in  a 
ri'trnlar  danee.  ji]TMi)im;.  tnrniiiu  r»iund  rapidly, 
fulling  iMi  their  kiiers.  and  as^uinint.'  otlier  similar 
pof-tiireH.  Soni.  rime^  they  riiaieh.d  around  the 
room,  in  onlei,  and  In  harmony  with  songs  that 
they  sing,  shouting  and  clapping  their  hands. 
They  also  had  Intervals  of  shuddering,  as  if  in  a 
fit  of  ague;  but  It  is  understood  that  the  modern 
Shakers  are  less  violent  in  their  movements  than 
in  the  olden  times. 


-^«®@i 


THE    MORAVIANS. 


--«2-«5^@KS'«©^^'>' 


l^^iJ^aT^JOt^Sj'giSg^^SG-WS^- 


m 


V\fev-    .»/HIS  religious  sect,  known  also  as  the 
T^^^=a^   "United   Brethren."   but    not    to  be 
'        confounded  with  another  called  the 
'  rinteil  Brethren  in  Christ."  assert 
that  tliey  denxe  their  origin  from  the 
d'  .-  - —  ■!;>    Creek  eiiiiiih    ill  the  ninth  centnry. 
^■■nij^^^"^   It  i-)ii>M  -lale.l  iliat  llu-v  .ire  a  branch 

\^.Ji\Zy^  of    the     Hllvsltes,   .,!■    lilvriples    of    the 

■r^   martyr   John  llus^.    who    uithdrew  into 

Moravia,   a    province  of  Austria,  in    the 

fifteenth     century.      Another    authority 

states  that  the  Moravians  originated  un- 

t         der  the  teai-hiiiL's  of  Count  Zimtendorf,  a 

I  lierman  n-il>leiii:iii,  whiMlo'd  in  1760.     His 

'  foll...\v.-r-^    are    railed    M-Ta viails    because 

tile   earliest    ut    liis   converts    were   some 

Moravian  families. 

The  society  itself  traces  its  descent  from  the 
old  Moravian'arul  ludieniian  brethren,  who  existed 
as  adistinet  see( '^i\t\  \ears  before  the  Lutheran 
Keforniation.  Tiiev  also  sty|.-d  therii-elvr>  r.iitaa 
Fratrmii.  Count  /-inzeinii-rf  eame  to  Aiiieiiea  in 
1741,  and  preaulied  at  (leiiiiantovMi  and  Krtlile- 
hem,  Pa.  In  1842  he  ordained  the  iiii~'iMii,iri.-s. 
and  that  same  year  oneof  these  nii--i. .11.11  ii->  <ai- 
ried  the  gospel  among  the  Indians  wiih  l:o.„i  suc- 
cess. In  fact,  the  Moravians  havf  been  distin- 
guished for  their  zeal  in  establishing  Christianity 
among  the  heathen. 

In  the  early  days  the  Moravians  were  also  called 
"Heruhutters,"  from  the  name  of  the  village 
where  they  first  settled.     In  1749  the  British  Pai-- 


liament   passed  an    aot    which     recognized    the 

church  of  the  United  Brethren  as  an  ancient 
Episct)pal  church.  The  present  constitution  of  the 
church  was  adopted  in  1764.  The  highest  legisla- 
tive authority  is  the  general  synod.  \viii(li  meets 
once  in  ten  years.  The  executive  board  of  the 
church,  as  a  whole,  is  the  elders'  conference  of  the 
unity.  Each  of  the  three  provinces  of  the  church 
—the  German,  Bi-itish  and  American— has  a  synod 
and  board  of  eldei-s  of  its  own.  The  rpiritual 
church  ofticers  are  the  bisho|)s.  through  whom  the 
regular  succession  of  ordination,  transmitted  to 
the  United  Brethren  through  the  ancient  church 
of  the  Bohemian  and  Moravian  Brethren,  is  pre- 
served, and  who  alone  are  authorized  to  ordain 
ministei's,  but  possess  no  authority  in  the  govern- 
ment of  the  church,  except  such  as  they  derive 
from  some  other  office  (most  frequently  presi- 
dents of  some  board  of  elders):  the  presbyters 
or  ordained  st.ited  ministers  of  th<-  lonnnunities. 
and  the  deacons,  the  hiiu-r  b.-inu' the  device  rltst 
bestowed  upon  youn^^  niiriistei"s.  Females  may  be 
elders  among  "their  own  sex,  but  are  never 
oidained,  nor  do  they  vote  in  the  boards  of  elders. 
In  ilmirine  the  Moravians  do  not  differ  from  other 
orthodox  or  evangelical  churches,  so  far  as  the 
main  jioints  of  christian  belief  are  concerned, 
althouL'ii  on  minor  iioinis  it  allows  a  diffi-renee  of 
o)>inion.  In  tile  past  tli.-y  have  lived  indistinct 
communities,  and  united  their  interests  very 
closely,  but  did  not  bold  to  a  coninnmity  of  goods; 
nor  in  their  separated  communities  did  they  allow 


houpeholders  who  were  not  members  In  full  com- 
munion to  obtain  a  permanent  residence.  Then 
discipline  allo\ve<l  no  balls,  dancing  or  Iheatiiial 
amuseiiU'Uts.  ami  foiliade  all  pro|llisellou^  asst-ni- 
blin^'ol  the  youth  of  l)olh  sexe>,  I'llbllc  l  elli.'i..ns 
meetings  were  held  every  evening.  Cni  Sunday 
mornings  the  church  litany  was  read  and  sermons 
were  preached.  The  church  festivals  of  fhrist- 
mas  and  Easter  were  celebrated.  Music  held  a 
prominent  place  in  their  devotions.  Previous  to 
partaking  of  the  Lord's  supper,  they  had  a  'Move- 
feast"  of  coffee,  tea  and  light  cakes,  with  hymns 
and  iiistniinental  music.  Funerals  were  attended 
by  bands  nl  nuisic,  without  any  external  badges 
of  niourniii^r.  Such  were  the  customs  of  the 
chill  rh  Il-ss  than  forty  years  ago.  The  seat  of  the 
provincial  board  of  the  .American  branch  of  tlie 
church  IS  at  Bethlehem.  Pa.,  and  its  educational 
institutions  are  located  at  Bethlehem.  Nazareth 
and  Litiz,  in  Pennsylvania:  Salem,  N.  C,  and 
Hope,  Ind.  The  missionary  field  includes  Green- 
land, Labratior,  North  American  Indians,  the 
Mo^quito  coast,  certain  West  Indian  and  other 
islands.  Surinam,  South  Africa,  Thibet  and 
Australia.  On  the  continent  of  Europe  there  is  a 
special  mission  woj-k,  called  the  "Diaspora." 
which  exten<ls  over  Saxony.  Prussia  and  other 
Get  man  states.  Switzerlan<i.  parts  of  France, 
llfiini.irk,  N<irway.  Sweden  an<l  Russia.  In  I87,t 
the  whole  number  of  communicants  in  the  three 
provinces  was  17,136,  and  of  all  attendant*  27,630. 


THE  SECOND  ADVENTISTS 


N  1833,  William  Miller,  a  farmer,  of 
Low  Hampton,  N.  Y. ,  born  in  1781, 
after    some     examination     of    the 
Bible,  began  lecturing  and  writing 
for    the    press    his     belief    in     the 
speedy  and  personal  coming  to  the 
earth,  for  the   second  time,  of  the 
Lord  Jesus   Christ,  at   which    time 
should  end    the   present  christian 
The    date    for    the 
'  the  Old    Testament 
1  regard  to  this  event, 
•ipturally  and  mathe- 
matically, he  placed  at  some  time 
about   A.  D.    1843.      Early   in    1840. 
Joshua  V.  Hinies,  afterwards  an  Episcopal  clergy- 


C^  should  end    tht 

9  r  W  ?  disi)ensation. 

K  1'^    y  fulfillment    of  1 

cirtSii^fti.   ^  Ia  Pi"ophecies  in  re 

\jj?^*5'y*  computed  scripl 


man.  but  then  a  preacher  in  the  "Christian 
Connection,"  became  a  believerin  Miller's  views, 
and  began  the  publication  of  a  bi-weekly  paper, 
devoted  to  this  subject,  which  attained  a  wide 
circulation.  The  dissemination  of  this  belief 
created  a  horde  of  believers  and  lecturers,  and 
the  excitement  became  general  and  intense  in 
various  parts  of  the  country.  Its  effects  led  to 
insanity,  in  many  cases,  and  people  who  gave 
away  their  property,  in  anticipation  of  the  sec- 
ond advent  (after  which  event  they  would  need 
it  no  morel  were  at  last  undeceived  by  the  non- 
fulfillment of  the  prophecy.  Beggary  staring 
some  in  the  face,  they  committed  suicide,  as  did 
others  prior  to  the  expected  date,  through  sheer 
insanity. 


The  year  1843  having  passed  without  any  unu- 
sual spiritual  event  occurring,  some  lost  their 
faith  in  Miller  and  Himes.  but  others,  whose 
enthusiasm  was  kept  up  under  new  calculations, 
continued,  from  time  to  time,  to  set  other  dates 
for  the  second  coming.  Notwithstanding  the 
frequent  failures  of  these  pi-edictions.  Second 
Adventism  has  become  a  religious  denomination, 
having  church  organizations,  and  distinguishing 
principles,  and  thriving  all  over  the  countrj-. 
Second  Adventists  are  divided  into  several  classes. 
Some  are  "timists"— that  is,  their -leaders  set 
particular  dates  for  the  second  cominp,  while 
others  do  not,  but  wait  patiently  for  Christ's  com- 
ing in  His  own  good  time,  others  again — and 
there  is  a  large  body  of  these,  with  an  educational 


■>S 


— ^: 


THE    SWEDENBORGIANS.       THE    KELIGION    OF    INDIANS. 


institution  and  other  advantages,  at  Battle  Creek, 
Mich.— obserx-e  the  Jewish  Sabbath,  or  seventh 
day  of  the  week,  instead  of  Sunday.  The  pro- 
phecies in  Daniel  and  Revelation  are  particular 
favorites  in  the  ground-work  of  this  denom- 
ination. 

In  1845  a  "Mutual  Conference  nf  .\dventists" 
was  held  in  Albany,  N.  Y. ,  and  agreed  upon  asso- 
ciated church  action  and  belief.  ,\fter  commend- 
ing the  formation  of  christian  churches,  they 
state  as  follows: 

Rellfflous  Belief.— The  Second  .\d%'ent 
believers  generally  throughout  the  country 
have  united  in  church  fellowship,  with  no  other 
creed  or  form  of  discipline  than  the  written  word 
of  God.  which  they  believe  is  a  sufficient  rule,  both 
of  faith  and  duty. 

Second  Advent  conferences  are  held  as  often  as 
it  is  deemed  necessary,  for  the  consideration  and 
discussion  of  such  subjects  and  measures  as  the 
interests  of  the  cause  may  demand;  they  are 
constituted  of  both  ministerial  and  lay  members, 
from  all  portions  of  the  country.  This  body  is 
purely  voluntary  and    advisory,   and  claims   to 


exercise  no  authority  over  the  conscience  of  any. 

They  look  upon  the  Advent  doctrine,  embrac- 
ing, as  it  does,  the  personal  and  visible  appear- 
ance and  reign  of  Christ  on  earth,  the.  restitution 
of  the  heavens  and  earth  to  their  paradisiacal  state 
as  the  eternal  inheritance  of  the  saints,  etc..  as 
the  only  view  which  will  explain  and  harmonize 
the  word  of  God. 

They  believe  the  second  advent  of  Christ  to 
judge  the  world  to  be  near  at  hand,  and  that  is 
the  great  practical  doctrine  set  forth  and 
used  by  the  apostles  as  a  motive  to  holiness.  It 
was  to  them  and  their  suffering  brethren  the 
great  source  of  comfort,  and  the  hope  of  the 
whole  Israel  of  God. 

The  Second  Comlnar.— The  early  Adventists 
regarded  the  second  coming  of  the  Lord  to  be  at 
hand  for  these  reasons: 

"1.  The  four  great  empires  are  to  be  succeeded 
by  the  everlasting  kingdom  of  God:  and  it  is 
very  manifest  that  the  last,  the  Roman  govern- 
ment, has  passed  its  predicted  divisions,  and 
must  soon  end. 

"2.     The  waning  of  the  Ottoman  or  Mohamme- 


dan power  is  regarded  as  another  index  that  the 
kingdom  of  Christ  will  soon  come. 

"3.  The  universal  movements  and  agitations, 
with  the  famine.s,  pestilences  and  earthquakes, 
together  with  the  signs  in  the  sun,  moon  and 
stars,  etc. .  they  consider  conclusive  evidence  of 
the  speedy  coming  of  Christ. 

"4.  This  gospel  of  the  kingdom  which  was  to 
be  preached  in  all  the  world  for  a  witness  to  all 
nations  is  now  completing  its  work." 

Side  Doctrines.- Several  doctrines  have 
been  grafted  into  the  Second  Advent  organiza- 
tions, inclniling  that  which  claims  that  the  soul, 
after  dt'ath,  remains  insensible  and  inactive 
(sleeping  I  until  the  resurrection  morn,  and  that 
none  but  the  righteous  souls  will  be  raised  and 
endowed  with  immortality,  etc. 

Government.— At  the  sixteenth  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  Advent  Christian  Association,  at 
Springfield,  Mass.,  in  August,  1875,  it  was  resolved 
to  convoke  a  general  conference  in  order  to  com- 
plete the  congregational  form  of  government 
that  has  been  adopted  by  this  denomination. 


The  Doctrines  of  the  New  Jerusalem  Church 
are  shown  in  the  following: 

I.— God  is  One  in  Essence  and  in  Person,  in 
whom  there  is  a  distinct  and  essential  Trinity, 
r  (lU-il  in  the  word  the  Father,  Son.  and  Holy 
SjiiiH,  and  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  is  this  God  and 
the  only  true  object  of  worship. 

II.— In  order  to  be  saved,  man  must  believe  on 
the  Lord  and  strive  to  obey  His  commandments, 
looking  to  Him  alone  for  strength  and  assistance, 
and  acknowledging  that  all  life  and  salvation  are 
from  Him. 

III.— The  Sacred  Scriptures,  or  the  Divijie  Word, 
is  not  only  the  Revelation  of  the  Lord's  will  and 
the  history  of  His  dealings  with  men.  but  also 
contains  the  infinite  treasures  of  His  wisdom 
expressed  in  symbolical  or  correspondent ial  lan- 
guage, and  therefore,  in  addition  to  the  sense  of  the 
letter,  thei'e  is  in  the  word  an  inner  or  spiritual 
sense,  which  can  be  intenireted  only  by  the  law  of 
correspondence  between  things  natural  and  things 
spiritual. 

IV.— Now  is  the  time  of  the  second  coming  of  the 
Lord,  foretold  in  Matt.  xxiv. ,  and  the  establish- 
ment of  the  New  Church  signified  by  the  New 
Jerusalem  in  Revelation  xxi. ,  and  this  second  com- 
ing is  not  a  visible  appearance  on  earth,  but  a  new 
disclosure  of  Divine  Truth  and  the  promulgation  of 
true  Christian  doctrine,  effected  by  means  of  the 
Lord's  sei-vant.  Emanuel  Swedenborg,  who  was 
specially  instructed  in  this  doctrine,  and  commis- 
sioned to  publish  it  to  the  world. 

v.— Man's  life  in  the  material  body  is  hut  the 
preparation  of  eternal  life,  and  when  the  })<h\y  dies 
man  iminediatcly  risesinio  the  spiritiKil  wi.ijil,  and 
after  prrpuratiim  in  an  iiitermediat-'  -^tiit'-.  liwells 
forever  in  Heaven  or  Hell.  aecordiiiK  to  the  char- 
acter acquired  during  his  earthly  life. 

VI.— The  Spiritual  World,  the  eternal  home  of 
men  after  death,  is  not  remote  from  this  world, 
but  !■*  In  direct  conjunction  with  it.  and  we  are. 
though  unconsciously,  alv/ays  in  immediate  com- 
munion with  angels  and  spirits. 


The  Teachings  of  Swedenborg, 


The  delight  derived  from  good,  and  the  pleasant- 
ness derived  from  truth,  which  constitutes  the 
happiness  of  heaven,  do  not  consist  in  idleness,  but 
in  activity.  Activity  with  those  who  are  in  heaven 
consists  in  performing  uses,  which  is  to  them  the 
delight  of  good,  and  in  relishing  truths  with  a  view 
to  uses,  which  to  them  is  the  delight  of  truth. 

Few  at  this  day  know  that  in  doing  good  without 
a  view  to  recompense  there  is  heavenly  happiness. 
They  who  are  in  genuine  mutual  love  are  in  their 
delight  and  blessedness  when  they  are  doing  good 
to  their  neighbor,  for  they  desire  nothing  more. 

Piety  without  charity,  and  external  sanctity 
witlioiit  internal  sanctity,  and  a  renunciation  of 
tli'- wnrld  w  ithout  a  life  in  the  world,  do  not  con- 
stitiHe  spiritual  life;  but  piety  with  charity,  exter- 
nal ?anciuy  from  internal  sanctity,  and  a  renuncia- 
tion of  the'world  with  a  life  in  the  world,  do  con- 
stitute it. 

Th#life  of  charity  consists  in  willing  well  and 
doing  well  to  our  neighbor;  in  acting  from  all  our 
works  from  justice  and  equity,  and  from  goodness 
and  truth,  and  in  like  manner  in  every  office;  in  a 
word,  the  life  of  charity  consists  in  performing 
uses. 

Piety  consists  in  thinking  and  speaking  piously, 
in  giving  much  time  to  prayer,  in  being  humble  at 
that  time,  in  frequenting  temples  and  attending 
devoutly  to  the  preaching  there,  in  frequently 
every  year  receiving  the  sacrament  of  the  holy 
supper,  and  in  performing  the  other  rituals  of 
worship  according  to  the  ordinances  of  the  church. 

Internal  sanctity  consists  in  loving  goodness  and 
truth  for  the  sake  of  goodness  and  truth,  and 
justice  and  sincerity  for  the  sake  of  justice  and 
sincerity:  so  far,  also,  as  a  man  loves  these  so  far 
he  is  spiritual,  and  his  worship  too;  for  so  far, 
also,  he  is  willing  to  know  them  and  do  them. 

External  worship  without  inleriial  may  be  com- 
pared with  the  life  of  respiration  without  the  life 
of  the  heart;  but  external  worship  from  internal 
may  be  compared  with  the  life  of  respiration  con- 
joined to  the  life  of  the  heart. 


Every  man's  ruling  affection  or  love  remains  with 
him  after  death,  nor  is  it  extirpated  to  eternity; 
for  the  spirit  of  man  is  altogether  as  his  love  is, 
and  the  body  of  every  spirit  and  angel  is  the  exter- 
nal form  of  his  love,  altogether  corresponding  to 
the  internal  form,  which  is  of  his  mind. 

All  delights  (low  forth  from  love,  for  what  a  man 
loves  he  feels  as  delightful,  nor  has  he  any  one 
delight  from  any  other  source.  Hence  it  follows 
that  such  as  the  love  is.  such  is  the  delight.  The 
delights  of  the  body,  or  of  the  flesh,  all  How  from 
the  love  of  self  and  the  love  of  the  world;  but  the 
delights  of  the  soul,  or  spirit,  all  flow  from  love  to 
the  Lord  and  love  towards  the  neighbor. 

How  great  the  delight  of  heaven  is  may  be  mani- 
fest from  this  consideration,  that  it  is  a  delight 
to  all  in  heaven  to  communicate  their  joys  and 
blessings  to  others;  and  whereas  all  in  the  heavens 
areofsuchacharacter.it  is  evident  how  immense 
is  the  delight  there,  for  in  the  heavens  there  is  a 
communication  of  all  with  each,  and  each  with  all. 
Such  communication  Hows  from  the  two  loves  of 
heaven,  which  are  love  of  the  Lord,  and  love  to- 
wards the  neighbor;  these  loves  are  communicative 
of  their  delights. 

There  are  three  sorts  of  dreams.  The  first  sort 
come  mediately  through  heaven  from  the  Lord; 
such  were  the  prophetic  dreams  recorded  in  the 
word.  The  second  sort  come  through  angelic 
spirits;  it  was  thence  that  the  mein'f  the  most  an- 
cient church  had  their  di earns  \\  liirh  were  instruc- 
tive. The  third  sort  cin.-^  thn.ut:!!  the  s|.iTit-  who 
are  near  when  man  is  asleep,  whieh  alsu  are  signi- 
ficative.  But  fantastic  dreams  have  another  origin. 

The  Sun  of  heaven  is  the  Lord ;  the  light  there  is 
Divine  truth,  and  the  heat  there  is  Divine  good, 
which  proceed  from  the  Lord  as  a  Sun;  from  that 
origin  are  all  things  that  exist  and  api>ear  in  the 
he.ivens.  Rut  let  no  one  entertain  the  idea  that 
the  sun  of  the  spiritual  wr.rh!  is  Cod  himself.  (;od 
himself  is  a  M;in.  The  first  pi  nee,-diTv,r  fn>ni  His 
lo\'e  ami  wisilmn  is  a  tiny  spji  mi-u  pi  nniple.  which 
appears  to  the  sight  .if  th.'  angels  as  .i  sun:  but 
when  the  Lur<l  manifests  himself  to  the  angels  in 
person.  He  manifests  himself  as  a  Man,  sometimes 
in  that  sun,  and  sometimes  out  of  It. 


-»-l# 


€€   RELIGIOUS  BELIEF  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  INDIANS.   »^ 


^  '-_rjH K  native  Indians  of  North  America 
''^'*^-  |„-H.ved  in  a  pliinilltv  of  gods  who  made 
i.iKl  ;:..veiii.-d  the  vj.iii.us  n;iti..ns  of  the 
.  WMild,  but  iiwule  (leilies  ..f  everything 
c —a  that  they  Inijigitied  t..  be  great  and  pow- 
erful, benedcial  or  hurtful  to  mankind:  still  they 
conceived  the  Idea  of  one  Almighty  Being,  who  Is 
superior  to  all  other  deities,  and  who  dwells  In 
the  southwestern  heaven-*.  Him  they  call  Kleh- 
tail,  and  thev  believe  Hliii  to  be  a  good  Being,  iind 
pay  a  sort'  of  aekn-iwleflgment  to  Him  for 
pluiitV.  victory  an<l  <»ther  benefits.  They  al-»o 
worshiped  Hobnmucko.  or  the  devil,  of  whom 
they  utood  In  greater  awe,  and  their  worship  of 
him  was  actuated  by  fear.     Th'*y  hn<\  n  universal 


belief  In  the  iinmortalil^v"  of  the  soul.  WTien 
good  people  died  tlury  bi-Iieved  they  went  to  Kich- 
taii  and  dwelt  In  pleasure  with  their  previously 
departerl  friends.  The  wicked  also  went  to  Klch- 
tau,  who  drove  them  away,  and  then  they 
wandered  ai>out  in  restless  discontent  and  dark- 
ness forever. 

In  New  Jersey  the  ahoHginos  believed  in  three 
gods,  who  respectively  made  white  men.  Indians 
and  negroes.  After  death  they  believed  that  the 
spirit  or  "shadow"  of  (he  dead  went  southward 
to  some  unknown  place,  and  enjoyed  some  kind 
of  happiness,  such  as  hunting,  lislilng.  dancing, 
etc..  and  never  grew  weary  of  these  amuHcments. 
Thit*  applied  tn  mo-t  of  the  defid,  but  If  nnv  were 


not  happy  hereafter,  they  were  punished  only  by 
privation  outside  of  the  place  where  the  happy 
spirits  dwell.  Rewards  and  ptinishinents  had  no 
reference  to  the  worship  of  the  Supreme  Being, 
but  to  man's  conduct  towards  nmn. 

Other  tribes  had  various  iileas  c)f  a  Supreme 
Ood  and  His  attributes,  mingled  with  mmdi  of 
paganism  and  snperftttlon.  The  belief  in  future 
existence  and  of  rewards  .and  imnishments  after 
death  were  common,  and  their  lieax'eii  was  full  of 
material  <lclights  suited  to  their  rude  and  savage 
ItfeoTi  earth.  Sun-worship,  and  idnlwnrshlp  in 
inanv  forms  prevailed  among  tlu-  numennis  Indian 
tribes.  North  and  Htuith.  Sacrifices  of  living 
animals  were  not  usual   among  these  Indians. 


■■<>- 


ZilKOASTIO    BELIEF.       THE    LUTllEKANH.        I'ROMINENT    ItEI.IGIOUS    TEACHEKii. 


4u 


4/? 


& 


RELIGIOUS  BELIEF  OF  THE  FOLLOWERS  OF  ZOROASTER. 


^ 


E; 


-^r. 


% 


DEAS  (if  twos  pprvaik'  all  tiu-  I'eli- 


■^:.i 


& 


^f^ 


^^ZJ'^m  tfiori  uf  tlie  fulluwers  ol'  Zoroaster; 
'?'— 1?^  they  believe  that  there  are  two 
lives,  mental  and  pliysieal;  two  intel- 
lects, one  the  Hpark  from  the  source 
of  liKht.  iiml  one  of  earth,  whieh  is 
neijuired. 

In    the  eternal  warfare    which    has 
been  waged  anions?  the  heavenly  bod- 
ies,   the  sun  assumed  the    leadership 
of  the  stars,  and  hence  the  reverence 
of  those  believers  for  the  sun. 

In  the  creation  of  the  material  world  there  were 
twelve  companies  organized  under  the  twelve  siyns 
of  the  Zodiac,  placed  in  four  great  divisions- 
north,   south,  east  and  west,  with  Mars  over  the 


north.  Mercury  over  the  south.  .I'lpiter  over  the 
ciu^t.  and  Saturn  overthe  west.  Venu«  commanding 
the  center.  From  the  world  (iod  created  a  bridge 
that  reached  to  the  source  of  light,  over  a  chasm 
of  utter  darkness, 

In  due  time  the  spirits  of  darkness,  under  the 
Command  »(  tlie  evil  one.  commenced  an  attack  on 
the  p;itliwrtv  leiidint,' K.  tUv  li^'ht,  but,  ;ifter  a  lerri- 
bk-.-i.nlIi<'I.  111.-  .-vij  spiril  u,,-  \;.ri.piivh.-.!  and  fell 
biiek  ti.  eui'tlj  Ml  Ihf  I-iriii  ..t  a  -rr  p.nl  ,  licue--  the 
antipathy  of  the  IuHowlIs  "f  tliis  i  eliKi'J"  to  ser- 
pents and  reptiles. 

Having  finished  the  creation  of  the  material 
world,  God  created  man  and  woman  to  inhabit  it, 
who  were  tempted  by  the  deWl  to  drink  goats' 


milk,  which  produced  Ilbldlnounde«ire»,  and  oftor- 
wardK  brought  shame. 

Thus  mo^e  miserable  through  the  Kin  of  the  flntt 
parents,  the  human  race  Htan<ls  between  two 
worlds. one  of  light,  theotherof  darkness;  between 
two  spirits,  good  and  evil,  but  able  to  act  of  their 
own  free  will. 

Possessing  the'splrlt  of  Hglit.  mankind  ought  to 
worship  (iod,  but  being  surrounded  by  the  spirit 
of  darkness,  they  are  continually  tempted  to  wor- 
ship evil. 

In  this  condition  Gorl  Hcndw  them  Zoroaster  with 
a  revelation  of  His  will,  which  if  they  believe  and 
obey,  it  will  lead  them  to  light  and  eternal  happi- 
ness. 


-.fe=^t    ORIGIN  AND  FAITH  OF  THE  LUTHERANS. 


IUTHERANISM  is  the  system  of  Protestant 
religion  adopted  by  the  followers  of  Luther, 
the  celebrated  German  reformer,  but  has 
undergone  some  changes.  Luther  opposed 
t  he  Romish  masses,  the  adoration  of  the  host, 
confession  of  sins  to  the  priesthood,  the  doc- 
trine of  good  works  bringing  salvation,  the 
purchase  of  pleasurable  indulgences,  purgatory, 
image  worship,  Romish  fasts,  monastical  vows, 
celibacy  of  the  priesthood;  maintained  the  doc- 


trines of  predestination  and  justifleation  solely  by 
the  imputation  of  the  merits  of  Jesus  Christ,  and 
reduced  the  number  of  sacraments  to  two— bap- 
tism and  the  Lord's  supper.  In  the  latter,  how- 
ever,  his  followei"s  believe  that  tlie  Imrly  and  blood 
of  Christ  are  materially  predentin  the  bread  and 
wine  of  the  sacrament,  though  in  an  incompre- 
hensible manner.  They  also  allow  the  use  of 
images  in  churches,  clerical  vestments,  the  private 
confession  of  sins,    the   use  of  the   wafer  in  the 


Lord's  supper,  the  fomi  of  exorcism  in  the  bap- 
tismal cereiiionv.  aiul  other  rites  which  remind  one 
oltiM-  lioiiiaii  c.'ilholi.-  woishiTi.  The.v  more  closely 
r.-s.riLt.l.-  Ill-'  Kpi-r..|.;,li;,n^  in  Sweden.  N..rway 
and  h.-ion.nk  In  Ih.  foiled  States,  Hamlmrg 
and  Frankfurt,  the  elnu  ell  jrovemnient  is  more 
Congregational,  and  consists  of  a  vestrj'.  a  district 
confereiice  and  a  general  s.vnod  of  ministers. 
They  give  mnch  attention  to  educational  and  mis- 
sionary enterprises. 


OCCUPATION, 


FIELD  OF  LABOR. 


BIRTHPLACE. 


Anron Jewish First  High  Priest Arabian  Desert Egypt 1575  B.  C U52  B.  C 

Abriihnm Jewish Founder  of  the  Jews Palestine Ur,  in  Chaldea 2008  B.  C 1822  B.   C 

Andrew Christi.an Christ's  .\postle Palestine Bethsaida,  Palestine 

Aquliiao,  Thomaa Roman  Catholic Theologian Italy Calabria A.  D.  l!S« A.  D.  1274 

Arlus Greek Patriarch Egypt .llexandria 33B 

Ai-miniiio.  .Jsimea Amiinian Founder  of  a  .Sect Holland Onderw,ater,  Hoi 1S60 Oct.  19.  1609.... 

ABhiiry.  Francis Methodist First  Am.  Bishop United  States Birmingham,  Eng....Aug.  20,  1745 March  31,  1816,, 

Athaiiaaiuii  Trinitarian Patriarch Alexandria,  Eg.vpt... Alexandria About  296 373 

Abbot,  Samuel Congregationalist Merchant .\ndovei'.  Mass Andover 1732 1812 

Bartholomew Christian Christ's  Apostle Palestine 

Baxter,  Richard Episcopalian Pieacher-Avithor England Rowton,  England.,,, Nov,  12,  1615 Dec.  8,   1691..., 

Beecher,  layman Congregationalist,.,  .Preacher-Author Conn,  and  New  York. New  Haven,  Conn.  ...Oct.  12,  1775 Jan.  10.  1863..., 

Beeeher,  Henry  W Congregationatist  .  ..Preacher-Author,  etc Indiana.  Brooklyn.,. Litchfield,  Conn June  24,  1813 

Bede    ithe     "Venerable") Roman  Catholic Monk  .and  Author England Durham,  England 873 735 

Boehm.  .Jacob Visionary M,vstic  Writer Germany Goeriitz,  Germany...  157ii 1624 

Beneel.  .John  .Vlbert Roman  Catholic Theologian Germany tVurtemberg,  Ger,,,,1687 Nov,  2,  1752,,., 

Berkeley,   George Episcopalian Irish  Bishop Ireland  and  America. Kilcrin,  Ireland March  12.  1684.... Jan,   14.  1753.., 

Beza,  Theodore Prot,   Reformer Calvinist  Preacher Genev,a,  Switzerland. Vezelai,  Switzerland. 1519 Oct.  13,  1605.... 

Blair.  Hnich Episcopalian Preacher  and  Author Scotland Edinburgh.  .Scotland. April  7.  1718 Dec.  27,   1800.,, 

Boudlnot,  Ellas Protestant Patriot,  Philanthropist.  ....America Philadelphia May  2.  1740 Oct.  24,  1821... 

Bralnerd,  David Protestant Indian  Missionary N.  E.  and  New  Jersey.  Haddam,  Conn April  20.  1718 Oct.   9j_1747,,,, 

Brown,  aohn Presbyterian Biblical  Critic Haddington,  Scot.... Perthshire.  Scotland. About  17'22 JuneT9,  1787,., 

Banyan,    .John Baptist Preacher  and  Author Bedford,  Eng Bedfordshire,    Eng...l6S8 Aug.  31,  1688... 

Burnet,  Gilbert Episcopalian Bishop  of  Salisbury England Edinburgh.  Scotland. Sept,  18,  1643 March  17,  1715,, 

Butler.    Joneph Episcopalian Bishop  and  Author England Wantage,  Engl.and.  ..May  18.  1692 June  16,  1752... 

Brown.on,  O.  .4. Unitarian Religious  Author New  York  and  N.  E.Stockbridge.   Vt Sept.  16.  1803 Living 

Brownlow.  "W.   G Methodist Journalist  and  Preacher. ..  .Knoxville,  Tenn Wythe  Co..  Va Aug.  29,  180.5 April  28,  1877,., 

Buahnell.  Horace ,,, Congregationalist., ,. Preacher  and  Author Connecticut New  Preston,  Conn.,,  April  14,  1802 Feb.  17.   1876,, . 

Calmet.  .%.ueuatlne Roman  Catholic Bible  Commentator France Lorraine.  France Feb    26,  1672 Oct..   1757 

Calvin,  .John Calvinist Reformer  and  Writer France.  Switzeriand  Picardy.  France July  10.  1.500 May  24,  1564,,,. 

Canne.' John Baptist .iuthorot  Bible  References.  England England Bet.  1.590  and  1600 

Carroll.   John Roman  Catholic First  American  Bishop Maryland Upper  Marlboro',  .Md.  17.15 Dec.  3,   1815..,. 

CartwrlBht,  Peter Methodist Preacher Illinois Amherst  Co..  Va Sept.  1.  1785 Sept.  25,  1872,,. 

Cheever,  Geo.  B Congregationalist  ..  .Preacher  and  Author N.  E.  and  New  York.Hallowell,  Me April  17,  1807 


46 


PKOMINENT    RELIGIOUS    TEACHEKS    AXD    FOUNDERS    IN    DIFFERENT    COUNTRIES. 


NAMES. 


BELIEF. 


OCCCPATIOS. 


FIELD  OF  LABOR. 


BIRTHPLACE. 


BORN. 


DIED. 


Christ,    .JeRiis Son  of  God Savior  of  Men Palestine Bethlehem.  Judea A.  M.  4004 April,  A.  D.  37.. 

C'larke,  Adam Methodist Bible  Commentator Great  Britain Moybeg,    Ireland 17G0  or  1762 Ang.  26.  1832 

<'i-:innier,  Xliomas Episcopal Archbishop  of  Canterbury. England Nottinghams'e,  Eng.  .July  2.  US9 March  21,  1556.. 

Coiit'iioluK Moralist Chinese  Philosopher China China B.  C.  551 

<'ampbell,  Alex Baptist Founder  of  CampbelHtes.  .Va.,  Tenn.  and  Ky..  .Ireland  June.  1786 March  4,  1866.... 

Dotlilridge,    Philip Episcopal Clergyman  and  Author England London,  England June  26.  1702 Oct.  26,  1751 

l>o\v,    Lorenzo Methodist Preacher Eng. ,  Ireland,  U.  S. .  .Coventry,  Conn Oct.  16,  1777 Feb.    2,  1834 

I>\\  ight,  Timothy Congi-egationalist..  ..President  Yale  College Connecticut Northampton,  Mass.  .May  14,  1752 Jan.    11,  1817 

EtiH  ards,  Jonathan Presbyterian Preacher  and  Author Connecticut Windsor,  Conn Octobers,  1703.. -March  22,  17.^8.. 

Eliot,  John Puritan Indian  Missionary Massachusetts Nasing,   England 1004 May  20,  1690 

Fenelon,  Francis  €le  S Roman  Catholic Prelate  and  Writer France Perigord,  France Aug.  6,  1651 Jan.    7,  1715 

Flavel,  John Episcopal.   N.  C Preacher  and  Author England Bromsgrove.    Eng 1627 June  26.  1691..., 

FU'chiere,  John  VT Methodist Preacher England  and  Europe. \yon,    Switzerland.  ..Sept.  12,1729 Aug.  14,  1785..., 

Fo,  or  Fohl Paganism Founder  of  Religion China China 1027  B.  C , 

Giiyon.  Jane  B.  de  I* Mystic  Enthusiast Religious  Writer European  cities Montargis,  France April  13,  1648 June  9,  1717 

Henry,  Matthew Prot.  Dissenter Preacher  and  Author Chester.  England Broad  Oak.  Eng Oct.  18,  1662 June  22.  1714..., 

llervey,  James Episcopal Preacher  and  Author -^  ?^*i?5?"    ^^'^  i*^*^!: '■  Hardingstone,  Eng... Feb.   26,  1713 Dec.    25,  1758..., 

r  iingLia.     EjUgLanQ  ) 


...Rabbi  and  Teacher Palestine Babylon,  Assyria 112  B.  C. . 

...Physician^ England  and  Europe. Enfield,  England Sept.  2,  1726 Jan.    20,  1790.. 

...Philanthropist England England Aug.  24,  1707 June  17,  1791.. 

.  ..Theological  Writer England Yorkshire,  England.  .1764- Aug.  28,  1757.. 


Hillel Jewish 

ll«>\%-ard,  John Philanthropist . 

Hiintfntrtnii,  Countess  of- .Protestant 

IlTitehlnwon,  John Rationalist 

Hu«ts,  John Protestant Eminent  Reformer Bohemia Prague,    Bohemia 1736 July  7,  1415 

Ij^natius  de  Lioyola Roman  Catholic Founder  of  Jesuits Spain  and  Italy Azcoitia,  Spain 1491 July  31,  1556. ... 

James  ibro.  of  John  i Christian ...Christ's  Apostle Palestine Bethsaida,  Palestine 

Jerome  of  Praprtie Protestant Religious  reformer England  and  Europe. Prague,  Bohemia About  1375 May  30.  1416. .... 

Jiiilson,   Adouiram Baptist Missionary Burniah Maiden,  Mass Aug.  9.  1788 April  12,  1850... 

Jiidson,  Mrs.  Ann  H Baptist Missionary Burniah Bradford,  Mass Dec.  22,  1789 Oct.  24,  1826.... 

Jndson,  Sarah  H Baptist Missionary Burmah Alstead,  N.   H Nov.  4,  1803 Sept.  1,  1845.... 

Jiidson,  Emily  C Missionary Burmah Eaton,  New  York.  ...Aug.  22,  1817 June  1,  1854 

John  (bro-  uf  Janies) Christian Christ's  Apostle Palestine Bethsaida,  Palestine 

Judas  Iscarlot Hypocrite Christ's  Apostle Palestine 

K-Oox,  John Protestant Reformer Scotland Gifford,    Scotland 1505 Nov.  24,  1572... 

Latimer,  Hufrh Protestant Bishop  and  Martyr England Thurscaston,  Eng About  1490 Oct.  16,  1555,... 

I,.ee,    Ann Friend Founder  of  Shakers New  York  State Manchester,  Eng Feb.  29,  1736 Sept.  8,  1784 

I,.nthei>,  Martin Protestant Eminent  Reformer Germany Eisleben,  Saxony Nov.  10.  1483 Feb.   18,   1546... 

MaMon.  John  M Presbyterian .\uthorand  Divine New  York  City New  York  City March  19,  1770.... Dec.  26.  1829 

blather.  Increase Pre.sbyterian Pres.  Harvard  College Massachusetts Dorchester,  Mass June  91,  1639 Aug.  23.  1723..., 

M:ttlier,  Cotton Presbyterian Preacher  and  Author Massachusetts Boston.  Mass Feb.  12.  1663 Feb.  13.  1728 

Melanethon,   Philip Protestant Noted  Reformer Germ'y,  France,  Eng. Brettan,  Germany... Feb.  16.  1497 April  19,  1560. . . 

Mohammed Moslem Religious  Founder Arabia Mecca,  Arabia 570  or  571 June  8.  632 

Moses Jewish Leader  and  Lawgiver Egypt  and  Arabia Egypt B.  C.  1571 B.  C.  1451 

Miihlenhere.  Henry  M. ..  .Lutheran Founder  of  Church United  States Eimbeck,  Germany.  .1711 1787 

Matthew,  or  Levi Christian Christ's  Apostle Palestine Galilee 

Miller,  William Protestant Founder  of  Adventists Eastern  New  York..  .Pittsfleld,  Mass 1781 Dec.  20,  1849.... 

Neander,   Augustus Lutheran Church  Historian Germany Gottingen,  Germany. Jan.  17,  1789 July  14,  1850.... 

Xathanael  Christian Christ's  Apostle Palestine 

Paine,  Tliomas Free  Thinker Liberal  Author Pennsylvania Thetford.  England..  .Jan,  29,  1737 June  8,  1809 

Paley,    William Episcopal Religious  Writer England Peterboro.  England.  .July,    1743 May  25,  1805 

Pai'ker,  Theodore Independent Preacher  and  Author Massachusetts Le.vington.    Mass Aug.  24,  1810 May  10,  I860...., 

PituI  the  Apostle Christian Gentile  Missionary Asia  Minor,  Europe.. Tarsus,  Asia  Minor. ..A.  I>.  10 A.  D.  65 

Pelatcius Roman  Catholic Founder  of  Pelagians Italy  and  Palestine.  .England About  390 

Peter  the  Hermit Roman  Catholic Originator  of  Crusades Palestine Amiens.  France 1050 1115 

Peter  the  Apostle Christian Preacher  to  Jews Asia  Minor Bethsaida,  Palestine 

Philip Christian Christ's  Apostle Asia  Minor Bethsaida.  Palestine 

ICohertHon,  Wnt Presbyterian Preacher  and  Historian Scotland Bosthwick,  Scotland. Sept.  19,  1721 June  II,  1793.... 

Kot;ers,  John Episcopal !  bIu-3^  at'^theSke!  5  "  ■^"^'""'''    ^^'^'•""^y- -England About  1600 Feb.  4,  1555.... 

Mak^a-Miina Mystic Teacher  of  Buddhism Hindoostan About  600  B.  C 

Noel  n  no.    Fa  list  ua Vnltarian Religious  Reformer Switzerland,  Poland. Siena,    Italy Dec.    1539 March  3,  1604... 

Npener,  Phillpp  J Protestajit Founder  of  the  Pietists Germany Rappoltsweiler,    Ger.Jan.,  1035 Feb.  5,  1705...., 

N|»liM»Ma,    Benedict Pantheist Founder  of  a  Sect Holland,  Germany.  ..Amsterdam,  Hoi Nov.  24,  1632 Feb.  21,  1677 

Nprlnur.   tiardlner Presbyterian Preacher  and  Author Mass.  and  New  York.  Newbury  port,  Mass.  .Feb.  24,   1785 Aug.  18,   1873 

HwedenborK.    Emanuel I'n.t.-stant Religious  Teacher,  Seer Sweden Stockholm,  Sweden.  .Jan.  29,  1688 March  29,  1772., 

'riiaddeUH,  t»r  JiKle cliriHliun Christ's  Apostle Palestine ." , 

'Fhonias  the  .\|MiMlie Christian Preacher  of  the  Gospel Uncertain 

'Fyndal,     AVllllam Episcopal Preacher.  Bible  Translator.  England.  Germany..  .North  NIbloy,  Eng..  .About  1484 Oct.    6.  1536 

A'olney,  t'onstantlne  F.  C.Delst Physician  and  Author France  and  Corsica.  .Craon,  France Feb.  3,  1757 April  25,  1820. ... 

Vol  I  III  re,  Marie  F.  A Deist Author  and  Poet France Paris,    France Nov.  21,   1694 May  30.  1778 

Wat  In,   iNaac Independent Preacher  and  Author London.  England Southampton,  Eng...  July  17,  lfl74 Nov.  25,  1748 

Way  I  a  lid,  FrancU Baptist Preacher  and  Author New  England New  York March  U.  1796 Sept.  26.  1H65 

We«ley,  John Metljodlst Founder  of  Methodism England,  America  ..  .Epworth,  England. .  .June  17,    1703 March  2.  1791 

AVesiey.    Charles Methodist jSrlter""^"  "'"^  ^y'""" '■  England,    America..  .Epworth.  England...  Dec.  18.1708 March  29,  1788. . . 

Whllefleld,  Oeo Methodist Preacher Enuland,    America... Gloucester,  England.  Dec.  16.  1714 Sept.  30,  1770 

Wlek litre,  Johu Episcopal Religious  Reformer Entrland WieklilTc.   England..  About   1324 Dec.  31,   1384 

Willi iiniM.  ICnirer Baptist Founder  of  Rhode  Island.  .Rhode  Island Wales About  1599 1683 

Xiilniclliis,    L'irlvh Protestant Swis.H  Reformer Switzerland Wlldhausen,  Swlt2...Jan.    1,  1484 Oct.  11,  1531 

Zoroaster Mysticism Author  of  Persian  Bible Persia About  400  B.  C 


;(i — 


==<51 


•:c>— 


~^- 


DICTIONARY    OF    KELIGIOUS   TKKMS    IX    COMMON    USK. 


■^iji^e'  &■  G'  o'  '0000  'o 


<t>  Q  0  G  O  G  O"]^^ 


BBA— A  word  applied  to  religious 
superiors  or  bishops  in  foreign 
churches;  meaning  "Father." 

Abbey— A    society    of    monks, 

governed  by  an  abbot,  or  of  nuns, 

presided   over  by  an   abbess;   also, 

the  house  in  which  they  dwell. 

Abbe— An    abbot,   or    governor 

over  an  abbey. 

Abbrtcy  — Whatever  pertains  to 
the  office  of  an  abbot  or  abbess. 
Academic  — A   believer    in    the 
philu>ophy  of    riato  or  Socrates. 

Acolyte  — A   church    servant,    employed     in 
inferior  duties. 
Adainio— Relating  to  the  first  man,  Adam. 
Adoption— The    reception    of   the   redeemed 
into  the  family  of  God. 

Advent— A  devotional  season  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  and  Episcopal  churches,  just  before 
Christmas;  a  coming;  applied  spiritually  to  the 
first  and  second  coming  of  Christ  to  the  earth. 

Adventlsts— Generally  applied  to  those  who 
expect  and  teach  that  the  second  coming  of  Christ 
draws  near;  a  religious  sect. 

Advocate— A  term  applied  to  Christ  as  our 

intei-cessor  at  the  throne  of  God. 

AITiiBlon- The  pouring  or  sprinkling  of  water 
upon  a  person  in  the  ceremony  of  baptism. 

AKnoHtlcIsm- A  doctrine  that  neither  denies 
nor  believes  in  the  existence  of  God. 

AeruuH  Del— Latin  words,  meaning  the  Lamb 
of  God;  applied  to  Jesus  Christ. 

Alblsenses— A  sect  of  christian  reformers 
who  left  the  Roman  Catholic  church  in  the  twelfth 
century;  so  called  from  Albi,  in  the  south  of 
France. 

Alcoran— Another  name  for  the  Koran,  the 
sacred  scriptures  of  the  Mohammedans,  written 
by  Mohammed. 

AIcoi'anic^-Belongingto  Mohammedism. 

Allah— The  Arabian  name  for  the  true  God. 

AM-halloi%-— A  church  feast  on  the  first  of 
November  in  honor  of  all  saints;  also  called  AU- 
Saint.s'-day. 

Alleluia— Hallelujah,  signifying  praise  to 
Jehovah,  the  Jewish  God. 

AII-Sonl«'-day  —  A  Roman  Catholic  holy- 
day,  when  they  pray  for  the  souls  of  the  faithful 
dead. 

Amen- A  word  at  the  end  of  a  prayer  or 
thanksgiving,  meaning,  "Let  it  be  so." 

Anabaptist- One  who  does  not  believe  in 
infant  Ijaptism. 

Anathema— A  curse  pronounced  by  church 
authoritit-s  uj>on  any  person  or  thing. 

Anathemntize— To  curse. 

Anchoi'ite — A  hermit;  one  who  religiously 
retires  from  society  and  dwells  alone. 

Anchoress— A  female  anchorite. 

Angel— A  messenger  from  God;  a  ministering 
spirit;  a  ht-avenly  inhabitant. 

Aneellc— Pertaining  to  angels;  innocent  or 
amiable. 

ADtedlliivian— Before  the  flood. 

Anthem— Church  music  adapted  to  passages 
of  scripture. 

Anthologry  (Greek)  —  A  book  of  Church 
prayers. 


AnthrouoIoKy— Or  Anthropomorphism;  ex- 
pres.siuns  which  invest  tile  Deity  with  human  pas- 
sions and  attributes. 

Antl-Chrlst- The  man  of  sin,  as  opposed  to 
Christianity ;  described  in  I.  John  ii. ,  18  and  II.  Thes- 
salonians  ii. ,  whose  reign  on  earth  is  yet 
expected. 

Aiitl-chrlstlan— Opposed  to  Christ's  teach- 
ings. 

Antlnomlann— A  sect  who,  it  is  alleged, 
denied  an  i>lilij?ation,  under  the  gospel,  to  obey 
the  moral  law  of  the  Old  Testament. 

Apocalypse— One  of  the  names  applied  to  the 
last  book  (Revelation)  in  the  christian  Bible;  it 
means  discovery,  disclosure. 

Apocrypha— Certain  books  in  the  christ- 
ian Bii>le  whose  divine  inspiration  is  consid- 
ered doubtful. 

Apostate — One  who  forsakes  his  religious 
vows. 

Apostle— Applied  to  the  twelve  disciples  of 
Christ;  one  sent  out  to  preach  the  christian  or 
other  doctrine 

Apostolical— Relating  to  the  doctrines  or 
work  of  an  apostle. 

Archbishop— A  chief  bishop. 

Ark  of  the  Covenant— A  sacred  chest  of 
the  Jews,  containing  the  Mosaic  tables  of  com- 
mandments and  other  religious  memorials. 

Armenians- A  sect  that  maintained  that  the 
divine  nature  of  Christ  absorbed  his  human. 

Armlnlans— Disciples  of  Arminius.  of  Hol- 
land; a  sect  of  christians  in  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries;  believing  in  a  conditional 
and  divine  election  to  salvation  and  reprobation; 
universal  redemption,  on  conditions,  and  spirit- 
ual regeneration. 

Ascension-day- A  church  festival  in  com- 
memoration of  the  return  of  Christ  into  heaven 
after  his  resurrection. 

Ash-'Wednesday—  The  first  day  of  the 
annual  fast  of  forty  days  in  the  Episcopal  and 
Roman  Catholic  churches,  called  Lent. 

Ascetic— .■\  religionist  who  separated  himself 
or  herself  from  the  world;  lived  unmarried,  and 
in  seclusion  and  poverty. 

Athanaslan  Creed— -A  creed  used  in  the 
Church  of  England,  relating  to  the  Trinity;  attri- 
buted to  Athanasius,  Bishop  of  Alexandria,  in  the 
fourth  century. 

Atheist — One  who  disbelieves  or  denies  the 
existence  of  a^Supreme  Ruler  or  Creator;  an  infi- 
del, or  unbeliever. 

Arlanlsm— A  belief  in  the  doctrines  of  Arius. 
Bishop  of  Alexandria  in  the  fourth  century,  who 
taught  that  Christ  was  created  and  inferior  to 
God  the  Father  in  nature  and  dignity,  although 
the  first  and  best  of  created  beings. 

Atonement— Satisfaction  for  injury;  spe- 
cially adapted  to  the  sufferings  and  death  of 
Christ,  by  which  God  the  Father  became  willing 
to  forgive  the  sins  of  those  who  should  believe  in 
the  all-sufficient  power  of  Christ  to  save  men 
from  sin  and  its  effects. 

AiiKiistine— An  order  of  monks,  named  after 
St.  Augustine;  called  also  .\ustin  friars,  or  White 
friars. 

Auricular  Confession— One  of  the  tenets 

of   the   Roman  Catholic  Church,  which   requires 
its  adherents  to  confess  their  sins  in  the  ears  of  a 

priest. 

Ave  Maria — An  invocation  to  the  Virgin 
Mary;  also  a  season  of  prayer  in  Italy. 


im- 


in? 


aii<t 


Hani- The   sun-god   of     the    I'Ir 
Canaan  Ites. 

Baptism- A  religious  ceremony  in  which 
persons  unitlncr  with  a  christian  church  have 
water  .IDuT  sr"inkled  upon  their  heads,  or  have 
their  b.-iji.s  (iippi-ii  beneath  the  water,  in  the 
name. . f  tli,- lHviiiL- Trinity;  it  is  usually  done  but 
once  in  a  lifetime. 

Baptist— One  who  administers  baptism,  as 
John  the  Baptist;  specifically  applied  to  a  well- 
known  sect  who  believe  in  baptism  by  immersing 
the  whole  body  in  water  for  adults,  and  who  do 
not  practice  infant-bai)tism. 

Belief— A  Ann  persuasion  that  the  teachings 
of  theological  leaders  are  true. 
Belial— An  evil  spirit. 

Benedictines— An  order  of  Roman  Catholic 
monks. 

Benediction  —A  blessing. 

Bleot  — A  strenuous  and  unreasonable  advo- 
cate of  any  religious  doctrine. 

Bishop— The  spiritual  overseer  of  a  church. 

Brahma  —  A  Hindostanese  god,  whom  they 
wor>liip  us  the  creator  of  all  things. 

Brahmanism- The  religion  of  Brahma. 

Brahmin  — A  priest  of  the  Hindoo  religion. 

Brahmanee- Wife  of  a  Hindoo  priest. 

Broad  Church— A  Church  between  the  High 
and  the  Low  (or  evangelical)  church  parties  in 
England. 

Brother —  A  member  of  a  church  or  monastic 
order. 

religion    of    Buddha,    in 


Buddhism- The 

Hindoslan. 


Buddhist - 

Buddha. 

Calvary —  The  place  where  Christ  was  cnici- 
fled.  just  west  of  Jerusalem. 

Calvinism- A  religion  taught  by  John  Calvin, 
the  Protestant  Reformer,  of  France. 

Calvlnlst  — A  believer 
Calvin. 

Calvinlstlc- 

teachings. 

Campbellltes— .A  sect  of  the  Baptists,  known 
as  Disciples  of  Christ,  or  Christ-ians,  founded  by 
Alexander  Campbell,  of  Virginia. 

Canaanltes- People  who  inhabited  the  Land 
of  Canaan,  in  Asia  Minor. 

-A  religious  rule  of  doctrine,  or  church 


One  who  worships  or  believes  i 


in   the   teachings  of 
Relating     to    Calvin     or    his 


Canon- 
law. 
Canonical- 


Relating  to  Church  laws. 


Canonicals— The  official  garments  of  a  church 
functionary. 

Canonization— Placing  a  dead  person  among 
the  saints  of  the  church. 

Canon-ia'tv— The  law  which  governs  all  Roman 
Catholic  churches. 

Canticles  —  The  book  in  the  Old  Testament 
known  as  the  Song  of  Solomon. 

Capuchin  — A  monk  or  nun  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  order  of  St.  Francis. 

Cardinal  — One  of  the  council  of  seventy 
appointed  by  the  Pope  to  advise  in  church  mat- 
ters, and  from  whom  one  is  elected  Pope  by  the 
others,  when  a  vacancy  occurs  in  the  Papal 
chair. 

Carmelite  —  A  monk  of  the  order  established 
on  Mt.  Carmel.  .Asia  Minor,  in  the  fourth  century, 
by  the  Ruman  Catholics. 


? 


-SL)^|>\ 


DICTIoNAKY    OF    KKLIGIOUS    TERMS. 


Casuist  —  One  who  considers  and  settles  cases 
of  conscience. 

Catechism  — A  reduction  of  doctrinal  points 
to  questions  and  answers,  for  educational  pur 
poses. 

Cathedral —  The  church  in  which  the  bishop 
of  a  diocese  principally  urtieiat^s.  Cathedra  is 
the  chair  which  he  usually  occupies  when  in  his 
official  position. 

Catholic  — Meaning  the  Universal,  true,  or 
whole  Christian  church;  especially  applied  to  the 
Roman  Catholic  church. 

Celebrant  — jV  church  dignitary,  who  per- 
forms a  religious  rite. 

Censer  — .4  dish  in  which  incense  is  burned  in 
churches. 

Ceremonial  — The  order  of  rites  and  cere- 
munie>  used  in  public  worship. 

Cerlnthlan  —  .\n  ancient  relipious  sect,  which 
endeavureii  to  harmonize  the  Jewish,  Gnostic, and 
Christian  doctrines. 

Chaplaln  —  A  clerg>-man  connected  with  the 
anny  or  naval  service,  or  some  other  department 
of  the  government  or  civic  societies;  legislative 
bodies,  etc. 

Cheruh  — .\  high  order  of  angelic  beings; 
plural,  cherubim. 

Christian- A  disciple  of  Jbsus  Christ,  one  who 
loves  and  obeys  His  teachings. 

ChrUtlanirv— The  religion  of  Christians, 
foundfd  un  the  teju-hings  of  Christ. 

Chrlsteninpr— The  baptism  of  an  infant. 

ChrlRtmaw— The  annivei-sary  of  the  birth  of 
Jesus  Ch^l^l.  December  25. 

Churchmen  — .A.  term  usually  applied  to 
leaine  I  or  active  members  or  officials  of  the  Epis- 
copal church. 

Church-WarUen— A  local  official  of  the 
Episcopal  Church,  who  oversees  its  temporal 
atfairs. 

CI  ass- leader— .4  Methodist  official,  who  has 
charge  of  the  spiritual  interests  of  a  section  of 
churcb-meinbers. 

ClerK5*man— One  duly  authorized  to  preach 
the  gospel,  and  perform  marriage,  baptismal  and 
funeral  services. 

Commentator— An  e.vpounder,  or  e.\piainer 
of  the  Bible  or  other  books. 

Communion-Harmony  between  believers  in 
anv  one  form  of  religion,  and  between  God  and 
nuin  ;  the  celebration  of  the  Lord's^ supper. 

Compunction— A  consciousness  of  guilt. 

Conle««lon— Acknowledgment  of  having  done 
wrong. 

ConfesMonal  —  The  seat  where  the  nriest  sits 
while  hearing  the  confessions  of  his  (lock. 

ConfesNoi The  priest  who  hears  confessions 

in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church;  also  the  one  who 
confesses  to  him. 

Confirmation- A  .sacred  rite  in  the  Episco- 
pal church,  wherein  the  bishop  lays  his  hands 
uiion  the  heads  of  the  members  and  invokes  the 
l.k-singof  the  Holy  Ghost,  with  its  sanctifying 
influences  upcm  their  lives. 

i'onformlty-  Having  harmony  -  with  the 
E-*tabIished  Church  of  England,  its  ntes,  its  doc- 
trines and  practices;  or  with  those  of  any  other 
denomination. 

ConTuclan  —A  believer  in  the  teachings  of 
Confucius,  the  Chinese  Philosopher. 

ConBreffatlon- .\n  a.xsemhlage  of  wor- 
shipers. 

ConereBtttlonall«iii— That  form  of  church 
govurniiH-iit  that  has  nu  bishop  at  its  head;  as 
the  Baptist,  Presbyterian  and  Congregational 
churches.  j 

Consecration  — Setting  apart  the  person  or 
pronertv  f"r  a  sacred  i)ui-pose;  dedicating  a 
building  to  the  worship  of  God;  dedication. 

Consistory —  Any  solemn  assembly  or  coun- 
cil- a  rellgi"Us  court  for  the  settlement  of  church 
questions;  the  college  of  cardinals  at  Rome. 

Consociation -A  tree-will  confederacy  of 
neighboring  Congregational  churches  for  mutual 
advice  ami  co-upcration  in  church  matters,  com- 
posed of  lay  members. 

Con«ubstnntlatlon-A  Lutheran  doctriii.- 
that  the  actual,  substantial  presence  of  tin- 
bfxly  of  Christ  is  with  the  bread  and  wine  of 
the  Lord's  supper. 

Contrition -Penitence— true  sorrow  for  sin. 

<*onvent  —  An  nssemhiage  of  monks  or  of  nuns 
di-vi.t.-fl  t'l  n  religious  life;  the  house  in  which 
th' y  live;   a  Homan  Catholic  institution. 

Conventual  —  one  who  lives  in  a  convent. 

C<invvr»lon-In    Iheology.    a  turning    from 


wickedness  to  righteousness,  usually  accompanied 
by  repentance  for  past  sin;  belief  in  Christ  as  the 
Savior,  and  desire  to  be  made  holy. 

Conviction- A  convincing  of  the  conscience 
or  the  mind  as  to  the  wickedness  of  tho  lite;  it 
usually  precedes  conversion. 

Convocation  — A  general  assembly  of  the 
clergymen  of  the  Church  of  England,  to  consult 
as  to  the  atfairs  of  the  church;  any  called 
assemblage. 

CorporealUt  —  One  who  denies  the  existence 
of  spiritual  beings. 

Corpus  Chrl»tl-(Body  of  Christ)-A  Roman 
Catholic  festival  having  reference  to  the  sacra- 
ment of  the  Lord's  supper. 

Covenant -An  agreement;  the  promises  of 
God  as  found  in  the  Christian  Bible,  with  the  con- 
ditions on  which  they  will  be  fulfilled,  such  as 
man's  repentance,  obedience,  etc. 

Creed  — A  summary  of  belief  in  certain  doc- 
trines. 

Crosier- .A,r>  archbishop's  staff,  with  the  fig- 
ure of  a  cross  a   its  top. 

Cross  — Two  pieces  of  wood  or  metal  laid 
across  each  other  and  fastened:  a  symbol  of  Che 
cross  on  which  Jesus  Christ  waa  nailed  and  died. 

Crown  — The  head-dress  of  royalty;  spirit- 
ually, the  Christian,  through  grace,  is  able  to 
overcome  temptation,  and  thus  wins  a  crown  of 
victory;  after  death,  if  he  is  faithful,  he  hopes 
for  a  crown  of  glory. 

Crucial  —  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  cross 
or  crucifixion,  applied  to  any  severe  trial  of  the 
mind  or  body. 

Crucifix  — An  image  of  Christ  dying  on  the 
cross. 

Crucifixion- Suspension  of  a  human  body 
on  a  cross,  applied  specifically  to  the  death  of 
Christ. 

Curate—  An  assistant  to  the  clergyman  in  the 
Church  of  England. 

Damnation  —  The  state  of  being  condemned ; 
the  punishment  of  the  wicked  after  death. 

Deacon  — The  lowest  order  of  clergymen;  a 
subordinate  church  officer. 

Dean  — A  church  prelate,  subordinate  to  a 
bishoj). 

DecaloKiie  — The  ten  commandments  of  God. 

Dedication —See  COSSECR.VTION. 

Deify  —  To  make  a  god   of  anything  or  being; 
to  make  godlike;  as.  Csesar  was  deified. 
Deism  —  The  doctrine  or  creed  of  a  deist. 

I>eittt  — One  who  believes  in  a  Supreme  Ruler; 
but  M'tt  in  revealed  religion,  taking  nature  and 
rcax.ii  for  hiE  guide  in  doctrine;  a  free-thinker; 
an  intldcl. 

Del Htlc  — Pertaining  to  deism. 

Deity  — A  Divine  being;  God,  the  Supreme 
Ruk-r,  whatever  distinguishes  God  from  other 
beings. 

Delude  —  The  destruction  of  mankind  by  water 
in  till-  days  of  Noah. 

Demon —A  spiritual  being,  a  departed  soul; 
an  evil  spirit;  adevil. 

Demoniac  — -^  human  being  influenced  by  a 
dfiiiiiii:  a  sect  who  believe  that  the  devils  will 
filially  be  saved  from  God's  wrath. 

Denomlnittlon- A  religious  sect;  a  collec- 
tion of  iiidivi<luals  of  the  same  belief  and  name, 
a.--  the  Presbyterians. 

Dervish  —  A  Turkish  or  Persian  monk. 

Devil  — Satan;  the  adversary  of  God  and  man; 
the  ruling  evil  spirit. 

Devilish  —  Kesfinbling  the  devil;  an  evil  dis- 
position; di'vuii]  ul'  eharlty  or  virtue. 

Dev4»tloiial  — Having  a  prayerful,  w'?"._jiip- 
Ing  spirit. 

De%'Otlon  —  Affection  for  God  manifested  in 
earm-st  prayer  and  praise. 

Dlaeonji(e~The  olllce  of  a  deacon;  govern- 
niitif  by  dt'iiions. 

Dlluvlan  —  Pertaining  to  the  fiood  of  Noah's 
tiiti.'. 

l>locese  — The  district  govt-rned  by  a  particu- 
liii'  iti-ho|i.  tlie  bishop  Is  a  diocesan. 

I>lrtfe  —  .\  funeral  hymn  or  piece  of  music. 

DIsciulc  —  One  who  wililnifly  receives  and 
ndiiiits  tiie  teachings  of  another  as  his  or  her 
gut.!.-. 

Discourse  —  Conversation;  a  sermon;  an 
explanatory  address. 

DlNpensntlon  —  The  distribution  of  good  and 
(■vllhy(i(»l  to  man;  God's  system  of  governing 
man,  as  the  JcwIkIi  and  Chrlstlim  <llspensallon. 


Divine- Belonging  to  the  Deity,  a  mi 
or  pi  ie^t. 

Doctrine  — Principle:- of  a  system  of  religion. 

Dominicans  —  Roman  Catholic  orders  of 
monks  and  nuns,  established  in  the  thirteenth 
century  by  St.  Dominic. 

Druid  — A  religious  priest  or  minister  among 
the  ancient  Celtic  races  in  Gaul,  Britain  or  Ger- 
many. 

Easter  — A  Roman  Catholic  and  Episcopal 
churcii  festival,  commentorating  the  end  of  Lent 
and  the  resurrection  of  Christ  from  the  dead. 

Ecclesiastical  —  Pertaining  to  a  church  or 
its  government. 

£dtla  —  Ancient  Icelandic  scriptures. 

Election— A  doctrine  of  partial  salvation; 
only  chosen  ones  saved. 

Encyclical  — For  many;  applied  to  official 
letters  from  the  Pope. 

Episcopacy  —  A  form  of  church  government 
where  a  bishop  presides. 

EpiMCopal  —  Relating  to  a  bishop  and  his 
charge. 

Eucharist —  The  Lord's  supper. 

Evansrellcal- In  harmony  with  the  New 
Testament  teachings. 

Evangelist- A  traveling  preacher  of  the 
gospel. 

Excommunicated- Expelled  from  church 
membei^hip. 

Exeeesis- Scientific  explanation  of  the  Bible. 

Father,  Son  and  Holy  Ghost  — The  three 
Persons  comprising  the  Christian's  Trinity  or  God- 
head; one  God,  three  Persons;  the  Father  being 
the  Creator  and  Preserver  of  all  things;  the  Son. 
the  Savior  of  men,  known  as  Jesus  Christ,  and 
the  Holy  Ghost,  the  enlightening,  convincing,  and 
sanctifying  Spirit  of  God. 

Fetichism  — A  low  form  of  worship,  which 
makes  gods  out  of  animals,  stones,  sticks,  etc.;  a 
superstitious  religion  among  the  ignorant. 

Friar  — A  Brother  or  member  of  any  Roman 
Catholic  order  of  monks. 

Friends  —The  sect  also  called  Quakers. 

Gentile  —  One  who  is  not  a  Jew. 

Gospel  —  Literally,  good  news;  applied  to  the 
New  Testament  scriptures,  as  containing  "glad 
tiilings  of  great  joy,  for  all  people." 

Gr-ice  —The  unmerited  favor  of  God  bestowed 
upon  Hit  creatures;  the  exercise  of  love,  kindness 
or  gootl-will. 

Hades  — The  intermediate  place  between 
earth  and  heaven,  or  eailh  and  hell,  where  the 
souls  rest  after  death  until  the  judgment-day. 

Heathen— One  who  woi-ships  idols;  an  irre- 
ligious, unthinking  person:  the  Jews  called  all 
people  heathens  who  were  not  Jews;  a  pagan. 

Hebrew— A  descendant  of  the  Patriarch 
Jacob;  an  ancient  inhabitant  of  Palestine;  an 
Israelite,  or  a  Jew;  also  the  Hebrew  language; 
also  whatever  else  pertains  to  the  Hebrews, 

Hegrlra- The  flight  of  Mohammed  from 
Mecca,  in  A.  D.  622,  from  which  date  his  followei"s 
reckon  time. 

Hell  —  Sometimes  applied  to  the  grave;  a  con- 
dition of  discomfort  or  misery  before  or  after 
death;  the  future  abode  of  the  wicked. 

Holy  Ghost— The  third  Person  In  the 
Christian  Trinity  or  Godhead;  the  enlightening, 
convincing,  sanctifying  Spiiit  of  God. 

Imaiim  —  A  Mohammedan  priest. 

Infidel  —Generally,  a  disbeliever  in  a  Supi-eme 
Being  ami  reveaUti  religion;  one  without  relig- 
ious belief  of  any  kind;  a  skeptic;  un  opposer  of 
i-eligious  teaching.s. 

InfidelU.y  —  ^Vant  of  faith  in  Christian  or 
other  religious  teaching's.  unfaith'"ulness  to 
marriage  vows;  a  breach  of  trust;  disiegard  of 
moral  obligations. 

Infinite —  Spiritually,  without  limit;  as  the 
jnnvir.  wisdtJin,  capacity,  perfection,  goodness, 
and   love  of  tJoU. 

Israel  —  The  name  given  by  God  to  tho 
Patriarch  Jacob,  with  the  promise  of  a  numerous 
progeny. 

I«ra4'll(es  —  Descendants  of  the  Putriaich 
Jacb.    Hclu.-wf^,  or  Jews. 

I«lani  —  Sulmiission,  obedience  and  humility 
before  (idd.  the  religion  of  Mohammed  and  all 
his  tul lowers. 

Islumlsni— The    faith  or   creed    of    .Moham- 

niediviii. 

Itinerant  — A  traveling  preacher. 
»lehovah  — The  Jewish  name  for  God. 
flesiilts-A    religious    order    of    the    Roman 
Catholics,  founded  by    Ignatius  Loyola;  its  mem- 


•? 


nirTlnXAKV    OK    KKM(;H)US    '1KI;.MS    IN    COMMON    USE. 


bei-s  tnkp  vows  of  poverty,  chastity  nnd  obedience; 
it  is  liiri^i-  in  ruiiiibei's,  zeal  and  inlliumee. 
(IiifliilNin—  The  doctrines  taught  by  Moaes. 

*IiiMllfifittlon~  Oud  forgivini;;  the  sin^i  of 
nirii  bmiiisc  ('brist  bore  the  pfimlty  of  their  sin 
in  iliMTuiiiflcd  body;  n*quires  faith  in  Christ  as 
tlie  Suvioi'. 

Koriiii  —The  scriptures  of  the  Mohammedans. 

LecHonary  —  The  Roman  Catholic  service- 
book;  also  called  a  Mass-Book. 

Lent—  A  churcJi  fa^t  of  forty  days,  beerinnlnff 
with  Ash-Wednesday  and  ending  with  liaster- 
day. 

Lcvlte  — A  descendant  of  Levi,  son  of  Jacob, 
whose  family  was  set  apart  for  i>riestly  offices; 
the  Levites  were  subordinate  to  the  priests. 

MaffI  — A  caste  of  Persian  priests,  or  wi^ie 
men. 

Mahomet  — Same  as  Mohammed. 

Martyr —  One  who  'dies,  or  is  persecuted,  on 
acc«tunt  of  his  religious  belief. 

Materialist — One  who  denies  the  existence 
of  spiritual  substances,  and  maintains  that  the 
sovil  of  man  is  the  result  of  a  particular  organiza- 
tion of  matter  in  the  body.     (Webster). 

Messiah  — Christ  the  promised  Deliverer  of 
Israel ;  described  in  the  Old  Testament,  rejected  by 
the  Jews,  but  accepted  as  the  Savior  by  all 
Christians. 

Methodists  —  The  denomination  of  Christians 
founded  by  .John  Wesley. 

Mllletiniuni- A  thousand  years  of  holiness 
and  peace  on  earth,  described  as  a  future  event  in 
Revelation  XX.  A  Millenarian  is  one  who  believes 
in  a  literal  reign  of  Christ  on  earth  during  the 
millennium. 

Monastery  —  A  dwelling-house  for  monks,  as 
a  convent  is  tor  nuns. 

Monk  —  .\  religious  devotee,  who  separates 
himself  from  the  world  for  service  as  a  Koman 
Catholic  priest;  a  dweller  in  a  monastery. 

Mormonism  —  The  religion  founded  by 
Joseph  Smith. 

Mosaic  —  Pertaining  to  the  career  and  laws  of 
Mnsi's,  the  Israelitish  leader. 


A  believer  in  the 


Moslem  or  Mussulman - 

d^K'trinesof  Mohammed. 

Mysticism  — Obscurity  of  doctrine. 

Mystics     A  -sect  which  professes  a  pure  sub-  ' 
lime,  disinterested  devotion,  and  claims  direct  in- 
tercourse with  the  Divine  Spirit. 

Nihilism  — Skepticism  as  to  the  reality  of 
anything. 

Nuncio  —  A  Papal  ambassador  to  a  sovereign. 

Nun  —  A  woman  devoted  to  a  religrious  life,  and 
living  in  a  convent. 

Ordination  —  Religious  ceremonies  in  prepar- 
ing a  minister  or  priest  for  active  duties  in  the 
church. 

Optimist  — One  who  believes  that  all  things 
are  Miiiered  for  the  best. 

Paecan  —  One  who  worships  false  gods. 

Pantheism  — The  doctrine  that  the  universe, 
as  a  whole,  is  God. 

Papal  —  Relating  to  the  Pope  of  Rome. 

Papist  —  A  Roman  Catholic. 

Patriarch  —  Ancient  heads  of  families  among 
tht.'  Jews. 

Pelagian  — A  follower  of  the  doctrines  of 
Peiagms. 

Pentateuch  — The  first  five  books  of  the  Old 
Testiiinent. 

Pentecost  — The  fiftieth  day  after  the  pass- 
over;  a  solemn  festival  of  the  Jews. 

Pessimist  — One  who  believes  that  every  tiling 
is  tending  to  the  worst. 


Pharl«ees  — A  sect  of  the  Jcwn,  rigid  in  their 
outward  religious  ceremonies,  separating  thent- 
selves  on  this  account  from  other  Jews. 

PietlstM  —  A  Oerman  sect  of  Reformers. 

Poly tlielsm —The  doctrine  of  a  plurality  of 
gods. 

Ponllflcjki  —  belonging  to  the  Pope. 

PreilcMtinadon  —The  doctrine  of  prcdes- 
tiuiition  by  (i.id  of  certain  events  in  the  history  of 
men,  especially  their  future  happiness  or  misery. 

Presbyter  —  An  ehier  in  the  Presbyterian 
church,  and   a  priest  in  the  Church   of  Kngland. 

Presbyterian  —One  who  belongs  to  a  churcli 
governed  by  piesliytcrs. 

Priesthood -The  office  or    character    of   a 

priest. 

Prol>atl<»ner.— A  member  taken  on  trial  in  a 
Methodist  church  for  six  months. 

Processional  —  Wliatever  relates  to  religious 
processions. 

Puritans  —  Early  dissenters  from  the  Church 
of  ICngland. 

Puseyism  — A  proposition  to  carry  back  the 
discipline  and  doctrine  of  the  Church  of  Kngland 
to  the  second  year  of  King  Edward  the  Sixth.  Dr. 
Pusey,  however,  was  less  of  a  doctrinarian  than 
a  ritualist. 

Pyrrhonlst  — .\  skeptic,  who  has  doubts  of 
everything. 

(kuaker  —  A  member  of  the  sect  called 
Friends. 

Rationalist —One  who  dejiends  wholly  on 
his  reason  as  the  supreme  authority  in  matters  of 
religion;  a  disbeliever  in  revealed  religion. 

Redemptionlsts  —  A  Roman  Catholic  order, 
the  priests  uf  which  devote  themselves  to  the 
spiritual  wants  of  the  German  people. 

KellBion —Any  system  of  faith  and  worship. 

Restorationists  —Those  who  believe  that 
the  puni-shment  of  the  wicked  after  death  will  be 
but  temporary,  and  that  then  they  will  be  restored 
t<j  the  favor  and  presence  of  God;  the  Univer- 
sal is  ts. 

Revelation  — Divine  truth  revealed  to  man. 

Ritualism  — A  rigid  adherence  to  religious 
forms  and  ceremonies;  confidence  in  such  rites. 

Romanist  —  An  adherent  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic church;  a  Roman  Catholic. 

Sabianlsm— The  worship  of  the  sun,  moon 
and  stars. 

Sabbatarian  — One  who  keeps  holy  the  sev- 
enth day  of  the  week. 

Sabbath  — Kept  by  the  Jews  and  others  on 
Saturday  as  a  holy  day.  instead  of  Sunday;  Sun- 
day is  also  a  Sabbath,  or  seventh  day. 

Sacerdotal—  Pertaining  to  the  office  of  a 
priest. 

Sacrament — A  sacred  religious  ordinance 
enjoined  by  Christ,  of  which  two  are  observed  by 
Protestants— baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper. 

Sacrifice  —  An  offering  solemnly  consecrated 
or  presented  to  God  in  token  of  acknowledgment 
or  thanksgiving. 

Sacrilege  —  Defiling  or  making  wrong  uses  of 
sacred  things. 

Sacristan  —A  church  officer,  who  has  charge 
of  its  movable  property;  a  sexton. 

Sadducees  —  A  sect  of  the  Jews,  who  denied 
the  resurrection  of  the  dead. 

Sanctificatlon  —  Making  holy— a  work  of  the 
Holy  Ghost. 

Sanctuary —Any  house  or  place  devotetl  to 
the  worship  of  God. 

Sanhedrim  — The  principal  Jewish  tribunal, 
composed  of  seventy-two  members,  over  which 
the  high  priest  presided;  called,  also,  the  Council. 

Satanic —Resembling  the  devil;  fiendishly 
malicious. 


Sectarian  — Relating  to  religious  «ect»;  a 
bigotril  aitiiehment  to  any  seel. 

Hhakerlsm— PerUiining  to  the  Shakers;  »ome 

times  known  as  "  Shaking  (Quakers." 

Skeptic  — One  who  doubts  the  truth  of  any 

religloub  belief. 

Moclnlanism  — An  Italian  theologv  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  denying  th..-  I^ivlne  Trinity,  the 
deity  of  Christ,  the  pers<.nality  of  the  devil,  the 
alonenu'nt  of  Chi-ist,  and  the  et<:rnity  of  future 
punishment. 

Soul— The  Rplritual,  rational  and  immortal 
paitinman.  capable  of  the  highest  state  of  bliss, 
or  the  deepest  condition  of  niinery. 

Spiritualism —  A  belief  that  mankind  are 
pei-mitted  to  communicate  with  the  spirits  of  the 
dead,  through  the  medium  of  an  appropriate 
person. 

Spirituality —  A     spiritual      condition     of 

individuals  or  churches. 

Stole— Part  of  the  dress  of  a  Roman  Catholic 
Clergyman;  a  narrow  embroidered  scarf  with 
broa»l  ends. 

Swedenborgian  —  A  believer  in  the  doc- 
trines of  Swedenborg,  the  Swedish  seer  and 
founder  of  the  New  Jerusalem  Church, 

Synagoeue  —  Jewish  house  of  worship. 

Synod  — A  eouncil  of  church  dignitaries  to 
consult  on  matters  of  religion. 

Tabernacle- A  tent  or  temporary  place  for 
woi-ship. 

Talmud  — .\  book  of  Jewish  laws  and  tradi- 
tions, with  expositions  of  them. 

Tlieocracy  —  .\  government  under  the  imme- 
diate direction  of  God. 

Theology  —  The  science  of  God  andHis  rela- 
tions to  His  creatures;  the  divine  laws,  doctrines. 
etc. 

Xransubstantlatlon  —  A  doctrine  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  church  that  the  breatl  and  wine 
in  the  Lord's  supper  are  actually  changed  into 
Christ's  llesh  and  blood. 

Trinity- See  Father,  Son  and  Holy  Ghost. 

Trinitarian- One  who  believes  in  the 
Divine  Trinity  of  Father,  Son  and  Holy  Ghost. 

XTnltarlan  —  One  who  denies  the  doctrine  of 
the  Trinity,  believing  that  God  exists  only  in  one 
person.     (Webster). 

Unlv^rsallsm  —  One  who  believes  in  th.^ 
future  restoration  of  all  men  to  eternal  felicity. 

Vaticaaism  — The  doctrine  of  Papal 
dominion. 

Venial  Sin  — A  sin  that  weakens  but  does  not 
destroy  the  person's  sanctity;  a  doctrine  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  church;  a  sin  that  can  be  for- 
given. 

Vespers- Evening  service  in  Roman  Catholic 
or  Episcopalian  churches. 

Vestrymen  —  Persons  elected  in  the  Episcopal 
church  to  have  charge,  in  connection  with  the 
Wardens,  of  its  temporal  affairs. 

Vestnients- The  official  gannents  of  a  cler- 
gyman or  priest. 

Vicar- A  ruling  clergyman  in  the  Church  of 
England,  who  is  subordinate  to  the  Bishop. 

Vicarious  Atonement  —  The  sutferings  and 
death  endured  by  Jesus  Christ  in  the  place  of  sin- 
ful men,  that  they  might  escape  from  deserved 
punishment, 

Vishnu  — In  the  Brahman  religion,  Vishnu  is 
the  destroying  deity;  Brahma,  the  creator;  and 
Siva,  the  preserver. 

VIsibieChurch— The  believers  in  Christ  all 

over  the  world  as  one  body  of  worshiiiers. 

Wesleyanism- The  principles  of  Weslev, 
the  founder  of  the  Methodist  church;  Methodism 
proper. 

Zend  Avesta— The  .indent  scriptures  of  the 
Persians,  attributed  to  Zoroaster. 


i: 


-S: 


T    DAXGAN    CASTLE,    near 
Dublin,  in  Ireland,  in  1769.  was 
born    Arthur    Wellesley,    the 
third  son  of  the  Earl  of  Morn- 
inglon.         Of     an      excellent 
parentage,  he  inherited  a  well- 
balanced  organization  of  mind,   h'-;^— ^ —  ■■        — . 
To   this   was   added    the    be^t   "^^^^^''^-'^''^-'^ 
education    which    the    school 
at  Eton  could    give.        He    received,    further. 


rUU^t^:;^^. 


*■  -fr  *  ■>  ■>  +  *  +' 


military  education   at   Angers,    in  France.  ^        Cast  of  Wellington  s  Face 

At  eighteen  he  was  commissioned  an  Ensign,  and 
at  twenty-six,  as  a  Lieutenant  Colonel,    he  commanded   a   brigade 
in  the  English  army.     When  twenty-seven  years  old  he  went  as  a 
Colonel  with  his  regiment  to  India.      Six  years  later  he  was  made  a 
Alajor-General.  doing  conspicuous  service  in  the  Indian  wars  in  1803. 

He  returned  to  England  in  1805,  and  soon  after  entered  Parliament, 
when  thirty-six  years  of  age.  Two  years  afterwards  he  was  engaged 
in  military  service  again,  and  in  the  succeeding  seven  years  he  served 
his  country  so  well,  in  the  vari-^-us  military  fields  to  which  he  was 
assigned,  as  to  win,  in  1814,  the  thanks  of  Parliament  and  a  pension 
of  SIOO.  000  per  year,  besides  a  Parliamentary  grant  of  ^2,500,000. 
In  that  year  he  was  also  made  Duke  of  Wellington. 

In  1815.  with  his  military  headquarters  at  Brussels,  in  Belgium, 
he  fought  at  Hongtmiont,  on  June  18,  his  final  famous  conflict,  known 
as  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  in  which  Napoleon  and  the  French  troops 
were  defeated.  Three  days  afterwards  he  crossed,  with  his  army, 
the  French  frontier,  and  proceeded  to  Paris,  where  terms  of  settle- 
ment were  agreed  upon,  which,  upon  his  part,  as  commander  of  the 
army  and  conqueror,  were  liberal  and  magnanimous. 


For  his  distinguished  services,  the  King  of  the 
Netherlands  made  him  Prince  of  Waterloo,  and 
the  British  nation  gave  him  an  estate  worlli 
$1,000,000. 

In  1818.  the    Duke   resigiied   his   command   in 
France,  and   returned  to  England,  where  he  was 
appointed  Commander-in-Chief    of    the   army,    a 
position  which  he  held,  except  at  brief  intervals, 
until  his  death,  his  attention  being  largely  occu- 
pied during  his  remaining  years  with  state  affairs. 
From  1827   to   1830   he  was   England's    Prime 
Minister.       He    was    subsequently   appointed    to 
several  most  imjjortant  and  responsible  state  positions,  in   all   of 
which,    whether   in    the   cabinet  councils   or   not,   he    extended   his 
influence  to  the  utmost  to  preserve  the  peace  of  Europe,  which   he 
did.  almost  unbroken,    for  forty  years  after  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 
He  died  of   apoplexy,    at  Walmer  Castle,    Kent,    in  England,    Sep- 
tember 14,  1852,  being  eighty-three  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  his 
death. 

He  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  in  London,  and  the  public 
obsequies  attending  his  burial  were  the  most  elaborate  ever  seen  in 
England. 

He  was  strongly  built,  possessed  sharp  gray  eyes,  a  prominent, 
aquiline  nose,  and  was  below  medium  height.  He  united  in  his  char- 
acter quick  discernment  to  perceive,  courage  to  execute,  and  con- 
scientious desire  to  do  justice.  Although  lacking  in  oratorical  power, 
his  judgment  was  always  such  as  to  command  attention  and  influence. 
Altogetlier  his  career  stands  prominent  as  an  existence  well  rounded 
out,  being  from  the  first  to  the  last  a  most  successful  life. 


WELL-KNOWN  AND  IMPORTANT  BATTLES  OF  THE  ENGLISH  IN  EARLY  TIMES. 


BATTI-E  of  Ilastingn.— Foupht  between 
Williain  of  Noniiandy.  surnaiiieU  the  Coii- 
.-iiKTor.  imd  KinpHurold,  of  En^'huid.  n.nr  Hasl- 
iiiKS.  Kn^rLind,  OcU)berl4.  lOBfi.  Willi, u.i  ii;ul  in  his 
<-(jiniiiiiii<I  (io.ouu  Normans;  the  minit.ir  ri.tiitii;iTMlitl 
\ty  KiiiK  Harold  is  unknown.  KeMill— Tlit:  itclLat 
and  death  of  Harold,  and  the  partial  uonque.'^t 
of  Entrland  by  the  Nonnans. 

Battle  of  Bannookbiirn. — Foutrhthi^tween 
Kobert  Hnice,  of  Scotland,  with  about  :iO,iK)i>  nu-n, 
and  Kdward  II..  of  Kntjlimd,  wiMi  m-arly  lUO.Oiic 
EnKli^hmen.  at  Bannticklmi  n.  Si-nllaiid.  Juni-  24, 
Vili.  Th*.-  Knjflish  wt-ie  dfleatcd,  with  the  loss  ot 
30.000  men.  By  this  contlict  th«;  independence  of 
Scotland  from  Kn;?land  was  achieved,  and  Uruee 
secured  its  throne. 

Buttle  of  Towton.— Fouprlit  at  Towton, 
near  York.  Knfrlnnrl.  l)ctween  the  rival  claimants 
to  tlie  ttirone  <>!'  Hnfflnnd,  Kdward  IV. ,  and  Ilt-nry 
VI.,  Marcli  29,  1*61.  Each  wa-s  supported  by  al)out 
.'.0,000  men,  and  an  ntrreemenl  wjls  inad«'  that  no 
nuarter  should  be  jr'ven.  The  battk- lasted  more 
tli:in  a  day,  anrl  cnilefl,  after  Die  slauKliterof  over 
:!0,000  jiersrtns,  in  the  defeat  of  Henry  and  Die 
L:tnea>.trian  annv,  the  vletorv  of  the  York  dvnasty 
and  Ihe  .Htahlishincnt  of  l-Mward  IV.  upon  lli'e 
ttirone  of  KtiKland. 

Battle  of  BoKMMirth.— Foupfhton  Bosworth 
ncid,  Kntfland.  I.ctwcin  the  Earl  of  Hlehniond.  a 
claimant  for  th.-  ttiroJic  of  Enu'hind.  and   Richard 


III. ,  the  reigning  King,  August  22.  1485.  Treacli- 
ery  aided  Hichmond,  and  Kichard  fell,  fighting 
l»ravcly,  Iliehniond  winning  the  Held.  Richard 
was  the  liLst  of  the  1*1  an tn genets,  and  their  govern- 
oHTit.  by  this  event,  passed  into  that  of  the 
Tu.i<irs. 

Battle  of  Co|»enliuHren.— Fought  at  Copen- 
hagen, Di-nniark.  Ijctwet-n  tlie  Danish  fleet,  with 
I'J.Om  Danish  troops,  ami  Lords  Cathcart  and 
Wellington,  with  T.iHwt  Kn;rlish  sol.liris  and  a 
naval  I'orcr,  Scplcnil.cr  2-r>,  ISO?,  Tin'  comliinocl 
hind  and  sea  attack  rcsiiltrd  in  th.'  capture  of  the 
Danish  fleet,  and  Uciliimton  ret-eived  the  thanks 
of  I'arliament  for  tliis  victory. 

Battle  of  Talavera.—  Fought  at  Talavera. 
in  Spain,  July  27  and  2R.  IXOit,  between  22,000  IJritisIi 
troops,  under  Lord  Wellington,  and .'(0, 000  French, 
under  Victor,  .louithin.  and  Sebastiani.  On  tlie 
(Second  day  the  French  were  (Iriven  out.  and  Wel- 
lington occupied  the  city. 

Battle  of  BailiOoK*— ^oult,  with  the  French 
army,  having  taken  the  fortllled  city  of  Badajoz. 
Spain,  fi-om  the  .Soaniards,  Wellington,  wltli  his 
British  tv.M>p-;,  iMsii  ged  the  eitv  for  iw.iitv  <lavs. 
On  the  nik'Iit  of  April  0.  1812.  he  captimd  tin-  citv 
hy  a  bhjody  nsH.nilt.  In  which  he  lost  :t..'iOit  nun". 
His  total  loss  during  the  nJegc  was  ahimt  o.OOO. 

Battlen  of  I<l(cny  anil  Qiintre  Bran.— 
To  defeat  the  probable  dcjiign  of  Napoleon  to  occu 
|)y  Belgium,    Wellington,  with  his  allied  trooi>s. 


and  Blucher,  with  his  Prussian  command,  under- 
took its  dtfensf.     On  .Tune  10,  ISI.'i,  Blucher  and  the 

i'|-u  —  i,in-  I  nrniiMT.'ir-,!  \,i|.i.N-<Hi  aud  the  French 
1 1'"  I'-  .M  liir  I'..  iL-i.iii  Mtl.i-,-  nf  Lignv.  The  fight 
w;i-  .■■.  tirtiHlv  vr^rf.  ihr  I'lnssiaiis  Nislug  12.000 
nu'ii  'Alui\^^■■l^(^   ,  .t..- .■.miimmi  ,  an<l  sutfcrimi:  defeat. 

Nap.il,..,,,      I.,--  v,,i-  ;,( ni.'n,      i  )n   tin- same  d;.  v. 

the  EivTi.li,  nil. in  M,,r-li;il  .\ev.  and  the  T-.-lgiali^ 
and  P.i'iti-.li.  .■Minniainled  l.v  \\\■]lin^^l,,n,  lon^rhl  a 
battle  aK^uatre  Itr.is.  another  vilhi;,'e  of  l!.l^:nini. 
seven  miles  fiom  LiK:n\',  The  hillei  Inld  ilnir 
ground,  and  upon  Wellington's  retMiving  a  rein- 
forcenient.  the  French  retiied.  leaving  Ihi-  allies 
in  possession  of  the  village. 

Battle  of  Waterloo.— Fought  near  the  Bel- 
gian village  of  Wali'i-ioo. eight  miles  southeasterly 
from  HinsMl-..  .Inn.-  IS.  ISlf).  between  Napoleon, 
with  .ihonl  V,',ooii  men  (inchicling  Ifj.OOO  envalrv) 
and  Mit  trims,  nud  the  British  allied  army,  uniler 
Loi'tl  WelliTigtr>n.  of  about  70.000  men  (iiielndinkT 
l.'l,:.llOeavalrv).  The  alli-v  .■.■nsi^lid  ot  a  littl.'  nioir 
than  2ri. 000  English  sol.h.i-.,  uhMul  17,;>00  Nether- 
landers,  and  the  rest  were  ilirmaiis.  and  weiv 
subHe(iuently  reinforced  by  Blucher  and  the  Prus- 
sians. The  Imllle  lasleil  from  before  noon  until 
towftrdH  evening,  and  rcsull<>d  In  the  complete 
rout  of  the  French  troops,  and  the  overthrow  of 
the  Ereneh  KnipcKu-.  The  losses  of  ihr  liniisb 
allies,  in.lnding  tlm,e  of  the  PrnsM,Miv  uei. 
alioiit  2:1.000  men.  and  of  the  French  more  Ibiin 
.10.000,  b. asides  227  pieces  of  cannon. 


Tfe^ 


d. 


? 


LIFE    AND    AVuliK    <)V    XArol.KOX    I. 


Brilliant  Career  and  Final  Overthrow. 


i^^NE  OF  THE  most  conspicuous  characters  in  the 
'        history  of  the  world  was   Napoleon  Bonaparte. 


Imperious  and  self-willed  as  a  child;  talented 
and  aspiring  as  a  j'outh;  ambitious,  successful, 
rifh  aiul  one  of  the  most  powerful  men  in  the 
world  in  his  manhood;  beaten,  defeated  and 
dying  a  prisoner  on  a  lonely  island  at  last — his 
career,  whatever  may  be  the  opinion  concerning  his  merit,  was, 
at  least,  calculated  to  claim  the  attention  of  mankind. 

Corsica  is  an  island  about  115  miles  long  by  52  wide,  situated  in 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  about  100  miles 
southeastward  from  France.  Upon  this 
island,  at  Ajaccio,  August  35,  1769,  Na- 
poleon was  born.  Here  he  passed  his 
childhood,  a  fondness  for  military  tactics 
very  distinctly  marking  itself  with  him 
in  his  boyhood,  as  shown  in  a  fondness 
for  organizing,  drilling  and  commanding 
in  military  companies  (so  his  biographers 
claim)  the  boys  with  whom  he  was  asso- 
ciated. 

His  father  was  Charles  Bonaparte,  a  Cor- 
sican  noble.  His  mother  was  a  woman 
of  superior  beauty,  courage  and  ability, 
and  upon  her  devolved  the  youthful  edu- 
cation of  her  children,  of  whom  there  were 
two  sons,  Joseph  and  Napoleon,  and  three 
daughters. 

Evincing  a  decided  taste  for  military 
pursuits,  Napoleon  was  sent  to  the  mili- 
tary school  of  Brienne,  in  Champagne, 
when  eleven  years  old,  and  afterwards  to 
a  military  school  at  Paris,  to  complete 
his  studies. 

In  1785,  when  sixteen  years  of  age,  he 
was  made  a  Lieutenant  of  artillery  and 
put  on  duty  in  his  native  country.  Subsequently  driven  by  the  English 
out  of  Corsica,  he  lived  with  his  family  in  very  humble  circumstances 
at  Marseilles,  in  France. 

In  1793  he  was  made  a  Captain,  and  soon  after  was  instrumental  in 
securing  the  capitulation  nf  Marseilles.  The  summer  of  1793 
Napoleon  spent  in  Paris.  In  September  of  that  year  he  took  part  in 
the  siege  of  Toulon.  For  extraordinary  military  success  achieved 
there  he  was  made,  in  1794,  a  Brigadier-General  of  artillery.  He 
was  then  twenty-five  years  old. 

At  the  close  of   a  campaign  against  the   Piedmontese  troops,    in 


NAPOLEON 


1794,  he  retired  to  Paris,  but  his  loyalty  having  been  suspected,  he 
was  not  assigned  to  service.  He  remained  in  Paris  for  about 
five  months,  in  such  poverty  as  to  make  even  the  blacking  of  his 
boots  an  expense  in  which  he  could  not  indulge.  Hope,  however, 
buoyed  him  up.  He  was  young,  adventurous,  and  the  future  was 
before  him.  In  his  thoughts  of  what  he  might  accomplish,  he 
seriously  contemplated  at  one  time  offering  his  services  to  the  Sultan 
of  Turkey.  In  the  meantime,  however,  the  French  government, 
having  adopted  a  new  constitution,  and  a  dissension  having  sprung 
up  whereby  the  party  in  power  was  likely  to  be  besieged  and  dis- 
possessed, he  was  called  to  the  com- 
mand of  5,000  troops,  and  successfully 
repulsed  30,000  of  the  National  Guard, 
who  were  attempting  to  take  possession 
of  the  C(mvention. 

Through  the  accomplishment  of  this 
achievement  he  was  soon  afterwards  given 
the  command  of  the  army  of  the  interior. 
This  was  in  1795,  when  he  was  twenty-six 
years  of  age.  During  this  time  having 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Madame 
Josephine  Beauharnais.  a  widow  of  supe- 
rior accomplishments,  from  the  West 
Indies,  he  was  married  to  ber,  and  through 
the  influence  of  this  union  he  was  given 
the  control  of  the  army  in  Italy,  of  which, 
one  week  after  his  marriage,  he  departed  to 
assume  command. 

His  army  consisted  of  .30,000  troops. 
Opposing  him  were  00,000  men;  yet,  not- 
withstanding that  difference  in  numbers, 
he  instituted  a  campaign  which  resulted 
in  routing  and  destroying  five  armies,  each 
larger  than  his  own.  and  made  large  ac- 
cessions to  the  territory  of  France. 
He  next  invaded  Egj-pt.  of  which  his 
army  soon  possessed  the  mastery.  He  then  passed  into  Syria  for 
more  conquests,  hut  having  a  decimated  army  he  returned  to  Eg}*pt, 
where,  giving  the  control  of  his  forces  to  KIcber,  his  second  in  com- 
mand, he  returned  to  France  to  be  the  head  of  a  powerful  party, 
overthrew  the  Directory  then  in  power,  and  made  himself  First 
Consul.  That  was  in  1799.  The  next  five  years  of  his  life  were 
full  of  startling  events.  In  1800  he  was  again  in  Italy,  at  the  head 
of  his  army,  and  for  various  successes  he  was  proclaimed  by  the 
French  government  Consul  for  life.  In  1805  he  was  made  Emperor. 
On  the  occasion  of  his  coronation,  he  disdained  the  assistance  of  thr 


■■'G^ 


.ri 


XAPOLEON  S    BANISHMENT    TO    THE    ISLAND    OF    ST.   HELENA. 


Pope,  but,  instead,  placed  the  crown  upon  his  own  head,  and  at  the 
same  time  crowned  Josephine.  Six  months  later  he  crowned  him- 
self King  of  Italy,  at  Milan. 

In  the  succeeding  two  years  Napoleon,  again  at  the  head  of  his 
armies,  secured  victories  in  Austria,  Prussia  and  Portugal; 
made  the  King  and  Queen  of  Spain  abdicate  in  favor  of  his  brother 
Joseph,  and  at  the  same  time  gave  the  throne  of  Naples  to  his 
brother-in-law.    Murat. 

In  1809  Napoleon  was  divorced  from  Josephine  for  the  purpose  of 
marrying  Maria  Louisa,  the  daughter  of  the  Emperor  of  Austria. 
The  fruit  of  this  marriage  was  one  child,  a  son.  who  at  birth  was 
designated  the  King  of  Rome.  New  alliances  were  formed,  and  the 
French  Empire  had  seemingly  a  settled  future  before  it.  Napoleon, 
then  forty-two  years  of  age,  was  in  the  zenith  of  his  power.  From 
that  time,  however,   his  sun  slowly  began  to  set. 

The  Spaniards  did  not  take  kindly  to  the  encroachments  of  the 
French,  and  the  wars  waged  in  that  country  under  the  Napoleonic 
dynasty  cost  France  400. 000  men.  Then  came  a  period  of  great 
financial  depressiLMi  throughout  France,  in  which  the  people  were 
impoverished,  and  following  came  the  opening  of  hostilities  among 
the  nations  northward  from  France.  At  the  head  of  an  army  of 
500. 000  men,   Napoleon   passed 


his  retreat,  he  gathered  about  him  the  army,  once  more  marched 
upon  Paris  and  drove  Louis  XVIII.  from  the  throne  upon  which  he 
had  been  seated  by  the  other  European  powers.  The  Congress  of 
Nations,  then  in  session  at  Vienna,  immediately  inaugurated  meas- 
ures to  unseat  him.  Napoleon,  with  his  enthusiastic  followers, 
undertook  again  the  initiative,  and,  in  Belgium,  was  successful  in 
defeating  the  Prussians  at  Liguy.  But  his  army  was  too  weak  for 
the  combined  powers  then  arrayed  against  him.  On  the  18th  of  June, 
1815,  was  fought  the  battle  of  Waterloo;  the  great  military  chieftain 
there  met  his  overthrow,  and  the  French  army  was  dispersed. 

Napoleon  hurried  to  Paris,  and  was  soon  followed  by  foreign  armies, 
who  again  took  possession  of  the  French  capital.  After  twenty- 
three  years  of  war,  in  which  hundreds  of  thousands  of  the  men  of 
France  had  been  sacrificed,  their  capital  was  now  in  the  hands  of  the 
foreign  powers.  The  French  Legislature  demanded  that  Napoleon  abdi- 
cate the  throne  once  more,  and  just  one  hundred  days  from  the  time 
he  had  last  ascended  it,  he  signed  a  treaty  for  its  abdication  again, 
he  being  required  to  embark  immediately  for  the  United  States. 
Fearing,  however,  capture  by  the  British  cruisers,  he  went  on  board 
a  British  man-of  war  and  voluntarily  gave  himself  up,  trusting  to  the 
magnanimity  of  England   for  a  generous  hospitality.       The  English 


into  Russia,  where  victory 
crowned  his  marches  until  he 
drove  out  the  Russians  from 
Moscow,  of  which  city  he  took 
possession,  in  1812.  with  bis  vic- 
torious army.  Here,  on  the 
night  of  September  15,  with  the 
city  in  their  possession,  the 
French  were  startled  by  the 
breaking  out  of  fire  in  all  parts 
of  the  town.  The  Russians  had 
resorted  to  the  only  means  they 
knew  of  to  vanquish  their  pur- 
suers—  the  sacrifice  of  their 
homes  in  order  to  destroy  the 
means  upon  which  their  enemies 
8ubsisU;d. 

Into  the  heart  of  the  enemy's 
country  Nai>oleon  dare  not  pur- 
sue further.     Until  October  I9th 


nation,  however,   insisted   upon 
pi«ee««ifaW£eQf£teei«S«€ea^ftt)eefWft-ft:€«t^>ieaa^^^^^  considering    him  a   prisoner  of 

war,  and  from  the  allied  powers 
they  obtained  consent  to  banish 
him  to  the  island  of  St.  Helena, 
where,  like  a  caged  eagle,  ac- 
customed to  lofty  and  grand 
flights,  he  pined  under  his 
restraint  for  six  years,  and  died 
May  5,  1821,  during  a  terrific 
storm  of  wind  and  rain,  which 
vividly  recalled  to  him,  in  his 
dying  moments,  the  terrible  bat- 
tle-scenes in  which  he  had  been 
so  many  times  the  central  figure. 
Maria  Louisa  never  saw  him 
again  after  his  banishment  to  the 
isle  of  Elba,  and  in  his  declin- 
ing fortunes  from  that  time 
forward  she  apparently  took  no 
interest.      She  married,  in  1821. 


^ 


he  lingered,  endeavoring  to  make    ^333^.nia339.^aiaja?3333a?3?aJ.^^VV^^^?<»^»3ja?i»33v^^  an     Austrian      general.     Count 

a  settlement    for   peace,  but  all  NaDoleon*S  Tomb  Albert  Von  Neipperg,  who  had 


offers    being    rejected,    he    re- 
luctantly commenced  a   retreat, 

which,  in  the  midst  of  the  snows  that  had  fallen,  was  one  of  the 
most  terrible  journeys  for  an  army  of  which  history  makes  record. 
Napoleon  himself,  in  a  private  conveyance,  made  his  way  directly 
to  Paris,  and  announced  his  defeat,  his  losses  being,  out  of  the 
.V)0.000  men  whom  he  took  into  Russia,  125,000  slain,  132,000  dead 
from  hunger,  disease  and  cold,  and  193,000  lost  as  prisoners. 

Napoleon  at  once  set  about  the  conscripting  of  new  troops,  and  in 
1813  he  passed  into  Germany  to  prosecute  other  wars,  many  great 
battles  being  fought  in  that  year,  with  varying  success,  the  battle  at 
Leipsic  costing  his  army  50. 000  men.  At  length  the  French  people 
were  clamorous  for  peace,  the  strength  and  manhood  of  the  country 
being  so  rapidly  drained  us  to  make  war  no  longer  desirable.  Napo- 
leon encountered  tins  feeling  upon  his  return  from  Germany,  but, 
organizing  a  fresh  campaign,  he  made  another  effort  to  contend  with 
the  allied  powers,  which  were  moving  against  him.  and  which  finally 
entered  the  French  capital  and  compelled  htm  to  abdicate  hi.''  throne, 
be  being  given  the  island  of  Klba  for  his  retreat. 

He  pined  here  for  more  action,  and  within  a  year,  escaping  from 


Under  ,1  ma.'Jsivt-  inonuineiil  in  lln;  Hotel  ties  Invalides,  Frtince. 


himself  been  divorced  from  his 
first  wife.  Maria  Louisa  bore 
bim  several  children,  and  was  a  devoted  wife  and  mother. 

Josephine,  who  had  at  one  time  been  divorced  from  her  first  hus- 
band, before  her  marriage  with  Nai)ole(m.  was  most  devotedly  attached 
to  the  Emperor,  notwithstanding  her  divorcement  from  him,  and  was 
restrained  from  sharing  his  imprisonment  at  Elba  only  from  fear  of 
hurting  the  feelings  of  Louisa.  With  an  annual  income  of  $.500,000 
and  her  rank  and  title  settled  upon  her  by  Napoleon,  she  spent  the 
last  years  of  her  life  at  Malmaison.  At  her  death  she  was  buried  in 
the  church  of  Rueil.  in  a  tomb  erected  by  her  children,  EugeiR-  and 
Hortensc. 

At  his  death,  Napoleon  was  buried  beneath  a  weeping  willow,  in 
Slane's  valley,  on  the  island  of  St.  Helena,  where  his  remains  rested 
for  twenty  years.  Under  the  administration  of  Louis  Philippe  his 
ashes  were  removed  to  France,  ami  they  now  rest  there  under  an 
im])osing  monument  in  the  Hotel  des  Invalides. 

An  overweening  ambition  for  power,  a  despotic  government,  ton 
great  a  love  for  war,  which  overwhelmed  his  country  in  trouble,  ill- 
treatment  of  the  King  and  Queen  of  Spain,  and  many  other  actions 


:;S? 


BATTLES    OF    THE    EKENCII.        (;iiEAT    MILITARY    HICKOES. 


which  mark  the  tyrant,  are  stains  that  blacken  his  memory.  Never- 
Iholess  he-  did  many  wonderful  things  for  France.  lie  subdued  anarchy 
and  brought  orderoutof  chaos:  he  re-establi.shcd  her  church,  and  dur- 
ing his  reign  he  placed  his  country  in  the  very  first  rank  of  the  nations. 
He  was  unsurpassed  as  a  military  genius  and  administrator.     He 


possessed  in  the  highest  degree  self-reliance,  untiring  energy,  and 
the  power  to  command.  His  short,  thick-set  frame  carried  one  of 
the  loftiest  intellects  in  the  world,  and  for  daring  adventure,  bold  and 
wonderful  achievement,  his  career  was  one  of  the  most  remarkable  in 
the  persoiud  histories  of  the  world. 


Important  and   Well-Known   Battles  of  the   French. 


TIATTI-E   OF    MAKENOO.     FoiiKht    at 

-"  Miirenco.  a  village  "I    I'lrdiji,,,,! ,    italv    .[uiie 

U.    1800,    betwci-n    nl ■;.s,ilim    !■  i  ..mli    aoldlfrs 

under  Victor  and  N;ii)i.lc.)ii,  un.l  ;mi  \)isti  i  m  irniv 
of  31.000  men  and  200  cunnoii,  , [iinn.l.  ,1  tpv  gen- 
eral Mi;las.     At  one  time  tliL- Full,  h  ,. :,l    but 

rallied  againand  overwlielmet!  till  vii-iiiiin  l,)rce 
The  Austrlans  lost  7,000  killed  luid  woiindid  3  000 
prisoners.  20  pieee.s  of  aitillcry  and  8  h.xttle-niig-i 
The  loss  of  the  French  was  about  7,000  killed  and 
wounded,  and  1.000  prisoners.  The  result  ot  this 
battle  was  the  evacuation  of  all  the  fortified  places 
m  Italy  west  of  the  Mincio  river,  held  bv  the 
Austrians. 

Battle  orHoheiiliiiden.-Foueht  at  Hohen- 

hnilen    a  vill.iti,   1,1    1  pper  Bavaria,  twenty  miles 

east  ol    .Mum.  Ii,    .„il,er  3.    1800.    between   the 

treilch  Ctncial  .llui  eau,  with  100.000  men.  and 
Archduke  John  of  Austria,  with  an  unknown 
number  of  Austrians.  It  resulted  in  the  victory  ot 
the  French  troops.  The  Austrians  lost  8,000  in 
killed  and  wounded,  more  than  10,000  prisoners 
and  100  guns.  The  French  loss  was  about  5,000 
men.  This  battle  i-e-opened  negotiations  leadintr 
to  a  treaty  of  peace  at  Luneville. 

Battle  of  Austerlitz.— Fought  near  Auster- 
itz.  a  small  town  in  Moiavia.  December  2.  1805 
between  Napoleon,  with  80.000  French  soldiers' 
and  the  combined  Russian  and  Austrian  army  of 
84,000  men,  commanded  by  the  Emperors  of  Riissia 
and  Austria.     The  allies  having  chosen  their  posi- 


tion wioniily,  Napoleon  attacked  and  completely 
roiiti-d  111, •111.  alter  a  most  severe  contest.  The 
ttltics  lust  :io.i»io  in  killed,  wounded  and  prisoners, 
and  the  l-reneh  12,000.  As  a  result  of  this  b.attle 
Austria  was  compelled  to  negoti.ile  tin-  iiime  of 
Presburg.  the  Emperor  of  Russia  i  itii  id  1.,  In,  own 
dominions,  and  Nkpoleon  acquired  a  large  control 
of  (.enti-al  Europe. 

Battle  of  Jena.— Fought  October  H.  1806.  at 
.leiia.  Germany,  between  tin-  French,  under  Napo- 
leon, and  the  combined  I'm,  i ml  saxon  army 

and  the  latter  were  i-outed  ^'  nh  h  h  lul  slaughter 
(in  the  same  day.  at  Auei -iidi ,  i ,.  i  ni.niv  .Marshal 
Davoust.  in  command  of  a  Kiemh  luin-  'ailiieved 
a  victory  over  the  Prussians.  Bv  tlie.,,  I  ivii  battles 
more  than  20.000  Prussians  we're  kiilid  th.  mili'- 
tary  strength  of  Prussia  was  niatiiKijIy  reduced 
and  .Napoleon,  following  up  the  advantages  thus 
l?amea,  soon  obtained  possession  of  the  capital  ot 
that  kingdom. 

Battle  of  Friedland Fought  at  Fried- 
land,  irussia,    .lull,.   M,  1807.    liet%veeu  Napoleon, 

with  over    ,0.1 1- 1  vmh    troops,  and  about  .53.000 

Kussians.  under  Geneial  Bennlngsen.  The  French 
OSS  was  8,000  men  and  two  standards-,  theKussians 
lost  1,,000  men  and  about  eighty  guns.  This  bat- 
tle resulted  m  the  treaty  of  Tilsit,  July  7,  1807. 

Battle  of  Alhuera — Fought  May  16.  1811. at 
Albuera.  .Spain,  between  General  Berestord.  eom- 
manding  about  30.000  allied  British,  Spanish  and 


-^>— '-— ci^-'^Q 


-^■-•~-.<^^ 


GREAT  MILITARY  HEROES  OF  THE  WORLD. 


,^>.^,^„,,^^^(5^^J 


BDEL  KADER— An  Arabian 
Emir;  hoi-n  in  Algrtria  near  Mas- 
cara, in  1806  or  1807;  operated  in 
Algeria  and  Morocco,  against  the 
French  and  Moors.  He  was  a  learned 
author  as  well  as  a  warrior,  and  the 
father  of  twenty-four  children;  died 
in  1873. 

Abercromby,    Sir  R:ilph— A 

■  British  General:  born  in  Scotland,  in  1738;  fields 
of  operation;  The  seven  vears"  war;  American 
war;  Flanders  and  Holland;  commander  in  the 
West  Indies;  Irish  revolution  of  17fl8,  and  iiffainst 
the  French  in  Egypt:  wounded  in  the  battle  of 
Alexandria,  Egypt;  died  near  that  city  in  1828. 

Abrantes,  Duke  or— Andoche  Junot— 

A  Colonel-General  of  French  hussars  under  Napo- 
leon I.  ;  born  at  Bussy-Ie-Grand,  in  Burgundy,  in 
1771;  an  impetuous  officer,  and  known  as  "the 
Tempest:"  raised  from  the  ranks  for  bravery;  dis- 
tinguished in  Bonaparte's  Italian  and  Egyptian 
campaigns;  commanded  in  Portugal;  served  in 
Spain  and  Russia;  died  insane,  at  Montbard, 
France,  in  1813. 

,-Etius— A  Roman  General ;  born  in  Ma?sia, 
about  A.  D.  39r.;  vanquished  Burgimdians  and 
Flanks  in  Gaul;  attacked  Attila.  the  Hunnish 
invader  of  Gaul,  on  the  plains  of  Chalon,  ini.51,  and 
more  than  300,000  men  perished  on  both  sides:  was 
assassinated  at  Rome,  A.  D.  4.J4,  by  the  Roman 
Emperor  Valentinian,  who  was  jealous  of  his 
fame. 

Aeamemnon— An  ancient  King  of  Mycenae, 
in  which  kingdom  he  is  supposed  to  have  been 
born,  date  unknown:  commanded  the  combined 
forces  of  Greece  nt  the  memorable  siege  of  Troy, 
immortalized  by  Homer;  murdered  by  his  wife  on 
his  return  from  that  campaign. 

Aerrieola,  Cneius  *JuliuH~A  Roman  Gen- 
eral; born  at  Forum  Julii  (now  Frejus),  in  Gaul, 
A.  D.  40;  sent  to  Britain  by  Domitian,  and  brought 
it  into  complete  subjection;  murdered,  it  is  sup- 
posed, by  Domitian.  who  was  jealous  of  his  suc- 
cess, at  Hmne,  A.  L>.  93. 


.  AlcibiaOes— An  Athenian  General;  bom  at 
Athens  Greece,  B.  C.  450:  etfected  the  conquest 
ot  Sicily  and  that  over  Sparta;  was  murdered  B 
C.  404.  by  a  Persian  satrap,  at  the  instigation'  of 
Lysander. 

Alexander  the  Great— A  Macedonian  Gen- 
eral; born  in  Macedonia.  B.  C.  356;  destroyed 
Thebes;  defeated  King  Darius,  of  Persia;  subdued 
Asia  Minor;  routed  600.000  Persians  at  the  battle 
of  Issus:  subdued  Egypt,  Tvre.  and  Libya;  con- 
quered Persia;  became  brutal;  pushed  his  con 
quests,  and  reached  Babylon,  having  conquered 
nearly  all  existing  nations;  died  while  intoxicated 
at  Babylon.  B.  C.  323. 

Alfred  the  Great— King  of  the  Saxons  in 
England:  born  at  Wantage.  Eng.,  A.  D.  849; 
made  successful  resistance,  on  several  occasions, 
to  invading  Danes,  or  Northmen;  established 
coast  defenses:  translated  the  Bible  and  otlier 
books;  was  a  patron  of  education  and  literature- 
died  about  901. 

Alvarado.  Pedro  ».— A  Spanish  General; 
honi  at  Badajoz,  Spain,  about  the  close  of  the  fif- 
teenth century:  was  the  conqueror  of  Mexico, 
under  Cortez,  and  Guatemala;  governor  of  Guate- 
mala .and  Honduras:  killed  in  a  fight  with  Mexican 
Indians,  in  New  Galicia,  Mex. .  in  1541. 

Alvarez,  Juan— A  Mexican  General:  born 
in  Mexico  about  1790 ;  drove  Santa  Anna  from  power 
in  the  revolution  of  1855.  conquering  the  republic 
of  Mexico;  died  in  1867. 

Ancrlesey,  AlarquU  of— A  British  General; 
born  in  England,  in  1768;  distinguished  for  valor 
in  Flandei-s.  Holland.  Corunna.  Waterloo— losing 
a  leg  in  the  latter  battle.and  was  Loi-d-Lieutenant 
of  Ireland:  died  in  1854. 

Antony,  Mark— A  Roman  Triumvir;  born 
m  Italy.  B.  C.  83;  ably  seconded  Julius  Cfesar  in 
his  struggle  for  supreme  power,  and  was  made 
joint  Consul  of  Rome  with  him;  achieved  other 
national  triumphs  by  his  genius  and  valor,  but 
being  defeated  in  battle  at  Actium.  B.  C.  30.  he 
slew  himself;  was  husband  of  the  renowned  Cleo- 
patra, who  killed  herself,  on  leaming  of  his 
death,  by  the  sting  of  an  asp 


of^i«  hf^r^'"^  ""/  ^^"^  ^""^-  ^^^  P'*<^e  ^"d  date 
?r-i  1  I  ^  are  unknown  ;  he  swayed  tlit^  Northern 
«n!i  ^Tm  .^"^  the  Rhine  totlie  Volga;  overran  Illvria 
and  all  tne  region  between  tlie  Black  Sea  and' the 
Adriatic;  Thrace,  Macedonia  and  Greece  were 
de^  astated:  marched  through  Germahv  into  Gaul ; 
in%aded  Italy,  destroying  manv  cities;  died  sud- 
denly in  his  camp.  A.  D.  453  or  454;  is  supposed  to 

&%''e  o?  G^od.^'^'"^'^^'     ^^"*^^    himself,  the 

Bayard.  *'ChevaIier"-Peter  dii  Ter- 
rail— .\  French  knight,  distinguished  for  his 
valor,  virtue.generosity  and  courie.-^v.and  greaHv 
honored  in  life  and  in  death;  displaved  admirable 
m-aveo"  and  talents;  was  bom  at  the  chateau  de 
Bayard,  m  Dauphiny,  in  1476;  was  mortally 
wounded  in  battle  in  the  3Iilanese,atRomagnano' 
m  lo'Zi.  ^ 

Bernadotte.  Jean  B.  J.- A  French  Mar- 
shal: born  at  Pau.  France.  inl764:  was  a  coadjutor 
m  the  French  Revolution,  and  in  Bonapaite's 
campaigns;  invaded  Sweden  and  became  its  king 
for  twenty-six  years,  rluring  which  time  the 
country  prospered;  died  at  Stockholm.  Sweden 
in  1844- 

^r^'j?^**,***'    Gebhard    L.  Von— A   Prussian 

Marshal;  bom  at  Rostock,  Gei-many.  in  1742:  served 
under  Frederick  the  Great,  during  the  seven 
years'  war:  retired  to  agricultural  pursuits- 
recalled  to  the  army  in  1786;  active  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1792  to  '94.  distinguishing  himself  and 
gaining  promotion;  participated  vigorou'^Iy  in  the 
campaigns  of  1813  and  1814;  defeated  at  LicTjv  bv 
Napoleon,  in  1815,  and  turned  the  battle  of 
\\  aterloo  mto  a  victoi-y  for  the  English;  was  made 
Prince  of  Wahlstadt;  died  at  Kribowitz,  Prussia, 

Boli-var.  Simon  T.  P.— President  of  South 
American  republics;  born  at  Caracas.  Venezuela 
in  1,83;  M-rested  Central  South  America  from 
Spam,  and  founded  the  republics  of  Bolivia  and 
Colombia;  died  at  San  Pedro,  near  Carthaeena 
Spain,  in  1831. 

Bonaparte,  Xapoleon— An  Emperor  of 
France,  King  of  Italy,  etc.  ;   operated  in  France, 


Portuguese  troops,  and  23,000  French,  under  >Iar- 
shal  Soult.  The  latU-r  hoped  by  defeating  Bcre»- 
ford  to  raise  the  niege  of  Badajoz  bv  the  Brltlbh. 
but  wa«  decisively  defeatfrl  by  the  aniex. 

Battle  of  Cliidad  Kijdriffo.- FoughtatClu- 
dad  Rodrigo.a  stronghold  of  Si)aiii.near  the  Portu- 
guese boundary. .January  19, 1»12.  .Mussena.  with  a 
Irench  force. had  occupied  it  in  IRIO.  and  retained 
it.  Wellington  began  its  .siege  January  8.  1812.  and 
furiously  bombarded  It.  Flndingthat'twobreaches 
of  sufficient  size  liad  been  made  in  the  walls,  he 
stormed  the  fortiliciitimis  in  the  face  of  a  murder- 
ous resistance,  but  succeeded  in  capturing  the 
town.  The  British  gained  a  vast  amount  of  storeH 
and  1.50  cannon,  but  lost  1,300  men.  The  French 
loss  was  300  killed  and  l.-'iOO  prisonei-.«.  For  this 
exploit.  Wellington  was  created  a  duke  by  Spain 
a  viscount  by  Portugal  and  an  earl  by  England. 

Battle  of  Lelpxlf.- Fought  October  10.  17, 
18andl'J,  1813.  between  160.000  French,  under  Na- 
poleon, with  800  cannon  and  300. 000  men  and  nearly 
1,400  cannon,  under  Prince  Schwarzenberg.  com- 
posing the  allied  armies  of  Russia.  Prussia  and 
Austria.  After  severe  lighting  against  such  fear- 
ful odds, on  the  I9th.  Napoleon  madea  full  retreat 
leaving  12.000  able  soldiers  and  25,000  more  of  -iick 
and  wounded  in  the  hands  of  the  allies.  The  total 
lo.ss  of  the  French  was  more  than  60,000.  and  that 
of  the  allies  .50.000.  This  battle  and  its  results 
served  to  liasten  the  downfall  of  Napoleon. 


7^ 


(> — 


54 


GREAT  MILITARY  HEROES  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Italy.  Spain,  Eg'j'pt,  Russia  and  Belgium,  as  the 
greatest  warrior  of  modern  times,  in  point  of 
ambition,  energy  and  power  overmen;  born  at 
Ajaccio.  in  the  Island  of  Corsica,  in  1769.  and  died. 
a  lonely  prisoner,  in  the  island  of  St.  Helena,  in 
1821. 

Bozzaris,  Marco— A  patriot  and  warrior 
of  great  distinction;  bom  in  Greece,  about  1790; 
made  war  against  the  Turks  from  1820  to  1S23.  and 
was  killed  in  the  latter  year  in  the  victoi-ious fight 
at  >[issolonghi. 

Korii.  Brian— A  native  king  of  Ireland; 
born  at  -Mimster.  Ireland,  about  A.  D.  927;  over- 
came the  Danes  and  prosperously  reigned,  but  in 
a  revolt  of  his  own  people  they  were  assisted  by 
Danes,  and  a  light  ensued,  in  which  Boru  was 
slain,  but  the  Danes  were  permanently  repulsed; 
died  at  Clontarf,  Ireland,  in  1014. 

Bruce.  Robert — Earl  of  Carrick  and  King 
of  Scotland;  born  in  Scotland  in  A.  D.  1274;  bear- 
ing his  father's  name,  he  fought  for  the  freedom 
of  Scotland  from  the  English  yoke,  fii-st  fighting 
under  the  English  banner  against  his  competitor 
for  the  crown.  Baliol ;  Bruce  was  crowned  at 
Scone,  in  1306,  defeated  Edward  II.  at  Bannock- 
burn,  in  1314,  thus  tinnly  establishing  his  throne; 
died  in  1329. 

Brnnswick,  Charles  MV.  F..  Duke  oi*— 

A  Prussian  General,  born  at  Brunswick,  Prussia, 
in  1735;  served  actively  in  the  seven  years'  war. 
and  his  services  were  celebrated  by  Frederick  the 
Great  in  a  poem;  was  mortally  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  Auerstadt,  in  ISOG. 

C%8a.r,  Julius— First  Roman  Emperor;  bom 
at  Rome,  B.  C.  100:  owing  to  family  affairs,  the 
Dictator  Sylla  resolved  to  destroy  him,  but  at  the 
solicitation  of  friends  spared  his  life;  became 
Chief  Pontiff  and  Prsetor,  and  in  B.  C.  59  Consul ; 
Mil»d>ied  Gaul;  twice  invaded  Britain;  overcame 
Itiil>-,  became  Dictator  and  Consul  at  Rome;  van- 
i|in>lifd  the  Egyptians,  and  captured  .Spain; 
bt'Lj-iue  the  victim  of  a  conspiracy  formed  by 
Brutus,  Cassius  and  others,  and  was  assassinated 
in  the  Senate  House,  March  15,  E.  C.  44, 

Collinswood,  Cuthbert,  Liorcl— English 
Admiral;  born  at  Xewcastle-on-Tyne.  Eng. ,  1750; 
was  at  Bunker  Hill.  America;  expedition  to  Cen- 
tral America ;  with  Lords  Howe  and  Jervis  in  their 
victories  over  the  French.  1794.  1707.  and  with  Lord 
Nelson  at  Trafalgar.  1805,  taking  that  officer's 
place  when  he  fell,  and  finishing  tlie  victory;  for 
this  he  was  raised  to  the  Peerage  of  England, 
with  thanks  of  Parliament  and  a  liberal  pension 
for  his  family  ;  died  at  sea,  1810. 

Conde,  PrInceH  and  Dukes  of— Nine  mem- 
bers of  the  younger  luni.sclu'lil  of  the  Bourbons  of 
France,  who  played  iiiipiMi.iul  military  and  politi- 
cal parts  in  French  hihtury  iji-tween  1530  and  1800; 
of  these  Louis  II. .  surnanu-d  the  Great,  was  born 
at  Paris.  1621.  and  distinguished  himself  in  the 
wars  with  Spain,  between  1645  and  1650. 

Constantine  the  Great— Emperor  of 
Rome,  bom  at  Naissus.  in  Moesia.  about  274; 
struggled  for  the  empire  with  Maxentius.whom  he 
overcame:  vanquished  Licinus;  chastised  the 
Goths;  made  Christianity  the  dominant  religion, 
and  removed  the  capital  from  Rome  to  Constanti- 
nople (Byzantium);  died  at  Nicomedia.  337. 

Coi-dova,     Francisco     Ferdinand    de— 

S|..iiii-.li  General,  born  at  Madrid,  1792;  fought  in 
till-  raniiJ.aign  against  Napoleon;  minister  i>t'  war, 
IS-17.  in  1840  went  to  Italy  with  an  army  to  aid  in 
restoring  the  Pope;  fought  against  the  victorious 
insurgents  in  the  revolution  of  18.54,  and  rted  to 
France;  in  18.56  he  returned  to  Spain,  and  in  18C4 
was  made  minister  of  war  in  the  cabinet  of 
Narveez. 

Cortez,  Hernando— Conqueror  of  Mexico; 
born  at  MiMlellin,  Spain,  1485;  sailed  in  1504  for 
San  Domingo,  W.  I.  ;  received  several  appoint- 
ments front  the  governor;  in  1518  fitted  out  his 
(•xpedition  to  Mexico,  contrary  to  the  governor's 
wishes:  between  March  4.  1519,  and  Aii;.-ii-i  i.;  |  ,"i 
he  waged  a  w;ir  with  the  Mexicans  xvtmii  m  nlii  i| 
in  his  vanquishing  them,  and  he  hi-.  .Lim  ^-.n  .  i  jii.i 
of  .Mexico;  jealousy  at  home,  him.-Mi,  iiiiiicd 
him,  and  he  died  in  solitude  In  Si)ain,  nearScvilhr 
1.547. 

tVeveccpur,  Philippe  de— French  Mnrthal 
and  Haron ;  born  t?arly  in  the  Hflecnlli  i-'  nlury.  In 
France;  distinguished  as  a  woldln-  umi-w  ( 'JuhIch 
the  Bald  and  Louis  VI. ,  and  in  nuiucroiis  miiitarv 
and  tllr>l'>niiili<-  uiid.Ttakiiigs,  sign.-. I,  r<.r  Fnin.-.-. 
111.-  ti.MlKs  .,f  .\ria-^  .ulii.li  gavr  iinpcilant  tcrii- 
loiy  to  l-niTM-.'i  and  Kntrl.uid,  II.-  al><)  ov.t.-.ujic 
Duke  .MiLXUiiiltan  in  i'lr.mly,  taking  more  t.-iri- 
tory.  and  wa.H  on  his  way  to  conquer  Naples,  when 
he  died  near  Lyons,  in  France,  in  1494. 

Cromwell,  Oliver— Lord  Protector  of  the 
English  Commonwealth;  bom  at  Hvmtingdon, 
Eng. ,  1599;  became  a  zealous  Puritan;  entered 
Parliament,  irj2.'>:  onpoHcd  King  Charles  I.  in  Par- 
liament, and  took  the  ilelrl  agaln^^t  him,  winning 
\  l.-toriesover  lln-  roval  Irooii^,  m  mMiuiou>i  well- 
f'.ught  battb--  b.tw.en  IflCJ  jukI  Ifilf,.  iin.l  aided  In 
hi-ini/iiig  th.'  kiritr  t..  ii>.'  .-..■.nr'.i.i .  Ii.>  i  lim  >.ulKlu.-d 


Ireland,  after  severe  fighting,  and  defeated  the 
Scotch  loyalists;  in  1651  he  reached  the  sum- 
mit of  his  power,  becoming  Lord  Protector 
in  1653;  during  his  dynasty  England  was  prosper- 
ous, respected  and  feared  by  other  nations;  died 
at  Whitehall  Palace.  Eng.,  1658. 

Cyrus  the  Great — His  career  as  a  Persian 
General  was  foretold  by  Isaiah  more  than  one 
hundred  years  before  his  birth,  but  considerable 
diversity  of  history  surrounds  his  acts;  he  was  son 
of  Cambyses,  the  Persian;  at  the  age  of  thirty  he 
was  sent  with  30,000  men  to  assist  his  uncle  Cyax- 
eres,  who  was  about  to  be  attacked  by  the  Baby- 
lonians, dispersing  the  latter;  pushed  the  war 
into  adjoining  countries;  subdued  Cappadocia; 
captured  Sardis,  the  capital  of  Lydia;  reduced 
almost  all  Asia  to  subjection;  returned  and  fought 
the  Assyrians;  captured  Babylon  after  a  siege; 
engaged  in  several  other  wars  and  subdued  all  the 
nations  between  Syria  and  the  Red  Sea.  and  is 
described  in  Scripture  as  "Monarch  of  all  the 
earth  ;■'  he  is  supposed  to  have  reigned  from  about 
558  to  529  B.  C. ,  dying  at  the  age  of  seventy  years. 

Darius,  the  Mede— Son  of  Astyages,  King 
of  the  Medes;  mentioned  in  Daniel  v..  31.  ix.,  1. 
andxi.,1;  in  scripture  also  called  Artaxcrxes;  in 
either  A.  M.  3448  or  3468,  he  conquered  Babylon, 
dethroning  Belshazzar,  his  sister's  grandson.  King 
of  the  Chaldeans,  occupying  the  throne  for  about 
two  years,  when  he  died,  and  Cyrus  the  Great 
reigned  in  his  stead. 

Darius  I.,  King  of  Persia— Son  of  Hystas- 
pes;  took  Babylon  after  a  siege  of  twenty  months; 
gave  permission  for  rebuilding  the  Jewish  temple 
at  Jerusalem  and  sent  the  captive  Jews  to  their 
own  country;  subsequently  the  Persians  invaded 
Greece,  but  were  defeated  at  Marathon;  while 
preparing  to  take  the  Held  against  the  Greeks  in 
person,  Darius  died  B.  C.  4S5. 

Darius  III.,  the  last  Kins  of  Persia- 
Persia  being  invaded  by  Alexander  the  Gieat. 
Darius  took  the  field  against  him  in  person,  com- 
manding an  army  of  600,000  men;  two  battles  were 
fought,  at  Granicus  and  near  Issus;  in  the  latter 
the  Pei-sians  were  routed,  having  nioi-e  than 
100,000  men  killed;  Darius  escaped. and  afterwards 
fought  the  Greeks  again,  but  was  defeated  and 
fled;  he  was  found  murdered.  B.  C.  331,  in  his 
chariot,  the  victim  of  Bessus,  governor  of  Bac- 
triana,  who  coveted  his  throne. 

Davoust,  I^ouis  Nicholas— A  French  Mar- 
shal; born  at  Annoux.  Burgundy,  1770;  studied  at 
Brienne  with  Napoleon;  distinguished  himself  on 
several  occasions  in  the  French  army,  and  went 
with  Bonaparte  to  Egypt;  in  the  campaigns  of 
1806  and  1809  he  won  the  titles  of  Marshal,  Duke 
and  Prince,  was  governor  of  Hamburgh  in  l«i;i, 
1814;  minister  of  war  under  Napoleon  in  1815.  and 
commanded  the  army  which  capitulated  under  the 
walls  of  Paris;  died  in  Paris.  1823. 

Dessaix,  Joseph  Marie — A  French  Gen- 
eral under  Napoleon;  born  at  Thonon,  Savoy, 
1764;  served  at  the  siege  of  Toulon,  in  U;ily  and  in 
the  campaign  of  1806  against  Austria,  wiimiiij,'  the 
title  of  Count  of  the  Empire;  commanded  at 
the  city  of  Berlin;  in  1813  was  intrusted  with  tlie 
defense  of  France  on  the  line  of  the  Alps,  and 
subsequently  was  commander  of  the  National 
Guard  at  Lyons;  died  in  France,  in  1834. 

Desalx  de  Veigfoux,  Louis  Charles 
Anthony  — -\.  .-eleliiateil  French  (ieneial.  of 
noble  deseeiit;  hiirri  in  Auvergne.  ITCiS  Lii'iileiiMnt 
inthe;u-Mi\  ■.<\  ni  i-iii ;  defended  Fori  K'.-lil  m  ir.n.. 
conini:uiiliii;j  .<  il  i  v ,  -[nn  in  the  army  i  >i   i  in-  IMnnc  . 

accomp;nitr(l   I ..|.:irtcto  Egypt.' wlnTe    ],<■    w.is 

known  as  -ilie  .lust  Sultan;"  and  fell  in  the  hat  He 
of  Marengo,  June  14,  1800,  just  as  he  had  aided  in 
winning  victory  over  the  Austnans. 

DuniiiN,  General— A  inuliitto  Fr.-nch  odleer; 
born  in  .l.r 'rni--.  II  ivli.  \HV.:  ;  i-iilere.l  Ihe 
French  anny  ;it  t..i!r1.'.'ri ,  tn.t.'d  for  his  li.iiKN.nne 
flk'Uie.  pnHljgi.His  strength  and  great  bravery; 
^ir^ril  under  Duinouriez.  then  in  Italy,  under 
n.i|imIi.)||,  and  at  the  battle  of  Brixen,  single- 
li:iinlid.  he  defended  a  bridge  against  the  enemy 
until  the  French  could  come  to  his  rescue;  he  also 
served  with  distiru-tion  in  Egypt;  died  at  Villiors- 
Cotterets,  France.  1806. 

Duroc,  C}lriird4\  »f.-.\  favorite  General 
of  Nai)oleon's;  bom  near  N;uiey,  Fianee.  1772: 
Governor  of  the  Tuilleries;  ■■nqil.iye.l  .>n  iin|i.n-- 
taiit  diplomatic  missions;  serve.!  at  Atis(ei-lit/.  in 
the  campaigns  of  iHOfl  antl  *07,  in  Austria  and  in 
Hns-i;.,  Kill. .lilt  the  battle  of  Bautzen,  while 
eseiirtnig  Hie  I'lniperor  to  an  elevation.  Napoleon 
bought  the  land  where  he  fell,  and  ereeted  a  mon- 
ument to  his  nu'inory  thereon;  died  near  Markers- 
dorf.  Saxony,  1813. 

Edward,  Prince  or  WalcH— Known  iiii 
*'the  Hlack  Prince,"  from  the  color  of  his  armor i 
son  of  King  Edward  III.,  of  England;  born  at 
WoodKtodc,  Eng..  l-SSO:  accompanied  his  father  to 
France  in  n45.  and  p^ulieipate.l  in  tin-  great  vic- 
tory (d'Cr.ev;  n.v.i;.'..!  III.'  Fieiieh  .Luninionw. 13.55 
and '.Sfi.  and  re-l..r.(l  ■  r.-.lro  the  ( 'ruid  "  to  the 
thron.-ol  Spiiin,  .Ik.I  in  I  iii^'lun.l.  i:t:r,. 


Espnrtero,  Joa<|iiln  B.— A  Spanish  Gran- 
dee; boi-n  near  Cuidad  Ileal,  Spain.  1792;  fought 
the  South  American  insurgents  in  Venezuela  and 
Peru;  favored  the  succession  ut  i^ueeii  Isabella  II. 
to  the  throne;  fought  the  Carlists  successfully  in 
the  civil  war.  1833- '39;  was  head  of  Queen  Chris- 
tina's ministry;  succeeded  her  as  regent  in  1840; 
being  overcome  by  Narvaez  he  retired  to  England, 
until  1847,  when  he  returned  to  Spain,  and  resumed 
his  lost  honors;  subsequently  became  head  of 
Isabella's  government,  and  after  her  expulsion  he 
supported  the  provisional  government,  refusing 
the  crown,  which  was  olfered  to  him,  on  account 
of  his  great  age. 

Oarlbaldl,  Gulseppe— An  Italian  patriot; 
born  at  Nice,  1807;  raised  ;i  mariner;  in  1834  he  was 
exiled  from  Italy  forexeitiima  revolution;  visited 
the  Black  Sea  and  South  Anienea;  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  republic  ot  KioGrande;  was  repulsed 
and  taken  prisoner;  escaping,  he  returned  to  Rio 
Grande  and  joined  an  expedition  against  the  Bra- 
zilians, sometimes  on  land  and  sometimes  at  sea; 
after  the  war  he  settled  at  Montevideo;  this  place 
being  besieged,  liaribahli  fitted  out  a  flotilla,  and 
the  town  was  saved.  lie  then  returned  to  Spain 
and  participated  in  the  military  affairs  of  1848, 
defeating  the  Neapolitans.  Being  surrounded 
by  Austrians,  he  was  offered  terms  of  capitula- 
tion, which  he  refused,  and  he  and  his  adherents 
fied;  but  his  wife  died,  he  was  arrested,  iKinisiied, 
and  came  to  New  York;  made  vo>;i;-'.s  ti.  Hie 
Pacific,  and  returned  to  Nice;  here  In-  juineil  the 
Sardinian  government  against  the  Austiians; 
rendered  important  services  during  the  war  to  the 
Italian  cause,  and  in  1860  captured  Sicily  and 
became  Dictator;  afterwards  he  assisted  in  the 
overlhr'nv  of  King  Francis,  and  the  kingdom  of 
Tu  u  Sirih.  -  i>.  .aiiie  merged  in  that  of  Italy.  Gar- 
ib;ilili  1.  -L^rii.  .1  the  l)iet:(toisliii.  and  retired  to  the 
isLiml  i-r  t^ipiera.  Subse.iuently  he  reappeared 
pruiuiiieiitly  in  the  troubles  in  Italy,  and  incited 
the  Hungarians  against  the  Austrians.  In  a  battle 
near  Aspromunte  he  was  wounded  and  taken  pris 
oner  but  was  pennittetl  to  return  to  Caprera. 
Again  he  lepeated  ins  m. cements  tor  the  eomjuest 
of  Rome,  but  w;iv  upim  one  .leeasum  arrested,  and 
on  the  other  detect  led  in  l.:title  and  taken  prisoner, 
but  rele.ised  Jis.iii  Ainenean  citizen.  In  1870, when 
tlie  lie! -U III II-  -i|  Fl.ilire  •.\as  established,  he  joined 
ill  Its  national  deteiK-e,  aiulser\ed  in  the  French 
army,  but  without  distinguishing  himself.  He 
filled  a  seat  in  the  National  Assembly  for  a  time, 
but  resigned  and  retired  to  Caprera.  He  wrote 
novels  and  poems,  and  was  undoubtedly  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  men  of  this  centuiy.  Among 
his  latest  acts  was  the  procuring  of  a  divorce  from 
his  second  wife.    Died,  June  2,  1882. 

Gonsalvo  of  Cordova,  Hernandez  A.— 

A  eelelxated  Spanish  waiii..t,  kiiMun  :is--the 
Great  Captain,"  burn  at  Moritill...  Spain,  H.53. 
He  entered  upon  a  military  lile  at  (illeeii  years; 
distinguished  himself  in  wars  against  the  Moors, 
Portuguese.  Turks  and  French;  was  Viceroy  of 
Naples,  wliich  kingdom  he  had  conquered;  died  in 
Granada,  Spain,  1515. 

Oaurgaud,  Oaspard*  Baron— A  French 
General,  born  at  Versailles,  France,  1783;  attended 
milit:irv  schools;  entered  the  army  in  1802;  fought 
in  the  eain|>aigns  ut  Gernuuiy,  Poland.  Spain  and 
again  in  Ceiiiiany;  went  tu  Hussia  with  Naiioie.m; 
at  Moscow  piiveiited  the  explosion  .it  .'.00,000 
pounds  of  puwder.  and  was  created  Baron ; 
aee..inpamed  Napoleon  tlirough  nuineruus  battles, 
saving  his  hie  .m  one  occasion;  was  aiinuig  the 
l:i-t  o(li.'.-iv  t.i   le.ive  the  field  of  Waterloo,  and 

■  "■<■ iMni.'d  III-  .-hief  to  St.  Helena.     Returning 

1.1  iji^i  mil,  )i.  AMiNe.i  for  the  release  of  Nap(. I. -on 
I  [Mill  exile,  ;itid  r  i  1 1  red  to  France,  where  he  lived 
on  a  legiiey  livuu  his  former  friend  and  com- 
iiKinder;  died  in  1K52. 

OouKh,  If UKhVlKcoiint— .\  Bi'itish  General; 
born  at  Woodsti.uii.  Iiehnul.  i;79.  enter. -d  the 
army  in  1794;  s.>i\ed  ;li.miii.-i  Hi,.  I'uleii  in  Smith 
Africa;  in  the  \\  .  -t  Imli.  v,  ,n  Sp:nn,  .|islin;,Mii-.b 
ing  himself  in  se\eral  iDiiJort.uit  buttles;  r.ini 
miuidcr-in-Chicf  in  Chuui,  and  created  a  Ban. net; 
transferi"ed  to  India,  with  supreme  coinnmn.l,  In- 
carried  on  a  brilliant  and  successful  campaign 
against  the  Sikhs,  from  1843  to  1849;  superseded  by 
Sir  Charles  Napier;  made  a  viscount,  handsomely 
pensioned,  and  created  Field  Marshal. 

Orant.  Sir  .Tume>«  Hope— A  Bhtisli  Hen 
eraU  b.trn  al  Kilgra-l.-n,  Se..(lan.l,  1,S(IS;  eiiter.-d 
tli.-iinnvin  lS2r..  served  in  the  Ilist  Knglivli  uar 
with  China,  in  India  ILun  ISIX  to  l.s,'>s.  uh.-i.'  Ii.- 
w<m  battles  and  h..ni.rs,  .speeiallv  at  the  si.-ge  of 
Delhi  and  the  reli.-l  of  Liuknow;  .■.nnniiviided  in 
China  in  1859;  captured  Peking  in  isfio,  and  so  ter- 
minated the  war,  receiving  the  thanks  of  Parlia- 
ment and  being  madea  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the 
Bath,  with  suhse<iuent  military  promotions, 

Oroiichy,  Eniniaiitiel,  Mar4|tiln  de— vV 
French  (leneral ;  born  at  Paris,  1766;  entered  the 
French  military  service  at  fovirteen  years,  .serving 
a  part  of  the  time  under  Lafayette.  From  1798  t.> 
1811  h.-  s,-rved  Willi  di-lin.-liiii;  in  tli.-  i.rmv.  j.;irli 
clp;UMik'  III  s"Mi..  .if  Hie  ni.i-l  .lislingnisli.'.l  liatH.-s 
and     .Mt.q.i.lk'll^     1 'I-    NMpMlei.ii     i.iid    nHi.'l-s,       \ 


subsequently,  after  Napnlcnn's  return  from  Elba, 
attached  hhn-^clf  tn  tli-'  Ijni..  i  m '-  rmtviiiL-s, 
heconiiiitr  '.\  Miit^lial  ol"    l-i  m.  .      in,  I    i  ikirik'  u  citn- 

spicUMUs  p;ul  in   (lis  r]ii,i       ,-|„  ,   n         Hisfail- 

UIT.  linWL'ver.  In  brint;  in-   Im.- )ii.mIi.)I1  jit 

th«i  buttlu  of  Waterluu,  rather  (Ij-h  .h  ..Imv  pre- 
vious orders,  eosl  Napdleon  hi^  -lu-nil  ilii.ir.  in 
that  eont(^st.  Ketiriiik'  from  Kr^inii  unJii  pio- 
wcription,  he  liver!  live  years  in  llx'  Uiuhil  Slates, 
at  l'litladelr>hia.  He  il-lurned  In  [•lance  in  1821, 
anil  was  restored  U.  Ins  rank  of  Marshal. 

Iluvelock,  Sir   Ilciify      \  Uril  i-h  Ceneral, 

distiuK'iiished  by  his  bnllMiii    l' i  ni|i,i  ii^ii   a^'^aiiist 

the  Kepoys  in  India  in  lHri;.h<.( .uiuilv  Dur- 

liani,  Hnt'-.  I79'i;  entered  tin  |;piii-li  .iirnv  in  1815; 
Went  to  India  in  ISlM;  pari  leipiii.'il  m  ihr  hiirniese 
war  (d  1.S'.>1  wHb  di^I  ineriMii,  m  ili..  ,n\  i-imi  of 
Afirhanislan.  under  Sii  Willi. ii^-bhy  ( ■,,ii..ii,  18:}8 
ami  l«:iii,  in  the  MalnaHacunipuik'ti  and  in  the  war 
a(?ainst  the  Sikhs;  fought  in  Persia.  IxriO;  his 
operations  in  1857.  in  opposition  to  the  Sepoys 
under  the  Nana  Sahib,  however,  established  his 
military  fame;  died  near  Lucknow,  India,  of 
dysentery,  November,  1857.  receiving' a  baronetcy 
from  the  English  government  the  day  after  his 
death. 

•losin  of  vVi'c,  **the  lHaifl  of  Orleans*'— 

This  Ki't-atest  of  heroines  was  born  of  humble  par- 
ents at  Doniremi.  France,  UIO;  tended  sheep  and 
took  eare  of  horses  at  a  eountry  inn;  but  havint? 
a  mind  far  superior  to  her  station,  and  brooding 
over  the  sufferings  of  lier  country  and  the  means 
of  relieving  tliem  until  she  beli.-ved  herself  called 
by  mysterious  V. lilts  1,1  bn-onie  the  deliverer  of 
France,  she  iilfer./d  lier^-.-lf  tr.  the  king  as  a 
divinely  appointed  wanmr.  Her  services  were 
accepted,  and  she  took  the  Held  against  the  ene- 
mies of  her  country.  Her  alleged  divine  appoint- 
ment and  bravery  inspired  her  t<i||owers  with 
enthusiasm,  while  it  depi-essed  the  tlnglish.  Her 
campaigns  were  wonderfully  successful;  city 
after  city  was  subdued,  and'  the  English  were 
everywhere  rapidly  defeated;  fourteen  months 
passed  in  this  brilliant  warfare,  which  closed  with 
the  crowning  of  her  sovereign.  She  now  declared 
her  mission  at  an  end,  but  she  was  prevailed  upon 
to  remain  witli  the  army,  which  she  commanded 
with  her  wouled  hiavei  v.  At  last,  falling  a  cap- 
tive int.i  the  hands  ..1  the  English,  who  bought 
her  from  the  Burgundians.  she  was,  to  their  ever- 
lasting disgrace,  burned  at  the  stake  at  Rouen, 
I-ranee,  in  1431,  as  a  soi-ceress.  In  later  years, 
however,  this  method  of  her  death  has  been  denied. 

Juarez,  Benito  Pahl4»  :tii4l   Miixiiull- 

ian — Juarez  was  born  at  s.m  j'.ii.ii.  i ;  m  ratao. 
State  of  Oajaca.  Mexico,  l.si'ii,  '■!  I  leiiM  u  jKnents; 
educated  by  a  friar;  studied  law;  prulessorof 
natural  philosophy  in  the  college  of  Oajaca; 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1834;  was  chief  judge  of  the 
republic  in  1842-45;  secretary  of  state  under  Gen- 
eral Leon;  chief  justice  of  the  superior  court. 
When  the  Salas  revolution  in  1846  became  a  suc- 
cess in  Oajaca.  he  was  made  one  of  the  governing 
triumvirate,  ^n  1846  he  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
stituent congress  that  voted  money  to  carry  on  the 
war  with  the  United  States;  became  governor  of 
Oajaca  in  1847-'o2.  managing  affairs  discreetly, 
litpiidating  the  state  debt  and  having  surplus 
funds.  Soon  afterwards  he  was  arrested  and 
exiled  by  Santa  Anna,  and  lived  in  reduced  cir- 
cumstances for  two  years  in  New  Orleans,  Return- 
ing to  Mexico  in  1855,  he  assisted  in  the  successful 
uprising  of  Alvarez,  who  afterwards  appointed 
Juarez  minister  of  justice  and  religion;  subse- 
quently President  Comonfort  appointed  Juaiez 
governor  of  Oajaca;  lie  was  re-elected  gM\-.-rnor 
in  IS.'i?;  was  also  then  elected  piesiil.nt  .if  the 
supreme  court  of  justice,  and  afterwards  minister 
of  the  interior.  Comonfort  being  ousted,  Juarez 
succeeded  him  as  president  of  the  republic  in  1858, 
being  recognized  as  such  by  the  United  States  in 


isrift.  In  18fil  he  di-fcated  Mlrarnon.  entered  Mex- 
ico, and  in  the  To!  Ir. wing  spring  wax  elected  presi- 
dent again.  In  IKtit;  France  der-l.ired  war  uguinst 
Juarez,  with  the  determiniition  i»f  esfabltshing  an 
empire  in  Mexico.  Juarez  was  defeated,  and  Max- 
imilian, Archduke  of  Austria,  assumed  the  func- 
tions of  Emperor.  Juarez,  however,  maintained 
the  presidency  at  El  Paso  del  Norte,  an<t  in  l«Ofi 
began  that  brilliant  militarv  eiupituUgn  which 
restored  him  to  the  pu'sessiun  ol  rhi-  republic, 
and  resulted  in  the  (-apture  and  shi...uiit,'  <>f  Maxi- 
milian, in  June.  1867.  In  Octobei'  Juarez  was 
re-elected  president  of  Mexico.  Five  years  of 
unsuccessful  revolutions  against  him  followed. but 
peace  came  in  1872.  The  health  of  Juarez,  how- 
ever, failed  undci-  all  his  trials,  and  he  died  in 
.Mexico,  in  18T3,  of  apoplexy. 

K<»MMiith,  IvOIiIm— Ex-govcrnor    of  Hungary; 

born  at  Monok.  I«n.':  ,uU-v<-c\  rtw  National  Diet 
a.sa  reiiresenlaliv.  ill  i-,."i,  |,,i  imlil  i -liing  reports 
of  the  pnnTedintTs  i-l  I  h  i  -  ,i  -  ■  m  I.I  \  .  he  was  con- 
victed    i.t       hi^'h      InM-.in      ;,Mil      -rot. -I. red      tO      foUr 

years-iiii|,M-iiiirNr,ii,  Within  two  years. however. 
ho  wji-  lil.ii  ii,  ,1  ,,,1  an  amnesty;  became  editor  of 
anew-j.ii.  I  ,ii  ir.iii  in  isu;  in  ^8^«  he  visited 
Vienna,  ih,  .  .ipilul  ..f  Austria,  to  press  the  claims 
of  Hungary  upon  the  governni.nl.  an.l  rrinrncd 
to  Presburg  as  minister  of  Ihianee,  Irider  Ihis 
administration  he  successfully  earrii-d  <)ut  import- 
ant nwasures  for  the  relief  ofthe  peasantry  under 
the  feudal  system,  which  was  swept  away.  Dur- 
ing the  civil  war  of  18I8-'49  he  was  governor  of 
Hungary.  The  Hungarians  having  been  sup- 
pressed, mainly  by  the  armed  intn  vrnli.in  of 
Russia.  Kossuth  retired  to  Turkey  with  s.-veral 
political  allies  and  ,^,(M)0  troops.  Itv  the  interyen- 
tion  of  England  and  France.  Turkey  refused  to 
deliver  up  Kossuth  at  the  request  of  Austria  and 
Russia,  and  he  and  his  followers  were  retained 
as  prisoners  in  Asia  Minor  until  1851.  Kossuth 
then  proceeded  to  l;,ngland.  and  sailed  for  the 
United  States  in  the  autumn  of  that  year.  Here 
he  traveled,  advocating  the  cause  of  Ilungary. 
and  was  received  with  great  favor.  Afterwards 
he  returned  t-i  England,  residing  there  for  several 
years,  engaged  in  ieetming  ..nd  writing  for  the 
newspapers.  From  1S6^  to  lST-'>  he  resided  in  priv- 
acy at  Turin,  devoting  much  time  to  scientific 
investigations. 

Lopez,  Xarciso— Cuban  revolutionist;  born 
in  1799,  in  Venezuela.  S.  A.,  of  wealthy  parents; 
served  for  some  time  in  the  Spanish  army,  retir- 
ing in  1822.  while  Colonel.  After  the  Spaniards 
evacuated  Venezuela,  he  went  to  Cuba,  and  then 
to  Spain,  espousing  the  cause  of  Queen  Isabella 
against  Don  Carlos,  the  pretender,  and  became 
the  recipient  of  several  offices,  which,  for  polit- 
cal  reasons,  he  rejected,  returning  to  Cuba. 
Seized  with  the  idea  of  Cuba  becoming  independ- 
ent of  Spain,  he  came  to  the  United  States  in  18i9, 
and  organized,  at  the  expense  of  nearly  his  entire 
fortune,  three  separate  and  unsuccessful  expedi- 
tions to  free  Cuba  from  the  Spanish  yoke.  The 
last  expedition,  which  sailed  in  August,  1851, 
resulted  in  the  capture  of  Lopez  and  many  of  his 
followers,  and  his  own  execution  at  Havana,  Sep- 
tember 1,  1851. 

IMClltisideK— Illustrious  Athenian  General  ; 
flourished  111  the  lifteenth  century  before  Christ; 
reduce.!  rhersonrsus,  Leinnos  and  Cyclades.  and 
before  Christ.  490  years,  fought  and  overcame  the 
invading  Persian  army  at  Marathon;  accused  of 
treason  by  his  countrymen,  he  was  thrown  into 
prison,  where  he  died  of  a  wound  received  in 
fighting  for  Grecian  independence;  died  B.  C.  489. 

Moltke,  Helmuth  K.  B.  "Von— A  German 
General;  born  at  Parchim.  Germany.  1800;  at 
eighteen  became  an  officer;  entered  the  Prussian 
service  in  1822;  went  to  Constantinople  in  1835.  and 
improved    the    Turkish     government's   fortifica- 


tions, and  fouffht  for  the  Sultan  In  the  want 
ngaiuHt  the  Kurdu  and  Egypt;  retumi-d  to  PniKnia 
in  1839;  in  18.16  became  the  adjutant  of  Prince 
Frederic,  and  in  IH-'tH  chief  of  the  general  Mtalf  «»f 
the  army:  In  ixr.9  he  was  mad<;  Lleutenant-Gen- 
eral.  figured  hirg.-iy  in  the  warn  with  Denmark 
llHU)  and  Austria  (IKfiOi.  When  the  war  with 
France  began. in  1870,  hts  plans  resulted  in  a  «orle« 
of  ustiuiisliing  and  continuous  vlctorieM.  He  wan 
rewaided  by  th.-  title  of  Count  unrl  large  dona- 
thuiM  of  money.  t-U:.  ;  was  made  a  General  Field 
Marshal  In  1M71,  and  life  member  of  the  upper 
house  of  the  Prussian  parliamenl. 

Nero,  LiticlUM  DomUlim  ClaiidlUH  — A 
Roman  emperor;  bom  at  Aiitiiiin,  Italy,  in  37; 
succeeded  Claudius,  who  was  murdered,  in  hi  us 
Emperor,  and  proved  to  be  one  of  the  basest  of 
tyrants.  The  story  of  his  life  Is  a  catalogue  of 
eniej  erini.s.  whde  the  success  of  the  Roman 
army  .jiii  ill- his  ri-ign  was  glorious.  A  rebellion 
against  this  lynut.  in  68,  proving  successful,  he 
c«nnniitted  suieide. 

Plzurro,  Francln— Born  atTruxlMo.  Spain. 
in  lilf),  and  while  a  boy  ran  away  to  Spanish 
America.  In  1524  he  discovered  Peru,  in  connec- 
tion with  Almagro.  and  Charles  the  Fifth  made 
Iiim  Governor  of  the  new-found  coimtry,  over 
which  he  achieved  the  conqucwt  in  1532.  in  1537  a 
contest  between  him  and  Almagro  terminated  in 
the  defeat  and  exeeuti.m  ofthe  latter.  AImagrr>"s 
son,  in  revenge,  in  1. HI,  aided  by  some  friends, 
assassinated  Pizarro  in  his  jtaiace  at  Lima,  Peru. 

Pompey,  Cnelus— Known  as  Pompey  the 
Great;  a  Roman  statesman  and  warrior;  i)0m  106 
B.  i'.  :  at  the  age  of  twenty-three,  with  the  parly 
of  Sylla.  and  commanding  three  legions,  he  recov- 
ered to  Rome.  Sicily  and  Africa;  ended  the  war  in 
Spain,  and  considerably  extended  the  Roman 
Empire  in  Asia;  married  Ca?sar"s  daughter.  In  a 
few  years  dissensions  arose  between  Caesar  and 
Pompey;  civil  war  ensued,  and  Pompey  was 
defeated  in  the  battle  of  Pharsalia.  He  then  tied 
to  Egypt,  where  he  was  assassinated.  B.  C.  48. 

Ponlatowski,  Prince  Joiieph—HlustrlouB 
Polish  General;  born  at  Warsaw.  1763;  distin- 
guished hims.-ir  in  tin-  cause  of  Poland  during  the 
nnh.ii'p.v  stnigi^'lr-.  ..t  i:\ri  and  •'.t4:  entered  the 
Fr.-nrh  arni>',  and  .-.viiihite.!  r.iris|ii.-iii)Us  bravery 
and  talent  m  the  campaigns  bitwt-en  1806  and  1814; 
was  made  a  Marshal  on  the  battle-field  at  Leipsic, 
and  was  drowned  in  the  river  Elster,  1813, 

Santa  Anna,  Anton!  I^opez  de— A  Mexi- 
can General;  born  at  Jalapa.  Mex..  1798;  entered 
the  Spanish  army,  becoming  Lieutenant-Colonel 
in  1S21;  joined  Iturbide  in  1822  in  overthrowing 
Spanish  rule  and  reducing  the  province  of  Vera 
Cruz;  Iturbide  was  in  turn  overthrown  by  Santa 
Anna,  who  proclaimed  himself  emperor.  The 
Mexican  Republic  was  formed  soon  afterwards, 
and  from  that  time  until  1833  Santa  .\nna  was 
engaged  in  fighting  against  or  maintaining,  at  the 
head  of  Mexican  troops,  the  claims  of  rival  chiefs. 
In  1833  he  became  president,  retaining  the  office 
for  three  years,  at  the  end  of  whieh  tiiiie  he  was 
taken  prisoner  at  San  Jacint.>  by  politu-al  oppo- 
nents. After  his  liberation,  in  1837,  he  lost  a  leg 
while  engaged  in  repulsing  French  troops  at  Vera 
Cruz.  From  1841  to  1845  he  was  again  president 
of  the  republic.  In  1845  he  was  exiled  for  ten 
years,  but  was  recalled  to  the  presidency  and  to 
protect  .Mexico  against  the  United  States  armv. 
In  several  encounters  with  Scott  and  Taylor,  the 
American  Generals,  his  forces  were  defeated,  and 
in  1848  he  was  compelled  to  resign.  From  18.52  to 
1855  he  was  president  once  more,  and  was  then 
driven  into  exile  again  by  the  revolt  of  General 
Carrera,  living  peaceably  for  some  years  at  St. 
Thomas.  After  that,  he  pariicipated  niore  or  less 
quietly  in  Mexican  political  changes,  but  without 
any  notable  s'uccess.     Died,  June  '^),  1876. 


r 


.(>-— 


50 


SKETCH  (IF  THE  EIFE  OF  GEOEGE  WASHINGTON. 


George  Washington. 


HERO  OF  THE  WAR  FOR  UNITED  STATES  INDEPENDENCE. 


ANY  CIRCTMSTANCES  must  necessarily  com- 
bine to  make,  witli  any  individual,  a  great 
career.  Among  them  there  must  be  a  suita- 
ble training,  a  locality  in  which  genius  may  ex- 
pand, and  opportunity  to  draw  forth  genius. 
Many  great  men  have  lived,  passed  through 
life,    and  died  comparatively  unknown.      The 

occasion  never  offered  by  which  their  power  might  have  been  seen. 

They  could  have  been  distinguished  had  opportunities  been  favorable. 
Very  truly  has  Gray  in  his   *  "Elegy. " 

speaking  of  the  country  churchyard,  said:     5^*^'*' 

Perhaps  in  this  neglected  spot  is  laid 

Some  heart  once  pregnant  nitli  celestial  fire; 
Hand  that  the  rod  of  empire  mi^lit  have  swajed, 

And  waited  to  cstasy  the  living  lytt. 

But  the  favoring  circumstance  never 
came  by  which  they  could  be  carried  for- 
ward to  greatness  and  renown.  The  career 
we  follow  in  life  depends,  therefore,  much 
on  circumstances;  some  people  call  it 
luck. 

In  till*  study  of  man  wc  cannot  fail  to 
recognize  I  hat  greatness  hangs  on  a  myriad 
of  causes  that  exist  outside  of  him- 
self. Of  these  one  of  the  most  important 
of  all,  perhaps,  is  tile  inheritance  of  a 
well-balanced  mind.  Without  mental 
capacity  the  opportunities  may  be  ever 
so  favorable,  yet  they  will  pass  unim- 
proved. With  strong  brain-power,  cou])led 
with  ambition  to  achieve,  perceptive 
power  to  foresee,  and  judgment  to  direct. 
and  opportunity  offering,  the  individual 
goes  forwanl  to  success  and  power. 

Of  all  the  circumstances,  therefore, 
which  may  be  presented,  there  are  none  so  desirable  to  the  child 
as  the  possession,  at  birth,  of  a  brain-power  capable  of  grasping 
the   opportunities   as   they  occur  in  after-life. 

Sucli  was  the  gift  which 'George  Washington's  mother  presented  to 
her  child.  A  strong  woman,  of  clear  intellect  and  high  moral 
character,  she  endowed  him  witli  the  caimcity  for  a  prosperous  life 
in  any  event,  and  for  a  great  career,  if  opportunity  ollert^d  for  him 
to  enter  upon  it.  The  war  of  the  Hevoliition  occurred  in  his  time, 
and,  with  a  genius  equal  to  the  occasion,  lie  made  his  |ilace  in  the 
hi:arts  of  the  peojile. 

On  February  32,  17.32.  (Jeorge  Washington  was  born  at  liridge's 
Creek,  in  Weslmorelund  ctninty,  Va.  His  father  afterwards  lived 
on  the  Kuppahanuock.  a  short  distance  from  FrcderickshurL'.  ivlnrc  lu- 


WASHINGTON. 


DUUnC"'^)"'!  < 


died  in  1743.  K-aviny;  a  widow  and  five  children,  comfortably  provided 
for  with  u  large  landed  property,  of  which,  by  will.  George  inherited 
the  homestead,  while  the  oldes^t  brother,  Lawrence  Washington, 
received  the  estate  on  the  Potomac. 

George,  who  at  his  father's  death  was  not  ten  years  of  age, 
obtained,  at  an  ordinary  school,  a  knowledge  of  reading,  writing  and 
arithmetic.  At  fourteen  he  commenced  the  study  of  geometry  and 
surveying,  in  which  he  made  such  progress  as  to  cause  him  to  enter 
upon  the  profession  of  surveying  when  sixteen  years  of  age,  at  which 
time  he  was  in  the  employ  of  Lord  Fairfax, 
who  had  hirge  estates  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

Three  years  he  passed  thus,  traversing 
the  wilderness,  surveying  in  the  summer, 
and  spending  the  winter  with  his  brother 
Lawrence.  During  this  period,  engaged 
thus  in  active  open-air  employment,  he 
developed  into  fine  physical  j)roportlons, 
became  familiar  with  the  lands  of  which 
he  afterwards  was  a  large^owner.  and 
formed  an  acquaintance  with  the  Indian 
tribes  then  in  that  region,  from  whom  be 
obtained  knowledge  that  served  him  well 
in  after-years. 

At  this  time  it  was  a  matter  of  dispute 
between  the  English  and  French  govern- 
ments as  to  the  ownership  of  the  North 
American  continent.       The   French  were 
tlu-M   intrenched  o\\  the  St.  Lawrence  and 
at    the   mouth   of    the   Mississippi.      The 
English  were  in  possession  of   the  region 
bordering  the  Atlantic  coast.     In  view  of 
the  probability  of  a  rupture  between  the 
two  countries,  and  possibly  of  an  Indian 
war.  the  Colonial  conntry  was  divided  into  districts,  and  Washington, 
then  nineteen  years  of  age.  was  made  an  Adjutant,  with   the  rank  of 
Major. 

Through  the  dt-ath  of  bis  brother  I>awrence.  in  1752.  George  <-:inie 
into  the  possessicm  of  the  estate  at  Mount  Vernon,  the  name  having 
been  given  to  it  by  Lawrence  in  honor  of  Admiral  Vernon,  a  popular 
naval  hero  with  whom  he  was  acquainted.  The  succeeding  year  was 
largely  occupied  by  George  in  settling  his  brother's  aflfairs.  In  the 
meantime  the  threatening  attitude  of  the  French  caused  Governor 
Dinwiddle,  then  governor  of  the  Colonies,  to  residve  upon  dispatching 
a  messenger  to  confer  with  the  French  comimmderas  to  their  intcTi- 
tions.  It  was  a  hazardous  journey  of  over  .'iOO  miles,  to  be  made  in 
mid-winter  through  a  then  tr!ii-kI("-«  wild.-rness.      Washington,  being 


-:o: 


WASIIINGTONS    SEEVICE    IN    TllK    ENGLISH    AE.MY. 


selectt'tl  to  execute  the  work,  performed  the  journey  Hiicccssfiilly, 
though  amid  greiit  dangers  from  the  Indians. 

From  that  interview  of  Washington,  it  was  learned  that  the  French 
proposed  to  resist  the  extensi(m  of  English  occupation  towards  the 
Ohio.  It  was  thereupon  resolved  by  the  Colonial  Assembly  to  take 
action  against  the  French,  and  among  the  regiments  raised  and 
ordered  into  the  field  was  one  of  which  Washington,  refusing  to  take 
the  Colonelcy,  was  made  a  Lieutenant  Colcmel,  and  stationed  at  a 
point  whore  now  stands  the  city  of  Pittsburgli,  Pa. 

For  five  years  Washington  was  in  the  royal  service,  the  command 
of  the  army  in  various  battles  devolving  upon  him.  In  one  of 
the  engagements,  known  as  Braddock's  defeat,  he  received  four 
bullet-holes  through  his  coat,  and  two  horses  were  shot  under  him. 

In  January,  1759,  lie  married  Mrs.  Martha  Custis.  In  the  mean- 
time, the  French  having  been  expelled  from  the  Ohio  valley,  he 
resigned  his  commission,  and  retired  shortly  after  his  marriage  to 
Mount  Vernon. 

Washington  then  became  a  member  of  the  provincial  Assembly, 
which  met  at  Williamsburg.  His  private  business,  whicli  was  then 
large,  mostly  occupied  his  attention,  however,  for  the  next  sixteen 
years.  During  that  period  the  resolution  had  been  made  by  the 
colonists  to  free  themselves  from  the  mother  country,  and  to  Wash- 
ingt()n,  then  forty-three  years  of  age.  was  given  the  command  of  the 
army.  July  3,  1775.  Then  followed  an  eight  years'  war,  during 
which  time  he  fought,  with  varying  success,  the  English  gen- 
erals Howe.  Clinton,  Burgoyne.  and  Cornwallis,  finally  surrounding 
Cornwallis  at  Yorktown,  where  Washington  compelled  his  surrender. 

To  his  perseverance,  courage,  patience  and  prudence,  were  the 
American  people  greatly  indebted  for  their  independence,  which  was 
secured  by  a  treaty  of  peace,  signed  in  1783. 


Resigning  his  commission  at  the  close  of  the  war.  Washington 
returned  again  to  Mount  Vernon,  and  participated  but  lUtle  in  public 
affairs  until  May,  I7H7,  when  he  served  as  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention, in  Philadelphia,  which  framed  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,      Of  this  body  he  was  unanimously  chosen  President. 

Washington  was  elected  the  first  President  of  the  United  States,  and 
on  the  30th  of  March.  1781),  he  was  inaugurated,  John  Adams  being 
Vice  President.  At  that  time  the  seat  of  government  was  at  New- 
York,  where  it  remained  for  eleven  years  afterwards,  being  removed 
to  Washington  in  1800. 

During  the  first  and  second  years  of  his  Presidential  administration 
Washington  made  a  tour  through  the  Eastern  and  Southern  States  in 
his  own  carriage,  his  journey  throughout  being  one  continual  ovation. 

He  was  twice  elected  to  the  Presidency.  At  the  close  of  his 
official  life  he  returned  once  more  to  his  country  residence,  hoping 
for  permauent  retirement,  but  owing  to  an  apprehended  difficulty 
with  France,  be  consented  to  become  Lieutenant  General  and  Com- 
mander-in-Chief, a  post  which  he  accepted  with  extreme  reluctancy, 
and  only  as  a  matter  of  duty  to  his  country. 

In  consequence  of  a  severe  cold  which  he  caught  when  exposed  in  a 
snow  and  rain  storm,  as  he  was  riding  in  his  saddle  about  his  estate, 
on  the  12th  of  December,  1799.  he  was  confined  to  his  bed,  and  died 
two  days  afterwards. 

At  Mount  Vernon  in  a  tomb  He  the  remains  of  Washington  to-day. 
The  estate  came  into  the  possession  of  John  A.  Washington,  and 
from  him  were  200  acres,  the  mansion  and  tomb,  purchased  by  the 
Ladies'  Mount  Vernon  Association  in  1858,  for  the  sum  of  $200,000. 
The  design  is  to  preserve  everything  about  the  house  as  it  was  at 
the  lime  of  Washington's  death,  thus  making  it  attractive  as  a  place 
of  perpetual  resort  for  pilgrimage  in  the  future. 


PROMINENT  BATTLES  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


BATTLES  of  Lexington  and  Cnn- 
eord.  — Fiiught.  tii-st.  at  Lexington.  Mass., 
bL't\\L-(.-n  SOU  Erilish  soldiers,  under  Lieutenant  Col- 
onel Smith  and  Major  Pitcairn.  and  a  large  foree 
of  colonists,  under  Captain  John  Parker.  April  19, 
1775.  wliile  tlie  British  were  on  their  way  to  Con- 
cord, Mass. .  tM  seizf  a  quantity  of  military  stores 
belonging  to  till.'  ri.i.iru-t-..  A  skn  nii-li  ensued  at 
Lexington,  eight  of  th.'  ■■..Ii.iiist- 1.,  in;:  killed.  The 
British  proceeded  tu  LMiicuid.  but  were  severely 
repulsed  by  the  colonists,  under  Colonel  J'ames 
Barrett,  who  drove  them  again  towards  Lexington. 
At  Lincoln  the  Bi-itish  were  attacked  by  the  Lex- 
ington militia,  and  a-s  they  entereii  Lev;ingt^ni, 
the  entire  British  force  only  escaped  de>ti  uetiun 
at  the  hands  of  the  enraged  citizens  i.f  thai  \  leinity 
by  receiving  reinforcements  from  Boston,  As  it 
was,  the  colonists  Imtlv  pursued  them  back  to 
Boston.  In  this  exi>editinn  the  British  lost  273 
riien,  killed,  wouiuied  ami  missing,  and  the  colo- 
nists forty-nine  killed,  thirty-four  wounded  and 
five  missing.  This  day's  work  inaugurated  the  war 
of  the  Revolution. 

Capture  of  Tieonderotja.— Eighty  Ameri- 
can soldiers,  under  I'.^l.-ml  Ktlian  .Allen,  of 
Vermont, surprised  ihe  livui'li  fort  at  Ticonderoga, 
X.  V. ,  commanded  bv  Captain  i'elaplace.  early  on 
the  morning  of  May  H),  177Ji.  and  without  firing  a 
shot  demanded  its  surrender  "in  the  name  of 
Jehovah  and  the  Continental  Congress."  No 
resistance  wa:*  made,  and  the  Americans  captured 
two  ofticei-s.  forty-eight  soldieis,  128  pieces  of 
artillery,  and  a  large  quantity  of  small  arms.  By 
this  stroke  England  lost  control  of  the  Green 
Mountain  district. 

Biittle  of  Bunker  Hill.— Fought  June  in 
and  17,  177.'>.  near  Boston,  between  1.500  British 
soldiers,  under  Generals  Howe  and  Pigott.  who 
attempted  to  storm  the  redoubt  on  Breed's  Hill, 
defended  by  2.500  Americans,  under  command  of 
Colonels  Prescott  and  Putnam.  The  redoubt 
was  gallantly  defended  until  the  amnmnition  of 
the  Americans  was  exhausted,  when  a  retreat  was 
ordered,  and  amid  a  galling  fire  they  escaped  to 
Charlestown  Neck,  at  which  point  the  pui-suit 
ended-  The  British  lost  226  officers  and  men  killed 
and  S28  wounded,  and  the  Americans  145  killed  or 
missing   and  301  wotuided. 

Battle  of  Quebec.— Fought  December  31. 
1775,  between  the  Biitish  troops  in  the  citadel  and 
a  small  force  of  American  s(»ldiers.  undei"  General 


Richard  Montgomery,  who  attempted  to  capture 
the  upper  town.  The  assault  failecL  >Iontganiery 
and  about  700  of  his  men  being  killed  or  wounded. 
Battle  of  Fort  Moultrie.— Fought  on  Sul- 
livan's Island,  Charleston  harbor,  S.  C. ,  June  28, 

1776.  between  four  vessels  of  the  British  navy, 
carrying  loG  cannons  and  reinforcements,  under 
command  of  Sir  Peter  Parker,  and  135  Americans, 
under  Colonel  William  Moultrie,  in  a  fort  which 
mounted  twenty-six  guns.  The  vessels  opened  lli-e 
on  the  fort  at  short  range,  and  the  contest  lasted 
from  about  noon  until  after  nine  o'clock  in  the 
evening,  wlu-n  the  British  vessels  were  either 
disabled  ■■V  uMlidr.'W,  withtiut  capturing  the  fort. 
TheBnli-h  Ii.mI  ^)-,  raen  killed  and  wounded;  the 
Amerir.ni-  i  i.  \  in  killed  and  tWL-iity-.-ix  wounded. 
It  was  a  bi  illi.iiil  vieH)ry  for  the  Amci  icaii  fort  and 
its  brave  commander. 

Battle  of  "White  Plains.— Foiight  October 
28.  177f>.  at  Chattcrton  Hill.  N.  Y. .  between  4.000 
men  of  Howt^'s  British  army  and  1.100  Americans, 
under  Mcliuutrall.  The  Americans  were  driven 
from  their  itosition,  with  a  loss  of  nearly  100 
killed  and  wounded,  and  eighty  prisoners.  The 
British  lost  32'J  men. 

Battle  of  Trenton.— Fought  at  Trenton. 
N.  J..  December  26.  177fi.  between  about  1.300 
British  and  Hessian  troops  and  2,HM)  Americans, 
under  Washington,  who  surprised  the  Hessians, 
killed  seventeen,  took  about  l.ooo  prisonei-s,  six 
brass  cannon.  1,200  stand  of  arms,  and  the  stand- 
ards of  an  entire  brigade.  Not  an  American  was 
killed  in  the  skirmish. 

Battle  of  Princeton.— Fought  at  Princeton. 
K.  J. ,  January  3.  1777,  between  the  American  army, 
under  General  Washington,  and  the  British  army, 
under  General  Mawhood.  The  action  lasted  but 
twenty  minutes,  but  was  fiercely  contested,  and 
i-esulled  in  a  virtoiy  for  the  .Americans.  wJio  lost 
about  thiity  mt-n  and  seven  officers,  while  the 
British  loss  was  200  killed  .ind  wounded  and  230 
prisoners,  including  fourteen  officers. 

Battle  of  the  Brandy\%-lne.— Fought  on 
the  banks  of    Brandywine  creek,    September   11, 

1777,  between  the  British  army  of  18,000  men. 
under  General  Howe,  and  an  American  force  of 
13.onn,  Tmder  General  Washington.  i-esultingin  the 
defeat  of  Hie  latter,  and  the  occupation  of  Phila- 
didjihia  b^-  tlie  British.  The  loss  of  the  Americans 
vv;is  iirarlV  l.iuHl  men. 


Battle  of  Grernianto\%'n.— Fought  October 
1.  17T7.  .It  iHiiiiantown,  I'a. .  between  the  Ameri- 
can arni.v.  under  Washington,  and  the  British 
army,  under  General  Howe.  The  Americans  were 
defeated,  with  a  loss  of  about  1,000  men;  the 
British  lost  more  than  COO. 

Battle  of  Bennfni^on.— Fought  August  16. 
1777.  between  a  body  of  New  Hampshiie  militia. 
under  General  .Sturk,  and  a  portif)u  of  Burgoyne's 
British  army,  under  Colonel  Baum.  at  Benning- 
ton. Vt.  The  British  were  defeated,  with  a  loss 
of  200  killed.  600prisonei-s,  and  1.000  stand  <.f  arms. 
The  Americans  lost  fourteen  killed  and  forty-two 
wounded. 

Battle  of  Stillwaler.-Fought  at  Still- 
water-, N.  Y.  ,  September  10,  1777,  between  British 
and  Canadian  soldiers  and  Indians,  under  Generals 
Burgoyne  and  Fraser.  and  a  portion  of  the  Amer- 
ican army,  under  Generals  Morgan  and  Arnold. 
The  fight  lasted  for  several  houi>.  and  resulted  in 
the  loss  of  about  600  British  soldiers  and  less  than 
100  Americans. 

Battle  of  Saratoga.— Fought  at  nearly  the 

same  place  as  the  foregoing,  October  7,  1777. 
between  the  British  army,  under  Btu'goyne,  and 
the  Americajis,  under  Genei-al  Gates.  '.At  night 
Burgoyne  i-etreated.  This  contest  resulted  in  the 
disheartening  of  Burgoyne.  and  on  the  Nth  he 
surrendeied,  leaving  in  the  liands  of  the  .Ameri- 
cans forty-two  brass  cannon.  1,617  muskets,  and 
5,108  prisoners.  At  the  time  of  the  surrender  the 
American  army  numtiered  10.817  erfective  men. 
.  Battleof  Monmouth.— Fought  at  Freehold, 
N.  J.  ,  June  28.  177R,  between  the  British  army, 
under  Sir  Henry  Clinttm.and  the  Arii4Tieans.under 
AVashington.  The  contest  was  spirited  and  event- 
ful, and  resulted  in  the  retreat  of  the  British,  with 
the  loss  of  nearly  300  killed  and  100  prisoners. 
The  American  loss  wjis  sixty-nine  killed  and  IfiO 
wounded. 

Battles  of  Savannsih.— Fought  Deeeml>er 
29,  1778,  between  the  British,  under  Ceneral  Clin- 
ton, and  the  Americans,  under  General  Lincoln. 
This  contest  resiUted  in  the  surrender  of  the  eity 
of  Savannah.  (Ja. .  to  the  British.  In  September, 
1779.  Savannah,  still  in  possession  of  the  British, 
was  besieged  by  an  allied  French  and  Anterican 
force  under  Count  D'Estaing  and  General  Lincoln. 
They  assaiUted  Ihe  city  October  9.  1779,  but  were 
repulsed  by  the  British,  with  a  loss  of  nearly 
800  men. 


i 


~<y_ 


f 


58 


BATTLES    AND    OFFICERS    OF    THE    liEVOLUTIONAliY    WAK. 


i 


Battle  of  Stony  Point.— American  forts 
at  Stony  Point.  N.  Y. .  on  the  Hudson  river,  and 
Verplanck's  Point,  oppositt;  to  each  other,  were 
captured  and  occupied  by  the  British,  about  June 
1.  1779.  July  16,  General  Anthony  Wayne,  with 
1,200  Americans,  retook  the  fortat  Stony  Point, 
and  captured  513  British  officers  and  men.  The 
American  loss  was  fifteen  killed  and  eighty-three 
wounded:  the  British  had  sixty-three  killed.  The 
fort  was  soon  afterwards  dismantled  and  aban- 
doned. 

Battle  or  K.ing*s  Mountain.— Foug^ht  at 

Kind's -Mountain,  N.  C, October  7.  1779,  between  a 
British  force  of  1,200  local  desperadoes,  under 
Major  Patrick  Ferg-uson,  and  about  000  mounted 
Americans,  under  several  colonels.  The  light  was 
brief,  but  severe,  Ferg'uson  was  killed  and  240  of 
his  men  had  fallen.  Of  the  others.  800  surren- 
dered and  200  escaped.  The  American  loss  was 
only  twenty  killed,  but  many  were  wounded. 
This  battle  did  much  towards  breaking  up  British 
domination  in  the  South. 


Battle  of  Cow|»en8.— Fought  at  Cowpens. 
S.  C.  January  17. 1781. between  1.100  British,  under 
Colonel  Tarlelon. and  about  1,000  Americans,  under 
General  Morgan.  The  British  were  defeated,  with 
a  loss  of  300  killed  and  wounded,  and  between  500 
and  600  prisoners.  The  .\mericans  had  twelve  men 
killed  and  sixty  wounded. 

Battle  of  Oiiilford.— Fought  at  Guilford 
Court  House,  N.  C. ,  March  15,  1781.  between  2.400 
British,  under  Lord  Cornwallis,  and  an  .American 
force  of  4.404  infantry  and  hoi-se  (regulars  and 
raw  militia),  under  General  Greene.  The  battle 
resulted  in^the  retreat  of  the  Americans,  but  Corn- 
wallis lost  more  than  600  killed  and  wounded.  The 
American  loss  was  about  400  killed  and  wounded, 
and  850  missing. 

Battle  of  Eutaw  Sprine«,— Fought  about 
fiftv  miles  north  of  Charlest^..n.  S.  C. .  .September 
8.  1781,  between  about  2.300  British.  underC-.lonel 
Stuart,  and  about  2.000  Americans,  undi-i  'i.neral 
Greene.  The  contest  was  not  decided  until  llir  next 
day,  when  Greene  pui-sued  the   retrL-ating   British 


towards  Charleston.  The  American  loss  was  535, 
in  killed,  wounded  and  missing;  that  of  the  Bi'it- 
ish.  133  killed  and  wounded,  and  500  prisoners. 

Siege  of  "I'orktown.— In  August,  1781.  Lord 
Cornwallis,  commanding  the  British  army  imder 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  occupied  and  forliHed  York- 
town,  Va.iwith  s.OOO  men  and  a  few  river  vessels. 
On  the  30th  of  September,  1781.  a  besieging  force 
of  16.000  French  and  American  soldiei-s.  under 
Washington,  in^estt■d  Yorktmvn.  The  siege  con- 
tinued several  days,  and  on  the  night  of  October 
14  a  successful  assault  by  the  Americans  resulted 
in  a  loss  of  nearly  100  killed  and  wounded  of  the 
British,  and  much  less  on  the  part  of  the  Ameri- 
cans. .\  French  fleet  in  Chesapeake  Bay  and  the 
)n-i>istiiit  attacks  of  the  Americans  soon  biought 
{■(.niuiillis  t"  terms,  and  on  the  19th  he  surren- 
diifd,  thus  virtually  ending  the  war  of  the  Revo- 
lution. In  this  siege  and  surrender  the  British 
lost  more  than  350  in  killed  and  wounded,  8,087 
prisoners  and  106  cannon. 


.^'JlmQ^j^sP^ 


Leading  Officers  in  the  American  Revolutionary  War. 


ja^sj^t)*^'^^^ 


^.IIE  CELEBRATED  actor  in  the  American  struggle 

for  national  independence,  Ethan  Allen,  was  born 

in  Connecticut,  in  1739.  and  about  1763  he,  with  his 

brothers,   removed  to  near 

Bennington,  Vt.      Here  he 

took  an  active  part  in  the 

distinguished     controversy 

between  the  colonics  of 
New  York  and  New  Hampshire,  relative  to 
their  boundary  lines,  and  was  appointed,  in 
1770,  10  represent  the  settlers  in  the  law-suits 
which  ensued  at  Albany.  X.  Y.  The  court 
decided  against  them,  and  they,  with  Allen 
at  their  head,  made  an  armed  resistance  to 
the  authorities.  Thus  they  were  enabled  to 
protect  the  New  Hampshire  landowners  and 
remove  the  New  York  settlers  from  the  dis- 
puted territory.  This  condition  of  hostility 
to  the  legal  powers  continued  until  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  American  Revolution.  In 
1775,  Allen,  in  command  of  the  ' '  Green 
Mountain  Boys,"  advanced  towards  Ticon- 
deroga,  N.  Y. .  and  on  the  morning  of  May  10, 
Allen,  with  eighty  men.  having  been  reinforced, 
surprised  the  British  camp  at  that  point, 
commanded  by  Captain  Dclaplace,  and  demanded  the  surrender 
of    the   fort   "in  the   name  of    the  Great  Jehovah  and   the  Conti- 


nental Congress.  "  The  bewildered  Englishmen  immediately  complied 
with  this  forcible  requirement,  and  the  Americans  captured 
two  officers,  forty-eight  soldiers,  one  hundred  and  twenty  cannon 
.ef/(3l^  ^""^  ^  large  quantity  of  small  arms.  This 
success  also  wrested  the  control  of  the  Green 
Mountains  from  the  English. 

Allen  continued  to  aid  in  redeeming  the 
colonies  from  British  dominion,  and  the  samt- 
year  was  taken  prisoner  and  sent  to  England. 
A  few  months  later  he  was  sent  back  to 
America  and  treated  as  a  felon,  being  most  of 
the  time  heavily  shackled,  until  May.  1778.  when 
he  was  exchanged.  I'pon  his  release  he 
was  warmly  received  by  Washington  and  Con- 
gress. 

The  land  controversy  between  the  colonies 
continuing,  Allen  was  made  a  General,  and, 
subsequently,  was  sent  as  an  agent  of  Vermont 
to  explain  the  course  of  that  state  to  Congress. 
Complications  then  arose  between  the  states 
and  the  British  authorities,  but  Allen  was 
enabled,  by  political  strategy,  to  keep  his 
adherents  unmolested  until  near  the  end  of 
the  Revolution.  After  the  war  he  served  in  the 
Vermont  Legislature,  residing  in  that  State 
which  occurred  at  Burlington,  Vt..in  1789.  He  was 
honesty  and  frankness. 


ETHAN  ALLEN, 

f  the  Kattli.'  ..f  Ticonderoga. 


until  his  death, 

ever   distinguished  for  his  bravery 


^ 


;>t>I„OMOX  AI-,IjEX,  —  An  American 
■  .M;ij"i':  horn  at  Sorlliampton,  Mass.,  in 
k  i7'.l,cnmman<lcd  the  guard  which  conveyed 
'  Andre,  the  British  spy,  to  prison;  sub- 
s.-.(u*ntly  he  became  a  clergyman,  and 
:     died  in  JH21. 

Abereromble,    iTitmeit  —  A    British 
commander;    born    in    Scntland.  in     1706; 
^>        served  at  Ticonrjeroga.  N.  V. ;  died  in  Kng- 
land.  In  1781. 

Alexunder,  "Wllllnm— An  American  Major- 
Oeneral;  bom  in  New  York  city,  in  172(5;  fought 
In  the  battles  of  Long  Island.  Gcrmantown  and 
Monmouth;  died  at  Albany.  N.  Y. .  in  1783. 

ArmMtroniTt  •John— An  .\merican  offlccr; 
born  at  Carlisle.  Pa.,  in  1758;  fought  at  Princeton, 
N.  .r. ;  was  appointed  Minister  to  France  In  1804, 
and  Secretary  of  War,  un<ler  .Monroe,  in  1813;  died 
at  Ued  H.).,k:  N.  Y. .  In   IMX 

ArnolH,  Beneillet— An  American  Oeneral; 
born  rtt  N-.rvvi.-h,   Ci-m.       in    tTtOi    M-rve.l    at    Tleun 


deroga,  Saratoga  and  Qucbeb;  was  bravo,  but 
yielded  to  Impure  inlluences,  and  turned  traitor  to 
the  American  cause;  escaped  to  England,  and 
died  in  I.cuidon,  in  1801,  despised  for  his  treachery. 

Anhe.  tlohn— An  American  (Jencral;  born  in 
England,  in  17^1:  tncmbi-r  of  the  Colonial  assem- 
bly; fought  at  K»)rt  .lohnstni.  Savannah,  (la.,  in 
177.'*.  and.  as  a  Brigadi<-r  dcncral,  took  part  In  the 
movements  of  (icm-rrtl  Linioln  along  the  Savan- 
nah river  in  177S  ;ui(i  ITT'.l.  was  taken  prisoner  of 
war  in  1781,  ami  died  the  same  year. 

Rnrber.  Francit*— An  American  Adjutant- 
General,  and  an  active  orth^er;  horn  at  Princeton. 
N.  .?..  in  17.11;  fought  at  Trenton.  Prin«'clon. 
Brandywiric.  liirnmiiln^  n  and  Monmouth;  served 
against  the  III. haiis  iti  !;7'.t.  and  wa-J  woiiiuled  at 
Newton;  was  al-o  .  nL-aired  in  the  battle  of  Spring- 
Ilelfl,  andpi-eseiit.it  the  battle  of  Yorktowri;  was 
killed  by  the  falling  of  a  tree  in  178.1. 

liranilt,  •loHeph— A  famous  Ttritish  Indian 
Chief,  born  ill    iHii...  about   I'Vi,  participated    in 


the  massacre  at  Wyoming;  was  highly  educated; 
died  in  Canada,  In  1807. 

RriiflNtreet,  «lohn— A  Rritish  (General:  born 
in  Kngland.  in  I7I1;  served  under  IJraddock  and 
Amher.st,  died  in  New  York  in  1774. 

ISiiruTovne,  »I«hn— A  Hritish  (ienernl;  born 
in  Kngland.  .about  1722;  served  at  Ticnnderoga, 
Stillwater,  Freeman's  Farm  and  Saratoga;  wrote 
several  dramas  and  pamphlets;  died  in  London, 
in  1702. 

Riirr,  Aaron— An  American  officer;  born  at 
Newark,  N.  J.,  in  17.56;  served  In  the  expedition 
against  Ouebcc:  beeame  distinguished  as  a  lawyer 
and  public  man.  and  died  at  Staten  Island.  N.  Y. , 
in  18:ifi. 

Butler,  •Iaine«— An  American  oftlcer;  born 
In  Prince  William  cotinty,  Va.,  year  unknown; 
served  in  Soutli  Carolina  and  Georgia;  was  an 
Inmate  of  a  British  prisonslilj),  and  was  killed  in 
battle  at  CI. .lid's  Creek,  S,  C. ,  in  1782. 


Tfe^ 


::S7 


Y 


LEAUINli   Ui'FIGJiKb    UF     THE    KKVUI.UTIUKAKY    WAU. 


:>:> 


Kiillvr,  tJ(»hii— A  British  (fiicriilla  leader; 
btn-n  ill  ('(iiiiieetieut,  year  uiikiii>«n;  Wrutallv 
rnvatred  the  valley  of  tin-  WMiriniik';  time  of 
ileath  unknown;  was  ^jrantnl ,".  (mo  ,iri  .s  r)f  land  in 
t'ana<ia  and  a  pension  oi'  ^■-i.-iilii  a  yrai-  lor  liis  ser 
vi<'es,  by  the  Itiitish  (Jovernriient.  " 

Ifiiitlei-,  S^chiilnit— An  American  Colonel; 
horn  in  (■(•nmaaieut.iii  l":il;  was  in  several  battles; 
died  in  17'.l.'.. 

Cadu'iilliitler,  *Tohii— An  American  General ; 
born  at  I'lijladelphia,  I*a,  ;  served  at  Princeton, 
Hiandywine,  (lerniantown  and  Monniiintli;  was  a 
member  of  the  Maryland  Legislature;  died  in 
1780. 

Clurke^Oeoree  ICneera — An  American  Gen- 
eral; born  in  Virtjinia,  in  IT.IS;  was  in  the  Indian 
service  in  Virjjrinia;  built  Fort  JcllVrson.  0.,in 
1779;  died  near  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  1818. 

Clinton,  Sli*  Henry— A  British  commander 
born  in  Knyland.  about  1738;  f-erved  at  Bunker 
Hill.  Lonj;  Island.  Charleston,  etc.;  died  while 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  in  1795. 

Clinton.  *lanieK  -An  Aiii.-rieari  (.m.-iT;  b..ni 
in  Ulst.'i'  .■.iiiiitv,  N",  V.  ,  in  i:::c..  -n  \  >  >i  ..t  i.mi,  Ih,- 
and  OlhiT  l.l.ir.-v;  ^^;|^  a  iri.Kih.r  .it  \\\-  I  tiit-'il 
States  Coii;>tiliitiimal  Convention;  dit;d  at  Little 
Britain,  N.  Y.,  in  1812. 

Conu-ay,  Thomas— An  American  General; 
born  in  Ireland,  in  17.33;  served  at  Brandywine  and 
Germantown.  and  conspired  against  Washington, 
died  about  1800. 

Cornn^alllN,  Chairles  (Marquis)— A  Brit- 
ish commander:  born  in  England,  in  17:S8;  served 
at  Brandywine.  Charleston,  Camden,  Yorktown, 
ete.  :  died  in  India,  in  1805. 

Dearborn,  Henry— An  American  General; 
born  at  Hampton,  N.  H. ,  in  1751:  served  at  Bunker 
Hill.  Mniininiitti,  etc.;  was  twice  a  member  of 
Contrn.''-,  ■<Mv.ii  also  in  the  war  of  1812;  was 
United  si;M.s  Minister  to  Portugal;  died  at  Ro.\- 
bury.  Mas.N,  .  in  1729. 

De  Kalh,  fjohn  (Baron) — An  American 
General;  born  in  Alsace,  France,  in  1721;  served 
near  Philadelphia  and  Camden,  N.  J.;  was  mor- 
tally wounded  in  the  latter  battle,  August  16. 
1780'. 

Eaton.  Willi  am— An  American  Captain; 
born  at  Woodstock,  Conn.,  in  1764;  served  under 
General  Wavne  on  the  Mississippi  and  in  Georgia; 
was  Consul  to  Tunis  in  1797;  died  at  Brimfield, 
Mass.,  in  IHII. 

Oat;e,  Thomas- An  eminent  British  com- 
mander; born  in  Fngland  about  1720;  commanded 
at  Boston  and  Bunker  Hill;  was  succeeded  by  Sir 
Henry  Clinton;  died  in  England,  in  1787. 

Gansevoort,  Peter— An  American  General; 
born  at  Albany.  N.  Y. .  in  1719;  served  in  Canada 
and  at  Fort  Stanwix;  was  Indian  Commissioner; 
died  in  1812. 

Osite!-!.  Horatio— .\n  American  General;  born 
in  F-ngland,  in  1728;  served  at  Saratoga  and  Cam- 
den ;  was  formerly  under  the  British  General 
Braddoek;  died  in  New  York,  in  1800. 

Oreene.  Xathanael— An  .American  General; 
born  at  Warwick.  R.  I.,  in  1742;  served  at  Ger- 
mantown. Camden,  Guilford  Court  House  and 
Eutaw  Springs;  as  a  General  he  ranked  second 
only  to  Washington;  died  in  Georgia,  in  1786. 

Griflley.  Howard— An  .American  General; 
born  at  Boston.  Mass,,  in  1711;  served  at  Crown 
Point,  the  Plains  of  Abraham  and  Bunker  Hill; 
was  a  successful  military  engineer!  died  at  Stough- 
ton.  Mass..  in  1796. 

Hampton,  "Wade  S.— An  American  General ; 
born  in  South  Carolina,  in  1755;  served  under 
Generals  Sumter  and  Marion;  was  a  member  of 
Contrress  in  17'.>4i  served,  also,  in  the  war  of  1812; 
died  at  Columbia,  S.  C. ,  in  1835. 

Hnyne.  Isaac— An  American  Colonel;  bom 
in  South  Carolina,  ia  1745;  served  at  Qtia'tf 
House.  S.  C.  and  vyns  €;fei;rift0ti  ftt  CtiHrlijfidcr,  SI. 
C. .  in  1781,  by  the.  Kntisb  ontiioriries;  on  i/it> 
charge  of  being  a  traitoi"  to  '2T2s.t  Biitiin- 

Heath,  ^'iiiiam — .'\ti  Attitniviiti  uederur; 
born  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  in  1737;  served  at  King's 
Bridge  and  Morri'^ania:  filled  several  public 
offices,  and  died  at  Roxbury,  Mass. 

Howarfl.  (John  Eacer- An  American  Gen- 
eral. Born  in  Baltimore  county.  Md. ,  in  17.52; 
served  at  White  Plains,  Germantown,  Monmouth, 
Camden,  Cowpens  and  Guilford  Court  House; 
was  a  brave  and  active  soldier,  was  governor 
of  Marvland.  and  a  United  States  senator  from 
that  State;  die<i  in  1S27. 

Howe,  ©eorffe  A.— A  British  General;  bom 


In  Great  Britain,  place  unknown,  In  1724;  fought 
at  Tuo!ideri>ga.  N.  Y.,  where  he  wtt«  slain,  in 
17.'i8. 

Howe.  Sir  William— A  British  commander: 
born  in  (;ieat  Brilam.  place  unknown,  in  1729; 
served  at  Hunker  Hill,  on  Long  Ihland.  at  (Jer- 
mant()wn  and  elsewhere;  was  sueceede<l  by  Sir 
Henry  Clinton;  was  governor  of  Plymouth,  Eng. , 
and  in  that  position  he  died,  in  18U. 

Hiiuer.  iMaac— An  American  General;  bom 
at  Limerick  Plantaticm.  S.  C. ,  in  1742;  served  at 
Savannah,  Charleston,  Guilford  Court  HouHe 
and  Hobklrk's  Hill;  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  in 
1797. 

Hiiirer,  FranclN  K.— An  American  Captain; 
born  in  South  Caroliiui,  m  17(14;  served  in  the  Con- 
tinental army,  ami  was  a  Colonel  in  the  war  of 
1812;  died  at  Charleston.  S.  C,  in  1855. 

Jasper,  William— An  American  Sergeant, 
of  remarkable  valor;  born  in  South  Carolina, 
about  17.50;  served  at  Fort  Moultrie  and  Savannah, 
being  slain  in  the  latter  conllict,  in  1799. 

Knox,  Hcnry~.\n  American  General;  born 
;'I  i:>.-^Ii>n.  Mass..  in  17.50;  -xerved  at  Bunker  Hill, 
Ku-.i.iii.  New  York  city,  Princeton,  Monmouth, 
Yuikinwn,  etc.;  was  Secretary  of  War  under 
Washington;  died  at  Thomaston.  Me.,  in  1806. 

I,.at'iiyelte,  Murqiils  de— .An  American 
General;  lioin  ne;(r  Brioud.  Franee,  in  17.'i7; 
served  at  Br^gidy wine.  Barren  Hill.  Monmouth, 
Yorktown,  etc, ;  died  at  Paris,  greatly  honored,  in 
18:i4. 

Lee,  Henry — .An  American  officer;  born  in 
Westmoreland  county,  Va. ,  in  17.50;  served  In 
South  Carolina,  atfjuilford  Coui-t  House,  and  in 
other  contlicts;  was  greatly  esteemed;  died  at 
Cumberland  Island,  Ga. ,  in  1818. 

Lie  wis,  Morgran  —  An  American  General ; 
born  in  New  York  city,  in  1754;  served  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Saratoga  and  in  the  campaign  in  Nortliern 
New  Y'ork;  was  governor  of  New  York,  and  one 
of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence; 
also  participated  in  the  war  of  1812;  died  in  New 
Y'ork  city,  in  1844. 

LewiM.  Andrew  —  An  American  General  ; 
born  in  TNt.-!  .  In-land.  about  1730;  served  in  the 
expeditKin  t"  t.iki-  possession  of  Ohio;  with  Wash- 
ington at  Fort  Necessity;  at  Braddock's  defeat; 
near  Fort  Dut^uesne;  was  treaty  commissioner  to 
the  Six  Nations  of  Indians;  served,  also,  at  Point 
Pleasant,  O,  ,and  at  (iwynne's  Island;  died  in  Bed- 
ford county,  Va.,  about  1780. 

Lincoln,  Benjamin— An  .American  General; 
born  at  Hingham,  Mass. .  in  1733;  served  at 
Bemis  Heights,  Savannah.  Charleston  and  Y'ork- 
town;  was  Secretary  of  War  and  governor  of 
MassarhusL'tts;  died  at  Hingham,  his  birth-place, 
in  1810. 

Lyman,  Phineas  —  An  American  oflicer; 
born  at  Durham,  Conn.,  about  1716;  fought  in  the 
battle  of  Lake  George,  in  1755. and  served  at  Ticon- 
deroga,  Crown  Point,  etc. ;  died  in  West  Florida, 
in  1775. 

Mc  Arthur,  Duncan— An  American  scout 
and  pioneer;  born  in  Dutchess  county.  N.Y..  in 
1772;  served  in  the  Kentucky  and  Ohio  Indian  war 
districts;  was  governor  of  Ohio:  serve(l.  also, 
in  the  war  of  1812;  died  in  Ohio,  in  1839. 

Marion,  Francis  —  An  American  General; 
born  at  Winyaw,  S.  C.  in  1732;  .served  in  the 
Cherokee  war  of  1761.  in  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia,  at  the  battle  of  Camden,  etc. ;  was  dis- 
tinguished for  the  secrecy  and  rapidity  of  his 
operations  against  the  British;  died  near  Eutaw. 
S.  C,  in  1795. 

M<;'I>4kitcrall,  Alex. — An  .\merican  General; 

boi  11  in  Sroiiaiid.  in  1731;  served  at  White  Plains 
ami  t  Ml  ni.iiitKwn;  was  a  member  of  the  Colonial 
C'>iiy:ri_s~,  Mied  in  New  York,  in  1786. 

Mercer,  Husrh- An  American  General;  born 
In  Scotland,  about  1720:  fought  at  Trenton  and 
Frincetoiii  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  latter 
contest,  and  died,  greatly  mourned,  ia  1777. 

UliHlin,  Thomas— An  American  General; 
^"-"n  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1744;  served  on  Long 
isiand;  was  president  of  Congress;  died  at  Lan- 
caster. Pa.,  in  1800. 

Morfran,  Daniel— An  American  General: 
born  in  New  Jersey,  in  1736;  served  at  Quebec  and 
Cowpens,  and  in  the  Pennsylvania  insurrection 
of  1794;  was  a  member  of  Congress;  died  at  Win- 
chester. Va. ,  in  1802. 

Moultrie.  TVilliam- An  American  Genera) ; 

born  in  South  Carolina,  in  1731;  fought  at  Sulli- 
van's Island  and  Charleston,  S.  C. .  was  governor 
of  South  Carolina,  and  historian  of  the  Revolu- 
tion; died  at  Charleston,  S.  C, .  in  1805. 


.MnhlvniMTu.    IVt«*r  >l.  O.— An  American 

(MiM-ral,  hoin  al  Trappe.  Pa.,  In  1746;  won  a 
clergyman  al  WoorlHtoek.  Va. .  at  the  breaking 
out  of  the  KevolulioM;  stripped  olf  hlH  clerical 
gown,  anil  put  oti  the  rMjntitiental  regimentalH, 
read  his  i;oriiints«don  uh  a  colonel,  and  formed  a 
regiment  of  his  parishioners;  rose  In  rank  In  the 
army;  wan  member  of  Congress,  L'nIted  StateH 
senator  and  colleetor  of  cuiitoniK  ut  Philadelphia; 
where  he  died,  in  1K07. 

Pickens,  Andrew— All  American  General; 
born  at  Paxton,  Pa.,  in  1739:  served  at  Kettle 
Creek,  Stono,  Cowpens.  Augusta  (Oa. )  and  Eutaw 
Springs;  member  of  the  South  Carolina  Legisla- 
ture and  of  CongresH  from  that  State;  dledatTom- 
asHce,  S.  C. ,  in  1817. 

Ptnekney,CharleHC— An  American  officer; 
born    at    Charleston.    S.    C. ,    in     1746;     served    at 

Ki.unly"ine,  Germantown,  Charleston.  Savannah 
and  in  Morida;  was  a  member  of  the  National 
Conslituliujial  Convention  of  1787.  and  UniU-d 
States  Minister  to  France;  died  at  Charleston,  S. 
C,  in  1825. 

Pinckney,  Thomas— An  Amei-iean  Major; 
born  at  Charlest<Mi.  S.  C- ,  in  17.50:  served  at  Kt<.no. 
Savaniuih,  and  Camden;  was  governor  of  South 
Car<)lina  and  Minister  to  Great  Britain  and 
Spain ;  was  also  in  Congress  from  South  Carolina; 
died  at  Charleston.  S.  C,  in  1779. 

Putnam,  Israel  —  . An  American  General; 
bom  at  Danvers,  (Old  Salemt  Mass.,  in  1718; 
served  at  East  Boston.  Bunker  Hill.  Long  Island 
and  Horse-necks,  Conn.,  at  which  latter  plaee  he 
won  distinction  for  bravery  by  rapidlv  riding  his 
horse  down  a  steep,  rocky  declivity,  thus  escai>- 
ingfrom  the  British;  died  at  Brooklyn,  Conn., 
in  1790. 

Putnam,   RuTus- An  American    enjrineer  ; 

born  at  Sutton,  Mass..  in  1738;  constructed  the 
fortilleations  at  West  Point,  N.  Y. ,  and  founded 
Marietta,  (). .  where  he  died,  in  1824. 

Schuyler,  Philip- An  American  General; 
bom  at  Alliany,  N,Y. .  in  1733:  participated  in  the 
opeiaii-ms  against  the  British  under  Burgfjyne. 
and  in  New  York;  was  a  member  of  Congressaml 
United  States  senator  from  New  York;  died  at 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  in  1801. 

Stark,  John— An  intrepid  American  General; 
born  at  Londonderry,  N.  H.,  in  1728;  fought  in 
Canada,  and  at  Bennington  and  Saratoga;  died  at 
Manchester.  N.  H. .  in  1822. 

Steuben,    Fred.    IV.    A.     (Baron)  — An 

American  General:  horn  at  Madgeburg.  Prussia, 
in  1730:  served  at  Monmouth  and  Yorktown  ; 
founded  Steuben  county,  N.  Y. ;  died  near  Utica 
N.  Y*..  in  1794. 

Sullivan.  *Iohn— An  American  General;  bom 

at  Berwick.  Me.,  in  1740;  served  in  Canada,  on 
Long  Island,  at  Trenton.  Bramiywine  and  Ger- 
mantown; was  a  member  of  Congress  and  judge 
in  New  Hampshire;  died  at  Durham,  N.  H..  in 
1795. 

Sumter,   Thomas  — An  American  General; 

horn  in  Virginia,  in  1734;  participated  in  several 
battles  of  the  Revolution;  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress. United  Slates  senator  and  American  Minis- 
ter to  Brazil;  was  the  last  surviving  General  of 
the  Revolutionary  army,  and  died  near  Camden 
S.  C, ,  in  1832. 

St.  Clair,  Arthur — An  American  General; 
born  at  Thurso,  Scotland,  in  1734;  served  at  Tren- 
ton, Princeton  and  Ticonderoga;  was,  also,  a 
member  of  Congress  and  governor  of  the  North- 
west Territory;  died  at  Greensburg.  Pa.,  in   1818. 

Ward,  Artemas  — An  American  General; 
bom  at  Shrewsbuiy,  JUass.,  in  1727;  serve*!  at  Bos- 
ton and  Roxbury  Heights:  was  a  member  of 
Congress;  died  at  his  birth-place,  in  1800. 

Warren,  Joseph- An  American  General; 
born  near  Roxbury,  Mass. .  in  1741;  was  slain  at 
Bunker  Hill,  1775:  was  intrepid  and  eloquent. 

Washington,  William— .An  American  Gen- 
eral; born  in  Stafford  county.  Va. .  in  17.52;  served 
on  Long  Island,  and  at  Trenton,  Princeton.  Cow- 
pens  and  Eutaw  Springs;  was  a  relative  of  George 
Washington;  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C- .  in  1810, 

Wayne,  Anthony— An  American  General; 
knoxvn  as  "Mad  .Anthony,"  on  account  of  his 
energetic  bravery:  born  in  Chester  countv.  Pa., 
in  1745;  served  at  Brandywine.  (iermantown,  Mon- 
mc)uth  and  Stony  Point;  died  at  Erie,  Pa.,  in 
1796, 

"Wilkinson,  James— An  American  General: 
bom  in  Maryland,  in  17.57:  served  in  Canada, 
against  the  Wabash  Indians,  and  on  the  Maunie.- 
river,  O.  ;  was  governor  of  LouisLina,  and  serv(-<l 
in  the  war  of  1812;  died  near  the  citv  of  Mexico 
in  1825. 


? 


y?  :(^ — 


A 


^=:3t=5«- 


The  War  of  1812. 


-^i— ^pX'i^t:^^- 


The   Causes   that   Led   to  the  War  of  1812.      Prominent  and   Important  Battles. 


ITH  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson. James 
Madison  was 
associated  as 
Secre  t ary  of 
State.  On  March 
4.  1809,  Madison 
succeeded  Jef- 
ferson to  the 
presidency.  As 
secretary  he  had 
gained  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  inso- 
^"^  =^-="^s.::;_^:.--=—     :=^^— ;  _   _  —  -  lence  and  aggres- 

sion of  the  English  government  in  ignoring  the  rights  of  neutral 
nations,  like  the  United  States,  while  waging  war  against  the  French. 
To  such  a  height  did  this  insolence  extend,  that  British  war  vessels 
would  stop  American  merchant  ships  on  the  high  seas,  and  impress 


portions  of  the  crews  of  the  latter  into  the  English  naval 
service.  Jefferson  ordered  an  embargo,  to  prevent  British  vessels 
entering  American  ports.  Madison  disapproved  of  this  embargo, 
protesting  no  less  forcibly,  however,  against  British  violations 
of  international  and  neutral  rights,  and  snbstituted  a  total  cessa- 
tion of  intercourse  between  the  two  countries.  As  this  course 
failed  to  abate  the  evil,  in  the  summer  of  1809.  with  the  consent  of 
Congress,  President  Madison  declared  war  against  Great  Britain,  and 
by  proclamation,  called  upon  the  people  to  prepare  for  the  conflict. 
Five  days  after  the  declaration  of  war.  Great  Britain  repealed  part 
of  the  obnoxious  orders  in  relation  to  the  rights  of  neutrals,  and  so 
removed  a  portion  of  the  causes  of  the  war.  Negotiations  for  a 
settlement  of  the  impressment  question  were  opened  between  the 
two  countries,  but  without  a  satisfactory  conclusion:  and  England, 
in  February,  1813,  established  a  blockade  of  American  ports  on  the 
Atlantic  coast.  Of  course  this  movement  led  to  active  hostilities, 
the  war  continuing  for  more  than  two  years.  The  following  are 
some  of  the  principal  contests  of  the  war: 


Principal  Battles  of  the  War  of  1812,  Between  the  United  States  and  England. 


SHE  WAR  was  declared  June  18,  1R12,  .and 
jS    closed,  by  treaty.  Deeeinber  24,  1814. 

The  Surreiiclerof  Detroit.— Gen- 
eral VVilliiini  Hull,  Governor  of  Mit'hii,'an 
Territory,  alter  war  was  declared. 
i'e(!eived  orders  to  invade  Canada  from  Detroit, 
whii'h  he  did  with  1.800  men.  hat  not  having 
sufticient  troops  to  carry  out  the  enterprise,  he 
was  soon  compelled  to  fall  back:  and  August  16, 
1812.  his  force  having  been  leduoed  to  800  men. 
lie  suirendered  his  army.  Detroit  and  Michigan 
Territory,  to  the  British  under  General  Brock. 

BattleM  at  Sea.—  Aujfust  19.  1812,  the  United 
States  tiiK-ite  Constitution.  Captain  Isaac  Hull, 
cai>turL-d  the  British  frigate  Gucrriere.  Captain 
Dacres;  British  loss,  seventy -nine  killed  and 
wounded.  Amei'ican  loss,  fourteen. 

October  18.  1812.  the  American  sloop  of  war. 
Wasp,  Captain  Jones,  captured  the  British  brig. 
Frolic.  Captain  Whingates.  but  the  British  ship 
Poictiers,  with  seventy  four  guns,  captured  both 
the  Wa-^p  and  the  Frolic. 

0.-1.,1m  1  T'  I'fiy  thi'  Amcrfrnn  frigate  United 
Stat'--.  ''.I'l  •>'•  I'. -.■..lilt,  -■,i|i(iit-.-(i  ihe  British 
tritr.tii-  M.H-r.|M[ii,iii,  i',i|.t,iiii  c.ini.-n.  time,  one 
hour  iti-l  ,1  )i.ill  ,  r.i  i(i-.li  l"--s,  t  In  It  y  SIX  killed  and 
sixty-eight  wounded,  American  loss,  five  killed 
and  seven  wounded. 

Peceniber20.  1812.  the  American  frigate  Consti- 
tution. Captain  Bainhrldgc.  c.-iptiin-d  the  British 
frik'ate  .Java.  <'aptain  Lanilieii,  ..if  San  Salvador, 
afterasevere  t-ngagenu-iit  ,  Iliili-h  h.ss.  Captain 
Lambert  klMed.  an<l  171  men  kill.d  and  wounded. 
American  loss,  thirty  three   killed  and   wtninded. 

The  British  vessi-ls  captured  by  American  priva- 
teers, in  1813.  amounted  to  more  than  aoo. 

Indliin  Mawttiicre  in  Michltcun.— In  .Tan- 
imrv.  ISiri.  a  forrt-of  British  Indian  allies  encount- 
ered yoo  American  soldiei-s  under  (ieneral 
Winchester,  nt  the  river  Balsin.  defeated  and 
fapluii'd  the  latter,  and  massacred  many  of  the 
prisoners. 

Capture  of  Toronto.  Can.— April  27,  1813; 
General  Pike,  with  l.TOO  Americans.  lussaulted 
York  (now  Torontm.  then  the  capital  of  Upper 
Canada,  defended  bv  K0«  Bi-Uish.  One  battery 
was  HUccesMfiillv  carried  by  the  Americans,  when 
a  magazine  cxplo'I'/d,  killing  General  I'ikc  and 
kllHnif  and  wounding  200  of  his  men:  but  the  fort 
wii-- f-fiptiired  by  the  attacking  p/utv, 


British  Repulse  at  Sackett's  Harbor. 

—  In  May.  18i;t,  General  .lacob  Brown,  commanding 
the  American  naval  and  military  post  of  Sackett's 
Harbor,  on  Lake  Ontario,  successfully  repulsed 
the  attack  of  a  British  force  under  General 
Prevost. 

Capture  of  Fort  Georffe«  Can.— In  May. 
1813.  the  Americans  attacked  and  carried  Fort 
George,  a  Canadian  stronghold. 

Battle  of  the  Thames,  Can.— Fought  Octo- 
ber ^.  1813.  at  the  Sloravian  settlement,  between 
American  infantry  under  General  Harrison  and 
<ravali'y  under  Colonel  R.  M.  Johnson,  and  the 
British"  under  General  Proctor,  assisted  by  2.000 
Indians  under  Tecumseh.  The  latter  was  killed, 
and  the  Americans  defeated  the  enemy,  and  cap- 
tured COO  prisoners,  six  cannon  and  large  quanti- 
ties of  stores. 

ISnttle  of  Lake  Erie.- Fought  September 
10.  I8i;(  beiwi-m  :i  >'|uaih  on  of  nine  American  war 
vessels.  umb-T  Ci.mpiiMiiMTe  O.  H.  Perry,  and  a 
British  sqn.idinu  .it  -i\  armed  vessels,  under  Com- 
mander Barclay.  The  American  force  consisted 
of  4-^0  omcers  and  men,  with  Hftyfour  cannon, 
while  the  British  numbered  .^02  officers  and  men. 
with  sixty-three  cannon.  The  contest  was  severe, 
lasting  about  three  hours.  The  Americans  were, 
however,  successful,  capturing  two  ships,  two 
brigs,  one  schooner  and  a  sloop.  Perry  lost  one 
vessel,  sunk,  the  Lawrence,  his  llag-ship.  The 
loss  in  men  was  nearly  equal,  numbering  about  130 
killed  and  wounded  on  each  side.  Barclay,  the 
British  commander,  was  killed.  This  battle 
secured  the  supremacy  of  Lake  Erie  to  the  Ameri- 
cans, and  was  important  in  this  respect. 

More  Battled  at  Sea-February  24.  1813. 
off  the  coast  of  British  fJuiana.  S.  A.,  the  Ameri- 
can fi-igate  Hornet,  eiirhtcen  guns,  encountered 
the  British  brig  Peucork.  and  after  a  short 
cnga^enicnt.  the  latter  snii  endcrcd,  she  being  in 
a  sinking  eonditiun,  and  in  a  short  time  she  went 
down,  drowning  nine  of  her  men  and  five  of  the 
Hornet's  crew.  The  Peacock  lost  thirty-three 
killcil  and  wounderl  In  the  tight,  including  lior 
eoniTnander.  while  the  Hornet's  loss  wan  only  one 
killed  and  two  wounded. 

.lune  1.  1813.  the  American  frigate  Chesapeake, 
foi'ty  eight  guns,  commaiuleil  by  the  same  cap- 
tain. Lawrence,  engaged  the  British  fiigatc 
Shannon,    Captain    Broke,    also    carrying    forty 


eight  cannon,  about  thirty  miles  from  Boston. 
The  tight  lasted  but  hflcen  minutes,  and  resulted 
ill  the  death  of  Lawrence  and  the  capture  of  the 
Chesapeake.  The  American  loss  was  forty-eight 
killed  and  ninety-eight  wounded,  the  British  had 
twenty-three  killed  and  Hfty-six  wounded. 

September  5.  1813.  the  American  sloop  of  war 
Enterprise,  commanded  by  Lieutenant  William 
Burroughs,  encountered.  olT  I'orlland.  Me.,  the 
British  brig  Boxer,  commanded  by  Lieutenant 
BIyth.  and  captured  the  latter  after  a  sharp 
engagement.  BIyth  was  killed,  and  Burroughs 
w;is  mortally  wounded.  They  were  buried  side  by 
side  at  Portland. 

Battle  of  Chippewa,  TViaKiira  FallJi.— 
July  5,  ISH,  a  force  ol  l.'.tOO  Americans,  uniler 
General  Wiiilield  Scott,  fonglit  2. 100  Britisli  troops 
under  General  lliall,  at  t^hippewa.  The  latter, 
after  several  attacks  and  counter-attacks,  were 
repulsed.  The  Americans  lost  sixty-eight  killed 
and  267  wounded,  the  British,  laS  killed  and  365 
wounded. 

Battie  of  I<undy*ii  r«ane.— Fought  near 
Niagara  Falls.  July  2.i,  ISH.  between  3,000  Ameri- 
cans under  Generals  Brown  and  Scott,  and  a 
larger  force  of  British  under  (Jcneral  Uiall.  The 
battle  began  about  sun>et.  and  continued  until 
after  dark  wdb  grejit  severity.  Tlie  British  bat- 
tery of  nine  guns  was  captureii.  and  Uiall's  troops 
were  tlnvcii  olf  after  tluee  unsuccessful  attempt* 
to  regain  it.  Tbi:  Americans  lost  743  men  killed 
and  wounded,  and  the  British  878.  Brown  and 
Seott  were  both  wovmded. 

Battle  of  Lake  Champlaln—  General 
Macorrdi,  with  about  1.500  American  troops,  held 
possession  of  Plattshnigli.  N.  Y..  on  the  western 
shore  of  Lake  thamplaiti,  in  Aut'ust.  1814.  when 
the  British  General,  Sii  ilroi^-i-  Pir\ost,  advanced 
upon  the  town  with  r.'.oiH)  in.-ri  im  ibe  lake  the 
Americans  had  a  tleet  of  fotnteen  vessels,  carry- 
ing eighty-six  puns  and  8fi0  men.  under  Captain 
McDonough.  wlillc  the  British  squadron,  under 
Captain  l)ownie.  numbered  sixteen  vessels,  ninety- 
live  guns  and  about  1.000  men,  September  It.  1814, 
early  in  the  morning,  the  naval  battle  began, 
lasting  with  severity  foi'  several  hours,  and 
resulting  in  a  total  victory  for  the  Americans,  the 
British  hauling  down  their  riags  and  surrender- 
ing. The  land  attack  of  the  British  soldiers  was 
abandoned  when  the  result  of  the  naval  fight  was 


leurneti.  Tin-  AinerlcailH  lost  112  killed  and 
woiiiitlL'd,  The  British  loss  was  estimated  at 
al.uut  200,  excliiBJve  of  prinoners,  and  seventy-five 
Ciiiinon,  beside  their  (funboats. 

liVaHhlncr(«>n  15iirn«Ml.— August  24.  \HU,  an 
nrinv  '>r  "'.'I'lit  i;iili-.li,  under  General  Koss,  who 
had 'l.iiiiiril  111  (  lir  ...|,.  aki-  Bay,  marched  on  the 
national  caiiilal,  tin'l;  |.i. -.session  of  the  city  and 
burned  the  publie  buiNlini^s,  inf'ludinH'  the  capilol 
and  the  President's  house.  They  met  with  but 
little  oppositir>n. 

The  RrUiHli    al   BsiKlniorc.— After  burn 


Inn  Wasliinicton,  Hosh  re-embarked  bin  army  ond 
assaulted  the  city  of  Baltimore,  Md. ,  September 
I y  and  13,  hut  was  repulsed  by  the  citizens.  Qon- 
eriil  Koss  was  killed. 

Nuvail  0|»er»tloiiH.— Peace  was  consum- 
mated about  t'hri»tina«.  18U,  but  ttie  nirws  did  not 
reach  America  for  some  lime  afterward,  and  Il(fJit- 
ing  continued  on  land  and  Mca.  Additional  naval 
captures  hy  the  Americans  comprised  seven  Brit- 
isJi  war  vessels,  and  the  British  captured  twi> 
American  frigates  and  two  or  three  Buialler 
craft. 


linttlc  of  Xew  Orlcana.— Foueht  January 

8,  !8I.'»,  four  miles  from  the  city,  between  <,0(»0 
Americans,  un<ler  General  Andrew  Juckson,  and 
a  Brltlhh  nrmy  under  Sir  Kdward  F'akcnham. 
estimated  at  from  8.000  to  10,000  men.  Jaekt'on 
occupied  a  Klronsr  position,  widl  fortified,  with 
twelve  cannon.  The  severity  of  the  (Ijcht.  which 
resulted  in  tlie  repulse  of  the  British.  Is  hhown  In 
tlie  loss  of  the  latter — something  over2,000  uu-n 
killed,  wounded  and  prisoners.  The  American 
loKs  was  vt:ry  sIlKht.  On  the  IKth  the  Brit- 
ish retreated.  Icavlntc  eighty  wounded  men  In 
t!ie  hands  of  the  Americans.    ThiscluHed  the  war. 


^1^ 3? „ — ^fe 

^-%,^^h^        Leading  Officers  in  the  Wars  of  1812  and  Mexico.        <^>^ 


unty, 


iT^BAIR,      aOHX-An      Am 

General;  born  In    (~'he~tir  '■. 
S.  C  ,  in  1759;  fought  in  the  h:i 
New  Orleans.  January  K,  18ir»;  com- 
manded Kentucky  militia,  and  was 
a  member  of  Congress  from  Ken- 
tucky; died  in  1840. 
Black  Hawk— A  British  Indian 
Chief;   born  near  the  mouth  of  Rock 
,  ■■  ,       river.  IP...  about  1768;  fought  in  Illi- 
I  Y  ,1,         ftois  and   Wisconsin,    in   1832.  against 
m  Generals  Scott.  Atkinson  and  Dodge; 

^  was  linally  captured  and  imprisoned; 

died  near  PesMoines,  Iowa,  in  1838. 

Brock.  Isaac— A  British  General;  born  in 
England,  in  1769,  served  at  Detroit  and  Queens- 
town,  and  was  slain  in  the  battle  of  Queenstown 
heights,  near  Niagara,  N.  Y. ,  August  IG,  1812. 

Bi-own,  Jacob—An  .\merican  General;  born 
in  Bucks  county.  Pa.,  in  177.');  served  at  Sackett's 
Harbor,  N.  Y. ,  Chippewa,  Niagara  Falls  and  Fort 
Erie,  in  the  war  of  1812;  was  chief  Major-General 
of  the  United  States  army  in  1821;  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  in  1828. 

Chandler*  John  —  An  American  General; 
born  in  Massachusetts,  year  unknown;  served  in 
the  war  of  1812;  was  United  States  Senator  from 
Maine;  died  at  Augusta,  Me.,  in  1844. 

Clarke*  "William— An  American  General; 
born  in  Virginia,  in  1770;  served  in  the  exploring 
expedition  to  Oregon,  in  1804;  was  Governor  of 
Missouri  Territory  in  1813-1821,  and  Superintendent 
of  Indian  Affairs  in  1822;  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in 
1838. 

Croehan,  George — United  States  Inspector- 
General  of  the  Army;  born  near  Louisville.  Ky. , 
in  1791;  served  in  the  wars  of  1812  and  Mexico; 
was  at  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  Ind. ,  in  1811;  died 
at  New  Oiieans,  in  1849. 

Dix.  flohn  A.— .\n  American  Officer  and 
Statesman:  born  at  Boscawen,  N.  H.,  in  1798;  was 
an  Adjutant  in  the  war  of  1812.  and  prominently 
served  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion:  was  Governor 
of  the  State  of  New  York;  died  in  New  York  city, 
in  1879. 

Qainex.  Edmund  P.— An  American  General; 
born  in  Culpeper  county,  Va. ,  in  1777;  served  at 
Chrystler's  Field  and  Fort  Erie,  in  the  war  of  1813; 
was  instrumental  in  procuring  the  arrest  of  Aaron 
Burr  for  treason;  died  at  New  Orleans,  in  1849. 

Orantt  Ulysses  9. — An  American  General; 
born  at  Point  Pleasant,  O. ,  in  1822.  fought  in  Mex- 
ico, under  Generals  Scott  and  Taylor;  a  hero  of 
the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  and  eighteenth  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States. 

Harmar,  Josiah  — General-in-Chief  of  the 
United  States  armv;  born  in  Pennsylvania,  in 
1763;  died  at  Philadelphia.  Pa.,  in  1813. 


Harriflon,  W^llllam  H,— An  American 
General;  l»orn  at  Berkeley.  Va.,  in  I77:i;  fought 
the  Indians  at  Tippecanoe,  Ind.,  in  1811.  and  at 
the  battle  of  the  Thames,  in  Canada;  wa.s  a  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Ohio,  and  ninth  President  «( 
the  United  States;  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.  in 
April,  1841. 

Harney,  William  S.— An  American  Gen- 
eral; born  in  Louisiana,  in  1798;  is  (1880)  still 
living,  and  has  probably  been  in  the  army  service 
longer  than  any  other  officer,— with  an  honorable 
record. 

SSiill,  William — An  American  General;  born 
at  Derby.  Conn. ,  in  i7.i3:  served  in  the  wars  of  the 
Revolution  and  1812;  in  the  latter  he  surrendered 
Detroit  to  the  British;  was  Governor  of  Slichigan 
in  IS05;  died  at  Newton,  Mass..  in  I82.>. 

•Tackson,  Andrew — An  American  General; 
born  at  Waxhaw  settlement,  in  North  Carolina,  in 
17r.7:  fought  the  Creek  Indians  in  1813;  defeated 
the  British  General  Pakenham  at  New  Orleans, 
La.,  January  8,  1815;  was  seventh  President  of  the 
United  States  for  two  terms,  from  1829  to  1837; 
suppressed  the  South  Carolina  "  nullitters;"  died 
near  Nashville,  Tenn. ,  in  1845. 

Kearny,  Stephen  W.— An  American  Gen- 
eral; born  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1791;  served  in  the 
wars  of  1812  and  Mexico;  wa.s  Governor  of  Cal- 
ifornia in  1847;  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  1848. 

ACafomli,  Alexander — An  .\merican  Gen- 
eral, hnrn  ;it  11- in.if ,  Mi.'h.,  in  1782;  served  at 
Niagani,  V"v{  (l.-.Mk-.'  ami  Plattsburg,  in  1813  and 
1814;  was  (.'uiamaiidLi  in  Chief  of  the  army;  died 
at  Washington.  D.  C,  in  18U. 

Pakenliam,  Sir  Edwiird- A  British  Gen- 
eral; place  and  date  of  birth  unknown;  fought 
the  Americans  under  General  Jackson  at  New 
Orleans.  January  8,  1815;  was  defeated  and  slain 
in  that  conllict. 

Pike,  Zebiilon  M.  — An  American  General; 
born  at  Lamberton,  N.  J.,  in  1773;  explored  the 
sources  of  the  5Iississippi;  served  in  the  American 
besiegement  of  York,  Can.,  in  1813,  at  which  time 
and  place  he  was  Uilled. 

Porter,  Peter  B.— An  American  General; 
born  at  Salisbury,  Conn.,  in  1773;  served  in  the 
battles  of  Black  Rock,  Chippewa.  Lundy's  Lane 
and  Fort  Erie;  was  Secretary  of  War  under  Presi- 
dent John  Q.  Adams;  died  at  Niagara  Falls,  in 
1M44. 

Quitman,  John  A.— An  American  General; 
born  in  Dutchess  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1799;  served 
under  General  Taylor,  in  Mexico.  1846-1848;  was 
Governor  of  Mississippi,  and  a  member  of  Congress 
from  that  State;  died  at  Natchez,   Miss.,  in  1858. 

Ripley,  Koswell  8. — An  American  officer; 
born  in  Ohio,  about  1823;  served  in  the  war  with 


Mexico,  against  the  Indian.*;  in  Florida,  and  as  a 
Confederate  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion;  was 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Antietam,  and  died  at 
Charleston,  S.  C. ,  in  1803. 

Ripley,  Kleazer  liV.— An  American  Gen- 
eral; liorn  at  Hanover.  N.  H.,  in  l782;  nerved  at 
Chi|>pcwa,  Lundy's  Lane,  and  Fort  Eric;  died  at 
West  Feliciana,  La.,  in  1859. 

Shelby,  iHaac— An  American  commander; 
born  near  Hagerstown.  Md.,  in  n.iO:  served  in  the 
American  wars  with  the  Indians,  the  war  of  the 
Revolution,  and  the  war  of  1812;  was  Governor  of 
Kentucky  eight  years;  died  In  Lincoln  county, 
that  State,  in  1826. 

Shields,  (lames  — -^n  American  Brigadier- 
General  of  volunteei-s;  born  at  Dungannon.  Ire- 
land, in  1810;  servefi  in  the  war  with  Mexico  and 
the  Rebellion:  was  United  States  Senator,  respec- 
tively, from  the  States  of  Illinois,  Minnesota  and 
Missouri;  died  in  1879. 

Taylor,   Zachary— An  American    General; 

born  in  (Grange  county?  Va. ,  in  1784:  served  in  the 
wars  of  1812  and  Mexico;  was  twelfth  President  of 
the  United  States;  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  in 
1850. 

Teciimseh — A  famous  chief  of  the  Shawnee 
Indians;  born  in  Ohio,  about  1768;  operated 
against  the  whites  in  Ohio  and  Indiana;  was  killeii 
at  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  in  1813,  as  is  supposed 
by  Colonel  Richard  M.  Johnson,  of  the  Kentucky 
militia. 

TwiKcs,  David  E.— An  American  General, 
born  in  Richmond  county.  Ga. .  in  1790;  served  in 
the  wars  of  1812  and  Mexico;  joined  the  Confeder- 
ates in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion;  died  at  Augusta, 
Ga.,  in  1863. 

Van  Rensselaer.  Solomon— An  American 
officer;  bom  in  Rensselaer  county,  N.  Y. ,  in  1774; 
served  in  the  battle  of  the  Miami,  in  1792.  and  in 
the  battle  of  Queenstown  heights,  in  1812;  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  the  State  of  New  York, 
1819-1822;  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y. ,  in  1852. 

Winder,  William  H.— An  .American  Gen- 
eral; born  in  Maryland,  in  1775;  serve<l  at  Bladens- 
burg,  and  other  places  in  the  war  of  1812;  was  a 
successful  lawyer  in  Baltimore;  died  in  1824. 

Wool,  John  E.— An  American  General;  born 
at  Newburgh.  N.  Y. .  in  1789;  served  in  the  wan* 
of  1812.  Mexico,  and  the  Rebellion,  and  among  the 
Indians  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Territories; 
died  at  Troy,  N.  Y. ,  in  ISfiO. 

Worth,  William  *J.— An  American  General, 

born  at  Hudson,  N.  Y. .  in  1794;  served  in  the  war 
of  1812,  against  the  Indians  in  Florida,  and  in  the 
war  with  Mexico;  died  at  San  Antonio,  Texas,  in 
1849;  was  buried  in  New  York  city. 


■i. 


.k 


-<).t>\ 


— iTj: 


f 


62 


LIFE    AAD    TIMES    OF    GENEEAE    SCOTT. 


f^-a^i^.'^V^^-/^^^'.^'^^^-^-^^^^-'. 


WINFIELD  SCOTT. 


Outline  Sketch  of  a  Long,   Eventful  and   Busy  Life. 


NE  OF  THE  MOST  prominent  of 
American  military  heroes  was  General 
Winfield  Scott,  whose  life-history  is 
a  succession  of  distinguished  events. 
His  birth  occurred  at  Petersburg,  Va. , 
June  13,1786. 

After  receiving  an  education  at 
William  and  Mary  College,  near  Wil- 
liamsburg, Va. .  he  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  its  practice  in  1806. 
In  1808  he  joined  the  army  as  a 
Captain  of  light  artillery,  being  stationed  at  Baton  Rouge,  La. 
In  1809  he  was  brought  before  a  court-martial  and  suspended  for 
a  year,  because  of  criticising  the  conduct  of  his  superior  officer. 
During  the  time  of  his  suspension  he  studied  military  tactics. 

Being  restored  to  duty,  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  Lieutenant-Colonel  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war  of  1812,  and  sent  to  the 
Canadian  frontier.  There  he  participated 
in  the  battle  of  Qneen&town  heights,  ren- 
dering efficient  service,  but  on  being 
promptly  reinforced,  he  and  his  whole 
command  were  captured  by  the  British. 
Having  been  exchanged,  early  in  1813.  he 
joined  the  ai-my  under  General  Dearborn 
as  an  Adjutant-General,  with  the  rank  of 
Colonel. 

In  May  of  that  year,  at  Fort  George,  he 
was  severely  wounded  by  the  exploBion 
of  a  powder  magazine.  He  held  a  com- 
manding position  in  General  Wilkinson's 
proposed  expedition  against  Montreal, 
which  was  abandoned,  however,  in  the 
autumn  of  1813. 

In  March  of  the  following  year  he  was 
appointed  to  the  position  of  Brigadier- 
General,  and  soon  afterwards  he  estab- 
lished a  camp,  at  Buffalo,  for  tlie  purpose  of  givins;  military  instruction. 
July.  1814.  was  an  eventful  month  in  the  career  of  the  General.  On 
the  3d  he  participated  in  the  succeseful  attack  on  Fort  P>ie.  on  the 
Niagara  river,  which,  with  part  of  its  garrison,  was  captured.  The 
battle  of  Chippewa  was  fought  on  the  5th,  resulting  in  the  success  of 
the  Americans.  On  the  25th  occurred  the  short  and  bloody  conflict 
of  Lundy's  Lane,  near  Niagara  Falls,  in  which  Scott  won  a  hard- 
fought  victory,  having  two  horses  shot  under  him  and  receiving  two 
severe  wounds,  one  of  which  partially  disabled  his  left  arm. 

When  the  war  was  over.  President  Madison  tendered  Scott  the 
position  of  Secretary  of  War  in  his  Cabinet,  but  this  he  declined.  He 
was  then  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Major-General,  receiving  also  a 
gold  medal  and  thf  thnnk«  of  Congress  fnrlii'fl  military  services. 


WINFIELD  SCOTT. 


After  assisting  in  reorganizing  the  army  on  a  peace  footing.  General 
Scott  visited  Europe  on  a  military  and  diplomatic  mission  for  the 
Government. 

Returning  to  the  United  States  in  1816,  he  was  married  to  Miss 
Mayo,  of  Richmond,  Va. ,  and  prepared  several  works  on  military 
tactics  and  regulations. 

In  1832  he  visited  Illinois,  to  participate  in  the  war  against  the  Sacs 
and  Fox  Indians;  but  before  he  could  take  the  field  the  capture  of  the 
famous  chief  Black-Hawk  rendered  his  services  unnecessary. 

In  the  same  year,  when  the  South  Carolinians  threatened  to  nullify 
certain  provisions  of  the  Federal  Constitution.  General  Scott  com- 
manded the  military  forces  at  Charleston  with  good  effect  in  sup- 
pressing the  rebellious  spirit  of  the  citizens. 

From  1835  to  1837    General  Scott  was  engaged  in  the  war  against 
the  hostile  Indians  in  Florida  and  in  the  Creek  country,  but  his  niili- 
^       tary  conduct  in  these  campaigns  subjected 
him  to  trial  by  a  court-martial,  in  which, 
however,  he  was  triumphantly  acquitted. 
In  1838  he  efficiently  assisted  in  remov- 
ing the  Georgia  Indians  to  a  new    reserva- 
tion  west  of  the  Mississippi  river;  and  in 
the  following  year  he  was  active  in  sup- 
pressing the  difficulties  arising  from  the 
unsettled  boundary  line  between  Maine  and 
New  Brunswick.      This  trouble  was  not. 
however,  permanently  settled   with  Great 
Britain   until    1842,  when   the  Ashburttm 
treaty  was  signed. 

General  Scott,  in  1841,  after  the  death 
of  General  Macomb,  was  made  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  army;  and  in  1847 
he  assumed  command  of  the  troops  ordered 
to  take  part  in  the  war  with  Mexico. 

The  events  of  that  campaign  were  bril- 
liant and  successful.  Vera  Cruz  was 
invested  on  the  Dth  of  March,  and  on  the 
2Cth  the  castle  of  San  Juan  dc  t'lua  cai)itu- 
lated.  the  garrison  of  5, 000  Mexicans  laying  down  their  arms  outside 
of  the  city  on  the  9th.  On  the  18th  of  April  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo 
was  fought,  Santa  Anna  being  driven  from  his  strong  position,  and 
on  the  following  day  General  Scott  captured  Jalapa,  taking  Pcrote  on 
the  22d,  and  Puebla  on  May  15.  Here  he  rested,  awaiting  rein- 
forcements, until  August  7.  wlien  the  advance  of  the  army  upon  the 
city  of  Mexico  began. 

On  the  10th  of  August,  at  the  head  of  nearly  11,000  men.  in  front 
of  the  city,  General  Scott  encountered  opposition  from  about  19, 000 
Mexicans  under  Generals  Valencia  and  Santa  Anna.  The  severe 
bailies  of  Contreras  and  Churubusco,  in  which  these  opposing  forces 
were  engaged,  occurred  on  the  20th  of  August,  the  Americans  being 
victorious.      The  capital  was  now  at  the  mercy  of  General  Srntt.  but 


an  nnuistict'  was  agreed  upon  until  September  7,  in  nnlcr,  if  possible, 
to  negotiate  a  peace. 

The  negotiations,  however,  were  nnsuecessful,  and  tlie  attack  ni»m 
the  city  began  by  besieging  the  strong  forlificationi^  of  Cbapnllepec.at 
the  southwest  entrance  to  the  city,  which  were  defended  by  14.000 
Mexicans.  On  the  yth  General  Worth,  with  3, 500  American  soUliers, 
carried  a  portion  of  this  stronghold,  capturing  more  than  HOO  pri.son- 
ers  and  a  considerable  quantity  of  the  enemy's  nuinitions  of  war,  but 
with  the  loss  of  about  one-fourth  of  his  own  ofticers  and  men.  The 
remaining  fortifications  at  ChapuUepcc  were  carried  by  storm  on  the 
13th.  and  on  the  following  day  General  Scott  entered  the  city  of 
Mexico  and  raised  the  American  Hag  over  the  far-famed  * '  halls  of  the 
Monfezumas, "  meeting  with  but  slight  opposition.  Order  was  soon 
established,  and  a  levy  of  S150, 000  was  made  upon  the  city,  two- 
thirds  of  which  amount  General  Scott  sent  to  Washington  for  the 
purpose  of  founding  military  asylums.  The  Americans  retained 
possession  of  the  city  until  peace  was  concluded,  in  February,  1848, 
governing  it  judiciously  and  successfully. 

Returning  to  the  United  States,  General  Scott  was  subjected   to  a 


formal  Investigation  o/ his  conduct  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  whh  tri- 
umphantly vindicated. 

In  IS.'JS  the  General  was  nominated  fcir  President  of  the  United 
States  by  the  Whig  party;  but,  although  popular  us  a  military  hero, 
he  failed  in  his  election.  General  Franklin  Pierce,  the  Democratic 
candidate,  receiving  a  majority  of  the  (dectoral  vote- 

A  dispute  having  arisen  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States  as  to  the  boundary  line  of  British  America  in  the  Straits  of 
Fuca.  General  Scott  was  appointed  a  commissioner,  in  1859.  to 
investigate  the  trouble,  and  succeeded  in  amicably  and  satisfactorily 
adjusting  the  matter. 

When  the  Southern  Rebellion  was  inaugurated,  in  1B61,  General 
Scott,  although  bowed  down  by  the  weight  of  years,  was  very  zealous 
as  a  loyal  military  chieftain,  but  too  intirm  to  participate  actively 
in  the  succeeding  campaigns;  and  he  retired  from  the  army  in  October, 
retaining  his  rank  and  pay,  and  making  room  for  younger  and  more 
energetic  military  commanders.  After  a  brief  visit  to  Europe,  he 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  at  West  Point.  N.  Y. ,  where  he  died 
May  20,  1866,  full  of  honors,  and  where  his  remains  were  buried. 


?3C3C30QC3C3€3C3C3QC3! 


PROMINENT  NAVAL  COMMANDERS. 


^^^^:^i^iI>I.EN.   WII-CIAM  H. -Com- 
V^^Wif     ny.unU-v.  l.<.m  at   rrnvi.ience.  R.  1.. 

=.'\^/^&:m'\       .|,|;si,  .i.lru'.l  Ilu-    iiavv  in  ISOO,  as 


i>M 


(list  in  tr 


i-hr.l     111 


III  i>' 

t_'iin  liiyad'  United  States^  of  which 
he  watj  Fii'st  Lieutenant,  and  the 
;  ish  frigate  Macedonian,  in  1812.  the 
ter  beinp-  captured;  in  1X13  he  coni- 
iiianiicd  tli.l.ii::  .\i-:n~.  lai.turinB  Brit- 
isti  pnijii'i  i\  ,  Ml  j.nj^ii-li  \\aters,  esti- 
niatL'd  tn  ]>!■  w-iith  ^  :  iinii.oiiii;  the  same 
yt-ar.  in  a  ti^^lit  with  Hit-  I'.iitish  brig  Peli- 
can, he  lost  ]iisvust.el  and  his  life,  dying 
at  I'lyniouth,  Eng. ,  on  the  following  day. 
Builey*  Theodorus— Rear-Admiral;  born  in 
New  Yoik,  in  1805;  operated  at  Pensacola,  1861, 
and  in  contests  with  Mississippi  forts.  1862,  etc.; 
placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1866,  and  died  at  San 
Fram-iseo.  Cal..  in  1877. 

Baiiibi'id^e.  Willinm— A  successful  Com- 
nioduie:  Ixnn  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  in  1774;  served 
in  the  war  between  the  United  States  and  Tripoli, 
in  1803;  in  1812.  in  the  frigate  Constitution, 
captured  the  British  frigate  Java,  killing  and 
wovmding  Hi  of  the  British,  and  losing  thirty- 
three  of  his  own  officers  and  men;  was  President 
of  the  board  of  naval  commissioners  of  the  United 
States,  died  at  Philadelphia,  in  1833. 

Bitrney,  •Joshua  —  Commodore:  born  at 
Baltimore.  Md.  ,  in  17.59;  served  in  the  wars  of  the 
Revolution  and  1812;  was  severely  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  Bladensburg;  died  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 
in  1818. 

Barron,  »Janie«— Commodore:  born  in  Vir- 
ginia, in  17fi8.  distinguished  for  skillful  seaman- 
ship and  scientific  acquirements;  was  made  a 
Captain  in  1799;  served  in  the  Mediterranean; 
eni.onntiM('d,  in  IS07,  in  the  frigate  Chesapeake, 
the  Uriiisli  ship  Leopard,  to  which  he  surrendered, 
Ilarnm  biiiig  wounded;  the  succeeding  court- 
martial  vintUeated  his  firmness  and  courage,  but 
suspended  him  for  his  mismanagement  in  the 
fight;  entered  tlie  merchant  service;  an  attempt 
to  restore  him  to  the  navy  brouglit  about  a  duel, 
in  1820,  between  him  and  Commodore  Decatur, 
who  was  killed,  Barron  being  severely  wounded, 
subsequently  lie  hrld  several  important  naval 
positions  on  shore;  died  1851. 

Barron,  Samuel —  Commodore;  born  at 
Hampton,  Va. ,  about  1703;  appointed  to  defemj 
Norfolk.  Va. .  against  the  French,  in  1708;  served 
in  the  war  with  Tripoli,  commanding  a  sqviadron 
in  1805;  capttned  the  town  of  Derne.  in  Tripoli; 
resigned  on  account  of  ill-health;  commanded  the 
navy-yard  at  Gosport.  Va. ;  died  in  1810. 


Barron,  Samuel— Captain,  born  in  Virginia 
place  and  date   unknown,  entered   the  navy  as  a 

i!  r,,  111,    fiik'..!.-  r.r.Liidy- 


Ah. 


I'l  I 


the 


Uiiiird  Stall  -  to  |-,, .ml-;.     I..-,    n.  hr  ..  r:i|> 

tain  Ml  IS.V, ,  j..inril  llir  Tnn  I  clr  i  ,i  !,■-,  in  I  )ir  u.ir  of 
the  Rebellion,  in  18111,  eoinmanded  tlie  naval 
defenses  of  North  Carolina  and  Virginia;  surren- 
dered, at  H.atteras  inlet,  in  1861.  to  the  Union 
forces,  was  exchanged  in  1862;  went  to  England 
and  tittrd  uut  lilitekade-runners  and  jjrivateers, 
and  altri  the  **  ar  retiuned  to  Virginia  and 
engageil  in   fanning. 

Barry,  John— Commodore;  born  at  Tacum- 
shane,  Ireland,  in  1745;  served  in  the  war  of  the 
Revolution,  died  at  Philadelphia,  in  1803. 

Bidflle,  Nicholas —  Commander;  born  at 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  17.50.  entered  the  British 
navy  in  1770:  joined  the  colonists  at  the  beginning 
ofthewarnf  tlu'  Revolution,  doing  good  .service 
at  sia  in  caiJlurinir  I'.ritJsli  prizes;  while  in  com- 
mani!  ..I  his  ship,  the  Kandolph,  in  1778,  he  was 
wounded  in  an  action  with  a  British  vessel,  and  a 
few  days  afterward  at  sea  the  magazine  of  the 
Randolph  exploded,  destroying  himself  and  310  of 
his  men  with  the  vessel. 

Bo^f*!*,  Charles  S.  —  Rear-Admiral;  bom  at 
New  Brunswick,  N.  J. ,  in  1.S1I;  entered  the  navy  in 
1826:  served  in  various  parts  of  the  world,  becom- 
in;,'  a  cinnmander  in  1855;  in  1858  was  light-house 
ins]n(t'n  I  >n  the  Pacific  coast;  was  with  Farra- 
guls  i;ii|f  squadron  in  1862.  and  fought  with 
di^tingiiisht'd  bravery;  in  1866  he  became  a  Com- 
modore; in  1867  and  1868  was  in  the  Atlantic 
squadron:  became  Rear-Admiral  in  1870,  and  com- 
manded the  European  fleet  in  1S71. 

Chaiincey,  Isaac  — Commodore;  bom  at 
Black  Rock,  Conn.,  in  1772;  joined  the  navy  in 
1799;  w.as  made  a  commander  in  1802:  served  in 
the  war  with  Tripoli,  and  in  the  war  of  1812  con 
diioted  many  successful  operations  against  the 
British  fleet  on  the  great  American  lakes;  subse- 
quently commanded  the  New  York  navy-yard; 
died  at  Washington,  in  1840. 

Dahl(;ren,  dohn  A.— Rear-Admiral  and 
inventor  of  the  Dahlgren  shell-gun;  born  at  Phil- 
adelphia, Pa. ,  in  Ibuy,  was  euii)loyed  in  Brazil  and 
Mediterranean  squadrons,  in  navy  yard  duty,  the 
coast  survey,  etc.  :  attempted,  unsuccessfully,  in 
1863,  to  retake  Fort  Sumter  from  the  Confederates, 
was  appointed  chief  of  tlie  ordnance  biu-eau  in 
1867,  and  died  at  Washington,  in  1870. 

Bale,  Kiohard  — Couimaiuler:  born  at  Nor- 
folk, Va.,  in  1756;  entered  the  British  navy,  after- 
ward joining  the  Federal  service:  was  taken  pris- 
oner, escaped  and  was  recaptured  by  the  British; 
escaping  again,  he  joined  the  squadron  uf   Paul 


.loncs,  becoming  Lieutenant  of  Jones'  own  ship, 
and  continued  with  him  through  several  conflicts, 
afterwards  entered  the  regular  American  navy,  in 
1781;  aftci'  many  vicissitudes  he  commanded  a 
squadron  during  the  w;ir  with  Tripoli  in  the  Med 
iterranean  sea.  resigned  in  1802.  and  retired  to 
private  lilt-,  dying  in  1826,  at  Philadelphia 

Decatur,  Stephen- Commodore;  bom  at 
Newport,  li.  L.  in  175!.  entered  the  merchant  ser- 
vice early  in  life,  soon  commanding  a  vessel,  in 
the  war  of  the  Revolution  he  also  commanded 
several  Federal  privateers,  capturing  British 
ships,  which  gave  him  distinction,  during  the 
hoslilitirs  belwfcii  tlw  Ainrric;in>  and  Kraiiee,  in 
1708.  he  iL-nder^^-d  efticHiit  set  vice,  and  in  1800  ]ie 
eominande<l  a  squ.uliun  on  tlii'  Ciuadeloupe  sta- 
tion, retired  from  the  navy  in  ISOI,  and  died  near 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1808. 

Decatur,  Stephen,  dr.— Commodoi-e;  born 
at  SJnepuxent.  Md.,  in  1770;  son  of  the  above- 
named;  entered  the  navy  in  1798,  .'■"erved  during 
the  wai-  with  Tripoli,  in  which  he  distinguished 
himself  by  his  intrepid  conduct  in  recapturine  the 
rml.  d  Sl.ite-  Iri^ratc  Pliiladelpluii  from  lIuTripol- 
il.tn--.  liif  lliis  he  w;is  iiiatie  a  Captaiii:  gained 
fill  ther  di-linetiou  in  that  w;ir  l)y  his  .subsfqiieiit 
acts;  in  1SI2,  iluring  the  war  with  England,  while 
commanding  the  frigate  United  .States,  he  g.il 
lantlv  ca|)tuied  the  British  frigate  ^lacedonian.  in 
1815.  in  a  fight  with  the  British  frigate  Endymion. 
Decatur  surrendered  his  flag-ship,  the  President, 
and  was  carried  a  prisoner  to  Bermuda  ;  the  same 
yeai-  he  cai)tured  two  Algerine  war  vessels,  with 
many  prisonei-s,  and  was  appointed  a  navy  com- 
missioner—a position  he  held  until  his  death, 
which  resulted  from  a  duel,  at  Bladensburg.  Md.. 
in  1820,  with  Commodore  James  Barron. 

Diipont,  Snmiiel  F.  —  Rear  Admiral;  born 
at  BerKcu  Point.  N.  J.,  in  1803;  serve<i  in  tile  war 
with  Mexico  and  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  com- 
manding, in  the  latter,  the  South  Atlantic  block 
ading  squadron,  performing  efficient  .service  in 
the  Union  cause,  was  made  a  RearAdmir.al  in 
1862.  and  was  relieved  from  artive  duty  in  ISM. 
dying  at  Philadelphia.  Pa.,  in  1865.  from  a  disease 
contraetedbeforethebreakingout  of  the  Southern 
Rebellion.  He  was  the  author  of  a  highly-eoin- 
mended  treatise  on  the  use  of  Hoating-batteries 
for  coast  defenses. 

dllott,  Jesse  D.  —  Commodore;  bom  in 
Maryland,  in  1782,  entered  the  navy  in  1804.  in 
the  war  of  1812.  served  actively  on  the  northern 
frontier  and  the  great  lakes;  was  second  in  com- 
mand at  Perry's  fight  on  Lake  Erie,  in  1813.  suc- 
ceeding that  officer  in  command  the  same  year; 
became  a  Captain  in  1818;  was  for  several  years  in 
command  of  the  West  India  squadron,  and  after- 


i:. 


wards  of  the  Mediteiranean  squadron;  was  sus- 
pended, in  \H0.  for  fuur  years,  for  inefficiency, 
and  after  his  restoration  was  placed  in  command 
ot  the  Philadelphia  navy-yard;  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, in  1845. 

Farragut.  David  G.  —  Admiral;  born  at 
Campbells  Station,  Tenn. ,  in  1801;  entered  the 
navy  at  the  ajje  ol  eleven,  serving  Jjravely  in  the 
war  of- 1812;  for  nearly  forty  years  he  cruised 
about  the  globe  in  naval  vessels;  was  made  a 
Captain  in  1855;  commanded  the  Mare  Island  navy- 
yard,  in  California,  from  1854  to  1858;  in  1862  he 
assumed  command  of  the  Federal  naval  expedition 
to  capture  New  Orleans  and  open  the  Mississippi 
river  to  navigation  ;  his  success  was  brilliant,  and 
his  services  in  the  Union  cause  were  very  valuable 
all  through  the  civil  contest;  Congress  bestowed 
upon  him  repeated  thanks,  and  created  for  him, 
successively,  the  high  offices  of  Vice-Admiral, 
and  Admiral,  the  latter  in  1866;  in  1867  and  1868  he 
commanded  the  European  squadron,  receiving 
distinguished  honors  from  the  potentates  and 
people  of  the  countries  which  he  visited?  return- 
ing home,  he  died  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in  1870, 
greatly  esteemed, 

Foote,  Andrew  H.  —  Rear-Admiral;  born 
at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  in  1806;  circumnavigated 
the  globe  in  1838;  wrote  several  books;  served  in 
Mediterranean  and  African  squadrons,  in  China, 
and  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  on  the  Mississippi 
river,  rendering  distinguished  services:  died  in 
New  York,  in  1863,  while  preparing  to  take  com- 
mand of  the  South  Atlantic  squadron. 

OoldMhoroiigh,  Louis  M.— Rear- Admiral, 
born  at  Washington,  D.  C. ,  in  1805;  served  in  the 
Flurida  and  Mexican  wars;  on  the  Pacific  coast  in 
the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  assisting  in  Burnside's 
expedition  to  North  Carolina;  attei'  the  war  com- 
manded the  Kuropean  squadron  and  the  Washing- 
ton navy-yard. 

Hollins.  George  N.— Captain;  born  at  Balti- 
more, .Md.,  in  1791);  served  in  the  war  with  Tripoli 
and  tlie  war  of  1812,  commanding  the  navy-yard 
at  Sackett's  Harbor.  N.  Y. ;  joined  the  Confeder- 
ate navy  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  operating 
against  the  Federal  blockading  squadron  at  the 
passes  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

Hopkins.  Esek— The  first  Commodore  of  the 
United  States  navy;  born  at  Scituate,  R.  I.,  in 
1718;  served  in  the  Bahama  islands  in  1776;  was 
dismissed  from  the  service  in  1877,  for  neglect  of 
duty;  died  at  New  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  1802. 

Hull,  Isaac— C'liiimodor.-;  born  at  Derby. 
Conn. .  in  1775;  serv.Mi  m  t  lii'  wars  with  France  and 
Tripoli,  and  of  I«li;  rMi.nii.unlid  the  frigate  Con- 
stitution, and  captiin.-d  tliL'  British  man-of-war 
Guerriere,  in  1812,  lor  which  service  Congress 
voted  him  a  gold  medal;  after  the  war  be  com- 
manded two  navy-yards  and  squadrous  on  the 
Pacilic  coast  and  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  was, 
alho  one  of  the  navy  commissioners;  died  at  Phil- 
adelphia, in  1813. 

•Jones,  Jacob  —  Post^Captain;  born  at 
Smyrna,  Del.,  in  1770;  served  in  the  war  with 
Tripoli  and  in  that  of  1812;  In  the  latter  he  com- 
manded the  sloop-of-war  Wasp,  with  which  he 
captured  the  British  war-vessel  Frolic,  in  1812;  for 
this  Congress  voted  him  a  gold  medal;  in  1813  he 
was  promoted,  and  commanded  the  frigate  Mace- 
donian, under  Decatur;  he  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  in  18.^0. 

•lones*  tlohii  Paul— Commander;  born  at 
Arbigland,  Scotland,  in  1747:  entered  the  merchant 
servjec  at  ;in  early  age;  joined  the  colonists  at  the 
beginning  of  the  war  of  the  Krvniution  as  a  naval 
Lieutenant,  operating  at  sea  with  ;;-reat  success; 
was  made  a  Captain  in  1770;  in  tlie  Ranger  did 
efficient  naval  service  nri  tin-  co.ist  ot  Scotland;  in 
1779,  oir  the  coast  uf  Kngland,  in  a  light  between 
his  vessel,  the  Bun  finniinc  Richard  i  nairied 
tlius  in  honor  of  Benjamin  Franklin),  and  the 
British  man-of-war  Serapis,  the  former  was  sunk; 
but  one  of  Jones'  four  other  vessels,  during  the 
contest  succeeried  in  capturing  one  of  the  British 
i<hips  accompanying  the  Serapis;  for  his  gallantry 
in  this  alfiiir.  Jones  received  the  most  distin- 
guished lion<)rs  in  France,  including  a  sword 
prescmted  by  King  Louis  XVL ,  and  on  his  return 
to  the  United  States,  in  1781.  Congress  voted  him  a 
gold  medal,  and  Wa>h)ngton  addressed  to  hfni  a 
highly  complimentary  letter;  ho  subseouctiLly 
entered  the  Russian  service  as  a  Rear-Atlmiral; 
but  fell  into  iHiUtical  disfavor,  and  retired  to 
Paris.  Frant-o.  where  he  <licd  in  poverty,  in  1792. 

Kearny,  Lawrence— Commodore;  born  at 
Perth  Amboy.  N.  J.,  In  I78fl;  served  in  the  war  of 
1812;  desti-oyed  many  (Jreek  pirates  in  1827;  served 
in  East  India  in  1841,  greativ  jiromoting  American 
interests  In  China;  died  at  his  birthplace  fn  1868. 

liiynch,  William  F.— Captain,  born  In  Vir- 
ginia, in  1801;  distinguished  for  his  valuable 
exph»rationh  during  biw  i-xpcilition  r<i  ibc  Dead  nea 
and  the  river  Jordan,  in  P.■^lc.^ill.^  in  I«i7  atid  ISIfl; 
b(!<'ame  a  (commodore  in  Die  Confederate  navy  In 
I8C1;  was  defeated  by  Union  Flag-Offlcer  Oolds- 
borough.  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  in  1862; 
afterwards  commanded  at  Snilthvlllc,  N.  C. ;  died 
at  Ballimore,  Md. ,  In  186:,. 


AIcDonongh,  Thomas— Commander;  horn 
in  New  ('j--ii<  rwimty,  Del.,  in  1783;  served  in  the 
war\Mt)i  rti[nli  iiid  in  the  war  of  1812;  in  the 
lattci  li-nimiii-lii  (1  himself  by  his  gallantry  and 
victoij  umj]  ibf  British  on  Lake  Champlain.  at 
the  battle  of  Plattsburg  in  1814,  for  which  he 
received  a  gold  medal  from  Congress;  was  made  a 
Captain;  was  presented  with  an  estate  by  the 
legislature  of  Vermont,  and  was  a  subject  of 
numerous  civic  honors  from  several  towns  and 
cities-  afterward  he  commanded  a  squadron  in 
the  Mediterranean,  and  died  on  his  passage  home, 
in  1825. 

Morris,  Charles— Captain;  bom  at  Wood- 
stock, Conn.,  in  1784;  served  in  the  war  with 
Tripoli  and  in  that  of  1812;  in  the  latter  year  par- 
ticipated as  First  Lieutenant  in  the  sea-fight 
between  the  Constitution  and  Guerriere,  and  per- 
formed other  important  services;  was  afterwards 
chief  of  ordnance,  at  Washington,  D.  C. ,  where 
he  died  in  1856.  having  been  in  the  service  ot"  bis 
country  about  fifty-six  years.. 

Pauldiug,  Hiram— Rear-Admiral,  born  in 
West<;hester  county.  N.  Y.,  in  1797;  served  in  the 
battle  of  Lake  Champlain.  in  1814;  in  the  expedi- 
tion to  Nicaraugua  against  Walker's  fiUibusters, 
in  1857;  in  command  of  the  navy-yard  at  New 
York;  was  governor  of  the  Phihidelphi;i  naval 
asvlum,  and  Port-Admiral  at  Boston:  diedat  Hunt- 
ington, N.  Y.,  in  1878. 

Perry,  Christopher  R.— Father  of  Oliver 
H.  and  Matthew  C.  Perry;  born  at  South  Kingston, 
R.  I.,  in  1761;  went  to  sea  when  a  boy;  served  in 
privateers  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution;  was 
for  months  an  inmate  of  the  Jersey  prison-shipj 
afterwards  entered  the  merchant  sej-vit-e;  in  1798 
was  made  a  Post  Captain  in  the  United  States 
navy;  in  1801  was  appointed  Collector  at  Newport, 
R.  1. ,  where  he  died  in  1818. 

Perry,  Oliver  Hazard  — Commodore;  bom 
at  Newport,  R.  I.,  in  1785;  entered  the  navy  in 
1793  as  a  midshipman ;  was  with  his  father  in  naval 
service  in  the  West  Indies;  in  1807  was  made  a 
Lieutenant,  and  in  1809  commanded  a  war-vessel; 
in  1812  he  commanded  gunboats  at  Newport; 
in  1813  served  under  Commodore  Chauncey, 
on  Lake  Erie;  co-operated  in  the  attack 
on  Fort  George,  at  the  head  of  his  seamen,  and  in 
September  of  that  year  won  his  famous  victory 
over  the  British  fleet  on  Lake  Erie;  subsequently 
he  aided  General  Harrison  in  regaining  possession 
of  Detroit,  Mich.,  and  otherwise;  resigning  his 
command  at  a  later  date,  for  his  gallantry  he 
received  a  gold  medal  from  Congress  and  was 
made  a  Captain.  In  1814  he  commanded  the  frigate 
Java,  and  assisted  in  the  defense  of  Baltimore;  in 

1819.  ii]  <■ .im!  ni    t  -i'l-idron.  he   sailed  for  the 

coast  M I  <  ■<ilninl>i.i.  S  \  ,  but  died  in  August  of 
yellow  h\.'.  ,ii  I'.iit  ^|i,un.  in  the  inland  uf  Trin- 
idad, his  iLiii.uru--  aHuiu^iitl  being  brought  home 
and  buried  at  Newport,  R.  I. 

Perry,  Matthew  C. —Brother of  Oliver  H.. a 
Commodore,  born  at  South  Kingston.  R.  I.,  in 
1795;  served  under  Commodores  Decatur  and 
Rodgers  as  a  midshipman;  became  a  Captain  in 
1837;  commanded  the  Brooklyn  navv-yard,  the 
African  squadron,  and  the  s.pi.idion  in  the  (Julf  of 
Mexico 'lining'  the  McMcun  war  ;  in  LS.VJ  lie  .-oni- 
mandcd  tlK-  Tiiitcd  States  expedition  lo  Japan 
which  resulted  in  the  lieal>  with  that  empire,  in 
1854;  died  at  New  York,  in  1858. 

Porter,  David  —  Commodore;  bora  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  1780;  served  in  the  wars  with 
France  and  Tlipoli,  and  of  1812;  made  an  active 
cruise  to  Brazil  and  the  Pacific,  in  1812  and  1813, 
capturing  British  whale  and  other  ships;  fought 
pirates  in  the  West  Indies  in  1823;  served  in  the 
Mexican  navy  until  1829;  was  appointed  Consul- 
General  to  the  Barbary  States,  and  afterwards 
Minister  to  Turkey;  died  at  Pera,  Turkey.  In  184:1. 

Porter,  David  D.— Admiral,  son  of  the, 
above  named  olficer;  born  at  Philadelphia.  Pa. ,  in 
1813;  served  in  the  war  with  Mexico  iunl  the  war 
of  the  Rebellion;  also  in  the  Mcdii.i  i  :irirari,  the 
coast  stirvey  and  the  naval  oh.  i  \  ii  .n  v  .  t-ir 
distinguished  services  in  Ihe  t-w  \i  ^^.M  li-  w.is 
made  a  Ki*ar-.\dmiral  in  1863;  was  piuinuled  to 
Vicc-Admiral  in  1866,  and  succeeded  Farrugut  as 
Admiral  in  18*0. 

Prel»le,  Edward— Commodore;  bom  at  Fal- 
mouth Neck,  Me.,  in  1761;  rendered  distinguished 
services  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution  and  the  war 
with  Tripoli,  for  the  latter  of  which  he  received  a 
gold  medal  and  a  vote  of  tlianks  from  Congress, in 
1805;  died  at  l'i)rtland.  Me.,  in  1807. 

Preble,  Oeorice  II.— Captain;  nephew  of 
the  foregoing  oMicer:  born  nt  Portlnnd.  Me. .  in 
1816;  served  in  the  Mexican  and  Chinese  squad- 
rons, and  in  the  war  of  the  HchclUon;  is  the 
author  of  the  "  History  of  the  American  Flag." 

Held,  Aaniiicl  <;,— Captain,  born  in  1783. 
phue  unknown:  seived  in  the  war  of  1812,  in  Fuyal 
Hoads.  where  hr'  gallantly  defended  his  vessel, 
the  brig  tieneral  Armstrong,  against  a  superior 
British  force,  in  1814;  ilesigned  the  present  Ameri- 
can fiag,  in  1818;   dU-d  in  18lU. 

KodicerM.  John-  Cummodore;  born  in  Hart- 


ford county.  Md.,  in  1771;  served  effectively  in  the 
wars  with  France  and  Tripoli,  and  in  the  war  of 
1812;  diedat  Philadelphia.  Pa.,  in  1838,  being,  at 
that  time,  the  senior  officer  of  the  navy. 

Rodgers,  «Johii  (2i —  Rear-Admiral;  bom  in 
Maryland,  in  1812;  served  in  the  Mississippi  and 
Southwestern  campaigns  in  the  war  of  the 
Rebellion.  Died,  May  5,  1882 

Semmes,  Raphael-  Commander;  bom  in 
Charles  county.  Md.,  in  1809;  served  in  the  war 
with  Mexico,  under  General  Worth;  was  a  Con- 
federate naval  cruiser  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion, 
and  distinguished  for  his  many  and  successful 
raids  on  United  States  merchant  vessels  in  his 
steamship  Alabama,  in  1862  and  1863;  wrote 
several  books;  died  in  1877. 

Shubrick,  «Iohn  T.  —  Rear-Admiral;  bom  in 
South  Carolina,  in  1778;  entered  the  navy  in  1806; 
served  in  the  Chesapeake,  as  a  subordinate,  in  her 
fight  with  the  Leopard,  in  1807;  was  a  Lieutenant 
in  the  Constitution  when  she  captured  the  Guer- 
riere. in  1812;  was  in  the  Hornet  when  she  fought 
the  Peacock,  in  1813,  and  in  the  President  when  she 
was  captured  by  a  British  squadron,  in  1815;  in  the 
Guerriere,  he  participated  in  the  naval  operations 
against  Algiers,  in  1815,  and  was  drowned  in  that 
year  while  conveying  the  Tripolitan  treaty  to  the 
United  States. 

Shnbrick,  William  B.  —  Rear-Admiral; 
brother  of  John  T. ;  born  in  South  Carolina  in 
1790;  entered  the  navy  in  LSOfi,  and  was  actively 
engaged  in  several  v.  --el-  •]\i\  iw^  tin-  w;ir  of  1S12; 
subsequently  serveii  m  \  iii.ni-  I'.iciu'n  -iniaili-ons 
and  in  the 'war  of  l)i''  iieh.i  Imm.  l.eing  made  a 
Rear-Admiral  in  186:;.  died  at  \V;i,-liington  in  1874. 

Stewart,  Charles  — Rear--\dmiral;  born  at 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1778;  served  in  the  wars  with 
France  and  Tiipoli,  and  in  the  war  of  1812;  com- 
manded the  Constitution  when  she  captured  the 
British  war-vessels  Cyane  and  Levant,  February, 
1815:  subsequently  commanded  squadrons  in  the 
Mediterranean  and  Pacific  ocean:  was  after\vard3 
a  navy  commissioner,  and  commanded  the  home 
squadron  and  the  Philadelphia  navy-yard;  died  at 
Bordentown.  N.  J. ,  in  1869. 

Stockton,  Robert  P. —Commodore;  born 
at  Princeton.  N.  J.,  in  17%;  entered  the  navy  in 
1810;  was  a  Lieutenant  in  1814;  in  1821  aided  in 
founding  the  colony  of  Liberia,  in  Africa;  subse- 
quently fought  pirates  in  the  W'est  Indies;  in  1838 
was  a  fiag-officer  in  the  Mediterranean;  was  made 
a  Captain  in  1839;  returned  to  the  United  States 
and  advocated  the  advantages  of  a  steam  navy; 
in  1845  went  to  the  Pacitic  coast,  and  in  1846  con- 
quered California  for  the  United  States;  resigned 
in  1849,  and  in  1851  was  elected  United  States 
Senator  from  New  Jersey;  died"in  1866,  at  Prince- 
ton,  N.  J. 

Stringham,  Hilas  H.— Rear-Admiral;  born 
at  ^lidillrloii.  N  Y.,  in  1798;  entered  the  navy  in 
1809;  sej\ediii  tlie  war  with  Tripoli;  was  engaged 
in  the  suppression  of  the  slave-trade  on  the  coast 
of  Africa;  served  actively  in  the  war  with  Mexico 
and  the  war  of  the  Rthellion;  commanded  the 
Charleston  navy-yard,  and  was  Port-Admiral  at 
New  York;  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ,  in  1876. 

Xriixtiin,  Thomas  — Commander;  horn  oti 
Long  Island,  N.  Y. ,  in  1755;  sei'ved  in  privateers 
during  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  making  many 
valuable  captures;  was  commissi()ned  a  Captain 
in  the  navy  in  1795;  commanded  the  frigate  Con- 
stellation, with  which,  in  1799.  be  captured  Ihe 
French  frigate  L'Insui  ^ente.  .uu]  m  ismi  disjihled. 

with    heavy    loss    t lienrli     ni     killed    and 

wounded,  the  fia^rai.  1  .i  \ .  lu.  ..m-c,  leren  uit,'  lor 
this  action  a  gold  nieil.U  tiuiu  L'oiigre.ss;  in  1S02  he 
was  discharged  from  llie  navy;  was  afterwards  a 
sheriff  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  where  he  died  in 
1822. 

Whipple.  Abraham- Commodore;  born  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  in  17;!3;  served  with  admirable 
strntegy  and  skill  in  the  French  and  Indian  war; 
partici|iated  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution:  com- 
inaiided  the  llrst  vessel  that  showed  the  .American 
ilau  ill  ilie  liver  Thames,  Eng. ,  in  1784;  died  near 
Marietta.  (>.,  In  1819. 

Warrlnirtoii,  Lewi"— Commodore;  born  at 
Willlamsbtirg,  Va.,  In  1782;  entered  the  navy  in 
1800,  and  served  under  Commodore  Preble  In  the 
war  with  Tripoli,  in  1807  participated,  on  the 
Chesapeake,  in  tlie  capture  of  the  Itritisli  war- 
vessel  Leopard;  in  1814  commaiiiicd  the  Peacock, 
and  that  year  (-aptured  fourteen  British  merchant 
vessels,  with  valuable  results;  after  the  war  ho 
commanded  a  West  India  sipiadron;  was  subse- 
quently a  navy  commissioner  and  chief  of  oril- 
nance  'at  Washington,  where  lie  died  In  1851. 

\%'IiimIo\v,  «l€>liii  A.  — Rear-Admii-al;  bom  at 
Wiliiiingloii.  N.  C,  In  I8II;  served  in  the  war 
with -Mexico  and  in  the  war  of  theKebetlion:  In 
1861  and  1862  hi-  was  attaehnl  (.■  the  Mississippi 
Motilla;  in  18H4,  while  coiumau.liiik'  tlie  st.'ani- 
sloop  Kearsargc.  he  sunk  the  I'onlederate  cruiser 
Alabama,  off  Chcrboiu-g,  France;  sub-Hcquently 
commanded  the  Gulf  squadron  and  the  navy-yard 
at  I'ortsmouth,  N.  H.  ;  died  at  Boston,  Mass'.,  in 
1873. 


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U.  S.  Grant. 


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His  Boyhood,  Military  Education  and  Subsequent  Successes. 


IIROL'GH  the  influence  of  the  Hon. 
Thomas  L.  Hamer,  a  member  of 
Congress,  Hiram  Ulysses  Grant, 
then  a  youth,  in  1830.  was  admitted 
to  the  West  Point  Military  Academy. 
By  a  mistake  his  name  went  upon 
the  records  at  the  Academy  as 
Ulysses  S. ,  and  in  the  military  an- 
nals from  that  time  remained  so. 
Born  at  Point  Pleasant,  O. ,  April  27,  1823, 
young  Grant,  at  the 


time  of  hU  entrance 
at  the  Academy,  was 
seventeen   years   of 
age.     His  admission 
to   the    school    was 
from   no  choice    of 
} ^-^  t^his   own.       On    the 
>y       contrary,   he  sought 
^     , .    "■         to    avoid   attending 
•i'      ",    V    '/       it,     and   only    went 
^    (y  at  last  by  command 

of  his  father. 
Remaining  in  the  Military  Academy 
fnuryears,  he  graduated  in  1843.  Receiv- 
ing an  appointment  as  Lieutenant  by 
brevet,  he  proceeded  to  Missouri,  and  from 
tbenec  the  regiment  to  which  he  belonged 
was  called  to  the  army  of  General  Taylor, 
in  Texas,  where,  in  1845,  he  was  commis- 
sioned a  Lieutenant,  being  then  twenty- 
three  years  of  age.  In  the  following  year 
he  particii)ated  with  his  regiment  in  sev- 
eral of  the  battles  fought  in  ^le.xico. 
where  he  received  honorable  mention  for 
his  bravery,  and  was  promoted  to  a  Cap- 
taincy by  brevet.      At   the   close   of    the 

Mexican  war  he  came  northward  with  bis  regiment,  being  stationed 
for  a  time  at  Detroit,  and  afterwards  at  Sackett's  Harbor,  in  the 
State  of  New  York. 

In  1848  he  married  Miss  Julia  T.  Dent,  of  St.  Louis.  Four  years 
afterwards,  in  18.52,  he  was  with  his  regiment  in  California  and 
Oregon,  when,  tiring  of  his  inactivity  and  absence  from  home,  he 
resigned  his  commission,  being  then  at  Vancouver,  and  returned 
to  St.  Louis,  fully  resolved  upon  leading  the  (juiet  life  of  a  civilian. 


ULYSSES  S.  GRANT 


Naturally  averse  to  warfare,  he  never  desired   to  enter   military 
service  again. 

lie  settled  upon  a  corner  of  the  Dent  farm,  some  miles  out  of  SSI. 
Louis,  and  among  his  other  labors  he  drew  wood  to  the  St.  Louis  mar- 
kets in  the  morning,  sold  it,  smoked  his  cigar  quietly,  and 
ret\irned  to  his  home  in  the  evening.  Tiring  of  this  quietude,  he 
sought  greater  activity  in  the  business  of  a  real  estate  agency  in  St. 
Louis,  hut  the  fates  were  against  bis  pecuniary  prosperity.  In  vain 
he  sought  to  obtain  an  appointment  to  a  petty  oftice  in  that  city,  but 
failing  in  that,  he  entered  into  business  with  his  father,  at  Galena, 
111.,  the  sign  upon  the  store  reading, 
<efeeij7  in  1859,  "Grant  &  Son.  Leather- 
0     Dealers." 

\  There  he  was  in  1861,  when  the  news 
Hashed  over  the  wires  of  the  »ssault  upon 
Fort  Sumter.  He  immediately,  through 
a  sense  of  duty,  offered  his  services  to  the 
country,  recruited  and  drilled  a  company 
in  the  streets  of  Galena,  which  he  took  to 
Springfield,  III. .  and  tendered  to  Governor 
Yates.  Here  he  remained  five  weeks, 
assisting  in  drilling  troops,  when,  receiv- 
ing the  appointment  of  C(donel  of  the  21st 
regiment  of  Illinois  volunteers,  he  was 
stationed  first  at  Mexico,  Mo. ,  from  which 
point  he  went  as  a  Brigadier-General,  by 
appointment,  to  Cairo,  111. 

The  capture  of  Fort  Donelson,  with 
1.5.000  prisoners,  was  one  of  his  first 
notable  achievements,  for  which  he  was 
made  a  Major- General.  Following  came 
the  battles  of  Pittsburg  Landing  and 
Vickshurg.  where  he  captured  at  the  latter 
place,  July  4,  1803,  over  27,000  prisoners, 
twenty  generals,  and  a  large  quantity  of 
munitions  of  war.  Succeeding  came  the 
battle  and  victory  at  Lookout  Mountain. 
Nov.  25.  1803.  Up  to  that  time  he  had  taken  possession  of  ail  the 
strongholds  in  the  Mississippi  river  valley  and  the  Southwest,  had 
opened  the  Mississippi  to  navigation,  and  had  taken  90, 000  prisoners 
and  100,000  stand  of  arms. 

In  March.  1864,  he  was  made  a  Lieutenant-General.  to  command 
the  armies  of  the  United  States,  and,  taking  command  of  the  forces 
on  the  Potomac,  he  defeated  Lee.  and  took  possession  of  Richmond, 
the  last    struggle  of   the  Rebellion,  the  terms  of   surrender  being 


i 


f 


66 


GE/\JNT  S   JOURNEY    AKijUND    THE    WORLD. 


T 


L 


made  between  Grant  and  Lee  at  Appomattox   Court  House,    April 
9,  1865. 

During  the  following  summer  he  visited  various  cities  in  the 
North,  among  them  his  home  at  Galena,  in  each  of  which 
he  was  welcomed  with  the  warmest  expressions  of  esteem.  In  the 
winter  of  the  same  year  he  made  a  tour  of  inspection  through  several 
of  the  Southern  states. 

Desirous  still  further  of  testifying  their  appreciation  of  the  great 
service  he  had  rendered  the  country,  he  was  unanimously  nominated, 
at  the  Republican  National  Convention  held  at  Chicago,  May  21, 
18G8,  as  a  candidate  for  the  Presidency,  to  which  position  he  was 
twice  elected. 

Grant's  Trip  Around  the  World. 

Having  been  in  the  service  of  his  country  for  sixteen  years,  during 
which  time  he  had  often  been  invited  to  visit  foreign  countries,  he 
resolved,  upon  the  close  of  hi3 
official  career,  to  make  an  ex- 
tended journey  abroad. 

In  accordance  with  that 
determination,  he  left  Phila- 
delphia on  the  steamer  "  Indi- 
ana,"  of  the  American  Line, 
departing  on  the  17th  of  May, 
1877,    being    accompanied    by 


Burtpoore,  Delhi,  Calcutta.  Singapore,  Bangkok,  Hong-Kong,  Can- 
ton, Shanghai,  Pekin,  Tokio,  Yokohama,  San  Francisco,  Chicago, 
and  New  York. 

Many  and  wonderful  were  the  sights  they  saw  on  the  eventful 
travels.  In  England  they  tarried  a  day  and  a  night  with  Queen 
Victoria  at  Windsor  castle;  they  lingered  for  a  time  at  the  tomb  of 
Shakspeare,  and  looked  in  upim  the  cottage  of  Anne.  Hathaway  at 
Stratford-upon-Avon. 

They  peered  into  the  crater  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  and  wandered 
among  the  excavations  of  Pompeii.  They  looked  over  the  ruins  of 
Thebes,  studied  the  hieroglyphics  on  the  old  obelisks  up  the  Nile; 
wondered  at  ruins  of  immense  size,  the  pyramids,  and  the  relics  of 
mighty  edifices  that  existed  when  Egypt  was  in  her  glory,  5, 000  years 
ago. 

They  stood  in  Jerusalem  at  the  point  where  Christ  bore  the  cross; 
saw  the  place  of  crucifixion,  the  tomb,  and  the  rock  that  was  rent 

in   twain  at  the  time  of  the 
^^^r^^^l.  Savior's  death. 

They  examined  St.  Peter's 
church  in  Rome,  430  feet  in 
hight.  with  its  capacity  for  shel- 
tering 50,  OOOpeople.  which  took 
176  years  to  build,  going  through 
the  reign  of  twenty  popes, 
and  employing  the  services  of 


§ 


BIRTHPLACE  OF 

At  Point  Pleasant,  Ohiu.  on 


Mrs.  Grant 

a  few  intimate  friends. 

Countries  Visited— The  f..I 
lowing  were  the  princiici 
couTitries  visited  by  the  Grant 
parly  in  their  tonr  around  tie 
world:  Enj^lund,  Irelainl. 
Scotland,  Beli^inra,  Germany, 
Denmark,  Norway,  Sweden, 
Holland,  Russia,  Poland,  Ba- 
varia, Spain,  Portugal,  France, 
Italy,  Sicily.  Ezypt,  Palestine, 
Turkey.  Greece.  India,  Siani,  China  and  -lapan. 

t'itlen  Visiteil  —  The  most  prominent  cities  where  the  party  halted 
on  Iheir  journey  were;  Liverpool.  Manchester.  London,  Briis.sels, 
Cologne,  Krankfort,  Geneva,  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  Newcastle, 
Shetlleld,  Stratford-on-Avon,  Birmingham,  Paris,  Naples,  Pompeii, 
Palermo,  Malta,  Alexandria,  Cairo,  Jerusalem,  Constantinoi)le, 
Rome.  Florence,  Venice,  Milan.  Kotterdnm,  Amsterdam,  Berlin, 
Hamburg,  Copenhagen.  Gotlenburg.  Christiana,  Stockholm,  St. 
Petersburg,  Moscow,  Warsaw  in  Poland,  Vienna,  Munich,  Vichy, 
Bordeaux,     Madrid,    Lisbon.    Diililiii.    li.lfii-^t.     lionibay.    .leypoor. 


twihe  :irchitects,  among  them 
Michael  Angelo.     They  viewed 
the  ruins  of  the  Coliseum  that 
once     accommodated     100,000 
])eople:  they  sailed  in  beauti- 
ful gondolas  through  the  streets 
of  water  in  Venice,  and  looked 
with  admiration  on  that  most 
beautiful  church  cdittce  in  the 
world,  with  its  100   pinnacles 
and  5,000  statues,  the  Cathedral 
of  Milan. 
They  studied  the  dykes  in  Holland  and  the  canals  of  Amsterdam. 
They  dined  with  Bismarck  in  Berlin,  and  looked  with  curiosity  upon 
the  sixty  bridges  that  cross  the  camils,  within  the  contlnes  of  the  city 
of  Hambuig. 

They  rode  in  the  old  two-wheeled  vehicles  in  Stockholm.  They 
visited  with  the  Emperor  Alexander  in  the  veinter  palace  at  SI. 
Petersburg,  the  largest  roya!  cditice  in  the  world,  capable  of  accom- 
modating within  its  walls  six  thotisand  persons.  They  looked  in 
upon  the  Imiierial  Library,  which  contains  ."iOO. 000  printed  volumes, 
and  saw  many  other  great  things  in  this  city  of  7110,000  people  which 


GENERAL  GRANT, 

the  Banks  of  the  Ohio  River. 


-^ 


>4'^ 


GKANT  S    KETUKN    TO    THE    tJNITKIJ    STATKS    KKO^[    HIS   JOfKNEV    ABROAD. 


67 


? 


Stands  where  tbere  was  a  swamp  in  1700,  when  Peter  the  Great 
dctcrniiiu'd  to  found  a  city  hi're. 

They  went  into  the  Kremlin  in  Moscow,  a  group  of  hugu  religious 
edifices,  surrounded  by  an  immense  wall  twelve  feet  thick  and  forty 
feet  ia  bight;  and  gazed  at  the  cathedral  of  St.  Stephen,  in  Vienna, 
founded  in  the  fourteenth  century  and  completed  in  the  fifteenth, 
the  steeple  of  which  is  444  feet  in  bight,  being  fourteen  feet 
higher  than  St.  Peter's  in  Rome. 

The  beautiful  specimens  of  lithography  were  examined  at  Munich, 
which  is  the  center  of  this  art  in  Europe.  They  quenched  their 
thirst  with  the  waters  at  Vichy,  the  celebrated  watering-place  in 
France;  and  they  drank  of  the  wines  at  Bordeaux,  which  is  in  the 
center  of  the  wine-producing  interest  in  Southern  France. 

They  saw  the  summer  residence,  the  "-Villa  Eugenia,"  of  Napo- 
leon Third,  as  they  crossed  the  Pyrenees,  at  Uiarrilz;  Ihi-y  looked 
with  interest  upon  the  Escurial, 
twenty-five  miles  from  Madrid,  the 
former  residence  of  the  Spanish 
kings,  and  their  last  resting  place, 
which  cost  $15,000,000. 

The  castle  of  St.  George,  which 
crowns  the  highest  point  in  the  city 
of  Lisbon,  was  studied.  So  were 
curiosities  inspected  with  interest 
on  the  journey  through  to  Ireland, 
which  country  they  left  to  visit 
India — thei  r  first  prominent  stopping 
place  being  Bombay  —  a  city  of  a 
million  people,  where  the  immense 
number  of  Hindoo  servants,  that 
hovered  about  them  like  phantoms 
by  day  and  spirits  by  night,  was 
one  of  the  curiosities.  The  singu- 
lar manner  of  disposing  of  the  dead 
here,  by  placing  the  corpse  above  a 
grating  on  the  top  of  a  high  tower, 
where  the  vultures  pick  the  flesh, 
leaving  the  bones  to  drop  into  a  pro- 
miscuous pile  below,  arrested  their 
attention. 

They  crossed  the  river  Ganges  at 
Allahabad,  where  200.000  people 
come  annually,  and  millions  come 
every  twelfth  year,  to  bathe  in  the 
supposed  sacred  waters  of  what  is 
really  a  turbid,  muddy  river.  Here, 
formerly  the  first-born  child  was 
drowned,  and  to  show  their  devo- 
tion many  drown  themselves  at  the 
present  time.  The  mausoleum  in 
the  Pearl  mosque  at  Agra,  erected 

by  the  emperor  two  hundred  years  ago  in  memory  of  his  former  wife, 
at  an  estimated  cost  to-day  of  $50,000,000.  was  a  sight  not  to 
be  forgotten. 

At  Amber,  General  Grant  rode  an  elephant  and  the  remainder  of 
the  party  were  carried  in  sedan-chairs.  A  tiger  that  had  killed 
twenty-five  men  before  he  was  captured;  a  dance  by  girls  who  attend 
the  king  in  Central  India;  the  scattering  of  a  great  profusion  of 
flowers  and  scented  water  upon  the  party — were  also  among  the 
attractions  here.  They  passed  through  Benares,  a  sacred  city, 
where  thousands  are  brought  to  die.  the  belief  being  that  if  one  dies 
within  ten  miles  of  the  city,  though  the  vilest  sinner,  he  is  sure  of 
passing  into  everlasting  bliss.  When  dead,  the  bodies  are  burned 
and  the  ashes  are  cast  into  the  Ganges.      Sacred  bulls,  not  a  hair  of 


Principal  Battles  in  which  General  Grant  Conrimanded 
During  the  Civil  War. 

Selznre  of  Padiicah,  Ky.,  Sept.  6. 1861. 

Battle  of  Belmont,  Mo.,  Nov.  7,  IHHl,  between  2.aT0  Unionists, 
under  General  Grant,  an.i  alj-.ut  f;,(MKl  Confederate^-,  undur  General  I'ulk. 
After  a  sharp  engatft-nifnt,  tlie  ('(inlederates  were  reinforced,  and  the 
Unionists  retired,  with  u  loss  ..f  K4  killed,  288  wounded,  and  235  missing. 
The  Confederates  probably  lo.>:-t  l,UU<.i  men. 

Fort  DonelMon,  Teiin.,  Siege  and  capture  of,  Feb.  13-16,  ]ftfi2.  The 
Confederates.  20.0(X)  in  number,  under  Generals  Pillow.  Floyd  and 
Buckner,  held  the  fort  until  the  16th.  when  they  unconditionally  sur- 
rendered to  General  Grant  and  his  20.000  Unionists.  The  Confederates 
lost  ]:i.r>00  prisoners,  40  cannon  and  a  large  quantity  of  stores.  The 
Union  loss  was  321  killed,  1.046  wounded,  and  150  missing. 

Battle  of  Shlloh  (or  Pittsburg  Landing),  Tenii.,  April  fi  and 
7,  18H2,  Ijcru.-.Mi  4.'.,(HK)  troops  under  General  Grant,  and  40,iX>0  Con- 
federates, iind.i  lit-miuls  .\.  S.  Johnston  and  Beauregard.  Grant,  being 
reinforced  by  Biiell,  the  Confederates  retired  to  Corinth.  Miss.,  having 
lost  General  Johnston  and  1,727  others  killed,  8,012  wounded,  and  950 
miseing.  The  Union  losses  were  1,700  killed,  7.495  wounded  and  3,022 
prisoners. 

Capture  of  Jackflon,  Miss.,  May  13.  18f 53— Occupied  by  General 
Joseph  E.  Johnston's  Confederate  troops,  who  were  driven  out  by  Gen- 
eral Grant's  army,  with  a  loss  of  7  cannon,  4<_>*J  prisoners  and  a  large 
quantity  of  military  stores. 

Battle  of  Baker*ii  Creek,  MIhs..  May  16,  1863~Grant.  with 
about  25.000  men,  fought  Pemberton.  with  about  the  same  number  of 
troops,  defeating  the  latter,  who  lost  2,(i00  killed,  2,000  prisoners  and  29 
cannon. 

Battle  of  Big  Black  River,  MUs..  May  17.  1863.  between 
Grant's  and  Peinbetton's  forces,  the  latter  being  again  defeated,  with  the 
loss  of  2.60(.)  men  and  17  cannon. 

Siege  of  Tleksburg,  Miss.,  May  18,  1863,  by  Grant,  was  begun- 

ViekiiljurBr  Snrrenilered,  July  4.  1863— Pemberton  yielded  to 
Grant,  w  ith  27,000  pi  i?.oncrs.  132  cannon  and  50,000  stand  of  arms. 

Battles  of  the  WiUlernesn.  Va.,  May  5.  to  31,  1864.  between 
Grant,  with  about  ]30,ihh)  men.  and  Lee.  with  60,000  men.  Union  losses 
in  27  days:  5,584  killed  :  28.364  wounded  ;  7,45(J  missing.  Confederate 
losses— estimated— 20,0(_tO. 

Battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  Va.,  June  3.  1864,  between  Grant  and 
Meade,  with  about  I5(i,riiM_>  men,  and  Lee  and  Longstreet,  with  about 
50,(H>;)  troops.  The  Union  army  was  repulsed  with  the  loss  of  abou  t 
7,000  men,    Lee  losing  about  3.  500. 

Battle  of  Petersburg,  Va.,  June  15,  16.  1864.  between  Grant, 
with  about  1<W.00(J  men.  and  Lee,  with  about  70,0(X>.  Grant  wa.s 
repulsed  with  the  loss  of  10,000  men,  killed,  wounded  and  missing. 

Siege  of  Petersburg,  June  18,  1864,  begun  by  Grant. 

Fall  of  Petersburg,  April  1,2,  18G5— Outer  lines  carried  by  Grant. 

Surrender  ofl.ee,  April  9,  1865,  with  his  entire  army  to  Grant. 
This  ended  the  war. 


which  was  to  be  injured;  beggars,  mosques,  and   idols — surrounded 
them  here  on  every  side. 

Splendid  Arabian  horses  and  the  Peacock  throne,  valued  at  $30.  - 
000.000,  were  among  the  curioslticB  at  Delhi.  They  hhook  hands 
with  Lord  Lytton  at  Calcutta,  and  passed  into  Southern  Asia  by  way 
of  Sini^apore.  where  they  have  perpetual  summer.  There  they  saw 
the  first  Chinese  paf^oda,  and  with  the  temperature  never  hlj;;her  than 
90  degrees  and  never  lower  than  70.  with  frt-qnent  rains,  they  found 
the  plantations  of  pine-apple,  bread-fruit,  orange,  mango,  coffee, 
chocolate,  cassia,  clove,  apple  and  palm-trees,  in  abundance. 

Through  Bankok.  Cochin-China,  Hong-Kong  and  Canton,  the 
party  passed  into  China,  where  they  were  carried  on  chairs;  where 
thousands  of  stolid,  solemn-faced  natives  would  gather  in  every  city 
to  look  upon  the  visitors  in  the  day-time,  and  rockets  would  testify 
the  respect  of  the  people  at  night. 

The  excursionists  spent  weeks 
amid  the  groves  and  beautiful  land- 
scape scenes  of  Japan,  which  coun- 
try they  declared  to  be  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  they  had  seen;  and 
finally  reluctantly  departed  for 
America,  arriving  in  San  Francisco 
September  liO,  1879,  where,  twenty- 
five  years  before.  General  Grant,  a 
young  man.  comparatively  unknown, 
had  passed  through  the  streets  as 
one  of  the  pioneers. 

They  partook  of  the  hospitalities 
of  the  Palace  hotel,  the  largest  on 
the  American  continent;  were  feted 
at  the  residences  of  several  of  the 
millionaires;  they  made  a  hurried 
visit  to  Oregon,  and  then  passed  into 
Nevada,  where,  at  Virginia  City,  in 
company  with  J.  W.  Mackey. 
J.  G.  Fair,  and  others,  they  went 
into  the  California  silver  mine, 
twenty- three  hundred  feet  under 
ground.  There  they  crossed  streams 
of  water  that  would  boil  eggs,  in  a 
temperature  so  warm  that  miners 
can  work  only  thirty  minutes,  when 
they  must  retire  to  the  air-shafts 
for  a  cooler  temperature. 

Over  the  Rockies,  the  party  passed 
eastward;  tarried  for  a  little  time 
at  Galena,  and  then  went  forward  to 
Chicago,  where  a  grand  reception 
awaited  the  General. 

A  journey  to  Cuba.  Mexico,  and 
other  points  of  interest,  occu- 
pied the  time  for  months;  and  when  the  Republican  Convention 
assembled  at  Chicago  in  June,  1880.  so  firm  was  General  Grant's 
hold  upon  the  affections  of  the  people  as  to  make  him  one  of  the 
strongest  candidates  before  the  Convention,  as  a  nominee  for  the 
third  presidential  term.  Many  friends,  however,  preferring  that  he 
be  no  more  the  target  for  party  spite,  he  was  not  selected  as  a  can- 
didate in  the  presidential  race.  —  the  feeling  being  that  the  grand 
honors  he  had  earned  should  not  be  jeopardized  by  party  struggle 
again  in  official  life. 

General  Grant  and  family  selected  New  York  as  their  place  of  res- 
idence, where  until  the  summer  of  1885  he  enjoyed  the  honors  which 
he  so  grandly  won.  He  died  of  a  cancer,  at  Mt.  McGregor,  N.  Y., 
July  23,  1885,  deeply  lamented  by  the  whole  nation. 


A 


6S 


BRIEF    BIOGKAPHICAL    SKETCH    OF    UNION   OFFICERS. 


«M««i^«««u*«««n«««ft«x«««v«i 


^^^ 


..^s^iMaisi^ 


DISTINGUISHED 


OFFICERS  1 1 


»«wlv»»v^»»»»"»' 


Weil-Known  Officers  in  the  Union  Service  During  the  Civil  War. 


-,XI>EKSON%     Robert 

—  A  Ma)(ir-(i<'neral :   bom 
Ti.M!-   Lmiu-\  ilk-.    Ky..  in 

]SO,"i;    ^rl  M'll  Ml  tilt  Hl.lCk- 

llitwU   war.    1S;«.    and  in 

Tlie    war     with     Mexico; 

ilefendfd  Fort  Suintfi- at 

I  liarlesCon.  S.C.  .ayrainst 

i;.-aiiii-':iMl.      in     April, 

isr.l;      iriiu'd     I'roin     tlie 

arniv    '-••<>t\    afterwards; 

traii>Uit(j(.l  aJid  wi-'t  military  manuals 

t.l     L'Vuliition.    etc.,     died    in    France, 

in  is;i. 

Baker,    Edward    B.— A  Colonel 

of  voluntet-rs:  born  in  London,  Eiig. ,  in 

1811;  served  m  the  war   with  Mexico;  at 

Ball's  Blutf.  Va. ,  m  1S61,  where  he  wa-s 

slain  in  battle;  had   been  a  member  of 

Congress  i:roin   Illinois,  a  United   States 

Senator    Irom    Oregon,    and     resided    in 

California. 

Belkna|>.  William  W.— A  brevet  Major- 
General  of  volunteers;  born  at  Newburgh.  N.  Y. , 
in  1822;  entered  the  service  Croni  Iowa,  and  was 
assigned  to  the  army  of  the  Tennessee,  participat- 
ing in  its  brilliant  career;  was  appointed  Secretary 
of  War  hy  President  tJrant.  but  resigned  that 
po.iitioii  and  retired  to  private  life. 

Buell,  Don  Carlos— A  Major-General;  born 
near  Marietta.  O. .  in  1S18:  gr.aduated  at  West 
Point  Military  Academy,  in  18il;  served  in  the 
Florida  war;  in  frontier  duty :  the  Mexican  war; 
the  AdjutanHJeneral's  office  at  Washington;  was 
Adjut-'iiit-Geiierars  assistant  in  several  military 
divisions  of  the  country;  served  near  Washing- 
ton, at  Shiloh;  in  the  district  of  the  Ohio;  at 
Perryville;  was  tried  by  a  court  of  inquiry;  was 
mustered  out.  injured.  IH64;  since  the  war  has 
been  the  president  of  iron-works  in  Kentucky. 

Burnnide.  Ambrose  E.— A  Major-General; 
born  at  Liberty,  Ind.,  in  1824;  fields  of  operation: 
New  Mexico,  boundary  commi.ssion  (1851-2);  first 
Bull  Run  battle,  18fil;  in  North  Carolina, 
Fredericksburg,  South  Mountain,  Vicksburg,  the 
Wilderness,  etc. ;  was  elected  Governor  of  Khode 
Island  in  1866.  UCl  and  1868;  was  a  meinbir  of 
Con;;ri'ss  from  that  State:  invented  a  brecch- 
luading  gun. 

Butler.  Benfamin  F.— A  Major-General  of 
volunteers,  born  at  iJeerlleld.  N.  H..  in  1818;  fields 
of  operation:  Eastern  Virginia;  captured  Forts 
CMark  and  Hatteras.  N.  C.  ;  New  Orleans;  anny  of 
the  James;  Petersburg,  etc.  :  was  member  of  Con- 
gress from  MiLSsachusetts,  and  Governor. 

C:anhy.  Edward  K.  S.— A  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral; boni  In  Kentucky,  in  1819:  llelds  of  opera- 
tion; Florida.  Indian  and  Mexican  wars;  New 
Mexico.  1861-2:  draft  riots  in  New  York,  1863; 
captured  Mobile.  186-'):  Modoc  Indian  troubles, 
1872-3;  was  shot  down  in  Callfoinia.  while  under  a 
ling  of  truce,  in  1873,  by  the  Modoc  chief  "Captain 
Jack." 

DahlBTren,  Ulrlc— A  Colonel  of  voluntoers; 
born  in  Bucks  i-ounty.  Pn  .  in  18(2:  served  at 
Hngarstown,  Md.,  and  neur  Kielminml,  Va, .  and 
was  killed  in  battle  m-ar  King  and  t^ueen's  Court- 
House.  Va.,  March  4.  1864. 

Fremont,  *John  C'.— A  Major-General;  born 
at  Nav;iiiiiiili.    <'u..    ill    )K13;  flehls  of  operation; 


Teacher  of  mathematics  in  the  navy,  railmad 
surveyor  and  engineer;  explnratioii  "f  mountain 
passes  between  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee; 
e.vpedition  in  the  mountainous  Clier<)Uee  ei'untry 
of  Georgia.  North  Carolina,  and  Tennessee; 
exploration  between  the  Missouri  river  and  the 
British  boundary;  survey  of  the  Des  Moines  river 
and  the  western  frontier;  exijloration  of  South 
Pass  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  to  the  Columbia 
river  Ml  ( Mi-^'ini ;  exiilnratiDn  uf  Oif;;i>n  and  Cali- 
fornia .  ixiiediti-.n  aeii'v-  (lie  .■Miitiin.-iit  by  way  of 
the  Rio  (;iiinde;  ^ettled  m  (.'alit.irnia,  purchased 
the  immensely  wealthy  Mariposa  estate  in  Cali- 
fornia: Unite'd  States  Senator  from  California; 
visited  Europe;  made  another  exploration  across 
the  continent;  settled  in  New  York;  ran  for 
President  in  1856:  beaten  by  Buchanan;  in  the 
Rebellion  com/nanded  the  western  district  and  the 
mountain  district  of  Virginia,  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee,  but>oon  retired  rnu7i  the  army;  since 
1864  he  has,  for  a  time,  been  Governor  of  Arizona. 

Davis,  JefToriton  C  — A  brrvet  M:i,i'"ii--Oen- 
er;U;  born  in  Claik  (.■oinu,\ ,  Iml. ,  m  ivn  lu  hi-  uf 
operation^  Mexnau  u  n  I'^i  l  ^mui.  i  ISfil ; 
Milford,  Mo.;  IVa  Kidk'r.  CoiirUli,  Mm  1 1  .-.-Ikm-o. 
Chickamauga;  Atlanta  camijaigii:  Alaska  and 
Modoc  war;  shot  tieneral  Nelson  at  Louisville, 
Ky. ,  in  1862,  and  died  in  Indiana,  in  1879. 

Franklin,  TVllliam  B-— A  brevet  Major- 
General;  born  at  York.  Pa.,  in  1823:  fields  of 
operation:  Government  surveys,  1843-46;  Mexican 
war,  under  Tayloi;  professor  of  philosophy  and 
civil  engineer;  army  of  the  Potomac;  Antietam, 
Fredericksburg,  Sabine  Cross-Roads.  etc. :  since 
the  war  has  been  Vice-President  of  the  Colt's  Fire- 
Arms  Manufacturing  Company,  at  Hartford, 
Conn. 

Gillmore,  Qiilncy  A.— A  Major  of  Engi- 
neersjborn  at  lihvck  River,  O..  in  lS2r>;  fields  of 
operation:  engineer  corps;  Hilton  Head;  Fort 
Pulaski,  and  Forts  Sumter  and  Wagner;  was 
engineer  in  charge  of  the  Atlantic  coa^t  defenses, 
in  1874. 

Hallei-k.  Ilenrv  TT.— GeneiMlin-riii.-f   of 

the  riiilrii  SL.tes  ;uinv;  born  :il  W  ,ilri  mII.'  N  V.. 
in  IKi:.;  lieMs  ..t  npeiati.'ji  :MiIiIii\  .ii^' i  ii.'.t. 
direct!.)!-  uf  Almatlen  <iiii'-k->il vei  niin-.--,  ]au>er; 
president  of  a  railroad:  Major-tU'ueral.  1861; 
Corinth;  a'*tny  of  the  James;  the  Pacific,  and  the 
South;  author  of  several  mining',  military  and 
international  law-books;  died  at  Louisville,  Ky. , 
in  1872, 

Hancock,  'WlnfleldS.— A  Major-General; 
born  in  Montgomery  county.  Pa.,  in  1824;  Helds  of 
operation :  Finntter  duty;  Mexican  war;  Wll- 
liam^buiK;  Krazei's  farm;  South  Mmintain:  Antie- 
tam; I'u'derieksbiirg:  Chancellorsville:  Gettys- 
burg; till'  Wilderness  and  ensuinu  battles :  afk-r 
the  w.areonimaiided  several  milltai  v  ilepari  iiM'nt.H; 
was  noiiiinut.-d  fi.r  President  of  the  Inited  States 
bv  the  DriiKM-rats.  and  defeated,  in  1880.  by  Gen- 
eral Garlleld     Died.  Feb.it.  I8M6. 

Hooker,  fJo«ieph— A  brevet  Major-Oeneral; 
bom  at  Hadley.  Mass.,  In  1815;  fields  of  opera- 
tion: Florida;  Mexican  war;  California;  Oregon; 
Peninsular  campaign  in  1862;  Fredericksburg: 
(.Minncellorsville:  Chattanooga:  I^ookout  J^Ioun- 
tJiln.  and  about  Atlanta;  lioldlng.  aft^'rwards, 
tliree  military  departments;  retired  in  1808;  died 
ill  lK7y. 


Howard,  Oliver  O.— A  brevet  Major-Gen- 
eral; bornat  Leeds.  Me.;  lields  of  operation:  Bull 
Hun;  lost  an  arm  at  Fair  Oaks;  Chancellorsville; 
Gettysburg;  Chattanooga;  Atlanta  campaign; 
Commissioner  of  the  Freedman's  Bureau,  and 
trustee  of  Howard  University;  also  special  com- 
missioner to  the  Indians.  1872,  in  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico;  afterward  appointed  superintendent  of 
the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point. 

Kearny,  Philip— A  Major-General  of  volun- 
teers; born  in  New  York  ■  ity.  in  1815;  fields  of 
operation:  Algeria;  Mexican  war,  where  he  lost 
an  arm;  Indians  in  <.»iet-on;  Italian  war  of  1859, 
winning  the  French  cross  ot  Honor;  Williams- 
burg: Seven  Pines;  Fi:Lzer's  Farm;  second  Bull 
Run;  Chantilly.  where  he  was  mortally  wounded, 
dying  near  that  place  in  1862. 

Uogan,  tlohn  A.— A  Major-General  of  volun- 
teers; born  in  Jackson  county.  III.,  in  1826;  fields 
of  operation;  Mexican  war;  Illinois  Legislature, 
1852-"57;  Presidential  elector.  18.^i6;  member  of 
Congress  four  terms;  union  officer  at  Bull  Run, 
Belmont.  Fort  Donelson.  Poit  (.Mbson.  Vicksburg. 
Kenesaw  Mountain  and  commander  of  the  army 
of  the  Tennessee:  present  United  States  Senator, 
his  term  expiring  in  1885. 

JLyon,  Xathaniel— A  Brigadier-General  of 
volunteei-s;  born  at  .\shford.  Conn.,  in  1819;  fields 
of  operation:  Florida  a'ld  Mexican  wars;  Califor- 
nia and  Oregon.  1848  to  1853:  Kansas  and  Missouri, 
1854  to  1861;  St  Louis;  BoonesviJle,  Mo.;  Dry 
Spring,  Mo.;  Wilson's  Creek,  Mo.;  where  he  was 
slain,  in  1861. 

McClellan,  Oeorge  B.— Geni'ml-in  Chi-'f 
of  the  United  States  army;  born  at  I'li  il.u!,  l|,lii.(, 
Pa.,  in  1826;  fields  of  operation  M.\i,,iii  \\:i,. 
surveys    of    Texas     coast    and     I'arih.'     !:iilro;ii|, 

ofiieiallv  viMtrM  lli.'  <  'j mh  u.,i  .   rln-i   cn^'itiri'r 

of  IlliuMiv  r.iii  III  T  uh  ...1.1  |.r.  -]i|.iit  St.  I.i.nis 
ami  Cinemnali  t  ,.ili  ...nl  ,  d.  p.M  I  nn  nl  mI  the  Ohi..; 
W.-T-TM  \.i.,  .iim>  ...1  Ma  r«.Uiii..Lr,  .Ml|i.'i>eded 
b\  I'll  I  null  .  and  retired  from  tlie  war.  \s\V',   w.-i^ 

I Ml  .1  li>r  President  by  the  l)emi>ci-;ii>  in  \m\i-. 

w.t~  ili|.  Mh'd  :  went  to  Europe,  i-etni  nintr  in  ISC..'^: 
followed  civil  engineering:  and  was  four  terms 
Governor  of  New  Jersey.     Died,  Oct.  -29.  1SK5. 

McDowell,  Irvln— .A  Major-Oeneral;  born 
at  Franklinton,  O. .  in  1818;  fields  of  operation: 
Mexican  war;  Assistant  Adjutant-General;  organ- 
izer of  troops  at  Washington;  department  of  N. 
K.  Virginia:  army  of  the  Potomac;  Second  Bull 
Run;  department  of  the  Pacific,  aiid  departments 
of  the  East  and  South.     Died,  May  4,  1885. 

IWcPhcmon,  JameH  B.— A  Major-General 
of  volunteers:  born  at  Clyde.  O..  in  1828;  fields  of 
operation:  Milit^xry  engineer,  1853  to  '61,  on  the 
east  antl  west  coasts:  military  railroads  in  Ten- 
nessee; Corinth;  Vicksburg;  llesaca,  Dallas. 
Alliitoona,  Kiilp  House  and  Kenesaw;  before 
Atlanta,  where  he  was  killed,  in  1864. 

Meade,  OeorareO.— A  Major-General;  born 
att'adiz.  Spain,  in  1815:  fields  of  operation;  Flor- 
ida war;  Governmi-nt  surveys;  Mexican  war:  lake 
surveys;  Dranesville;  Mechanicsville:  Onjd  Har- 
bor; t*razier's  farm;  second  Bull  Run;  Maryland 
campaign;  South  Mountain  and  .\ntietain: 
Fredericksburg;  Chancellorsville;  (Jettysbiirg;  In 
command  of  the  army  of  the  Potoniac  to  tin- 
jmrreiuler  of  Li-e,  and  afterwards  of  several  mili- 
tary dislriets;  died  in  1872,  at  Philadeli.hia.  Pa. 


>iJ.C>-- 


Meneher,  ThomaN  F.— An  Irish  political 
refut'L-e  ami  a  l'.iiirailii-i-(Jenernl  of  volunteers; 
born    at    Wjitni-iM      hrland.    in    1823,    tlelds  of 

optM-atton.  i"i M.'iiii  \<\v  York  regiment;   llrst 

IJtill  Klin;  foi 1  lip    111   ii  itrigadc;  battles  before 

ItirhiiMniil ;  \(iiiii.iiii  I  i.ilriii'k-.l>iii'K;  Chaiicel- 
|,.c^\  111,-;  itiilii.ii\  ih-iii^i  ..r  Ilir  Ki.ivviih;  nius- 
( till  I  Miir  in  IM.  I,  srrM  I  It  \  1.1  Mi.ri(,iii.(  Ti-rritory; 
aclJiikMl-'Veirici.  arn.l.m.iUy  (liuwju'd,  in  1867, 
near  Fuit  Bentuii,  MunL. 

McCull,  Genrav  A.— A  Brigadier-General; 
born  at  riiiladidphia.  iii  lS02i  served  in  the  war 
of  the  Kebellion,  and  died,  in  1868,  at  West  Ches- 
ter,   I'a. 

nicC^lerniind,  «lohik  A.— A  Major-General 
of  volunteers;  born  in  Hreckenridge  county,  Ky.  ; 
served  in  the  war  of  the  Itebellion;  has  been  a 
member  of  Congress. 

AlcCouk,  Alexander  I>.— A  brevet  Major- 
General,  in  the  war  of  the  Kebellion;  one  of  the 
family  of  "HghtingMeOooks." 

Mitchel,  Oi-ninby  M.— A  Major-General; 
born  111  liii-.ii iiii,\,  Ky. ,  111  1810;  lleids  of  oper- 
ation: S.-i'iil  ihr  a-tniniiiiiHr;  in  eliarge  of  Cin- 
cinnati and  Imdl.  y  ,.lt>.  rvatories;  Hrigadicr-Gen- 
eral  of  volunteers,  1801;  department  of  Ohio; 
near  Bridgeport,  Ahi.  ;  seized  the  Corinth  and 
Chattanooga  railroad;  took  charge  of  the  depart- 
niHiit  of  the  south  and  died  of  yellow  fever,  at 
lUaiilurt,  S.  C- .  in  1862.  ile  was  popular  as  a  lec- 
titiii  on  astronomy;  skilUul  in  preparing  astro- 
nun  mal  machinery,  and  distinguished  by  his 
additions  to  his  favorite  science. 

Oelesby,  Richard  «J.— A  Major-General  of 
v<dniileers.  born  in  Oldham  county,  Ky. .  in  1824; 
ll'.ld  lit"  operation:  Mexican  war  and  in  the  Kcbid- 
litiri  at  Fort  Henry,  Fort  Donelsoii  and  Coruilh;  at 
(In.'  latter  battle  was  wounded  and  iesiti:nid .  Gov- 
ernuiuf  Illinois,  and  United  States  Kenatur  from 
that  State. 

Ord,  Edwarfl  O.  C— A  Brigadier-General; 
born  at  Cumberland,  Md, .  in  1818;  served  in  the 
war  of  the  Kebellion,  and  afterwards  in  the 
Indian  department  of  the  Northwest.  Died,  1883. 

Pleasonton,  Alfred— A  Major-Genera!  in 
the  war  of  the  Kebellion,  and  autlior  of  a  ti'eatise 
on  the  healing  effects  of  sunlight  ptvssing  through 
blue  glass;  was  born  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  in 
1824. 

Pope,  John— A  Major-General;  born  at  Kas- 
kasUia.  III.,  in  1823;  rtelds  of  operation:  Topo- 
gr.ir'hical  engineer  in  Florida.  Minnesota,  New 
.M. Mr. I.  etc. ;  on  lighthouse  dulv.  aiinv  of  the 
Mi"i^>.ippi.  18*52;  New  Madrid;  Island  No.  10; 
ainiy  uf  Virginia;  Cedar  Mountain;  Second  Bull 
Run;  depai'tment  of  the  Northwest,  and  depart- 
ment of  Missouri. 

Porter,     Fitz.  ijohii  —  A    Major-General    of 

vuluntr.Ts,  iM.ni  at  Pml^inmnh.  N.  H. .  in  1823; 
ti.'hls  nl  npi'iMiii-n  Wai  Ml  Mr\n'o;  iustructor  at 
\V..-st  ruint;  (lr|rri-r  nl  Wasli  1  n ;,'ton  in  1861 ;  army 
uf  the  rutuiiia,-.  Han.iver  Court  House;  Cold 
Harbor;  Malvern  Hill;  Pope's  campaign  in  North- 
ern  Virginia;    Second   Bull    Run;    campaign   of 


Maryland;  Antietam:  dismissed  for  alleged  mis- 
conduct, 1863. 

Rannom,  ThomiiM  E.  O.  — A  Brigadier-Gen- 
ci-al ,  born  in  ISIM ,  mad.-  a  good  icccjid  in  the  war 
of  the  Rebellion,  mid  died  at  Cliieago,  111.,  In 
1864. 

RoHecrunn.  William  8.— A  Major-General 

of  vidiiiiteers;  Imrn  at  Knih'ston.  O. ,  in  1810;  lleldB 
of  .iijcrati.m-  Civil  .'n^;iii.-fr,  pi-nl. -ssnr  at  Went 
I'.iint,   -■riLrau-rd  in   l.iL~m.--  al   • 'nintiti:.  1 1 :   in  1861 

ji.iiM-d  .MrCl.ll.Ml;    t..Mk    i,:Lit    Ml  11,1 rations  In 

\V<.->uin  \  nu'inia.  aimy  uf  th.-  .Mi^-si-sijipi ,  luka 
and  Corinth,  Miirfrceshoio;  Chnkaiiiauga; 
department  of  the  Missouri  in  1861:  iiiu--ti-i._-(l  uut 
of  volunteer  serviec.  1866,  and  n-si-n.-d  his  posi- 
tion of  Brigadier-GenL-ral  in  the  regvilar  army  in 
186?;  .Minister  to  Mexico  in  180.8-1869. 

Schciick,  Robert  C— vV  Major-General  of 
volunteers;  born  atKianklin.  O. .  in  1809,  entered 
the  war  nf  thr  K.l..-|[i..ii  in  1861;  was  wounded 
at  the  see. mil  liatlk-  ..t  lUili  Run.  August.  1862; 
was  pr»'vii.u.-.|y  .in  :iii,,ni.  y  at  Dayton,  O.  ;  a  mem- 
ber of  tlir  t  tlih.  1,1  -I    I  ti ,  and  went  to  Congress 

from  tliat  sr  m  n.,,,,  im  i,,  ig^i ;  afterward  again 
a  Mieiiil.i  I  ..1  1  iiiiL!M  ■  hnni  1863  to  1871;  subse- 
quently Unitt'd  htates  .Minister  to  both  Brazil  and 
England. 

Slgel,  Franz— A  Major-General  of  volunteers; 
born  atZinsheim,  Baden.  Gfrmanv,  was  a  Ger- 
man refugee;  a  tea<-lier  in  X._u  V.,i  k  -ilv  and  St. 
Louis,  Mo.;  entered  the  war  id'  tli.'  K.li.-lhon  as 
Colonel  of  the  3d  Missouri  volnnteecs,  serving  in 
the  campaign  in  Southwestern  Missouri;  battle  of 
WilwMi's  Creek;  at  Pea  Ridgc:  in  Virginia,  under 
Fremont  and  Pope,  and  second  Bull  Run. 

Schoheld,  .lohn  M.— A  Major-General;  born 
in  (liaiuiuiiiia  r..unty,  N.  Y. ,  in  1831:  (lelds  of 
'i|i<ia(iMn  pM.t.'^vnr  of  physics  in  Washington 
Uinvcisiiy,  St  l.iMi-^  Mai-.r  CriiiM-al  of  volun- 
teers. 1861;  Atlant,,  .■  ,t,i|.  n.-ii  hittleof  Franklin. 
Tenn. ;  fights  l.iti.j.  Ni-hMili  |.iirsiit.-d  Hood's 
army;  operated  in  N-m  h  ( ':i  k.Iiu:,,  loming  Shcr- 
man;  department  of  tla-  .Missouri,  and  division  of 
the  Pacirte:  Secretary  of  War  in  1808. 

Sedgwick,  <John— A  Major-General  of  volun- 
teers, horn  at  Cornwall,  Conn.,  in  1813;  fields  of 
operation  I'londa  and  .Mexican  wars;  army  of 
the  I'liioniar;  A  iiri(-i;iin ,  near  Fredericksburg; 
ChaiicLlluisvilk-,  (iettysburg;  the  Rapid.an  cam- 
paign ,  Rappahannock ;  Mine  Run ;  Richmond 
campaign.  1864;  battle  of  the  Wilderness;  Spott- 
sylvania.  Va. ,  where  he  was  slain,  in  1864. 

Sheridan,  Philip  H.— ,\  Major-General  in 
the  war  of  the  Kebellion.  and  the  present  Lieuten- 
ant>GeneraI  of  the  U.  S.  army:  horn  at  Somer- 
set, O.,  in  1831;  Heldsof  operation:  Te.\as;  Pacific 
coast;  Mississippi  campaign.  1802;  Booneville; 
PerryviUe.  Tennessee  campaign;  Murf reesboro ; 
Chickamauga;  Chattanooga;  Missionary  Ridge; 
army  of  the  Potomac;  the  Wilderness  and  Rich- 
mond campaign.  Cold  Harbor;  army  of  the 
Shenandoah;  theOpequan;  Fisher's  Hill;  Cedar 
creek;  from  Winchester  to  Petersburg;  important 
raids;  second  Richmond  campaign;  Five  Forks; 
siege  of  Petersburg;  advance  on  Richmond;   pur- 


Bultof  r^e:  varfoiiK  military  tlepartmcnts,  south 
and  west;  Lieutcnanl-General  In  I8fitt. 
Sherman,  ^Vllllam  T.— A  Mujor-General  In 

the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  and  prcKent  General  of 
the  V.  S.  army:  born  at  Lancaster,  O. .  In  1820; 
(lelds  of  operation:  Florida;  California;  St.  Loui». 
New  Orleans;  banker  in  San  Francisco  and  New 
York;  lawyer  at  Lca%'enworth;  .Huperintendintof 
Louisiana  military  Mchool ;  rejoined  the  army  in 
1861;  llrst  Bull  Run.  camp  of  inslruetlon  at  St. 
Louis;  Tennessee  and  Mississippi  campaign,  Shl- 
loh;  Corinth:  VIc-ksburg,  1862:  Arkansas  po»»t: 
Vieksburg.  1863;  Chattanooga;  Knoxville;  Merid- 
ian. Miss.;  In%'aded  Georgia;  Dalton;  Resaea; 
Cassvillf;  Dallas;  Kcnesaw;  Marietta;  Hege  of 
Atlanta;  Jonesboro;  occupation  of  Atlanta; 
march  to  Savannah;  occupied  the  city;  Columbia, 
S.  C. ;  Cheraw;  Fayetteville.  N.  C. ;  Averysboro; 
Bentonville;  Goldsboro;  Raleigh;  advance  to 
Richmond  and  Washington;  .MUitarv  division  of 
the  Mississippi  and  .Missouri:  Lieut4■nan^General 
of  the  U.  S.  army.  1800;  special  mission  to  Mex- 
ico; visited  Europe;  published  his  own  memoirs, 

Slcklen,    I>nnlel    E.— A     Major-General    of 

volunteer-;  horn  in  .N'.w  York  city,  in  1822:  fields 
or  oprr.ilion  Lawvn  in  New  York;  member  of 
LctrislaHiie.  Scri.laiy  ..I  Legation  to  Kngland, 
Buchanan's  administration;  State  Senator:  three 
terms  in  Congress,  killed  Key  for  seducing  his 
wife;  was  tried  for  the  murder  of  Key  and 
acquitted;  raised  a  hrig.ide  in  1801:  Chickahominv 
campaign:  snrcfcdcd  in  command  i)f  HookLi"'s 
tliM^ion,  Anti.'I.im.  Fr.-d.-i  n-ksl.iirtr.  c|ian.-,-lloi> 
villi';  llrltysljiii'i.'.  "  luTC  lit-  lovl  :i  U-^  _  ;ippoliitt'<l 
Col., ml  HI  tlo-  n-u'ul.ir  army;  Military  district  of 
North  and  South  Carolina;  Minister  to  Spain 
in  I86y.  ' 

Sumner,  Edwfn  V.-A  Major-General  in  the 
war  ot  the  Rebellion,  born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  in 
17%;  died  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  in  1863. 

Terry,  Alfred  H.-A  Brigadier-General  In 
the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  born  at  Hartford. 
Conn.,  in  1827;  since  the  war  has  been  operating 
in  the  Indian  department  of  the  Northwest,  under 
General  Ord. 

ThomaH,  George  H.— A  Major-General; 
born  m  Southani  county.  Va. .  in  1810;  fields  of 
operation:  Florida  war.  Mexican  war;  Seminole 
Indian  war;  instructor  at  Wrst  point.  California 
Texas;  Valley  of  th.-  Shenandoah.  1861;  Tentic*- 
see.  Kentucky.  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  1861  and 
'62;  army  of  the  Cumberland;  Muifreesboro; 
Chickamauga;  Chattanooga;  Missionary  Ridge; 
Sherman's  Atlanta  campaign;  N.-ishvin'e.  where 
he  defeated  Hood:  eominahded  several  military 
divisions;  made  a  valuable  report  relating  to  the 
Territory  of  Alaska,  wlit-ic  he  was  stationt--d 
during  the  latter  portion  of  his  life;  died  at  San 
Francisco,  Cal..  in  1870. 

Weitzel,  Godfrey— A  MajorGeneral  of 
volunteers;  born  at  Cincinnati,  O. ,  in  1835.  fields 
of  operation:  L.ist  Richmond  campaign  in  the 
war  of  the  Rebelli()n:  first  to  enter  the  Confeder- 
ate capital,  April  3,  1865.    Died  March  19,  1WH4. 


><|;C?^ — 


--~^; 


THE    CONFEDERATE    MILITARY    CHIEFTAIN. 


i 


WW 


ROBERT  J.  LEE. 


^C^^^"0  0  G  O  0  b  Q  O  0  'e  G  G  o  o' 


OOO0OOOOO 


0  00  00  W^J^l  /A-^ 


His  Services  for  the  Union,  and  Later  for  the  Confederacy. 


ELDOM  DOES  HISTORY  make  record  of 

a    more    truly    brave     man    than    was 

Robert  E.  Lee;  at  the   same   time  his 

career    as    an    American    soldier    was 

eventful  and  interesting.      The  son  of 

a  distinguished  officer  of  the  war  of  the 

Revolution,    Colonel     Henry    Lee,    he 

inherited  much  of  the  military  spirit, 

energy  and  talent  that  marked  his  own 

career.   . 

Entering    the    West    Point    Military 

Academy,  in  1825,  when  eighteen  years  old,   he 

graduated   from  it,    second  in   his  class,  four 

years  later,    without  having  received  either  a 

reprimand   or   a  mark   of  demerit   during   his 

studies. 

Having  been  ap- 
pointed a  Lieutenant 
in  the  engineers  corps 
of  the  arniy  in  1829,  he 
passed  five  years  in 
assisting  to  build 
Forts  Monroe  and  Cal- 
houn, in  Virginia; 
three  more  as  assist- 
ant to  the  chief  engineer  of  the  army  at 
Washington,  and,  in  1835,  served  as  as- 
sistant astronomer  in  determining  the 
western  boundary  of  Ohio. 

His  duties  from  1837  to  1842  included 
the  superintendence  of  the  government's 
improvement  of  the  harbor  at  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  and  rendering  the  Mississippi, 
Ohio  and  Missouri  rivers  more  navigable. 
Hetwecn  1841  and  1845.  having  pre- 
viously been  promoted  to  a  captaincy, 
he  was  assiwtant  to  the  chief  engineer  and 
member  of  the  board  of  Atlantic   coast 

defenses,  superintending,  among  other  public  works,  the  construc- 
tion and  repair  of  the  fortifications  at  the  entrance  to  New  York 
harbor. 

At  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  with  Mexico,  in  1845,  he  was 
appointed  chief  engineer  of  the  army  under  General  Scott.  In  the 
succeeding  contest  he  greatly  distinguished  hjniself  by  his  gallant 
and  meritorious 


ROBERT 


frviccH  at  the   battles  of   Ccrro  Oordo.  Contrerns 


Cherubusco  and  Chepultepec,  being  wounded  in  the  latter  conflict, 
and  receiving,  successively,  promotion  as  Major,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
and  Colonel. 

After  the  war  he  continued  to  serve  his  country  in  various  depart- 
ments, and  from  1852  to  1855  was  superintendent  of  the  West  Point 
Military  Academy.  In  the  latter  year  he  became  Lieutenant-Colonel 
of  a  new  regiment  of  cavalry,  of  which  Albert  Sidney  Johnston  was 
the  colonel,  serving  with  it  in  Texas  for  about  two  years,  when  he 
returned  to  Virginia  on  leave  of  absence. 

In  1857,  by  his  wife's  inheritance,  he  came  into  possession  of  the 
estates  of  Arlington  House,  on  the  Potomac,  and  the  White  House, 
on  the  Pamunky  river  in  Virginia.  This  lady,  whom  be  married  in 
1832,  was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Custis.  the  grandson  of  the  widow  who 
became  the  wife  of  George  Washington. 

Colonel  Lee,  in  October,  1859,  commanded  the  detachment  of 
troops  sent  by  the  government  to  sup- 
press the  famous  raid  of  John  Brown 
into  Virginia,  for  the  purpose  of  freeing 
the  slaves  in  that  State. 

During  nearly  tne  whole  of  the  year 
1860  he  commanded  the  military  depart- 
ment of  Texas,  returning  home  in  Decem- 
ber on  leave  of  absence. 

Virginia  seceded  from  the  Union  on  the 
17tb  of  April,  1861,  and  three  days  later 
Colonel  Lee  resigned  his  command  in  the 
army,  saying,  in  his  letter  to  General 
Scott:  *'Save  in  the  defense  of  my 
native  State,  I  never  desire  again  to  draw 
my  sword. " 

Immediately  repairing  to  Richmond, 
Va. ,  he  was  appointed  Major-Gcneral  of 
tlie  Confederate  forces  of  the  Slate. 

Early  in  May,  Virginia  joined  the 
Southern  Confederacy,  the  capital  of  which 
was  then  established  at  Richmond;  but 
owing  to  a  contention  for  coninnmding 
positions  in  the  Confederate  army,  which 
arose  between  several  officers  who  had  ranked  high  in  the  United 
states  army  and  withdrawn  therefrom.  General  Lee  was  not  called  into 
important  service  for  more  tlian  a  year.  In  the  meantime  he  super- 
intended the  fortifications  at  Richmond  and  other  places,  and  acted, 
also,  ns  the  adviser  of  President  Jefferson  Davis  of  the  Confederate 
Stales,  performing  many  of  Ihe  duties  pertaining  to  a  secretary  of 


.A. 


~^: 


T 


GKNEKAL    LEE  S    EFFUKTS   IN    UEHALK    OK  THE    CONFEDERACY. 


9-- 


Generul  JosL']>h  E.  Jolinston  having  bccTi  wounded  in  buttle  and 
General  Albert  S.  Jobnt-lon  having  been  killed  in  the  tlglit  at  Shiloh. 
General  Lee  assumed  command  of  the  Confederate  army  June  3. 
1802. 

June  2(i,  he  entered  with  his  command    ujx)!!   that  series  of  con- 

'  flicts  in  Virginia  known  us  ' '  the  Seven-days'  battles,  "  wliich  resulted 

in  the  retirement  of  the  Federal  arnty  under  McCIellan  to  Ilarrif^on's 

landing,  after  the  struggle  at  Malvern  Hill.      By  this  act  Kichmoiul 

was  relieved  from  the  siege  which  it  had  undergone. 

August  29  and  30,  18ti2,  General  Lee  and  his  forces  encountered 
tbc  Union  army  under  General  Pope,  and  fought  the  second  battle  of 
Bull  Uun,  defeating  his  antagonists. 

General  Lee  immediately  followed  up  this  victory  with  an  attempt 
to  invade  Maryland,  which  resulted  in  the  indecisive  battle  of  Antie- 
tani.  September  10  and  17. 

Recrossing  the  Potomac  into  Virginia,  Lee  took  a  strong  position 
near  Culpepcr  Court  House.  Early  in  November  he  massed  his 
forces  on  the  Fredericksburg  bank  of  the  Rappahannock  river  to 
resist  the  attempt  of  the  Union  army  under  Burnside  to  cross  that 
stream.  Lee  successfully  held  this  position,  and  on  December  13. 
having  been  attacked  by  Burnside,  signally  defeated  the  Union 
forces. 

Burnside  was  succeeded  in  his  command  by  General  Joseph 
Hooker,  who,  in  1863.  attacked  Lee  in  front,  turned  his  left  flank 
and  gained  the  rear  of  his  army.  Then  followed  the  conflict  at 
Chancellorsville,  May  2-4,  in  which  General  Lee  was  vicliorious. 

Lee  next  invaded  Pennsylvania  with  a  large  army.  The  Union 
army  of  the  Potomac  was  at  this  time  commanded  by  General  Meade, 
who  encountered  Lee's  troops  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  where,   July  1-3, 

1863,  was  fought  one  of  the  most  bloody  and  decisive  battles  of  the 
war.  On  the  third  day  of  the  contest,  Lee,  being  repulsed,  retired 
in  good  order  to  the  northern  bank  of  the  Potomac,  which  a  heavy 
flood  prevented  his  crossing,  into  Virginia,  and  strongly  intrenched 
his  forces.  Meade,  by  a  circuitous  march,  had  reached  that  vicinity, 
and  intended  to  give  Lee  battle,  but  before  his  intention  could  be 
carried  out  Lee  had  safely  forded  the  river  and  fallen  back  to  the 
Rapidan,  followed  closely  and  threatened  by  Meade's  troops;  but  no 
important  conflict  ensued. 

The  operations  of  both  armies  were  neither  decisive  nor  of  special 
importance  during  the  fall  and  winter  of  1863-'64.      In  the  spring  of 

1864.  in  camp  on  the  banks  of  the  Rapidan,  Lee,  with  some  60. 000 
men,  found  himself  opposed  to  General  Grant,  who  commanded  a 
Union  army  numbering  about  140. 000.  On  the  4th  of  May.  Grant 
endeavored  to  turn  the  Confederate  troops  by  the  right,  crossing  the 


Ra]>idan  river  without  opposition,  and  marching  through  the  weetern 
verge  of  the  Wilderness,  At  this  juncture,  by  a  bold  and  skillful 
movement.  Lee  attacked  him.  and  thus  began  the  bloody  but  unde- 
cisive battle  of  the  Wilderness,  which  coniiuued  May  .'>  and  (i.  After 
the  fight  both  armies  intrenched  opposite  each  other,  but  neither 
commander  seemed  willing  to  attack  the  other.  A  movement  by 
Grant  to  outflank  Lee  led  to  the  battle  of  Spottsylvania  Court  House, 
May  12,  which,  although  neverc,  did  not  prove  victorious  for  either 
army.  Another  attempt  by  Grant,  May  18,  to  turn  Lee's  flank  and 
compel  him  to  fall  back  on  Richmond,  resulted  in  a  slow  and  partial 
success,  until  at  the  end  of  that  month,  the  two  armies  confronted 
each  other  at  the  Chickahominy  river.  An  attack  was  made  by 
Grant.  Jnne  3,  but  he  was  signally  repulsed.  Both  parties  remained 
there,  strongly  intrenched,  neither  venturing  an  attack,  until  June 
12.  when  Grant  moved  ont  of  his  intrenchments,  crossed  the  Chicka- 
hominy, and  took  up  his  position  at  Petersburg,  Va. ,  twenty-two 
miles  south  of  Richmond.  Lee,  finding  the  Confederate  capital  in 
danger  of  capture  by  this  movement  of  Grant's,  also  crossed  the 
Chickahominy  and  James  rivers,  in  order  to  defend  Petersburg.  If 
that  stronghold  could  be  retained  by  the  Confederates,  the  Union 
armies  could  not  take  Richmond,  which  was  strongly  fortified,  by 
any  direct  assault.  The  siege  and  defense  of  Petersburg,  therefore, 
occupied  the  attention  of  the  contending  forces  until  April,  1805, 
wheu  Grant  passed  around  the  defenses  and  broke  through  the  Con- 
federate lines.  On  the  2d,  Lee  abandoned  his  further  defense  of 
Petersburg  and  Richmond,  having  suffered  heavy  losses  in  killed  and 
wounded.  His  hope,  now,  was  to  reach  the  mountainous  region  of 
the  valley  of  Virginia  with  his  remaining  force  of  about  40.000  men. 
But  they  were  short  of  provisions,  and  obliged  to  scour  the  country 
in  squads  in  search  of  food,  many  throwing  away  their  arms,  although 
pursued  vigorously  by  Grant.  At  Appomattox  Court  House.  Lee'a 
army  found  themselves  barred  by  a  superior  Union  force  which  had 
reached  there  before  them. 

Correspondence  between  Grant  and  Lee  as  to  terms  preceded  the 
final  surrender  of  the  latter  to  the  Union  Army  on  the  9th  of  April, 
1805,  closing  the  civil  war,  Richmond  having  already  been  captured 
by  the  Unionists. 

After  the  war  General  Lee  retired  to  a  strictly  private  life,  almost 
entirely  stripped  of  his  former  fortune. 

In  October,  1865,  he  became  President  of  Washington  College,  at 
Lexington.  Va. ,  wiiich  flourished  under  his  supervision. 

His  death  occurred  in  October,  1870,  the  result  of  a  stroke  of 
paralysis.      His  wife  died  three  years  later. 

General  Lee  was  the  father  of  three  sons,  all  of  whom  were  in  the 
Confederate  army. 


BKIKK    SKETCH    OF    WELL-KNOWN    MILITARY    CELE15RITIES    IN    THE    OONFEDEEACY. 


LEADING 


.V^---^*^ 


THE 


5?^J * 

i    ^>^ 


SERVICE. 


Prominent  Men  that  Took  Part  in   Behalf  of  the  South, 


EATJREG.VKD,  Peter  G.  T.-A 

(jen«ral;  born  at  New  Orleans,  La.,  in 
IRIS;  fields  of  operation:  Graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1838;  was  in  the  Mexi- 
can war,  enerineerinp'  operations  at 
New  Orleans  ami  on  the  Gulf,  with  the 
chartre  of  conytnietinfr  public  hulhl- 
infirs:  supeiintendent  of  West  Point 
Military  academy;  joined  the  Confed- 
eracy in  1861;  conducted  tJie  attack  on 
Fort  Sumter;  at  first  Bull  Run;  de- 
partment of  the  Tennessee;  Shiloh; 
Charleston:  Petersburg;  since  the  war, 
engaged  in  railroad  operations  in  the 


Brag?,  Braxton— A  Major-General;  bom  in 
Warren  county,  N.  C. ,  about  1S15;  fields  of  operii- 
tiorn  <Jraduated  at  West  Point,  in  1837;  war  in 
Fli>Tid;i,  >l-'\ir;ni  war;  Western  frontier  service; 
i.-ij-jkM  111-  |M-itii>ii  in  the  army  in  18.'»5;  State 
oMiii-i  in  Liiiii-ian.i;  joined  the  Confederacy  in 
iMil,  I'.-ii^^aLt.lii;  Shiloh;  department  of  the  Mis- 
>i  — ippi;  in  ixtiii.  rt'treated  from  Kentucky;  was 
K  iMii\i-(l  from  his  cuiinnand,  but  soon  restored; 
iijip-'^'^'d  Rosecrans  in  the  department  of  Tennes- 
see; Murfrtesboro;  Chickamauga;  Chattanooga; 
Richmond,  and  in  Georgia,  opposing  Sherman; 
died  at  Galveston,  Tex.,  in  1875. 

Bavis,   JeflTerson— Colonel;    bom  in  Chris- 


tian cminty.  Kv 
Hawk  war.lWl-; 
Taylor;    ^v  .V  iM 

sippi,  1><1^  !>;  1^  ' 
Pierce,  I'j.  -M  i 
was  raplu 


in  1808:  served  in  the  Black 
in  the  war  with  Mexico,  under 
■d  States  Senator  from  Missis- 
I  i-'Iai'y  of  War  under  President 
"t  the  Southern  Confederacy; 
1  soldiers  in  Georgia,  in  IStio; 


was    imprisoned     ior  two     years    by    the    Union 
authorities,  and  then  released. 

Early,  cViibal  A.— A  Major-General;  bom 
in  Virj^lnia.  .-ibout  ISli;  fiidds  of  operation:  Grad- 
ual, d  at  West  Point  in  1837;  Lieutenant  of 
Artillery;  lawver;  Mexican  war:  joined  the  Con- 
f.-'lei:it('-s.  IStil;  Hull  Run:  I  Vd.u'  Mountain; 
Fird.ri.-ksburg;  GettysbuiL':  sii.M.ii'li.ih  Valley: 
tln-iteiied  Washington;  iii\  ulni  r- un-ylvania; 
lull  [I.  (1  Chanibersburg:  defrii.d  l.v  Mieiidan  on 
thi-  npequan,  at  Fisher's  Ihil  antl  t  ledar  (^eek; 
I'.iiied  at  Waynesboro.  After  the  war,  he  visited 
Kiii'-pe;  returning,  practiced  law  at  Richmond, 
\'iminia. 

Kwellf  Richard  S.— A  Lieutenant-General; 
born  in  the  district  of  Columbia,  in  1830;  fields  of 
operatiun:  Graduated  at  West  Point  in  isiii;  Mex- 
ican war;  Apache  Indians,  isr.9;  j.iinnl  t  In' i  iTiied- 
erates.  May.  IHHI.  first  Bull  Run,  '..uu.  \liil; 
Malvern  Hill;  Cedar  Mountain;  J'.n  l.i  siiIumi; 
see. Mid  Bull  Run.  where  he  losta  leu'.  (.etl>  .-l.iirtr; 
Ihe  Wilderness;  Spoltnylvanla  Court  House:  Hich- 
MM.rid,  -*urrerideri'<i  to  Slu-ridan  at  Sailor's  Creek. 
All'T  the  war,  was  it  stock-raiser  in  Tennessee; 
died  at  Spring  Hill,  Tenn.,  in  1872. 

Hampton.  Wade.  tlr.  —  A  Lieutenants 
General;  born  at  Columbia.  S.  C. ,  In  1818;  fields 
of  ooeiafion:  Studied  law:  member  of  South 
Carolina  Leifishiinre  and  State  Senate;  com- 
Muuided  a  letfion  of  cavalry  at  first  Hull  Run; 
Chlekahoniliiv  eariii»aign;  Seven  Pines;  Gettyn- 
hnrg;  Cidnmbia,  S.  C,  when  Sherman  captured 
it;  (ifncc  the  war,  haK  been  Governor  of  South 
I'arolinaand  United  States  Senator;  accidentally 
lost  a  leg. 

Hardee,  'Wllllnm  .1.— Anrlgadler-Goneral; 
horn  at  Savannah.  (Ja, .  in  IKIH;  fields  of  opera- 
tion    Graduated   at   Wusl    Point  in    IRIIH;  Florida 


and  Mexican  wars;  frontier  duty;  instructor  at 
West  Point;  eonipiled  "Hardee's  Military  Tac- 
tiis,"  Metiteii,uH-*'olonel  of  cavalry;  resitrned 
and  ji.uitil  theCintederacy  in  1861;  was  at  Shiloh, 
Perryville.  hitoinj  River,  Chickamauga,  Chatta- 
nooga. Savannah  and  Charleston,  and  surrendered 
in  North  Carolina;  died  at  Wytheville,  Va.,  in 
187.^ 

Hill,  Ambrose  P.— A  Major-General;  born 
in  Culpeper  county,  \'a, ,  about  18*35;  fields  of 
operation.  Graduated  at  West  Point  in  18i7;  Mexi- 
can war;  Florida;  coast  survey,  1855  to  ISCO: 
resigned  his  army  commission  and  joined  the 
Confederates  in  1861;  campaigns  in  Northern  Vir- 
ginia; Bull  Run;  Williamsburg;  the  seven  days' 
battles  of  the  PeninMila;  Cedar  Mountain;  Grove- 
ton:  Antietam;  FredeTiek^tuHK''-  (^'hau'eilorsville; 
Gettysburg;  the  \\'ildri  ness.  and  the  siege  of 
Petersburg,  Va.,  in  which  he  was  killed,  in  1865. 

Hill,  Baniel  H.— A  General;  born  in  South 
Carolina,  about  1822;  fields  of  operation:  Gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  1842;  Mexican  \var;  resigned 
his  commission  in  the  army  in  1849;  was  professor 
in  two  Southern  colleges;  superintendent  of  the 
North  Carolina  military  institute;  jiublisheii  a 
work  on  ,Tl;_'-''lHn  and  two  reliLrious  vn  I  nines; 
wrote  es-.i\-  l"i  j..  i  imiIk-iIm  jumrd  rhe  Ci.nr.'d- 
erate  ariii\  in  !xc,i  ,  .■oiriniiuided  at  Ili^r  n'.'tliei; 
Yorktouii.  Me.h.iriLr.ville;  Cold  HiUlmr;  Malvern 
Hill;  on  the  James;  second  Hull  Run;  South 
Mountain;  Antietam;  P'redericksburg;  depart- 
ment of  North  and  South  Carolina;  since  the  war. 
has  published  The  Field  and  Farm,  in  North 
Carolina. 

Hood,  tVohn  B.— A  Lieutenant'-General;  bom 
in  Bath  county,  Ky. .  ahnnt  iS'M);  fields  of  opera- 
tion: Graduated  at  West  Pitiiit  in  1S53;  frontier 
.service  in  Texas;  fouu'lit  Lip;ui  and  Comanche 
Indians,  18,57;  resigned  his  commission  and  joined 
the  Confederacy,  in  1S61;  Chickahominy  cam- 
paign; second  Bull  Run;  Antietam;  Fredericks- 
burg; Gettysburg,  where  he  lost  an  arm; 
Chiekamaugji.  where  he  lost  a  leg;  succeeded 
Johnston  in  1864;  operated  against  Sherman  in 
Georgia;  Franklin,  Tenn.,  and  Nashville;  re- 
lieved from  his  command. 

Hiieer,  Ben  lamin— A  Major-General;  born 
at  Charleston,  S.  C. .  in  1806:  fields  of  operation; 
firaduatedat  West  Point  in  1825:  commanded  at 
F<Htiv>s  M..nrnf.  iSii  to  'H\.  .-Iiief  of  ordmincein 
M«Mean  w;.r;  in  ell;,  rtre  .d  :irs,-ri;.l  at  rike-vjll.-, 
Md.  ;  joined  I  he  ( 'oiifedcrn.-v  in  ISi;i;  oper.iied  on 
the  Peninsula  su  badly  tluit  he  was  dismissed 
frcjin  the  serviee. 

•lacUHon,  Thoman  .!.(,"  Stonewall")— A 

Lieutcnant-General:  born  at  Clarksburg.  Va. ,  In 
1821;  fields  of  operation:  Graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1846;  Mexican  war;  New  Yoi-k  harbor; 
Florida  war;  resijrned,  1852;  professor  and  in- 
atructoi-  in  Virginia  military  academy  at  Lexing- 
ton: joined  the  Confederate  arniy  in  186i; 
Harper's  Ferry;  first  Bull  Run;  Shenandoah 
Valley:  Cross  Keys:  seven  days'  battles  of  the 
Peninsula;  Cold  Harbor;  Malvern  Hill;  Cedar 
Mountain;  neeond  Hull  Run;  Harper's  Ferry,  1862; 
Antietam;  Fredericksburg  and  Chaneidloi-yville; 
mortally  wounded,  <lying  near  Fredericksburg. 
Va.,  in  186:i. 

•lohnHton,  Albert  S.  — A  General;  born  in 
Mason  county.  Kv.,  in  18(13;  fields  of  operation: 
Graduated  at  West  Point  in  1826:  frontier  duty; 
Black  Hawk  war;  resigned  his  commission:  joineil 
the  Texuii  army,  and  sur-ceeded  fJeneral  Houston 
In    chief    comnnind:     Te>;:in     ^eeirtary     of     war: 


Mexican  war,  under  General  W.  O.  Butler;  farmer 
in  Mexico;  re-enteied  the  United  States  army; 
Paymaster;  Colonel  of  Cavalry,  in  command  of 
the  department  of  Texas,  expedition  to  Utah, 
brevetted  Brigadier-General;  department  of  the 
Pacific,  1861;  resigned  and  joined  the  Confederate 
army,  1861:  commanded  division  of  the  West,  and 
■was  slain  at  Shiloh,  Tenn. ,  in  1862. 

Johnston,  Joseph  E.~A  Major-General; 
born  in  Prince  Edward  county.  Va..  in  1807;  fields 
of  operation;  Graduated  at  West  Point  in  1829; 
garrison  duty;  Florida  war;  resigned,  1837;  be- 
came a  civil  engineer;  re-entered  the  army,  18.38, 
as  topographical  engineer;  survey  of  British 
boundaries,  in  1843;  coast  survey:  Mexican  war; 
in  charge  of  Western  1 1\  ii  umj'I  ovcments:  Utah 
expedition.  1858;  Quarl -i neral.  1860;  re- 
signed, and  joined  the  i  ixiiid.  i  Hev  in  1861;  first 
Bull  Run;  Yorktown;  l-".ui  o.»U>.  departments  of 
Tennessee  and  Mississippi;  Jackson,  Tenn.; 
Dalton,  Ga. ;  Resaca:  Allatoona  Pass;  Kenesaw 
Mountain;  Atlanta;  turned  over  his  command  to 
Hood;  eonr.  ntr.(t.  d  annies  a^;»in>t  Sherman,  to 
whoni  he  Mil  1'  iiil'i>il,  111  isii.".,  Suieeili..'  w.ir,  he 
has  been  -  nj-.i^'i  ■!  m  iHoniotin;,'  the  :i;^rieiiitural, 
comineicial  and  i.iiliuad  intt-rfsts  uf  the  bouth, 
residing  in  Georgia. 

I>ee,  Georgre  W.  C— Son  of  Robert  E.  Lee; 
a  General;  born  in  Virginia,  about  1833;  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  1854;  Lieutenant  of 
Engineers;  resigned,  1861,  and  joined  the  Confed- 
eracy; Aid-de-camp  to  Jefferson  Davis,  and 
General  of  infantry;  succeeded  his  father  as 
president  of  Washington  college,  at  Lexington, 
Virginia. 

l<ee,  FItzhugli— A  nephew  of  Robert  E.  Lee; 
a  General;  born  in  Virginia,  about  1835;  fields  ()f 
operation:  Graduated  at  West  Point  in  1850; 
Lieutenant  of  cavalry,  mainly  in  Texas;  resigned 
his  connnission  and  joined  tlie  Confederate  ai'my 
in  IStil,  and  became  a  General  of  cavalry. 

Lonffstreet,  tiames— A  Lieutenant-General; 
born  in  South  C;in)lina,  about  1SJH;  fields  of  oper- 
ation; Gr;i(iiiati(l  at  Wr>.t  Point  in  l.sij;  :Mexii'an 
war;  frontier  iluty  in  Texas;  re-i^'md  his  coin- 
mission  :uiil  joined  the  Confedrraey,  in  I.Sdl;  first 
Bull  Run.  Yorktown;  Williamsburg';  Seven  Pines; 
Cold  Harbor:  Frazier's  K;irm;  seemui  Bull  Run; 
South  Mountain;  Antietam:  Chickamauga;  near 
Knoxville;  battles  of  the  Wilderness;  on  the 
James  River;  Petei"sburg:  after  the  w-ar,  he 
engaged  in  civil  i)ur8uits  in  New  Orleans,  La. 

Mcrnlloch,   Benjamin— A  Major-General ; 

boi h'Mihriiord  county.  Tenn.,  in  1814;  parti- 

cip;iii  i]  in  ilie  l.,iitleof  Pea  Ridge,  Ark.,  where  ho 
w;l-.  killed.  MuM-h  7.  1S62. 

Magriuler,  «l«>lin  B.  —  A  Major-General; 
hm-n  in  Viivinia,  ahout  ISIO;  was  active  in  the 
war:  died  at  llonstcm.  Tex.,  in  1871. 

polk,  I-eonidaw— A  Major-Gcncral;  horn  at 
Rahijrh.  N.  C. ,  in  1806;  fields  of  operation:  Grad- 
uated at  West  Point;  was  Episcopal  bishop  of 
Louisiana;  joined  the  Confedeiati-  army  earlv  in 
the  Rebellion;  district  of  the  .Mi^-i— ippi ;  eon- 
structed  tortiM<'ations:  Shiloh,  I'liiwitle;  Mnr- 
freesboro;  Cliickamnuga;  deparlment  of  the 
Mississippi;  Atlanta  campainn;  never  resigned 
his  bishopric;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Pine 
Mountain,  near  Marietta,  Oa.,bvu  cannon-ball, 
in  1864. 

I*lilf»\v,  Oldeon  tl.  —  A  (iencral;  born  in 
Williani-nn  <-oun1v,  Tenn..  in  1806;  fields  of  oper- 
iilion       l'i;ie|(ei-.l    liiw;     Mevi.-iui    war;     tried     for 


:(> — 


Insubordination,  ftiuifti'fiuitted:  battle  of  Belmont, 
Mo..  IHOli  Fcn-t  Dont'ison,  1862,  In  the  Soutliwest, 
under  lit'iiui-effjiiii.  iiol  a  KTuduate  of  West  Point. 

I*i'ice,  Slei'Mim— -\  iMaJDr-fJenenil;  born  in 
riiMce  lidwaitl  L'ouiity.  Va.,  in  1«09.  participated 
in  opei'ulions  in  Missouri  and  Ai-kunsiis;  Wilson's 
Cri'(.'k:  LL'xington;  was  a  nieniber  of  Congress 
from  Missouri  and  Governor  of  that  State;  (lied 
afcSt.  Louis.  Mo.,  in  ISflT. 


Smith.  Kirby  E.— A  Major-Goneral;  born  at 
St.  Autfustine.  Khi. .  about  1825;  (Jeids  of  opera- 
tion, (iraduuted  at  West  Point  in  IHIfj;  Mexlean 
war;  instructor  at  West  Point;  appointed  Major 
of  cavalry:  j-eslK'ned.  and  joined  the  fonfedurata 
army,  was  at  llrst  Hull  Kiiri.  iiivad.d  Tennessee; 
sent  to  the  triins-.Mih>-i,sip|ii  rk-iijuliiiiiit:  Mann- 
Held.  Pleasant  Hill.  H,;l  itiv.r  i-p'i  ati.ms.  and 
Banks'  retrejit;  surrendered  to  Cantjy.  May,  1805. 


8tiiurC,  •James  E.  B.— A  Major-General; 
buin  in  Patrick  county.  Va. ,  In  1832;  was  In  th« 
battle  of  Spotlsylvanitt  Court  House.  Vu..  and 
was  slain  while  llKhtlnK  near  Kichinond,  Va. .  In 
18M. 


Van  I)orn,  Earl— A  Major-Ocncral 
Mississippi.  In  1821;  participated  in  the 
Hunt's  Cross  Koads  and  Franklin,  Tcnn. 
Spring  Hill,  Teun.,   in  1863. 


:  bom  In 
ttghlH  lU 
;  died  at 


^^  -  -»y  ,  -^ 


Definition  of  fMiilitary  Terms. 


_  B  A  T I  S  —  Large  branches 
of  trees,  having  one  end 
sharpened,  laid  in  rows  with 
the  pniiits  outward,  in  front  of 
a  liMtiii<aiiiiii.  to  prevent  the 
a]»|MM:irli  i.f  an  enemy.  The 
lart,'e  ends  ;ii-e  fastened  to  the 
ground. 

About  — To  change  front; 
infantry  turn  to  the  left;  so  ilo 
artillery,  but  cavalry  either 
right  or  left. 

Aecoutrementn  —The 
trappings  of  a  s<ildier  exclusive 
of  his  arms  and  dress. 
Action  —  Active  hostilities; 
an  "  afTair  "  Is  a  flght  of  less  importance. 

Ailjutant— A  staff  officer  in  a  regiment,  rank- 
ing as  First  Lieutenant,  appointed  by  the  Colonel 
lo  aid  him  in  performing  his  regimental  or 
garrison  duties.  The  Adjutant-tJenerai  of  a  State 
has  charge  of  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  militia 
of  that  State.  The  '-Adjutant-General"  of  the 
United  States  is  the  principal  stalf  officer  of  the 
army,  and  assists  the  General  of  the  Army. 

Advice-boat — A  vessel  employed  to  carry 
dispatches. 

Advance— That  part  of  an  army  in  front  of 
the  remainder. 

Aid.  or  Aid-de-camp — An  officer  chosen  by 
a  General  to  convey  orders  to  subordinates,  aid 
him  in  his  correspondence  and  assist  in  military 
movements. 

Aiuriiillette- A  braid  or  cord  on  a  military 
uniform,  extending  from  one  shoulder  across  the 
breast,  a  point  or  tag  at  the  end  of  a  fringe  or 
lace. 

Aim— Directing  any  weapon  toward  an  enemy, 
as  a  gun,  pistol,  or  sword. 

Aliti'm-griin- A  gun  tired  for  the  purpose  of 
creating  an  alarm,  or  rousing  soldiers  to  arms. 

Alarm-post— The  place  where  soldiers  gather 
when  an  alarm  is  made. 

AliKn— To  form  soldiers  or  cannon  in  line  for 
parade  or  battle. 

Allonge  —  A  thrust  with  a  sword,  made  by 
stepping  forward  and  extending  the  arm. 

Afnbiilance- .A.  vehicle  on  wheels  for  convey- 
inix  uininded  soldiers  from  the  battle-field  to  hos- 
pitals OT-  elsewhere. 

Ambu«h,  or  Ambiifteade  —  The  place  in 
which  troops  are  hidden  preparatory  to  making  a 
sudden  and  unexpected  attack  upon  an  enemy. 

Ammunition —Material  for  charging  tire- 
arms— halls,  powder,  bomb-shells,  etc. 

Appointment**  —  The  accoutrements  of  mili- 
tary olticers,  their  saShes.  belts,  plumes,  etc. 

Approaches  — Works  carried  on  toward 
besieged  works. 

Arm— To  provide  with  weapons:  arms- the 
weapons  employed  in  warfare,  small  arms- 
muskets,  rifles,  and  revolvers,  side-arms— swords 
and  bayonets,  a  stand  of  arms — a  complete  set  for 
each  soldier,  a  particular  branch  of  the  army. 

Armor— .\ny  clothing,  especiolly  of  metal, 
worn  in  warfare  to  protect  the  body. 

Arm<«tronK  KUn — A  breech  loading  cannon, 
having  a  riHe-bore.  and  made  of  wrouglit  iron, 
named  alter  its  inventor. 


Army  — An  organized  body  of  soldiers  com- 
manded by  a  General. 

Artiuebiise  — -An  old-fashioned  gun  like  a 
musket,  very  heavy,  and  fired  from  a  rest. 

Aritenal— A  place  of  deposit  for  arms. 

Artillery— Usually  applied  to  cannons, 
mortars  and  howitzei-s,  with  their  carriages  an«! 
eipiipments,  ammunition,  balls,  bomb-shells,  etc. 

Artillerist— A  soldier  attached  to  the  artillery 
branch  of  the  military  service. 

Avant-Kuard— The  advanced  portion  of  an 
army;  that  force  in  the  front. 

Articles  or  War— National  rules  governing 
the  army. 

Assault— A  furious  efTort  to  carry  any  fortified 
place. 

Assembly  —  The  signal  to  form  in  line  by 
companies. 

Attack— An  onset  on  the  enemy,  either  to 
seize  his  position  or  break  his  ranks. 

Ball  —  A  spherical  shot  for  use  in  cannon, 
muskets,  rifles  or  pistols;  applied  to  an  indefinite 
quantity  of  musket  balls. 

Band— The  musicians  of  an  army. 

Barbicjin- An  outer  fortification  defending 
the  entrance  to  a  city  or  castle. 

Barbette— .\  hill,  or  mound,  on  which  cannon 
are  arranged  so  as  to  shoot  over  the  wall  of  a  fort 
or  city,  instead  of  through  an  embrasvire.  or  open- 
ing; a  barbette  gun.  or  a  barbette  battery,  is  that 
thus  mounted. 

Barrack— .4  house  for  the  use  of  soldiers  in  a 
fort. 

Barricade — A  temporary  or  hasty  fortifica- 
tion, constructed  of  earth,  trees,  wagons  or  other 
material  that  will  serve  to  obstruct  the  advance  of 
an  army,  or  defend  those  inside  of  the  barricade. 

Barrier— .\  sort  of  fence  to  prevent  an  enemy 
using  a  certain  passage. 

Bar-shot  — Two  cannon  balls,  or  half-balls, 
united  by  a  strong  bar  between  them;  fired  from 
a  cannon  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  masts  and 
rigging  on  board  of  vessels. 

Bastard-sruii— .A.  cannon  of  unusual  make  or 
proportions,  whether  long  or  short. 

Bastion— That  pai-t  of  the  interior  of  a  fortifi- 
cation which  projects  toward  the  outside,  consist- 
ing of  the  ■'  faces"  and  the  ■*  fianks."  The  "cur- 
tain" IS  that  part  between  and  connecting  two 
bastions. 

Batardeau— A  wall  built  across  a  fortifica.- 
tion.  or  military  ditch,  arranged  with  a  gate  by 
which  the  amount  of  water  in  the  ditch  may  be 
regulated. 

Battalion— Battalia  — The  disposition  of 
troops  in  the  order  of  battle:  a  batt.Tlit.n  is  a  f.nce 
of  infantry,  formed  of  from  two  to  ten  coiiip.inies; 
in  Engand  it  means  about  800  men.  under  a  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel. 

Batterine-rnm  —  A  machine  used  to  beat 
down  the  walls  of  fortified  places. 

B:ittery— .\ny  place  where  cannon  or  mortars 
are  stationed  for  attacking  an  enemy  or  fortifica- 
tion, also  a  collection  of  cannon  at  one  point. 

Bsittery-waffon- A  wagon  used  for  trans- 
porting ihe   tools  and  equipments  of  a    battery 

imm  plaee  ti>  i^nce. 


Battle— An  organized  content  between  two 
opposing  armies;  called,  also,  a  combat,  fight  or 
engagement,  a  skirmish  is  a  conflict  of  arms  of  a 
briefer,  less  organized  character.  In  a  "drawn 
battle,"  neither  side  is  tlur  victor;  a  "pitched 
battle"  is  one  systematically  entered  into  when 
both  sides  are  well  prepared;  to  "give  battle"  is 
to  attack. 

Biittle-array— An  army  prepared  for  battle. 
Biittle-axe  —  Formerly   an    axe   used   a«   a 

weapon  of  attack. 

Battlement— That  part  of  a  castle  or  fortifi- 
cation on  which  soldiers  may  stand  and  shoot  at 
the  enemy  from  behind  defenses. 

Bayonet  —  A  short,  sharp  steel  weapon 
attar-lied  to  the  muzzle  of  a  musket;  used  for 
charging  upon  the  enemy. 

Besiege— See  Siege. 

Bivouac— A  camp  without  tents,  but  around 
fires. 

Block-house— A  house  made  of  strong  timber 
or  logs,  and  used  as  a  military  defense;  having  no 
windows;  but  only  small  apertures  through  which 
guns  may  be  tired  from  inside. 

Body  —  Any  number  of  men  under  one 
commander. 

Bomb— A  hollow  iron  ball,  or  "shell,"  filled 
with  powder  or  other  explosive  material,  with  a 
fuse  attached,  which  is  fired  from  a  mortar  or 
howitzer,  and  explodes  In  its  descent,  scattering 
death  and  destruction  all  around  it. 

Bombard— To  attack  with  bombs. 

Bombardment— The  act  of  attacking  a  ship, 
town,  or  fort,  with  bombs. 

Bomh-proor— Able  to  withstand  a  bombard- 
ment. 

Bonnet— Part  of  a  para|>et  in  a  fortification 
sufficiently  elevated  to  screen  its  other  part  during 
an  attack. 

Bore— The  hollow  part  or  cavity  of  a  gun. 

Breastwork— -A  temporary  defense,  as  high 
as  the  breast  of  a  man,  hastily  formed  of  earth 
or  other  material. 

Breach— .An  opening  in  the  walls  of  a  fortified 

place,  made  by  artillery. 

Breech— The  hinder  part  of  a  cannon  or  other 
gun. 

Breech-loader  —  A  gtm  that  receives  its 
charge  of  ammunition  at  the  breech  instead  of 
its  muzzle. 

Breech-pin.  or  Breech -screw- A  stout 
iron  plug  screwed  into  the  breech  of  a  pun. 

Brigade- Two  or  more  regiments  of  soldiers, 
either  infantry,  cavalry,  artillery,  or  mixed. 
commanded  by  a  Bi'igadier-General;  a  "division"* 
is  c()mpo.^ed  of  two  or  more  brigades,  and  is  com- 
manded by  a  Major-General;  and  an  "army 
Corps"  comprises  two  or  more  divisions,  and 
forms  the  largest  body  of  troops  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  army.  The  "Brigade-Inspector"  in- 
spects companies  of  soldiers  before  they  are 
mustered  into  the  sen-ice. 

Brisadier-general—An  army  officer  in  com- 
mand of  a  brigade,  whose  rank  is  lower  than  that 
of  a  Major-General.  but  above  that  of  a  Colonel. 
.A  "  BrigndeJIajor  "  is  an  officer  who  maybe  at- 
tached to  a  brigade  to  assist  the  General. 


Broad-sn-ord- 

and  sharp  edge. 


A  sword  with  a  broad  blad 


t 


74 


DICTIONARY  OF    MLITAKY   TERMS. 


Brush  —A  slight  encounter;  a  skirmish. 

Buckler -An  ancient  shield,  often  four  feet 
lont'.  u^cd  to  protect  the  whole  body. 

Bullet -A  »mall  ball  for  muskets,  rifles  or 
pistols,  usually  made  of  lead. 

Bullet-proof- Incapable  of  being  pierced 
with  bullets. 

Bulwark -A  mound  of  earth;  an  outwork. 
ca"bleof  resisting  cannon-balls,  and  resemblmB 
a  more  elaborate  fortification  in  its  tonuatvon. 

Busby -A  high  military  cap,  made  of  bear- 

^  tadct-A  young  man  in  the  Military  Academy 
at  West  Point,  or  in  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annap- 
olis; a  student  of  naval  or  military  science. 

Caiason-A  chest  containing  ammunitiori;  in 
arViulry  the  wagon  carn'ing  tl'%''"'"'™"°e 
,he~t  aiid  military  stores;  also  achest  of  explosive 
m.iterial  to  be  blown  up  under  some  of  the  enemy  s 

Calibre— The  diameter  of  the  bore  or  hollow 
of  any  (nin.  ,  ,.  . 

famo-The  ground  selected  for  the  erection  ot 
tents  an^  other  shelter  for  soldiers  or  laborei-s,  a 
collection  of  tents,  huts,  etc..  arranged  in  an 
iideilv  manner,  and  also  the  whole  bn'ly  ?£  P"; 
sons  Occupying  the  camp;  to  "encamp  is  to 
prepare  a  camp. 

Campalen  -A  period  occupied  by  a  body  of 
troops,  either  in  action,  marches  or  in  camp, 

Campaigner-.^n  old  soldier-a  veteran, 

Cauister-shot-Small  balls  put  into  a  canister 
and  rired  from  a  cannon. 

Caunon-Guns  of  heavy  calibre,  comprising 
sev^al  varieties  ot  form,  for  several  purposes, 
and  made  of  various  metals. 

Cannonadlne- Battering  forts,  towns  or 
ships  with  cannon-shot. 

Cannoneers— Soldiers  who  handle  and  u.se 

"capUulation-Surrender  of  an  enemy  upon 
stipulated  terms. 

Caotain— The  commander  of  a  military  corn- 
pan?  u^iallv  of  about  100  men.  A  ■■Captain- 
Oene  al  "  is  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  army, 
or  (like  the  Governor  of  a  State)  of  the  militi.a. 

Carbine— A  fire-arm  smaller  than  a  musket  or 
rifie.  and  larger  than  a  horse-pistol,  used  by 
mounted  troops. 

Carronade— A  short  cannon  used  to  throw  a 
heavy  shot  with  moderate  force,  in  order  to 
break,  rather  than  pierce,  any  obstruction  pre- 
sented, like  a  ship's  hull. 

Cartel— An  agreement  between  two  contending 
counti-ies  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners. 

Cartouch-A  roll  ot  paper  holding  a  charge  of 
powder  and  ball  for  a  Hre-arm;  resembling  tlie 
inodeni  cartridge;  a  •■  blank  cartridge  "  is  one  In 
winch  n.ilhlng  but  powder  is  used;  a  "  cartridgf- 
b.).\  ■'  Is  the  case  in  which  soldiers  carry  a  supply 
of  prepared  cartridges. 
Cartridge-See  Cartoucb. 
Caseniate-A  bomb-proof  chamber  in  a  tort, 
from  which  a  cannon  may  be  Bred  through  an 
aperture  in  the  side;  or  it  may  be  used  as  a 
powder  magazine,  or  soldiers'  quartei-s. 

Case-shot— Small  balls  encased  in  canisters  or 
iron  cases,  and  fired  from  cannon.    .See  Cakister. 
<:aBque-Defensive  armor  to  protect  the  head 
and  neck. 

Cavalry— That  portion  ot  an  army  which 
habitually'  fights  on  horseback;  not  to  be 
confounded  with  mounted  infantry. 

Chapeau  Bras— A  military  hat  that  can  be 
llattemd  iind  so  carried  under  the  arm. 

<"harire— 111  The  quantity  ot  powder  used  to 
load  a  musket,  etc.  m  The  advance  of  infantry 
upon  the  enemy  with  bayonets  fixed  ujion  the 
muzzles  ot  their  muskets;  or  a  rapid  attack  of 
cavalry. 

Cheval-de-rrl«e,  or  Chevnux-de-l'rise 
—A  piece  of  timber  traversed  with  wooden  spikes, 
pointed  with  iron,  five  or  six  feet  long,  used  to 
defend  a  passage,  stop  a  breach  or  make  a 
retrenchment  to  stop  an  enemy.     (Webster. ) 

Clreumvallatlon,  line  of-  An  earth-work, 
with  a  parapet  and  trench,  built  around  a  place 
which  it  Is  Intended  to  besiege. 

Colonel-The  chief  commander  ot  a  rcglinent 
of  soldiers;  the  next  in  rank  below  a  Brigadier- 
General. 

Colors  —  The  silken  flag  of  a  regiment,  or  any 
military  or  naval  ensign.  ••Camp-colors  are 
small  fiags  (Clghtt-en  Inches  square),  used  to  mark 
points  in  the  evolutions  of  troops,  the  color  line, 
Ctfl. ;  somotlines  called  •field-colors." 

Color-Kuard-A  detail  ot  eight  corporals,  to 
whom  Is  intnisU;!!  the  protection  of  tho  colols  ot  a 
rcgim.iK 


Combat— A  battle;  flght,  or  warlike  engage- 
ment between  opposing  tioops. 

Commissary-An  officer  appointed  to  provide 
food  for  the  army;  called,  also,  a  •■commissary 
of  subsistence." 

Commissariat- The  provision  department 
of  the  army,  at  the  head  of  which  is  a  Com- 
missary-General. 

Companv-A  division  of  troops,  comprising 
from  fifty  to  100  men,  commanded  by  a  Captain, 
Lieutenant,  Sergeant,  and  Corporal. 

Convoy— Any  number  ot  troops  appointed  to 
perform  guard  service  in  transferring  men, 
money,  ammunition,  provisions,  ete.,  from  place 
to  place  in  time  of  war. 

Corporal— A  non-commissioned  officer  of  the 
lowest  grade  in  a  company,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
place  and  relieve  sentinels,  etc. 

Corps,  army— The    largest    organization    of 
troops  in  the  L'nited  States  army,  consisting  of 
two  or  more  divisions,  under  the  command  of  a 
Maior-General.  (See  Division.)  Asimple  ••corps 
is  a  body  of  troops  under  one  commander. 

Countersisn-A  changeable  and  secret  mili- 
tary pass-word,  exchanged  between  guards  and 
entrusted  to  those  employed  on  duty  in  i^anip  or 
garrison,  in  order  to  distinguish  friends  from 
enemies. 

Court-martlal-A  tribunal  composed  of 
military  officers  for  the  trial  of  offenders  against 
military  laws,  orders,  etc. 

Cuirassiers-Soldiers,  usually  in  the  cavalry 
service,  who  wear  ••  cuirasses,"  or  breastplates 
of  metal,  for  protection. 

Cul-de-sac- A  position  where  a  body  ot  troops 
is  so  hedged  in  by  enemies  that  the  only  way  out 
is  by  an  acivanee  in  front. 

Cui'tain-That  part  of  a  fortification  where 
contiguous  basiions*^are  connected  with  ramparts 
and  parapets. 

Dead-line -A  line  in  a  camp  or  niilitaiy 
iiiisoij  beyond  » hich  no  prisoner  may  pa^s  without 
being  sho't  by  a  sentinel. 

n^fense- Any  sort  of   fortification  or  work 

lat  srtves  to  pr<;teet  troops  oi  places  against  the 


assaults  of  enemies,  or  ward  off  danger 


Deflle  — A  narrow;  passage  or 


ad  in  which 


tioops  can  marenonjy  a  .e..  ,.u.o..--  ■•■■x  ■"->-"• 
to  ■•defilade"  is  to  raise  the  outer  works  ot  a 
fortification  in  order  to  protect  «^e,>n'"■'';■,■J™"d 
the  assaults  of  enemies  occupying  an  elevated 
position  outside. 

Meolov-To  display  or  spread  a  body  of  troops 
inftn-ming  a  line  of  bkttle;  also,  the  act  of  taking 
interval.,  as  skirmishers.    (Webster. ) 

Depot-A  place  where  military  stores  or  pro- 
visions are  kept. 

Betail,  or  Detachment- A  body  ot  troijps 
detached  from  the  main  army  to  perform  specific 
duly. 

Discipllne-The  rules  and  regulations  in- 
structing and  governing  the  army. 

Dislodge- To  force  an  enemy  from  his 
defenses. 

Dismantle— To  demolish  the  outworks  ot  a 
town  or  fortification. 

Ditch— A  trench  dug  to  prevent  an  enemy  from 
approaching  a  town  or  fortress;  called,  also,  a 
•■moat"  or  "fosse."  and  It  maybe  filled  with 
water  or  not.  The  earth  taken  from  the  trench 
may  also  be  used  for  forming  a  parapet  or  defense 
on  its  inner  side. 

Dragoons-Soldiers  who  are  armed  and 
trained  to  fight  either  on  foot  or  on  horseback. 

Echelon-Military  tactics,  in  which  largi-r  or 
smaller  liodic. if  f..l>li.-i-^,  di  viM.ms  of  li,-.  t:ili..iis 
or  brigades.  f,,ll.,u  ,-.u-h  ..lli.r  ,.n  dillcnli  lines, 
presenting  the  l.niu  <d  steps,  and  thus  protect  tlie 
front  and  one  or  both  Hanks  of  the  army  at  once. 
Elevation- In  using  a  cannon,  it  means  the 
angle  included  bctw-eeii  the  plane  of  the  horizon 
and  the  line  ot  the  hollow  ot  a  gun. 

Embrasure— The  opening  in  the  wall  of  a 
fortilli'atiim  occupied  by  the  muzzle  ot  a  cannon 
pointing  mltwaiil. 

Enceinte— The  interior  wall  of  a  fortification 
that  surrounds  a  place. 

Encountei — A  combat,  fight,  engagement, 
hostile  collision,  or  skirmish. 

Enemy— An  opponent  In  war,  national,  sec- 
tional, of  personal. 

Enflladlng— Firing  shot  along  the  whole 
length  of  an  enemy's  line. 

Engineers  —  A  department  of  the  army 
engaged  In  devising  and  eonstruetlng  defensive 
and  offensive  works,  keeping  them  in  repair 
and  soinetlines  in  planning  attacks  upon,  and 
defenses  of,  fm-IIHcatlons. 
Eullst— To  Jidn  the  army  as  a  common  soldier. 


Epaulement— A  species  of   embankment  or 

breastwork,  made  of  wickerwork,  or  bags  filled 
with  earth,  bundles  of  sticks,  etc. .  or  earth 
heaped  up,  used  to  afford  a  cover  from  the  fire  of 
an  enemy  to  the  side  or  flank  of  an  army. 

Epaulette— An  ornamental  badge,  worn  on 
the  shoulder  by  officers  of  the  army  and  navy, 
having  peculiarities  of  form  or  size  to  indicate 
the  rank  of  the  wearer. 

Eprouvette— A  machine  tor  testing  the 
strength  of  gunpowder.  (Brande.)  A  small 
mortar. 

Equipage  —  Military  furniture,  comprising 
whatever  Is  necessai-y  for  efficient  service  by  any 
body  of  troops  or  a  single  soldier. 

Establishment -The  permanent  military 
force  of  a  nation;  implving  the  quota  of  officers 
and  men  in  an  army,  regiment,  troop  or 
company. 

Evolution— The  prescribed  or  uniform  move- 
ments made  by  a  body  of  troops  in  arranging  or 
rearranging  their  position  in  the  field. 

Exempts— Citizens  who  from  their  sex.  age. 
infirmities,  or  occupations,  are  not  liable  to  be 
called  upon  to  perform  military  duty. 

Expedition— An  armed  excursion  of  troops 
against  an  enemy,  or  in  an  enemy's  country  tor 
some  specific  and  valuable  military  purpose. 

Facing  —  Movements  of  soldiers  when  turning 
on  their  heels  to  the  right  or  left  in  their  places  in 
line. 

False  attack— A  movement  In  the  nature  ot 
an  advance  calculated  to  divert  the  attention  ot 
the  enemy  from  the  point  at  which  the  attack  is  to 
be  made. " 

Fascines— Twigs  of  trees  or  bushes  tied  up  in 
long,  round  bundles,  used  to  support  earth  in 
forming  embankments  or  parapets  in  held 
defenses,  filling  ditches,  etc. 

Feint— A  mock  attack  upon  any  troops  or  place 
designed  to  conceal  the  true  assault. 

Field— Any  open  space  of  ground  where  a  battle 

is  fought;  also  applied  to  the  action  of  the  army 

while  in  the  field. 

Field-colors— See  Colors. 

Field-day  —  A  day  set  apart  for  instructing 

troops  in  field  evolutions,  the  exercise  of  arms, 

Field-gun-Field-plece-A  small  cannon 
used  on  a  battle-field. 

Field-marshal -A  military  officer  of  high 
rank  in  Germany  and  France,  and  the  highest  in 
England,  except  the  Captain-Genei-al. 

Field -oflScers  — The  Colonel,  Lieutenants 
Colonijl  and  Major  ot  a  regiment. 

Field-work -A  temporary  earthwork  or 
oth,  1  iMiliiication  thrown  up  by  troops  in  the 
tidil  l..r  'Utfuse  when  besieging  a  fortress,  or 
wlou  (Ufeiuliug  a  besieged  point. 

Fight— See  Combat. 

Pile  — Soldiers  marching  in  line,  one  behind 
another  and  not  in  ranks. 

File-leader  — The  first  soldier  in  flle-mareh- 

Fire-arms- All  weapons  in  which  powder  and 
ball,  or  shot,  are  used. 

Flag— Colors,  ensign  or  banner,  having  forms 
and  hues  indicating  a  difference  of  iintlonnllty. 
party,  or  opinion;  the  standard  around  « liR-h 
Soldiers  rally  In  a  contest,  as  representing  lljelr 
cmintry.  A  yellow  ffag  designates  a  hospitil:  a 
red  Hal-  signifies  defi.in.-e;  a  white    Hag.  a   desire 

f,,,    ,„,,,cliil   c iiii,al..iii-;i    fi.ig  "I  tnu-e;    (i 

,A:ui  ll:.l.-,  IK.  <«,v,.  ;,  tl.,L-  h;.lf-i..asl .  a  sign  of 
lii.imrilOk-;  a  ting  "imig  si, I.-  up.  disliess;  a  fing 
h.iiiU-.l  down  in  a  fight,  surrender;  hauled  down  a 
few  feet  and  immediately  raised  again,  respect  for 
a  superior. 

Flank-Thcside  of  any  body  of  troops,  large 
or  small,  the  evnvin..  .i.M  "I  l.ft  .d  an  aiiny. 
Ina  foilili<;ith.ii.  llir  ll;ink  is.iiiypiirt.lt  a  work 
by  which  an.jlh.i  p.ii  t  is  .leleluled  by  firing  guns 
along  the  outside  of  a  parapet. 

Flanker— A  military  force  sent  out  to  guard 
the  Hank  of  an  army  along  Its  line  of  march.    To 

ifiank"  is  to  get  the  better  ot  an  army  or 

b.i.lv  ot  troops  by  extending  lines  of  soldiers 
beyond  or  around  it. 

Flush— The  sudden  burst  ot  flame  and  light 
that  jii-comiiaules  the  discharge  of  fire-arms. 

Flugolman— A  teacher  ot  manual  exorcises, 
wh.)  slainls  before  soldiers,  and  whose  motions 
they  imitate  simultaneously;  a  fugleman. 

Flvlng-artlllcry-Artlllery.men  tralneil  to 
perform  their  evolutions  with  great  rapidity, 
leaping  on  moving  horses  or  ammunition  car- 
riages with  agility. 

Flvlng-camp— A  body  of  troops  ti-ained  to 
eliiiiige  tlieir  position  from  place  to  place  with 
alacrity. 


IS^' 


k 


■f 


■t>l 


■^ 


DICTlONAliY    OF    MILITAKY    TEKMS. 


75 


Pr 


Foil  -A  bliint  sword,  used  in  fencing,  having  a 
inetui  Ixittun  un  its  puint. 

Foot-Holdler— See  Inkantky. 

Fomice  —  I 'rdlnnry  food  for  horses;  to  forage 
Is  to  send  out  a  party  of  soldiers  to  gather  feed  for 
horses,  called  a  "  foraging  party."  a  "  foraging- 
cap  "  i«  a  military  undress-cap  for  the  head. 

Force— Any  body  of  troops  assenililed  for  mili- 
tary iMUpnscs. 

Foi'lorn-hope— A  desperate  enterprise;  to 
carry  a  town  or  lortiUcation  by  storming  its  walls; 
a  duty  involving  great  peril. 

Port,  FortrcMii,  Forllfleiitlon— A  large  or 

small  space,  surrounded  by  high  embankments, 
or  stone  or  wooden  walls,  of  great  thiekness,  and 
strongly  prepared  for  olTensive  or  defensive  war- 
fare, usually  so  built  as  to  command  some 
important  approach  to  n  city,  town  or  inland 
stream,  and  of  sueh  form  as  to  repel  invaiiers  at 
all  points  of  its  sti-ucture.  From  the  walls  pro- 
trude, at  iiili-rv.TJs,  the  muzzles  of  ponderous 
cannon,  whilL-  insidf  a  IhmIv  uf  troops,  witli  stores 
of  provisions  and  animunitiuii,  are  expected  to 
hold  the  fort  against  the  assaults  of  their  ene- 
mies, Outside  of  a  fort  is  usually  found  a  dit-ch, 
rampart  and  parapet,  or  else  palisades,  stockades, 
and  other  means  of  defense.  A  "  fortalice  "  is  a 
small  outwork ofa  fortitleation.  '"  F'lrtiiicjition  " 
Is  the  art  or  science  of  strengtlnMiint,'  an  fortify- 
ing) places  for  defense.  "  Fitld-lurtilieulinn"  is 
the  art  of  constructing  all  kinds  uf  temporary 
works  in  the  field.  A  "fortress"  is  a  more  per- 
manent and  larger  structure  than  a  fortification. 

Front-race— An  order  requiring  soldiers  to 
turn  their  faces  to  the  proper  front  of  the  force 
which  they  compose. 

Front  of  Operations— The  front  formed  by 
an  army  as  it  moves  on  its  line  of  operation. 
(Halleck.) 

Fiirlougfli— Leave  granted  to  a  soldier  to  be 
absent  from  the  army  for  a  longer  or  shorter 
period. 

Fuse— A  tube  fixed  in  a  bomb-shell  or  hand- 
grenade,  tilled  with  combustible  materials,  which 
burn  and  explode  the  shell  at  the  proper  time. 

Gabion— A  cylinder  made  of  wicker-work, 
resembling  a  tall  basket  uithinit  a  bottotn,  filled 
with  earth,  and  us-d  in  <<.nTU'ction  with  others 
like  it  for  sheltering  ^oidur^  in  the  field  from  the 
enemy's  fire;  also  used  in  tlirowing  up  an  intrench- 
nient  called  a  ' '  gabionnade. " 

Gallery — .'Vny  passage  in  a  fortification  that  is 
covered  overhead  as  well  as  having  sides. 

Garrison— A  body  of  troops  quartered  in  a 
fort  or  fortified  town,  to  defend  it,  or  to  keep  citi- 
zens in  subjection  to  the  laws;  also  the  place 
where  they  are  quartered. 

General  of  the  Army— An  officer  of  the 
highest  rank,  commanding  all  the  armies  of  the 
United  States. 

Geiierallsfitlnio— The  chief  commander  of  an 
army  or  other  military  force,  especially  where 
the  army  is  in  two  divisions  under  separate  com- 
manders. 

General  Officers— All  officers  above  the  rank 
of  Colonel.     (See  General  of  the  Army,   Lieu- 

TEN.^ NT-GENERAL,    ADJUTANT-GENERAL,    MaJOR-GEN- 

ERAL,  and  Brigadier-general.) 

Glacis— That  sloping  embankment  in  a  fortress 
which  serves  as  a  parapet  to  the  covered  way. 

Grape-shot — See  Canister  and  Case-shot. 

Grenade*  or  Hand-tcrenade  —  A  small, 
explosive  iron  bomb-shell,  thrown  from  the  hand 
upon  the  enemy-,  used  in  defending  a  fortification. 
"Rampart  Grenades"  are  of  various  sizes,  and 
are  rolled  over  the  parapet  upon  the  attacking 
force  out  of  a  trough. 

Guard— .\  detachment  of  soldiers  stationed  to 
protect  a  position  or  a  body  of  other  troops 
against  a  surprise  from  the  enemy;  also  to  guard 
Generals,  prisoners  of  war.  public  propertv,  etc. 
'■On  Guard,"  serving  as  a  guard.  "  Running  the 
Guard,"  passing  the  guard  or  sentinel  without 
leave.  "Advance-guard,"  a  military  force  of 
infantry  or  cavalry  marching  before"  a  moving 
army  or  division,  to  prevent  surprise,  or  to  give 
notice  of  danger.  "Rear-guard,"  a  similar 
guard,  to  follow  a  moving  army  for  the  same 
purpose.  "Guard-mounting,"  the  ceremony  of 
placing  on  guard.  "  Grand-guard,"  one  of  the 
posts  of  the  second  line  belonging  to  a  system  of 
advance-posts  of  an  army.  ( Mahan. )  • '  Life- 
guard," soldiers  selected  to  guard  the  persons  of 
kings,  queens,  princes,  etc.  "  Off  the  Guard,"  in 
a  careless  condition.  "Van-guard,"  same  as 
advance-guard. 

Guidons— Small  silk  standards  forcavali-y.  or 
to  direct  the  movements  of  infantry.    See  Colors. 

Gunpowder  — A  mixture  of  sulphur,  salt- 
petre and  charcoal— an  important  ' '  sinew  of 
war. " 


Harass— To  perplex  and  hinder  military  move- 
niirnts.  sieges,  etc.,  by  frequent  attacks. 

Haversaek— The  bag  in  which  a  soldier  car- 
ries his  provisions  when  marching. 

lfead<|uarters— The  place  occurded  by  the 
commanding-omcer  and  his  staff  oa  a  residence. 

Hllt-The  handle  of  a  sword. 

IloUtcrs— Leather  cases  for  pistols,  attached 
to  n  horst-man's  saddle. 

HoNpital  —  Any  place  where  the  sick  and 
wounilfd  are  attended  to. 

Hostilities —  The  ctmdition  of  war  between 
two  nations. 

Howitzer— A  short,  light  cannon,  for  firing 
hollow-shot,  canister-shot,  etc. 

Iiitantry— Soldiers  who  march  on  foot,  carry- 
ing muskets  or  rifies,  with  bayonets. 

Inroad— An  irregular  and  sudden  invasion. 

In»tpt'c(or-i£en(*fal  —  A  staff  ufficer,  whose 
duty  u  I-.  \<.  iji-pi  ri  I  III'  tn,n|.s  at,  stated  times, 
uiuiiV|iMrl  ;i^lMtliriv.|i-..iidin.-.  rfHrii-ncy,  instruc- 
tinn.;unl  uliahvLT  <j1--l'  pertains  to  the  army  organ- 
ization. 

Intrenchment  — See  Ditch.  It  also  means 
any  sort  of  work  intended  to  fortify  a  post  against 
attack. 

Invasion—The  entrance  of  troops  into  a  hos- 
tile Country,  for  conquest  or  plunder. 

Invest- To  inclose,  by  seizing  all  avenues  of 
approach  to  a  town,  so  a-s  to  intercept  aid  or 
assistance  from  without,  and  i)revent  the  escape 
of  those  within. 

Knapsack— The  leather  or  canvas  bag  carried 
by  an  infantry  soldier  on  his  back  containing  his 
clothing  and  other  necessaries. 

I^leutenant-colonel— The  second  officer  in 
command  of  a  regiment. 

Xiieutenant- The  second  ofHcer  in  command 
of  a  company ;  he  is  the  lowest  officer  who  receives 
a  commission. 

Line  of  Battle— Troops  arrayed  in  readiness 
for  active  combat. 

Litter— A  sort  of  bed  in  which  wounded  officers 
and  njen  are  carried  off  the  battle-field. 

LodKment— Gaining  possession  of  an  enemy's 
position  and  holding  it. 

Lunette— A  small  field-work,  resembling  the 
bastion  of  a  fortification. 

Magrazlne— That  part  of  a  fortification  where 
powder  is  stored;  a  storehouse  for  army  pro- 
visions, arms,  etc. 

Major— The  third  officer  in  command  of  a 
regiment,  next  in  rank  above  a  Captain,  next 
below  a  Lieutenant-Colonel,  and  the  lowest  grade 
of  field-officer. 

M; a  jor-g:eneral  —An  officer  who  commands  a 
division  of  the  army. 

Martial  Law— .\n  arbitrary  law  emanating 
from  the  primiiial  militai  v  anilutiities,  without 
reference  to  nuy  imnitiliat<-  Ii';ri-laii\  l-  or  consti- 
tutional sancticin.  It  i>  l(iuiiii..'ii  ..m  jjaramount 
necessity,  in  times  of  rebellion,  war.  insurrection, 
etc.,  and,  when  instituted,  extends  to  all  the 
inhabitants  of  the  prescribed  district  and  all  their 
actions. 

Match— A  substance  used  in  war  to  convey  fire 
to  explosive  or  combustible  material  for  the  pur- 
pose of  destroying  it.  exploding  magazines, 
mines,  etc.  Two  kinds  are  used  — the  "slow- 
match  "  and  the  ' '  quick-match  "-^so  called  on 
account  of  their  difTorent  peculiarities  in  point  of 
time  forefTecting  the  desired  object. 

Mine— An  excavation  made  under  an  enemy's 
fortification,  in  which  powder  is  placed  for  the 
purpose  of  blowing  up  the  works  and  their  occu- 
pants; resorted  to  in  sieges.  A  "counter-mine" 
is  one  made  by  the  besieged  under  the  fortification 
of  the  besieging  party. 

Mortar— .\  very  short  cannon,  of  large  bore, 
and  having  a  chamber;  used  for  throwing  bombs, 
stones,  etc.,  into  an  enemy's  camp. 

Muster— A  gathering  of  troops  for  parade, 
exercise,  inspection,  roll-call,  etc.  To  "muster 
into  service  "  is  to  inspect  soldiers  and  place  their 
names  on  the  army  jiay  roll;  to  "muster  out"  is 
to  formally  <lisniiss  sniiliers  from  the  service  and 
strike  their  nani,-s  fri>m  the  army  lists.  To  "  pass 
muster"  is  to  pa:^s  a  proper  examination  without 
censure.  A  "muster-book"  is  the  record  of 
several  military  forces;  a  "muster-roll"  is  a 
similar  record  of  separate  companies,  troops  or 
regiments. 

Mutiny — Open  and  violent  opposition  to  lawful 
authority,  or  any  refractory  conduct  among 
soldiers. 

Xeedle-Kun  —A  breech-loading  fire-arm,  the 
detonating  powder  in  which  is  exploded  by  a 
slender  pin  or  needle  that  passes  in  at  the  breech. 


Xon-commlMHioned    Offlcers  — All    offlcer« 

below  tlie  grade  of  a  company  Lieutenant. 
Neutral- A  person  or   nation  that    takeii    no 

part  In  the  conttsts  of  others. 

Orders— The  lawful  conimands  of  an  officer  to 
his  "Ubordinatc*  officers  or  men. 

Ordnance— A  tc-rm  applied  generally  to  all 
artillery,     Including     t  ,nnon,      howltzerB     and 

mortars. 

Outposts— Troops  stationed  at  polntii  outside 
of  a  camp,  to  prevent  surprises  by  an  enemy; 
also  the  places  where  they  are  stationed. 

Outrank  —  Having  a  higher  degree  of  au- 
thority than  another. 

Outwork— An  Intrenchment  or  other  defense 
beyond  or  outside  of  a  fortification. 

Palisades  —  Sharp  pointed,  strong  wooden 
stakes,  set  in  the  ground  close  togetner  like  a 
fence,  around  a  fortification. 

Parallels— Wide  and  ctivered  trenches  made 

by  besieging  trocttm  between  their  various  bat- 
teries and  aiiproaclies,  affording  safe  communica- 
tion and  passage  frr»m  one  to  another. 

Parapet— An  elevation  of  earth,  a  wall,  or 
rampart.  In  a  furtllleation  for  the  proU-elion  of 
soldiei-s  from  the  enemy's  fire;  breas^hlgh;  hence 
a  breastwork. 

Park— A  space  of  ground  set  apart  In  an 
encampment  for  the  accumulation  of  animals, 
wagons,  pontoons  and  other  war  material.  Thus 
there  is  a  "  i)ark  of  artillery,"  the  space  occupied 
by  caimon;  a  "park  of  wagons,"  etc. 

Parley— A  conference  with  the  enemy,  usually 
conducte<l  under  a  fiag  of  truce. 

Parole— The  word  of  honorglven  by  a  prisoner 
of  war  that,  if  set  ut  liberty,  he  will  not  take  up 
arms  again  until  exchanged,  or  that  he  will  return 
to  his  captors  at  a  certain  time;  a  "  parole"  is 
also  a  word,  like  a  (-ountersjgn  (which  see),  given 
out  in  orders  for  the  purpose  of  distinguishing 
friends  from  foes  in  the  dark. 

Party—  A  small  detachment  of  soldiers 
engaged  in  any  duty;  a  "fatigue-party"  is  one 
employed  in  manual  labor  about  the  camp. 

Patrol— A  vigilance  party,  consisting  of  a  few- 
soldiers  under  control  of  a  ncm-commissioned 
officer,  moving  from  po.^t  to  post,  along  roads  or 
through  streets,  to  maintain  safety,  order,  atten- 
tion to  duty,  etc. 

Pay-master— An  officer  whose  business  it  is 

to  pay  the  soldiers  and  camp  men  their  wages;  the 
"  pay-roll  "  is  the  list  of  men  and  the  wages  due 
to  each. 

Pickets  —  Guards  stationed  in  front  of  an 
army,  and  between  it  and  the  outposts;  when 
attacked,  the  outposts  fall  back  on  the  pickets  for 
support. 

Plllaere  —  Booty  captured  from  an  enemj-'s 
camp,  town  or  country. 

Pioneers  — .A.  party  of  soldiers  armed  with 
axes,  saws  and  other  tools,  who  go  before  an 
advancing  army  to  clear  the  way,  repair  roads  or 
bridges,  and  work  on  intrenchments. 

Platoon— Half  of  a  company  of  soldiers. 

Pontoons— Light  frames  or  boats,  of  wood  or 
other  material,  placed  in  streams  for  supporting 
temporary  bridges  during  the  march  of  an  army. 

Port-Are  —  A  mixture  of  combustible  and 
explosive  materials  encased  in  cloth  or  paper; 
formerly  used  as  a  match  for  firing  cannons,  but 
now  superseded  by  a  patent  primer. 

Position  —  Ground    occupied    by 
encamped  or  in  battle. 


army 


Prlmlnff— Powder  or  other  combustible  used 
to  convey  fire  to  the  charge  in  a  gun. 

Private — A  common  soldier. 

Projectile  —  A  cannon-ball.  bomt)-sheIl,  or 
other  substance,  projected  by  the  force  of  powder 
or  other  explosive. 

Provost-marshal— A  military  police  officer, 
whose  duty  it  is  to  arrest  and  retain  deserters, 
prevent  soldiers  from  pillaging,  to  indict  crimi- 
nals, and  to  see  that  sentences  are  executed  upon 
offenders. 

Put  to  the  Sword— Slain  with  swords,  as  in 

ancient  warfare. 

Pyrotechny— The  art  of   making  flre-works 

for  military  signals  or  popular  amusement. 


Quadrangle - 

four  ci'i-ners. 


-A  fort  having  four  sides  and 


Quadrant — An  instrument  used  by  gunners 
for  regulating  the  elevation  and  pointing  of 
cannon,  mortars,  etc. 

Quarters— The  station  or  encampment  occu- 
pied by  troops;  place  of  lodging  for  officers  or 
men.  '  ■  Quarter,"  the  encampment  on  one  of  the 
principal  passages  round  a  place  besieged,  to  pre- 
vent relief  and  intercept  convoys.    (Webster. )     To 


^<5y 


k 


76 


DICTIONARY    OF   MILITARY    TERMS. 


"  pive  quarter"  is  to  show  mercy  to  a  vanquished 
foe.  To  ' '  beat  to  quarters  "  is  a  signal  for  prompt 
readiness  for  duty. 

Quartermaster— The  officer  whose  business 
it  is  to  provide  quarters,  provisions,  clothing, 
fuel,  storage,  stationery,  and  transportation  for 
the  anny,  superintending  all  supplies.  The  chief 
officer  in  this  department  of  the  service  is  the 
"Quartermaster-General,"  assisted  by  a  "Quar- 
termaster-Sergeant. " 

Rally— To  renew  order  and  discipline  among 
disordered  or  scattered  soldiers. 

Kampart— An  earth  embankment,  or  wall, 
surrounding  a  fortified  place,  to  resist  the  enemy's 
shot,  protect  the  barracks,  etc.  The  strong  works 
projecting  outside  the  rampart  or  main  wall  are 
called  bulwarks. 

Range— Properly,  the  horizontal  distance  to 
which  a  projectile  can  be  carried  liy  the  force  of 
a  gun:  sometimes  from  the  mouth  of  the  gun 
to  where  the  shot  lodges,  as  at  "  short  range"  or 
"  long  range." 

Ranfc— A  line  of  soldiers  standing  or  marching 
side  by  side;  also  the  grade  of  an  officer  in 
authority. 

Rank  and  File— That  part  of  an  army  com- 
posed of  non-commissioned  officers  and  common 
soldiers. 

Ration— The  daily  fixed  allowance  of  food, 
drink  and  forage  for  each  soldier. 

Rear— The  hindmost  part  of  an  army. 

Rear-gnard  —  A  detachment  of  troops  as- 
siirneii  to  the  rear  of  an  army  to  protect  it, 
prevent  straggling,  etc. 

Reconnaissance*  Reconnoitre  —  A  pre- 
liminary survey  of  an  enemy's  country,  the 
character  of  his  operations,  the  approaches  to  his 
works,  etc.,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  his 
position  and  strength.  A  "reconnaissance  in 
force  "  is  a  demonstration  of  attack  for  the  same 
purpose. 

Recruit — A  new  and  undisciplined  soldier;  one 
recently  enlisted. 

Redonbt— A  small  polygonal  work  in  a  fortifi- 
cation; an  outwork  within  another  outwork. 

Regiment— A  body  of  troops  comjirising  ten 
or  twelve  companies,  under  the  command  of  a 
Colonel. 

Reserve— Troops  not  brought  into  action  in  a 
battle  until  towards  its  close  or  until  actual 
necessity  requires  their  presence  on  the  field. 

Retreat— The  movement  of  retiring  before 
an  enemy,  or  of  going  back  to  a  place  recently 
occupied- 

Retrenchment— .\n  intrenchment  thrown  up 
to  prolong  the  defense  of  another  outside  of  it, 
when  the  latter  is  likely  to  be  carried  by  the 
enemy. 


Reveille— The  morning  beat  of  the  drum  to 
awaken  soldiers  in  camp. 

Ricochet— The  skipping  or  rebounding  of  shot 
and  shells  after  striking  the  ground,  when  fired 
from  a  gun. 

Roster— The  list  of  officers  in  any  one  army 
organization,  containing theirnames,  rank, corps, 
date  of  commission  and  other  details,  as  the 
roster  of  a  regiment. 

Round— A  general  discharge  of  fire-arms  or 
cannon,  each  piece  being  fired  only  once.  Also, 
the  walk  of  a  guard  or  officer  around  the  ramparts 
of  a  fort,  to  see  if  the  sentinels  are  vigilant,  or  if 
all  is  safe.  A  "round  of  cartridge"  is  one 
cartridge  to  each  soldier. 

Roundel— A  bastion  of  a  circular  form. 

Rout- The  confusion  and  dispersion  of  an 
enemy  when  badly  defeated  or  panic-stricken. 

Saber— A  sword  with  a  broad  and  heavy  blade, 
having  a  curve  toward  its  point;  a  weapon  used 
by  cavalry. 

Saber-tasche  —  A  small  pendant  pocket  at- 
tached to  the  sword-belt  of  a  cavalry  officer. 

Sack.— To  plunder  or  pillage  a  town  or  city. 

Safe-conduct- A  convoy  or  guard  to  protect 
a  person  in  an  enemy's  country,  while  going  from 
place  to  place. 

*Safe-guar€l— A  protection  given  by  the  General 
of  an  army  to  exempt  an  enemy's  person  or 
property  from  molestation  or  plunder. 

Sally,  or  Sortie— The  sudden  issuing  forth  of 
a  strong  body  of  besieged  troops  upon  the  works 
of  the  besiegers,  in  order  to  destroy  them. 

Salute— To  honor  any  day.  person  or  nation  by 
a  discharge  of  fire-arms;  also,  the  ceremony  of 
presenting  arms  by  a  soldier  on  the  approach  of 
an  officer;  also,  touching  or  lifting  the  cap  by  a 
subordinate  officer  on  meeting  his  superior  in 
rank.  A  "salvo"  is  a  volley  of  fire-arms  not 
intended  as  a  salute. 

Sand-bags- Sacks  filled  mth  earth,  used  to 
stop  breaches  in  an  intrenchment  made  by  cannon- 
balls,  shells,  etc. 

Scaling— Climbing  walls  for  hostile  purposes 
by  means  of  ladders,  etc. 

Scouts— Persons  employed  in  gaining  informa- 
tiim  as  to  the  movements  and  condition  of  an 
enemy;  also,  hoi-semen  sent  in  advance,  or  on  the 
rightor  left  of  an  army,  to  discover  the  wherea- 
bouts of  an  enemy. 

Sentry,  or  Sentinel— A  private  soldier  placed 
on  guard,  to  watch  the  enemy,  prevent  a  suiprise. 
and  perform  any  special  duty  connected  with  his 
post. 

Sergeant  — -A  non-commissioned  officer  in  a 
reginu-nt.  ranking  just  boluw  a  Lit-utfiiant  and 
next  above  a  CorpMrjil,  whi'-,f  dut.\- i>  tn  instruct 
recruits  in  discipline,  to  form  soldiers  into  ranks 
etc. 


Sergeant-Ma.|or  — A  non-commissioned  offi- 
cer in  a  regiment,  whose  business  it  is  to  assist  the 
Adjutant  in  his  duties.     (See  Adjutant.  ) 

Service— A  general  term  for  the  army  and  its 
prescribed  duties  as  a  branch  of  the  national 
defense:  also  the  professional  duty  of  any  officer 
or  soldier. 

Shells— See  Bomb  and  Grenade. 

Siege— Surrounding  or  investing  any  fortified 
town  or  fortress  with  an  army  and  attacking  it 
with  batteries,  mines  and  assaults  until  it  capitu- 
lates or  the  besiegers  are  driven  off. 

Skirmish- An  unorganized  combat  between 
detachments  in  the  neighborhood  of  two  contend- 
ing armies. 

Spherical-cone  Shot  —  Thin  shells  filled 
with  musket-balls  and  fired  from  a  howitzer. 

Storm— A  violent  assault  of  besiegers  upon  a 
fortified  place  by  climbing  its  walls,  breaking 
down  its  gates,  etc. 

Stratagem — A  General's  device  to  cover  his 
designs  during  a  campaign  and  to  deceive  the 
enemy. 

Strategy  —  The  science  of  conducting  great 
military  movements;  also,  the  hostile  movements 
of  armies  when  beyond  the  reach  of  each  other's 
cannon. 

Stretcher  —  A  litter,  or  frame,  on  which 
sick  or  wounded  men  are  carried. 

Surprise  —  .4n  unexpected  attack  from  an 
enemy. 

Xamp  —  To  pack  earth  or  other  materials 
around  a  mine  so  as  to  prevent  an  explosion  in  a 
wrong  direction. 

Tattoo  —  A  drum-beat  at  night,  warning 
soldiei-s  to  retire  to  rest,  if  in  camp,  or  to  retreat 
if  on  the  battle-field. 

Traverse  —  Parapets  of  earth  raised  to  cover 
troops  from  the  enfilading  fire  of  an  enemy. 

Trench— See  Ditch. 

Troop— A  company  of  cavalry. 

Troops— A  general  term  for  a  collection  of 
soldiers. 

Trophy- Anything  captured  from  an  enemy. 

Tumbril— A  two-wheeled  vehicle  accompany- 
in  c  troops  or  artillery,  for  conveying  tools, 
cartridges,  etc. 

"Vedettes — Mounted  sentries  at  outposts. 

Vent— The  opening  in  fire-arms  where  fire  is 
communicated  to  the  charge. 

Volley— .\  simultaneous  discharge  of  numerous 
fire-arms  at  the  funeral  of  a  soldier  or  in  a 
combat. 

Wings— The  rightor  left  division  of  an  army 
or  battalion. 

Works— Any  of  the  military  fortifications  or 
intrenchments  described  in  this  lexicon. 


DISTINGUISHED    UlbCOVIiKKKS. 


it 


•*• 


.^. 


•*• 


*^  Explorers  and  ITavigators. 


"(Si^r- 


%^^ 


■-HtK 


HENRY    M.    STANLEY, 

AFUK'AN    KXIM.OUKH. 


'''d'f  ENRY  M.  STANLEY  came  into  notoriety  in  consequence  of 


j.Lj~i   when   found,  had  been  unlieard  from  over  two  years. 

Born  near  Denbigh,  in  Wales,  in  1840,  he  was  sent  to  an  orphan 
asylum  at  Asaph,  his  name  being  John  Rowlands.  He  remained  at 
the  asylum  until  he  was  thirteen  years  of  age.  Afterwards,  as  a 
cabin-boy,  he  shipped  at  Liverpool  for  New  Orleans,  where,  with  a 
merchant  named  Stanley,  he  got  bis  present  name.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Americam  rebellion,  he  went  into  the  Confederate  army, 
and  afterwards,  having  been  taken  prisoner,  he  volunteered  in  the 
Union  naval  service,  and  became  an  acting  ensign  in  the  iron-clad 
Ticonderoga. 

Succeeding  the  war,  he  traveled  in  Turkey,  Asia  Minor,  and 
various  parts  of  Euroi>e.  Taking  the  position  of  correspoudent  of 
the  New  York  Herald,  he  accompanied  the  Britibh  expedition  to 
Abyssinia,  and  afterwards  went  to  Spain. 

Commissioned  by  the  proprietors  of  the  New  York  Herald  to  find 
Livingstone,  he  spent  some  months  in  visiting  Constantinople, 
Palestine,  the  Crimea,  Persia,  and  India,  when  he  sailed  from 
Bombay,  in  the  fall  of  1870,  and  reached  Zanzibar  in  January,  1871. 
With  193  men  he  went  across  the  country  in  Africa,  and  succeeded  in 
finding  Livingstone  at  I-jiji,  his  journey  to  reach  the  object  of  his 
search  having  occupied  eight  months. 

Remaining  with  Livingstone  about  half  a  year,  during  which  time 
they  made  various  explorations  together,  Stanley  left  for  England  in 
the  middle  of  March,  and  reached  his  destination  the  last  of  July. 
At  Brighton,  England,  he  gave  an  account  of  his  expedition  before 
the  British  Association.  A  gold  snuff-box,  presented  to  him  by  the 
Queen,  and  a  banquet  given  to  him  by  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  were  among  the  incidents  of  his  visit. 

The  record  of  his  journey  appeared  under  the  title,  "How  I  found 
Livingstone,"  and  was  published  in  London  and  New  York. 

Upon  the  death  of  Livingstone,  he  was  employed  by  the  New  York 
Herald  and  the  London  Telegraph  to  continue  the  exploration  of 
Africa,  in  the  lake  regions  on  the  equator.  With  a  company  of  300 
men  he  went  from  the  coast  into  the  Urimi  country,  in  the  latitude 
of  Ujiji,  where  he  found  the  waters  flowing  northward.  One  of  the 
rivers,  the  Shemeeyu,  he  followed  350  miles  to  its  mouth,  on  the 
Victoria  N'yanza,  losing  on  the  journey  104  men  by  death  and  deser- 
tion. With  a  boat  that  had  been  transported  in  pieces,  accompanied  by 
twenty  canoes  lent  to  him  by  Mtesa,  King  of  Uganda,  he  navigated 
this  body  of  water  and  found  it  to  be  a  great  lake,  with  many  islands, 
it  being,  with  the  lake  Albert  N'yanza,  the  headwaters  of  the  Nile. 


VITUS   BEHRING, 


'vAc  I^USSIAN  navigator,  who  was  born  at  Horsens,  Denmark,  in 
ff\  1680.  He  joined  tbe  naval  service  of  Russia  in  1704,  and  was 
V^_^^/*)  made  a  captain  by  Peter  the  Great.  After  serving  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  war  between  Russia  and  Sweden,  be  was,  in  1725,  put  in 
command  of  an  expedition  of  discovery  in  the  Arctic  regions.  This 
having  been  safely  accomplished,  he  was  again  sent,  in  1728,  with 
another  exploring  expedition  to  the  seas  bordering  on  the  northwestern 
coast  of  Siberia.  His  explorations  continued  for  several  years.  A 
third  expedition  was  made,  with  two  vessels,  1741,  which  resulted  in 
disaster  and  death;  and  stormy  weather,  dissatisfaction  and  sickness 


^^' 


'/^.^ 


among  his  crews  compelled  him  to  return.  On  the  voyage  home  his 
vessel  was  wrecked  on  a  desolate  island,  where  he  died  in  1741.  Dur- 
ing these  several  voyages  Behring  discovered  the  strait  tliat  bears  bis 
name,  between  the  continents  of  Asia  and  America;  the  Behring  sea, 
that  part  of  the  Pacific  ocean  that  lies  immediately  south  of  Behring 
strait,  and  between  the  two  continents  which  are  separated  by  that 
strait.  The  soutliern  limit  of  Ihc  sea  is  the  circular  line  or  range  of 
the  Aleutian  island,  also  discovered  by  Behring.  which,  with  Behring 
island,  where  he  died,  stretch  across  the  Pacific  from  Alaska  to 
Kamtchatka.  Behring  island  is  off  the  cast  coast  of  the  peninsula  of 
Kamtchatka,  in  latitude  fifty-five  degrees  and  twenty-two  minutes 
north,  and  in  longitude  lOIJ  degrees  east.  The  island  is  barren,  but 
abounds  in  fresh  water  and  arctic  animals. 


JOHN  CABOT, 

NOWN  as  "the  discovi-rcr  of  Nortii  America. "  whose  place 
SY\  ""'^  '^^'^'  ^^^  birth  are  unknown,  came  from  Venice,  Italy,  to 
(>  ..(^  England,  in  the  fifteenth  century,  and,  according  to  the  best 
authority,  made  a  westward  voyage  of  discovery,  under  the  patronage 
of  King  Henry  VII.,  of  England.  The  record  preserved  in  the  geo- 
graphical cabinet  of  the  Imperial  library,  at  Paris.  France,  shows  that 
on  June  24  (St.  John's  Day).  1494.  John  Cabot  and  his  son,  Sebastian, 
at  five  o'clock  in  the  morning,  discovered  land,  to  which  he  gave 
the  name  of  "First  Land  Seen"  (Newfoundland),  on  the  northeastern 
coast  of  America,  and  a  great  island,  near  by,  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  St.  John,  in  honor  of  the  day  on  which  the  discovery  was 
made.  He  is  represented  by  other  authorities  as  having  sailed  along 
the  coast  of  North  America  for  about  900  miles.  When  he  landed  he 
found  no  inhabitants,  and  planted  on  the  soil  the  national  ensigns  of 
England  and  Venice.  Another  expedition  appears  to  have  been 
authorized  by  the  English  Government  afterwards,  but  Cabot  does 
not  seem  to  have  made  a  second  voyage,  and  neither  the  time  nor 
the  place  of  his  death,  or  his  agf  when  lio  died,  are  known. 


WILLIAM    DAMPIER. 


^^=^0 


HIS  eminent  navigator  was  born  atEastCoker.  England,  in  IG.^2, 
and  entered  upon  a  seafaring  life  at  an  early  age.  InlG73he 
r.-!  fought,  under  Sir  Edward  Spragge.  against  the  Dutch.  After 
that  he  became  a  cutter  of  logwood  in  the  l)ay  of  Campeachy,  Yucatan, 
and  in  1683  he  joined  a  party  of  buccaneers  in  an  expedition  to  the 
South  seas,  where  they  robbed  towns  on  the  Peruvian  coast  and 
captured  several  Spiinish  vessels.  In  1684  he  joined  another  depre- 
datory expedition,  under  Captain  John  Cook,  of  Virginia,  which 
cruised  along  the  coasts  of  Chili.  Peru  and  Mexico,  robbing  the 
Spaniards.  At  a  later  period  he  embarked  for  tbe  East  Indies, 
touching  at  Australia  and  cruising  in  the  Indian  archipelago.  Land- 
ing at  Bencoolen  (Sumatra),  he  became  gunner  in  the  English  factory. 
In  1691,  he  returned  to  England,  and  published  his  ••Voyage 
Around  the  World."  As  commander  of  a  sloop  of  war.  in  1699.  he 
made  a  voyage  of  discovery  to  the  South  Sea,  explored  the  west  and 
northwest  coast  of  Australia,  the  coasts  of  Papua,  New  Britain  and 
New  Ireland,  gave  his  name  to  a  small  cluster  of  islands  and  the 
strait  between  Papua  and  New  Britain,  and.  after  making  several 
other  discoveries,  returned  to  the  Molucca  islands  by  a  new  route. 
He  reached  England  in  1701.  He  is  known  to  have  made  sea  voyages 
up  to  1711,  but  his  latter  days  and  the  date  of  his  death  are  wrapt 
in  obscurity. 


78 


EMINENT    EXPLOEERS    AND    DISCOVERERS. 


-^V- 


SEBASTIAN    CABOT, 

OX  OF  the  dUcovi-rei- of  Xewfoundlantl,  and  himself  the 
itri^-  discoverer  of  Paraguay,  in  South  America,  was  prob- 
ably born  at  Venice,  Italy,  about  1476,  but  raised  in 
England.  Considerable  obscurity  surrounds  both  the 
[^  time  and  place  of  his  birlh  and  death.  In  1517  he  made 
l,\^  a  fruitless  attempt  to  reach  the  East  Indies  by  a  new  route. 
Afterwards  he  entered  the  Spanish  service,  in  which  he 
emained  for  several  years,  and  explored  the  river  La  Plata 
iiud  part  of  the  South  American  coast.  In  the  reign  of 
Edward  VI.,  of  Great  Britain,  he  returned  to  England,  was 
pensioned,  was  made  Grand  Pilot  of  England,  and  was  consulted 
on  all  maritime  and  commercial  affairs.  It  is  stated  that  he  died 
in  1557. 


PAUL  BELLONI  DU   CHAILLU, 

X  AFRICAX  explorer  and  discoverer  of  the  gorilla, 
^  was  born  at  Paris,  France,  in  1835.  At  an  early  age 
*2jlU  he  accompanied  his  father,  who  was  a  trader,  to  the 
30^  e?fl  Wegt  coast  of  Africa,  where  he  studied  the  languages 
and  characteristics  of  the  natives,  as  well  as  the  natural 
history  of  the  country.  In  1852  he  brought  to  the  United 
States  a  cargo  of  ebony,  and  published  a  series  of  papers 
relating  to  the  Gaboon  (Africa)  country.  In  1855  he  sailed 
from  New  York  with  the  design  of  exploring  the  then  unknown 
region  of  Africa  lying  two  degrees  north  and  south  of  the  equator. 
Pour  years  were  spent  in  this  exploration,  which  extended  inland  to 
about  longitude  fourteen  degrees  and  fifteen  minutes  east.  The 
practical  results  were  the  gathering  of  more  than  2, 009  stuffed  birds, 
of  which  sixty  kinds  were  previously  unknown  to  naturalists;  the 
killing  of  1,000  animals,  including  several  gorillas  (a  creature  until 
then  a  stranger  to  the  civilized  world),  and  twenty  other  kinds  of 
animals  not  hitherto  classified  by  scientists.  In  1859  he  returned  to 
New  York,  bringing  with  him  many  interesting  trophies  of  his  African 
expedition,  including  native  arms  and  implements  and  specimeiiw  of 
natural  history,  wliich  were  publicly  exlnbiteil.  and  many  of  which 
were  nubsequently  purchased  for  the  British  Museum.  He  also  pub- 
lished a  histijry  of  this  expedition,  but  the  truth  of  some  of  his  state- 
ments was  so  strongly  controverted  thut  he  undertook  a  second 
expedition  to  the  .fame  region,  in  order  to  secure  fresh  evidences  of  his 
veracity.  He  left  England  in  1803.  and  in  September^  18(i4,  having 
been  delayed  by  the  accidental  loss  of  his  scientific  outfit,  he  again 
struck  into  the  interior  rif  Africa,  vi-itin^  Ihr'  ''rcnes  of   his   former 


explorations  and  beyond,  making  new  discoveries  among  tribes  not 
until  then  described.  In  September,  1865,  he  was  attacked  by  natives 
with  such  severity  that  he  fled  to  the  seacoast,  having  lost  all  the 
results  of  his  explorations  except  his  journals.  An  account  of  this 
expedition  was  published  in  1867,  as  "A  Journey  to  Ashango 
Land."  After  that  he  spent  several  years  in  the  United  States, 
lecturing  in  public  and  writing  books  for  youth  based  on  his  African 
experiences.  Subsequently  he  visited  Sweden,  Norway,  Lapland 
and  Finland,  publishing  a  narrative  of  his  journey. 


CAPTAIN   JAMES   COOK. 

HIS  EMINENT  maritime  explorer  was  born  at  Marton, 
England,  in  1728,    and    received    only   the  commonest 

, I  ....„._ ^     rudimental    education.     Going  to   sea  in  a   merchant 

X?Jlt£i>^  vessel,  he   remained  in  that  service  for  several  years, 

^(^yNbut  entered  the  British  navy  in  1755,  and   displayed  so   much 

"m"  competency  and  good  character  that  he  was  soon  promoted  to 
*  a  subordinate  othce  on  ship-board.  His  skillful  preparation  of 
I  several  sea  and  harbor  charts  led  to  his  further  promotion  as  a 
marine  surveyor.  This  position  twice  stationed  him  in  New- 
foundland for  a  considerable  period,  and  it  was  while  there  that  he  sent 
to  the  British  Royal  Society  an  observation  of  a  solar  eclipse.  This, 
and  his  evidences  of  nautical  skill,  induced  the  government  to  give  him 
command  of  the  ship  Endeavor,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant.  His  vessel 
was  selected  to  take  to  the  Sandwich  Islands  a  company  of  astrono- 
mers sent  out  to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus  across  the  sun's  disk. 
During  this  voyage,  which  was  begun  in  1708  and  ended  in  1771,  be 
particularly  explored  the  coasts  of  New  Zealand  and  New  Holland. 
On  his  return  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  master  and  commander. 
In  1772,  in  company  with  Captain  Furneaux,  he  sailed  to  discover,  if 
possible,  a  southern  polar  continent.  In  latitude  sevenly-one 
degrees  south  their  progress  was  stopped  by  ice.  The  voyage,  how- 
ever, was  not  terminated  until  in  1775.  and,  on  his  return,  the 
precaution  of  Commander  Cook  in  keeping  his  crew  free  from 
scurvy  while  so  long  at  sea,  was  rewarded  by  his  promotion  as  a  post- 
cai)tain.  Captain  of  Greenwich  Hosi>ital  and  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  In  1776  he  again  sailed  from  England  with  two  ships 
(Resolution  and  Discovery)  to  search  foran  arctic  passage  between  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans.  On  this  voyage  he  touched  at  Owhyhee, 
one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  on  the  14lh  of  February,  1776,  where 
he  was  attacked  and  slain  by  the  savage  natives.  His  loss  was 
regretted  by  foreign  countries  no  less  than  by  England. 


T 


THE  EXPLORATION  OF  THE  NOKTHEKN  SEAS. 


>**««««««««wna'««ck«%«»t 


Sir  John  Franklin. 


The  Distinguished  Arctic  Explorer. 


^=)HE  SUBJECT  of  this  sketch 
was  born  at  Spilsby,  Eng- 
land, April  16,  1786.  The 
lad  was  intended  for  the 
clerical  profession,  bnt  as 
he  evinced  great  fondness 
for  a  seafaring  life,  his 
father  procured  for  him 
admission  into  the  navy  as 
a  midshipman,  at  the  age  of 
fourteen.  When  sixteen 
years  of  age,  he  formed  one 
of  the  crew  on  the  Investi- 
gator, commanded  by  his  cousin.  Captain  Flinders,  who  was  com- 
missioned by  the  English  Government  to  explore  the  coasts  of 
AubLralia. 

When  homeward  bound  on  the  ship  Porpoise,  the  vessel  was 
wrecked,  and  our  youthful  hero,  after  remaining  with  the  other  sea- 
men fifty  days  on  a  sand-bank,  was  picked  up  by  a  relief-boat,  taken 
to  Canton,  China,  and  there  he  took  passage  on  an  Indiaman  for 
England. 

Subsequently  he  served  as  a  midshipman  in  the  battle  of  Trafalgar, 
in  1805,  and  afterwards  he  participated  in  naval  warfare  on  the 
American  coast  against  the  United  States,  in  1812-1815. 

In  a  gunboat  tight  at  New  Orleans,  he  boarded  and  captured  one 
of  the  American  boats,  being  wounded  during  the  engagement.  For 
his  bravery  exhibited  on  this  occasion  he  was  promoted  to  a 
lieutenancy. 

In  command  of  the  Trent,  on  an  exploring  expedition,  in  the 
attempt  to  find  the  passage  to  India  by  crossing  the  Polar  Sea  to  the 
north  of  Spitzbergen,  Franklin  acquired  no  little  reputation  as  a 
thorough  seaman,  surveyor,  and  scientific  observer. 

In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  an 
expedition  from  Hudson  Bay  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  to  explore  the 
western  coast  of  America. 

Returning  to  England,  in  1822,  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society.  He  made  a  second  voyage  to  the  Polar  Sea,  and  at 
the  conclusion  of  each  journey  he  published  the  result  of  his 
discoveries. 

In  1830  he  commanded  the  Rainbow,  in  the  Mediterranean  sea, 
and,  in  1836,  he  was  made  Governor  of  Tasmania  and  Van  Dicmen's 
Land,  which  position  he  held  until  1843.  universally  beloved  by  the 
people  for  his  kindness  and  public  spirit.  Among  his  other  work 
was  the  founding  of  a  college,  to  be  conducted  independently  of  sect, 
and  the  establishment  of  the  Royal  Scientific  Society  at  Hobartnu. 


In  1845  he  was  selected  to  command  an  expedition  to  discover,  if 
possible,  the  northwest  passage  from  England  to  the  Pacific  ocean. 
The  ships  Erebus  and  Terror,  with  picked  crews  of  128  men,  were 
selected  and  equipped  in  the  most  complete  manner.  From  Shecr- 
ness.  England,  they  sailed  May  19,  1845,  with  orders  to  return  in 
184",  but  fate  had  willed  that  these  brave  men  should  never  more  be 
seen  again  at  their  firesides  in  England. 

A  whaler  had  seen  them  in  Baffin  Bay,  July  26,  1845,  but  that 
was  the  last  seen  of  them  alive  by  white  men. 

No  tidings  coming  from  them,  in  1848  several  expeditions  were 
fitted  out  to  go  in  search  of  the  missing  voyagers.  That  of 
McClintock.  in  1859,  satisfactorily  settled  the  fact  that  Franklin  had 
discovered  the  northwest  passage;  that  the  expedition  had  sailed  up 
Lancaster  Sound,  and  had  explored  Wellington  Channel  to  a  point 
further  north  than  any  navigator  had  hitherto  reached.  On  Cape 
Herschel,  and  in  the  vicinity,  were  found  skeletons  with  European 
clothing.  Near  Cape  Felix  were  found  the  remains  of  a  tenting 
party,  and  in  a  tin  case,  amid  a  pile  of  stones,  was  found  a  paper, 
which  was  dated  April  25,  1848.  On  this  it  was  stated  that,  for  a 
year  and  six  months,  beset  by  ice,  the  crews  of  the  Erebus  and 
Terror,  numbering  105  souls,  had  deserted  their  boats,  April  22. 
1848;  that  Sir  John  Franklin  bad  died  on  the  nth  of  June,  1847,  and 
that  the  total  loss  by  deaths  up  to  that  time  had  been  nine  officers  and 
fifteen  men.  The  writing  was  signed  by  F.  R.  M.  Crozier,  Captain 
and  senior  officer,  who  added  that  the  company  would  start  on  the 
next  day,  April  26,  for  Back's  Fish  river.  While  large  quantities  of 
clothing  were  found  about  here,  and  other  relics  of  the  party,  no 
further  evidences  of  the  missing  travelers  were  discovered.  The 
journey  to  Back's  Fish  river  leading  over  ice,  the  supposition  is  that 
the  party  perished,  perhaps  from  cold,  starvation,  and  t&e  ice  break- 
ing up  in  the  spring,  the  waters  had  received  them,  so  that,  along 
with  the  wreck  of  the  vessels,  their  bodies  had  been  washed  into 
unknown  regions. 

This  theory  was  accepted  by  Lady  Franklin,  who  expended,  in 
connection  with  the  British  Government,  a  large  amount  of  money 
for  the  discovery  of  the  missing  voyagers. 

Sir  John  Franklin  was  twice  married.  His  second  wife,  Lady  Jane 
Franklin,  was  born  about  1805.  She  came  into  prominence  from  her 
persevering  efforts  to  discover  the  fate  of  her  husband  and  the 
expedition  that  accompanied  him.  Among  her  last  works  was  the 
purchase  of  Franklin's  house,  in  Lincolnshire,  where  many  relics 
are  collected  of  Sir  John's  expeditions.  She  died  July  18,  1875. 
In  1860  Parliament  voted  $10,000  for  a  monument  to  be  erected  in 
London  to  Sir  John  Franklin's  memory. 


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:b 


1. 


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80 


THE    DISCOVERFE    OF    AMERICA. 


%ss^v%& 


EXOA.  Italy,  is  the  place  where 
Columbus  was  born,  about  1435. 
Early  evincing  an  inclination  for 
the  i?ea,  his  education  was  con- 
ducted with  a  view  to  entering  the 
maritime  service.  Aside  from 
his  studies,  which,  besides  the 
ordinary  branches,  consisted  of 
geometry,  geography.  Latin,  draw^- 
ing,  astronomy,  and  navigation, 
he  assisted  his  father  at  wool-combing.  He 
went  to  sea  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  his 
younger  years  being  spent  mostly  on  the 
Mediterranean  in  commercial  voyages.  He 
located  for  a  time  in  Lisbon;  engaged  in 
the  making  of  maps  and  charts,  and  after- 
wards lived  on  the  island  of  Porto  Santo,  a 
dependency  of  Madeira,  where  he  married 
and  settled.  Having  inherited  some  prop- 
erty by  his  marriage,  and  having  the  lime 
and  opportunity  to  study  navigation  philo- 
sophically, he  came  to  the  conclusion  that, 
the  earth  being  a  globe,  by  sailing  due 
.  westH'ard  a  voyage  could  be  made  entirely 
around  the  world.  In  the  meantime,  how- 
ever, he  believed  that  in  the  intervening 
space,  after  sailing  westward  for  a  time,  the 
eastern  regions  of  Asia  would  be  reached. 
That  there  was  an  unknown  country,  par- 
tially and  perhaps  highly,  civilized,  lying 
in  this  direction,  was  evident  from  the  fact 
that  a  Portuguese  pilot  had,  1,350  miles 
west  of  Portugal,  picked  up  a  piece  of  curiously-carved  wood. 
Canes  of  tropical  growth  had  drifted  from  the  westward, and  drowned 
men,  unlike  Europeans,  had  been  found,  who  liad  washed  also 
from  the  name  direction. 

These  evidences  of  land,  inhabitants,  and  civilization  of  an 
unknown  character  cxiHting  in  the  western  seas,  caused  him  to 
resolve,  about  1474,  upon  a  voyage  of  exploration  into  the  hitherto- 
unknown  regionn.  With  thie  end  in  view,  he  sought  the  aid  of  the 
sovereigns  of  Portugal  and  Italy,  and  many  distinguished  individual-: 


but  all  deemed  the  expedition  a  visionary  scheme,  and  refused  to 
lend  assistance.  Leaving  Porto  Santo,  where  his  wife  had  died, 
Columbus,  with  his  son,  went  to  Spain,  where,  after  repeated 
attempts  to  get  aid  for  the  fitting-out  of  the  expedition,  he  finally 
arranged  with  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  the  King  and  Queen  of  Sjiain, 
in  1492.  the  terms  by  which  such  a  fleet  was  to  be  supplied. 

He  had  struggled  with  never-flagging  effort  for  eighteen  years,  and 
it  can  well  be  imagined  that  he  set  about  the  work  of  preparation 
with  enthusiasm.  Three  vessels  were  selected,  of  good  size,  having 
four  sails  and  sixty-six  seamen;  the  other  vessels  were  of  small 
size,  supposed  to  be  of  advantage  in  the  exploring  of  rivers,  etc. 

Columbus,  who  was  a  zealous  Catholic,  received,  with  most  of  his 
crew,  the  sacrament,  and  all  being  in  readiness,  the  fleet  left  Palos, 
in  Spain,  Friday,  August  3,  1492,  there  being  on  board  ninety  sea- 
men, who,  with  physicians  and  adventurers,  made,  in  all,  120  men, 
for  whom  provisions  were  provided  for  one  year. 

Sailing  southward,  they  passed  the  Canary  Islands,  and  thence 
driven  by  favoring  breezes  from  the  eastward,  they  sailed  rapidly 
toward  the  west.  During  the  journey  Columbus  had  to  resort  to  a 
great  amount  of  strategy  to  quiet  the  fears  of  the  seamen,  who  were 
disposed  to  mutiny  at  the  thought  of  being  taken  from  home  with  no 
destination  and  no  apparent  prospect  of  ever  returning.  He  kept 
two  records  of  the  ship's  progress:  one  for  the  crew  to  examine, 
which  showed  that  the  vessel  made  slow  progress  in  getting  from 
home;  and  the  other  for  himself,  that  revealed  the  actual  speed. 
When  the  needle  no  longer  proved  serviceable  in  j)oinling  toward 
the  pole,  he  quieted  the  fears  of  the  pilots  by  the  theory  of  the 
attraction  of  the  polar  star. 

Frequent  indications  of  land  proved  only  to  be  clouds  in  the  dis- 
tance. When  the  illusion  was  proven,  the  crews  were  more  and 
more  disposed  to  rebel  at  being  taken  further,  which  required  the 
greatest  amount  of  firmness  to  overcome.  Prayers  were  regularly 
had,  which  probably  induced  many  to  believe  that  Providence  would 
protect  them,  and  rewards  were  ottered  to  those  who  might  first 
discern  land,  which  served  somewhat  to  quell  the  turbulent  spirit. 
Five  weeks  after  commencing  their  journey,  they  saw.  fioating.  a 
largo  tree.  Two  months  out,  they  one  day  picked  up  a  piece  of  rudely 
carved  wood  and  the  branch  of  a  thorn,  with  berries.  That 
night,  at  ten  o'clock,  Columbus  saw  a  light,  which  was  verified  by 
othors.  No  one  slept  during  the  night.  The  excitement  was  too 
intrn-c  to  admit  of  rest.      At  two  o'clock  the  next  morning.   Friday. 


A- 


Tf 


^ 


-<yi5v 


TIIK    LANDING    OF    COLUMlil'S. 


TIIK    niSCOVKKIKS    OF    VESJ'UCCI. 


October  13,  1493,  having  been  ticvonty-one  diiys  at  sea,  the  cry  of 
"Lund!"  went  up,  and  a  gun  was  fired,  the  Hignal  of  dlscovury. 
A  sailor  on  one  of  the  smaller  boats  was  the  first  to  discover  it,  but 
the  prize  was  afturwards  awarded  to  Columbus  for  having  first  dis- 
covered the  light. 

When  mnrning  came,  a  timbered  island,  six  miles  distant,  appeared 
in  sight,  on  which  natives  were  seen  running  along  the  beach, 
astonished  at  the  appt*arance  of  the  vessels,  which  they  supposed  to 
be  gods  come  down  from  heaven.  At  sunrise,  i)oats  were  lowered, 
and  Columbus,  with  the  royal  standard,  accompanied  by  the  com- 
manders of  the  two  smaller  vessels,  each  bearing  a  green  fiag  with  a 
cross,  were  rowed  to  the  shore, 
where  Columbus  first  set  foot 
on  the  land.  All  knelt  down, 
kissed  the  soil,  and  rendered 
thanks  to  God.  Drawing  his 
sword  and  unfurling  the  royal 
banner,  Columbus  then  took 
possession  of  tlie  island  (oin 
of  the  Bahamas),  jind  named  i: 
San  Salvador. 

With  the  natives  an  eschaniji' 
was  made  of  toys  and  trinkets 
for  cotton  yarn  and  cassava 
bread,  and  noticing  that  they 
wore  trinkets  made  of  gold, 
a  voyage  of  exploration  followed  in  search  of  the  precious  metal, 
which  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  several  smaller  islands,  together 
with  Cuba  and  Hayti.  On  the  latter  island,  Columbus  built  a  fort 
from  the  timbers  of  one  of  the  vessels,  Santa  Maria,  and  left  his 
brother  in  command,  with  thirty-nine  men.  The  commander  of 
one  of  the  vessels  left  on  a  further  voyage  for  gold,  and  Columbus, 
taking  with  him  several  of  the  natives,  returned  to  Spain,  where  he 
was  received  with  all  the  honors  of  a  great  discoverer.  He  was  then 
placed  in  command  of  a  second  expedition,  with  seventeen  vessels 
and   1,500  men;  but  while  he  discovered  this  time  the   islands  of 


Jamaica  and  Porto  Rico,  the  crews,  not  finding  the  gold  they  sought, 
attempted  to  throw  the  blame  on  Columbus.  He  returned  to  Spain 
with  much  less  honor  than  had  been  bestowed  on  him  before.  He 
sailed  on  a  third  voyage,  to  make  further  exploration,  when  he  dis- 
covered the  islands  of  Trinidad,  Margarita,  and  Cuhaqua.  He  then 
returned  to  the  cohmy  he  had  first  fotindcd  on  the  Ishmd  of  Hayti, 
which  he  found  disorganized,  and  in  the  ellorl  to  restore  it  he  became 
the  vietim  of  persecution.  A  commissioner,  sent  from  Spain  to 
intjuire  into  the  difliculties,  put  Columbus  and  his  brother  in  chains 
and  sent  them  to  Spain.  The  offer  of  the  masters  of  the  vessel 
to   liljerate   him,  Columbus   indignantly   refused,    saying  that  their 

majesties,  having  ordered  the 
chains,  he  would  wear  them  to 
Spain,  and  keep  them  as  relics 
and  memorials  as  a  reward  for 
his  services.  Great  indignation 
was  expressed  throughout 
Spain  at  this  conduct  on  the 
part  of  the  authorities. 

Columbus  made  a  fourth 
voyage,  with  150  men.  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico;  but,  suffering 
from  hardship,  returned  in 
1504,  having  been  twelve  years 
engaged  in  these  voyages^  of 
discovery.  Tho  queen  being 
dead,  his  claims  for  services  were  denied  by  the  king,  though  he  lay 
sick  for  some  time  at  Seville,  now  an  old  man.  He  died  May  20,  1506, 
nearly  seventy  years  old.  Near  seven  years  passed  before  a  tomb 
was  placed  above  his  grave.     This  was  then  done  by  the  king. 

As  the  years  went  by,  his  services  began  to  be  appreciated. 
Remorse  gradually  impelled  the  people  to  do  him  honor.  His 
remains  were  removed  from  the  Convent  of  St.  Francis,  in  1513,  to 
the  Monastery  of  Las  Cuevas.  In  1536  they  were  taken  to  the 
cathedral  in  Santo  Domingo,  and  thence  they  were  conveyed  in  great 
pomp,  in  1786,  to  the  cathedral  in  Havana,  where  they  now  repose. 


Columbus  Taking   Possession 


m^'i^^n^  ^^SMMm.. 


Amerigo 


-m^ 


:C5^ — 


Vespucci. 


%>^^- 


W 


^^ 


The  Individual  After  Whom  America  was  Named- 


MERICA'S  NAME  was  acquired  through 
the  discoveries  of  an  Itiilian  living  in 
Seville,  Spain,  when  Columbus  returned 
from  his  first  voyage,  in  1493,  named 
Amerigo  Vespucci.  Born  in  Florence, 
March  9.  1451.  Vespucci  was,  at  that 
time,  forty-two  years  of  age.  Hav- 
ing conversed  with  Columbus  relative 
to  his  exploration  and  discovery,  he  was 
induced  to  engage  also  in  nautical 
adventure. 


Accordingly,  in  1499.  he  made  a  first  voyage.  In  1501.  in  the 
service  of  the  King  of  Portugal,  he  accompanied  an  expedition  to 
Brazil,  an  account  of  which  he  wrote,  which  was  first  published  at 
Strasburg,  Germany,  in  1505.  From  this  he  was  accredited  with 
being  the  first  discoverer  of  the  mainland,  and  from  him  was 
America  "named.  Vespucci  died  at  Seville.  February  22.  1512, 
having  made  four  voyages  to  America.  While  credit  was  due  to 
Vespucci  for  his  discoveries,  the  fact  mnst,  nevertheless,  be  con- 
ceded that  to  the  energy,  determination,  courage,  and  perseverance 
of  Columbus,  belong  the  honor  of  those  explorations  and  discoveries 
which  Ud  to  :ictual  knowledge  of  the  new  world. 


i 


The  Distinguished  African  Explorer- 


-  AVID  LIVINGSTONE,  famous 
as  the  British  traveler  and 
explorer  in  Africa,  was  born 
at  Blantyre,  near  Glasgow, 
Scotland,  on  the  19th  of  March, 
1813.  He  received  a  limited 
education  as  he  labored  in  the  cot- 
tnn  mills,  and  afterwards  widened 
liis  educational  experience  by  a  study 
i»f  medicine  and  theolo2;y  at  Glasgow. 
Being  a  rigid  Presbyterian  and 
strongly  religiously  inclined,  he  re- 
solved upon  entering  missionary 
work  in  Africa.  Offering  his  services 
to  the  London  Missionary  Society,  they 
were  accepted,  and.  later,  being  or- 
dained, he  left  England,  in  1840.  for 
Port  Natal.  Here  he  married,  and 
tf^oon  afterwards  located  about  600  miles  to  the  northeast  of  Cape 
Town,  South  Africa.  In  this  vicinity  he  labored  as  a  missionary 
and  teacher  during  the  succeeding  nine  years,  in  the  meantime  trans- 
mitting to  England  much  valuable  geographical  and  scientific  infor- 
mation conciirning  the  country. 

In  1849  he  made  a  journey  in  search  of  lake  Ngami,  which  he 
f(mnd.  Having  acquired  a  fondness  for  exploration,  he  sent  bis  family 
to  England,  in  1852.  and  commenced  a  long  voyage  of  exploration, 
which  continued  four  years,  in  which  he  passed  from  the  West  coast 
of  Africa  by  lake  Ngami  to  the  river  Zambesi,  which  he  followed  to  its 
mouth,  the  whole  reaching  over  an  estimated  distance  of  11. 000  miles. 
Ueturning  to  England,  in  185G,  he  was  received  with  distinguished 
honor»*.  In  1857  his  first  work  was  published  under  the  title  of 
'•Missionary  Travels  and  Researches  in  South  Africa." 

He  returned  to  Southern  Africa  in  1858.  Startingfrom  Quilimane, 
he  ascended  the  Zambesi  river  a  few  hundred  miles,  and  thence  went 
northward  and  discovered,  in  September,  1859.  lake  Nyassa.  Sus- 
tained by  government  aid  and  private  subscriptions,  he  continued  his 
explorations,  for  five  years,  over  a  range  of  several  hundred  miles 
about  the  headwaters  of  the  Zambesi.  It  was  during  this  journey 
that  Mrs.  Livingstone,  who  had  accompanied  her  husband,  died  at 
Shiipanga,  April  27.  18G2.  He  went  to  England,  in  18G4,  and  again 
issued  n  volume  relative  to  the  explorations  of  the  Zambesi  and  its 
tributaries. 

He  returned  to  the  scene  of  his  labors  in  18G5.  and  the  only 
intelilgence  from  him  for  two  years  was  the  report  that  he  had  been 


killed  by  the  natives  in  the  vicinity  of  lake  Nyassa.  A  variety  of 
opinions  existed  as  to  the  truth  of  this  rumor,  and  the  subject  excited 
much  comment  in  the  papers  throughout  the  world.  In  1868  letters 
were  received  from  Livingstone,  clearly  proving  that  he  was  alive, 
and  stating  that  he  was  in  good  health.  He  was  then  several  hundred 
miles  westward  of  lake  Nyassa,  engaged  in  the  effort  to  discover  the 
source  of  the  Nile.  Again  was  be  heard  from,  this  time  at  Ujijl, 
his  letter  being  dated  May  13,  1869. 

Then  came  another  long  silence  for  two  years,  in  which  rumors  were 
current  again  that  he  was  dead.  To  ascertain  the  truth  or  falsity  of 
this  report,  the  New  York  Herald  sent  Henry  M.  Stanley  as  a  cor- 
respondent to  Africa,  his  especial  mission  being  to  find  Livingstone. 
In  this  he  was  successful,  the  lost  explorer  being  found  at  Ujiji.  in 
the  fall  of  1871,  alive  and  well. 

Livingstone  and  Stanley  together  explored  and  satisfied  themselves 
that  lake  Tanganyika  had  no  communication  with  the  Nile.  Remain- 
ing about  six  months,  Stanley  left  Livingstone  at  Unyanyembe.  in 
March,  1873.  and  returned  to  England.  It  vvas  then  Livingstone's 
intention  to  remain  one  or  two  years  longer,  and  afterwards  go  to 
England  for  permanent  settlement.  Receiving  men  and  supplies 
from  Zanzibar,  he  started  on  an  expedition  to  explore  the  lake 
Bangweolo  and  the  reported  headwaters  of  the  Congo;  but  no  com- 
munication was  afterwards  received  from  him. 

Stanley's  return  to  England  aroused  the  Royal  Geogra])hical 
Society  to  send  an  expedition  to  assist  Livingstone,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Lieutenant  Cameron.  This  party  left  Zanzibar  for  the 
interior  in  the  spring  of  1873,  but  had  reached  no  further  than 
Unyanyembe  when  intelligence  was  received.  August  4.  of  tlie 
explorer's  death,  the  circumstances  of  which  were  that,  being 
compelled  to  cross  a  wet  and  swampy  country,  the  hardships  had 
been  such  as  to  cause  the  death  of  several  of  the  exploring  imrty. 
Livingstone  himself  had  Ijeen  taken  \\'ith  tlie  dysentery,  and  iiail  died 
a  fortnight  afterwards. 

Embalming  the  body  of  the  leader  as  best  they  could,  the  survivors 
of  the  party,  numbering  seventy-nine,  had  resolved  upon  carrying  it 
to  Zanzibar.  Arriving  at  Unyanyembe  in  a  famished  condition,  they 
received  assistance  from  the  Cameron  jiarty.  and  thence  the  liody  was 
taken  to  Zanzibar,  from  which  point,  by  government  vessel,  it  was 
transported  to  England,  where,  with  distinguished  honors,  it  was 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  April  18.  1874. 

Livingstone  was  the  recipient  of  many  medals  and  other  tokens 
from  various  learned  societies,  in  appreciation  of  a  life  devoted  to 
research,  exploration,  and  important  discovery  in  a  dangerous 
country,  hitherto  unknown  to  eivilizalion. 


h 


M 


t>- 


T. 


EXl'LOUERS    AND    NAVIGATORS. 


8:5 


ELISHA  KENT  KANE 

AND 
-v5Seee:.,MUNG0     PARK..o=fS;.. 


ELISHA  hb.M'  kA.\F. 


P^«»4444J 


FERDINAND    MAGELLAN 

AND 

<■        JOHN  BYRON. K     ' 


T 


.> 


A  Sketch  of  Explorations  in  tlie  Arctic  Seas  and  in  Souttiern  Africa. 


''  ''^"m^m^Simim 


J  'I     I  II  I        Subscquentlj 

,  Vy V\/ VW       to  Egypt  an 


BHE  arctic  explorer,  Elisba 
Kent  Kane,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1820. 
He  partially  qualificil  him- 
self for  a  civil  engineer  at 
the  Virginia  University, 
which  he  entered  in  1836, 
but  left  in  1838. 

In  1839  he  began  the  study 
of  medicine  in  Philadelphia, 
and,  in  1840,  was  elected 
resident  physician  in  the 
Pennsylvania  hospital.  In 
1S43  bewailed  as  physician 
of  the  government  embassj 
to  China,  and  found  oppor- 
tunity, during  his  three 
years'  absence,  to  visit  the 
Philippine  islands,  Ceylon, 
India,  Egypt  and  Greece, 
uently  he  returned 
and  explored  the 
>  far  as  the  bor- 
ubia,  and  walked 
completely  over  Greece. 
He  returned  to  the  United  States  for  a  brief  season,  and  afterwards 
visited  the  slave  markets  at  Whydah,  in  Africa,  but  was  prostrated  by 
fever  and  came  home  in  feeble  health.  Taking  part,  in  1847,  in 
the  Mexican  war,  he  served  in  the  American  army  through  the 
fatigues  and  dangers  of  the  campaign,  and  was  wounded  and  sent 
home  as  an  invalid.  When  Mr.  Grinnell.  of  New  York,  fitted  out 
his  expedition,  in  1850,  to  search  for  Sir  John  Franklin  in  the  arctic 
regions.  Dr.  Kane  accompanied  it.  and,  in  1853.  when  a  second 
expedition  for  the  same  purpose — the  first  having  failed — was  sent 
out,  he  was  placed  in  command  of  it.  This  voyage  lasted  about  two 
years;  was  entirely  unsuccessful,  and  very  unfortunate,  the  expedi- 
tion having  to  abandon  their  vessel  in  the  ice.  and  travel  eighty-four 
days  in  sledges  and  boats  to  the  Danish  settlements  on  the  coast  of 
Greenland,  where  they  met  the  party  that  had  been  sent  out  for  their 
relief.  Dr.  Kane  wrote  the  history  of  both  expeditions,  which  were 
respectively  published  in  1854  and  1856.  He  was  also  the  recipient 
of  gold  medals  from  Congress,  the  New  York  Legislature,  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society  of  England,  and  Queen  Victoria.  His  health 
seriously  failing,  he  went  to  London,  and  from  there  to  Havana,  in 
Cuba,  where  he  died  February  16.  1857. 

MUNGO   PARK. 

rpHIS  celebrated  traveler  in  Africa,  the  son  of  a  fanner,  was  b{»rn 
near  Selkirk,  Scotland,  in  1771.  and  was  educated  for  a  physician. 
After  he  had  made  a  voyage,  as  assistant  surgeon  of  a  ship,  to  the 


1 


Island  of  Sumatra,  he  was  engaged  by  the  African  Society,  in  1795, 
to  penetrate  into  the  interiov  of  Africa  and  explore  the  course  of  the 
river  Niger.  He  reached  tlie  Gambia  region  of  Africa  in  .June,  and 
on  the  2d  of  December  started  from  Pisania  on  his  adventurous 
journey,  accompanied  by  sis  negroes.  Being  obliged  tjy  the  wars  of 
the  natives  to  turn  out  of  h>8  course,  he  passed  through  the  country 
of  the  Moors,  from  whom  he  received  no  little  ill-treatment,  but  was 
allowed  to  proceed.  On  the  20th  of  the  following  July  he  came  in 
sight  of  the  Niger,  and  traced  its  course  to  a  considerable  distance, 
but,  owing  to  sickness  and  other  hindrances,  he  was  obliged  to 
forego  further  explorations,  and  returned  to  Scotland.  Here  he 
married  and  resumed  his  business  as  a  physician.  In  1804,  how- 
ever, he  undertook  a  second  expedition  to  Africa,  and  again  reached 
the  Niger.  Embarking  upon  it  at  Banmiakoo,  he  proceeded  upon 
his  voyage  to  Houssa,  but  was  attacked  by  the  natives,  and  drowned 
by  jumping  from  his  canoe  into  the  river.  This  was  probably  early 
in  the  year  1806. 

FERDINAND   MAGELLAN, 

OTHERWISE  known  as  Fernando  Magalhaens,  a  distinguished 
Portuguese  navigator,  was  born,  it  is  supposed,  at  Oporto,  about 
1470.  He  fought  under  Albuquerque,  in  India,  and  obtained 
distinction  at  the  siege  of  Malacca,  but  not  receiving  what  he  con- 
sidered a  suitable  reward  for  his  services  from  his  own  country,  he 
offered  his  talents  to  King  Charles  V.,  of  Spain.  In  1519  the 
Spanish  monarch  intrusted  him  with  the  command  of  a  fleet,  with 
the  design  of  determining  a  westward  passage  to  the  Molucca  islands. 
On  this  voyage  Magellan  succeeded  in  discovering  the  straits  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  South  America,  which  now  bear  his  name, 
together  with  the  South  American  territory,  known  as  Patagonia,  of 
which  he  took  possession  in  the  name  of  the  King  of  Spain,  in  1530. 
Passing  through  the  straits  into  the  Pacific  ocean,  he  reached  the 
Philippine  islands;  but,  in  a  skirmish  with  the  natives,  he  was  slain 
in  1521. 


T 


JOHN   BYRON, 

HE  grandfather  of  the  eilelirated  poet,  was  bom  at  Newstead 
Abbey,  England,  in  172.3.  He  entered  the  British  navyat  an  early 
age,  and  was  wrecked  on  a  desert  island  in  one  of  the  vessels 
of  Lord  Anson's  unfortunate  South  sea  expedition,  in  1740.  After 
suffering  dreadfully  from  famine,  the  crew  were  rescued  from  the 
island  by  Spaniards,  with  whom  they  remained  as  captives  for  five 
years.  From  1764  to  1766  Byron  was  employed  as  a  captain  in  a 
voyage  of  discovery  aronnd  the  world,  particularly  between  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  in  Southern  Africa,  and  South  America.  On  this 
voyage  he  discovered  two  islands,  one  of  which  still  hears  his  name. 
He  gained  the  rank  of  admiral,  .and  commanded  a  British  fleet  in  the 
West  Indies,  during  the  American  revolution.  In  1779  he  foneht 
the  French  squadron,  under  Count  d'Estaing.  the  ally  of  the 
Americans,  off  Grenada.     He  died  in  1786. 


? 


~^[ 


8-i 


INVENTIONS    AND    IMPROVEMENTS    OF    THE    AGE. 


6 


3  e:e"e!'0|iij)|:o'i§[i|0l|a| elloJaliO  e  O'.eie  e^Jj- 


Progress  of  Invention. 


r<Jl 


^    ■" "  Aim 


-^M 


O  0  O  O  O  .0  O  G  ©I  '0  0  ©  'O  'O  0  O  O  O  G  O  O  © 


^  HE  PROGRESS  of  civilization  is  marked  by  the  intro- 
duction of  appliances  by  which  man  may  escape  the 
necessity  for  severe  toil. 

Gradually  the  inventive  genius  of  man   has  sought 
out    means    for  performing    labor  more   easily,    and 
as   improvements  have  come  forward,  the  world  has, 
intellectually  and  morally,  correspondingly  and  rapidly 
advanced.       History  reveals   how,  step  by  step,  man- 
kind has  improved.      To  the  club  and  the  stone  with 
which  the  primitive  man  killed  the  animal  and  procured 
food,  were  added  the  spear,  the  bow  and  the  arrow,  with  which  the  prey 
could  be  obtained  more  easily;  and    to  these  were  added   the  powder 
and  ball,  which  immensely  lessened  the  labor  and  insured  a  certainty 
of  obtaining  the  game. 

To  the  knowledge  that  grain,  if  sown,  would  germinate  and  bring 
forth  a  harvest,  came  the  rude  implement,  a  crooked  stick  for  stirring 
the  soil.  To  that  was  added  a  sharpened  iron,  which,  in  time,  has 
developed  into  the  modern  plow.  To  the  husbandman  who  gathered 
bis  grain  with  a  sickle  has  been  given  the  reaper,  which  will  do  the  work 
of  forty  men  in  the  olden  time. 

To  the  masses  that  groped  in  ignorance  has  been  given  the  art  of 
printing.  To  the  slow  and  expensive  process  by  which  literature 
was  supplied  at  first  has  been  added  the  power  press,  multiplying  and 
distributing  information  so  cheaply  and  so  rapidly  as  to  give  all  classes 
the  opportunity  of  becoming  intelligent.  To  the  slow  toiler  in  the 
mill  came  steam,  that  relieved  him  of  his  heavy  labor.  To  the  long- 
distant  traveler  came  steam  power,  and  distance  was  forgotten.  To 
the  absent  one  from  whom  intelligence  could  not  be  received  for 
months  came  lightning,  and  he  conversed  with  the  di.stant  friend  as 
though  seated  at  his  side. 

To  the  toiler  has  come  the  labor-saving  machine  in  such  manner 
and  such  quantity  as  to  give  him  the  privilege  of  possessing  a  home 
in  which  he  can  have  the  necessaries,  the  comforts  and  many  of  t 
luxuries  of  life.  The  inference  is  that  a  corresponding  advancement 
will  continue  to  be  made,  and,  as  in  the  past,  so  in  the  future  will 
the  world  be  greatly  indebted,  in  the 
march  of  improvement,  to  the  inventor. 


i^^:^t^^^i<^^^<>^^<^^^ 


^. 


? 


nil';    INVENTOR    i)l''    TlIK    K10\ii|,VEK 


<^xi^'(P! 


—■■^^^'m&m-y^" 


SAMUEL  COLT. 


-^r> 


The  Founder  of  the  Great  Manufactory  of  Fire-Arms  at   Hartford,  Conn. 


HE  INVENTOR  of  the  revolver,  Samuel 
Colt,    was    born    at    Hiirtford,    Conn., 
July    19.    1814.       Averse    to    attending 
school,  his    father,  in  order   to   gratify 
the  boy,  allowed  him  to  enter  a  factory 
at  the  age  of    ten   years,  where  he   re- 
mained until    he  was  thirteen.      Feel- 
ing   that    he    ought    not    to    grow    to 
manhood    without    an     education,     liis 
father  sent  him  to  a  boarding-school  at 
Amherst.  Mass.,  from  which  place  the  lad 
ran    away,    and     shipped    as   an   assistant 
on  a  vessel  bound  for  the  East  Indies. 

During  the 
leisure  hours 
of  this  voy- 
age, he  whit- 
tled out  a 
model  for  a 
revolving 
pistol.  Returning  home,  he  entered 
his  father's  factory,  at  Ware,  Mass., 
where  he  became,  in  the  bleaching  and 
dyeing  department  of  the  institution, 
very  proficient  in  chemistry.  He  after- 
wards, when  eighteen  years  of  age, 
through  the  spirit  of  adventure,  en- 
gaged in  successful  lecturing  through- 
out the  country,  for  two  years,  on 
the  subject  of  chemistry,  illustrating 
the  same  with  interesting  experi- 
ments. With  the  proceeds  of  these 
lectures  he  retained  and  carried  to 
perfection  the  idea  of  the  revolver 
that  he  had  formed  on  his  journey  to 
the  East  Indies.  In  two  years  of 
experiment  he  had  it  so  perfected  as 
to  obtain  a  patent  for  it  in  England, 
France  and  the  United  States,  although  he  could  not  claim  to  be  the 
originator  of  the  idea  of  this  kind  of  arms,  as  a  model  of  the  revolver 
is  in  the  museum  of  the  United  States  service  instituti(m.  that  dates 
back  in  the  period  of  making  it  to  the  time  of  Charles  I.,  in  the 
beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

In  1835  the  ^'Patent  Arms  Company,"  with  a  capital  of  $300,000, 
was  formed  at  Paterson,  N.  J.,  for  the  manufacture  of  this 
revolver.  The  next  thing  was  to  get  the  weapon  introduced.  The 
Government  refused  to  use  it  for  two  years,  and  not  until  the  Florida 
war.  when  engaged  in  a  contest  against  the  Seminoles,  was  it  used.  At 
that  time  a  regiment,  armed  with  this  revolver,  did  such  efficient  ser- 


SAMUEL  COLT, 

Inventor  of  Cult's  Patent  Revolving  Pistol, 


vice  by  their  rapid  firing  without  reloading,  as  to  quickly  vanquish 
the  enemy.  That  established  the  reputation  of  the  revolver,  but  the 
war  closing,  there  was  no  further  demand  for  patent  firearms,  and  the 
Arms  Company,  at  Hartford,  was  compelled  to  wind  up  its  affairs  in 
1842. 

Five  years  afterwards,  at  the  opening  of  the  Mexican  war,  through 
the  recommendation  of  General  Taylor,  the  Government  ordered  a 
thousand  revolvers,  for  which  they  agreed  to  pay  $28,000.  Fittin'' 
up  temporary  shops  at  Whitneyvillc.  near  New  Haven,  Colonel  Colt 
filled  the  order,  the  pistol  giving  such  satisfaction  as  to  make  a  rapid 
demand  for  more;  whereupon  befitted  up  more  extensive  shops  at 
Hartford,  and  laid  the  foundation  for  his  subsequent  business 
success,  which,  in  a  few  years,  made  him  a  millionaire. 

Though  the  war  closed,  the  reputa- 
tion of  this  weapon  was  now  so 
established  as  to  make  a  steady  and 
growing  demand  for  it.  which  was 
greatly  increased  by  the  discovery  of 
gold  in  California,  each  emigrant 
taking  a  revolver  as  a  part  of  his 
outfit. 

The  success  of  its  manufacture 
was  henceforward  assured,  the  Cri- 
mean and  Indian  wars  making  an 
extraordinary  demand.  Feeling  cer- 
tain of  future  success.  Colonel  Colt, 
in  1851,  purchased  250  acres  of  waste 
meadow,  near  Hartford,  for  a  small 
sum.  from  the  fact  that  it  was  flooded 
each  spring  by  freshets.  This  meadow 
he  surrounded  by  a  strong  dyke.  and. 
having  made  the  land  dry.  he  erected 
the  largest  armory  in  the  world  upon 
the  same,  the  capacity  of  which  he 
doubled  in  1861.  He  also  erected 
many  cottages  for  his  workmen,  mak- 
ing, in  all.  an  expenditure  on  the 
property  of  nearly  $3. 000, 000. 
Colonel  Colt's  revolver  was  as  well  known  in  all  portions  of  the  Old 
World  as  in  America,  and  from  nearly  all  the  European  powers,  and 
several  of  the  Asiatic  rulers,  he  received  medals,  orders  of  merit, 
diplomas  and  rings  in  token  of  appreciation  of  the  great  benefit  that 
he  had  rendered  the  world  by  his  improved  firearms. 

Although  a  man  of  great  force  of  character,  he  had  some  very  con- 
spicuous faults,  among  them  being  a  violent  temper,  and  habits  of 
intemperance,  which  doubtless  greatly  shortened  his  life.  He  died  at 
Hartford.  January  10. 1862.  in  the  forty-eighth  year  of  his  age.  leav- 
ing a  fortune  of  several  millions,  and  the  largest  armory  in  the  world 
in  its  extent  and  perfection  of  machinery. 


f 


86 


THE    WOEK    OF    FRANKLIN,    MORSE    AND    EDISON    IN    ELECTRICAL    SCIENCE. 


1 


A  Sketch  of  Edison  as  Newsboy,  Telegraph  Operator  and  Inventor. 


N  1746  Benjamin  Franklin 
made  an  advance  step  in  the 
knowledge  of  electricity,  by 
demonstrating  that  it  could 
be  conducted  from  the  air 
by  mechanical  appliance. 
The  lightning-rod  was  the 
result  of  that  discovery. 
For  practical  utilization  of 
electric  power,  the  world 
rested  after  Franklin's  ex- 
periment eichty-six  years. 
In  1832  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  then  a  "Professor  of  the  Literature 
of  Fine  Arts,"  in  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  invented 
an  apparatus  by  which  eleotricity  could  be  made  of  valuable  service 
to  man.  With  his  device  he  was  able  to  send  an  electric  current  over 
a  wire  half  a  mile  in  length,  making,  by  means  of  telegraphic 
characters,  signals  which  could  be  read  and  understood.  Five  years 
afterwards  he  placed  a  duplicate  machine  at  the  end  of  the  wire,  by 
which  intelligence  could  be  returned  for  a  distance  of  half  a  mile. 
Could  intelligence  be  conveyed  on  a  wire,  by  means  of  electricity,  a 
longer  distance?  That  theory  was  doubted  by  many.  To  test  the 
matter.  Congress,  after  much  discouraging  waiting  on  the  part  of 
Professor  Morse,  granted  an  appropriation  of  $30,000  for  the  purpose 
of  establishing  an  experimental  line  between  Baltimore  and  Washing- 
ton, a  distance  of  over  forty  miles. 

Sinking  the  wire  in  a  lead  pipe  under  ground  was  the  first  means 
tried.  It  was  soon  found  that  this  mode  of  laying  the  wire  would  not 
serve  the  purpose.  It  was  afterwards  elevated  on  poles,  and  on  the 
27th  of  May,  1844,  the  line  was  complete,  the  experiment  tried  of 
pending  and  receiving  messages  between  the  two  cities,  and  found  to 
be  a  success. 

Then  came  the  vast  net-work  of  telegraph  lines  extending  through- 
out the  world,  the  means  of  conveying  intelligence  by  electricity  being 
thus  developed  to  a  point  where  Professor  Edison  became  interested 
in  telegraphy,  about  18(JG.  when  he  was  nineteen  years  of  age. 

In  order  to  appreciate  the  zeal  that  has  actuated  the  famous  elec- 
trician in  his  work,  the  industry,  enterprise  and  ambition  that  have 
impelled  him  forward,  it  is  only  necessary  to  recall  some  of  the 
prominent  incidents  of  his  early  life. 

Born  In  Milan.  Erie  county.  Ohio,  February  11,  1847,  Thomas  A. 
Edison  came  with  hi»  parents  to  reside  at  Port  Huron,  Michigan,  when 
he  was  eight  year-;  old.      About  that  tiin*-  he  ht-gan  to  earn  his  own 


living  by  selling  newspapers,  his  budding  ambition  developing  into 
his  obtaining  a  contract,  at  twelve  years  of  age,  for  the  exclusive 
privilege  of  selling  newspapers  on  the  Detroit  division  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway. 

The  less  ambitious  boy  would  have  rested  content  to  pass  through  the 
trains,  and  furnish  the  passengers  and  the  people  at  the  stations  with 
their  news,  and  the  remainder  of  the  time  would  have  cracked 
jokes  with  brakemen  and  gossiped  with  the  passengers  in  the 
smoking  car.  Not  so  with  Edison.  He  fitted  up  a  printing  office  in 
a  corner  of  the  coach,  and  printed  a  paper  on  the  car,  called  Tfie 
G-rand  Tru/ik  Herald^  which  had  a  subscription  list  of  450  names. 
Probably  no  publisher  ever  more  completely  controlled  his  own  paper 
than  did  this  youthful  journalist  at  that  time.  With  the  matter  largely 
contributed  by  the  employes  of  the  road,  he  was  his  own  editor, 
compositor,  proof-reader  and  pressman.  The  son  of  Robert  Steph- 
enson, of  England,  who  accompanied  a  commission  sent  over  to 
inspect  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  seeing  an  edition  of  the  paper 
being  "  worked  off, "  purchased  200  copies  and  sent  them  to  England 
as  a  specimen  of  newspaper  enterprise  in  America,  and  the  only 
newspaper  in  the  world  printed  on  a  railway  train. 

Having  satisfied  his  ambition  for  editing  and  publishing  a 
newspaper,  he  replaced  the  printing  materials  with  a  chest  of 
chemicals,  with  which  he  experimented  on  the  train.  The  sponta- 
neous combustion  of  a  quantity  of  phosphorus  and  the  firing  of  the 
baggage-car  caused  the  w'hole  philosophical  apparatus  to  be  pitched 
out  of  the  coach  by  the  railway  company,  and  this  ended  all  further 
chemical  experiments  on  the  trains. 

Suppressed  here,  the  war  news,  exciting  public  attention  at  that 
time,  enabled  our  enterprising  newsboy  to  occupy  his  genius  for  inven- 
tion in  another  direction.  He  had  bulletin-boards  constructed  and 
I)laced  in  conspicuous  positions  at  each  station.  He  then  arranged 
with  the  station-agent  to  post  the  headings  of  the  news  which  he 
should  send  him  by  telegraph.  With  curiosity  thus  aroused,  a  large  and 
expectant  crowd  of  people  awaited  the  arrival  of  the  newsboy  al  each 
station,  and  the  profits  of  the  pai)er  business  rapidly  increased. 
Using  the  telegraph  thus  caused  our  hero  to  become  interested  in  its 
workings.  With  another  boy  he  constructed  a  telegraph  line,  at  his 
home,  a  mile  in  length,  to  supply  power  for  which  he  at  one  time 
made  a  thorough  experinu-nt  in  obtaining  electricity  from  the  strok- 
ing of  a  cat. 

Finding,  however,  that  that  battery  would  be  inadequate  to  his 
wants,  he  resorted  to  other  means,  the  whole  making  him  so  profi- 
cient and  interesting  him  so  much  in  the  subject  of  electro-niHgnetism 


\ 


M-y^ 


T 


POIM'KArr    OF   EDISON.        KM     WIiri'N'Ey,     INVKNToU    oK    'i'HE    (JuTrON    GIN. 


jUUI 


that  he  entered  a  telegraph  office,  and  very  soon  mastered  the  details 
of  the  yuhject. 

From  Port  Huron  ho  went  successively  to   Indiainii)i)lis,  Cincinnati, 
Louisville,     Memphis      and 
Boston,     being     known      as 
one  of  the  most  expert  oper- 
ators in  the  United  States. 

At  Cincinnati  he  conceived 
the  idea  of  transmitting  two 
messages  over  a  single  wire 
at  the  same  time.  His  office 
became  a  laboratory  of  ex- 
periment. He  attended  to 
his  duties  at  the  appointed 
lime,  and  thcmghtand  studied 
in  the  "wee  sma'  hours." 
The  habits  formed  then  cling 
to  him  yet.  He  delights  in 
working  while  others  sleep. 

In  18ti9  he  left  the  oper- 
ating chair  and  went  from 
Boston  to  New  York,  with 
inventions  in  duplex  and 
printing  telegraphs,  which 
have  since  come  largely  into 
use.  In  New  York  he  found 
an  ample  field  for  his  genius, 
and  the  ]>arties  with  wt-altli 
who  could  appreciate  his 
industry,  his  genius  and 
his  great  originating  power. 
Through  acquaintance  thus 
formed  he  has  so  prospered 
as  to  establish  himself,  with 
his  family,  in  a  beautiful 
home  at  Menlo  Park,  New 
Jersey,  wherewith  an  ample 
laboratory  for  experiment, 
he  has  every  means  at  com- 
mand for  the  full  exercise  of 
his  inventive  talent. 

The  wonderful  genius  of  this  man  for  invention  is  shown 
in  the  fact  that  in  1878  he  had  already  had  granted  to  him  for 
duplex,    recording,    repeating    and   various   other   improvements   in 


the  telegraph,  I.'JiJ  patents  and  sixty-MOven  caveats — all  taken  out  iri 
eight  years.  Since  then  the  phonograph,  the  telephone,  the  elec- 
tric  pen   and   other  inventions   have    rapidly  come  from  bin  hand. 

Having  for  the  lime  exhauHl- 
ed  the  field  for  the  uncH 
of  electricity  in  transmitting 
characters  and  tiound,  he  has 
turned  his  attention  to  this 
agent  as  a  meanc  of  furnish- 
ing physical  power  and 
illumination.  A  late  c<mtriv- 
ance  of  his  design  is  a 
locomotive  propelled  by  elec- 
tric power,  upon  a  circular 
railway.  In  the  vicinity  of 
his   home. 

Another  device,  of  very 
great  importance,  from  the 
hand  of  this  inventive  genius 
is  that  by  which  the  remain- 
ing gold  and  silver  in  refuse 
ore  may  be  extracted.  For 
the  purpose  of  carrying  this 
scheme  into  effect  a  com- 
pany has  been  formed,  whose 
agents  visit  the  gold  and 
silver  mining  camps  of  the 
country  and  arrange  with 
the  owners  of  mines  to  take 
th(!  ore  which  has  been 
already  once  worked,  known 
as  "tailings,"  and  by  this 
new  process  gather  the 
precious  metal  which  it  has 
been  heretofore  impossible 
to  save  by  the  former  meth- 
ods of  treating  ore. 

What  Edison  will  accom- 
plish in  the  field  of  electrical 
science  remains  yet  to  be 
seen.  In  the  boundless,  un- 
explored region  before  him,  however,  with  the  ambition  to  achieve, 
and  the  power  to  perform,  we  may  safely  presume  that  the  most 
startling  and  the  most  beneficial  of  his  discoveries  are  yet  to  come. 


:l.^.  j^^._.;jw,n-^^'Le^t^.£gg._g^^^g,  Q*^?  f^  *^'.;.a.^j^>-^,.<^— <^ 


ELI  WHITNEY,  INVENTOR  OF  THE  COTTON  GIN. 


-'?»>  •  -?■>  ■  -^-*^n^^*"tr(5"-t^566  ' 


5SS'^F^v*'nzi~''^<r~  '^"^  ■  •^•^ 


In  1793  Eli  Whitney,  a  school-teacher  in  the  South,  from  New 
England,  had  his  uttentitm  called  to  the  difficulty  of  separating  the 
seed  from  cotton.  Taking  up  his  quarters  in  a  basement  of  a  house 
in  the  South,  he  labored  a  good  share  of  one  winter  and  produced  a 
machine  which,  by  means  of  teeth  extending  between  slats,  would 
draw  the  cotton  away  from  the  seed,  thus  enabling  a  man,  in  one  day. 
to  do  as  much  as  could  have  been  done  before  by  one  person  in  three 
months.  The  simplicity  of  the  machine,  and  the  readiness  by  which 
his  patent  could  be  infringed,    prevented  him  from  realizing  a  profit 


n 


;Cv— 


on  the  invention,  although  its  introduction  raised  the  price  of  all 
cotton  lands,  trebled  the  production  of  this  staple  in  the  South,  and 
placed  the  Southern  States  in  a  more  prosperous  position. 

Finding  that  no  profit  would  accrue  to  hira  from  this  invention,  he 
turned  his  attention  to  the  improvement  of  firearms,  establishing 
himself  at  Whitneyville,  Conn.,  where  he  manufactured  arms,  which 
were  afterwards  materially  improved  by  Colt  and  others. 

He  was  born  at  Westborough,  Mass. .December  8,  17G5.  and  died  at 
New  Haven.  Conn..  January  8,  1825,  in  the  sixtieth  vear  of  his  age. 


:<57 


i 


THE    INVEXTOK    OF    THE   MCCOEMICK    REAPER. 


I 


i    Cyrus  H.  McCormick. 


THE  SUCCESSIVE  STEPS  FROM  THE  GRAIN-CRADLE  TO  THE  REAPER. 


N  THE  I5thof  Ffbniary.  1809,  al  Wal- 
nut Grove,  Rockbridge  county, 
Va.,  Cyrus  H.  McCormick  was 
bom.  His  parents,  natives  of 
that  State,  were  of  Scotch-Irish 
descent.  His  father,  who  was  an 
extensive  farmer,  had  all  the 
appliances  for  keeping  the  farm 
machinery  in  order,  in  his  shops 
for  blacksmithing,  carpentering 
and  machinery.  Possessed  of  an 
inven- 
t  i  V  e 

genius,  he  constructed  several   machines 

upon  which  he  obtained   patents,  among 

them     being    threshing,     hydraulic    and 

hemp-breaking.    In  1816  he  had  invented 

a  reaping  machine  that    served  the  pur- 
pose where  grain  was   not   lodged.      For 

sixteen  years  he  labored    to    perfect  this 

machine,    but    at    last    abandoned   it  as 

iini)racticable. 

The    son,  Cyrus  H. ,  took  up  thL-    idea 

where  his  father  left  it  and  continued  to 

experiment.       He    was    possessed  of  an 

ordinary   education,    such    as     could    be 

acquired  in  the  common   schools  of  that 

vicinity,  and  inventive  genius  such  as  had 

enabled    him.  at    the  age  of    fifteen,    to 

perfect  a  cradle  with  which    he  worked 

with  the  men  in  the  harvest  field. 
To  the  observer  of  a  reaping  machine 

it  seems  all  simple  enough  that  it  should 

do   its   work  as   it  docs;    but  to  get  the 

forward  and  the  side  motions  combined  in 

such  manner  as  to  perfectly  cut  grain  and 

clear  itself,  was  a  tasktthat  took  a  great 

amount  of  thought,  and  several  years  to 

accomplish.     Step  by  step,  however,  it  progressed  toward  perfection. 

the    voting    man,  himself,  constructing  cranks,   drive-wheels,  geer- 

wheels,    dividers,    cutting-blades,    gathering-reels,    etc.,    untii   the 

machine  was  so  perfected  as  to  cut  grain  passably  well  with  a  man 

wjilking  beside  it  with  a  rake  to  draw  the  grain  from  the  phitform. 
In  1831    Cyrus  II.  McCormick.  then  twenty-two  years  of  age,  had' 

produced  a  machine  which  cut  that  spring  a  f<;w  acres  of  oats,  and  Ihe 

next  year  it  cut  several  ffblds  of  wheat.      Although  fairly  successful. 

the  inventor  did  not  know  its  worth  at,  that  time,  nor  the  future 

before  him.  but  let  the  matter  rest  to  engnge,  in  18:J0,  in  the  smelting 

business,  which  proved  a  failure  in  the  dull  season  of  1837. 

Paying  off  Ihr  indt-bteduess  of  himself  and   partner  in  full.   Mr. 

McCormick  th<'n  turned   his  attciilion   t()  his  macliine  with  a  view  to 


CYRUS  H.  Mccormick. 


perfecting  it  for  public  use.  He  had  obtained  a  first  patent  in  1834. 
and  in  1845  he  secured  another  for  valuable  improvements.  In  the 
latter  year  he  established  himself  in  Cincinnati,  as  the  center  of  the 
grain-growing  region  of  the  West.  In  1847,  during  which  year  he 
took  out  patents  on  other  improvements,  he  removed  to  Chicago.  In 
1848  seven  hundred  of  the  machines  were  made  and  scattered  among 
the  grain  fields  of  the  West.  The  next  year  fifteen  hundred  were 
made  and  sold,  and  so  the  work  wont  forward  until  thousands  took 
the  place  of  hundreds. 

In  1849  Leander  J.  came  to  the  aid  of  his  brother,  and  later 
W.  S.  McCormick  became  an  assistant.  In  1859  The  brothers  became 
partners  with  Cyrus  H..  and  .^^o  continued 
until  the  death  of  W.  S..  in  1865.  The 
success  of  the  McCormick  reaper  has  been 
very  great,  as  illustrated  by  the  many 
premiums  taken  at  various  exhibitions 
held  in  all  parts  of  the  civilized  world. 
Obed  Hussey  was  his  first  competitor, 
having  patented  a  reaper  two  years  later 
than  McCormick;  and  since  then,  building 
upon  Mr.  McCormick's  ideas,  many 
reapers  of  different  make  have  come  into 
the  field,  all  tending  to  aid  in  the  pm- 
duction  of  grain  to  that  extent  as  to  enable 
America  to  become  the  granary  of  tin* 
world. 

In   1880    the     McCormick     Harvesting 
machine  company,  in  Chicago,  had  a  cap 
ilal  of  near  S3.  000.  000  invested  in  their 
works,  and  with  one  thousand  workmen 
employed  in    the   active   seasons  turned 
out    about   30,000   machines    per    year. 
With  Ihe  aid  of  3. 000  agents  these  are  dis- 
tributed to  all  parts  of  the  civilized  earth. 
In  all  llie   McCormicks  have  sold  over 
300.000  reaping  and   mowing  machines, 
and.    as    each    does    the    work    of    ten 
persons,  an  army  of  3.000,000  of  men. 
it  will  be  seen,  would  be  necessary  to  do  the  work    being   done    at 
this  writing    by  the  McCormick  machines. 

One  of  the  most  imposing  residences  in  the  northwest,  and  uunu-r- 
ou8  large  blocks  in  the  business  center  of  Chicago,  aside  frum  the 
extensive  manufacturing  works,  all  attest  the  active  part  Mr.  Mc 
Cormick  took  in  the  rebuilding  of  Chicago  after  the  fire.  At  Wtv 
same  time  he  gave  liberally  in  support  of  educational  work,  both  in 
Chicago  and  elsewhere:  principally  in  the  Presbyterian  denomination, 
of  which  he  was  a  prominent  member. 

Mr.  Mct'ormick  inditically  nflUiated  with  the  Dtinnrrdlir  I'arty. 
but  was  never  elected  to  a  public  otflee.  He  was  also  tlie  founder  of 
the  well-known  Presbyterian  journal,  the  Interior.  He  died  May  13. 
1884,  having  accumulated  a  fortune  of  $20,000,000. 


TlIK    INVKNTUK    UK    THE    SKWINO    MACIIINK. 


89 


? 


tV:fi'i&A-itS)jfJ>:~ 


iElias 


"^^^^'itiJ'^^^'W^'"  '^ ' 


,^<T-?Ji».-fW;^.''',T>_T, 


Howe. 


'"^^s^'^i^p'^TS^ 


His  Perseverance,  Struggles  and  Final  Triumph. 


NE  DAY,  in  1833,  in  a  poorly  fur- 
nished tenement  in  Boston,  there 
sat  a  young  man  intently  watching 
his  wife  as  she  engaged  in  sewing. 
This  was  Elias  Howe,  then  deter- 
mined upon  inventing  some  means 
tiy  which  the  drudgery  of  sewing 
could  be  dispensed  with,  and  the 
labor  performed  by  machinery. 

Young  Howe  was  naturally  a  me- 
chanic. Born  in  the  town  of  Spen- 
cer. Massachusetts,  in  1819.  being 
one  of  eight  children,  he  was  put  by  his  father, 
who  was  a  farmer  and  miller,  at  the  business 
of  sticliing  wire  teeth  through  leather  straps 
for  cotton -cards. 
He  assisted  his  father 
U  until  sixteen  ^ears  of  age, 
/  when  he  went  to  Lowell, 
where  he  secured  work  in  one  uf 
the  cotton  mills  of  that  city,  and 
there  remained  until  thrown  out 
of  employment  by  the  financial  dis- 
asters of  183T.  Thence  he  went  to 
Cambridge,  where  he  found  work  on 
hemp -carding  machinery;  boarding 
in  the  same  house  with  him,  and 
working  in  the  same  shop,  was 
Nathaniel  P.  Banks,  afterwards 
Governor  of  the  State,  a  member  of 
Congress  and  Major-General  in  the 
army. 

From  Cambridge  he  went  to  Bos- 
ton, where,  in  the  machine  shop 
of  Ari  Davis,  he  obtained  work. 
Married  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  he 
soon  had  a  family  of  three  children 
dependent  upon  his  labors,  and  his 
health,  always  frail,  breaking  down 
about  this  time,  he  was  greatly  de- 
pressed in  mind,  and  discouraged, 
inasmuch   as  to  his  poor  health  was  added  extreme  poverty. 

It  was  at  this  time  that  he  heard  discussed  the  need  of  a  sewing- 
machine,  and  driven  to  the  necessity  of  procuring  a  subsistence  for 
his  family  outside  of  manual  labor,  he  began  to  ponder  the  subject, 
giving  it  his  thought  night  and  day.  Here  it  was  that  we  found  him 
watching  his  wife  as  her  needle  went  forward  and  back  through  the 
cloth  while  she  sewed. 

For  a  yerir  he  bihorcd  on  the  idea  that  the  operation  of  the  machine 


ELIAS 

Original  Inventor  of 


should  be  similar  to  the  work  of  hand.  Finally  he  came  to  the  con- 
clusion that  another  stitch  was  needed,  and  a  little  later  came  the  idea 
of  using  two  threads,  forming  the  stitch  with  the  aid  of  a  shuttle,  and 
using  a  curved  needle  with  the  eye  near  the  point.  In  this  he  hud 
solved  the  problem,  and  in  1844  the  scwing-raachine  was  nearly 
invented. 

Having  abandoned  the  labor  of  the  regular  mechanic,  he  had 
removed  to  the  garret  of  his  father's  house,  in  Cambridge,  when,  with 
his  father's  assistance,  he  was  able  to  pursue  his  attempts  at  inven- 
tion. His  father  suflfering  the  loss  of  property  about  this  lime  from 
fire,  Ellas  was  compelled  to  seek  elsewhere  for  assistance,  his  effort 
being  rewarded  by  Mr.  George  Fisher,  a  wood  and  coal  dealer  of  Cam- 
bridge, who  agreed  to  furnish  S-'iOO  for  the  purchase  of  materials 
with  which  to  construct  a  model,  in  the  meantime  allowing  Howe  and 
his  family  to  board  at  his  house,  while  his  garret  was  to  be  used  as  a 
shop  for  making  the  machine.  In 
return,  Fisher  was  to  receive  a 
half-interest  in  the  patent,  if  one 
could  be  obtained. 

During  the  winter  of  1844  and  "45. 
the  inventor  labored  faithfully  on  his 
device,  working  all  day,  and  often 
through  the  night.  In  April.  1845. 
the  machine  would  sew  a  seam,  and 
in  July  he  sewed  two  woolen  suits 
with  it — one  for  Mr.  Fisher,  and  the 
other  for  himself.  Having  his  ma- 
chine completed  and  patented,  the 
next  thing  was  to  put  it  into  use. 
Then  came  another  and  the  most 
severe  trial.  Not  a  tailor  would 
adopt  it,  for  fear  that  it  would  ruin 
his  business.  Its  ingenuity  was 
commended  and  its  utility  admitted, 
but  it  was  impossible  to  get  anylwdy 
to  purchase  it. 

About  tliis  time  Fisher,  becoming 
disgusted  with  the  lack  of  success. 
refused  to  have  further  interest  in 
the  patent,  and  Howe  and  his  family 
returned  to  his  father's  house. 
Driven  by  poverty  to  the  necessity  of  earning  bread  for  his  family, 
he  secured  a  position  as  engineer  on  a  railway  locomotive. 

His  health  at  length  breaking  down,  he  concluded,  as  a  last  resort. 
to  see  if  the  people  in  England  would  adopt  his  machine.  He  sent 
the  model  over  by  his  brother  Amasa.  who  effected  an  engagement 
with  a  Mr.  William  Thomas,  of  Cheapside.  London,  a  corset-maker, 
who  promised  to  pay  Si. '250  for  the  machine,  provided  Elias  would 
enter  his  employ  at  $15  per  week  and  adapt  the  machine  to  his  work. 


HOWE. 

tliL-  Sewing,'  Machine 


.(^ — 


— sO: 


K 


? 


yo 


THE    ORIGIN    OF    THK    BRASS    CLOCK. 


The  inventor  accepted  the  proposition,  and  took  his  family  to 
England;  but  after  a  time,  finding  it  impossible  to  endure  the  exac- 
tions of  his  employer,  he  left  the  place  and  sent  his  family,  in  a  nearly 
destitute  condition,  back  to  his  father's,  at  Cambridge,  in  the  United 
States,  while  he  resolved  to  remain  longer,  to  find  employment,  if 
possible,  with  his  miichine.  In  this  effort  he  entirely  failed.  See- 
ing, at  length,  no  hope  for  success  in  England,  and  being  greatly 
impoverished,  he  pawned  his  model  and  patent-papers  for  a  passage 
to  America,  where,  upon  his  arrival,  he  learned  that  his  wife  was 
dying  at  Cambridge  of  consumption.  Added  to  this  sorrowful  intel- 
ligence was  the  realization  of  the  fact  that  his  health  would  not 
permit  him  to  walk  to  Massachusetts,  and  having  no  means  to  pay  his 
passage  he  must  wait  the  arrival  of  money  from  home  before  he 
could  return  there. 

He  reached  Cambridge  barely  in  time  to  see  his  wife  die,  and  that, 
too,  just  as  the  cloud  of  despondency  that  had  hung  over  them  so  long 
was  about  to  break,  allowing  the  light  to  pass  through. 

During  his  absence  in  England,  his  patent  had  created  great  inter- 
est in  the  United  States.  Acting  on  his  ideas,  unscrupulous 
mechanics  had  made  other  sewing-machines,  which  had  been  so  well 
advertised  as  to  make  Elias  Howe,  the  original  inventor,  one  of  the 
most  famous  names  in  the  country.  Friends  came  now.  and.  with 
money  to  assist  him,  he  commenced,    in   1844,  a  series  of  suits  for 


infringements  of  his  patent,  which  the  courts  finally  decided  in  his 
favor,  in  1850. 

He  opened  a  manufactory  for  his  machines  in  New  York,  in  a 
small  way,  with  a  Mr.  Bliss,  which,  on  the  death  of  his  partner,  he 
conducted  himself.  In  time  the  profits  of  his  business  grew,  with  the 
royalties  paid  to  him  by  other  manufacturers,  to  $200,000  per  year, 
yielding  him  in  all  $2, 000,000— a  sum  which  was  leswiened  consider- 
ably, however,  by  litigation  in  defending  his  patent. 

During  the  war  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Seventeenth  Regiment 
of  Connecticut  Volunteers,  and  performed  the  duties  incident  to  the 
campaign  until  his  health  compelled  him  to  resign.  At  one  time  the 
government  being  unable  to  pay  the  soldiers,  Howe  himself  advanced 
the  money  to  pay  the  regiment,  greatly  to  the  convenience  and  advan- 
tage of  the  men. 

Elias  Howe  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. .  Octobers,  18(t7,  being  forty- 
eight  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Though  comparatively  young  when  he  died,  he  had  lived  to  see  the 
machine  he  had  striven  so  hard  to  invent  perfected,  and  appreciated  as 
one  of  the  greatest  labor- savers  in  the  world;  while  the  making  of  it  had 
become  an  immense  industry,  affording  a  livelihood  to  tens  of  thou- 
sands of  mechanics,  yielding  fortunes  to  many  manufacturers,  and 
a  revenue  of  many  millions  of  dollars  to  the  United  States. 


@^gXp 


-^m 


Chauncey 


m^ 


The  hiventor  of 


l^ferlV- 


m 

br 


fevjQ 


t^ 


OR  THE  BRIGHT    little    brass  clock  that 
ticks  so  rapidly  is  the  reader  indebted  to 
Chauncey    Jerome,    who     was    born    at 
Canaan,    in  Connecticut,  in  1793. 
r,    ^'^  Reared  on  a  farm,  the  death  of  his  father 

caused  him  to  be  apprenticed  to  a  carpenter  at 
the  age  of  fi.fteen,  from  whom  he  obtained  per- 
mission to  work  for  himself  during  the  winter- 
time, on  condition  that  he  clothe  him.self.     This 
arrangement  being  assented  to,  the  young  man 


proceeded  to  W'aterbury,  Conn.,  where  he  engaged  him 
self  to  a  clockmaker. 

At  that  time  the  old-fashioned  wooden  clock,  seven  feet  hi 
for  $40. 


fe^ 


-<M 


Jerome. 


h,  sold 
By  dint  of  economy,  and  working  fifteen  hours  a  day,  he 
acquired  a  knowledge  of  clock-case  making,  and  saved  some  money, 
with  which  he  returned  to  his  carpenter-shop  in  the  spring. 

He  afterwards  engaged  with  Eli  Terry,  who  had  invented  a  wooden 
clock  which  sold  for  $15.  This  cheaper  price  enabled  Mr.  Terry  to 
find  sale  for  6, 000  clocks  a  year.  Ere  long  Chauncey  started  business 
for  himself,  and  soon,  through  the  introduction  of  labor-saving 
machinery  of  his  own  invention,  he  was  conducting  an  extensive 
clock  manufactory.  One  difflculty  stood  all  the  time  in  the  way, 
however,  and  that  was  the  expansion  and  contraction  of  the  wooden 
wheels  when  exposed  to  extremes  of  moisture  or  heat,  thus  causing 
his  time-pieces,  when  shipiH-d  long  distances  by  water,  to  get  out  of 
order. 

There  came,  one  day.  a  discouraging  report  of  his  clocks  that  were 
spoiled  by  thn  workw  Kwelling  while  they  were  being  nhipped  to  the 


the  Brass  Clock. 


South.  There  came,  too,  a  temporary  lull  in  the  busi- 
ness. It  was  one  of  those  dark  days  which,  while  they 
depress  the  mind,  will  turn  thought  into  new  chan- 
nels from  which  sometimes  grand  things  result.  It 
was  during  one  of  these  dark  periods  that  he  was  pon- 
dering one  night  in  his  bed  what  could  be  done  to  obviate 
the  difficulty  which  beset  the  wooden  clock,  ^^■hen 
suddenly  the  thought  came  to  him  that  brass  might  serve 
the  purpose  for  wheels  instead  of  wood.  The  idea 
came  to  him  like  a  revelation.  He  arose,  struck  a  light, 
.  and  spent  the  remainder  of  the  night  in  making  his 
plans.  It  was  necessary  to  construct  machinery  for  the 
of  the  brass  wheels,  but  it  was  all  produced,  and  the  time 


cuttin; 

came,  finally,  through  that  invention,  when  a  clock  could  be  made 
for  forty  cents;  but  even  at  that  cheap  price  the  Jerome  Clock 
Company,  of  New  Haven,  with  orders  for  200,000  clocks  a  year, 
flourished  apace,  and  Mr.  Jerome,  as  the  president  of  the  com- 
pany, living  in  a  beautiful  residence  in  New  Haven,  was  rich. 

Times  changed,  however.  The  business  of  the  concern  Mr. 
Jerome  had  intrusted  to  other  hands,  and  through  bad  management 
the  concern  was  wrecked,  and  Mr.  Jcnune  was  left  with  no  alternative 
but  to  move  from  his  (;legant  and  comfortable  home  into  a  hired  cot- 
tage, completely  impoverished  at  sixty-seven  years  of  age.  He 
accepted  the  snpcrintendency  of  a  new  clock  company,  in  Chicago, 
where  he  resided  for  a  time,  but  returned  to  New  Haven,  soonafter- 
wards»  where  he  died;  having  lived  sufficiently  long,  however,  to  see 
tlie  product  of  his  work  distributed  thronL'houtall  the  civilized  world. 


THE    INV^ENTION    OF    STKAMliOATS    AND   THE    ART   OF    PRINTING. 


91 


)()  THESE  THREE  citizens  of  Germany  bt'Ion<;(< 
Ibe  honor  of  inventing  and  improving  the  art  of 
printing  with  movable  types.  John  Gutenherg, 
the  inventor  of  printing,  was  born  at  Mentz, 
in  1400.  In  1424  he  went  to  Strasburg,  where 
he  appears  to  have  resided  until  1444.  Abont 
1436  he  first  practiced  the  art  of  printing,  and 
it  is  supposed  that  bis  original  types  were  made 
_  of  wood.      In  1444  he  removed  to  Mentz.  where. 

m/  in  14.50,  he  entered  into  partnership  with  Faust.    He 

f  died  in  1468.    Peter  Schoeffer,  another  inventor  of 

the  art  of  printing,  was  born  at  Gernsheim.  in  Darmstadt,  aboutl430. 
He  was  originally  a  copyist  at  Paris,  France,  but  about  1450,  at 
Mentz,  he  became  an  assistant  in  the  printing  office  of  Gutenberg 
&  Faust.  The  firm  was  dissolved,  subsequently,  and  in  1455 
Schoeffer  became  a  partner  in   the  business  with  Faust,    and  after- 


wards marriL'dhis  daughter.  Christine.  On  the  death  of  Faust,  in 
1466,  Schoeffer  became  sole  proprietor,  by  inheritance,  of  the  printing 
ofticc.  He  invented  the  steel  punches,  or  "matrices''  (moulds)  used 
in  casting  metal  types.  He  died  about  1503,  and  in  1836  a  monu- 
ment was  erected  to  his  memory  at  Gernsheim.  John  Fau.st,  or 
Fust,  was  a  native  of  Mentz,  but  the  date  of  his  birth  is  wrapped  in 
obscurity.  While  he  shares  with  Gntenberg  and  Schoeffer  the  honor 
of  having  invented  printing,  it  is  believed  that  he  contributed  little 
more  than  the  money  required  to  carry  on  the  business.  He  was  at 
one  time  a  wealthy  goldsmith.  He  died  at  Paris  about  146G.  Of  the 
books  printed  by  Gutenberg  &  Faust  the  only  ones  known  are  copies 
of  two  editions  of  an  "indulgence"  granted  by  Pope  Nicholas  V.  to 
one  Chappe,  an  ambassador  of  the  King  of  Cyprus  (1454  and  1455). 
and  an  "Appeal  to  Christendom  Against  the  Turks;"  a  folio  Latin 
Bible  of  the  Mazarin  library  is  also  attributed  to  them.  Faust  & 
Schoeffer  did  a  more  extensive  business,  and  numerous  books  of 
their  production  are  in  existence. 


ROBERT 


inr^OBERT  FULTON,  the  third  child  of 
five  children,  was  born  in  Little 
Britain  (now  called  Fulton)  in  Lan- 
caster county.  Pennsylvania,  in  1765. 
At  Lancaster,  where  his  father  died 
when  Robert  was  a  mere  child,  he  grew 
to  young  manhood,  being  known  as  a  dull  student  in  the 
ordinary  studies  of  school,  but  was  marked  for  aptitude  in 
drawing  and  a  fondness  for  invention. 
At  fourteen  he  invented  a  pair  of  paddles  to  attach  to  a  row-boat. 
At  seventeen  his  fondness  for  drawing  led  him  to  engage  in  the  pro- 
fession of  portrait  painting,  at  which  time  he  went  to  Philadelphia, 
where  he  remained  until  his  twenty-first  year,  succeeding  so  well 
pecuniarily  as  to  be  able  to  purchase  a  small  farm  for  his  mother, 
slock  it  and  make  her  comfortable  for  life. 

He  afterwards  went  abroad,  and  through  his  fondness  for  mechan- 
ism,   took  up  the   work  of  civil   engineering.      Meeting  Watt,    who 


FULTON  Jg 


j_  r^    had  then  just  brought  out  the  steam  engine  in  Eng- 

T^     land,  he  conceived  the  idea  that  this  power  could  be 

"  j    attached  to  the  paddle-wheels  which  he  had  invented 

years  before;  and  thus  was  born  in  Fulton's  mind 

v-vt^     the  idea  of  steam  navigation. 

v^  It  was  Monday,  September  10,  1807,  when  Ful- 
ton's steamboat  named  the  "Clermont,"  one  hundred  and  thirty 
feet  long,  eighteen  feet  wide  and  seven  feet  deep,  was  first  launched 
at  New  York;  and  on  her  first  trip  she  reached  Albany  in  thirty-two 
hours'  funning  time,  being  a  speed  of  five  miles  an  hour.  Though 
not  the  Inventor  of  the  first  steamboat,  to  Fulton  belongs  the  honor 
of  first  making  water  navigation  by  steam  a  success. 

While  attending  a  law-suit  at  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  concerning 
his  exclusive  right  to  navigate  the  Hudson,  which  privilege  had  been 
granted  him  by  the  New  York  Legislature.  Fulton  caught  a  severe 
cold  in  the  court-room,  from  the  effects  of  which  he  died,  on  the  24ih 
of  February,  1815,  being  at  the  time  fifty  years  of  age. 


? 


;Cd, — 


:<5: 


:^ 


S 


rSi 


^ 


92 


THE  INVENTOR  UK  THE  PULLMAN  CAK. 


6 


George  M.  Pullman. 


d-*- 


-%-=^^®a^^^-VD- 


Health,  Comfort  and  Luxury  in  Railway  Traveling 


'jJOT  MANY  years  back  in  the  past  was  the  time  when,  in 
'-^Z     addition  to    the    discomfort    of     a   long    journey   in    a 
SIS)    rail-car,  the  passenger  occupied,  during  the  entire  dis- 
tance, a  seat  which,   while  it  might  serve  the  purpose 
of  rest  for  a   time,  afforded  no  opportunity  for  comfort 
while  sleeping.     Added  to  this  was  ill-health,  engendered 
by  improper  ventilation  and  irregularity  in  eating. 

True,   as   compared  with  the  stage-coach,  the  railway- 
car,  even  at  its  worst,  was  an  improvement ;  but,  while  it 
made  traveling  possible,  it  was  without  much  comfort. 

It  was  at  this  stage  that  George  M.  Pullman  came  to  the  front  with 
the  railway  coach  so  remodeled  as  to  give  it  the  air  of  domestic  enjoy- 
ment, containing  the  facilities  for  eating  and  sleeping  with  the  same 


was  a  woman  of  superior  taste,  from  whom  the  future  manufacturer 
of  palace  cars  inherited  his  love  of  the  artistic  and  the  beautiful. 

Receiving  a  fair  education  in  the  schools  of  that  time,  he  com- 
menced work  in  a  furniture  establishment,  but  was  soon  afterwards 
engaged  as  a  contractor  in  raising  buildings  along  the  line  of  the 
Erie  canal,  at  the  time  of  its  enlargement. 

In  1859  he  removed  to  Chicago  and  entered  upon  the  work  of 
elevating  the  buildings  of  the  city  to  grade — an  enterprise  just  being 
commenced  at  the  time  of  his  arrival. 

Among  the  large  edifices  at  that  time  raised  were  the  Matteson 
House,  the  Tremont  House,  and  the  entire  business  block  extending 
from  Clark  to  LaSalle  street.  These  great  stone  buildings  and  brick 
edifices  were  elevated  several  feet,  complete,  with  scarcely  a  break. 


Home  Enjoyment  and  Social  Life  on  the  Journey. 


regularity  and  pleasure  that  might  be  cxpericiu'cd  in  the  j)arlornf  the 
most  luxurious  home.  Hundreds  of  thousiuids  of  people  having 
enjoyed  the  comforts  of  the  palace,  sleeping  and  dining  cars,  it  may 
safely  be  presumed  that  it  will  be  Interesting  to  know  simiething  of 
the  inventor  and  the  means  by  which  this  imi)rovenient  was  given  to  the 
world. 

Tlie  Hiiljject  tit  our  sketch  was  born  in  Clmutau(iua  county,  N.  Y., 
March  3.18.31.  Ills  father,  James  L.  PuUnuui,  was  an  industrioufl 
mechanic,  and  his  mother.  Emily  Carolina  Pullman,  we  may  presume. 


business  gciiiig  forward  in  all  of  them  ^\■iIlMlut  interruption. 
Soon  after  his  arrival  in  Chicago,  his  attention  having  been  called  to  the 
necessity  for  better  sleeping  accommodatiims  for  people  when  travel- 
ing by  rail,  he  obtained  permission  from  the  railway  authorities 
of  the  Chicago  and  Alton  railway,  and  fitted  up  with  berths  two  old 
cars  for  use  on  that  road.  Although  vastly  inferior  to  the  present 
palace  car,  these  were  so  great  an  improvement  on  anything  that  had 
been  seen  before  as  to  call  forth  the  warmest  commendations. 

At  the  expiration  of  a  year's   residence  in  Chicago.  Mr.  Pnlhn;m 


Cj- — 


GEORGE    M.    PULLMAN   AND    HIS    KNTEIU'KISES.       KICIIAUD   il.    HOE. 


93 


went  to  Iht;  milling  regions  of  C'olonido,  where  In-  remiiini'd  thre 
years,  when  he  yold  out  his  interest  in  that  section  and  returned  ti 
Chicago,  satisfied  that  the  world  needed 
and  would  iippreciiitc  greater  comfort  in 
traveling.  With  that  idea  firmly  fixed  in 
his  mind,  he  fitted  up  a  shop  on  the  Chicago 
and  Alton  road,  and  built  two  cars,  at 
an  expense  of  about  Sl8. OUO  each,  to  run 
on  that  line.  These  cars  excited  a  great 
deal  of  interest,  and  though  regarded  by 
many  as  a  foolish  extravagance,  the  man- 
agers of  the  Michigan  Central,  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  and  (^uincy,  and  the  Great 
Western  of  Canada  soon  made  contracts 
with  Mr.  Pullman  for  the  placing  of  his 
sleeping-curs  on  their  roads.  From  that 
time  forward  the  success  of  the  Pullman 
sleeping,  parlor  and  dining  cars  was  estab- 
lished. They  came  rapidly  into  notoriely. 
and  us  rapidly  forward  to  poj>ularlty,  bene- 
fiting the  public  and  enriching  the  man 
whose  enterprise  and  taste  have  made 
a  journey  by  rail,  apparently,  as  pleasant 
as  traveling  can  be  made. 

Believing  Chicago,  in  the  near  future, 
to  be  not  only  the  centre  of  gravity  of 
population  in  the  United  States,  but  the 
leading  railway  centre  of  the  country,  Mr. 
Pullman,   with  his  family,  has  made  this 

city   his  permanent  residence.      His  pecuniary  interests,   however, 
lie  in  various  directions  throughout  the  Union.     He  was  a  contractor 


GEORGE  M.  PULLMAN. 


in  building  and  a  large  stock-holder  in   the    Metropolitan   Elevated 

Railway,  in  New  York;  has  been  one  of  the  largest  owner**  of  the 
Eaglcton  wire-works,  in  New  York,  em- 
ploying a  thousand  workmen,  and  is  inter- 
ested in  car-works  in  various  scetionH  of 
the  country,  employing  hundredH  of  men. 
His  latest  enterprise,  at  this  writing,  is 
the  esiablishment  of  extensive  works  for 
the  manufacture  of  railway  coaches  in  a 
new  town  a  few  miles  southward  from 
Chicago,  at  a  place  which  has  been  named 
Pullman.  Heretofore  the  palace  cars  have 
been  made  at  various  points,  in  diflfcrent 
railroad  shops,  outside  of  Mr.  Pullman's 
jurisdiction.  In  this  new  manufactory  it 
is  the  design  to  gather  the  most  skillful 
of  artisans,  and  with  the  best  of  materials 
to  construct  sleeping,  drawing-room  and 
dining  cars  with  every  convenience  which 
genius  and  cultured  taste  may  suggest,  all 
under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  Pull- 
man Palace  Car  Company. 

Though  not  the  originator  of  sleeping- 
cars.  Mr.  Pullman  is  the  author  of  the 
improvements  which  have  made  the 
sleeping-car  what  it  is  to-day;  and  the 
success  which  has  attended  his  efforts  is 
gratifying  evidence  that  the  talent  for 
invention  and  knowledge  of   business  can 

be  so  combined  as  to  give  the   inventor  the  reward  of  his  thought 

and  effort,  while  he  yet  lives  to  enjoy  it. 


,  9t%^^9aj^ 


,c..£Sii?:to^^_ 


?^«J5JS-^^^ 


^ICHilRD  ^^ARGH  ]^OEI 


Is^^^^i^"^ 


'^fVl^M.^Sig , 


Inventor  of  Hoe's  Ligrhtning'  Printing-  Press. 


R.  M.  Hoe  was  born  in  New  Y'ork.  September  12,  1812.  Reared 
to  the  business  of  manufacturing  printing  presses,  a  work  that  his 
father  had  been 
in  before  him.  he 
gave  his  attention 
to  improving  the 
presses  in  use,  and 
in  1837  produced 
the  machine 
known  as  Hoe's 
Double  Cylinder 
Press,  which  could 
print  about  ti.UOO 
copies  an  hour. 

In  December. 
1848,  he  gave  to 
the  country  what 
was  known  as  the 
"Lightning"" 
press,   capable  of 

throwing  off    10.000.  or  more,  copies  per    hour.      In    1860    he  had 
supplied  the  New  Y'ork  journals  with  fifteen  of  these  presses,  had 


Hoe's  Perfecting  Newspaper  Press. 


furnished    the   Boston  publishers  with   several,  had   sent   eighteen 
to  Great  Britain,  four  to  France,  and  one  to  Australia. 

Mr.  Hoe  con- 
tinued to  improve 
his  press  by  the 
addition  of  more 
cylinders,  until  it 
was  able  to  print 
25,000  copies  per 
hour:  and.  at 
this  writing,  about 
sixty  years  of  age, 
in  the  posses- 
sion of  an  ample 
fortune,  and  at  the 
head  of  a  large 
manufactory  in 
New  York,  and 
one  in  England,  he 
is  yet  busy  siudy- 


g  the  means  by  which  the  printing  press  may  be  improved,  a  matte 
'  interest  to  all  concerned  in  the  cause  of  universal  education. 


k 


Distinguished  for  Invention  of  Means  by  wfiich  to  Utilize  the  Power  of  Steam. 


AMES  WATT, 
born  at 
G  reenock, 
Scotland, 
January  19, 
1736.  was  a 
sickly  child, 
who,  unable 
to  attend 
school,  was 
left  to  follow 
his  own  in- 
clinations. 

His  father, 
who  was  a 
muthemati- 
c  a  1  instru- 
ment maker, 
furnished  the 
liny  tools,  and 
with  them 
hi-  f  (i  u  n  d 
:iniusement 
;i]ul  instruc- 
tion. The 
cliild  early 
evinced  me- 
chanical and 
inventive 
talent,  and  at 
fourteen  had 
an    electrical 


constructed 
niiichiue. 

(Gradually  as  his  health 
improved,  he  enterednpim 
a   course  of  study .  from 


which,  beside  having  a  good  knowledge  of  philosophy,  he  became  very 
proticicnt  as  a  mathematician.  He  went  up  to  London  when  nine- 
teen yearn  of  age  and  engaged  with  one  Morgan  as  a  mathematical 
Instrument  maker.  lie  afterwards  returned  to  Glasgow,  and  at 
twenty-three  Ijegan  to  Ptudy  the  principles  of  the  steam  engine. 
It  ie  not  claimed  that  he  was  the  originator  or  discoverer  of  the 


power  of  steam.  The  idea  of  the  steam  engine  is  said  to  have  been 
conceived  by  Hero  of  Alexandria,  who  flourished  2, 000  years  ago,  and 
it  is  said  invented  a  rotary  engine,  since  which  time  a  long  line  of 
experimenters  have  followed. 

In  1763  Watt  commenced  a  series  of  experiments  relating  to  the 
power  of  steam  which  finally  resulted  in  his  invention  of  the  con- 
densing engine.  Nine  years  he  struggled  with  poverty  to  make  a 
practical  application  of  this  improvement.  Diiticulties  rose  up  before 
him  on  every  side.  The  necessary  tools  were  not  in  existence,  and 
he  had  no  money  with  which  to  make  them.  Added  to  this  perplexity, 
also,  was  his  extreme  aptitude  for  invention.  No  sooner  had  he 
determined  upon  perfecting  an  idea,  and  had  commenced  to  carry  it 
to  fulfillment,  than  an  improvement  in  another  direction  would  take 
possession  of  his  mind  so  firmly  that  he  felt  he  must  give  it  heed. 

His  want  of  executive  talent  was  shown  in  his  attempt  to  superin- 
tend the  building  of  a  canal,  his  poverty  compelling  him  to  accept 
the  situation  at  a  thousand  dollars  a  year.  Nervous  and  retiring, 
he  shrank  from  giving  orders  to  the  workmen.  He  would  go  a  long 
distance  out  of  his  way  rather  than  make  a  close  bargain,  and  the 
details  of  the  business  he  greatly  disliked.  The  result  was  that  at 
the  expiration  of  eighteen  months  of  trial  he  abandoned  the  work, 
and  retired  very  much  discouraged;  his  misfortunes  being  augmented 
about  this  time  by  the  deatli  of  his  wife,  who  had  done  much  to  sus- 
tain him  in  his  darkest  hours. 

It  was  at  this  period  that  an  interest  in  his  invention  fell  into  the 
hands  of  Matthew  Boulton.  a  large  hardware  manufacturer  of  Kir- 
mingham,  who.  having  wealth  and  foresight  to  see  the  merit  of  the 
invention,  joined  heartily  with  W^att  in  his  endeavors,  and  together, 
as  partners,  they  carried  tlie  engine  forwjird  to  such  success  that  the 
great  Birmingham  manufactory,  which  employed,  under  Boulton. 
1,000  workmen,  was  ultimately  driven  to  its  fullest  capacity  to 
supply  the  demand  for  steam  engines. 

Among  the  difticulties  that  Boulton  and  Watt  had  to  contend  with 
lit  first  was  an  extreme  jealousy  among  workingmen  from  fear  that 
the  engine  would  deprive  them  of  labor.  Boulton  was  at  various 
times  threatened  with  per.'^onal  injury,  and  the  clamor  against  Watt 
was  severe,  but,  as  time  passed  on  and  new  avenues  of  employment 
multiplied  through  this  labor-saving  device,  the  ill-feeling  died  away 
and  Watt  was  declared  a  benefactor. 

After-years  brought  other  inventions  of  his.  among  them  being 
house-warming  by  steam  and  the  copying  press.  He  died  August 
art,  1819,  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty-three. 


.Q^ 


THE    UTILIZATION    OK    INDIA    liUlJUEli. 


1f]^ijlr|if"J5i^l'i*i^!'^^^^^ 


4  1  ^  4  a  4  \Ja\-T)-^\ 


GOOG00OOOOGG0©© 


GGOG  ^OGGG0OOQOGQ  Q^^" 


Discoverer  of  the  Process  of  Vulcanizing  Rubber. 


;'ASSING  A  RUBBER  store,  one  day, 
in  New  York,  Charles  Goodyear 
was  attracted  by  the  words  '"India 
Rubber''  on  the  sisrn  over  the  store 
of  the  Kosbury  Rubber  Company. 
Much  had  about  that  time  been 
w?  tAK 'v.mt3\  'Vj^A'-x  ^^^^  concerning  India-rubber   life- 

J  Q,  "T^!^    ii^f_r E  'l  preservers,  and  Goodyear  wasinter- 

, ,'  ^  l/v?S5':.^^S''>  ested.       This     was    in     1833,    and 

Goodyear  having  been  born  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  29,  1800,  was 
consequently  at  this  time  about 
thirty-three  years  of  age. 
Having  been  associated  with  his  father  in  the 
hardware  trade  at  Philadelphia,  and  the  business 
being  insolvent,  Goodyear  was  seeking  a  new 
employment,  when  the  rubber  sign  attracting  him, 
he  entered  the  store.  He  made  examination  of  the 
various  goods  for  sale,  and  at  last  bought  a  life- 
preserver,  which.  In  the  admission  of  air,  he  after- 
wards discovered  could  be  materially  improved. 
Returning  to  the  store  to  explain  his  improvement, 
the  salesman  dilated  quite  at  length  on  the  discour- 
agements which  the  rubber  trade  was  undergoing  as 
a  reason  for  not  caring  to  purchase  any  invention 
connected  with  the  manufacture;  that  among  the  difficulties, 
especially,  were  rubber  over-shoes,  those  of  the  rubber  becoming  as 
hard  as  flint  in  winter,  and  if  exposed  to  a  temperature  of  100 
degrees  in  summer,  of  melting  and  running  together  in  a  solid 
mass  of  gum.  The  representative  of  the  rubber  house  also  informed 
hira  that  unless  a  method  could  be  devised  for  obviating  this  difficulty 
the  trade  and  manufacture  of  rubber  goods  would  be  a  loss  —  a  fact 
which  proved  true  in  the  failure  of  this  company  a  short  time  after- 
wards. 

Returning  to  Philadelphia,  Goodyear  commenced  to  experiment 
with  India  rubber.  The  effort  to  make  this  discovery  he  steadily 
continued  for  six  years,  purchasing  a  few  pounds  at  a  time,  melting 
it.  and  mixing  with  it  various  ingredients  in  order  to  prevent  its 
becoming  solid  or  adhesive.  During  these  years  Goodyear  was  most 
severely  pressed  for  the  means  wherewith  to  support  his  family.  He 
sold  and  pawned  every  available  article  that  could  possibly  he  spared 
about  his  household,  to  raise  means  to  continue  his  experiments,  and, 
even  with  these  sacrifices,  he  was  often  in  the  debtor's  prison. 

At  length,  after  three  years  of  continued  experiment,  he  discov- 
ered that   the  adhesiveness    of   the    rubber  could  be  destroyed   by 


dipping  it  in  a  preparation  of  nitric  acid.     This  served  the  purpose 
with  the  exterior  of  shoes,  but  the  interior  was  not  yet  improved. 

He  continued  his  trials,  and  at  Woburn,  Mass.,  six  years  after  he 
commenced  his  attempts,  he  discovered  that  by  sprinkling  on  the 
common  sticky  rubber  powdered  sulphur,  and  baking  it  for  a  nhort 
time  in  an  oven  heated  to  275  degrees,  it  came  out  a  new  material, 
being  an  India  rubber  that  would  not  harden  in  cold  weather,  nor 
melt  in  warm.  He  subsequently  discovered  that  by  varying  the 
degrees  of  heat  he  could  make  the  material  as  hard  as  flint  or  as  soft 
as  silk,  as  brittle  as  glass,  or  as  elastic  as  a  steel  spring.  A  new  material 
had  been  formed,  adapted  to  a  thousand  purposes,  which,  in  articles 
of  use  and  ornament,  are  found  to-day  in  the  various  avenues  of 
trade. 

The  problem  had  been  solved,  and  yet  nobody  but  Charles  Good- 
year believed  it.  He  was  simply  laughed  at  when  he  mentioned  rubber 
to  his  friends,  who  considered  him  a  monomaniac  on  the  subject.  Two 
years  went  by,  in  which  he  suffered  the  direst  want  before  he  could 
interest  anybody  in  his  work.  At  length  an  individual  in  New  York 
went  into  partnership  with  him,  and  vulcanized  rubber  goods  began 
to  be  made  with  success.  The  necessariesof  life  were  then  obtained 
for  his  family,  and  had  he  rested  his  efforts  there  and  engaged  in 
manufacturing,  he  could  have  become  wealthy.  But,  instead,  he 
sold  rights  to  manufacture,  and  continued  his  experiments.  In  the 
meantime  he  became  involved  in  expensive  litigation  with  parlies  who 
infringed  on  his  patent,  which  prevented  his  accumulating.  Though 
patented  in  France  in  1844,  through  certain  legal  informalities  he 
secured  no  benefit  from  his  improvement  in  that  country:  and  having 
negotiated  with  a  firm  in  England  to  sell  the  right,  a  partner  of  the 
firm,  discovering  the  process,  took  out  a  patent  in  his  own  name,  so 
that  the  benefit  to  the  right  of  its  manufacture  was  lost  to  the  original 
inventor  in  Great  Britain. 

Goodyear  died  in  July.  1860,  in  the  seventy-first  year  of  bis  age. 
The  Goodyear  patents  now  number  over  sixty.  The  discovery  and 
adoption  of  his  process  have  been  of  immense  service  to  the  world. 
The  vulcanized  India-rubber  trade  is  one  of  the  greatest  industries  of 
the  land  to-day:  and  yet.  notwithstanding  the  perseverance  which 
accomplished  the  final  result,  the  sacrifices  made  to  attain  it,  contin- 
ued experiment,  and  expensive  litigation,  caused  the  inventor  to  die 
insolvent,  leaving  his  family  unprovided  for.  His  only  reward  was 
that  he  lived  to  see  large  factories  for  its  manufacture  arise  in  the 
United  States  and  Europe,  which  employed  over  60,000  operatives. 
producing  over  500  different  articles,  which  sold  to  the  value  of 
$8,000,000  annually,  an  amount  which  from  that  time  to  this  has 
steadily  increased,  employing  tens  of  thousands  of  workmen,  and 
a  capital  t-mbracing  tens  of  millions  of  dollars. 


V6 


THE    FATHER    OF    ENGLISH    EAILWAYS. 


■•X- 


iv«- 


^HfeE3.*^B^H 


■'M 


-*-^' 


George 


i^$- 


^m^-'' 


■m 


&?> 


^v-feEPt^T^f^^ 


•# 


Stephenson. 


f^-*- 


A'v 


-^r^^^-t-e^l^a-t-SE^^  -C^ 


Ml 


JkV^^s4/<whT  WYLAM.  about  nine  miles  west  of   Newcastle- 
\^vV  ik^^^i     upon-Tyne.   in  a  poor  cottage,  with  a  clay  floor 
'    and   unplastered  walls,    George   Stephenson    was 
born  in  April,  1787. 

The  father  of  George  was  a  fireman,  whose  wages 
brought  him  but  three  dollars  a  week.  With  a 
wife  and  six  chihlren  to  support  from  this  sura,  there  was  nothing  to 
expend  for  education.  To  satisfy  the  cravings  of  hunger  was  the 
first  impulse,  and  as  soon  as  opportunity  offered  the  children  were 
put  to  earning  the  means  of  support. 

Five  cents  a  day  were  George's  first  earnings  in  looking  after  Widow 
Ainslie's  cows.  Later,  be  received  fifty  cents  a  week.  wUeu  caring 
for  horses.  Afterwards  he  got  a  dollar  a  week  as  an  assistant  to 
his  father;  and,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  he  was  appointed  to  work  at 
a  pnmping-engine, 
at  three  dollars  a 
week. 

Receiving  a 
man's  wages,  he 
was  delighted,  and 
in  all  his  subse- 
quent triumphs  as 
a  locomotive  build- 
er, it  is  doubtful  if 
he  was  ever  happier 
than  when  he  was 
elevated  to  the  posi- 
tion as  an  attendant 
upon  the  pump- 
engine. 

At  the  age  of 
eighteen,  he  could 
neither  read  nor 
write,  but,  pos- 
sessed of  a  thought- 
ful, meditative 
mind,  he  then  com- 
menced attending  a 
night-school,  and  a 
year  afterwards 
could  spell  words, 
was  able  to  write 
his  own  name,  and  had  begun  to  get  an  insight  into  arithmetic. 

When  not  engaged  in  his  labors  throughout  the  day,  he  sought  to 
improve  his  position  by  becoming  proficient  in  his  work.  He  took 
his  engine  to  pieces  and  studied  every  part.  He  was  never  idle. 
The  result  of  his  spirit  of  inquiry  and  ambition  was,  that  he  was 
rai)ldly  advanced  through  all  the  grades  of  engineering. 

He  married  at  twenty-one,  and  settled  in  a  little  cottage  at  Willing- 
ton  Quay.  Here,  in  his  home  at  evenings,  he  studied  mechanics,  the 
efTort  to  get  perpetual  motion  coming  in  for  a  share  of  his  time. 
His  clock  subsequently  getting  out  of  order,  he  took  the  same  to 
pieces,  and  out  of  the  remnants  of  his  machine  for  perpetual  motkm. 


House  Where  (George  Stepliensun  was  Horn,  at  Wylani,  England. 


he  put  it  in  good  order.      He  forthwith  became  the  clock- repairer 
of  the  neighborhood. 

From  one  position  to  another  he  advanced.  It  was  in  1813,  and 
he  was  thirty-two  years  old,  when  he  told  his  employer,  Lord 
Ravensworth,  that  he  believed  he  could  make  a  steam-engine  that, 
placed  on  wheels  over  the  tramways  then  in  use,  would- profitably  take 
the  place  of  horses. 

Steam-carriages  were  then  a  fact.  Locomotive-engines  had  been 
actually  then  employed;  therefore,  Stephenson  could  in  no  sense  be 
said  to  be  the  inventor  of  this  means  of  locomotion.  But,  although 
the  steam-engine  on  wheels  was  a  reality,  it  bad  not  yet  been  made 
practicable. 

As  Watt  successfully  applied  steam  as  a  power,  so  it  was  left  for 
Stephenson  to  successfully  put  the  steam-engine  on  wheels  for  the 

rapid   transport    of 
heavy  burdens. 

Lord  Ravens- 
worth  furnished  the 
money,  and  in  the 
workshops  at  West 
Moor,  Killingworth, 
Stephenson,  with 
the  aid  of  the  col- 
liery blacksmith, 
constructed  a  loco- 
motive that  would 
draw,  at  the  rate  of 
four  miles  an  hour, 
eight  loaded  car- 
riages of  thirty  tons 
each.  The  affair, 
although  clumsy, 
was  pronounced  a 
success;  and  im- 
provements %vent 
forward  from  that 
time  until,  in  1825, 
over  the  Stockt(m 
and  Darlington  rail- 
way, Stephenson 
drove  an  engine  that 
drew  ninetv  tons  at 


the  rale  of  a  little  more  than  eight  miles  an  hour. 

The  great  engine  works  which  he,  with  his  son.  established  at 
Newcastle,  and  the  network  of  railways  throughout  Enghnul  and  the 
world,  stand  as  ever-living  monuments  of  the  perseverance  and 
inventive  genius  of  George  Stephenson,  who,  in  his  sixty-seven 
years  of  life,  had  lived  to  see.  through  his  own  effort,  the  speed  cif 
travel  increased  from  stage-coach  pace  to  the  velocity  of  the  rapid- 
running  locomotive. 

Stephenson  died  at  Tapt<m  house,  near  Chesterfield.  August  12, 
1848,  leaving  a  great  fortune,  mostly  to  his  only  son  Robert,  who 
also  became  one  of   the  mnst  distinguished  engineers  in  England. 


;&>—- 


THE  INVENTUKS  UK  THE  DAUL'EKUEUTVl'E  AND  THE  CALOKIC  ENGINE. 


1*7 


^,^^.,^1^,.,^^ 


^I^ 


t^T^H 


M,  Daguerre, 


-^ 


H^I^H 


The  Ingenious  French  Artist  who  Invented  the  Daguerreotype. 


jl,;.,^  AGUERRE,  wbose  name  was  a  familiar  word  in 
iIk*  l)t,'ginning  of  the  nineteeiitli  cuntiiry.  was 
horn  at  Corniuilles.  -France,  in  17S9.  He  way 
11  scene  i)ainter  by  profession,  in  Paris,  and 
one  of  tlie  most  sliillfnl  engaged  in  that  art. 
Having  assisted  in  painting  tlie  panoramas  of 
several  European  cities,  it  occurred  to  him 
that  their  exhibition  would  be  greatly  improved 
by  a  reflection  of  various-colored  lights  upon  them,  which  would 
produce  the  effect  of  summer,  winter,  sunset,  storm,  etc. 

This  iuveution.  called  the  diorama,  Daguerre,  assisted  by  Bouton, 
carried  to  perfection  in  1832.  For  some  years  afterwards  the  work  of 
jjreparing  i)ictures  for  exhibition  absorbed  Daguerre's  time,  until  his 
establishment  was  burned  in  1839. 

Upon  recovering  from  this  misfortune,  he  began  to  experiment  on 
brilliant  surfaces,  with  a  view  to  getting  a  permanent  representation 
of  objects  through  the  aid  of  sunlight.  About  that  time,  Joseph 
Nicephore  Niepce  commenced  similar  experiments,  and  discovered 


the  process  by  which  partially  satisfactory  results  were  obtained. 

Niepce  .and  Daguerre  united  in  their  efforts  to  perfect  the  improve- 
ment, and  labored  togellier  until  the  death  of  Niepce,  in  1833,  when 
Daguerre  continued  to  experiment,  and  made  such  improvementB 
and  discoveries  as  to  cause  the  credit  of  the  invention  to  be  given  to 
him. 

The  announcement  of  this  discovery,  in  1839,  created  much  interest, 
which  was  greatly  increased  by  the  exhibition  of  several  pictures 
taken  soon  after.  On  consideration  of  his  tnakinghis  secrets  relating 
to  the  diorama  and  daguerreotype  known  to  the  i)ublic,  Daguerre  was 
created  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  and  presented  by  the 
French  government  with  C,  000  francs.  His  history  and  description 
of  the  diorama  and  the  daguerreotype,  i)ublished  in  1840,  passed 
through  many  editions,  and  had  a  very  large  sale. 

Daguerre  died  July  13,  1851,  leaving  to  the  world  the  processes 
out  of  which  have  come  photography,  photo-lithography,  photo- 
engraving, the  Albert-type,  and  similar  improvements  in  picture- 
making. 


JOHN  ERICSSON, 

^rn^UE   INVKNTOU   of 


the    f:;mous 
monitors  which,  during  the  war. 


S  i  l^i)  came  to  the  aid  of  the  fleets  on 
^-S-^J^  the  Union  side  as  tbey  were 
engaged  in  naval  warfare,  was  John 
Ericsson,  a  Swedish  engineer,  who  was 
born,  1803,  in  the  province  of  Wermeland. 

At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  was  employed 
as  a  leveler  on  the  t-hip-canal  between 
the  Baltic  and  the  North  sea;  was  in  the 
Swedish  army  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  and 
for  meritorious  conduct  attained  to  the 
rank  of  captain.  Having  a  natural  taste 
for  mechanics,  he  resigned  his  commis- 
sion in  the  army  and  gave  his  attention  to 
invention. 

His  tirst  improvement  was  the  introduc- 
tion of  a  steam-boiler  that,  by  artificial 
draft,  secured  a  great  reduction  of  fuel, 
and  did  away  with  the  necessity  for  the 
huge  smoke  stacks.      This  was  adopted  in 

London  among  the  manufacturers,  and  was  placed  on  the  railway 
locomotives  in  England,  in  1829.  Near  that  time,  Ericsson  also  con- 
structed a  locomotive  that  would  run  at  the  rate  of  fifty  miles  an  hour. 

The  aim  of  this  inventor  seemed  to  be  to  secure  great  strength  and 
efficiency  in  as  compact  and  small  a  space  as  possible.  His  improve- 
ment was  made  practicable  on  steam  fire  engines,  and,  in  further- 


SWEDISH  ENGINEER. 


ance  of  his  idea,  he  made  and  perfected 
a  caloric  engine,  in  18G3,  which  created 
great  interest  in  the  scientific  world. 

The  idea  of  propelling  a  vessel  by  the 
aid  of  a  screw-paddle  in  the  rear,  was 
Ericsson's.  The  British  did  not  take 
kindly  to  this  improvement,  and  the  in- 
ventor came  to  America,  where  his  idea 
was  adopted,  and  is  largely  in  use  upon 
the  inland  lakes  of  the  United  States. 

The  war  steamship  Princeton,  made  by 
him  in  1841,  was  remarkable  for  having  its 
propelling  machinery  under  water,  where 
it  could  not  be  injured  by  shot  or  shell. 

Among  his  inventions  have  been  an 
instrument  for  measuring  distances  at  sea; 
for  determining  the  volume  of  fluids  under 
pressure;  a  meter  for  measuring  the  quan- 
tity of  water  which  passes  through  pipes 
during  certain  definite  periods;  an  alarm 
barometer;  a  sea-lead  for  taking  sound- 
ings; and  an  appliance  for  measuring  temperature,  from  thirty-two 
up  to  4.000  degrees. 

This  distinguished  inventor  came  prominently  before  the  world 
through  the  Monitor,  a  successful  iron-clad  war  vessel,  which  he 
constructed  for  the  United  States  government  in  100  days.  Ericsson 
has  latterly  resided  in  New  York  City. 


9 


\i — 


I 


Engineer  of  the  Suez  Canal   Across  the  Sandy,  Egyptian   Waste   of  About  One   Hundred   Miles. 


'^HE  CELEBRATED  French  engineer,  De  Les?eps,  derives 
bis  principal  fame  from  his  connection  with  the  con- 
struction of  the  Suez  canal,  running  across  the  isthmus 
of  that  name,  which  connects  the  continents  of  Asia  and 
Africa.  The  isthmus  is  a  sandy  waste,  between  seventy 
and  eighty  miles  wide.  On  its  south  side  lies  the  Gulf 
of  Suez,  an  arm  of  the  Red  sea,  and  on  the  north  is  the 
Mediterranean  sea.  The  Suez  canal  hegins  at  the  Bay  of  Pelusium, 
in  the  Mediterranean,  and  runs  southerly  to  the  town  of  Suez,  across 
the  isthmus,  a  distance  of  about  100  miles,  and  has  proved  to  be  one 
of    the    most    profitable    and    important  ^.^^ 


world  1^ 
Its   importance  is  derived 


artificial    water-courses    that    the 
has    known 

from  the  fact  that  it  saves  voyages  of 
more  than  5.000  miles  between  England 
iuid  Ceylon,  around  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  in  South  Africa;  and  within  a  little 
more  than  five  years  after  its  opening  in 
18G9.  vessels  to  the  number  of  4,781  had 
passed  through  it,  going  north  and  south, 
with  278,231  passengers.  The  history  of 
the  canal  begins  in  ancient  times,  when 
a  water  channel  uniting  the  river  Nile  with 
the  Red  sea  was  proposed.  In  1799  Na- 
poleon had  surveys  for  a  canal  made,  but 
tbe  engineer.  La  Pcre,  seriously  erred  in 
his  report  as  to  the  levels  of  the  two  seas, 
which  the  canal  now  connects.  In  1854 
the  idea  of  a  canal  across  the  isthmus 
was  renewed,  and  by  authority  from  tbe 
Pasha  of  Egypt,  M.  de  Lesseps  received 
])ermission  to  form  the  company  which,  in 
1859,  began  the  construction  of  the  present  ^ 
canal.  The  capital  of  this  company,  at  ^-^^r- 
the  start,  was  $40,000,000.  and  was  in- 
creased to  $90,000,000.      Ten  years  aftt-r 

its  commencement  the  canal  was  ccmipletcd.  In  1875  the  British 
govemment  purchased  177  of  the  canal  shares,  owned  by  the  Khedive 
of  Egypt,  for  $20,000,000.  The  whole  amount  of  shares  issued  was 
400.  The  plan  of  De  Lesseps  not  only  comprised  the  cutting  of  the 
canal  through  ninety  miles  of  sand  from  sea  to  sea;  to  build  moles 
out  into  the  Mediterranean,  at  Port  Said,  one  of  which  is  6,940  feet 
long  and  the  other  6, 020  feet,  made  of  concrete ;  to  deepen  the  shallow 
waters  by  excavations;  to  create  ports  to  receive  ships  from  India  and 
Au^'tnilia.  and   to  adapt  the  canal   to  purposes  of  irrigation   and    so 


FERDINAND    DE  LESSEPS. 


fertilize  the  adjacent  country.  Such  is  the  capacity  of  the  canal  that 
steamships  of  3,000  tons  burthen  pass  readily  through  it.  On  the 
17th  of  November,  1869,  the  canal  was  successfully  opened  in  the 
presence  of  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  the  Empress  of  the  French,  the 
Viceroy  of  Egypt,  and  others;  and  on  July  4.  1870.  De  Lesseps  was 
publicly  entertained  in  London,  He  is  now  interested  in  the  con- 
struction of  a  similar  ship-canal  across  the  Isthmus  of  Darien, 
between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Pacific  ocean. 

M.  De  Lesseps  was  born  at  Versailles,  France,  in  1805.     Early  in 

life  he  developed  the  spirit  and  shrewdness  which  distinguished  his 

-^-^  after-career  as  a  diplomatist.      In  1825  he 

'fSj  was  attached  to  the  French  consulate  at 

'  Lisbon,  Portugal.  In  1827  he  was  engaged 
in  the  commercial  department  of  the 
French  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs.  In 
1828  he  was  attached  to  the  Consul- 
general's  ofiice  at  Tunis,  and  in  1831  he 
was  sent  as  Consul  to  Alexandria,  Egypt. 
Seven  years  afterwards  he  was  Consul  to 
Rotterdam,  Holland.  In  1839  he  was  sent 
to  Malaga  to  negotiate  in  behalf  of  French 
commerce  with  the  Spanish  government, 
and  was  appointed  Consul  at  Barcelona. 
In  1844  he  was  again  Consul  at  Alexandria, 
returning  soon  to  Barcelona.  In  1848  he 
was  appointed  French  Minister  to  Spain, 
remaining  at  Madrid  about  a  year,  and 
returning  to  Paris  just  after  the  revolu- 
tion of  1848.  In  1849  he  was  sent  as 
envoy  of  the  French  republic  to  the 
Mazzini  government  at  Rome,  taking  part 
in  tlie  negotiations  previous  to  the  resto- 
v>  r;ttion  of  the  Pope  by  the  French  army. 
=?^-C  In  18.54  he  was  commissioned  by  the  society 
at  Paris  which  contemplated  the  opening 
of  the  Suez  canal,  to  negotiate  with  Said 
Pasha  of  Egypt  for  its  construction.  His  mission  was  crowned  with 
success,  but  it  was  not  until  1850  that  the  fullest  concession  was 
granted,  and  the  international  company  was  completely  organized. 
The  result  is  described  above,  although  the  construction  of  the  canal 
was  not  begun  until  1859. 

During  the  year  1880  De  Lesseps  visited  the  I'nited  States  for  the 
purpose  of  interesting  the  capitalists  of  America,  in  his  Darien  canal 
scheme.  French  capital,  however,  came  to  his  aid,  and  at  this 
writing  the  Panama  canut  is  in  process  of  construction. 


^ 


(by—^- 


-<j 


I.Ml*(»K'rA.\T    IWKN'riuNS,     DI.SC<  A' KIUKS    AM)    lMl'i:u\' KMK.NTS,     ASl)    liV     WIKt.M    MADE. 


M 


At  Different  Periods    of  the  World's  History. 


CCORDIOXS-  Invented 
bv  Uiiinian.  of  Vienna,  yVus- 
tria.  I82y. 

>£oliun  harp— Finst  de- 
scribed by  Kircher,  a  Ger- 
man, in  16:i3;  but  it  w;is 
earlier  known. 

Air-brakes  —  Invented 
by  (iiMM'^e  WKStinviliouHu,  in 
AriHTiea.  IHliii;  improved  by 
J.  \V.  Gardiner,  1872;  by 
Hendfi-son,  1872,  and  by 
Fofrelburg.  1872. 

Air-gunH  —  Invented  in 
Germany,  by  Gubr,  1656;   in 
America,  by  Shaw.  1849. 
Alr-piimps— First   made  in  Madgeburg,  Ger- 
many, by  otto  Guericke,  HJjO. 

Alcohol— Wasknown  in  thetbirteenth  century, 
and  inanulactured  in  France  in  the  fourteenth 
century. 

Ale— Was  known  as  a  beverage  404  years  before 
Christ, 

Alffebra— Is  traced  to  DiophantQS,  a  Greek,  in 
the  fourth  century;  known  In  Europe  in  1300. 

Almanacs  — First  printed  in  Hungary,  by 
Hkus.  ill  1470;  in  England.  107.'J,  and  in  Phila- 
delphia. Pa.,  by  William  Bradford.  1686. 

Alphabet  (Tonict  —  Introduced  339  yeai-s 
belc.iv  fin  t-c ,  ("M. it. Ills  broilK'ht  lft.ti.Ts  from  Plui'- 
ni.-i.i  itii- ill.  .r..  ir.ii  vearsb..-for.- Christ.  Athof.-s 
is  s.nil  r..  h,i\ .  hi-.ii  (he  author  tit  hieri>u'l>  plnrs, 
and  to  h.ivi  wiiitcu  history  with  them  -^ITi  years 
before  Clirist. 

Amaleamator—  Invented  in  America,  by 
V'arney;  improved  by  Hill,  1861;  Coleman,  1863; 
Wheeler,  181.'{:  Heath,  1863;  Dodge,  1864;  Brodie. 
1K64:  Moore.  1865:  Peck,  186.^;  Charles,  1866;  Staat>i, 
1866. 

Anchors  —  Were  invented  by  the  Tuscans; 
improved  by  Anacharsis  in  Scythia,  592  years  be- 
fore Christ. 

Anemometer  (wind-measure) —Invented  by 
\\'i>iiii-;,  iTO'.i;  measures  force  and  speed. 

.Vpple-parer  —  Invented  by  Contes,  1803; 
inipiuveil  by  Hates.  1810;  Mitchell,  1838;  Pratt. 
1S.'>3. 

Aniline-colors  —  For  dyeing,  discovered  by 
Unveriiorben,  1826. 

Areometer  —  For  niea.suring  liquid  density 
and  gravity,  described  by  Baunie,  1768. 

.Vrirand  I^amp- Invented  by  Aime  Argand, 
1789. 

Armstronff-sim —Invented  by  Armstrong, 
1855. 

Atmospheric  railways— Atmospheric  pres- 
sure di.sL-oveied  by  Papin.  1680. 

Backffanimon— Invented  in  Greece,  by  Pala^ 
niedes.  abuut  liH. 

Bsitrpipe— Invention  traced  to  early  Greece; 
probably  200  yeai-^  or  more  before  Christ. 

Balloons— Invented  by  Montgolfier,  France, 
178-2. 

Banks— Known  at  Athens.  Greece.  385-.122  be- 
fore Christ;  at  Rome,  352  before  Christ;  in  Venice 
1157;  Bank  of  England  established,  1695. 

Barometers- Invented  1026. 

Battery-eriin— Invented  by  Gatling,  1861;  by 
Hardy.  1862;  Taylor.  1871;  Dodge,  18r)6. 

Bayonets- Invented  at  Bayonne,  France, 
ai.out  1647-1690. 


Beer— Fii-st  introdiiced  into  England,  U92;  in 
Scotland  as  early  as  1482.     (See  ALE. ) 

Bellows— Invented  (it  is  claimed)  byAnachar- 
sis,  in  Scythia,  about  .WJ  yeai-s  before  Christ. 

Bells— Invented  hyPaulinus,  Bishop  of  Nola, 
Campagna.    about  400;  llrst  used  in  France,  550. 

Bessemer-steel  —  Invented  in  England  by 
H.  Bessemer,  1.S56;  inifiroved  by  him,  1861  and  1862. 

Billiards— Origin  unknown;  claimed  to  have 
been  invented  in  France,  by  Devigne,  about  1171. 

Blankets- Fii-st  made  in  England,  in  1340. 

Blast-farnace- Invented  by  Detniold,  1842; 
improved  by  Van  Dyke,  1860. 

Blood— Circulation  discovered  in  England,  by 
Dr.  Harvey,  1017.  Was  known  to  the  ancients. 

Bombs— Alleged  to  have  been  invented  at 
Venlo.  Holland.  1495. 

Books  —  In  their  present  form,  invented  by 
Attains.  King  of  Pergamus,  887;  Ilrst  printed  in 
England,  by  i_'axton,  1474. 

Book-keeping  —  Double-entry  originated  in 
Venice,  in  the  lifteenth  centui'y. 

Boot-crimper- Invented  by  Moo)'e,  1812. 

Boots— Invented  907  years  befoi'e  Christ. 

Bottles  (glass)— Made  at  Pompeii,  in  the  fii-st 
century. 

Bows  and  Arrows- 
1000. 


■Introduced  in  England, 


Brandy— Made  in  France  early  in  1300. 

Brass— Copper  and  zinc  combined— knoivn  to 
early  nations;  patent  to  Emerson,  in  England, 
1781. 

Bread— Of  great  antiiinity;  first  made  with 
ye:ust  in  England,  1034. 

Breech-loading:  Fire-arms  —  Invented  by 
Thornton  and  Hall.  ISU;  impro%ed  by  Ballard, 
1851;  Chassepot,  1867. 

Bricks— Fii-st  used  in  England  by  the  Romans 
about  A.  D.  44;  size  hxed  by  King  Cliaaies  I. ,  1625. 

Bridge  (stone)— Ancient  in  China;  fii-st  built 
at  Bow,  England,  1087;  first  wooden  one  at  Croy- 
land  Abbey,  943. 

Buckles— Invented  about  1680. 

Bullets  (stone)— Used  in  1514;  iron  ones  first 
mentioned.  1550;  of  lead,  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. 

Calico-printing  —  The  Dutch-loom  engine 
used  lii^t  in  1670;  calicoes  tli"Rt  made  in  Lancashire, 
England,  1771;  brought  to  England  from  India, 
1631. 

Camera  Ohseura  —  Invention  claimed  for 
Roger  Bacon.  1290,  and  for  Baptisa  Porta,  six- 
teenth centm'y- 

Candles  (tallow)  —  Substituted  for  prepared 
wood-splinters,  1290. 

Cannons- Invented  in  1330;  first  used  by  the 
English,  1.346;  first  made  of  iron  in  England,  1547. 

Caps— Fii-st  worn  in  1449. 

Cards  (plaving) —  Invented  for  the  amuse- 
ment of  King  (jharles  VI.,  1380. 

Carriages— Introduced  into  England,  1.580;  in 
Vienna.  Austria,  1515;  in  France.  1559. 

Carpets — Introducted  into  France  from  the 
East,  1589-1610;  made  in  France,  1664, 

Carie-de-visite  (photographic)- First  made 
by  Ferrier.  in  Paris,  1857. 

Cast-iron  pavement- First  used  in  London, 
England.  1817. 


Cast-iron  plow— Invented  by  Ncwbold,  1797. 

Chain-shot- Invented  by  De  Witt,  the  Dutch 

Ailniir.'il.  1666. 

Chess— Invented  608  yean*  before  Christ. 

Chimes  (on  bells)— Invented,  1487. 

Chimneys— Introduced  into  England  in  1200. 

China  (earthenware)  — Made  at  Cheli*ea.  Eng- 
land,  1752-1760;  by  Wedgwood,  17C2;  at  Dre^Klen, 
Saxony.  1706. 

Chloral— First  obtained  by  Liebig,  1831. 

Chloroform— Disc(»vered  hy  Samuel  Guthrie, 
I83I;  first  used  in  suigiual  operation  at  Boston, 
1846. 

Circular-saw  — Invented  by  Bcntham.  in 
England.  1790;  improved  by  Trotter.  1804.  and  by 
Biunel.  18U5  and  1809;  first  saw-makei-'s  anvil 
brought  to  America,  IKI9. 

Clarionet  —  Invention  claimed  for  John  C. 
Denner,  of  Leipsic.  1690. 

Clocks  {water)—First  used  in  Rome  1.58  vears 
before  Christ;  cimi-ch  clocks  and  dials.  fii>"t  put 
up  in  913;  clocks  made  to  strike  the  hoiii>.  in 
Arabia,  801:  clocks  with  pendulums,  invenit-il  in 
England  hy  Harris,  about  1041;  repeating  clocks 
and  watches,  irt  England,  by  Barlow,  1676:  biass 
clocks  by  Jerome,  in  America,  about  1820-"25. 

Cloth  (woolen)— Introduced  into  England  1 191 ; 
first  manufactured  there.  1390. 

Coal— Discovered  in  Kngland.  near  Newcastle, 
ViSi:  sea-coal  used  loi-  fuel,  1350. 

Collodion— Used  in  photography;  originated 
by  y.  S.  Archer,  1851. 

Coin  (silver)- First  made  by  Phidon.  King  of 
Argus,  869  yeai-s  befoiv  Christ;  in  Rome.  269  liefore 
<^hri.st;  gold  coin  fii-stused  in  the  East;  first  coined 
in  Venire,  1346;  English  guineas.  1673;  cnining 
with  a  die,  invented  1617;  <-opper  money  first  le- 
gally coined  in  England,  1689;  in  Scotlan'd.  1466. 

Comets— Halley's  identified.  1682;  Encke's  dis- 
covered. 1818;  Biehi's  uoted,  1826;  Donati's,  first 
observed  at  Florence,  Italy,  18.58. 

Compass  (seajnan's)— Invented  in  China.  1120 
years  before  Christ;  "  van'ation  "  discovered  by 
the  Chinese,  and  noticed  hy  Columbus:  the  "'  dip" 
discovered  1756,  by  Robert  Norman,  of  London. 

Concrete  pavement— Invented  by  Straub, 
1863:  improvecf  by  Prescott,  1872,  and  by  Bellamy. 
1875. 

Copper— Its  discovery  is  said  to  have  preceded 
that  nf  iron,  and  it  was  known  to  the  ancients; 
the   fii-st  copper  cent  was  made  at  New  Haven, 

Conn. ,  1687. 

Corn-sheller  — Invented  by  Phinney  in  1815; 
improved  by  James,  1819. 

Cotton-gin— Invented  by  Eli  Whitney.  1793; 
improved  by  Whipple,  1840.  and  Parkhui-st.  1845. 

Curve«l  Stereotype  Plates- Invented  by 
Cooper,  hs!5. 

Cutting  glass  (b3-  sand-blast)  — Invented  by 
Teghlinan.  1S70. 

Hagoerreotype  Miniatures  —  Produced 
in  France  by  M.  Daguerre.  l)t;tS. 

Dahlgren-gnn  (cannon)- Invented  bv  Admi- 
ral Dahlgren,  f.  S.  \. .  1861. 

Dancing — Attributed  first  .is  a  time-movement 
to  the  Curetes,  1534  yeai"s  before  Christ. 

Davy  Safety-lamp  (for  miners)— Invented 
by  Sir  Humphrey  Davy,  England,  1815. 

Diamonds— Fii-st  cut  and  polished  at  Bruges. 
Belgium.  1489. 


^  Ci"^ 


A. 


ll'n 


DATKS    OF    IMPORTANT    IXVENTJ(.»NS,     DISCOVKKIKS    AND    IMl'KOVKMKNTS. 


Dice— Invented  1500  years  before  Christ. 

Dictionary  —  The  earliest  known  was  in 
China,  about  1100  years  before  Christ;  the  oldest 
Greek  dictionary  dat-es  back  to  the  days  of 
Augustus;  a  Latin  dictionary  was  compiled  in  the 
first  Christian  century. 

Distilling— First  practiced.  1150. 

DivlnK-hell— Probably  invented  about  1509, 
and  improved  in  Holland  about  1670. 

Dominoett- Asa  game,  is  traced  to  the  Greeks, 
Hebrews  and  Chinese. 

Drfiiiffhts,  or  Checkers— Has  been  played  in 
Egypt  4000  yeai-s;  introduced  into  Europe  three  or 
four  centuries  ago. 

Driimniond-lislit  — Invented  by  Lieutenant 
Diiiniinund.  1S26. 

Drums— Invented  in  the  East,  and  introduced 
by  the  Moors  into  Spain.  713. 

Earth-closets  —  Invented  by  Moule  &  Girdle- 

Stoii  ■,   1,S60, 

£hoaite-hard  Rubber  —  Invented  by 
Churies  Goodyear,  1819. 

Engravins  on  Metal  —  Invented.  1423;  on 
copp -r,  1511;  on  wood,  in  Flanders,  1423,  and 
revived  by  Albert  Durer.  1511;  on  glass,  at  Paris, 
by  Uondier,  1799;  etching  on  copper  with  acid 
introduced,  1512. 

Electric  Liarht  — Invented  by  Stalte  &  Petrie 
about  184fi;  improved  bv  Duboscq.  in  1855;  Serrin, 
ISO,*.  Holmes.  1858;  I)nma.s and  Benoit.  1862;  Jabla- 
kotf.  about  1878;  Edison,  1879. 

Electrical  machine  —  Invented  by  Von 
GuLTicke.  1647;  the  Leyden  jar,  invented  at  Ley- 
den,  about  1745. 

Electrotype  —  Invented  by  Spencer,  1837; 
improved  by'jacobi,  1838;  Robert  Murray,  1840. 

Elevated  railwav  —  Invented  by  Sargent, 
isr>:   improved  Ijy  Andrew,  1861. 

Envelopes  (for  letters)— First  used  in  1839. 

F:iirbank*s  platform  Scales— Invented  by 
Thaddeus  Fairbanks,  1831. 

F;tir8  (or  market  fairs)  — First  instituted  in 
Eiii^'land  by  King  .\Ifred,  886;  called  fairs  because 
they  were  first  held  on  holidays. 

False  hair— Introduced  by  courtesans  in  Italy, 
and  carried  to  England  from  France.  1572. 

Fire-enRines— E.\isted  in  ancient  times;  the 
modern  style  invented  by  Vanderheides.  in  Hol- 
land—time'unknown:  invented,  also,  at  Augsburg, 
1518;  first  known  at  Paris.  1699. 

Flint  sfun-locks- Invented,  1630. 

Forks— First  known  in  Italy  toward  the  close 
of  the  fifteenth  century;  introduced  in  England, 
1608. 

Galvanism  —  Investigated  and  results  an- 
nouiiced  bv  Galvani.  1791:  galvanic  battery  con- 
structed by  Volta.  1800. 

Gas  — First  extracted  from  coal  by  Ciayton, 
17.'{9.  first  used  as  an  illuminator  by  Murdoch,  in 
England.  1793;  first  used  in  Paris,  1802;  in  New 
York,  1834. 

Giis-meter— Invented  either  by  Clegg.  1815,  or 
Robinson.  IS.'Jl. 

Geometry — Ascribed  to  early  Egyptians; 
Euclid's  elements  compiled  about  300  years  before 
Christ. 

Glass  —  Origin  uncertain;  introduced  in  Eng- 
land, 674;  window-glass  first  made  there.  1557. 

Gold— A  metal  known  in  the  remotest  times; 
f!i->t  discovered  in  California  in  184K. 

Gold-leuf  gliding— Invented  by  Margaritone, 
127;{. 

Grist-millK— Invented  in  Ireland,  214. 

GiiineaH — Fir.st  coined.  1073;  so-called  because 
miole  of  gold  brought  from  Guinea,  Africa. 

Guns— Invented,  1,130;  used  by  Moors  in  Spain, 
1344;  English  guns  made  of  iron.  l.')47;  of  brass, 
1635:  bombs  and  mortars  invented.  1543. 

Gun-cotton— Invented  bySchonbein,  1845- '46. 

Gunpowder  —  Kn<)wn  t<i  Hindoos  3.55  years 
bcfori-  (Miri-vt,  but  attributed  to  Roger  Rai-ion,  in 
England,  who  lived  between  121*  ami  1392. 

Guttu-percha  —  Invented  by  Montgomery, 
184.1;  it-M  vuleaniJiation  invented  by  (Joodyear,  1836. 

llandkerchlclH  —  Fii-st  manufactured  at 
PnixW-y.  Scottund.  1743. 

IlarvesterK  —  Invented  by  Cyruw  H.  Mc- 
Cormick.  IK31;  Improved  bv  Palmer  &  Williams, 
18.11;  bv  Wheeler.  1852;  Oenwrnore.  18.52:  Govo,  1859; 
Klrby.'l859:  Mayall.  1859;  Manny,  1875. 

Hats— Fir^t  made  tn  London,  1510;  at  Paris, 
I4'H. 

Iflieh  Towers— First   erected    on   churches, 

1IM«». 
ilorse-rullroad-First  built,  1820-'27. 


Horse-shoes- Known  to  the  ancients,  but  not 
brought  into  general  use  until  the  ninth  century. 

Hour-classes  —  Invented  in  Alexandria, 
Egypt.  240, 

Howitzer— Invented  by  Paixhans,  1822. 

Ice-makincr  machine  — Invented  by  Carre. 
I860;  improved  by  Bovle,  1872;  by  Martin  &  Beath, 
1872.  and  by  Bealh,  1875. 

India-  rubber  matnuTacture  —  Invented 
by  Chaffee,  1836;  improved  by  Goodyear,  1844. 

Inhalation  of  Ether  (to  prevent  pain)— Dis- 
covered by  Morton,  1846. 

Iron-clad  ships- Were  used  by  the  Normans 
in  the  twelfth  century;  the  first  iron  steamship 
was  built  in  1830. 

Jupiter's  nioous  — Discovered  by  Galileo, 
1610. 

Kerosene— Fii-st  used  for  illuminating,  1826. 

Knittincr  machine  — Invented  by  Hooton. 
1776;  improved  by  Lamb.  J865;  knitting  stockings 
by  hand,  invented  in  Spain  about  1550. 

Knives  — First  used  in  England.  1559;  first 
made  there,  1563. 

Lace  — Invented  (it  is  claimed)  by  Barbara 
Uttniann,  in  Germany,  about  the  middle  of  the 
sixteenth  century;  also,  claimed  by  Italy  and 
Flanders,  about  a  century  earlier. 

Lanterns- Invented  in  England  by  Alfred  the 
Great,  890. 
Lamp-black  manufacture- Invented  by 

Mini.  1.S44. 

Lathe  (for  turning  irregular  forms)— Invented" 
by  T.  Blancbard.  1843— such  as  axe-helves,  etc. 

Lead  water-pipes— First  used  in  12.'16;  lead- 
pipe  machine,  invented  by  Aldei'son,  1804;  im- 
proved by  Dobbs.  1820.  and  Hague.  1822. 

Life-boat- Invented  in  England  bv  Great- 
head.  1802. 

Lightning-rods— Invented  by  Franklin,  1752. 

Liquor-metre— Invented  by  Pontifex,  1824; 
improved  by  Tice. 

Linen— Previously  made  on  the  continent  of 
Europe;  first  manufactured  in  London,  1386. 

Lithographic  printing— Introduced  into 
England,  1801. 

Locomotives  (for  railroads) — Invented  by 
Trevethick,  1802;  first  one  in  America,  1830;  im- 
proved by  scores  of  inventors. 

Looms— An  ancient  invention:  the  Jacquard 
loom  for  figured  fabrics,  invented  by  Jacquard.  in 
France,  1800- 

Lucifer-matches- Firstmade,  1839. 

Magic  Lantern— Invented  in  England,  by 
Roger  Bacon,  1252. 

jVIagnifyin^'grlasses  —  Invented  by  Roger 
Bacon.  1260. 

Maps  and  Globes  —  Invented  by  Anaxi- 
mander  600  yeai-s  before  Christ. 

Matchlocks  (for guns)— Invented,  1567;  super- 
seded by  tlie  Hint-lock,  about  1692. 

Metallic  Washboards— Invented  by  Rice, 
1849. 

Melodeons — Invented  by  Carhart,  New  York, 
1836. 

Microscopes  —  First  used  in  Germany,  1621; 
solar  microscopes  invented,  1740. 

Militarv  School  —  Established  in  France, 
17.51;  at  West  Puinl,  N.  Y.,  1802. 

MInie-rifle  —  Invented  by  Minie.  a  French 
oHicer.  1833. 

Mirrors— Anciently  made  of  polished  metal; 
glass  mirrors  are  mentioned  in  A.  [>.  23-79:  not 
again  until  1300.  when  they  were  made  in  Venice. 

Mowers  and  Keapers—Fir,it  mentioned  by 
Pliny,  A.  1>.  60.     (See  IlAhVESTElts. ) 

Musical  Xotes  —  Invented,  1070;  improved, 
1330;   first  printed,  1473. 

Muskets— Were  in  use  about  l.Wl. 

Xall  machine— Invented  by  Wilkinson,  1775; 
impn.v<-d  bv  (IHrord.  I71H);  Reed,  1786;  Cochran, 
1794:   Haddock,  1870. 

Navigable  Canal— First  built  in  England, 
1134. 

Needles— First  made  In  England,  1545;  im- 
proved by  Grevning,  1.560. 

IVeedle-giin  —  Invented  bv  Illittkowskie  and 
Hoffman,  18.^.6. 

BTewspaper— First  IsHued  monthly  at  Venice, 
about  1536;  flrstin  England,  1622;  first  in  America, 
1704. 

Newspaper  Advertl«enienlN  —  First  ap- 
pearLMl,  16.52, 


Nickel— Was  discoveied  by  Cronstedt,  1751. 

Normal  Schools— First  organized  in  Prussia, 
1735;  in  Massachusetts,  1839. 

Omnibuses- First  appeared  in  Paris,  1825;  in 
London,  1829,  and  in  New  York.  1830. 

Organs— Invention  ascribed  to  Archimedes  220 
yeai-s  before  Christ;  to  Ctesibius,  about  100  years 
before  Christ,  and  to  an  unknown  inventor.  A.  D. 
758:  the  principle  of  the  American  reed-organ  was 
discovered  by  Alexandre,  in  Paris,  about  1835. 

Padlock— Invented  in  Germany.  1540. 

Paper-hangings — First  known  patent  issued 
to  Lanyer.  an  Englishman,  in  1634.  although  it  is 
asserted  that  they  were  introduced  in  France  in 
1620.  by  Francois. 

Paper  (cotton  manufacture) — Was  in  use  in 
the  year  1000;  linen  manufacture,  1319;  white 
paper  made  in  England,  1690.  and  made  from 
straw  in  1800. 

Paper-bag  machine— Invented  by  Wolle. 
1853:  improved  by  Goodale,  1855;  Rice,  1857;  Arm- 
strong, 1860. 

Paper-money — First  used  in  America  in  1710. 

Papier-mache— Invented  by  Lefevre,  1740. 

Parlor-skates— Invented  bv  Plympton,  1863; 
improved  by  Pollitt,  1870. 

Parrott-gun— Invented  by  Parrott,  1862. 

Paving  (With  stones)  —  First  introduced  in 
Paris  in  1786. 

Pearl-ashes— Manufactured  in  Ireland,  1783. 
The  first  recorded  patent  issued  by  the  United 
States  Government  was,  for  pearl-ashes,  July  31, 
1790,  to  Samuel  Hopkins. 

Pendulums  (for clocks)— Invented,  1656. 

Pens— Quills  are  stated  to  have  been  used  A.  D. 
553.  and  others  say  not  until  635;  steel  pens  fii-st 
produced  by  Wise,  of  Great  Britain,  1803;  im- 
proved by  Gillott,  1822. 

Penny-post  —  Introduced  into  London  and 
suburbs,  by  Murray,  1681;  adopted  by  the  govern- 
ment, 1711;  made  a  twopenny-post,  1801. 

Percnsslon-caps  (for  guns)— Came  into  use 
between  1820  and  1830;  inventor  unknown. 

Phonography  (shor^hand  ^vriting)— Invented 
by  Pitman.  England,  1837. 

Phosphorus  —  Discovered  by  Brandt,  of 
Germany,  1669. 

Photography— The  action  of  light  on  chloride 
of  silver,  was  Known  in  the  sixteenth  century;  the 
original  Daguerreotype  (which  see)  has  been 
superseded  by  other  processes;  negative  photo- 
graphs date  back  to  1839  or  beyond;  collodion  first 
used  by  Archer.  1851. 

Pins— Were  brought  from  France.1543,  and  first 
used  in  England  by  Catharine,  queen  of 
Henry  Vni. 

Piano-forte— Invention  claimed  for  Cristofali 
before  1711;  for  Marius,  1716,  and  for  Scliroter, 
1717. 

Pistols— Used  by  French  cavalry  as  early  as 
15i4. 

Pitcl*  and  Tar— Made  from  coal  in  England, 
1779. 

Planing-machine— Invented  by  Wood  worth, 
1828;   improved  by  Stover.  1861. 

Plaster-casts  (from  faces)  —  Invented  by 
VeiTOchio.  1470. 

Pneumatic  railway — Invented  by  Pinkus, 
1834;  improved  by  Henry,  1845, 

Post-office— First  established  in  Paris.  1462; 
in  England.  1581;  in  English  America.  1710;  Hrst 
mail  by  stage-coach  stai'tcd  August  2,  1785. 

Post-mark  Stamp  —  Invented  by  M.  P. 
Norton.  1859. 

Power-loom — Invented  by  Cartwright,  1785; 
improved  by  BigeJow,  1857;  by  Marshall.  1848. 

Printing— Practiced  by  the  Chinese  fifty  years 
befon-  Christ,  and  they  are  said  to  have  used 
movable  types  in  A.  D.  900;  about  1439  the  art 
was  re-invcnfril  in  (Jciin.inv  hv  Cntenberg.  Faust 
&Schoe(rer;  the  latti-r  invciil.d  mm  I  rices  for  cas^ 
ing  sepanite  li-tti-i>;  (\i\t.iri  ini  iiidiii-ed  printing 
into  Etiglanrl  bcfwrcn  1471  and  1474,  the  first  press 
in  .Vnu-ii.'a  is  tr;u-i'd  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  in  the 
sixtenilb  rnitiny;  (Irst  printing  in  Ni'w  England, 
Cambri(ii.'e.  Mass,.  1639. 

Printing  In  Colors  —  First  Introduced  in 
1626. 

Printing-presses  —  Inventor  of  hand-prcNs 
unknown:  improved  l>y  Earl  SUvnhope  about  180l>; 
cvllnder-prc«8  patented  aboilt  1790;  steam-power 
applied.  1811. 

Puddllng-ftirnace— Invented  by  Cort,  1781; 
improved  by  Dank.  1S75. 


-%c).- 


M: 


T. 


DATES    OK    IMPORTANT    INVKNTIONS,    DISCOVEEIKH    AND    IMI'KOVKMK.NTS. 


I'll 


Punctuation  —  Known  to  tliu  anelenta.  the 
moiJern  svHreni  i-*  attributed  to  a  grammarian 
named  Aii^tophanes,  at  Alexandria,  Efcypt.  and 
Hrst  systtMiirtticftlly  adopted  at  Venice  about  the 
cIos»'  of  thv  (ifteenth  century, 

t|iilfk»illver— First  used  for  reilning  silver 
uie.  ir.io. 

Qiiliilne— Discovered  by  Pelletlor  and  Caven- 
tou.  IH-M. 

Riillroacis  —  Wooden  rails  used  in  England 
about  Hiii-3-.  (■ast-iiiiii-edirt;  rails,  1789.  first  wooden 
i-jtilrotnl  111  Hie  liiitt^d  States,  Pennsylvania.  fHWi; 
lU-t  Mon  ir;nk  roaii  laid  in  Mai>sachusutt3  and 
IViiii^ylvaniii,  18-Ji. 

Riillrond  ciirs  —  Invented  by  Knight,  1829; 
Impioved  by  Winans.  1834:  by  Imlay,  1873. 

ReM|»er— See  Ha»vestkr, 

Revolver  —  Invented  by  Colt.  1836,  improved 
by  Sliarp.  1850;  Smith  and  Wesson,  1803;  Starr. 
18f>4  White.  1875;  several  others,  1804.  and  by 
Keiniiigton.  1863. 

Rifle  (repeating)  —  Invented  by  Sharp,  1818; 
improved  by  Henry,  18.52.  Spencer.  1848. 

Rifle  (common)  —  Invented  by  Whitworth, 
about  180O. 

Riilf  n^-mnchines  —  Invented  in  London, 
i;9-J, 

.Sabbath  schools— First  introduced  in  Kng- 
land,  by  Robert  Ifaikes,  1781;  in  America,  nt 
Epliiata.  I'a. .  by  Ludwit;  Hacker,  between  1740 
and  1747. 

SiiUilles— Used  in  the  thii-d  century;  of  leather, 
mentioned  in  304;  known  in  England  about  600; 
side-saddles,  1380. 

Saws— Invention  claimed  for  Da?dalus  or  Talus 
or  Perdox.  ancient  Grecians;  saw.uiills  in  JIadeira, 
1430;  in  Norway.  1S30;  in  England,  lOlW. 

SavlngH-banks  —  Founded  in  Hamburg, 
Germany.  1778;  in  Philadelphia.  Pa.,  1816. 

Scenes— Fiist  introduced  in  theaters,  1533. 

Seedlns  -  machine  —  Invented  by  Cahoon, 
1857;  improved  by  Brown.  1863. 

Seu'liis-machlne— Patent  granted  toWeisen- 
thal,  in  England.  1755;  improvement  by  Alsoi)  in 
England.  1770;  invention  patented  in  England  by 
Winter.  1807.  invention  by  Thimmunier.  18;(4.  first 
t-omplete  machine  for  general  use  pat^.'nted  by 
Elias  Howe.  .Ir. ,  of  Massachiis.tt^.  Stpttrnber  11), 
1846;  improved  by  Singer,  is  lO.  l.\  Hi. we,  lS4f,; 
by  A.  B  Wils.in,  1851;  Grover.V  Hak-r,  isr.i;  T-  E. 
Weed,  I85t,  (Jibbs.  1857,  and  nuiiieruus  others. 

Shlp-bulldingr  —  Attributed  to  the  early 
Egyjitians  first  treated  as  a  science,  1696;  ships 
Hist  copper  bottomed.  1837. 

Silk— Supposed  to  have  been  first  brought  from 
China;  silk  worm  raising  and  working  the  silk, 
practiced  in  Europe,  about  A.  D.  555;  tli-st  silk  made 
by  machinery  in  the  United  States,  1829,  in  Con- 
necticut- 

Shoen  (modem  styles)— First  woni  in  England, 
1633;  sandals,  or  sole-.-^hields.  strapped  to  the  foot, 
appear  to  have  been  the  earliest  form. 

Shoe-peffsins  machine  —  Invented  by 
Galtahue.  1858-    latest  improvement   by  Budlong, 

Sleeplngf-cars  — Invented  by  T.  T.  Woodniff 
18.56.  nnproved  by  Wheeler.  18.59;  by  Field  and 
Pullman.  1865.  by  Lucas,  1875. 

Soda-water  aiipuratiia  —  Invented  by 
North.  1775. 

Soap -According  to  Pliny,  wa3  invented  by 
the  Ciauls,  first  made  in  London,  1524. 
Spectacles— Invented  by  Spina,  at  Pisa,  Italy, 

Sitinnln^-.lenny— Invented  by  Hargreaves. 
ni  England.  1767. 

Splnnine-mule  — Invented  by  Cronipton    in    I 
England,  1779. 

Spinnlns-wheel —  Invented    by  Jurgens    at 

Rrunswick.  1530. 

Sqiiure-hole  aueer— Invented  by  Branch, 
1826. 


Steamboats- Siicccssfulty  tried  atllnrrnlona, 
Spain,  by  l>e  (;arry..hine  17,  1543,  but  abandoned 
as  Impracticable,  aneient  eniu-  repre-ent  piulrlle- 
wheel  boats  before  the  Chiistian  era;  tried  on  the 
fonestoga  river.  Iiy  u)odet,  by  Witliani  Henry,  of 
<"lie.ster.  Pa.,  1763;  tried  on  the  Potomac  river. 
\a  .  by  Itumsey,  at  four  miles  an  hour.  1786:  in 
Scotland,  on  the  Forch  and  Clyde  canal,  by 
Hniyngton.  1789,  hy  John  Fitch,  on  the  Delawai-e 
river.  1790.  and  at  New  York  in  1796;  by  .John 
Stevens,  1804;  Fulton's  steamboat  navigated  the 
Hudson  river,  1807;  first  steambiuit  Jimih  Kntrlaiid 
to  India.  1825;  Itj-sl  fn.m  llie  Inltnl  St, it.-.  i>>  I  ng- 
laHd.  1819;  used  on  the  'Ihaine^  u\Lr,  Kiiu-land. 
for  passengers,  ISl.'j;  screw  piupellcrt.  nivented  by 
Erics,Hon  and  Smith,  patented  1836. 

Sleam-carrlase— Invented  by  T-  Blancbard, 

Steam-engines- Crndelv  developed  about  120 
years  before  Christ,  by  llcru.  of  Alexandrni, 
Egypt:  between  A.  D.  1.580  and  1663  three  persons 
conceived  the  idea  of  using  steam  to  raise  water: 
tins  piuini.ie  patented  by  Captain  Savery,  in 
Knu'liuul.  Hi'.iS.  an  engine  worked  by  a  piston 
moving  in  a  cylinder  was  c<mstTUctcd  at  Darl- 
muuth.  England.  1705,  by  Newemnen:  but  James 
Watt  made  the  tlrst  peifcet.  engine  in  England, 
1764;  the  first  steam-engine  in  America,  it  is 
elaimcd,  came  from  England.  1753. 

Steam  Hre-enarlne  —  Invented  by  Captain 
Ericsson.  1830.  and  improved  by  him,  1842-'43. 

Steam-hammer  —  Invented    by  James   Nas- 

myth.  1K.'1K. 

Steam  prlntlns-press  (rotarv)  —  Invented 
by  Hichard  Hoe.  1842;  improved  by  "Gordon.  1850. 
and  by  Bullock.  1867,  with  reciprocating  bed,  by 
Seth  Adams.  1830. 

Steel  cannon  —  First  made  bv  Krupp,  in 
Germany,  IM'X 

Steel-pen— See  Pen. 

Stem-winding  watch  —  Invented  by  Noel, 

Stereoscope  —  Invented  by  Charles  Wheats 
stone,  l«:i8;  but  the  principle  was  known  to  Euclid 
300  years  before  Chiist,  and  desciibed  by  Galen. 
A.  D.  174.  ,  ■' 

Stereotypes  —  Invented  by  Messrs  Didot. 
French  printers,  toward  thecloseof  the  eighteenth 
century;  introduced  into  America  al>out  1811. 

Stereotype  printing- Invented  by  William 

Ged,  of  Seulland.  1735. 

SlockinK-frame- Invented  by  William  Lee 
m  England.  1589.    iSee  Knitting  machine.) 

Street-sweeper— Invented  by  R.  A.  Smith, 

Sugar-cane— Originally  from  China  and  the 
East;  was  produced  in  Sicily,  1148:  in  Madeira. 
1419;  in  the  West  Indies.  1510;  in  Barbadoes,  1641, 

SuRar-reflninar— First  successfully  practiced 
by  a  Venetian,  1503.  and  in  England,  same  pro- 
cess, 1569. 

Sun-dials— Invented  558  before  Christ;  men- 
tioned in  Isaiah,  Bible. 

Swords —  Made  of  iron  by  the  Chinese  1879 
years  before  Christ. 

Tack       machine 

Blanchai-d.  1MJ6. 

Tallow  candles— See  Candles. 

Tea— Came  into  general  use  in  China  about  A. 
D,  6011;  iirst  taken  to  Europe  by  the  Dutch.  1610. 

Telegraph  (■mechanical)- Invented.  1687.  fii-st 
used  by  the  French,  1794.  and  the  English.  1796. 

Telegraph  (electric i—Fii-st  established  at 
Geneva,  Switzerland,  by  Le.sage,  1782;  two  by 
Baron  von  Schilling,  made  in  1832;  one  con 
structed  in  Germany  bv  Gauss  and  Weber.  1838 
Professor  S.  F.  B.  Muiv..  exhibited  hiri  eleoiro- 
innpiietic  instniment  in  New  ^'.iri;.  ISIT,  and  this 
wasbiought  intopraetiral  ii>e  in  MaV,  1844,  tn-t  ween 
Washington  and  Baltiniure;  i^dWn  invented  his 
duplex  transmitter,  187-5. 
^Telegraph  (submarine)— Pi-oposed  by  Salva, 
1797.  for  use  l)etween  Barcelona  and  Palnia,  in  the 
Island  of  Majorca;  e.\pcriments  in  India,  1839:  by 


Invented      by     Thomas 


ProfesHor  MorHc.  in  New  York  harbor.  Oitober. 
1812.  Ilfst  suceePffiil  attempt  to  lay  a  murine  eabl.- 
aeioHs  the  Atlatidc  oeeun  watt  made  In  IM.'.«,  but 
the  eable  hooii  became  UhelcsM;  tlie  nelct  Miceensf  iil 
attempt,  which  was  a  triumph  for  Morw.-  and 
science,  wa»  In  1867. 

Telegraph  (llrcalarmi  —  lnvcnted  by  Farmer 
ami  Charming,  about  IK46;  Improved  by  Gamewell, 
1871:  Crane.  187.5;  Spang,  187.5.  and  by  McCiilloeh. 

Telegraph    (electric    needle)  —  Invented    by 

Cooke  and  Wheatatone,  in  England,  1»37. 

Telegraphing   (mufilcal    notes)  —  Appai-otnii 

invented  by  E.  Wii?«,n,  1866;  improved  by  Gray, 
187.5.  J  J' 

Telegraph  0>rlnting)  —  Invented  by  It.  E. 
Hoii.ne,  iMa.  iini)roved  by  HugheB,  1856. 

Telephone    (three  method^)- Each    Invented 

l>y  itell.  (iiay  and  Edison. 

Telescopes- Invented  bvZ- Jani*en.ir.OO.  man- 
ufactured in  1608.  by  LlpiK-rshey.  of  Holland;  im- 
proved by  (;aIileo:  (iregoi-j-  invented  and  dewribed 
theredectingteleseoije.  1663. and  the  first  wu?>  made 
by  Sir  Naac  Newton.  1668;  Hei-schel'!!  great  tele- 
scope wai^  made  In  1781:  Ho».-u's,  in  1841." 

Theater- First  built  at  Athens,  Greece,  by 
Philos.  420  yeai-s  before  CInist. 

Thejiter  scenery— Painted  and  Introduced 
by  Sienna.  153.3. 

Thealer  seats  (turn  up)— Invented  by  A.  A. 
Allen.  IH.54, 

Thermometer- Credited  to  Galileo.  i.'i96;  to 
Drebel.  Hi20;  improved  by  Keaumur,  1730.  and  by 
Fahrenheit.  1749. 

Thread  —  First  made  at  Paisley,  Scotland, 
1722.  ^ 

Threshing-machine- Invented  by  Menzies, 
of  .Se«itJaiid.  1732.  a  rotary  machine  by  Leckie,  a 
Scotch  farmer.  17.58. 

Time— Divided  into  hours  at  Home,  308  years 

before  Christ. 

Tobacco— Discovered  in  Cuba.  1492;  first  taken 
to  Europe  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  1555. 

Torpedo  shells  —  Invented  by  0r  Bushnell, 

Truss  bridge-Invented  bv  Price  and  Phillips. 
1841.  by  Whipple.  1841:  impioved  bv  Barnes.  IX.59; 
by  Lowthiop.  1857. 

Trusses  (for  niptures)  —  Invented  by  Robert 
Brand.  1771. 

Type-setting  machine— Invented  by  W.  H. 

^litchell.  1KJ4:  iinrnoved  by  Alden.  1857. 

Vaccination— Invented  by  Dr.  E.  Jenner.1780. 

Velocipedes  —  Invented  by  M.  Drais.  at 
Mannheim.  1817. 

Violin  —  Mentioned  as  early  as  1200  in  the 
legendary  career  of  St.  Christopher;  of  great  and 
uncertain  antiquity.  In  its  present  form  invented 
about  A.  D.  1477. 

"Watches —Were  invented  at  Nuremberg, 
Germany,  in  1477,  and  introduced  into  England, 
1577. 

"Water-mills— Are  said  to  liave  been  invented 
at  Rome  in  A.  D.  555;  Pliny  mentions  them  at  an 
earlier  date. 

Windows  (of  glass)— First  mentioned  in  the 
fourth  ceiituo';  observations  ut  Pompeii  indicate 
the  use  of  gbvss  windows  in  the  fii-st  centnrv;  in 
England  glass  windows  were  first  used  in  private 
houses.  A.  I)    1117. 

Wire—  Inventc-d  at  Nuremberg.  1351;  wire- 
drawing at  the  same  place,  said  to  l>e  in  1410. 

"Wooden  pavements- Invented  by  Nicholson 

in  1S54.  iniprove<l  by  De  Golyer.  1869;  by  Ballard, 
1870;  by  Beidler.  1872. 

Wood-paper—  Invented      by     Watts      and 

Buigess.  1853. 

"Woolen  cloth  —  Its  manufacture  was  an 
ancient  art.  but  imt  practiced  in  France  until  A.  D. 
1646.  nor  in  England  until  1331,  but  not  dyed  or 
dre;^ted  until  1667. 


^•* 


^^ 


y 


— x).' 


^ 


102 


THE   BENEFITS    OF    WEALTH. 


w 


i 


iir'''iiif'iiip'iiiii!ip 

^    i    ^    5    5    i 

^'^j^^S  LONG  AS  wealth  will    secure  comfort  and 
^^li^Wffltf      luxury  there  will  always  be  vigilant  effort 
put  forth  to  obtain  it.     It  is  doubtless  true 
aw     that   advancing    civilization    will    so    abun- 
dantly surround  man  with  the  means  for  obtain- 
ing comfort,  however,  as  to  make  the  contest  for 
wealth  less  severe. 

There  has  been  a  period  when,  with  the  laborer, 
fourteen  hours  was  the  necessary  time  of  a  day's 
And  even  then,  this  unremitting  labor  brought  only 
barest  necessities  of  life.  Since  those  years  the 
hours  of  a  day's  work  have  been  greatly  lessened.  Edu- 
cational advantages  have  improved;  the  cost  of  travel- 
ing has  been  cheapened;  articles  of  comfort  and  luxury 
have  been  so  multiplied  and  so  lessened  in  price  as  to 
come  within  the  reach  of  all.  bringing  a  condition  in  which 
it  is  not  so  necessary  as  formerly  to  be  rich  in  order 
to  enjoy  life. 

It  is  highly  probable  that  there  will  come  an  age 
when  a  large  accumulation  of  wealth  will  not  be  desired, 
bringing,  as  it  will,  simply  multiplied  cares,  without 
any  more  privileges  than  the  people  of  moderate  fortune 
enjoy.     To  reach  that  condition,  however,  it  is  necessary 


that  we  pass  through  an  acquisitive  age,  a  period  when 
the  desire  to  get  rich  will  impel  men  forward  to  inaugurate 
and  carry  forth  enterprises  of  such  character  that, 
while  they  bring  individual,  personal  gain,  they  will 
benefit  the  public  as  well. 

The  desire  to  acquire  wealth,  therefore,  is  legiti- 
mate. If  no  wrong  is  done  to  others  by  the  acquisition, 
it  is  unquestionably  for  the  world's  benefit  that  there  be 
large  individual  wealth  attained,  as  the  mind,  able  to 
acquire,  is  able  to  wisely  control  the  expenditure,  found- 
ing manufactories  and  various  enterprises  by  which 
thousands  of  the  poor  may  be  employed. 

In  the  business  relations  of  life  there  are  three  classes 
of  mind — the  men  who  depend  upon  being  employed  by 
others;  the  men  partially  independent,  but  still  suffi- 
ciently dependent  as  to  desire  a  partnership,  and  those 
men  who  are  capable  and  prefer  to  exercise  their  individ- 
uality, choosing,  in  their  business  relations,  to  be 
entirely  free  from  partnership  restraints  in  their  methods 
of  procedure. 

The  power  for  individual  acquisition  of  wealth  by  raen 
who  prefer  to  act  alone,  is  illustrated  in  the  lives  of  the 
financiers  who  are  considered  in  this  chapter. 


^i'. 


..n. 


O  i 


\ J..JLX 


.L..1 ULX 


t>: 


T 


HOW    TIIK    UoTIISCillLDS    llAVK    \V(lN    FOKTfNE. 


r. 


^     ^,    JThG  %thschilds. \s  _  ^ 


Distinguished  Bankers 


PN*- 


V' 


^^'     -K 


"■W^ 


i  \ 


and  Financiers, 


$. 


A  Great  Fortune  the  Reward  of  Being  Faithful  to  the  Trust. 


i 


T  FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN,  in  Gennany,  in  1743, 
Meyer  Anselin  Rothschild  was  born.  Commencing  as  a 
small  trader,  by  economy,  integrity  and  business 
capacity,  he  won  his  way  to  easy  circumstances,  and 
established  himself  as  an  exchange  broker  and  banker. 
AfttT  the  battle  of  Jena,  in  Germany, 

October,  1806,  Napoleon  decreed  that  the 

sovereigns   of    Brunswick    and    Hesse- 

Cassel  should  forfeit  their  estates,  and  a 

French  army  was  sent  to  put  this  edict 

into    execution.         The      landgrave    of 

Hesse-Cassel   had  $5,000,000  in  silver 

in  the  vaults  of  his  palace.      Aware  that 

he  must  tlee,  it  was  a  question  of  the 

most   serious  import  how  to  dispose  of 

this  large  amount  of  treasure.     Lack  of 

confidence  prevented  him  from  confiding 

it  to  any  of    his    subjects,    any  one   of 

whom,    he    knew,    would    be    severely 

punished    for   undertaking  its   trust,  if 

discovered   by  the  French. 

In  his  extremity  be  sent  to  Frankfort 

for  Rothschild  as  the  most  trustworthy 

person   whom   he  knew,  and  to  him  he 

entrusted  the  great  fund,  to  keep  it  until 

called   for,  the    reward    being    that    no 

interest  should  be  asked.     Under  these 

circumstances   the  trust  was  accepted, 

and  with  the  aid  of  some  Jewish  bankers 

atCassel,  the  money  was  so  secreted  that 

the  French,  upon   their  arrival,    found 

only  the   landgrave  gone,  and  his  treas- 
ure vanished. 
At  the  time  of  receiving  this  money, 

Meyer  Anselm  Rothschild  had  five  sons, 

three  of  whom,  grown  to  manhood,   he 

associated  with  himself,  and  by  careful 

management    as    bankers    this    money 

rapidly  multiplied  itself.     On  the  fall  of 

Napoleon,    the   landgrave  returned  and 

gave  notice  to  the  bankers  that  he  would 

withdraw  his  loan;  but  the  escape  of  the 

French  General  from  the  Isle  of    Elba 

so  alarmed  him  that  he  urged  the  Roths- 
childs to  keep  the  money  at  an  interest 

of  two  per  cent,  per  annum,  which  they 

did  until  bis  death,  in  1823,  when  they  refused  to  keep  it  longer. 
At  the  time  of  the  elder  RothschildV  death,  in  1813,  when  he  was 


rriH 


Nathan  Meyer  Rothschild 


HE  representation  given  above  is  of  Nathan,  the  most 
distinguished  financial  representative  of  the  Rothschild 
family. 

He  was  in  his  prime  as  a  banker  in  London  when 
Napoleon  I.  was  in  his  glory  in  France.  As  illustrative 
of  his  enterprise  it  is  said,  antici  pating  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo, he  had  a  relay  of  horses  all  the  way  from  the  battle 
ground  to  London,  and  after  witnessing  the  defeat  of  Na- 
poleon, he,  personally,  with  the  aid  of  fresh  horses  everj-  few 
miles,  sped  homeward  and  reached  London  nearly  two  days 
in  advance  of  the  news  of  the  battle.  Gloomy  forebodings 
filled  the  minds  of  the  people,  and  government  securities 
sold  low.  Rothschild  bought  all  he  could  obtain.  When 
the  good  news  came  they  rose  inimediately  greatly  in  value 
and  Rothschild  made  by  this  single  achievement  a  great 
fortune. 


sixty-nine  years  old.  his  five  sons  were  respectively  at  the  head  of  five 
large  banking  institutions:  Anselm  being  at  Frankfort,  where  he 
died  in  1855,  eighty-two  years  old;  Solomon,  located  atVienna.who 
died  also  in  1855,  eighty-one  years  old:  Nathan  Meyer,  the  ablest 
financier  of  the  family,  established  at  London,  who  died  in  1836, 
sixty-two  years  of  age;  Charles,  the 
head  of  the  house  at  Vienna,  who  died 
in  1855,  in  his  sixty-seventh  year,  and. 
lastly,  James,  at  Paris,  who  died  in 
18G9,  seventy-seven  years  of  age  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  his  fortune,  when  he 
died,  being  estimated  at  $200,000,000. 
A  favorite  method  of  investment  by 
the  Rothschilds  was  that  of  making 
large  loans  to  governments.  During 
twelve  years,  at  one  period  of  their 
work,  the  following  were  the  amounts 
loaned:  To  England,  $200,000,000; 
Austria,  $50,000,000;  Prussia.  $40,  - 
000,000;  France,  $80,000,000;  Naples. 
$50,000,000;  Russia.  $25,000,000;  Bra- 
zil. $12, 000. 000 ;  besides  $5. 000. 000 
lo  smaller  states,  making,  in  all, 
$462,000,000. 

The  affairs  of  the  different  banking 
houses  of  this  celebrated  family  are 
now  conducted  by  the  grandsons  of 
Meyer  Anselm,  their  financial  connec- 
tion through  banks  and  their  represen- 
tatives extending  to  nearly  all  the  leading 
cities  in  civilization. 

A  fundamental  rule  of  action  with  the 
great  house  of  Rothschilds,  has  been  lo 
sell  when  customers  wanted  to  buy,  and 
buy  when  peoi)le  desired  to  sell.  That 
there  have  been  times  when  they  wielded 
their  immense  monied  influence  lo 
depreciate  the  value  of  that  which  they 
wanted  to  buy,  is  highly  ])roI)able;  and 
that  they  have  used  their  power  to  ele- 
vate the  price  of  that  which  they  pos- 
sessed, in  order  to  sell  at  a  high 
price  to  those  wishing  to  purchase,  is 
likewise  probable;  but  that  they  have 
been  scrupulously  exact  in  the  fulfillment 
of  every  promise,  is  equally  a  fact.  In 
short,  the  commercial  word  of  every  Rothschild  has  ever  been  as 
religiously  kept  as  was  that  of  the  elder  Rothschild  to  the  landgrave. 


X^- 


■-^y 


loi 


THE    BENEFITS    OF    UNDERSTANDING    A   BUSINESS   THOROUGHLY. 


Dealer  in  Musical  Instruments  and  Furs 


UR  HAS  BECOME  one  of  the  mO!^t 
extensive  articles  of  commerce  in 
the  United  States. 

The  early  rise  and  devel- 
opment of  the  fur  trade  in 
America  is  closely  identified 
with  the  history  of  John 
Jacob  Astor,  a  German,  who 
was  born  in  the  village  of 
Waldorf,  near  Heidelberg, 
in  the  Grand  Duchy  of 
Baden,  on  the  17th  of  July, 
1763.  lie  was  the  young- 
est of  four  sons,  one  of  whom  estab- 
lished himself   in  London  as  a  maker  of 

musical  instruments,  and  another  settled 

in  America.     There  was  nothing  particn- 

larly  notable  in    the   parentage   of   these 

children.     The  father,  Jacob  Astor,  was  a 

jolly  peasant,  who   followed  the  business 

of  butchering  a  good  share  of  the  season. 

The  mother  was  a  pious  woman,  thrifty, 

industrious,    and  devoted  to  her   family. 

Under  her  guardianship,  John  Jacob  was 

trained  to  rise  early  in  the  morning,  and 

give  the  first  of  his  waking  hours  to  the 

reading  of  the   Bible,  a  pastime  that  be 

followed   through   life,  it  being  to  him, 

he    claimed,    a    source    of    never-failing 

pleasure.     By  the  same  maternal  guardian 

he  was  schooled  in  habits  of  indu.stry  and 

economy,    which,  in  after-life,  aided  him 

in   the  accomplishment  of  his  undertak- 
ings.     He  received  a  plain  education  by 

the  aid  of  the  village   schoolmaster,  and 

his  partaking  of  the  rites  of  confirmation 

as  a  member  of  the   church   at  the  age  of  fourteen   indicated   the 

religious  bent  of  his  mind. 
In  Waldorf  he  might  have  remained  till  he  had  grown  to  manhood, 

but  his  mother  dying,  and   a  stepmother  coming  to  take  her  place, 

who  looked  with  no  favor  upon  the  hoy,  his  lot  became  so  hard  as  to 

cause  him  to  resolve  upon  leaving  home. 
From  his  father  he  obtained  a  reluctant  consent  to  go,  and  having 

coniplftcd  hif^   pr('i>Jiralions.  with  a  knapsack  over  his  shoulder  he 


JOHN  JACOB  ASTOR 


left  his  native  village,  to  walk  to  the  Rhine,  not  far  distant,  hoping 
in  some  manner  to  secure  a  passage  for  London,  where  he  expected 
to  meet  his  elder  brother. 

Aside  from  his  little  bundle  of  clothes  which  he  carried,  his  pos- 
sessions, as  he  went  out  from  home,  then  seventeen  years  of  age, 
consisted  of  two  dollars  in  money,  a  good,  plain  education,  a  strong 
constitution,  a  large  amount  of  common  sense,  and  no  bad  habits. 
In  after-life,  referring  to  his  departure  from  home,  he  said:  ''Soon 
after  I  left  the  village  I  sat  down  beneath  a  tree  to  rest,  and  there  I 
made  three  resolutions — to  be  honest,  to  be  industrious,  and  not  to 
gamble. " 

Reaching  the  Rhine,  he  obtained  work  on  a  raft,  in  payment  for 
which  he  received  ten  dollars  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  with 
this  he  secured  passage  for  London,  where 
he  was  warmly  welcomed  by  his  brother. 
He  remained  here  two  years,  during  which 
time,  in  working  for  bis  brother,  he 
acquired  quite  a  knowledge  of  the  English 
language,  became'the  possessor  of  a  good 
suit  of  clothes,  and  had  S75  in  money. 
With  this  money  he  purchased  seven 
German  flutes  of  his  brother  for  $85,  and 
for  S25  more  he  secured  a  steerage 
passage  for  Baltimore.  The  passage  to 
America  was  a  stormy  one,  and  it  was 
noticed  on  one  occasion,  when  the  ship 
was  in  great  danger,  that  young  Astor 
appeared  on  deck  in  his  Sunday  suit. 
Being  asked  the  reason,  he  replied  tliat 
if  the  vessel  was  wrecked  and  he  escaped, 
he  would  save  his  best  clothes:  if  all  were 
lost  it  would  be  immaterial  what  became 
of  his  clothes. 

On  this  journey,  Astor  made  the 
ac()uaintance  of  a  German  who  had  been 
before  in  .\merica,  engaged  in  the  business 
of  buying  furs  from  the  Indians.  From  him  the  young  adventurer 
obtained  full  information  as  to  the  best  course  to  pursue,  the  advice 
being  to  buy  trinkets,  go  among  the  Indians,  who  even  came  to  New 
York  with  their  peltries:  to  make  the  best  bargain  he  could,  obtain 
the  furs,  and  instead  of  selling  to  the  New  York  dealers,  ship  his  pos- 
sessions directly  to  Europe,  where  they  would  sell  for  four  or  live  times 
as  much  as  in  America ;  invest  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  in  trinkets,  and 
return  again  for  furs,  and  thus  continue  to  enlarge  the  linsiness. 


i 


"SA-jy — 


CAUSES   THAT    LED    TO    ASTOK  S    SUCCESS. 


lui 


?■ 


Astor  listt'iicd  with  great  nttention,  and  took  tin-  niinu-s  of  Iciuling 
furriers  in  New  York,  Montreal  and  Lorulon.  Together  the  Germans 
proceeded  to  New  York,  where  they  were  warmly  received  by  Henry 
Astor,  then  prosperously  in  business  as^  a  butcher,  an  employment 
at  which  he  afterwards  miide  a  fortune;  and  here  the  future  phms  of 
Jolm  Jacob  were  talked  over,  it  being  agreed  that  it  would  be  best 
for  the  young  man  to  enter  the  eniphiy  of  a  furrier  for  a  time,  until  a 
practical  knowledge  of  the  business  eould  be  obtained.  Acting  upon 
this  iiiea,  a  search  for  a  place  was  made  the  next  day,  which  resulted 
in  finding  a  situation  with  u  Mr.  Robert  Browne,  where  he  received 
for  liis  services  two  dollars  per  week  and  bour(i. 

His  first  work  was  that  of  heating  furs,  to  prevent  moths  from 
lodging  in  and  destroying  them.  From  the  first  he  applied  himself 
most  industriously  to  the  work  of  obtaining  a  knowledge  of  the 
business.  He  mastered  the  details  of  curing  and  preserving  furs, 
and  from  th(i  trappers  he  learned  the  habits  and  the  haunts  of  fur- 
bearing  animals  and  the  best  means  of  trapping  and  capturing.  By 
attention  to  business,  knowledge  of  his  work  and  excellent  business 
habits,  his  employer  advanced  him  from  one  positi<)n  to  another, 
until,  ere  long,  he  entrusted  him  with  a  mission  to  Montreal,  to  pur- 
chase furs — an  expedition  that  the  merchant  himself  bud  occasion- 
ally made  before.  Young  Astor  ascended  the  Hudson  to  Albany, 
where,  with  a  pack  of  trinkets  on  his  back,  he  struck  out  across  the 
country,  then  almost  wholly  a  wilderness,  to  Lake  George:  passing 
up  through  into  Lake  Champlain,  thence  sailing  across  to  the  hotid 
of  the  Lake,  from  which  point  he  repaired  to  Montreal,  where 
he  made  extensive  purchases.  Employing  the  Indians  to  carry  his 
skins,  he  returned  across  the  lakes  to  Albany,  and  thence  to  New 
York,  to  surprise  his  employer  with  the  large  amount  of  peltries  he 
had  obtained  for  a  small  investment  of  money. 

Having  carefully  studied  the  fur  trade  in  all  its  details,  he  com- 
menced business  for  himself  in  a  small  store  on  Water  Street,  which 
he  furnished  with  toys  and  articles  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the 
Indians  who  had  furs  to  sell.  His  entire  stock  was  worth  only  a 
few  hundred  dollars.  This  was  in  178(5,  when  Astor  was  twenty-three 
years  old.  His  store  was  small.  He  employed  no  assistants.  He 
bought,  cured,  packed  and  sold  the  skins  himself.  If  pelts  came  in 
slowly,  he  shouldered  a  pack  of  "notions"  and  made  a  journey 
among  the  Indians,  farmers  and  trappers  throughout  Central  and 
Western  New  York,  thus  driving  and  enlarging  his  business;  his 
store,  in  the  meantime,  being  cared  for  by  a  partner,  with  whom  he 
found  it  necessary  to  associate  himself.  In  time  be  had  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  skins  to  make  it  an  object  to  ship  them  to  London. 
Taking  a  steerage  passage,  he  went  himself,  sold  his  furs,  made 
arrangements'with  houses  to  ship  them  furs  and  draw  upon  the  firms 
to  which  they  were  consigned. 

He  took  the  agency  of  his  brother's  musical  instruments,  from 
which  trade  he  derived  a  large  revenue  in  New  York.  Thus  his 
business  grew.  Having  made  the  personal  acquaintance  of  Indians 
and  trappers,  he  secured  their  trade.  He  had  opened  connections 
abroad  whereby  he  could  profitably  ship  and  find  sales  for  his  furs  in 
Europe,  while  musical  merchandise  and  other  goods  filled  the  ships 
on  the  return  voyages. 

In  due  time  he  married  !Miss  Sarah  Todd,  of  New  Y^ork.  who 
engaged  heartily  with  her  husband  in  his  business,  buying  and  beat- 
ing the  furs  herself.  It  was  his  boast  in  after  years,  when  he 
became  a  millionaire,  that  her  knowledge  of  furs  and  her  capacity 
for  conducting  business  were  fully  equal  to  his  own. 

In  1794,  Jay's  treaty,  by  the  placing  of  the  frontier  forts  in  the 
hands  of  the  Americans,  enabled  the  traders  to  extend  their  opera- 
tions very  greatly,  the  consequence  being  that  Astor,  ere  many 
years,  had  his  agents  at  work  purchasing  furs  at  various  points  along 
the  great  lakes,  his  enterprise  even  reaching  across  the  continent  to 
Ori'i;on. 


Up  to  18U0,  wlien  Astor  wtis  thirty-seven  years  of  age.  he  lived 
over  his  store.  He  had  been  in  busineh;*  for  fifteen  years.  He  then 
moved  his  residence  to  'i)ii  Broadway,  where  the  Astor  Houhc  stands 
to-day. 

He  comiUL-nced  in  this  locality  worth  SiJSU,  000.  and  with  the 
exception  of  one  removal,  he  remained  here  for  twenty-five  years, 
rapidly  extending  his  business.  He  made  uvary  article  that  he 
bought  or  sold  turn  a  profit,  and  generully  a  large  profit.  He  bought 
beaver-f-kins  in  Western  New  York  for  a  dollar  each,  and  sold  them 
for  six  dollars  each,  in  London.  The  proceeds  invested  in  English 
goods  he  sold  at  a  large  profit,  when  bis  vessels  returned. 

By  and  by  his  vessels  went  into  Asiatic  ports.  The  Chine»c  trade 
he  found  profitable.  His  furs  sold  there  readily,  and  the  proceeds, 
invested  in  teas  and  silks,  sold  at  a  great  profit  in  New  York.  The 
average  profits  on  a  vessel's  journey  to  China  were  $30,000  a  trip, 
and  scmietiuu's  reached  S70.000.  He  had  atone  time  several  vessels 
running  from  the  Pacific  coast  to  Canton,  in  China,  thus  exchanging 
furs  for  silks  and  teas  at  a  great  profit.  In  all.  it  is  estimated,  he 
made  $2,000,000  in  the  fur  trade.  The  bulk  of  his  great  fortune, 
however,  was  made  in  real  estate. 

Having  great  faith  in  the  future  of  New  York,  as  fast  as  his  gains 
came  in  he  invested  them  in  houses  and  lots,  and.  in  some  cases, 
where  parties  would  not  sell,  be  leased  property  on  long  time. 
Occasionally  he  bought  real  estate  in  the  center  of  the  city,  but 
suburban  property  was  iiis  choice  for  investment.  He  constructed 
houses  which  he  rented,  and  thus  realized  a  revenue  immediately. 
These  houses  he  did  not  sell,  but  with  the  revenue  obtained  l>y  rent- 
ing them  others  were  built,  until  in  time  the  houses  of  the  Astor 
estate  numbered  7.000. 

Subsequently,  through  rapid  growth,  the  city  extended  far  beyond 
his  possessions,  and  his  real  estate  was  found  to  be  most  centrally 
and  favorably  located.  How  rapidly  it  increased  in  value  was  shown 
by  his  purchase  from  the  estate  of  Aaron  Burr,  at  Richmond  Hill, 
of  160  acres,  at  $1, 000  per  acre.  Twelve  years  afterwards  the  land 
was  worth  $1,500  a  lot. 

He  continui^d  actively  in  business  for  fifty  years.  He  was  always 
an  early  riser,  and  until  he  was  fifty-five  years  old  was  always  in  his 
office  before  seven  o'clock  in  the  morning;  but  having  dispatched  his 
business  rapidly,  he  usually  left  by  two  in  the  afternoon.  He  was 
extremely  punctual  in  all  his  appointments,  and  was  remarkable  for 
his  calmness  in  the  midst  of  some  of  his  greatest  losses,  being  per- 
fectly cool,  and  apparently  more  cheerful  than  ever. 

Soon  after  his  arrival  in  New  Y'ork  as  a  stranger,  he  stopped  one 
day  on  Broadway,  to  notice  a  block  of  buildings  that  had  just 
been  erected,  the  finest  on  the  street.  He  there  made  a  vow  that  he 
would  some  day  erect  a  building  finer  than  any  then  on  the  street. 
About  the  year  1830  he  purchased  for  SOO.  000  the  ground  for  the  site 
of  a  hotel,  and  soon  afterwards  erected  the  Astor  House,  then  the 
largest  and  best  hotel  in  the  country.  He  presented  the  building, 
when  it  was  completed,  to  his  eldest  son,  William  B.  Astor. 

John  Jacob  Astor  left  at  his  death  a  properly  valued  at  $20. 000. 000, 
among  his  bequests  being  $50,000  for  the  poor  of  his  native  town  of 
Waldorf,  and  $400. 000  for  the  founding  of  the  Astor  Library.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  eighty-four,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Thomas'  Church, 
on  Broadway. 

While  the  extreme  parsimony  of  this  great  financier  was  perhaps  a 
serious  defect  in  his  business  dealing,  there  were  many  causes  that 
contributed  to  his  success  which  are  especially  worthy  of  study  by 
those  who  would  succeed  in  the  acquisition  of  wealth.  Among  these 
were  his  temperate  habits,  his  perseverance,  his  punctuality,  and  his 
thorough  comprehension  of  an  enterprise  before  he  commenced  it. 
which  gave  him  in  his  long  business  career  an  almost  unbroken  round 
of  success,  from  the  beijinning  to  the  end. 


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A  FUKTUNE  THE  RESULT  OF  ECUNuMY,  FORCE  AND  ENTERl'RISE. 


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The  Staten  Island   Ferry-Boy,  the  Successful  Steamboat  Owner  and   Distinguished   Railroad   Financier. 


HE  FATHERof  Cornelius  Van- 
derbilt,   steamboat  and   rail- 
road owner,  was  a  well 
=^  to  do    farmer,    who, 

^^^^.  with  his  wife,  lived 

on  Staten  Island  at 
an  early  day. 

Here,  Cornelius, 
the  eldest  of  a 
family  of  several 
children,  was  born 
May  27,  1794.  When 
seventeen  years  old, 
a  strong,  active  boy,  daring  and  courageous,  he  had 
the  reputation,  even  thus  young,  of  accomplishing 
whatever  he  undertook.  Being  passionately  fond  of  the  water,  he 
had  assisted  his  father  for  some  years  in  sailing  a  boat  from  Staten 
Island  to  New  York,  in  the  transportation  of  passengers  and  farm 
produce.  This  experience  only  confirmed  him  in  his  desire  to  follow 
the  water,  and  he  was  seventeen  years  of  age  when  he  impor- 
tuned his  mother  to  lend  him  SIOO  with  which  to  buy  ii  boat,  that  he 
might  become  a  boatman  in  New  York  harbor.  His  mother,  a  clear- 
beaded  woman,  realizing  the  importance  of  a  child  knowing  the  value 
of  money  by  having  earned  it,  gave  him  the  promise  of  the  money  on 
condition  that  he  plow,  harrow  and  plant  a  certain  ten  acres  of  rough 
land  on  the  farm,  by  a  certain  day,  a  task  that  he  triumphantly  com- 
pleted within  the  stipulated  time,  and  thus  obtained  the  required 
am(»unt  with  which  to  buy  his  boat. 

He  entered  upon  his  work  with  a  genuine  enthusiasm,  and  earned 
Si, 000  a  year  for  the  next  three  years,  besides  becoming,  out  of 
forty  competitors  in  the  business,  the  leading  boatman  in  the  harbor, 
and  the  owner  of  the  best  boat,  with  ii  perfectly  acquired  knowledge 
of  his  business.  Of  the  $3,000  earned,  he  retained  only  enough  to 
provide  himself  with  clothing,  the  remainder  going  to  his  parents. 

Oftentimes  bis  courage  was  put  to  the  severest  tests.  On  one 
occasion,  in  1813,  the  commanding  officer  of  the  British  fleet,  then 
a  short  distance  from  the  city,  was  desirous  of  sending  some 
mosscngere  to  New  York  for  reinforcements,  during  a  heavy  gale 
blowing  at  the  time.  The  boatmen  all  agreed  that  if  it  could  be  done 
the  only  person  who  could  accomplish  it  would  be"Corncel"  Vander- 
bilt.  Upon  being  sent  for,  the  young  man  expressed  his  belief  that 
the  feat  could  be  performed,  but  in  doing  it  he  would  be  compelled 
ly  carry  the  men  a  portion  of  the  way  under  water.  Under  his  com- 
mand, the  men  undertook  the  journey,  and  were  landed  at  the  foot 
of  Whitehall  street  an  hour  afterward,  drenched  to  the  skin. 


His  courage  to  undertake,  and  his  ability  to  perform  what  he 
undertook,  became  so  well-known  as  to  secure  him  the  contract, 
when  twenty-one  years  of  age,  for  supplying  the  military  forts  about 
New  York  harbor,  in  1814,  with  provisions;  notwithstanding  the  bid 
of  young  Vanderbilt  was  much  higher  than  that  of  the  most  of  hi» 
competitors.  The  delivery  of  these  goods  being  regular,  he  per- 
formed the  labor  at  night,  when  other  work  could  not  be  had,  leaving 
his  boat  free  to  obtain  all  transient  custom  it  was  possible  to  get  in 
the  day-time.  With  a  profitable  contract  to  fill,  and  other  patronage, 
he  soon  began  to  make  money  rapidly,  being  assisted  by  his  wife,  to 
whom  he  had  been  married  two  years.  In  1814  he  saved  money 
enough  to  build  a  little  schooner  called  the  "Dread,"  and  in  the 
succeeding  year,  in  company  with  his  brother-in-law,  the  schooner 
"Charlotte"  was  set  afloat  for  the  coasting  trade,  its  journey 
extending  as  far  south  as  Charleston.  Three  years  later  he  was  the 
owner  of  two  or  three  sloops  and  schooners,  and  had  saved  $9,000. 

Fulton  had  launched  his  steamboat,  the  "  Clermont,"  in  1807.  In 
1812  his  steam  ferry-boats  were  running,  and  in  1818  the  fact  was 
fully  demonstrated  tliat  steam  was  to  be  the  propelling  power  for 
rapid  sailing.  Thomas  Gibbons  had  constructed  a  steamer  to  sail 
from  New  York  to  New  Brunswick,  in  New  Jersey,  where  passen- 
gers remained  over-night,  and  thence  they  went  by  stage  to  Trenton, 
where,  on  a  steamer,  they  went  to  Philadelphia.  To  Vanderbilt 
Gibbons  gave  the  captaincy  of  the  steamer,  at  a  salary  of 
$1,000  a  year.  This  was  less  than  Vanderbilt  had  been  making,  but 
desirous  of  becoming  acquainted  with  steamboating.  he  accepted  the 
situation.  The  hotel  at  New  Brunswick,  which  had  been  miserably 
kept,  was  given  him  rent  free,  and  this  he  placed  in  charge  of  his 
wife,  through  whose  administration  the  house  became  popular. 

Vanderbilt  remained  with  Gibbons  eleven  years,  conducting  the 
boat  amid  much  opposition,  but  so  successfully  as  to  give  his 
employer  during  the  last  four  years  a  profit  of  $40,000  annually. 
During  this  time  Vanderbilt  had  himself  saved  $30,000,  besides  hav- 
ing the  lease  for  fourteen  years  of  the  ferry  between  Elizabethport, 
New  Jersey,  and  New  York,  a  line  that  was  proving  very  profitiible. 

Vanderbilt  was  now  thirty-five  years  old,  and  just  coming  forward 
to  his  prime.  Refusing  all  offers  of  partnership,  and  desirous  of 
commencing  in  business  for  himself,  he  constructed  a  small  steamer, 
called  the  "Caroline,"  which  he  commanded  in  person. 

In  the  succeeding  nineteen  years,  be  became  the  owner  of  nunicroiis 
steamers,  which  floated  on  the  Hudson,  on  the  routes  to  Boston,  on 
Long  Island  Stuind,  and  elsewhere,  to  establish  which  lines  in  the 
face  of  powerful  combinations  of  capital,  cost  him  frequently  an 
immense  amount  of  money.  He  would  establish  such  a  sharp  busi- 
ness competition,  however,  as  to  eventually  drive  his  opponents  from 
the  field,  or  compel  them  to  compromise.     A  favorite  saying  witli 


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PUKTKAir    UK    VAXUKKIilLT. 


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Viimkrhill,  was  Hi:il  he  did  not  ciiru  fo  imicli  about  makin 
he  did  carryiii*;  liii^  point. 

In  thcstciimshiij" '  Prometht'us.  "  which  he  built  in  18-l8-'40.  he  sailed 
for  the  It-thiiiMs  of  Darien,  having  already  a  controlling  inlercHl  In 
the  "American.  Atlantic  and  Pacitic  Canal  Company,"  which 
intended  buildingu  canal  aeros>i  the  isthmus.  Vand(;rbili  t^ubstitiUcd 
another  route  across  the  isthmus  from  the  way  heretofore  traveled, 
which  shortened  the  distance  TOO  miles  between  New  York  and  San 
Francisco.  The  old  route  had  been  from  Chagres  to  Panama.  The 
new  extended  from  the  month  of  the  San  Juan  river,  at  Greylown,  to 
the  San  Juun  del  Sur,  on  the  Pacific.  In  1851  he  put  three  siteamers 
on  the  Atlantic  side  and  four  on  the  Pacific  side,  and  entered  into 
competition  with  the  "United  States"  and  the  "Pacific  Mail"  com- 
panies. The  next  year  he  put  three  more  steamers  on,  to  ply 
between    New    Orleans    and     Grey  town. 

In  1853  he  made  a.  cruise  to 
Europe  in  Ms  steamer,  the 
"North  Star."  While  abroad, 
an  opposition  having  been  estab- 
lished in  his  absence,  to  his 
Atlantic-Pacific  line,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  overthrow  it  on  his 
return.  Subsequently,  in  !85G, 
when  William  Walker,  then  ruling 
in  Nicaragua,  seized  the  property 
of  the  Transit  company  across 
the  isthmus,  Vanderbilt  created 
an  insurrection,  which,  with  the 
aid  of  Costa  Rica,  expelled 
Walker.  Receiving  afterwards  a 
large  subsidy,  Vanderbilt  with- 
drew his  opposition,  the  business 
being  insufticienl  for  two  lines. 
To  enumerate  all  the  successful 
contests  which  he  had.  would 
swell  this  sketch  to  a  great 
length. 

In  all,  he  owned  at  one  time 
sixty-six  steam  sailing  craft, 
including  twenty-one  steamers, 
eleven  of  which  he  built  himself, 
to  govern  and  control  which  he 
was  very  appropriately  named 
' '  Commodore. " 

In  18fj4.  with  a  fortune  esti- 
mated at  S40.  000,  000,  he  arranged 
to  leave  the  water.     He  had  been 

for  twenty  years  a  large  owner  of  the  stock  of  the  New  York  and 
New  Haven  as  well  as  the  New  York  and  Harlem  railways,  the  whole 
of  which  latter  road  he  owned  in  1864.  He  had  also  several  millions 
invested  in  the  Erie.  Soon  after  coming  into  the  possession  of  the 
Harlem  he  obtained  a  controlling  interest  in  the  New  Y'ork  Central 
and  Hudson  River  roads,  and  consolidated  them.  Subsequently  con- 
nection was  made  with  the  Michigan  Southern  and  Lake  Shore  roads, 
the  whole  being  operated  under  one  management,  making  a  line, 
with  side-branches,  2,128  miles  in  length,  representing  a  capital 
of  $149,000,000. 

While  possession  largely  developed  the  faculty  of  acquisitiveness, 
it  could  not  be  said  of  Vanderbilt  that  he  was  miserly.  For  the 
purpose  of  carrying  a  point  he  was  ready  to  spend  money  lavishly, 
and  while  seldom  putting  his  name  to  a  subscription  paper  he  was 
ready  to  give  to  any  cause  that  he  deemed  worthy.  He  presented 
the  steamer  "Vanderbilt,"  which  cost  $800,000,  to  the  government  at 
the  opening  of  the  civil  war;  and  to  the  Vanderbilt  University,  at 
Nashville,    Tenn. .    he   gave    $700,000;     to   the    Rev.    Dr.    Deems. 


VANDERBILT  IN  HIS  PRIME. 


of    New   York,    he  gave  the  Metcer  Street  Presbyterian    Church, 
while  his  lesser  charities  have  been  numerouf*. 

In  the  hitter  years  of  his  life  he  gradually  withdrew  from  the 
activities  of  business,  taking  relief  behind  a  span  of  faf*t  hornes  in  the 
afternoon,  and  a  game  of  whi.>*t  with  bis  friends  in  the  evening.  He 
had  thirteen  children — nine  daughters  and  four  sons.  He  was  twice 
married.  With  his  first  wife  he  celebrated  his  golden  wedding,  on 
which  occasitm  one  hundred  and  forty  of  his  descendants  were  preeent 
to  congratuhile  bim  and  the  worthy  partner  of  his  hopes,  strnggles 
and  triumphs. 

Averse  to  attending  school  in  his  lK)yhood.  Vunderbill  had  no  iKMik 
education.  He  claimed  an  indistinct  recolleclion  of  having  seen  a 
spelling-book  in  his  childhood,  of  the  contents  of  which  be  had 
only  a  limited  knowledge.  But  such  was  the  great  strength  of 
body  and   brain  of    this  man    as   to  enable    him   to  triumph  even 

without  a  knowledge  of  books. 
He  was  born  great.  Of  course,  as 
the  jewel  is  more  brilliant  when 
carefully  cut  and  polished,  so 
Vanderbilt  would  have  been  a 
vastly  more  i)erfect  character  had 
he  had  good  educational  advan- 
tages; but  even  without  this  be 
possessed  such  large  perceptive 
faculty  and  business  capacity, 
impelled  by  the  combative  pow- 
ers which  gave  force,  as  to  carry 
him  to  the  head.  A  marked 
feature  of  his  life  was.  also,  that 
although  living  to  the  advanced 
age  of  eighty-three,  he  retained 
his  powers  undimmed  to  the  last. 
His  success  was  an  evidence  of 
what  industry,  economy,  perse- 
verance, enterprise  and  courage 
may  accomplish.  After  making 
ample  provision  for  his  various 
descendants,  by  will,  and  con- 
signing his  vast  monied  interests 
to  his  sor.,  Wm.  H.  Vanderbilt, 
that  his  plans  might  be  carried 
forward  to  completion,  he  died 
Januarys,  1877,  leaving  property 
variously  estimated  to  be  worth 
from  SOO.  000. 000  to  $80. 000. 000 ; 
an  elaborate  tomb,  surmounted 
by  a  grand  monumental  shaft,  in 
the  old  Moravia  burying  grounds  on  Staten  Island,  becoming  the 
resting  place  for  his  r<-in;iin'^. 

Why  Vanderbilt  Succeeded. 

A  careful  study  of  the  life  of  this  financier  reveals  the  following  as 
among  the  principal  causes  of  his  success: 

Fir.-if.  He  had  a  strong  body  and  possessed  great  power  of  physi- 
cal endurance. 

Second.  As  an  assistant  of  his  father,  he  formed  industrious 
habits.     He  knew  how  to  work. 

Third.  Money  came  to  him  slowly  in  his  childhood,  and  only  by 
hard  earnings.      He  thus  learned  the  value  of  a  dollar. 

Fourth.  He  was  courageous.  Enterprises  that  others  would 
shrink  from  he  would  undertake  with  readiness,  and  carry  through 
to  success. 

Fifth.  He  was  reliable.  He  did  as  be  agreed,  and  he  performed 
his  c(mtract  in  first-class  style.  He  could  get  a  higher  price  than  his 
comi)etitors,  even  as  a  youth,  because  his  promise  could  be  abso- 
lutely depended  upon. 


-^;- 


The  Bay  and  CITY  OF  NEW    YORK.  Looking  Northward. 


New  York  City  i:-  located  on  the  isliiiid  of  Manhattan,  a  name  given 
it  hythc  Dutch  who  first  located  here,  in  11114.  Tii  lli20  Peter  Minuit, 
a  Hollander,  bought  the  entire  i.sland  from  the  Indians  for  sixty 
guilders,  a  sum  equal  to  $24.  The  island  was  sixteen  miles  long; 
was  four  and  a  half  miles  in  width  at  its  widest  place,  and  was  esti- 
mated to  contain  21!,  500  acres,  


In  u;"T  there  were  ahout  twenty  huts  on  the  island,  scattered  along 
the  East  river,  and  the  population  was  2T0  whites.  The  receipts  for 
furs  sent  abroad  that  year  amounted  to  819, 000,  One  hundred  years 
afterwards  the  population  was  8,622;.  when  two  hundred  years  old 
it  was  93,634,  and  by  the  census  of  1880  it  was  1,200,5TT, 


The  Location  of  Well-known  Points  of  Interest 

Are  designated  by  the  following  numerals,  which  correspond  with  the  figures  in  the  Engraving. 


Xo.  1.  New  York  Bay,  fli-st  entered  by  Henry 
Hudson  in  1600.  who  then  saw  and  visited  the 
island  of  Manhattan.  18.  The  present  site  of  39 
Broadway,  where,  in  1612,  Hendriek  Christrensen. 
a  Hollander.  tli>t  made  a  small  redoubt,  enclos- 
ing four  lop  huts,  as  a  place  in  which  to  live 
and  receive  furs.  S.  Battery  pai-k.  at  the 
extreme  southern  end  of  the  island,  eoiitalninp 
twenty-iinc  aei'es.  about  one  mile  from  City 
Hall.  :»  1-2.  Brooklyn  Warehouses.  4.  Castle 
t.inrden,  a  ciieular  building,  where  the  eml- 
(frants  land  when  ai-rivinK  in  New  York,  a 
record  being  made  a.s  they  pass  through  of  the 
name  of  each,  place  of  nativity,  age  and  occupa- 
tion. .'».  Brooklyn:  population  in  1880.  ,').'.4,46.'>. 
«.  Location  of  the  piers  for  several  lines  of 
steamcis,  which  run  to  Florida,  Cuba.  Texas  and 
Califomla.  t.  Piers  of  Hartfoi'd  ami  New  Haven 
linesof  steamships.  8.  Fulton  Market.  O.  Print- 
ing hou.se  of  Harper  Brotlieis.  lO.  Biooklyn 
bridge.  11.  Custom  house.  1*.  Trinity  chuich, 
he.-ul  of  Wall  Btiect.  13.  Broadway— extending 
from  Battery  to  Central  park,  a  distance  of  (Ive 
miles.  14.  Woshington  House,  where  Washing. 
t..ii    n,i..1..   hi.    li.iol ror-    wliil..    In    N.w    Y..rli 


during  the  revolution.  1 .1.  Piers  of  steamei-s  for 
New  Orleans.  18.  Piers  of  steamei-s  tor  Boston 
and  points  nt  thesouth.  17.  Piers  of  the  Penn- 
s.vlvaniarailioad.  18.  Jersey  City;  poliulation  in 
1880.  lO.i.OOO.  1».  Hudson  river,  llist  discov- 
ei-ed  by  Henry  Hudson,  an  F.nglishman.  September 
11,  1609,  and  navigated  by  him  to  .\lbany.  where 
he  arrived  Seiitember  21.  1609.  the  joni-m-y  occupy- 
ing eleven  days.  SO.  New  Jci'sey.  ai.Wn.shing- 
ton  market.  88.  Plei's  from  wliiidi  boats  run  to 
the  Krie  railway.  In  this  vicinity  ai-o  located 
also  the  piers  of  the  White  Star  line.  Anchor. 
Cunal-d.  Pacinc  Mail,  Innian  and  other  ocean 
lines  of  steamships.  «:».  City  Hall  and  Post 
offlce.  In  this  nelghboibooil  are  also  the 
Tribune.  Herald,  World.  Sun.  Astcu-  House  and 
other  prominent  buildings,  84.  City  pilson. 
called  the  ••Tombs."  8.1.  Washington  square, 
containing  eight  acres.  8«.  Astor  Llbi^aryi 
near  here  also  ai^e  the  Appletons'.  Sci^lbnei^s', 
and  Fowler  &  Wells'  publishing  houses,  the  Cii-and 
Central,  New  York,  St.  Nicholas  and  Mctl-o. 
polltan  hotels.  8T.  Stewart's  stoi-e;  near  here  are 
the  Bible  House.  Ci>oper  Institute,  the  Irving  and 
St.  Ilenls  b'ltels-a  mile  ami  a  half  fi'om  City  Hall. 


88.  New  York  Historical  Society.  SO.  Tompkins 
squai-e.  containing  foi-ty  acres.  3«.  Oelb-vue 
Hospital,  ai.  t:;vand  Central  I>e|)ot  of  the  N.  Y. 
Central  and  Harlem  railroads. .  a8.  fnion  Square 
park,  containing  three  and  a  half  acres.  In  this 
vicinity  are  located  Gi-amei-cy  park,  ITnion 
Squ.are  theater,  WalKack's  .Academy  of  Music. 
Steinway  hall,  Tammany  hall,  Irving  hall, 
Evci-ett  House,  Tiffany's,  and  Domestic  Sewing 
machine  buildings.  Half  a  mile  fui'ther  north  is 
Madison  Square  park,  containing  six  aci-es.  In 
this  vicinity  arc  the  Fifth  Avenue  hotel,  the  Hoff- 
man, Albei'inarie,  Hotel  Brunswick,  St.  James 
and  Delinonico's.  Here  also  are.  the  Academy  of 
Design,  Gilmore^s  gai^den  and  Booth's  theater. 
83.  Riverside  park,  on  a  line  with  the  Hudson 
i-iver,  from  7'2nd  to  ISOth  streets;  a  little  over  a 
mile  in  width,  and  contains  one  hundred  and 
seventy-eight  acres.  34.  Cenli-al  park,  live  miles 
from  the  Battei-y.  containing  eight  hnndi'ed  and 
forty  acres,  35.  Blaokwell's  island.  In  this 
vicinity  ai-c  also  RandalPs  island,  and  the  reefs, 
called  Hell  Gate,  3«.  Long  Island  Sound,  lead- 
ing out  to  the  Atlontlc  ocean,  37.  East  rivei-, 
38.  Brooklyn, 


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Alexander  T.  Stewart. 


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A  Fortune  the  Result  of  Attention  to   Details. 


t()U  MANY  YEARS  the  colossal  operations 
of  A.  T.  Stewjirt  in  the  purchase  and  sale 
of  dry-goods,  so  engaged  tbc  attention  of  tlie 
'Xc  ^ifc"^^  f^H  Ik  American  public,  as  to  make  a  biographical 
A^  P^  ^^Ar^J'tL  sketch  of  this  distinguished  merchant  of 
especial  interest  to  all.  How  did  he  achieve 
so  great  success?  The  object  of  this  paper  is 
lo  answer  that  question. 

In  the  year  1818,  amonii  the  immigrants 
wlio  stepped  frotn  a  European  vessel  anchored  in  New 
York,  was  a  young  Irishman,  a  mere  boy,  only  sixteen 
years  of  age,  who  in  after 
years  became  widely  known 
as  Alexander  T.  Stewart, 
ill-  was  born  at  Belfast.  Ireland. 
in  1802,  of  Scotch- Irish  parents. 
!Iis  father  dying  when  he  was 
jg^^  quite  young,  caused  his  guar- 
•^1^  diunship  and  education  to 
devolve  upon  his  grandfather, 
who  gave  him  a  good  common- 
:;cliool  education,  and  placed 
him  in  Trinity  College,  with  a  view  of 
fitting  him  for  the  ministry.  During  his 
second  term  in  school,  his  grandfather 
died,  and  he  thereupon  abandoned  the 
idea  of  completing  his  collegiate  course, 
and,  instead,  concluded  to  try  his  fortune 
in  the  new  world,  where  his  mother  was 
then  living. 

Failing  to  secure  employment  in  a  store, 
he  engaged  in  teaching  for  a  few  years, 
carefully  saving  the  proceeds  of  his  labors. 
Having  become  of  age,  he  returned  to 
Ireland,  where  he  received  the  proceeds 
of  a  small  legacy  left  him  by  his  grand- 
father. A  portion  of  this,  by  advice  of  a 
friend, he  invested  in  "insertion,"  '■'scol- 
lop-trimmings "  and  other  fancy  material  of  ladies'  wear,  ami  returned 
to  New  York,  where  he  opened  for  himself,  at  283  Broadway,  a 
small  store. 

He  commenced  with  several  disadvantages,  among  which  were  a 
small  stock  of  goods  and  himself  with  inexperience  as  a  salesman. 
He  was  resolved,  however,  to  win  his  way.  He  worked  early  and 
late.  He  gave  from  fourteen  to  eighteen  hours  to  his  business  each 
day.     Unable  to  employ  help,  he  was  his  own  porter,  book-keeper 


A.T.STEWART. 


and  salesman.  A  total  stranger  in  the  business  community,  he  luid 
no  credit,  and  he  asked  none.  But  to  do  a  cash  biisine'-s  thus 
required  that  ho  observe  the  utmost  economy. 

His  purchases  at  first  were  principally  at  the  auction  sales,  where 
he  bought  miscellaneous  stocks  "of  goods  known  as  "sample  lots," 
often  thrown  together  in  confusion.  These  he  bought  very  cheaply 
for  cash,  look  them  lo  his  store,  and  when  the  business  of  the  day 
was  over,  he  C(mimenced  a  most  careful  examination  of  jthe  goods  he 
bad  thus  purchased.  In  this  he  was  assisted  by  his  wife,  a  most 
estimable  lady  whom  he  married  about  this  time.  The  articles  were 
carefully  assorted,  redressed  if  found  necessary,  handsomely 
labeled,  placed  in  beautiful  boxes,  and 
when  exposed  for  sale  they  possessed  all 
their  original  excellence. 

In  this  work  we  undoubtedly  now  dis- 
cover the  key-note  to  the  great  mer- 
chant's success.  He  was  economical. 
He  bought  where  he  could  buy  the 
cheapest.  He  was  industrious.  He  shrunk 
from  no  labor  necessary  to  assort  and 
arrange  his  goods.  He  possessed  large 
order.  From  a  tangled  mass  of  odds  and 
ends  of  goods,  he  would  carefully  pick  and 
straighten  the  skeins  of  silk,  rearrange 
the  sizes  of  gloves,  of  hose  and  other 
goods,  thus  bringing  method  and  system 
out  of  the  disorder.  He  possessed  ex- 
quisite taste  which  enabled  him  to  display 
his  goods  to  fine  advantage.  Having 
bought  his  goods  very  cheaply  for  cash, 
he  was  able  to  sell  cheaper  than  most 
other  retail  dealers,  and  yet  at  a  good 
profit,  his  sales  being  strictly  for  cash  on 
delivery. 

Added  to  the  foregoing  original  methods 
of  procedure,  the  young  merchant  intro- 
duced another  innovation  into  his  business, 
which  was  that  of  having  no  deviation  in 
price  for  an  article  among  customers,  one  patron  invariably  being 
able  to  buy  as  cheaply  as  another.  Customers  thus  soon  learned  that 
it  would  be  entirely  useless  to  attempt  to  "beat  down. "  and  they 
learned  another  thing,  which  was  that  a  child  could  buy  as  cheaply 
as  themselves.  He  marked  his  goods  up  and  down  according  to  the 
fluctuation  in  the  market,  but  among  buyers  at  his  store  the  coj^t 
was  uniform,  and  the  price  for  every  article  he  sold  was  as  low 
as,    or    lower,    than    the    same    could    be    bought  for    elsewhen 


— <):\/. 


f 


JiU 


Hi.AV    STEWART    WAS    ENABLED    TO    BECOME    RICH. 


The  patron  50011  had  the  utmost  confidence  in  trading  with  him — a 
confidence  well  and  worthily  bestowed,  for  Mr.  Stewart  made  it  a 
rule  to  dismiss  any  clerk  who  should  misrepresent  an  article  of  goods 
or  in  any  way  take  advantage  of  a  customer.  He  was  a  perfect 
autocrat  among  his  clerks;  holding  them  to  their  duties  by  severe 
rules  of  discipline,  a  fine  being  imposed  on  any  one  who  should  be 
late  at  the  store,  who  should  misdirect  bundles,  over-stay  the  lunch 
hour,  or  mistake  a  number. 

He  adopted  the  plan,  also,  of  never  carrying  goods  over  to  another 
season.  To  avoid  this,  he  would  advertise  a  * '  closing  out "'  sale  * '  at 
cost"  for  a  certain  number  of  days,  and  by  adroit  management  be 
would  fill  his  store  thus  with  patrons,  at  times  and  seasons  when, 
with  other  merchants,  business  would  be  dull. 

At  the  expiration -of  six  years'  he  found  it  necessary  to  move  to  a 
larger  store,  between  Chambers  and  Warren  streets,  and  in  four 
years  more  he  was  compelled  to  go  to  a  yet  larger  building  on  Broads 
way.  between  Murray  and  Warren  streets,  five  stories  of  which  he 
soon  occupied. 

He  was  a  superior  judge  of  human  nature,  and  his  success  was 
dcnibtless  largely  due  to  that  knowledge.  Aside  from  the  absolute 
honesty  with  which  he  compelled  his  clerks  to  observe  his  one  price, 
his  cheap  price,  and  his  frequent  '  ■  cost  price, "  he  employed  men  of 
fine  address  to  assist  him,  well  knowing  that  the  average  young  lady 
would  often  go  a  long  distance  out  of  her  way  to  trade  and  chat  for  a 
little  time  with  a  handsome  clerk.  He  carefully  studied,  also,  the 
methods  that  gave  tune,  and  brought  success  to  his  establishment. 

On  one  occasion  he  was  asked  by  a  well-known  wealthy  lady  how 
she  could  serve  him.  In  answer,  he  said  that  the  greatest  favor  he 
could  ask  would  be  that  her  coachman  be  allowed,  when  on  the  street, 
to  occasionally  halt  her  carriage,  and  rest  the  horses  in  front  of  his 
store.  He  knew  the  value  of  appearances,  and  he  studied  the  effect. 
The  result  of  his  study  and  effort  was  seen  in  after  years,  when  the 
most  costly  and  beautiful  equipages  of  the  city  came  of  their  own 
accord. 

In  ten  years  from  the  time  he  commenced  his  mercantile  career, 
his  great  success  was  assured.  His  rapidly  increasing  business 
requiring  more  room,  he  bought  land  at  the  corner  of  Chambers  street 
and  Broadway,  where  he  erected  a  palatial  store,  into  which  he 
moved  in  184t);  and  some  years  later  he  secured  the  Old  Ninth 
Street  Dutch  Church  and  the  lots  adjoining  it,  comprising  an  entire 
block,  at  the  corner  of  Ninth  street  and  Broadway,  upon  which  he 
erected,  as  a  retail  store,  the  largest  and  most  complete  establishment 
of  the  kind  in  the  world;  covering  about  two  acres,  having  six 
elevators,  the  service  in  the  establishment  being  arranged  about  as 


follows  when  the  force  was  full:  one  superintendent,  nineteen  assist- 
ants, nine  cashiers,  twenty-five  bookkeepers,  thirty  ushers,  two 
hundred  cash  boys,  four  hundred  and  seventy  clerks,  fifty  porters 
for  heavy  work,  nine  hundred  seamstresses  in  the  manufacturing 
department,  five  hundred  others  employed  in  various  work;  making 
in  all  two  thousand  two  hundred  persons  employed  about  the  store, 
with,  at  times,  when  under  Mr.  Stewart's  supervision,  receipts 
averaging  $60,000  daily. 

He  early  foresaw  that  the  late  war  would  greatly  increase  the  price 
of  all  manufactured  articles.  Acting  on  this  belief,  he  contracted 
with  many  factories  to  take  all  they  made  for  a  long  time,  the  result 
being  that  when  prices  rose,  as  they  did  during  the  war,  he  was  in 
the  possession  of  an  immensely  large  stock,  from  which  he  made  a 
profit  of  several  millions  of  dollars. 

The  years  went  by  and  Mr.  Stewart,  by  close  attention  to  his  busi- 
ness, by  enterprise,  by  care,  economy  and  courage,  by  honesty, 
sagacity  and  industry ,  became  the  most  successful  merchant  in  the 
world  He  turned  his  attention  then  to  the  purchase  of  real  estate, 
and,  excepting  Wm.  B.  Astor,  became  the  largest  real  estate  owner 
in  America;  his  landed  possessions,  including  his  two  mammoth 
stores,  the  Metropolitan  Hotel  and  the  New  York  Theater,  all  on 
Broadway;  nearly  all  of  Bleecker  street  from  Broadway  to  Dupont 
Row,  numerous  churches,  many  buildings,  one  of  the  most  expen- 
sive residences  in  the  country — all  in  New  York,  besides  the  Grand 
Union  Hotel  at  Saratoga,  and  10, 000  acres  of  land  in  New  Jersey, 
whereon  Garden  City  has  been  built  through  his  liberality  and  enter- 
prise.    He  also  possessed  much  other  land. 

The  erection  of  a  mammoth  hotel  in  New  York,  costing  several 
millions,  originally  designed  for  the  accommodation  of  women;  the 
sending  of  a  ship  load  of  provisions  to  Ireland,  during  one  of  her 
famines,  and  other  charities,  were  among  his  benefactions. 

He  was  appointed  to  the  position  of  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in 
the  Cabinet  of  President  Grant,  a  position  which  he  was  compelled  to 
resign,  because  by  an  old  law  it  was  found,  that  any  person  employed 
as  an  importer,  was  ineligible  to  the  place,  a  fact  which  was  sin- 
cerely regretted  because  of  his  known  fitness  for  the  office.  The  result 
of  his  business  career  was  a  fortune  of  over  8*0,000, 000,  the  pro- 
ceeds of  upright  dealing  and  legitimate  trade.  He  died  April  10, 
1876,  in  the  seventy-third  year  of  his  age,  the  Memorial  Church  at 
Garden  City,  being  designed  by  his  widows  to  receive  his  remains. 
His  death  in  the  mercantile  world  was  like  the  fall  of  a  giant  tree  in 
the  forest.  This  generation  will  see  but  few  men  who  will  pass 
through  fifty-three  years  of  such  remarkable,  continued,  legitimate 
business  success. 


■'.iy^— 


TIIK    DISI'INIiCI.SIIKI)    liANKKli    Of    I'lllI.AUKLI'lll  A. 


Stephen 


Girard. 


^.^^^^TEPHEN  GIRARD  was  a 
J"  V^^  remarkable  character  in  Pbil- 
Vi'^'-^T    ^Jt^lpliiii  ^t  the  heginninj 

this  century,  being  noted  for 
«  two  things:  First,  because 
of  his  large  wealth,  and,  second,  for 
his  peculiarities  and  eccentricities. 
lie  was  born  at  Bordeaux,  in  France, 
May  24,  1750.  His  father  was  a  sea- 
man, who  it  is  claimed,  was  very 
harsh  and  severe  with  his  children, 
jiarticularly  with  Stephen,  the  eldest. 
llis  mother  died  when  he  was  young, 
and  a  step-mother  taking  her  place 
made  the  lot  of  the  boy  still  more 
unpleasant.  Added  to  this  was  the 
discovery,   in  his  childhood,  that  one 

eye  was  blind.     This  fact,  his  biographers  claim,  had  much  to  do  in 
souring  a  disposition  that  otherwise  might  have  been  gentle  and  kind. 

With  bis  father's  consent,  having  the  barest  rudiments  of  an  edu- 
cation, he  shipped  as  a  cabin-boy,  at  thirteen,  to  the  West  Indies 
and  New  York.  In  this  position  he  made  the  best  of  his  opimrtu- 
nities  in  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  navigation,  and  gradually  worked 
himself  np  to  the  position  of  mate,  and  to  the  command  of  a  vessel 
when  he  was  twenty-six  years  old. 

It  was  in  1776,  while  on  his  way  from  "Xew  Orleans  to  a  Canadian 
port,  that  he  was  b(  calmed  in  a  fog  off  the  mouth  of  Delaware  bay. 
Learning  that  in  consequence  of  hostilities  between  America  and 
England  he  was  liable  to  have  his  vessel  captured  by  the  English  cruis- 
ers, he  proceeded  up  the  Delaware  river  to  Philadeli)hia.  sold  his 
sloop  and  cargo,  which  he  partly  owned,  and  commenced  business  as 
a  grocer  and  liquor-dealer. 

During  the  Revolution  be  established  himself  for  a  time  at  Mount 
Halley,  New  Jersey,  where  his  sale  of  wines  and  cider  to  the  soldiers 
being  large,  he  made  considerable  money,  all  of  which  was  most 
carefully  saved.  With  the  capital  thus  acquired  he  engaged  in  the 
New  Orleans  and  San  Domingo  trade  at  the  close  of  the  war. 

A  ten  years'  lease  of  a  block  of  buildings  on  Water  street,  in 
Philadelphia,  taken  during  the  business  depression,  in  1782,  proved 
a  very  profitable  investment.  These  buildings,  upon  the  revival  of 
prosperity,  he  relet  at  a  great  advance  over  the  price  he  paid,  and  his 
profits  were  very  large.  He  subsequently  made  $30,000,  the  result 
of  a  partnership  with  his  brother.  Captain  John  Girard.  in  the  West 
India  trade.  The  partnership  being  dissolved,  Stephen  continued 
profitably  in  the  business. 

At  the  time  of  the  negro  insurrection  in  Ilayti.  as  two  of  his  ves- 
sels  were   in   port,    several    of    the    planters   brought   considerable 


Sailor.  Banker  and  Financier. 


treasure  on  board.  Returning  to 
their  homes  for  more,  they  were  never 
lu*ard  of  afterward?.  This  treasure 
Girard's  ships  brought  to  Philadelphia, 
where  be  advertised  it  liberally,  but 
tlic  parties  who  placed  it  on  the  ships 
having  been,  probably,  killed  on  their 
return  to  land.no  one  ever  appeared  to 
claim  it,  and  the  property,  amounting 
to  about  $50,000.  went  to  swell  the 
growing  wealth  of  Girard. 

From  this  time  forward  wealth  rap- 

ridly  accumulated  with  him.  He  built 
ships  and  started  them  to  various 
parts  of  the  world.  His  vessels 
could  be  found  in  all  the  waters  where 
commerce  extended.  He  was  largely 
East  India  trade.  His  captain  would  buy 
climates;  would  sail  to  a  northern  port, 
and  invest  in  another  production, 
every 


in   the    Chinese    and 

fruits    in    the    warm 

sell  the  cargo  to  great  advantage 

which  would  be  taken  to   and  sold  in  another  part  of  the  world 

turn  being  generally  at  a  profit.     The  success  which  attended  this 

fortunate  course  of  trade  was  termed  hick,  but  observation  proved 

that   Girard   had,    through  his  own  experience  as   a  navigator    and 

careful  study,  made  himself  perfectly  familiar  with  what  he  expected 

his  captains  to  perform;  and,  giving  them  minute  details  of  what  he 

desired,  he  required  them  to  obey  instructions  to  the  letter. 

On  one  occasion,  a  captain,  discovering  that  he  could  by  the  pur- 
chase of  teas,  at  another  port  from  the  one  in  which  he  had  been 
instructed  to  buy,  save  several  thousand  dollars,  took  the  responsi- 
bility of  making  the  change.  Although  the  captain's  judgment 
greatly  enriched  his  employer.  Girard  discharged  him,  and  would 
never  afterwards  employ  him,  his  reason  being  that  while  an  employe 
might  occasionally  benefit  him  by  going  contrary  to  orders,  in  the 
majority  of  cases  it  would  prove  a  loss,  and  would  eventually  ruin 
him. 

He  required  perfect  obedience,  no  matter  at  what  loss  to  himself. 
One  day  a  man  applied  to  him  for  labor,  and  Girard  set  him  at  work 
removing  a  pile  of  stone  from  one  portion  of  a  lot  to  another,  the 
orders  being  to  report  when  the  job  was  completed.  When  finished, 
the  laborer  announced  the  fact  to  Girard,  who  replied:  -^  Very  well. 
remove  the  stone  back  again  to  the  place  where  you  found  them.'" 
The  stone  was  carefully  carried  back.  The  work  finished,  and  the 
fact  reported,  Girand  told  him  to  carry  it  once  more  to  the  place 
where  he  first  put  it.  Again  the  workman  pleasantly  returned  to 
his  task,  completed  the  labor  and  went  for  further  orders.  Having 
tested  the  willingness  of  the  man,    thus,  to  perform  any  labor  to 


.(b^— 


i: 


s 


f 


112 


WHAT    GIRARD    DID    WITH    HIS    MONEY. 


which  he  might  be  assigned  with  alacrity  and  without  question, 
Girard  gave  him  other  duties  to  perform  and  retained  his  services  for 
years. 

In  1T93  the  yellow  fever  raged  with  fearful  violence  in  Philadel- 
phia. People  tied  to  the  country,  and  the  streets  were  deserted.  An 
appeal  was  made  for  money  and  nurses.  At  this  time  Girard  stepped 
to  the  front,  took  the  management  of  the  hospital  for  the  infected, 
and  in  person  superintended  the  care  of  the  patients.  Again,  in  1797 
and.in  1798,  hie  did  the  same,  receiving  the  gratitude  of  the  people 
for  his  courage  and  the  valuable  assistance  that  he  had  rendered, 
through  his  wealth  and  personal  service. 

In  1812  he  purchased  the  building  and  most  of  the  slock  of  the 
United  States  bank,  and  commenced  business  as  a  private  banker,  on 
a  capital  of  Si. 200,000,  which  he  afterwards  increased  to  $4,000,000, 
liis  institution  being  known  as  the  Girard  bank. 

In  1814  the  government,  being  sorely  pressed  for  money,  asked 
for  a  loan  of  55.000,000. 
Only  $20,000  could  be  ob- 
tained, although  liberal 
inducements  were  offered  by 
Congress  to  subscribers.  At 
this  juncture  Girard  stepped 
forward  and  subscribed  for 
the  entire  amount,  the  an- 
nouncement of  which  caused 
the  loan  to  immediately 
become  popular,  and  cap- 
italists thereupon  began 
promptly  to  purchase  the 
bonds,  which  Girard  allowed 
them  to  do.  He  was  active  in 
procuring  the  charter  of  the 
-second  United  States  bank, 
and  became  a  director.  He  erected  several  of  the.  at  that  time,  most 
beautiful  blocks  of  buildings  in  Philadelphia.  He  subscribed  and 
loaned  over  $350,000  to  the  navigation  of  the  Schuylkill.  He 
subscribed  S200, 000  to  the  Danville  and  Pottsville  railroad,  and  many 
other  enterprises  of  public  character. 

He  married,  at  the  age  of  twenty-seven,  a  woman  with  whom  he 
lived  unhappily.  His  wife  died  in  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  for  the 
Insane. 

Short,  thick-set,  blind  in  one  eye,  unprepossessing  in  appearance, 
with  a  temper  soured  in  childhood,  and  doubly  embittered  in  after 
years  by  domestic  trouble,  he  withdrew  from  society,  and  absorbed 


Girard's  Bequests. 

To  Girard  College,  for  the  Education  of  Orphans S6. 000. 000 


To  City  of  Philadeli)hia  for  Improvement  of  Streets  and  Buildings. 

To  Improvement  of  Canal  Navigation  in  Pennsylvania 

To  Pennsylvania  Hospital  for  the  Insane 

To  the  Pennsylvania  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum 

To  the  Slasonic  Loan 

Tu  the  Orphan  Asylum  of  Philadelphia 

To  the  Philadelphia  Public  Schools 

To  Philadelphia,  as  a  fund  to  furnish  the  poor  with  fuel  each  winter 
Tu  the  fund  for  distressed  masters  of  ships 


his  mind  and  soul  in  the   multitudinous   cares  of  his  immense  busi- 
ness, which  yielded  a  fortune  of  about  $9,000,000. 

Requiring  the  utmost  farthing  in  the  transaction  of  business,  he 
held  it  as  a  paramount  duty  to  do  as  he  had  himself  agreed.  His 
habits  were  extremely  simple.  His  personal  expenses  were  very 
light.  He  lived  in  a  lonely  little  house  on  Water  street,  solitary, 
alone  and  sour,  fully  conscious  of  personal  unpopularity.  The  crown- 
ing ambition  of  his  life  seemed  to  be  to  compel  the  attention  of  the 
world  to  the  fact  that  he  was.  in  bis  time,  the  richest  man  in 
America. 

The  claims  of  religion  having  brought  him  no  happiness,  be  looked 
upon  it  as  a  sham,  and  openly  avowed  his  unbelief.  He  worked  on 
Sunday  to  show  his  disregard  for  the  opinions  of  orthodoxy,  and  his 
ships  he  named  after  the  most  noted  of  the  French  infidels  of  the 
Voltaire  school. 
Being  childless  and  far  advanced  in  years,  he  carefully  prepared 

his  will,  in  which  were  be- 
quests for  various  hospitals, 
asylums,  educational  institu- 
tions and  public  enterprises. 
To  each  of  his  relatives  he 
gave  from  five  to  sixty  thou- 
sand dollars.  To  his  captains 
then  in  service  who  safely 
brought  their  vessels  home, 
he  gave  $1. 500  each.  To  his 
apprentices  he  gave  $500 
apiece,  and  to  his  old  servants 
he  gave  annuities  ranging 
from  $300  to  $500  each. 

The  sight  of  his  remaining 
eye  rapidly  failing  him  when 
eighty  years  of  age,  he  was 
one  day,  while  crossing  the  street,  knocked  down  by  a  passing 
team,  at  which  time  he  was  so  bruised  about  the  head  as  to  cause 
him  rapidly  to  decline,  until  he  died,  December  26,  1831,  his 
remains  finding  a  last  resting  place  in  the  lower  vestibule  of 
Girard  college,  which  is  one  of  the  conspicuous  edifices  in  Phil- 
adelphia. A  notable  peculiarity  of  Girard's  will,  relating  to  this 
college,  is  that  no  professing  ecclesiastic,  missionary  or  clergyman 
of  any  sect  whatever,  shall  ever  be  allowed  on  the  premises,  even  as  a 
visitor.  The  officers  of  the  institution  are  required  to  instruct  the 
pupils  in  a  pure  morality  and  leave  them  free  to  adopt  their  own 
religious  opinions. 


500,000 
300,000 
30.000 
20. 000 
20.000 
10,000 
10.000 
10,000 
10,000 


■A 


p*^..--"77"5  = 


T 


GKOliGE    I'KAIiOllV:    liANKKIi,     KINANCIICK    ANU    I'lill.A.NTIIHOl'IS'l 


ii;: 


9: 


George 


.,BSERVATI<)N  proves 
that  themtijorityof  those 
men  who  become  cele- 
brated forthe  acquisition 
of  wealth  in  their  later  years,  bej^itU' 
inheriting  ngood  physical  constitu- 
tion and  a  well  balanced  mind, 
have  been  trained  to  useful  labor 
in  youth. 

A  sound  brain  in  a  sound  body, 
rightly  directed  in  childhood,  is  one 
of  the  grandest  endowments  that  the 
parent  can  give  the  offspring.  The 
success  that  attended  the  subject 
of  our  sketch.  George  Peabody. 
was  the  result  of  this  fortunate 
inheritance.  His  parents  were 
poor.      That  was  to  bis  advantage. 

as  the  son  was  compelled  to  rely  upon  his  own  energies,  which 
were  thus  developed  by  use.  He  had  a  strong  physical  constitution, 
and  that  enabled  him  to  endure.  He  had  a  kind  and  wise  mother, 
whose  good  counsels  directed  him  into  the  right  path. 

George  Peabody  was  born  in  Danvers.  Mass.,  February  18,  1795. 
Early  comi)elled  to  assist  his  father's  family,  he  was  taken  from 
school  when  eleven  years  of  age,  and  given  employment  in  the  coun- 
try store  of  Sylvester  Proctor,  in  Danvers.  He  proved  himself  a 
faithful  clerk  here  for  the  ne.\t  five  years. 

His  father  dying  wheir  George  was  in  his  teens,  he  took  upon  him- 
self, as  best  he  could,  the  task  of  providing  for  his  mother,  his 
brothers  and  his  sisters;  a  proof  that  true  worth  was  in  the  boy, 
which  subsequent  years  fully  demonstrated. 

Not  many  incidents  of  note  occurred  with  him  in  his  boyhood.  At 
fifteen  he  left  Mr.  Proctor's  to  go  to  Vermont,  where  he  remained 
a  year  with  his  grandparents,  at  Thetford.  A  year  later  he  went  into 
the  dry-goods  store  of  his  brother,  David  Peabody,  at  Newburyport. 
Mass..  where  a  large  fire,  which  destroyed  his  brother's  store,  com- 
pelled him  to  seek  a  place  elsewhere.  He  nest  entered  the  employ- 
ment of  his  uncle  in  Georgetown,  D.  C. ,  which  place  he  soon  left,  to 
find  a  better  position  with  Mr.  Elisha  Riggs.  in  that  city,  who  made 
him  his  partner.  Young  Peabody  was  then  but  nineteen.  The  busi* 
ness  was  the  wholesaling  of  dry-goods,  largely  imported  from  Europe. 

To  secure  trade  Peabody  made  various  journeys  on  horseback 
into  the  unsettled  regions  of  the  border  States,  with  such  success  as 
to  make  it  necessary  to  establish  the  store  of  his  firm  at  a  more 
central  place;  Baltimore  being  selected  as  the  point.  In  that  city 
the  young  merchant  immediately  took  front  rank,  being  noted  as  a 
business  man  for  his  quick  and  cautious  judgment;  his  decision, 
firmness,  industry,  punctuality,  justice  and  honor  in  every 
transaction;  the  whole  accompanied  by  a  genial  courtesy  that  won 
him  friends  on  every  side. 

The  business  of  the  house  so  rapidly  extended  as  to  make  it  soon 
necessary  to  establish  branches  in  New    York    and    Philadelphia.  th»' 


Peabody. 


a 


r 


Distinguished  Banker  and  Financier. 


,_;_  'f  resoiveu  to 
(J  in  London,  ; 
^        two   years 


whole  being  under  the  immediate 
careful  .supervision  of  Mr.  Pea- 
body. In  1839  Mr.  Riggs  withdrew 
from  the  active  business  of  the 
institution,  t-till  leaving  his  name, 
however  —  the  firm  continuing  as 
Peabody,  Riggs  &  Co.  Opening  a 
banking  department  in  connection 
with  the  house,  which  had  proven 
very  profitable,  especially  as  the 
financial  agents  of  the  State  of 
Maryland,  and  having  been  in  Eng- 
land frequently,  where  he  had  made 
a  large  acquaintance.  Mr.  Peabody 
resolved  to  establish  a  branch  store 
and  in  1837,  when  forty- 
Id,  he  went  there  to 
permanently  reside. 
In  the  succeeding  year  he  did  great  service  to  his  native  country 
by  securing  monied  assi;}tance  at  a  time  when  general  financial  wreck 
had  overspread  the  commercial  interests  of  the  United  States. 
Through  his  own  wealth,  and  trust  in  the  future  of  America,  he  was 
able  and  willing  to  buy  largely  of  American  securities,  while  his 
integrity  and  high  standing  among  the  capitalists  of  England  inspired 
confidence  in  others.  Thus  credit  was  saved  to  the  State  of  Mary- 
land, which  he  represented  as  its  agent,  as  well  as  to  vast  monied 
interests  jn  the  United  States.  In  his  transactions  at  that  time  3Ir. 
Peabody  acquired  great  reputation  for  financial  strength,  courage  and 
ability.  In  the  meantime  his  mercantile  interests  steadily  grew  in 
America.  He  bought  very  heavily  of  British  goods,  and  shipped 
them  to  this  country,  receiving  by  bis  vessels,  in  return,  all  kinds 
of  American  produce,  which  found  ready  sale  in  England. 

Gradually  his  customers,  when  they  consigned  to  his  firm,  not 
only  drew  upon  him.  but  they  as  often  deposited  large  amounts  of 
money  with  him,  to  be  held  until  required.  The  result  was  that  he 
soon  found  himself  doing  a  large  banking  business. 

In  1843  his  business  firm  name  was  changed  to  "George  Peabody 
&  Company,  of  Warnford  Court,  City, "and  banking  thenceforth 
became  his  leading  business,  the  purchase  and  sale  of  American 
securities  being  his  specialty.  Through  his  geniality  and  kindly 
courtesy,  his  rtftice.  which  was  liberally  supplied  with  newspapers 
from  the  United  States,  became  the  resort  of  Americans  in  London. 
Though  careful  in  expenditure,  he  was  liberal.  For  many  years 
it  was  his  custom  to  give  a  grand  dinner  at  some  public  place  on  the 
Fourth  of  July,  in  commemoration  of  the  establishment  of  Ameri- 
can independence.  At  this  dinner  he  invited  distinguished  Ameri- 
cans who  might  be  in  London  at  the  time,  as  he  did  also  prominent 
men  in  Great  Britain.  At  the  opening  of  the  International  exposi- 
tion in  1851,  no  provision  having  been  made  by  congress  for  the 
display  of  American  products,  George  Peabody  furnished  the 
commissioners  with  the  sum  of  815,000.  with  which  the  articles  of 
AmHrienn     skill,     including    printing-presses,     revolvers,     reapers. 


h. 


■Ci^- 


T 


114 


PEABODY    BEQUESTS.        SKETCH    OF    I'ETEK    COOPER. 


machines,  works  of  sculpture,  and  many  valuable  invenlions  were 
so  finely  displayed  as  to  win  the  applause  of  the  civilized  world. 

Generous  thus  in  the  bestowal  of  thousands  or  millions,  he  was 
rigidly  economical  to  the  penny,  the  result  of  the  habits  that  he  had 
formed  in  his  youth.  Never  married,  he  lived  cheaply  in  a  suite  of 
apartments  and  entertained  his  friends  at  the  club  house.  In  dress 
he  was  scrupulously  neat,  but  unostentatious.  Anything  calculated 
to  attract  attention  he  carefully  avoided.  A  black  band  was  the  only 
thing  he  would  wear  for  a  watch-guard. 

In  the  later  years  of  his  residence  in  London,  he  made  several 
visits  to  his  native  country,  renewing  his  friendships  of  early  years. 
Uaving  acquired  immense  wealth,  his  life  was  particularly  notable, 
near  its  close,  for  the  many  and  wise  gifts  which  he  made  for  explo- 
ration, discovery,  for  the  education  of  the  masses,  and  for  the  comfort 
and  welfare  of  the  poor. 

The  following  were  some  of  his  principal  donations  during  his  life, 
together  with  bequests  made  by  his  will: 

The  Peabody  Bequests. 

To  the  Southern  Educational  Fund 83.,^00,000 

To  Homes  lor  the  Poor  in  London 2.500.000 

To  tile  Peabody  Institute,  at  Baltimore l.OOO.OOO 

To  PL-abodv  InVtitute,  r^t'abody.  M.ass 2.S0.000 

To  InstitutV  "1  AnluHolurv.  Harvard  College 150,000 

To  Uepartiiieiit  of  I'liy^iiiil  S.ien.i.,  Yale  College 1.50.000 

To  Peabody  .Museum,  Salem,  Mass 150.000 


To  Memorial  Church  in  Georgetown,  D.  C 8100.000 

To  \Va-liirit-l"ii  Cullege,  Va 60.000 

To  Pliiihp-' .\'adiMiv.  Andover,  Mass 30.000 

To  K. inc. II  I'.ill.i.'e,  at  Hambier,  O 25.000 

To  Piihlir  l.il.i.uv.  ,Ni»liurv|iort,  Mass 2U.0IX) 

To  M.li\].lllil    lli.ti.lKal    SinlitV    .- 20.000 

ToGnniKll  Kxpcilltion.   mid.  r  Dr.  Kane 10.000 

ToPuUhe  LiUiaij.  Tlietford.   Vt 10,000 

87.975,000 

He  contributed  about  $200,000  to  various  other  objects,  and  left 
$5,000,000,  mostly  to  his  relatives.  He  died  in  London,  Nov.  4, 
1869,  when  seventy. two  years  of  age.  The  news  of  his  death  was 
received  with  profound  grief  on  lioth  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  So  great 
had  been  his  benefactions  to  England  as  to  cause  the  Queen  to  pre- 
sent him  with  her  portrait,  painted  at  an  expense  of  $40,000.  She 
had  also  offered  him  a  baronetcy,  which  he  declined.  His  body  lay 
in  state  for  some  time  at  Westminster  Abbey,  and  when  brought  to 
this  country  in  a  royal  man-of-war  ship,  every  homage  was  paid  that 
could  be  extended  to  a  citizen  that  had  so  greatly  honored  and  bene- 
tited  his  country. 

At  Peabody,  Mass.,  amid  thousands  of  mourners,  they  laid  him 
gently  to  rest  by  the  side  of  that  mother  whose  tender  counsels,  in 
his  boyhood,  had  laid  the  foundation  for  his  fame  and  fortune.  The 
monument  that  stands  above  bis  tomb  is  an  ever-living  witness  of 
what  the  boy  in  humble  circumstances  may  achieve  in  life  who  is 
industrious,  temperate,  economical,  enterprising,  faithful  and  honest. 


First  Manufacturer  of   Locomotives  in   America,  and   Founder  of  ttie  Cooper   Institute. 


7^ 


ETER  COOPER,  the  well-known  millionaire  and 
phihinthropist,  was  born  in  New  York,  in  17^1.  With 
limited  education,  at 
seventeen,  he  was  ap- 
prenticed    to    a    coach- 

makrr.  and    worked    with    Bnch  fidelity 

and  skill,    that  hi.<  employer  offered  to 

tier    him    up    in    business  for  himself; 

but    this    was    declined,    although    he 

followed  his  trade  for  some  time  after- 
wards.     Then    be   tried  manufacturing 

patent     machines    for    phearing    cloth. 

during  the  war  of  1812;  then  the  manu- 
facture of  furniture;  then   the  grocery 

business,    finally  settling  down    to    the 

production  of  glue  and  isinglass,  which 

he   continued  for  fifty  years.     He   also 

erected    iron-mills,    and    followed    the 

manufacture  of  railroad  iron  on  a  large 

scale,  and  was  the  first  to  roll  wrought- 

iron  beams  for  fire-proof  buildings.    The 

iron  business  is  still  carried   on  exten- 
sively by  his  family.     He  built  the  first 

locomotive   engine  ever  constructed  on 

this  continent,    after    his  own  designs; 

invested   largely  in  the   extension   of  the  electric  telegraph,  and   in 

municipal  improvements  and   the  cause  of   education,  he  exhibited 


an  enterprising  spirit.  To  his  liberality  New  York  owes  the 
Cooper  Institute  for  the  advancement  of  science  and  art.  the  edifice 
costing  Mr.  Cooper  more  than  SOSO,  000, 
besides  an  endowment  of  $150.  UUO  in 
cash,  the  whole  being  devoted  to  the 
instruction  and  elevation  of  the  working 
classes  of  that  city,  free  of  charge.  It 
has  a  series  of  schools,  well  attended,  in 
which  learning  is  practically  applied  to 
the  industries  of  life,  and  employs  up- 
ward of  thirty  instructors.  Besides 
these  schools  there  is  a  free  reading- 
room  and  library,  with  galleries  of  art, 
collections  of  models  of  inventions,  etc. 
in  18T6  Mr.  Cooper  was  a  candidate 
for  the  presidency  before  the  people  on 
till'  Niitional  Greenback  ticket;  and 
during  the  presidential  canvass  of  1880, 
he  was  present,  an  honored  guest,  at 
tlie  Greenback  gathering  held  in  Cooper 
Institute.  In  1881  he  was  living  in  New 
Y'ork.  in  tlie  enjoyment  of  good  health 
and  a  serene  old  age,  his  active  participa- 
tion in  public  matters  descending  to  his 
family^  among  whom  his  son-in-law, 
Abram  S.  Hewitt,  has  been  an  infiuentlal  member  of  Congress,  and 
his  son  E(hv:ird  an  honored  Mayor  of  New  York.   He  died  ApriU,  1HH3. 


s: 


I 


:(j — 


-^i 


T- 


DISTINGUISHED    MILLIONAIRE    OF    CINCINNATI. 


115 


Horticulturist,  Wine-Grower  and  Dealer  in  Real  Estate. 


1782,  January  16,  at  New- 
ark. New  Jersey,  was 
born  Nicholas  Longworth, 
for  many  years  one  of  the 
richest  men  in  Cincinnati. 
Tie  served  for  a  time  in 
Newark  as  an  apprentice 
to  a  shoemaker,  and  after- 
wards as  a  clerk  for  his 
brother  in  South  Carolina. 
Evincing  a  fondness  for 
the  law,  he  returned  to 
Newark  to  prosecute  its 
study,  but  the  tidu  of 
emigration  westward  car- 
ried him  to  Cincinnati  in 
1803,  when  he  was  twenty- 
one  years  old.  He 
resumed  his  study  here 
in  the  law  office  of  Judge 
Burnet,  and  was  soon 
admitted  to  the  bar.  It 
was  but  a  short  time  before  be  had  an  extensive  practice,  the  revenue 
from  which,  instead  of  squandering,  he  steadily  invested  in  real 
estate.  Cincinnati,  at  that  time,  had  a  population  of  about 
1.000.  with  probably  no  more  prospect  of  becoming  a  great  city  than 
has  many  another  town  of  that  population  to-day.  The  young  lawyer 
evidently  had  a  premonition,  however,  that  the  place  of  his  adoption 
was  to  become  a  large  city,  and  he  continued  to  buy  lots,  which  after- 
wards came  into  the  center  of  the  town,  in  those  early  years,  costing 
him  but  ten  dollars  apiece. 

It  is  said  of  him  that  his  first  fee,  as  a  lawyer,  taken  from  a  client 
accused  of  horse-stealing,  were  two  second-hand  copper  stills,  which 
he  sold  to  a  distiller,  taking  in  exchange  thirty-three  acres  of  barren 
land,  which  land  afterwards,  in  the  center  of  the  city,  became,  during 
Mr.  Longworth's  time,  worth  $3,000,000. 

He  retired  from  the  law  after  a  sixteen  years' practice,  to  devote 
himself  to  the  management  of  his  large  interests.  Having  an  abun- 
dance of  means,  and  a  fondness  for  horticulture,  he  turned  his 
attention  to  the  grape — full  in  the  faith  that  the  Ohio  valley  would 
prove  a  rich  grape-growing  region.  After  much  experiment,  he 
demonstrated  that  the  Catawba  and  Isabella  could  be  grown  to  advan- 
tage, and  that  the  wine  interest  could   be   made  more  profitable.      In 


pursuing  this  industry.  Mr.  Longworth  showed  him,«elf  possessed  of 
much  liberality  and  public  spirit.  Desirous  of  developing  the  wine- 
producing  interest  in  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati,  he  offered  to  buy, 
at  a  liberal  price,  every  gallon  of  grape  wine  that  was  brought  to 
him,  the  effect  of  which  was  to  encourage  grape-growing  on  the  part 
of  the  gardeners  in  the  Ohio  river  valley  to  such  an  extent  as  to  make 
that  industry  as  large  and  profitable  as  it  is  in  portions  of  the  wine- 
producing  districts  of  France. 

Mr.  Longworth  himself  had  a  vineyard  of  200  acres,  with  large 
cellars  for  storing  his  wines,  in  which  he  had  usually,  in  process  of 
ripening,  some  300,000  bottles  at  a  time.  Although  experiment  and 
the  commencing  of  this  enterprise  cost  him  vast  sums  of  money,  he 
ultimately  made  the  industry  profitable. 

He  did,  also,  much  for  strawberry  culture,  then  in  its  infancy. 
Passing  a  garden,  one  day,  he  found  upon  the  sidewalk  a  number  of 
strawberry  vines  which  had  been  thrown  over  the  fence.  He  paused 
to  converse  with  the  gardener,  and  learned  in  the  conversation,  that 
the  plants  thrown  out  were  the  superabundance  of  males  or  non- 
producers.  The  idea  was  new  to  Longworth.  Was  it  a  fact  that 
there  were  male  and  female  plants,  and  that  a  proper  union  of  the 
two  sexes  was  essential  to  the  production  of  the  crop?  Longworth 
began  to  experiment,  at  the  same  time  bringing  the  matter  to  the 
attention  of  the  horticnlturists  of  the  country.  The  result  was 
that  a  vast  fund  of  information  was  added  to  horticultural 
knowledge,  relative  to  the  sexual  powers  of  many  kinds  of  fruits. 
With  the  strawberry  the  experiments  resulted  in  the  production  of 
several  varieties  of  berries,  that,  as  hermaphrodites,  contained  the 
male  and  female  qualities  within  themselves,  so  blended  as  to  make 
them  certain  bearers  of  fruit  when  the  conditions  of  climate,  soil  and 
moisture  were  attended  to.  All  this  information  Mr.  Longworth 
took  great  pleasure  in  having  widely  disseminated. 

As  with  grapes  and  strawberries,  he  was  equally  public-spirited 
with  his  land,  in  its  sale  at  cheap  prices  for  portions  of  lots,  on  long 
time  and  easy  payments.  He  had  some  eccentricities:  among  them 
being  a  total  disregard  for  dress.  Of  inferior  personal  presence, 
he  was  as  likely  to  be  taken  for  a  beggar  or  tramp  as  was  the 
beggar  himself,  about  his  premises.  He  made  no  display  of 
benevolence  but  he  bestowed  charity  liberally  nevertheless,  to  those 
who  were  in  absolute  want. 

As  a  benefactor  to  his  city,  as  well  as  to  the  horticultural  interests 
of  the  country,  he  very  emphatically  made  his  impress  in  his  genera- 
tion. He  died  February  10.  1863.  at  the  age  of  eighty-one,  leaving  a 
fortune  of  fifteen  millions. 


[^ 


f 


116 


THE    CELEBRATED    RAILROAD    CONTRACTOR. 


i 

7. 


ii^^,^ 


-<^ 


HENRY 


.^     -».>-     fiji^^ss^l^t.,^ 


f^  ^^^^^^^^^^^:^^^^^^>^^l 


I'M  ■''■'     * 


MEIGGS. 


}b!^^c)\%    Distinguished,  Enterprising  Pioneer  in  California,  and  Railroad  Contractor 
^\,-4l»«./^  and  Builder  in  South  America. 


lumber 


NE  OF  THE  most  dUtin- 
2:iii!::hed  men  in  California, 
in  an  early  day,  was  Harry 
Meigss.  He  was  born  in 
Cat^kill,  N.  Y.,  July  7, 
1811.  Naturally  given  to 
the  projection  of  enter- 
prises, he  commenced  in 
New  York,  when  young, 
as  a  contractor  for  the 
purchase  and  supply  of 
luiilding  materials,  and 
had  made  a  fortune  in  the 
trade,  before  he  was 
twenty-five,  which  was  swept  away 
by  the  panic  in  1837. 

The  reported  discovery  of  gold  in 
California  found  Meiggs  ready  for 
another  venture.  Loading  a  ship  with 
lumber,  he  went  around  Cape  Horn  to 
San  Francisco,  where  he  sold  bis  cargo 
at  a  profit  of  $50,000.  Having  great  faith 
in  the  future  of  that  State,  he  started 
in  the  lumber  trade  again,  and  had,  at  one 
time,  over  500  employes  in  his  saw- 
mills and  elsewhere,  at  work. 

He   made   a  fortune,    and   for  several 

years    was    one   of    the  most  extensive 

business  operators  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

The  panic  which  spread  over  California, 

In  1854,    caused   his   failure   again,    and 

through   various  complications    he    was 

compelled  to    close   his  business  there. 

On  board  a  small  vessel,  with  his  family, 

he  departed  for  South  America. 

His  first  enterprise  in  that  country  was  a  contract  for  the  building 

of  eighty-four  miles  of  railway,  which  Involved  a  stupendous  feat 

in  engineering.      While  other  engineers  had  estimated  that  this  road 


would  cost  §30,000,000,  if  it  could  be  built  at  all.  Meiggs  took  the 
contract  for  $6, 000. 000.  and  utilizing  the  Chilians  under  American 
overseers  at  a  cost  of  thirteen  cents  a  day  each,  he  tunneled  moun- 
tains, excavated  mines,  exploded  rocks,  and  made  such  rapid  head- 
way as  to  be  the  wonder  of  all  South  America. 

Though  three  years  bad  been  assigned  him,  he  completed  the 
contract  in  two  years,  making  a  handsome  profit,  beside  securing  a 
government  bonus  of  $120,000. 

He  next  took  the  contract  for  building  114  miles  of  railway  in 
Peru,  from  Mollendo  to  Arequipa.  During  the  progress  of  this  con- 
tract an  earthquake  destroyed  much  of  his  constructions;  but,  not- 
withstanding he  gave  $100,000  to  the  sufferers  by  that  calamity. 
$310,000  in  gold  and  silvormedals  to  workmen,  and  $200,000  to  the 
entertainments  in  commemoration  of  the  completion  of  this  road,  he 
made  by  his  contract  a  great  fortune  above  all  this. 

He  lived  in  Lima,  in  a  style  of  superb  magnificence,  during  the 
later  years  of  his  residence  in  the  country,  his  extravagance  of  hos- 
pitality being  the  theme  of  all  who  knew  him.  In  all.  he  built  about 
a  thousand  miles  of  railways  in  South  America,  some  of  which  roads 
were  financial  failures  for  the  government  as  well  as  himself. 

Having  a  great  railroad  enterprise  on  hand,  requiring  many  millions 
to  build,  he  made  an  effort  to  interest  the  capitalists  of  Europe  in  the 
undertaking.  His  endeavors  were,  however,  in  vain.  This  failure, 
together  with  an  overwrought  nervous  energy,  produced  paralysis, 
from  which  he  died  when  about  sixty  years  of  age.  The  immense 
crowds  of  people  and  demonstrations  of  sorrow  attending  his  funeral 
formed  one  of  the  most  notable  events  that  ever  occurred  in  South 
America.  Even  in  California,  though  failure  ultimately  attended  bis 
enterprise  there,  his  i)ublic-spirit  and  wonderful  executive  ability 
greatly  endeared  him  lo  the  people,  and  thousands  mourned  his  death. 

With  a  large  body  that  weighed  225  pounds,  and  an  active  brain 
that  measured  twenty-four  inches,  with  mathematical  talent  greatly 
developed,  and  large  perceptive  faculties,  he  possessed  extraordinary 
capacity  for  the  carrying  through  of  great  enterprises.  His  dash, 
extravagance  and  lack  of  preparation  in  times  of  commercial  crises 
prevented  him  from  retaining  the  colossal  fortune  which  might  have 
been  his,  had  grcatt-r  caution,  prudence  and  habits  of  ectmomy  ruled 
his  business  undertakings. 


.(d^— ^ 


— sO. 


r4 


? 


CALIFORNIA    MIIJJONAIRKS.       JAMES    I.ICK    ANIJ    HIS    BEQUESTS. 


117 


^^^ 


Real    Estate 

Speculator  and 

Millionaire. 

^^ ^"^ m^ 


'W 


^f-:=^ 


NE  OF  THE  earliest  pioneers  in  California,  during  the 
u'old  excitement,  was  James  Lick,  a  native  of  Fred- 
ericksburg. Pa.,  where  he  was  born,  August  25,  1796. 
Reared  on  a  farm,  he  afterwards  became  a  piano  tuner 
in  New  York  city.  Subse- 
quently   he    drifted    off     to 

South  America,  where  he  not  only  tuned 

but  successfully  sold  pianos  for  Philadel- 
phia manufacturers.      Hearing  of  the  gold 

excitement  in  California,  he  converted  his 

possessions  into  money  and  came  North, 

arriving  in   San   Francisco   in  1847  with 

S30, 000.      Lick   was  then  fifty-one   years 

of  age,  and  the  money  he  possessed  was 

the    savings    of    a     life-time    of    close 

industry  and  economy.       It  had  cost  him 

too  much  to  be  gambled  away.     He  sur- 
veyed the  situation  upon  his  arrival,  and 

concluding     that     San    Francisco     must 

become  the  metropolis  of  the  Pacific  coast, 

he  resolved  to  invest   his   money  in   real 

estate  and  abide  the  issue.      The  city  then 

had  a  population  of  1,000. 

His  first  investment  was  in  a  lot  at  the 

northeast     corner    of     Montgomery    and 

Jackson     streets,    for     which     be     paid 

$5,000.     He  subsequently  sold  a  portion 

of  this   lot  to   Duncan,  Sherman   &   Co. 

for  $30.  000.      During  the   early  years  the 

town  was  frequently  almost  deserted   by 

people,  attracted  to    the    various  mining 

camps,  but  through  it  all  Lick  continued 

steadily  a    dealer  in    real    estate,  buying 

when  everybody  wanted  to  sell,  and  sellin, 

back  and  everybody  wanted  to  buy. 

In  time  his  estate  became  worth  several  millions,  prominent  amon; 


his  possessions  being  extensive  flouring  mills  at  San  Jose,  costing 
S200.000,  and  the  Lick  Hotel,  one  of  the  most  expensive  of  the  large 
hotels  of  San  Francisco.  By  his  will  he  returned  to  the  State  and  the 
city  the  fortune  he  had  made  there,  to  be  appropriated  to  various 
charitable  and  scientific  objects — a  for- 
tune the  result  of  steady  purpose  in  one 
direction. 

Lick  Bequests. 

The   following  were  some  of  the  most 
prominent  of  the   Lick  donations: 

To  the  Lake  Tahoe  Observatory 8700,000 

To  School  of  Mechanical  Arts  in  Cali- 
fornia   .tOO,0<«) 

To  Public  Monuments  in  Sacramento. .  250,000 
To  Academy  of  Sciences  and  Pioneer 

Society 250. 000 

To  City  Baths  for  people  at  Sacramento  1.50.000 

To  Old  Ladies'  Home.  San  Francisco. . .  100,0C0 
To  monument  for  Francis  S.  Key.  at 

Golden  Gate  P.ark 80.000 

To  Ladies'  Relief  Society,  San  Fran- 
cisco   25. 000 

To    Protestant   Orphan    Asylum,   San 

Francisco 25.000 

To  Orphan  Asylum.  San  Jose 2.i.000 

To  Mechanics'  Library,  San  PVancisco  10,000 
To  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty 

to  Animals 10. 000 


Total  . 


?  1. 905.000 


JAMES    LICK 
again  when  people  came 


The  gift  for  the  erection  of  a  monument 
J      to  Key  was  a  tribute  to  his  genius  as  the 
:-^  -Vj     author  of  the  '"Star  Spangled   Banner." 
the   singing  of  which   at   the  opening  of 
the  war  in  one  of  the  leading  theaters  ip 
San  Francisco,   did  much  toward  inspiring  the  people  with  intense 
loyalty  for  the  fnion. 

^Ir    Lick  was  about  eighty  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  his  death. 


?• 


lis 


"WOODWARD  S    GARDENS,    SAN    FRANCISCO. 


"^  *    NE  OF  THE  most  delightful  pleasure-grounds  in   the 
United  States  is  Woodward's  Gardens,  in  San  Fran- 


'J^  Cisco.  The  proprietor,  R.  B.  Woodward,  was  from 
Providence,  R.  1.,  where  he  was  born  January  26.  1824. 
3**2?^^  Going  by  way  of  Cape  Horn,  on  a  sailing  vessel,  he  arrived 
in  San  Francisco,  in  1849,  his  first  venture  being  the  opening  of  a 
grocery  store  in  a  three-story  building,  the  upper  part  of  which  he  let 
to  lodgers, 
while  the 
lower  portion 
he  used  as  a 
restaurant. 

Steadily  his 
business  ex- 
tended until, 
in  time,  it  de- 
veloped into 
the  '^What 
Cheer  House" 
long  a  favorite 
place  of  re- 
sort. Under 
his  manage- 
ment the  hotel 
was  very  at- 
t  racti  vely 
kept,  at  cheap 
prices. 

In  his  hotel 
he  gathered 
an  interest- 
ing museum 
of  minerals, 
birds  and  ani- 
mals, nativeto 
the    country. 

Purchasing 
Hcveral  acres 

in    the   suburbs  of  the   city   for    residence   purposes,    he    removed 
his   museum    there,    and    gradually  began    beautifying    the    place. 

At  the  opening  of  the  Southern  Rebellion,  he  gave  an  cnter- 
tiiinment  for  the  first  time  on  these  grounds  in  behalf  of  the 
Sanitary  Commission,  when  it  was  discovered  that  The  museum  had 
been  80  enlarged  and  the  grounds  so  beautified  as  lo  be  a  most 
pleasant  and  desirable  place  of  resort.       From  that  time,  at  a  cheap 


Conservatory  in  Woodward's  Gardens,  San  Francisco. 


rate  of  admission.  Woodward's  Gardens  became  a  favorite  place  of 
amusement  for  the  Californians  and  all  strangers  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
Through  the  large  revenue  derived  from  visitors,  the  proprietor 
continued  to  embellish  and  improve  the  grounds,  continually  adding 
attractions,  until  to-day,  with  its  theatrical  entertainments,  its 
museum  of  minerals,  birds,  fishes,  insects,  animals  and  reptiles, 
its  aquarium,  caged  animals,  sea-lions,  and  multitude  of  curiosities, 

it  is  a  very 
attractive 
place  to  visit. 
Beside  be- 
ing a  man  of 
superior  taste 
Mr.  Wood- 
ward was  very 
practical  and 
public-spir- 
ited. He  was 
one  of  the  first 
to  build 
horse  railways 
in  San  Fran- 
cisco, on 
which  were 
charged  low 
fares. 

His  rule 
was,  whether 
k  e  e  p  i  ng  a 
Hotel,  con- 
ducting a 
place  of 
amusement, 
or  running  a 
horse  railway, 
to  put  the 
price  of  ad- 
mission and 
fare  so  low  that  all  might  use  and  enjoy  their  advantages. 

Later  in  life,  he  purchased  a  farm  of  2. 000  acres  in  the  Napa  val- 
ley, for  a  home,  surrounding  it  with  fruits,  fiowers  and  ornumental 
trees,  such  as  taste  and  experience  prompted  him  to  select.  At  tliis 
place  he  died  in  the  fall  of  1879,  young,  comparatively,  in  years,  but 
old  enough  to  have  been  of  great  service  to  San  Francisco,  having 
done  more  to  entertain  the  people  than  any  man  in  the  State. 


City  and  Bay  of  SAN    FRANCISCO,  Looking  Westward. 


San  Francisco.  California,  was  early  occupied  by  Francisco  Palou 
and  Benito  Cambon,  two  Franciscan  Catholic  monks  from  Spain,  who 
founded  here  the  mistfion  of  San  Francisco  de  Asie.  October  9,  1776. 
The  mission  prospered,  and.  in  1825.  it  possessed  76.000  head  of 
cattle.  79,000  sheep.  3.000  horses,  18,000  bushels  of  wheat  and 
barley,  $35,000  worth  of  merchandise,  and  $25,000  in  cash;  having 
at  the  same  time  supervision  over  1,800  Indians. 

In  1834  the  missions  of  California  were  placed  under  the  control 
of  civil  officers,  and  in  a  few  years  nothing  remained  of  their  former 
power,  but  a  few  buildings.  The  first  bouse  of  modern  construction 
in  San  Francisco  was  erected  in  1835,  near  the  present  site  of  the 


City  Hall.  The  first  survey  of  streets  and  lots  wiis  made  in  1839. 
The  town  was  known  as  Yerba  Buena  until  January  30,  1847.  when 
the  village  council  changed  it  to  San  Francisco.  At  that  time  the 
population  of  the  place  was  1,000.  The  discovery  of  gold  in  the 
State  caused  the  town  to  be  almost  wholly  deserted  in  the  spring  of 
1848.  In  the  fall  of  that  year,  however,  the  place  began  to  grow,  and 
continued  rapidly  to  increase.  In  1852,  when  the  State  census  was 
taken,  the  population  was  34,870.  In  1860  it  showed  56,802;  in 
1870  it  contained  149.473.  and  in  1880  the  census  revealed  thai  it 
possessed  a  population  of  233,066;  an  increase  of  83, 593  in  the  last 
ten  years. 


"So*  1.  Bay  of  San  Francisco;  a  large  body  of 
water,  extending  from  the  Golden  Gate,  about 
forty  miles  inland,  being  in  many  places  ten  miles 
in  width. 

8,  Lone  Bridge,  leading  southward  over 
Mission  bay. 

a.  Piers,  of  steamships  which  ply  between  San 
Francisco  and  Chinese,  Japanese  and  Australian 
ports. 

4.  Foot  of  Market  street,  the  Broadway  of  the 
citv.  At  this  point  are  the  piers  of  the  ferry-boats 
that  piv  between  San  Francisco  and  Oakland,  con- 
necting with  the  Central  Pacific  railway,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  bay,  five  miles  distant. 

o.  Marine  Hospital  and  Hospital  of  Sisters  of 
Mercy. 

6.  Post-ofilce,  Sub-Treasury  building  and 
Custom-house. 

T.  Lick  House,  erected  by  James  Lick. 

8.  Bank  of  California.  Near  here  are  the  Bank 
of  Nevada,  Stock  Exchange.  Mercantile  library. 
Ru!-s  and  Occidental  hotels. 

9.  The  Palace  hotel.  In  this  vicinity  are  the 
(Jrnnd  hotel.  Bancroft's  publishing  house,  and 
ulhtT  wf  U-known  houses. 

10.  United  States  Mint. 
H.  Mission  Woolen  Mills. 


Leading  Points  of  Interest. 

15.  Woodward's  Gardens,  covering  an  area  of 
five  acres. 

13.  City  Hall.  Near  by  were  the  celebrated 
"Sand  Lots.'*  and  between  this  point  and  the 
Palace  hotel  is  the  Baldwin  hotel. 

14.  Lake  Merced. 

I.!.  Old  Mission  Church,  built  in  1776;  first 
building  erected  in  San  Francisco. 

16.  Grace  Cathedral. 

17.  Lone  Mountain  Ceraetei-y. 

18.  Golden  Gate  Park,  including  1.100  acres. 
These  grounds  are  beautifully  decorated,  and  con- 
tain, among  other  alti-actions,  an  expensive 
conservatory,  in  which,  with  many  other  rare 
plants,  is  a  beautiful  specimen  of  the  VicUiria 
Regia.  Near  the  park  are  the  race-course 
grounds. 

lO.  In  this  vicinity  are  the  Chine^^e  quarters, 
extending  over  several  blocks,  includiiii.'  a  pnpu- 
latiim  of  Chinese  numbering  from  du.i"""  t<>  411. ihm). 

aO.  Old  City  Hall.  Formerly  Jenny  Lind  Thea- 
ter:   erected  in  I80I. 

31.  St.  Francis'  hotel,  comer  Clay  and  Diipont 
strrfts.  erected  in  183.i:  location  of  the  tii-st  dwell- 
ing-house built  in  San  Francisco. 

33.  Nob  Hill.  This  is  an  elevated  portion  of 
the  city,  containing  many  of  the  most  beautiful 
residences. 


23.  Telegraph  Hill,  commanding  a  view  of  the 
Golden  Gale  and  a  large  portion  of  the  bay. 

84.  Meiggs'  Wharf,  built  in  18.'>4.  bv  Harry 
Meiggs,  afterwards  the  railroad  king  of  l*eru. 

35.  Selby's  Lead-smelting  Works. 

26.  Black  Point  and  fortifications. 

ST.  Presidio  Barracks  and  government  reserve. 
Headquartei-sof  the  Army,  Division  uf  the  Pacific. 

2S.  Golden  Gate.  .A.t  this  point  of  entrance  to 
the  bay,  the  waters  are  about  one  mile  in  width. 

29.  Point  Bonita.  This  is  one  of  the  prominent 
points  in  the  vicinity  of  the  bay.  Here  is  located 
a  beacon-light,  which  guides  the  mariner  through 
the  Golden  Gate. 

80.  Location  of  the  Seal  Rocks.  These  rocks 
are  surrounded  by  the  ocean,  and  are  situated  a 
hundred  rods  or  more  from  the  main  land.  The 
largest  contains  from  a  quarter  to  three-quarters 
of  an  acre  of  barren,  rough,  rucrtred  rock,  which 
rises  from  the  ocean  forty  or  fifty  feet  above  the 
wfiters.  Cpon  this  rock  scores  uf  seals,  at  most 
seasons  of  the  year,  may  be  seen  resting  and 
sunning  themselves.  This"  is  one  of  the  attractive 
places  of  resort  to  all  strangers  who  visit  San 
Francisco. 

31.  Pacific  Ocean;  some  thi-ee  miles  from  the 
heart  of  the  city. 


=<5; 


S- 

^ 


r^ 


ll'U 


A    ClI.Vl'TEK    I\    THE    HISTORY    OF    THE    BANK    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


%i«mi!i.»v«i»»>v>i'»itn>n>n.ui.twiti»>ni,i.t^ 


gnix>yi'i?'iv<'m'i?<>w<j<iiiin>'n!ia^in>!ian»,^ 


d-'-"- 


Ship-Carpenter,  Steamboat  Clerk  and  Banker. 


?ERY  MANY  OF  THE  Californi.ins,  in  the  early  years  of 

the  gold  discoveries  on  the  Pacific  coast,  possessed   a 

J'^Jj    degree  of  dash  and  enterprise  not  common  in  other  parts 

f  the  world. 

j  One  of  the  notables  on  the  coast  in  an  early  day    was 

W.    C.    Ralston.       In   business  courage,    liberality  of 

spirit,  generous  hospitality,  and   power  to  achieve,  he 

was  much  liiie  Harry  Meiggs.      Ralston  was  a  native  of 

Ohio,  where,  in  boyhood,  he  was  put  to  the  work  nf  ship- 


,.^*a 


carpentering.  Snbse-  ^^^^yy>- 
quently  serving  for  a  time  as  a 
clerk  on  a  Mississippi  steamer,  he 
started  for  California  by  way  of 
Panama,  in  1850,  in  which  latter 
place  he  found  employment  as  the 
agent  for  a  line  of  steamships  plying 
between  Xew  York  and  San  Frsm- 
cisco.  To  more  effectually  serve  the 
company  he  took  up  headquarters 
in  San  Francisco  in  1853,  where  he 
was  soon  after  engaged  in  banking, 
the  firm  being  known  at  one  time  as 
Donohoe.  Ralston  &  Co. 

Thf  Bank  of  California  wa»  organ- 
ized with  a  capital  of  §5, 000. 000  in 
1804.  with  D.  O.  Mills,  a  shrewd 
financier  and  banker  from  Sacra- 
mento, as  president.  Ralston  was 
the  vice-president  of  the  bank,  but, 
having  had  large  experience,  and 
possessing  the  unlimited  confidence 
of  the  stockholders,  he  was  the 
acknowledged  manager  of  the  insti- 
tution. The  business  of  the  bank 
was    exceedingly     prosperous:    the 

premium  on  gold  yielded  great  returns,  and  in  various  stock  specu- 
lations Kaiston  had  before  this  made  a  large  amount  of  money. 

Numerous  industrial  interests  on  the  Pacific  coast  were  at  that  time 
struggling  for  existence  and  position.  Kaiston  was  a  most  allal)lc 
man,  woe  personally  popular,  and  was  much  sought.  The  manager 
of  nearly  every  enterprise  needing  assistance  went  to  hiui,  and  no 
one  ever  ajiplied  in  vain.       IIi*  had  in   the  nieiinlime  constructed   a 


j.r»a- 


beautiful  town  residence  and  an  elegant  suburban  home  at  Belmont, 
twenty  miles  from  San  Francisco,  where  he  entertained  people  from 
the  East  in  a  most  sumptuous  manner,  not  so  much,  flis  friends 
claimed,  for  personal  popularity,  as  for  the  good  of  the  State. 

In  aid  of  various  enterprises  he  had  contributed  liberally  to  the 
Mission  woolen  mills,  the  Kimball  carriage  works,  the  Cornell  watch 
factory,  and  many  other  manufacturing  establishments,  all  located  in 
San  Francisco.  He  furnished  the  cai>ital  with  which  to  carry  forward 
irrigation  enterprises:  he  erected  thus  the  California  theater,  and 
ccccp;^  with  Mr.  Sharon,  projected  and 
built  the  Pahice  Hotel. 

He  had  expected  to  carry  all  this 
through  by  the  sale  of  the  water 
supply  to  the  city,  which  the  bank 
owned,  and  for  which  he  had  hoped 
to  realize  $10,000,000.  Failing  in 
this,  and  returns  not  coming  from 
other  investments,  he  was  obliged 
to  acknowledge  to  the  bank  directors 
that  he  had  used  up  $4,500,000 
which  he  could  not  pay.  He  'had 
gone  too  fast. 

The  bank  officials  held  a  meeting, 
and  passed  a  resolution  requesting 
him  to  resign,  which  he  did  imme- 
diately. Following  which  he  walked 
rapidly  to  North  beach,  where  he 
had  been  in  the  habit  of  bathing, 
swam  out  into  the  channel,  was 
apparently  taken  with  a  cramp, 
threw  up  his  arms  for  a  moment, 
sank  and  was  drowned.  A  coroner's 
inquest  decided  it  to  be  accidental 
death,  hut  many  believe  otherwise. 
As  a  genial,  whole-souled,  pub- 
lic-j^pirited  man,  and  a  great  benefactor  of  the  city  and  State,  bis 
misfortune  and  death  were  most  sincerely  mourned.  The  hank 
closud  five  weeks.  At  the  end  of  that  time  the  stockholders  had 
supplied  the  l(»st  capital  by  assessment,  paid  all  debts,  and  made  the 
great  monied  instilution  the  power  that  it  was  before.  Its  tri- 
umphtuit,  immediate  survival  of  this  immense  loss  is  said  to  be 
1    williiiiit  a  paralh'I  in  lianUhig  hij-tnry. 


igte^-^^ 


''I, 


BANK  OF  CALIFORNIA.  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


:6^- — 


? 


.  ..'TS- 

V 

■.c 

^ 

^- 

V 

CALIFORNIA    MILLIONAIUES. 

HOTEL, 

MINE, 

liANK 

AND    KAILKOAU    OWNER. 

121 

f^^ 

i 


SHAHOK 


LAWYER, 

MINING   SPECULATOR, 

MERCHANT, 

m 


AND 
UNITED    STATES 

SENATOR. 


An  Illustration  of  how  Fortunes  tiave  been  Rapidly  Acquired  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 


URIXG  the  ten  years,  from  1870  to  1880.  in 
connection  with  mining  interests,  on  the  PaciSc 
coast,  with  hotel  ownership,  and  with  the 
Nevada  Senatorsliip,  Mr.  Shuron  was  mnch 
heard  of  thronghout  the  country.  This  gen- 
tleman is  a  native  of  Smithlield,  O.  Leaving 
Athens  College,  where  he  attended  school  for  a 
time,  he  studied  l;iw  with  Edwin  M.  Stanton. 

afterwards  Secretary  of  War.    He  subsequently  went  to  Missouri  and 

engaged   in  the  practice  of  the  law. 

Later,    in  1844.    he,    with  Dr.   John 

K.  Sharon,  kept  a  store  at  CarroUton, 

in  Southern  Illinois. 
In  1849,  he  went  to  Sacramento. 

Cal. ,  to  engage  in  general  trade ;  and 

a  year  afterwards  he  located  in  San 

Francisco,  where,  in  the  succeeding 

fifteen    years,    he   engaged   in    real 

estate   operations,    accumulating  in 

the  time  about  $150,000.      Through 

stock   speculation,   he   lost  all   this 

and  was  bankrupt  in  1864.      At  this 

time  he  was  appointed  by  the  man- 
agers of  the  Bank  of  California   to 

go   to  Virginia  City,  Nev. ,    open   a 

branch  and  represent  the  Interests  of 

the  bank  at  that  point.      A  year  after- 
wards the  mines  there  seemed  to  be 

exhausted.     About  that  time    Mr. 

Ralston  paid  a  visit  to  Mr.  Sharon. 

when  the  two  had  a  long  confidential 

interview,  tbe  result  of  which  was 

that  Sliaron  was  to  commence  a  most 

vigilant  effort  to  prospect  and  dis- 
cover, if  possible,  more  paying  ore  in 

the  Comstock  lode;  Mr.  Ralston  agreeing  that  the  Bank  of  California 

should  furnish  the  means  for  prosecuting  the  search,  on  Mr.  Sharon's 

personal  responsibility,  the  indebtedness  to  be  paid  within  two  years. 

Having  agreed  upon  terms.  Mr.  Sharon   called   to  his   aid   the   best 

mining  talent  of  the   country,  sunk  new  shafts,  and.  luckily,  opened 

the  wonderfully    rich   mines   which   have   made    the   Virginia    City 

Bonanza  mines  famous  the  world  over. 

Four  months  from  tlie  date  of  his  agreement  with  Mr.  Ralston. 

Mr.  Sharon  had  paid  the  bank  all  he  owed  and  had  deposited  there  to 


Palace  lloteL   Sau  Francisco, 


his  own  credit  $750,000.      He  was   soon  after  made  a  director  of  the 
bank,  and  within  a  year  he  was  reputed  to  he  worth  $::;5. 000. 000. 

Soon  after  Ralston's  death,  it  was  Sharon  who  convened  the 
directors  of  the  bank  and  proposed  the  re-opening  of  the  institution, 
stating  at  the  time  what  he  proposed  to  subscribe  to  that  end.  His 
subscription  was  immediately  followed  by  others,  until  the  neces- 
sary amount  was  made  up. 

Ill  the  fluctuations  of  values  of  various  kinds  of  property,  it  was 
difficult  to  estimate  Mr.  Sharon's  wealth.  He.  probably,  could  hardly 
know  himself.  Aside  from  mining 
interests,  hewaaone  of  the  largest 
hotel  owners  in  the  world,  having 
in  his  possession  the  Grand  and 
the  Cosmopolitan,  of  San  Francisco, 
each  worth  from  $300,000  to 
$500,000,  besides  the  Palace  Hotel, 
which  cost  to  build  between  two 
and  three  millions.  At  various  times 
during  these  prosperous  years,  he 
owned  a  large  interest  in  and  con- 
trolled the  Yellow  Jacket,  Belcher, 
Dayton,  Chollar,  Ophir,  Eclipse, 
Overman,  Caledonia,  and  Sierra 
Nevada  mines,  in  Nevada.  At  a 
more  recent  date  he  was  the  one- 
half  owner  of  the  Virginia  and 
Truckee  railroad,  a  railway  extend- 
ing from  Reno  to  Virginia  City,  a 
distance  of  thirty-three  miles,  which 
yielded  a  large  revenue, 

Mr.  Sharon  was  married  to  Miss 
ISIaria  Malloy,  since  deceased,  in 
fl^yp^jr^  1'Sr>2,  which  union  was  blessed  with 
tive  children,  three  of  whom — two 
daughters,  both  married — and  a  son, 
are  living,  in  1S81.  He  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate 
from  Nevada  in  1874.  His  successor  in  Congress  was  James  G.  Fair, 
who  was  elected  in  1880.  In  the  terms  of  settlement  of  the  Ralston 
estate,  the  Ralston  residence  at  Belmont,  a  suburb  of  San  Francisco, 
came  into  his  possession,  and.  when  not  in  San  Francisco,  he  made 
Belmont  his  home  a  portion  of  the  time.   Died,  Nov.  13,  1885. 

For  the  develoi)ment  of  the  Comstock  mines,  the  erection  of  fine 
buildings,  the  maintenance  of  bank  credit  and  other  work,  were  the 
people  of  the  Pacific  coast  greatly  indebted  to  Mr.  Sharon. 


122 


CALIFORNIA    MILLIONAIKES.       JulIN    \V.    MACKEV    AND    J.     G.    FAIR. 


2<i 


*;^-,  K^M. 


JOHN  W. 


SiSssij, 


ACEEY. 


^^^p^ 


Ship-Carpenter,   Miner,  Mine-Owner  and  Well-Known    Millionaire, 


FORTUNATE  mine- owner,  much 
heard  of  in  the  past  five  yeiirs.  is 
John  \V.  Mackey.  Born  in  Dublin, 
Ireland,  in  1835.  he  is,  at  the  date 
of  this  writing,  yet  compariitively 
a  young  man.  Coming  to  this 
country  when  a  mere  boy,  he  found 
-•■  y^i Ri'/^  :..^vi -^  9r^m£iM  \V(irk  for  some  years  with  Wil- 
uyr\  ''  *->^'V'^H^Sill  ^'^'"    ^^"  ^^^^^   ^  ship-builder   in 

New  York.  In  1852  he  joined  a 
party  that  went  around  Cape  Horn 
to  California  in  one  of  his  employ- 
er's boats.  He  went,  straight  to  the 
gold  mines  and  engaged  in  placer- 
mining  in  Sierra  county,  Cal.  He 
entered  upon  the  work  of  mining  not  as  a  temporary  employment, 
but  as  a  profession.  He  had  average  success,  but  no  esjiecia-lly 
good  fortune.  He  worked  for  others  until  he  had  something  laid  by, 
when  he  went  to  Virginia  City,  Nev. ,  and  commenced  a  start  for 
himself  by  constructing  a  tunnel  north  of  the  Ophir  mine.  Here 
he  lost  all  he  had  made,  and  was  glad  to  get  work  again  at  four 
dollars  a  day  as  a  timberman  in  the  Mexican  mine. 

He  worked  faithfully,  early  and  late.  The  acme  of  his  ambition  in 
those  days  was  to  make  $25,000;  a  sum  with  which  he  hoped  to  make 
comfortable  the  declining  years  of  a  beloved  mother.  In  1863  he 
became  associated  with  J.  M.  Walker,  a  brother  of  Governor  Walker. 


of  Virginia,  and  made  then  his  first  substantial  start.  In  the  next 
year  Messrs.  Flood  and  O'Brien  joined  the  partnership,  which  con- 
rinued  for  four  years,  when  Mr.  Fair  took  the  place  of  Mr.  Walker. 

The  first  few  hundred  thousand  dollars  of  the  firm  were  made 
during  their  control  of  the  Hale  and  Norcross  mine,  in  the  three 
years  of  1865.  ^66  and  '07.  Becoming  the  possessors  of  great  wealth, 
they  purchased  more  and  more  territory  in  the  district  known  as  the 
Corastock  lode,  in  which  they  were  satisfied  vast  wealth  was  located. 
Their  efforts  here  resulted  in  the  opening  of  the  Consolidated 
Virginia  and  California,  known  as  the  "Bonanza"  mines;  from 
which,  up  to  1879,  there  has  been  taken  $103,000,000.  Of  this, 
$73,000,000  has  been  a  clear  profit.  How  great  have  been  the  opera- 
tions of  this  firm  is  shown  in  the  fact  that  before  these  mines  were 
discovered  and  profitably  developed,  S50Q.  000  was  spent  in  prospect- 
ing, and  that,  too,  1,200  feet  under  ground. 

The  lesson  taught  is,  that  while  much  luck  has  attended  Mackey  in 
his  efEort!>,  his  success  Is  principally  due  to  persevering  activity 
in  one  direction — in  one  locality — instead  of  tloating.  as  do  the  major- 
ity of  miners,  from  one  part  of  the  country  to  another,  as  reports 
come  of  new  discoveries.  Mr.  Mackey  was  a  resident  of  Virginia 
City  about  twenty  years,  giving  close  attention  to  his  mining  inter- 
ests, his  wife  during  this  period,  while  their  children  were  being 
educated,  spending  much  of  her  time  in  Paris,  France.  Of  late  years 
he  has  resided  in  New  York.  The  extent  of  his  large  wealth,  much 
of  which  at  this  writing  is  yet  in  the  mines,  cannot  be  readily 
known.     He  is  regarded  by  some  as  the  richest  man  on  the  earth. 


irtv 


,'t-5£i;^f7l 


J^ 


riO) 


JAMES  ,U.  FAIR,  m* 


J  3-*,  *-•!;-! 


Mining  Expert,  Superintendent  of  Bonanza  Mines  and  United  States  Senator. 


"^^-55^  HE  SUBJECT  of  this  skc-tch  was  born  in  Cloughcr, 
J^  Oil,  Ireland,  December  3,  1831.  After  attending  school 
'p*^\  \^  ')  some  years  ut  Geneva,  111.,  and  seeurinK  a  practical 
'd  ts'i  business  education  in  Chicago,  he  drifted  with  the 
^''^'^J^l  gold-seekers  to  California  in  1849,  and  made  his  first 
iHort  as  a  placer  miner  at  Long's  Bar,  on  Feather  river.  Failing 
iiiTC,  he  turned  his  attention  to  (juartz  mining  in  Angelo,  Calaveras 
'ounty,  Cal.,  and  elsewhere,  and  became  distinguished  as  a  profes- 
-ional  miner. 
Talking  the  snperintendency  of  the  Ophir  inid   II.ilc    and  Norcross 


mines,  in  Nevada,  in  185.')  and  18.")T.  he  was  largely  instrumcnt.nl  in 
developing  tlie  Bonanza  mines,  with  the  aid  of  Flood,  O'Brien  ami 
others.  For  some  years  he  retained  the  snperintendency  of  the 
Bonanza,  but  failing  health,  from  the  damps  of  the  mines,  caused 
him  to  resign  his  position  some  time  since. 

He  spends  much  of  his  time  in  Virginia  City,  at  the  mines,  as 
consulting-expert,  with  Mr.  Mackey,  though  he  is  frequently  in  Cali- 
fornia, where  he  has  large  real  estate  interests,  at  Menlo  Park  and  in 
San  Francisco,  In  the  contest  for  I*.  S.  senatorship,  in  Nevada.  .1. 
G.   Fair,  came  off  victorious  in  the  political  canvas  of  18H0, 


;(> 


Fortunate  Mining  Speculator  of  San  Francisco. 


EW  OF  THE  millioniiirea  on    the  Pacific 

slope    have    ever    had    to    umlfigo    the 

long  years  of 

struggle     to 

acquire      their 

wealth,     which 

is     usually  the 

lot  of  rich  men 
at  the  East.  Aud  yet,  as  a  rule,  to 
obtain  large  wealth  in  mining,  and 
retain  it,  requires  enterprise,  courage, 
and  oftentimes  much  financial  sagacity. 
A  very  successful  mining  -  stock 
operator  in  San  Francisco,  hag  been 
James  C.  Flood.  Of  course,  much 
'Muck"  has  attended  Mr.  Flood,  but 
experience  has  proven  that  he  is  one 
of  the  best  of  financial  managers. 

Born  in  New  York,  in  1826,  he  we"' 
to  San  Francisco,  in   1849,  and  ass 
ciating   himself   with  W.  S.  O'Brie 
since  deceased,  he  kept  for  some  yeai 
what   was    known    as    the    "  Aucti 
Lunch    and    Saloon,"   in   the    centi 
part  of  the   city.       Both  were   pol 
and  genial,  and  by  their  affability  ma 
their    saloon    the     general     resort    of 
stock  operators.    In  1862    they  secured 
an  interest  in  some  of  the  Comstock  mines,  but.  although  they  made 
a  good  deal  of  money  by  speculation  in  Hale  &  Norcross'  and  other 


James   C.  Flood 


mines,  it  was  not  until  1874  that  they,  with  Mr.  Mackey,  opened  the 
great  Bonanza,  at  Virginia  City,  Nevada,  which  made  their  fame 
world-wide.  It  is  claimed,  by  those 
conversant  with  the  career  of  Mr. 
Flood,  that  he  has  dealt  most  gener- 
ously with  his  friends  of  former  years. 
Ample  opportunity  was  given  them  by 
the  Bonanza  firm  for  investment  in  the 
development  of  the  mines  when  their 
probable  richness  became  known. 
Many  availed  themselves  of  the  privi- 
lege, and  many  rich  men  owe  their 
wealth,  to-day.  largely  to  the  advice 
of  Mr.  Flood,  and  willingness  on  his 
part  that  they  participate  in  the  golden 
returns.  Mr.  Flood  was  principally 
instrumental  in  securing  the  erection 
of  the  Bank  of  Nevada,  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  is  largely  interested  in 
other  real  estate  in  That  city. 

In  order  that  he  might  have  ready 
cash  at  any  time,  he  invested,  some 
time  ago,  $5, 000, 000  in  government 
bonds.  His  family  consists  of  a  wife, 
son  and  daughter.  Among  other  enter- 
prises, he  has  now  in  process  of  erec- 
tion at  Menlo  Park,  twenty  miles  from 
San  Francisco,  a  residence  costing 
about  a  million  dollars,  and  said  to  be.  with  the  elegant  grounds 
surrounding  it.  one  of  the  handsomest  on  the  continent. 


lAMES 


:^-^ 


8 


j\[S|]ij|/fHIS  INDIVIDUAL,  an  Englishman  by  birth,  with  a  sharp 
I  l/.»vll  k  business  education,  appeared  on  the  streets  of  San  Fran- 
1^  ^■'Ml  W.  Cisco  some  years  ago,  in  the  employ  of  mining  stock- 
'C^'^y^f^  brokers,  who.  pleased  with  his  activity  and  dash, 
bought  a  seat  for  him  in  the  Stock  Board.  Here  he  proved  himself 
very  useful  to  his  employers,  his  intuition  and  his  clear  judgment 
serving  his  purposes  admirably.  By  and  by  he  began  to  buy  for 
himself,  his  first  venture  being  in  Belcher  and  Crown  Point  mining 
stocks,  in  which  he  cleared  a  quarter  of  a  million.  It  was  claimed 
that  in  1874  he  was   worth  three  millions,  and  that   in   one  week. 


KEEN 


through  speculation   in   Ophir  stock,   he   made  S640. 000. 

He  distributed  money  freely  among  hie  relatives.  He  gave  his 
father,  it  is  claimed,  $150,000.  and  in  charities  of  various  kinds  he 
has  been  a  most  liberal  dispenser.  The  great  strain  upon  bis  mind, 
in  carrying  through  his  various  speculations,  weakened  his  health  to 
that  extent  as  to  require  him  to  withdraw  from  stock  speculation  in 
California,  which  State  he  left  for  the  East,  with  five  millions.  His 
large  speculative  enterprises  in  Chicago  and  New  York  since  then 
have  frequently  arrested  the  attention  of  the  public.  Young,  com- 
paratively, his  best  business  career  is  doubtless  yet  before  him. 


A 


=#k 


>(r.(?' — 


124 


CALIFORNIA   MILLIONAIRES.       LUCKY    BALDWIN    AND    EX-GOVERNOB    STANFORD. 


iiiiifiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiMritTiiiiMMiiiinn 

Merchant,  Agriculturist  and   Mining  Speculator. 


COXSPICrOUS  MAN  in  California,  for  a 
number  of  years,  has  been  E.  J.  Baldwin. 
It  has  been  claimed  that  his  success  was  the 
result  of  "luck,"  but  examination  of  his 
history  reveals  the  fact  that  marked  force 
of  character  is  really  the  secret  of  his  being 
"lucky."  A  native  of  Butler  county,  O. ,  by 
removal  of  his  father  he  was  on  a  farm  in 
Indiana  at  seven,  and  a  merchant  in  Val- 
paraiso, Ind. ,  at  twenty-two.  He  built  three 
canal-boats  to  ply  between  Chicago  and  St. 
Louis  in  1848,  which  were  the  first  built  on 
this  canal.  Two  years  afterwards  he  did  a  large  grocery  business 
at  Racine,  Wis.,  from  which  State  he  came  to  San  Francisco  in 
1853,  coming  across  the  plains  with  a  large  stock  of  horses  and 
merchandise,  nearly  the  whole  of  which  he  sold  out  at  Salt  Lake,  at 
a  profit  of  about  S3. 000. 

Arriving  in  San  Francisco,  he  purchased  the  Pacific  Temperance 
House.  This  he  sold  at  a  good  advance.  Thus,  he  bought  and  sold 
two  or  three  hotels  at  a  large  profit,  succeeding  which  he  went  into 
the  business  of  buying  and  selling  brick,  which  proved  equally  profit- 
able. From  bricks  he  went  into  the  livery  business,  which  he 
followed  for  seven  years,  when  be  sold  out  and  opened  in  the  lumber 


trade  ai  Virgiuia  City,  Nev. .  where  he  dealt  in  lumber,  real  estate 
and  mining  stocks;  not  always  luckily,  for  at  one  time  he  lost  so 
heavily  in  stocks  as  to  compel  him  to  mortgage  all  his  property. 

The  variety  of  employment  he  has  followed,  generally  with  success, 
shows  versatility,  accompanied  by  energy  and  enterprise,  and  the 
close  manner  in  which  he  was  sometimes  pressed," demonstrates  that 
he  was  not  always  "lucky, "  but,  on  the  contrary,  has  acquired  his 
fortune  by  perseverance  and  hard  labor. 

Through  management  he  became  a  large  owner  in  the  Ophir, 
Belcher.  Consolidated  Virginia  and  California  mines,  on  the  Com- 
stock,  and  came  out  at  last  with  S9. 000. 000,  with  a  portion  of  which 
be  built  the  Baldwin  Hotel,  in  San  Francisco,  one  of  the  most 
elegant  and  costly  hotels  on  the  continent.  Besides  this  enterprise, 
he,  some  time  since,  went  down  the  coast  to  Los  Angeles,  where  he 
purchased  50.000  acres  of  the  best  land  in  that  section,  upon 
which  he  has  erected  many  farm-houses  in  the  midst  of  his  orange 
groves  and  his  vineyards, — having  a  school  on  the  plantation,  and  all 
the  general  conveniences  which  a  rural  population  on  that  number  of 
acres  would  be  likely  to  require. 

Though  a  manager  of  so  many  enterprises  in  the  past  twenty-fi^'e 
years,  Mr.  Baldwin  is  but  in  his  prime,  being  only  about  fifty  years 
of  age  at  the  date  of  this  writing.  What  the  future  will  develop 
with  him  remains  to  be  seen. 


Lawyer,  Merchant.  Ex-Governor     C 

c^f^^^g=^  ELAND  STANFORD,  the  eighth  (Jovernor  of  the  State. 
^'  t  ^^^  ^^"^  early  in  the  history  of  California  u  prominent  man. 
-'  r  ■  M^i  Stanford  was  from  Albany  county.  New  York.  Pos- 
:■  '^vw  sesslng  a  knowledge  of  law,  acquired  at  a  law  office  in 
■'■'1^,-'^  New  York,  he  came  West  and  settled  in  law  practice  for 

four  years  at  Port  Washington,  Wis.  ;  following  which  he 
came  to  California  in  IS.'iS.  He  at  once  repaired  to  the  interior 
of  the  State,  secured  mining  interests  in  Placer  county,  and 
connected  himself  with  his  brothers  in  mercantile  pursuits  at 
Sacramento,  which  city  was,  for  many  years,  ins  home.  A  checkered 
but  succcs^^ful  political  o.vpi-rience  hn?  bii-n   amtint:  the  ineideuts  of 


and  Railroad   President. 


his  car(!er.  The  crowning  success  of  his  life,  however,  the  result 
of  steady,  persevering  purpose,  has  been  his  work,  aided  by 
others,  in  the  building  of  tlu- Central  Pacific  railway,  which,  uniting 
with  the  Union  Pacific,  gave  California  an  outlet  to  the  East. 

Mr.  S.  presides  at  the  ottice  of  the  Central  Pacific  railway  iis  the 
president  of  the  company:  lives  in  an  elegant  residence  in  San 
Francisco  in  the  winter;  in  a  charming  suburban  home  at  Menlo 
Park,  Cab,  twenty  miles  from  the  city,  in  the  summer,  and  is  esti- 
mated to  be  worth  $'.iO,  000, 000.  With  the  general  drift  of  California 
millionaires  to  the  East.  Mr.  Stanford  has  spent  much  of  his  time  in 
New  York,  whieh  city  may,  vt-ry  probably,  bcciunc  his  piTmaneiit  hcune, 


SUCCESSFUL    BUSINESS    MEN   AND    FINANCIEKS. 


12i 


THOMAS   A.    SCOTT. 

li'UE  celebrated  railrnail  liiiaiicier,  Thomas  A.  Scott,  was  born 
I  at  Lomloii,  Franklin  county.  Pa. ,  in  1824.  Was  a  clerk  in 
J'l  Mli)f^  country  stores;  then  in  the  otHce  of  collector  of  tolls,  at 
<J2rV^i^  Columbia;  then  in  an  extensive  warehouse  and  com- 
mission-house at  tlie  same  place.  In  1S47  was  chief  clerk  in  the  otlice 
of  collector  of  tolls  in  Philadelphia.  In  1850  was  general  aj^ent  of 
the  mountain  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  railroad,  at  Duncansville: 
then  in  charge  of  tiie  western  division  of  the  same  road,  and  soon 
afterwards  general  snperintendent  of  the  whole  line.  In  1859  he 
succeeded  Hon.  W.  B.  Foster,  as  vice-president  of  the  road. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion.  Colonel  Scott  assisted  Governor 
Curtin  in  equipping  and  forwarding  Union  troops  from  Pennsylvania 
to  the  field.  Subsequently  he  was  called  to  Washington  to  act  as 
Assistant  Secretary  of  War,  having  charge  of  the  department  of 
transportation  and  supplies.  This  post  he  held  until  May.  181)3, 
when  his  railro.id  duties  recalled  him  to  Philadelphia.  From  March, 
1871,  when  it  was  organized,  he  was  president  of  the  Pennsylvania 
company;  president  of  the  Pan  Handle  Route;  president  of  the 
Union  Pacific  until  Vanderbilt  obtained  control  of  it ;  president  of 
the  Texas  Pacific  railroad;  president  of 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad  (on  the 
thirty-fifth  parallel) ;  controlling  director 
of  the  Southern  Railway  Security  com- 
pany, which  manages  a  net-work  of 
Southern  roads ;  a  director  of  the  Kansas 
Pacific,  Denver  &  Pacific,  and  Denver  & 
Rio  Grande ;  had  a  controlling  interest  in 
other  roads,  besides  prominent  connec- 
tion with  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
company.    He  died  May  21,  1881. 


BURDETT-COUTTS,  BARONESS  ANGELA  GEORGINA. 

^IIK  distinguished  English  pljilanlliropisl  is  a  granddaughter  of 
Thomas  Coutts,  whose  daughter  married  Sir  Francis  Burdett, 
in  18.37.  Miss  Coutts  succeeded  to  property  valued  at 
l)elwoenS10,000,000and$l.'j,000,000.  The  income  arising  from  this 
estate  has  been  mainly  devoted  to  charitable  purposes.  The  list  of 
her  charities  is  large,  and  includes  churches  and  schools  in  England. 
missi()nary  enterprises  abroad,  and  food  and  clothing  for  the  poor. 
In  1880  she  donated  $2,  .'jOO,  000  for  the  personal  relief  of  the  suffer- 
ingcitizensof  Ireland.  In  1881  she  married  Mr.  W.  A.-iiniead  Darllett. 


NICHOLAS  BIDDLE. 

PROMINENT  American  finan- 
cier, a  hundred  years  ago,  was 
Nicholas  Biddle,  who  was  born 
at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1780. 
Was  Secretary  of  Legation  at  Paris  and 
London,  under  Ministers  Armstrong  and 
Monroe.  Studied  law,  and  practiced  in 
Philadelphia.  Edited  the  Port  Folio. 
and  compiled  a  Commercial  Digest. 
Was  in  the  Pennsylvania  Legislature, 
1810-'ll,  and  advocated  a  general 
system  of  education.     Was  member  of 

the  State  Senate,  1818-15;  government  directorof  the  United  States 
Bank,  1819,  and  its  president  from  1823  to  1836;  then  president  of 
the  United  States  Bank  of  Pennsylvania.  Possessing  financial 
ability,  force  of  character  and  social  popularity,  he  wielded  a  com- 
manding influence,  and  was  an  earnest  promoter  of  public  improve- 
ments.    Died  at  Philadelphia,  in  1844. 


THE    BARINGS. 

fllE  Barings,  English  tnerchants  and    bankers,  are  descendants 
of    Peter    Baring,    of    Germany,    who    lived    about    1070.  at 
Groningen.     John,  another  ancestor,  established  a  cloth  manu- 
factory, in  Devonshire,  England.     He  had  five  children— .lohn, 
Thomas.  Francis,  Charles  and  Elizabeth.      John  and  Francis  estab- 
lished a  trading  house  in  London,  selling  their  father's  cloth   and 
importing  their  wool,  dye-stuffs,  etc.     Thus  was  founded  the  present 
house  of  Baring  Bros.  &  Co..  a  power  in 
the  commercial  business  of  the  world. 
One  of  the  descendants  of  this  house. 
Sir  Francis  Baring,  retired  with  a  regal 
fortune,  and  Alexander,  afterwards  Lord 
.\shhurton,  made  $850,000  in  two  years 
by  speculations  in  French  securities. 


f  THOMAS  COUTTS. 

HE  eminent  English  huiikiT.  Thcimus  Coutts,  was  one  of  four 
sons  of  a  merchant  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland.  James,  one  of 
y^y^  the  sons,  at  the  age  of  twenty-five,  settled  in  London  as  a 
merchant,  and  then  started  as  a  banker  in  the  same  place  where 
he  had  sold  goods.  •  Thomas  joined  him  in  business,  and  when  James 
retired,  Thomas  became  the  head  of  one  of  the  most  famous  banking 
houses  in  the  world.  This  was  during  the  reign  of  George  III.  The 
wealth  amassed  by  Coutts  was  immense.  Late  in  life  he  married 
"Miss  Mellon,  an  actress,  and  bequeathed  to  her  hie  very  large  fortune ; 
after  bis  death  she  married  the  Duke  of  St.  Albans,  and  at  her  demise 
'villed  her  estate  to  Miss  Burdett-Coutts. 


JOHN  P.  JONES. 

OR  great  enterprises,  few  men 
on  the  Pacilic  slope  have  equaled 
;;;^j^,  J.  P.  Jones.  Born  in  Walee, 
in  1829.  he  was  brought  by  his  parents^  to 
Ohio.  Thence  he  went  to  California  in 
the  spring  of  1850.  arriving  there  after  a 
nine-months'  voyage  around  Cape  Horn. 
Not  yet  twenty-one.  he  went  directly  to 
the  mines,  and  from  time  to  time  worked 
mines  in  Calaveras  county,  Tuolumne 
county,  in  Sierra,  Butte,  Nevada  and 
Shasta  counties,  his  last  work  in  Cali- 
fornia being  at  Kernville.  Tulare  county, 
where  he  had  very  extensive  mills  for 
quartz  mining. 

His  operations  more  recently  have 
been  very  extensive  in  Nevada.  At  one  time  he  had  control  of  the 
Ophir.  Savage  and  Crown  Point  mines  on  the  Comstock.  He  has  been 
interested  in  the  development  of  gravel  beds,  in  Eastern  Oregon,  in 
the  manufacture  of  artificial  ice.  at  Atlanta,  Ga. .  New  Orleans  and 
Dallas.  Texas.  He  built  the  Hammam  baths,  in  San  Francisco,  and 
expended  $200,000  in  reclaiming  land  from  overflow,  12,000  acres 
of  which  he  owned,  at  the  confluence  of  Napa  and  Sonoma  creeks. 

In  various  enterprises,  from  tunneling  mountains  and  sinking 
shafts  in  mines,  to  reclaiming  thousands  of  acres  of  waste  lands  to 
cut  up  into  farms,  it  is  claimed  he  has  spent  a  good  many  fortunes. 
How  much  money  he  has  saved  it  is  difticnlt  to  tell.  The  mining 
fields  of  Colorado  have  of  late  considerably  occupied  his  attention. 

With  a  very  large  and  varied  experience  concerning  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  West  and  the  requirements  of  the  country,  a  man 
of  fine  presence  and  large  influence  among  men.  it  was  a  most  fitting 
thing  for  the  people  of  Nevada  to  select  him  to  represent  their  State 
as  Senator  in  Congress.  Only  as  yet  in  his  prime,  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  new  States  and  Rocky  Mountain  regions,  much  may  be 
expected  of  Senator  Jones  in  the  future. 


S: 


126 


THE    NAPOLEON    OF    FINANCE. 


,- — 4 '    '    "   "I'll"'  '    "   W"   "'        vw'  ' 

'-'■■''■  i-^^  i'^^i  i^1ij^j 


sJAY  GOULD 


Distinguished   Speculator  in   Stocks 


Financier. 


HE  little  village  of  Roxbury,  in  Delaware 
county,  N.  Y. ,  is  fifty-five  miles  west  from 
Rondout.  on  the  Hudson  river.  Into  this 
vicinity  came,  from  Connecticut,  at  an  early 
day,  Abraham  Gould,  one  of  the  old  Puritan 
stock.  To  him  was  born  John  B.  Gould, 
the  first  white  male  inhabitant  whose  birth 
occurred  in  the  town. 

John  B.  grew  to  manhood  in  Roxbury: 
lived  and  died  there,  being  in  the  meantime 
twice  married.  By  his  first  wife  he  had 
five  children  — 
four  daughters 
and   a  son.     By 

the  ]:i«t  be  had  one  son. 
The  son  by  the  first  wife  was  born  in 

May,    1836,    and    is  the    subject  of    our 

sketch — Jay  Gould. 

Whatever  faults  Jay's  father,  John   B. 

Gould,  may  have  had,  be  possessed  some 

sterling  virtues,  among  which  was  a  firm 

resolve  to  do  as  he  had  promised.      Many 

farmers,    in    that    portion    of     Delaware 

county,  in  an  early  day,  had  leased  their 

land,    having  contracted   to  pay  a  Pti])u- 

lated   rent     for  a  long   series  of  years. 

This  rent  became   a  burden,    and   many 

of  the  fanners  resolved   upon    repudiat- 
ing the  contract.      Such  were   known   as 

the  •' Down- renters. "  that  is.  down  with 

the  rent.      The  repudiators  were  largely  in 

the  majority.     The  few  who  resolved  to 

fulfill    their    contracts  were    termed    the 

"Up-renter?. "  pay  up  your  rent.      With 

the  latter  was  Jay's  father. 

Various  were  the  attempts  made  by  intimidation  and  otherwise,  to 

compel  John  B. .  who  was  an  influential  citizen,  to  join  with  the 

majority;  but  he  stood  firm  in  his  determination.     The  result  was 

that  such  a  feeling  waa  arouwed  against  him  among  the  neighbors  as 

to  extend  even  to  the  children,  making  their  attendance  at   school 

disagreeable  from  the  insults  they  received. 

Resolved  to  submit  to  this  persecution  no  longer.  Jay's  father,  in 

romy>any  with  a  neighbor,  erected  a  school-house  ujmn  his  own  land, 

in   wliii'li  thfy  placed   a  ^'-ntlcman  of    superior  education  to  teach 


JAY   COULD. 


a  school  for  the  benefit  of  their  own  children.  To  those  who  came 
from  the  outside  a  tuition  fee  was  charged;  but  notwithstanding  this 
hindrance,  so  popular  became  the  institution  as  to  practically  break 
up  the  district  school. 

Here  young  Jay  pursued  his  earlier  studies.  Subsequently,  he 
went  to  a  select  school  taught  at  Hobart.  six  miles  away,  and  after- 
wards to  an  academy  in  Roxbury  village,  two  miles  from  his  father's 
farm.  This,  together  with  a  year  at  school  in  Albany,  where  he  gave 
attention  mainly  to  the  study  of  surveying,  completed  his  studies. 

As  a  boy,  he  was  averse  to  participating  in  the  general  sports  of 
the  school.  Small  for  his  age,  retiring  and  diffident,  hewithdrewby 
^^^.  himself,  and  was  rather  disliked  by  his 
schoolmates  because  of  his  unwillingness 
to  join  with  them  in  their  plays.  This 
ill-will  was  engendered,  also,  by  the  fact 
that  he  excelled  his  associates  of  the 
same  age  in  nearly  all  the  studies  they 
pursued  together.  He  cared  but  little  for 
declamation,  though  he  occasionally  took 
part  in  the  debating  societies,  his  argu- 
ments being  generally  very  brief  and 
always  directly  to  the  point.  He  wrote 
an  excellent  essay;  was  a  good  gram- 
marian, and  was  generally  proficient  in  all 
his  studies;  his  marked  superiority,  how- 
ever, being  in  the  range  of  mathematics, 
in  which  study  he  immediately  passed 
his  associates,  and  advanced,  apparently 
without  effort,  beyond  their  reach. 

Jay's  mother  had  died  when  he  was 
quite  young,  leaving  his  guardianship 
largely  to  the  care  of  his  sisters,  who 
were  older.  It  was  soon  evident  to  his 
father  that  his  aptitude  for  business  was 
such  that  he  could  be  trusted,  and  thus 
Jay  was  placed  in  charge  of  a  stove  and  tin  shop,  when  quite  a  boy, 
which  store  his  father  afterwards  sold  to  advantage. 

Jay  Gould's  first  experience  with  the  great  world  at  large  was  at 
the  world's  fair  in  New  York,  in  1853.  His  uncle,  Mr.  Moore,  had 
devised  a  rat-trap,  which  Jay  had  interested  himself  in,  and  had 
been  instrumental  in  securing  a  patent  for.  To  bring  this  trap 
before  the  world,  Jay  became  its  exhibitor  at  the  world's  fair. 
While  he  was  there,  one  day  President  Pierce  passed  through,  and 
talked  with  many  of  the  attendants  at  the  i-xhibition.      It  wan  on  this 


.0^ — 


JAY    GOULD  8    CHILDlluuU    HOME. 


m.cnsiiin  that  Ir*  shook  lutiiiU  with  joiiii;^  Gould,  who  looked  tlioni,'ht- 
ftilly  after  him  u^  he  pasi^ed  on  and  was  loi^t  in  the  crowd.  The 
honor  bestowed  on  him  by  Ibc  presidential  party  evidently  deeply 
impressed  him.  and  after  a  little  time  of  p.ilence  he  turned  to  a  boy 
acquuintunce  and  said,  ''lehall  be  President  of  the  United  States 
myself  some  day." 

Jay  was  then  only  sixteen,  but  in  that  brain  there  lurked,  even  in 
those  young  years,  a  towering  ambition  to  do  and  to  become  porae- 
body  great  and  grand  in  after  time.  Whoever  could  have  looked 
into  that  heart  would  have  seen  the  fire,  even  then,  that  was  to  make 
the  boy  famous  in  the  years  to  corae. 

Jay  was  eighteen  when  he  entered  the  store  of  Esquire  Berhans, 
at  Roxbury,  as  a  clerk.  His  employer  kept  a  general  store  and  did 
what  surveying  was  required  among  the  farmers  of  that  vicinity. 
Gould  immediately  employed  himself  in  getting  a  practical  knowledge 
of  surveying. 

To  make  himself  more  rapidly  proficient,  be  commenced  and  sur- 
veyed the  farms  of  that  vicinity  and  brought  out  a  map  of  Delaware 
county.  He  paid  his  running  expenses  by  placing  the  noon  mark  on 
the  farmers'  doors,  wherever  he  went,  charging  for  time  and  trouble 
in  this  a  dollar  each.  In  this  work  he  gathered  a  large  amount  of 
information  relating  to  the  history  of  the  county,  which  was  after- 
wards published  as  a  History  of 
Delaware  County,  by  Jay  Gould:  an 
octavo  volume  of  some  400  pages. 

He  about  this  time  surveyed  and 
had  mapped  Albany  and  Ulster  coun- 
ties in  New  York  and  two  counties  in 
Ohio,  which  business  he  sold  however 
to  enter  upon  the  work  of  the  civil 
engineer,  in  which  he  surveyed  the 
route  of  a  railway  through  his  county, 
and  laid  out  and  established  the  grade 
for  the  horse-railway  that  now  ex- 
tends from  Albany  to  West  Troy. 

Though  carrying  a  very  old  head 
on  young  shoulders,  Gould  sometimcr^ 
lost  his  reckoning,  and  was  put  to  his 
wits'  end  to  get  out  of  difficulty.  It 
was  while  he  was  surveying  the  Troy 
and  Albany  horse-railway  that  he  be- 
came completely  nonplused,  and  to 
make  the  quandary  still  more  em- 
barrassing, a  large  force  of  workmen  stood  waiting  on  him  for  orders. 

He  had  entirely  lost  his  bearings,  and  how  to  escape  from  his  diffi- 
culty without  acknowledging  defeat  before  the  workmen,  was  the 
thought  that  most  troubled  him.  It  was  at  this  juncture  that  he 
earnestly  prayed  for  rain,  that  there  might  be  an  excuse  for  suspend- 
ing the  work  of  the  day.  Luckily,  the  sky  being  overcast,  it  soon  did 
rain,  and  the  men  were  dismissed  with  orders  to  be  on  duty  early  on 
the  morrow.  Forthwith  Jay  repaired  to  a  practical  engineer, 
explained  his  trouble,  got  light  on  the  subject,  and  on  the  next  day 
as  the  men  assembled,  orders  were  promptly  given  thera  by  Gould, 
and  then  work  rapidly  and  efficiently  proceeded  to  completion. 

Of  course  a  young  man  of  Gonld's  ambition  could  never  be 
satisfied  without  having  something  to  do  with  a  newspaper.  It  was 
about  this  time  that  he  was  called  to  edit  a  neighboring  paper  during 
the  absence  of  its  editor.  In  that  position,  among  other  things  there 
appeared  in  the  publication  a  glowing  encomium  upon  the  life  and 
labors  of  Colonel  Zadok  Pratt,  the  noted  tanner,  then  of  Prattville, 
in  which  the  article  strongly  recommended  Pratt  for  the  Vice-Presi- 
dency at  a  forthcoming  presidential  election.  This  greatly  pleased 
the  Colonel,  and  the  authorship  being  attributed  to  "Jay  Gould  of 
Roxbury."  Pratt  inquired  him  out.  learning  in  the  meantime  that 
Gould  was  a  competent  and  skillful  surveyor. 


Birthplace  of  Jay  Gould. 


Meeting  Gould  one  day  by  the  roadside,  engaged  in  running  a 
survey,  Pratt  proposed  that  he  then  get  into  his  carriage  and  go  with 
him  to  the  village  for  a  further  talk  about  surveying  property  which 
Pratt  thought  of  buying.  To  this  Gould  promptly  said  no,  but 
added  that  he  would  run  his  line  to  a  certain  point  by  such  a  time, 
when  he  would  meet  Pratt,  and  they  could  then  confer  on  the  subject. 
This  decision  of  the  young  man  and  his  evident  understanding  of 
his  business,  favorably  impressed  Pratt,  who  at  once  acceded  to  the 
arrangement  made  by  Gould. 

The  result  of  their  conference  was  a  partnership,  in  which  Pratt 
and  Gould  went  into  Pennsylvania  and  there  purchased  several  thou- 
sand acres  of  hemlock  land.  Pratt  furnishing  the  capital,  upon  which 
they  erected  an  extensive  tannery,  calling  the  place  Gouldsborough, 
in  honor  of  Gould.  Although  then  but  twenty  years  of  age,  Gould 
made  out  all  the  papers  and  did  all  the  work  requiring  legal  knowledge. 
This  partnership  lasted  three  years,  in  which  time  extensive 
tanning  works  had  been,  under  Gould's  superintendency.  erected 
and  put  into  operation;  a  large  force  of  workmen  were  engaged  in 
bringing  in  bark  from  the  surrounding  country;  the  plans  were  per- 
fected for  obtaining  hides,  and  the  facilities  had  been  secured  for 
selling  the  leather  in  New  York. 

It  was  at  this  time  that  Pratt  became  alarmed  at  the  pecuniary 
condition  of  affairs  in  his  tannery  in 
Pennsylvania.  Permission  had  been 
given  Gould  to  sign  the  firm  name  to 
notes  for  what  money  might  be  re- 
quired, and  the  impression  prevailed 
with  Pratt  that  Gould  was  giving  out 
more  notes,  and  thus  obtaining 
more  money,  than  was  necessary, 
fhoronghly  determined  to  close  the 
;»:irtnership,  he  repaired  to  Goulds- 
hctrough  to  confer  with  Gould,  the 
proposition  being  made  that  he 
should  either  sell  or  buy  the  interest 
of  Pratt. 

Gould  was  apparently  surprised 
that  Pratt  should  be  dissatisfied, 
lie  detailed  the  work  that  was  being 
done,  but  Pratt  was  inexorable.  One 
or  the  other  must  buy  or  sell.  Gould 
replied  that  inasmuch  as  he  had  but 
little  capital  in  the  concern,  it  was 
evident  that  Mr.  Pratt  would  be  compelled  to  buy  the  institution.  He 
must  therefore  put  such  a  price  upon  the  factory  as  he  was  willing  to 
buy  at;  that  price  to  be  the  same  whether  Pratt  bought  or  sold.  It 
was  a  natural  conclusion  that  Pratt  would  have  to  buy.  and  he 
therefore  placed  a  low  fi^^ure  as  the  sum  which  he  would  pay. 
Gould's  knowledge  of  human  nature  had  foreseen  what  Pratt  would 
do,  and  he  waited  the  issue. 

No  sooner  had  Pratt  made  his  proposition  than  Gould  demanded 
that  it  be  put  in  writing.  As  the  proposition  was  new,  be  also 
required  that  a  certain  number  of  days  be  allowed  him  to  consider 
whether  he  would  sell  his  interest  at  the  price  named,  or  buy.  To 
this  Pratt  assented. 

These  preliminaries  being  arranged.  Gould  went  to  New  York,  laid 
the  affair  before  George  Loop,  an  extensive  and  wealthy  dealer  in 
leather,  who  promptly  came  forward,  furnished  the  money,  and  Pratt's 
interest  was  purchased  at  his  own  offer.  Gould  remainintr  in  charge. 
Gould's  enemies  aver  that  the  notes  of  Pratt  &  Gould,  given  by 
him,  kept  coming  back  long  after  the  dissolution  of  partnership, 
to  the  extent  of  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars,  and  had  much  to  do 
with  Pratt's  final  financial  overthrow;  while  his  friends  claim  that 
a  just  cause  could  be  assigned  for  the  issuance  of  every  note  which 
he  gave. 


715^ 


--Ji)\s, 


— trj; 


JAY    GOULD  S   RESIDENCE    ON   THE    HUDSON. 


.6 


The  partnership  between  Gould  and  Loop  did  not  last  long.  Mis- 
understandings and  difticulties  arose,  which  resulted  in  the  sberiflf 
and  a  posse  of  men  in  Gould's  temporary  absence  entering  and  taking 
possession  of  the  tannery  in  behalf  of  Loop.  When  Gould  returned, 
he  rallied  his  workmen,  had  a  hand  to  hand  contest  with  the  officers 
in  charge,  in  which  shots  were  fired,  and  finally  regained  possession 
of  the  works. 

While  yet  the  matter  was  in  the  courts.  Loop  committed  suicide 
and  thus  ended  his  connection  with  the  case.  The  enemies  of  Gould 
assert  that  pecuniary  loss  and  trouble,  sustained  through  him,  caused 
the  suicide.  His  friends,  on  the  contrary,  insist  that  insanity  was 
in  the  Loop  family,  and  that  he  would  have  committed  suicide  upon 
any  other  excitement  just  as  quickly.  That  Gould  did  the  fair 
thing,  they  claim,  is  shown  in  the  fact  that  his  transactions  were  at 
every  point  sustained  by  the  courts. 

In  the 
midst  of  his 
litigation 
with  Loop. 
Gould  open 
ed  a  leather 
store  in 
New  York 
on  Spruce 
street,  and 
in  1862  he 
married 
Helen  Mil- 
ler, daugh- 
terof  Daniel 
S.  Miller,  a 
well-kn,o^^■n 
capitalist  of 
"New  York. 
Through  ac- 
quaintance 
thus  made, 
he  dis]>osfd 
of  his  leath- 
er business 
and  pur- 
chased a 
controlIiiiL 
interest  iti 
the  Troy 
amlRuthind 
railroad,  of 
which  cor- 
poration he  was  chosen  president,  with  headquarters  at  Troy. 

Soon  after  he  disposed  of  his  connection  in  that  road  and  procured 
an  interest  in  the  Erie.  It  was  about  this  time  that  Jim  Fisk  was 
g:iven  authority  by  Vanderbilt,  and  Jay  Gould  w-as  empowered  by 
Daniel  Drew,  to  purchase  and  e.\ercisc  power  with  a  large  amount  of 
the  stock  of  the  Erie.  In  the  turns  that  were  miwle  Fisk  was  given 
a  prominent  position  in  the  management  and  Gould  became  president 
of  the  company. 

That  Gould  and  Fisk  made  a  great  deal  of  money  in  their  connec- 
tion with  this  corporation,  was  evident  In  the  Grand  Opera  House 
which  they  erected,  and  In  which  they  had  the  most  sumptuously 
fitted- up  office  in  New  York;  the  palace  cars  which  they  had  con- 
structed and  l)ore  their  names  on  the  Erie  railway,  and  the  magnifi- 
cent steamers  which  floated  in  the  Sound,  built  and  fitted-out  at  their 
expense. 

Fisk  was  a  showy  man  and  delighted  in  making  a  display  of  his 
wcfilth.       Gould  was  out  of    sight,    was   using  Fi^'k,   was  studying 


Jay  Gould's  Sum 

At  Irvington,  near  Tarrytown 


men,  and  was  evidently  all  the  time  swimming  in  deeper  water. 
The  stockholders  of  the  Erie,  convinced  that  Gould  and  Fisk  were 
using  the  funds  of  the  road  for  their  own  personal  benefit,  instituted 
proceedings  against  them,  but  for  some  reason  they  could  never  be 
arrested.  Although  the  officers  dogged  their  track  and  watched  the 
office,  Gould  and  Fisk  came  and  went  unmolested,  and  when  at 
length  the  matter  for  which  they  were  prosecuted  had  a  hearing  in 
the  courts,  the  judges,  in  the  main,  sustained  them.  The  friends  of 
Gould  point  to  his  support  from  the  law  as  a  proof  of  his  honesty, 
while  his  enemies  claim  that  his  plans  were  always  laid  deep  enough 
to  control  all  the  courts. 

Gould  retired  from  the  Erie,  with  the  understanding  that  in  the 
settlement  of  differences  he  was  to  pay  the  Eric  company  $10. 000, 000 
which  was  due  to  it  from  himself.  This  sum.  his  friends  claim,  was 
merely  nominal,  no  such  sum  ever  being  expected  by  the  company 

from  him, 
butthat this 
report  was 
simply  for 
effect. 

At  the 
close  of  the 
litigation 
Gould  re- 
tained yet  a 
large  inter- 
est in  the 
Erie,  which 
rose  to  a 
point  such 
as  to  in- 
crease his 
f  o  r  t  u  u  e 
several 
h  u  n  d  r  e  d 
thousand 
dollars. 

Gould  was 
for  a  time 
in  the  brok- 
erage bus- 
iness in 
New  York, 
located  on 
Broad  St  . 
the  firm 
name  being 
Smith, 
Gould  &  Martin ;  and  during  these  years  came  and  went  Black  Friday, 
and  many  other  exciting  events,  through  which  his  friends  claim  it  will 
be  found  Gould  has  always  discharged  every  legal  obligation  as  faith- 
fully as  his  father  was  disposed  to  in  the  days  of  the  anti-rent 
troubles  up  in  Delaware  county. 

Of  late  years  Gould  has  withdrawn  himself  from  the  sight  of  the 
multitude.  He  has  dealt  principally  in  railroad  slocks,  and  with 
such  remarkable  foresight  as  to  give  him  an  estimated  wealth  to-day 
of  SOO.OOO,  000.  This  great  wealth  has  become  a  power  by  which, 
with  his  knowledge  of  men  and  things,  it  is  easy  for  him  to  make 
greater  w«alth.  Thus  he  can  easily  buy  a  controlling  interest  in  a 
Western  railway,  the  stock  of  which  is  low;  and  by  opening  connec- 
tions with  his  other  railways,  he  can  thus  increase  the  receipts  of 
his  new  acquisition  and  raise  the  value  of  its  stock,  which,  if  h** 
desires  to  sell,  he  can  thus  dispose  of  at  a  great  advance  over  the 
cost. 

He  coiitroN  a  great  network  of  Western   railways   and    telegraph 


mer  Residence, 

N.  Y.,  on  the  Hudson  River, 


? 


CAUSKS  OF  JAY  GOULD  S  SUCCESS. 


liaep,  the  value  of  the  stock  in  wliii_h  he  can  raise  or  lower  at  will, 
ami  thus  within  hininelf  he  h:iM  the  jjower  of  rapidly  adding  to  UIm 
p()sst'Hr*iony. 

Of  hite  a  large  source  of  his  wealth  has  been  the  construction  of 
new  railways  in  the  territories,  where  the  rates  of  fare  have  been 
sufficiently  hi^h  and  the  rush  of  travel  sufticiently  great  to  yield  an 
income  that  paid  for  the  roads  the  first  year.  With  the  exception  of 
these  investments,  his  rule  is  to  buy  depreciated  stock  of 
various  roads  and  sell  them  on  the  rise.  In  other  words,  he  has 
acted  on  the  advice  of  a  keen  stock  operator  who,  when  asked  how  to 
make  money  in  stocks,  replied,  ' '  Buy  'em  when  they're  low,  ;ind  sell 
'em  when  they're  hiirh. " 

Gould  is  held  in  profound  dread  and  admiration  on  Wall  street.  If 
stocks  are  going  down,  the  belief  is  that  (iould  is  selling  somewhere; 
when  the  stocks  are  down,  it  is  known  that  his  brokers  will  buy  fur 
him  in  large  amounts.  When  the  stocks  are  going  up,  it  is  believed 
that  he  is  yet  buying,  and  somewhere  near  the  top  it  is  known  that 
he  will  sell  out  at  an  advance  what  he  bought  at  a  low  price.  What 
he  is  doing  is  always  a  profound  mystery,  as  must  necessarily  be  the 
case  in  order  that  he  may  succeed. 

In  a  plain,  handsome  residence,  near  Forty-seventh  street,  on  Fifth 
avenue,  New  York,  Gould  and  his  family  pass  the  winters,  and  in 
an  elegant  residence  at  Tarrytown,  on  the  Hudson,  surrounded  by 
ninety  acres  of  land,  they  spend  the  summers.  A  special  car,  littetl- 
up  luxuriously,  is  kept  in  Tarrytown  to  carry  Gould  and  a  few  others 
each  morning  to  New  York,  and  waits  in  readiness  to  take  thera 
home  at  night.  Onc(?  every  year  he  makes  a  two  montlis'  tour  over 
his  Western  railways,  being  latterly  accompanied  by  his  eldest  son, 
George  J.  Gould,  a  promising  young  man,  who  at  this  writing,  in 
1881,  is  about  nineteen  years  of  age.  This  son  is  one  of  six  children, 
of  whom  there  are  four  boys  and  two  girls. 

"■Can  Gould  be  President  of  the  United  States?"  was  queried  of 
a  friend  of  his. 

'  ^  Possibly  it  has  ceased  to  be  his  ambition ,  but  if  he  should  desire 
it,  "said  he.  "  I  have  no  doubt  he  could.  He  is  the  most  remark- 
able organizer  in  the  world.  He  will  lay  a  plan  from  the  beginning 
so  perfectly  as  to  accomplish  his  aim,  without,  apparently,  having 
anything  to  do  with  it.     He  could  do  this  as  a  boy — he  does  it  as  a 


man.  At  present, "  he  ccmtinued,  "it  is  probably  his  ambition  lo 
be  the  richest  man  on  earth,  which  wealth  you  will  ultimately  tee 
will  be  used  for  the  benefit  of  mankind;  for  I  know,  to-day,  many 
of  his  private  charities  which  he  does  not  want  spoken  of.  In  time 
he  will  have  the  largest  number  of  men  in  his  employ  of  any  living 
man.  if  he  has  not  to-day.  Ten  years  hence,  you  see,  with  hiij 
constantly  aggregating  wealth,  his  power  will  be  simply  immense." 

"In  fact, "  continued  the  friend,  "in  courage  to  venture,  power 
to  organize,  foresight  to  comprehend  results,  wisdom  to  control  and 
coolness  to  act,  he  is  the  greatest  man  on  earth,  to-day,  of  his  age, 
being  in  the  year  1881  but  forty-five  years  old. " 

A  remarkable  feature  of  Gould's  life  is  the  fact  that  a  brain  can 
exercise  such  great  power,  when  sustained  by  a  body  so  small  as  to 
be  but  a  little  over  five  feet  high  and  weighing  119  pounds. 

Among  the  causes  of  his  success  arc  these: 

He  inherited  an  organization  in  which  were  love  of  approbation 
and  love  of  power,  combined  with  dignity  of  character.  Along  with 
these  were  superior  knowledge  of  human  nature,  great  mathematical 
talent,  combined  with  force  to  propel,  and  inventive  genius,  which 
enables  him  to  plan  the  means. 

His  infancy  and  youth  were  carefully  guarded  by  kind.  Christian 
sisters,  who  made  his  welfare  their  constant  study. 

He  received  a  strictly  practical  education.  Everything  he  learned 
he  made  nse  of,  and  no  time  was  wasted  in  learning  that  which  was 
unnecessary  or  had  to  be  thrown  away  as  useless. 

Born  in  humble  circumstances,  it  was  necessary  that  he  labor  in 
order  to  support  himself,  hence  the  formation  of  industrious  habits. 

He  is  a  man  of  the  strictest  order.  He  has  a  time  for  everything, 
and  every  appointment  and  duty  must  come  in  the  appointed  time. 
By  this  methodical  system  he  knows  the  result  of  his  business  in  all 
parts  of  the  United  States  at  the  close  of  every  day,  his  men  in  all 
parts  of  the  Union  telegraphing  to  him  at  a  certain  hour  the  proceed- 
ing and  results  of  the  day. 

He  is  a  man  of  the  most  temperate  and  careful  habits.  He  thus 
keeps  his  body  in  most  perfect  condition  for  the  support  of  a  brain, 
the  workings  of  which  have  wrought  greater  linancial  results  than 
that  of  any  living  man  at  so  early  a  period  in  life. 


k  1      *^..  if* 


7{  :6^— 


k 


? 


—~^[ 


13U 


SKETCHES  OF  SUCCESSFUL  FINANCIERS. 


^UMMiiiyM(i>intiiivri*n|niniiuull*iiiiiiiiiiiiililiillllllllllllllffilliii 


miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiHiii 


iiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMi<*»(iiii 


People  Who  Have  Been  Prominent  and  Widely  Known. 


'  V.  5^  ^'  y  y  " 


p.   T.    BARNUM. 

I[^5t^7^  JIERICA'S  grt-at  ;-ho\\man.  Phiueas  T.  Barnum.  was 
born  at  Bethel,  Conn.,  1810.  With  small  means  he 
established  a  store,  and  succeeded  in  business;  was 
editor  of  a  paper  in  Danhury,  Conn.,  for  a  season. 
Then  went  to  New  York,  with  very  limited  means. 
In  1835  he  bought  Joyce  Heth.  a  colored  woman 
of  extraordinary  age.  for  $1,000.  and  exhibited  her 
throughout  the  country,  realizing  large  sums.  On 
her  death  he  continued  the  show  business  in  a 
small  way,  and,  in  1841.  with  little  means,  became 
the   proprietor  of  the    American  Museum  in  New 

York,   in  which,  by  his    shrewdness   and 

popularity,  he  achieved   a  large  fortune. 

As   Jenny   Lind's  manager  he  also  added 

greatly  to  his  wealth,  but  unfortunate  in- 
vestments reduced  him  to  bankruptcy  in 

1857.    Having  recourse  to  the  old  museum 

again,  he    recuperated    his    fortune;   and 

the  museum  having  burned,  he  has  since 

then   been  a  traveling  showman  with  the 

largest    and     most    superior     exhibition 

extant. 


Daniel  Appleton,  founder  of  the  well-known  and  extensive 
publishing  house  that  bears  his  name  in  New  York  city,  was  born 
at  Haverhill.  Mass.,  1785.  From  a  retail  trader  in  his  native  place 
and  Boston,  he  became  an  energetic  and  prosperous  importer  of 
English  books,  and  the  manufacturer  of  standard  American  works  in 
New  Y'ork.      Died  in  1849. 


THE   LAWRENCES. 

MONG  the  old-time  successful  merchants  of  Boston  were  the 
Lawrences.  Of  these,  Amos  was  born  at  Groton,  Mass., 
in   1786.      From  clerkships  in   country   stores   he   went   to 


''■^S^      Boston. 


1807. 


THE   APPLETONS. 

AMUEL  Appleton,  American  mer- 
chant, was  horn  at  New  Ipswich, 
N.  H.,  1766.      Was  a  teacher  at 

seventeen.  Began  mercantile  life 
at  Boston.  1794,  dealing  in  imported 
English  goods  and  manufacturing  cotttm. 
Gave  away  large  sums  during  his  life, 
estimated  at  $1,000,000,  for  educational 
and  benevolent  purposes.  Died  at  Boston,  1853 
nearly  $1,000,000. 

Nathan  Appleton.  brother  of  tlie  foretroini;,  American  nu-nliant 
and  political  economist.  Was  born  at  New  Ipswich,  N.  H..  1779. 
Aided  in  setting  up  the  first  power-loom  ever  used  in  the  United 
States,  in  1813.  Became  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Merrimack 
Cotton  Manufacturing  Company,  one  of  the  originators  of  the  city 
of  Lowell,  Mass.,  and  also  proprietor  of  another  manufacturing 
company.  Served  in  the  State  Lcgishiture  several  terms,  and  was 
twice  ehrcted  to  Congress.  Wrote  a  book  on  currency  and  banking. 
Accumulated  a  large  property.  an{l  also  distributed  a  large  amount 
of   moM'-v   for  rluiritjiblc    piirpoariJ.      Ilicrl  at  ftof^toii.   in   IHtli 


PHINEAS  T 

.eft  a  fortune  of 


and  began  business  in  dry  goods.  In  1814 
he  formed  a  partnership  with  his  brother 
Abbott,  who  had  been  his  clerk,  and  this 
partnership  continued  until  Amos  died, 
in  1853.  The  two  were  very  successful 
in  their  business,  adding  to  their  in- 
creasing fortunes  by  the  establish- 
ment of  cotton  manufactories.  In 
1831  Amos  retired  from  active  business, 
the  possessor  of  an  immense  property, 
which  lie  liberally  expended  for  charitable 
purposes.  From  1820  to  1853  he  gave 
away  $1)39, 000,  distributed  among  several 
educational  institutions:  a  child's  infirmary 
in  Boston,  the  completion  of  the  Bunker 
Hill  monument,  and  numerous  private 
charities  being  among  his  benefactions. 
Abbott  Lawrence  was  born  at  Groton. 
Mass.,  1792,  and  was  for  many  years  asso- 
ciated in  business  with  his  brother  Amos. 
In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  Abbott  was 
engaged  largely  in  the  China  trade.  In 
1834  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  where 
he  served  on  the  committee  on  ways  anil 
nu-jins;  subsequently  he  was  one  of  the  Government  Northwestern 
boundary  commission.  In  1849  President  Taylor  offered  him  a  seat 
in  his  cabinet;  but  Mr.  Lawrence  declined  and  accepted  the  post 
of  Minister  to  Great  Britain.  Was  recalled,  however,  at  his  own 
request,  in  18.53.  The  remainder  of  his  life  he  devoted  to  private 
business,  his  fortune  becoming  very  large.  To  Harvard  College  he 
gave  $50,000  to  establish  a  scientific  school,  which  bears  his  name, 
and  left  $50,000  more  to  establish  model  lodging-houses.  Hi' died 
at  Boston,  in  1H55. 

In  the  careers  of  both  these  gentlemen  was  manifested  the  true 
New  England  character  f(tr  business  energy  and  integrity,  producing 
till-  ii>'iuil  r'">iilt — livr-  iif  jirii-'perity  juid  di»Jtinrii.in 


BARNUM. 


The  Experience  and  Testimony  of   Successful  Men. 


A  B  C  of  Success. 

ATTEND  carefully  to  details  of  your  business. 
Be  prompt  in  all  things. 
Consider  well,  — then  decide. 
Dare  to  do  right.     Fear  to  do  wrong. 
Endure  trials  patiently. 
Fight  life's  battle  bravely,  manfully. 
(Jo  not  in  the  society  of  the  vicious. 
Hold  integrity  sacred. 

Injure  not  another's  reputation  or  business. 
Join  hands  only  with  the  virtuous. 
Keep  your  mind  from  evil  thoughts. 
Lie  not  for  any  consideration. 
Make  few  acquaintances. 
Never  trj'  to  appear  what  you  are  not. 
Oppose  not  in  spit*  or  malice. 
Pay  your  debts  promptly. 
Question  not  the  veracity  of  a  friend. 
Respect  the  counsel  of  your  parents. 
Sacrifice  money  rather  than  principle. 
Touch  not,  taste  not,  handle  not  intoxicating 
drinks. 
Use  your  leisure  time  for  improvement. 
Venture  not  upon  the  threshold  of  wrong. 
AVatch  carefully  over  your  passions. 
'Xtend  to  every  one  a  kindly  salutation. 
Yield  not  to  discouragements. 
Zealously  labor  for  the  right. 
&  success  is  certain. 


You  Will  Not  be  Sorry, 

FOR  being  courteous  to  all. 
For  doing  good  to  all  men. 
For  speaking  evil  of  no  one. 
For  hearing  before  judging. 
For  holding  an  angry  tongue. 
For  thinking  before  speaking. 
For  being  kind  to  the  distressed. 
For  asking  pardon  for  all  wrongs. 
For  being  patient  toward  everybody. 
For  stopping  the  ears  of  a  tale-bearer. 
For  disbelieving  most  of  the  ill-reports. 


Seventeen  Good  Habits. 

^EVEXTEEX  jxood  bubits,  to  keep  in 
^  mind,  are  recounted  in  the  following 
lines: 

1.  Constant  occupation. 

Z,  Temperance  at  meals. 

3.   Giving  as  well  as  receiving. 


4.  Talking  on  edifying  subjects. 
.1.  Doing  at  once  what  is  required. 

6.  Regular  pursuit  in  some  science. 

7.  Paying  for  everything  in  advance. 

8.  Acting  always  in  the  right  spirit. 

9.  Looking  always  on  the  bright  side. 

10.  Aiming  at  harmony  in  conversation. 

11.  Associate  with  none  but  good  society. 

12.  Have  a  time  and  place  for  everything. 
1.1.  Fidelity  to  all  appointments  and  duties. 

14.  Realizing  the  presence  of  God  at  all  times. 

15.  Spending  leisure  hours  reading  good  books. 
IG.  Abstinence  from  tobacco  and  intoxicants. 
17.  Daily    attention   to   all    the    conditions   of 

health. 


Requisites  of  Success. 

IN  answer  to  an  inquiry  as  to  what  consti- 
tuted the   essential   elements   to  man's 
succeae.  Colonel  Thomas  A.  Scott  is  said 
to  have  replied: 

He  must  possess  the  necessary  equanimity  of 
temperament  to  conceive  an  idea,  the  capacity  to 
form  it  into  some  tangible  shape,  the  ingenuity 
to  put  it  into  practical  operation,  the  ability  to 
favorably  impress  others  with  its  merits,  and  the 
power  of  will  that  is  necessary  to  force  it  to 
success. 


McDonough's  Rules  for  Making  Money. 

THE  distinguished  millionaire  of  New 
Orleans,  John  McDonough.  upon  being 
interrogated  as  to  the  secret  of  money 
making,  replied: 

To  succeed  in  life  you  must  obtain  the  favor  and 
influence  of  the  opulent  and  the  authorities  of  the 
country  in  which  you  live.     This  is  the  first  rule. 

You  must  exercise  your  influence  and  power 
over  those  who  in  point  of  wealth  are  inferior  to 
you;  and  by  availing  yourself  of  their  talents, 
knowledge  and  information,  turn  them  to  your 
own  advantage.     This  is  the  second  rule. 

There  is  a  third  and  last  rule,  and  that  is  prayer. 
You  must  pray  to  the  Almighty  with  fervor  and 
zeal,  and  you  will  be  sustained  in  all  your  doings, 
for  I  never  prayed  sincerely  to  God  in  ail  my  life 
without  having  my  prayers  answered  satisfacto- 
rily. Follow  my  advice  and  you  will  become  a 
rich  man. 


Maxims  by  Benjamin  Franklin. 

M.\NV  foxes  grow  gray,  but  few  grow  good. 
Presumption  first  blinds  a  man,  then  sets 
him  running. 

Drink  does  not  drown  care,  but  waters  it  and 
makes  it  grow  faster. 

Having  been  poor  is  no  shame,  but  being 
ajshamed  of  it  is. 

The  wise  man  draws  more  advantage  from  liis 
enemies  than  the  fool  from  his  friends. 

Keep  conscience  clear,  then  never  fear. 

Strive  to  be  the  greatest  man  in  your  country, 
and  you  may  be  disappointed;  strive  to  be  the 
best,  and  you  may  succeed. 

Honest  Tom!  You  may  trust  him  with  a  house 
full  of  untold  millstones. 

There  is  no  man  so  bad,  but  he  secretly  re- 
spects the  good. 

Courage  would  fight,  but  discretion  won't  let 
him. 

We  are  not  so  sensible  of  the  greatest  health 
as  of  the  least  sickness. 

A  good  example  is  the  best  serjiion. 

A  quiet  conscience  rests  in  thunder,  but  rest 
and  guilt  live  far  asunder. 

He  that  won't  be  counseled  can't  be  helped. 

Write  injuries  in  dust,  benefits  in  marble. 

What  is  serving  God?    Tis  doing  good  toman. 

Time  enough  always  proves  little  enough- 
He  that  cannot  bear  with  other  people's  pas- 
sions, cannot  govern  his  own. 

He  that  by  the  plow  would  thrive,  himself 
must  either  hold  or  drive. 

He  that  keeps  his  shop,  his  shop  will  keep  him. 


Jefferson's  Ten  Rules. 

TAKE  things  always  by  the  smooth  handle. 
Never  spend  your  money  before  you  have 
it. 

We  seldom  repent  of  having  eat«n  too  little. 

Pride  costs  more  than  hunger,  thirst,  and  cold. 

Nothing  is  troublesome  that  we  do  willingly. 

Put  not  off  till  to-morrow  what  you  can  do  to-day. 

Never   trouble    another   for  what    you  can  do 
yourself. 

Never  buy  what  you  don't  want  because  it  is 
cheap. 

How  much  pain  the  evils  have  cost  us  that  never 
have  happened. 

When  angrj*.  count  ten  before  you  speak ;  if  very 
angry,  count  a  hundred. 


i 


? 


— ^: 


132 


SCIENTISTS  AND    KEFOKMEBS. 


Leading  Minds  Who  Have  Been  Identified  witli  the  World's  Progress. 


^  V^-^rZ'^  r^/i'C^XE  of  the  famous  philosophers  and  warriors  of 
\  \tl  ancient  Greece,  Socrates,  was  born  at  Athens, 
470  years  before  Christ.  He  followed  the 
profession  of  a  sculptor  in  his  youth,  and 
afterwards  served  as  a  soldier  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  battles  of  Tanagra 
and  Deliura.  As  a  philosopher  he  placed 
temperance  at  the  foundation  of  every  virtue, 
believing  that  men  should  eat  to  live  rather 
than  live  to  eat.  As  a  senator,  he  was  (as 
Lewes  says)  "one  of  the  very  few  examples 
of  inflexible  justice  of  whom  we  have  record,  able  at  once  to  resist 
the  power  of  tyrants  and  defy  the  despotism  of  mobs."  In 
religion  he  taught  the  existence  and  rule  of  the  Supreme  God  and 
the  immortality  of  the  soul.  His  disciples  were  numerous  and  illu.'*- 
trious.  In  his  life  he  was  consistent  with  his  doctrines,  but  could  not 
avoid  the  ridicule  and  persecution  of  his  contemporaries.  When  about 
seventy  years  of  age  he  was  accused  of  contemning  the  gods,  and 
the  Athenians  inconsiderately  giving  credit  to  the  charge,  he  was 
condemned  to  die  by  poison,  lie  met  his  fate  with  admirable  forti- 
tude, and  left  behind  him  a  name  honored  in  all  subsequent  ages. 


PLATO. 

XOTIIER  philosopher  and  the  founder  of  the  Academic  sect,  was 

Pinto,  who  was  born  430  years  before   Christ,   in  the  Grecian 

island  of  /Egina.    He  was  carefully  educated  and  at  the  age  of 

twenty  yciifH  bcc.ami'  a  di^ciplc^  of  S(»crates.      After  llu-  duath  of  tlie 


latter  he  traveled  in  search  of  knowledge,  and  on  his  return  to 
Athens  opened  a  school  of  philosophy,  which  was  attended  by 
many  distinguished  characters.  He  maintained  that  there  is  one 
God,  the  fashioner  and  the  father  of  the  universe,  incorporeal, 
without  beginning,  end,  or  change;  that  God  fashioned  forms  from 
matter,  that  matter  is  the  cause  of  evil,  and  that  ideas  are  the  only 
real  existences;  that  whatever  conception  the  soul  has  of  anything, 
whatever  is  the  object  of  the  souTs  thought,  has  a  real  and  true 
existence;  that  each  individual  soul  is  an  idea,  and  thai  it  is  immor- 
tal, etc.  Three  times  Plato  visited  the  court  of  Sicily,  once  by 
invitation  of  the  elder  Dionysius,  whom  he  so  oflfended  that  the 
tyrant  sold  him  into  slavery,  from  which  condition  Plato  was  released 
by  the  liberality  of  a  Cyreuiau  named  Aniceris.  He  died  347  years 
before  Christ. 


ARISTOTLE. 

XE  of  the  most  renowned  of  Grecian  philosophers,  Aristotle, 
was  born  in  Stagira,  in  Thriice,  384  years  before  Christ.  At 
seventeen  he  became  a  disciple  of  Plato,  who  valued  him  highly, 
and  with  whinn  he  remained  for  twenty  years,  during  which  time  he 
studied  diligently,  and  became  so  famous  for  wisdom  that  he  was 
intru.'-ted  for  eight  years  with  the  education  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
After  the  departure  of  Alexander,  Aristotle  returned  to  Athens, 
o])ened  a  school  of  philosophy,  and  foumled  the  sect  of  Peripatetics. 
After  pursuing  this  course  for  eighteen  years,  he  was  charged  with 
impiety  and  compelled  to  quit  Athens,  going  to  Chalcls,  where  he  died 
in  his  sixty-tiiird  year.  He  was  versed  in  all  sciences  known  in  his 
time,  and  illut-traled  them  in  his  writini^s  with  great  intL-lk-ctual  vigor. 

.^vg)/ 


\r:c>— 


AUDUBON,  THE   OUNITIIOLOGIST. 


13:3 


Benjamin  Franklin.     Baron  Cuvier.     John  J.  Audubon. 


•o 


HE  American   philosophor  and  statesman,  Ticn- 
jamiu  Franklin,  waw  born  at  Uoston  in  Vt'06. 
Being  apprenliced  as  a  printer  to  his  brotber» 
ho  developed  a  fine  literary  talent  early  in  life. 
Dissatisfied  with  the  treatment  of  hie  brother^ 
at  the  age  of  17,  he  started  clandestinely  for 
Philadelphia,  where  he  obtained  employment. 
He  made  a  voyage  to  London  nnder  deceptive 
promises  of  business  assistance,  and  worked  at 
his  trade  in  London  as  a  journeyman  for  eighteen 
months,   performing  also   some  literary  work. 
He  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  1726,  and  engaged 
in  business  as  a  printer  and  stationer,  pros- 
pered, and  in  1728 
established  a  news- 
paper.     Prudence, 
temperance  and  in- 
dustry   soon    made 
him  successful  and 
influential,  and  his 
activity  and   talent 
exhibited   itself 
in     the     establish- 
ment   of    a    public 
library,  a   fire-pre- 
venting    company, 
an   insurance  com- 
pany, and  a  volun- 
tary association  for 
defense,  all  in  the 
city    of     Pbiladel- 
I  phia.      His    "Poor 

Richard's  Almanac"  first  appeared  in 
1732.  As  a  public  servant  he  became 
clerk  to  the  General  Assembly  of  Penn- 
sylvania, then  postmaster,  and  afterwards 
a  Representative.  In  1753  he  was  ap- 
pointed deputy  Postmaster-General  of 
British  America,  and  from  1757  to  1762 

he  lived  in  London,  as  the  agent  of  Pennsylvania  and  other  American 
colonies.  He  also  held  a  similar  agency  there  until  the  breaking 
out  of  the  American  revolution  in  1775,  when  he  returned  and  par- 
ticipated in  the  cause  of  the  rebellious  colonies.  In  1778  he  was  sent 
as  embassador  to  France,  and  signed  important  treaties  with  several 
European  governments.  He  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  1785,  greatly 
honored  and  applauded.  He  died  in  1790.  To  him  belongs  the 
credit  of  the  discovery  of  the  lightning  rod  as  a  protection  to  build- 
ings, the  invention  of  the  Franklin  stove,  the  cure  of  smoky  chim- 
neys, the  first  scientific  organization  in  America,  the  founding  of  the 
Philadelphia  hospital,  the  scheme  of  uniting  the  colonies,  perpetuated 
in  the  Union  of  the  States,  and  the  first  high  school  in  Pennsylvania. 
He  also  proved  himself  the  first  as  he  was  one  of  the  most  success- 
ful of  diplomatists. 

GEORGES  CHRETIEN  LEOPOLD  FREDERIC  DAGOBERT  CUVIER. 

Y^  ARON  CUVIER,  the  naturalist,  was  born  at  Montbeliard,  France, 
1769.     He  studied  at  Stuttgart,  Germany,  and  was  a  private 
tutor  in  a  family.     He  was  appointed  professor  of  natural  history 
in  the  college  of  France,  in  1799,  and  professorof  comparative  anatomy 


at  the  Garden  of  Plants,  Paris,  in  1H02.  From  that  time  he  entered 
upon  his  studies  of  nature  in  animals,  and  arranged  the  entire  animal 
kingdom  on  a  scientific  battis,  according  to  the  organization  of  their 
respective  species.  This  work  places  him  next  to  Linnieus  in  the 
rank  of  scientific  development.  Anatomy  is  the  key-note  to  his 
system  of  classification.  Cuvier  filled  important  public  oflUces  in 
connection  with  the  cause  of  education,  received  much  honor  during 
his  life-time,  and  was  made  a  peer  of  the  realm.      He  died  in  1832. 


John  J.  Audubon, 

American  Traveler  and  Ornithologist. 


J 


JOHN  JAMES  AUDUBON. 

DISTINGUISHED  ornithologist  anil  bird-artist  in  the  early  part 
of  this  century  was  John  J.  Audulwn,  wlio  was  born  in  Louisiana, 
about  1780.  He  was  sent  to  Paris  to  finish  liis  education,  and 
there  studied  design  under  the  celebrated 
painter  David.  Returning  to  America, 
he  married,  and  his  father  presented  him 
with  a  valuable  Southern  plantation,  but 
domestic  and  civilized  life  had  less  at- 
traction for  him  than  a  rugged  existence 
in  the  wilds  of  his  native  country. 
Cliarmed  with  the  study  of  birds,  their 
cliaracteristics  and  varieties,  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  solitary  pursuit  of  prepar- 
ing a  worli  on  the  ornithology  of  America. 
For  fifteen  years  he  traveled  alone,  often 
in  unfrequented  woods  and  prairies,  in 
search  of  material  for  his  favorite  study, 
and  whenever  a  fine  specimen-bird  was 
secured  he  drew  it  and  painted  it  true  to 
nature  while  it  lay  fresh  before  him,  and 
as  large  as  it  was  in  life,  also  sketching 
the  surroundings  of  the  bird  with  fidelity. 
Returning  to  Philadelphia,  he  stored  his 
invaluable  paintings,  representing  1,000 
different  birds,  in  a  private  house,  where 
the  rats  destroyed  them  during  his  ab- 
sence. This  loss  was  followed  by  a  long 
and  severe  fever,  but  he  recovered  in  due 
time  and  set  about  restoring  his  lost 
work.  This  labor  occupied  four  and  a  half  years  more  of  time,  but 
was  successful.  To  bring  out  his  publication  in  a  manner  com- 
mensurate with  its  importance  and  proposed  elegance,  he  visited 
England  and  France,  where  he  was  received  with  the  highest  distinc- 
tion. The  first  volume  of  the  "Birds  of  America"  was  issued  in 
London  in  1830,  containing  100  colored  plates  of  birds,  each  life-size. 
Four  volumes,  the  last  being  published  in  1839,  completed  this  mag- 
nificent work,  containing  1,0(3,')  representations  of  birds.  A  letter- 
press volume  to  accompany  the  plates  was  also  issued  in  Edinburgh, 
and  appeared  simultaneously  with  them.  The  success  of  the  Ameri- 
can Ornithology  being  secured,  Audubon  returned  to  America  and 
prepared  a  similar  work  (assisted  by  his  son  and  other  companions) 
relating  to  the  "Quadrupeds  of  America,''  which  was  published  at 
Philadelphia  between  1846  and  1850;  as  in  the  former  case,  abookof 
biographies  accompanies  the  plates.  "  The  Life  of  John  James 
Audubon  the  Naturalist,"  was  prepared  by  Mrs.  Audubon,  aided  by 
a  friend,  and  published  in  New  York  in  1869.  This  work  was  also 
produced  in  London,  with  a  view  of  Audubon's  residence  and  a  portrait 
copied  from  Inman's  picture.  The  naturalist  was  everywhere  well 
received  by  learned  societies.      He  died  in  1851. 


? 


i: 


-vCj 


•^      134 


SETH    GEEEN    AND   THE    HISTORY    OF    FISH    BREEDING. 


Seth  Green. 


..T.    r.  i:c3: 


^ 


Fisherman  and   Fish-Culturist. 


1^ 


W/m 


tion  of  the  New  York  Stalt 


E\RL'i  \S  tht  year  183T,  there 
wn  I  \erv  energetic  fisherman  in 
the  St  ite  of  New  York,  whose  gill- 
net--  in  ifter  years,  in  some  of  the 
large  fi'^hene*  extended  for  fifty 
miles,  and  bis  employes  were 
numhered  by  the  hnndred.  He  was 
a  large  contractor  for  the  supply  of 
fre^h  fish  in  several  of  the  principal 
cities,   among  them  Xew  Y'ork  city. 

This  individual  was  Seth  Green,  a 
native  of  Rochester,  N.  Y. ,  where 
he  was  born  Jlarch  19,  1817. 

Exceedingly  fond  of  the  healthful 
exercise  and  the  excitement  attend- 
ant upon  fishing,  he  adopted  that 
employment  for  a  livelihood,  and 
made  the  waters  of  Lake  Ontario 
the  principal  scene  of  his  labors. 

Witnessing,  while  engaged  one  day 
in  trout-fishing,  a  shoal  of  salmon 
making  a  great  commotion  in  the  act 
of  impawning,  he  at  once  prepared  a 
gravelly  bed  for  them  to  use.  and 
the  next  two  days  be  spent  in  watch- 
ing these  fish  in  their  egg-laying. 
The  affair  impressed  him  with  the 
possibilities  of  fish-breeding  by 
artificial  means,  an  idea  that  he  has 
since  perfected  with  a  great  variety 
of  opportunities  for  testing. 

The  rapid  disapi)earanco  of  fish 
from  the  streams  and  small  lakes  of 
the  Eastern  States,  and  the  possi- 
bility of  increasing  the  supply,  began 
to  engage  the  attention  of  the 
people.  It  was  at  this  time  that  the 
study,  investigation  and  experi- 
ments of  Green  in  ftsh-cuUure  were 
made  known,  and  it  was  found  that 
his  experience  connected  with  the 
finh  ('upply  would  be  of  great  service. 
The  matter  of  restocking  the  waters 
Jil  in  New  Y'ork.  so  engaged  the  attcn- 
Legislature  as  to  cause  the  appointment, 


ex-Governor  Seymour, 


in  18(j8,  of  three  fish  commissioners,  being 
Seth  Green,  and  Robert  B.  Roosvelt. 

In  the  meantime,  $10,000  was  appropriated  for  the  purpose  of 
instituting  practical  experiments  in  fish-breeding  by  erecting  hatching- 
houses  in  various  parts  of  the  State;  and  two  years  afterwards  the 
commissioners  made  a  gratifying  report  of  what  had  been  done,  and 
the  possibilities  in  the  future  of  supplying  the  waters  of  the  country 
once  more  with  fish.  In  the  report  it  was  stated  that,  for  the  results 
accomplished,  the  commissioners  were  principally  indebted  to  the 
labors  of  Mr.  Green,  who,  after  establishing  an  extensive  fish- 
breeding  establishment  at  Caledonia,  N.  Y. ,  has  since  been  engaged 
for  several  years  as  fish  commissioner,  in  government  employ,  in  the 
propagation  and  introduction  of  young  fish  of  various  kinds  to  the 
waters  of  the  country. 

From  the  success  which  has  attended  the  efforts  of  a  few,  a  general 
interest  on  the  subject  has  been  aroused  which  will  doubtless  extend 
until  every  stream,  pond  and  lake  will  be  alive  once  more  with  the 
finny  tribe,  as  they  were  in  the  early  history  of  the  country. 

History  of  Fish-Breeding. 

One  Dora  Pinchon,  a  French  monk,  is  said  to  have  discovered,  in 
the  fourteenth  century,  that  fish-eggs  could  be  artificially  impreg- 
nated. The  subject  was  revived  by  an  article  written  in  IT.'iS,  by  one 
Jacobi.  on  the  fecundation  of  fisb-eggs,  which  was  published  quite 
extensively  in  the  German  and  French  languages. 

In  1837,  Mr.  Shaw,  in  Scotland,  commenced  making  a  practical 
application  of  the  theories  on  the  subject  of  fish-culture,  by  stocking 
the  streams  with  salmon.  In  1842,  Joseph  Reiny,  a  Frenchman, 
and  a  fisherman  at  La  Bresse,  through  artificial  impregnation, 
restocked  the  Moselle  and  other  streams  so  successfully  as  to  gain  a 
living  from  the  yield  of  fish  thus  produced.  His  pecuniary  success 
being  brought  to  the  attention  of  others,  introduced  the  modern 
industry  of  fish-culture  in  Europe  and  America,  an  art  which  is 
supposed,  however,  to  have  been  understood  and  practiced  with 
protit  for  several  ccntnrit's  in  China. 

How  Fish-Eggs  are  Impregnated. 

The  female  of  most  varieties  of  the  common  fish  deposits  her  eggs. 
called  spawn,  once  a  year.  The  spawning  season  with  trout  extends 
from  the  latter  part  of  October  to  the  middle  of  December.  Where 
water  docs  not  freeze,    it  may  extend  two  months  or  more  later. 

A  male  and  fcnnile  trout,  in  a  wild  state,  having  mated,  will  select 
some  locality  at  spawning-time  where  the  water  is  shallow,  and  there 
the  female,  with  a  rapid  movement  of  her  tail,  will  sweep  away  the 
dirt  from  a  space  perhai)8  a  foot  square,  leaving  nothing  but  the 
clean,  bare  ground  or  sand  exjiosed.     This  is  what  is  calU-d  '  ■  niakhii,' 


1 


-9; 


HOW    TU    KAISE    FISH. 


V.',: 


1 


lu'i-bcd. "  Here,  with  the  lower  piirt  of  her  lioily  pressed  iigainst 
the  ground,  she  will  expel  from  herself  the  spawn,  or  eggs,  on  the 
clean  gravel,  the  number  depending  upon  her  age.  A  trout  two 
years  old  will  give  from  200  to  300  eggs;  three  years  old,  from  400  to 
(iOO;  four  years  old.  from  1.000  to  1.200;  five  years  old,  from  2,000 
10.3.000.  according  to  size. 

While  engaged  in  depositing  lier  eggs,  the  male  trout  is  kept  busy 
guarding  the  nest  from  other  fish  that  would  devour  the  eggs,  if 
opportunity  presented.  Male  fishes  often  have  severe  battles  in  their 
I'irorts  to  protect  their  female  companions  in  the  act  of  spawning. 
The  male  performs  another  important  duty;  as  the  eggs  arc 
laid  by  the  female,  he  immediately  covers  them,  and  from  his  body 
emits  a  whitish  substance  called  "milt, '' which,  in  its  action  upon 
the  eggs  impregnates  them  with  life-giving  power,  whereby,  in  a 
period  varying  from  one  to  five  months,  these  eggs  will  hatch  and 
become  small  trout. 

Spawning  over,  the  fish  leave  the  eggs  to  the  mercy  of  the  elements, 
and  return  to  the  deeper  water.  If  the  conditions  are  favorable, 
these  eggs  thus  deposited  will  all  hatch,  and  the  brood  of  fish  will  be 
greatly  enlarged;  but  the  chances  are  that  in  a  wild  state  many  things 
will  work  against  the  rapid  increase.  Among  these  obstacles  will  be 
that  fish,  snakes  and  frogs  will  devour  the  eggs  in  the  nest;  the 
stream  may  become  dry.  and  thus  they  will  not  hatch,  or  freshets 
may  wash  them  from  their  resting-place  to  the  deep  water,  where 
they  will  become  the  prey  of  fish  that  otherwise  would  not  disturb 
them.  It  is  to  overcome  these  difiiculties  that  artificial  means  have 
been  resorted  to  in  the  rearing  of  fish. 

Artificial  Means  of  Impregnation. 

Wliat  is  known  as  arlilicial  iniprt-gnution  is  nulliing  more  than  the 
taking  of  measures  for  securing  the  eggs;  having  them  impregnated 
by  the  milt,  carefully  protecting  them  from  their  enemies  until  they 
hatch,  and  then,  afterwards  guarding  the  young  trout  till  they  are 
old  enough  to  care  for  themselves.     This  is  done  as  follows: 

In  a  place  suitably  prepared,  where  fishes  are  confined,  they  will, 
male  and  female,  congregate  together  for  the  purpose  of  spawning. 
At  this  time  the  females,  known  by  their  palish  white  appearance, 
are  captured,  and  while  held  in  the  hand,  the  lower  part  of  the  fish 
just  touching  the  water,  the  eggs  are  expressed  from  each  into  a  pan 
of  water.  When  a  sufficient  number  of  eggs  have  been  taken  from 
the  females  to  about  cover  the  bottom  of  the  pan.  one  after  another 
of  the  male  fish  are  taken  in  the  hand  in  the  same  manner,  and 
the  milt  pressed  from  the  body  in  such  quantity  into  the  water  as  to 
give  it  a  whitish  appearance.  This  is  allowed  to  stand  a  half-hour, 
at  the  expiration  of  which  time,  if  there  has  been  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  milt,  the  eggs  are  supposed  to  he  thoroughly  impreg- 
nated, and  under  favorable  conditions  every  one  will  hatch.  This 
is  termed  artificial  impregnation. 

Some  authorities  think  it  best  to  express  the  milt  first,  gently 
stirring  the  water  with  the  tail  of  the  fish  to  distribute  it.  The 
female  lays  all  her  eggs  in  a  day  or  two,  or  three  at  most.  The  male 
of  the  same  size  as  the  female  has  milt  suflicient  for  several  females. 
His  milting,  therefore,  extends  over  a  period  of  eight  or  ten  days. 
The  male  is  known  at  spawning-time  by  his  orange  tint  and  brilliant- 
red  fins.     The  females  have  a  sihery-gray  ajipearance. 

How  Fish-Eggs  are  Hatched. 

It  is  observed  that  trout,  at  spawning-time,  seek  a  shallow 
place  in  the  stream  to  lay  tbeir  eggs,  near  the  fountain  head,  the 
object  being,  probably,  to  get  pure,  fresh,  cold  water.  It  is  neces- 
sary to  observe  these  conditions  in  hatching  the  eggs  artificially. 
The  water  must  be  absolutely  pure:  should  be  shaded  from  the  sun; 
should  gently  fiow  above  the  eggs,  covering  them  to  a  depth  of  one  or 
two  inches,  and  to  hatch  the  eggs  in  about  one  month,  should  be  of  a 
temperature  about  fifty-four  degrees  and  never  higher.  If  a  lower 
ti'mperature,  it  will  take  the  eggs  longer  to  hatch.     In  water  as  low 


as  thirty-seven  degrees,  it  will  take  fish-eggs  flvi;  montbu  to  butch. 

Young  Fish  when  First  Hatched. 

When  trout  are  first  hatched  they  are  exceedingly  f>ma11.  pcarcely 
larger  than  the  wiggler  in  the  barrel  of  ptule  rain-water,  which  comes 
forth  a  mosquito.  Underneath  and  attached  to  the  little  fish,  when 
it  first  comes  from  the  egg,  is  an  umbilical  sac,  from  which  it 
derives  nourishment  for  about  forty  days.  After  that  time,  the 
young  fish  require  food  consisting  of  boiled  liver,  cheese,  curd,  or 
fresh-chopped  sea-fish.  The  most  available  food  is  curd,  and  is 
recommended  to  be  fed  in  the  following  proportions:  For  10.000 
yearling  trout,  three  quarts  per  day:  for  8.000  two-year-olds,  «ix 
quarts  per  day;  for  7,000  three-year-olds,  twelve  quarts  per  day. 

How  to  Breed  and  Raise  Fish. 

The  following  is  an  ouiIItii- of  Un' ;ipp!iances  and  means  requisite 
in  the  breeding  and  rearing  of  trout: 

A  series  of  not  less  thnn  throe  ponds,  joined  by  raceways,  usually  serve  in 
the  jirocess  of  trout-brecdinjf.  The  ni-st  one  fs  for  the  younp  llsh  whlcli  come 
from  the  hatching  place  or  nursery,  and  serves  until  they  are  about  twenty 
months  ohl;  the  second  for  the  flsh  during  the  next  tweI%-o  months,  and  the 
third,  for  the  same  brood  until  they  are  three  and  one-half  years  old,  when 
they  are  taken  out  for  the  table.  On  the  vacation  of  the  third  pond,  fish 
from  the  second  are  transferred  to  the  former,  and  so  the  process  goes  on 
from  the  first.  The  shape  of  the  ponds  have  something  to  do  with  con- 
venient manipulation  of  the  fish.  An  oblong  pond  is  chosen  in  preference 
to  a  circular  one,  the  water  being  kept  cooler  because  of  the  more  rapid  How 
through  the  same. 

As  young  trout  thiive  in  shallow  water,  the  first  pond  should  he  about  six 
inches  deep  at  one  end  and  two  feet  at  the  other,  or  lower  end;  the  bottom 
requiring  a  layer  of  course  gravel  two  or  three  inches  in  depth.  The  second 
pond  should  be  one-third  or  one-half  longer  than  the  first  one,  and  several 
feet  wider.—  the  width  of  a  pond  may  be  about  one-tenth  of  Its  length.  The 
depth  of  water  may  be  more  uniform,  about  three  feet,  the  second  containing 
four  or  five  times  as  much  water  as  the  first.  The  raceway  entrance  should 
be  of  greatest  practicable  depth,  and  free  from  gravel.  The  third  pond 
should  have  an  average  depth  of  live  feet,  and  contain  several  times  as  much 
water  as  the  second. 

The  ponds  should  have  at  the  bottom  a  fiiune  or  passage-way,  for  draining 
when  necessity  requires.  The  r.aceways  are  the  spawning-plaees  of  the  fish; 
should  be  five  or  six  inches  deep  and  from  two  to  three  and  one-half  feet 
wide;  the  length  from  twenty  to  sixty  feet,  according  to  the  s-ize  and  capacity 
of  the  ponds.  The  sides  may  be  of  board  an  inch  thick  by  twelve  inches 
wide,  and  the  bottom  of  the  place  should  be  covered  with  coarse  gravel  for 
the  trout  to  make  their  nests.  To  keep  the  fish  in  the  bounds  allotted  to 
them,  wire  screens  are  used  to  close  up  the  way  between  the  ponds.  The 
water  should  fiow  in  .an  easy  current  through  the  race^vay;  it  should  be  pure 
and.  for  hatching,  never  above  fifty-four  degrees.  The  fish  should  be  trans- 
ferred from  one  pond  to  another  the  latter  part  of  August,  two  months 
before  the  commencement  of  the  spawning  season. 

The  Hatching  Apparatus. 

A  wooden  trough,  with  transverse  strii)s.  fi. lining  sort  of  compartments 
by  wliich  the  How  of  water  is  broken,  is  iij-ed  U>v  hatching  in  this  country. 
The  bottom  is  covered  an  inch  in  depth  by  small  gravel,  with  an  inch  of 
filtered  water  over  it.  To  hatch  120.000  eggs  would  retpiire  four  troughs, 
with  .a  supply  of  water  through  a  like  number  of  pipes  a  little  more  than  an 
inch  in  diameter.  Hatching-troughs  should  be  enclosed  so  as  to  admit  of 
light  without  sunshine,  a  house  of  rough  boards  serving  the  purpose.  To 
filter  the  water  for  the  above  number  of  eggs  a  lank,  connected  with  the 
troughs,  twenty  inches  wide  by  eighteen  in  depth,  admitting  water  through 
flannel  screens,  may  be  used  and  placed  across  the  upper  ends  of  the  troughs. 
The  latter  have  ,a  fall  of  one  inch  from  upper  to  lower  end;  twelve  to  sixteen 
feet  long,  ten  to  fourteen  inches  wide,  six  inches  deep,  and  separated  into  ten 
or  more  nests.  The  contiguous  nurseries  are  sixteen  inches  deep,  twenty 
inches  wide  and  four  feet  long;  so  made  that  the  water  at  the  entrance  of 
the  troughs  shall  be  four  or  five  inches  deep,  and  two  inches  deep  at  the 
outlet,  the  bottoms  covered  with  gravel.  WTien  the  fish  have  passed  the 
hatching  process,  thej'  are  let  into  the  nurseries  and  exposed  to  the  sunlight. 
Upwards  of  sixty  per  cent,  of  the  eggs  are  fecundated  by  this  method. 

Another  Process. 
By  a  process  attributed  to  Mr.  Vrasski.  a  Russian,  called  drj-  impregnation, 
and  lately  introduced  into  this  country  by  George  Shepard  P.ige.  of  New 
York,  an  average  of  ninety-six  per  cent,  is  fecundated.  This  involves  the 
expressing  of  the  ova  into  a  pan  and  bringing  them  in  contact  with  the  milt 
before  the  addition  of  water.  American  fish-cult urists  have  quite  exten 
sively  adopted  this  method  of  propagation. 


h 


13tJ 


THE    DISTINGUISHED    CHEMIST,   PROF.   DKAPER. 


Prof.  Draper,  Comte,  Sir  Francis  Bacon  and  John  TyndalL 


ATURAL  philosophy  h;id  a 
most  excellent  representative 
in  Professor  John  William 
Draper,  chemist  and  physi- 
ologist. Born  at  St.  Helens, 
England,  in  1811,  he  was 
taught  in  the  public  school 
and  by  private  instructors, 
giving  much  attention  to 
chemistry,  and  higher  math- 
ematics. 

He  subsequently  prosecuted  chemical  studies  at  the  university  of 
London.  Emigrating  to  America  in  1833,  he  studied  chemistry  and 
medicine  at  the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  and  after  graduating  with 
distinction  as  a  doctor  of  medicine,  was  appointed  professor  of 
chemistry,  natural  i)hilosophy  and  physiology  in  the  Hampden- 
Sidney  college,  in  Virginia,  where  he  prosecuted  numerous  chemical 
and  physiological  investigations.  In  1839  he  was  chosen  professor 
of  chemistry  and  natural  history  in  one 
of  the  departments  of  the  university  of 
the  city  of  New  York,  where  he  also 
lectured  to  the  under -graduates  on 
physiology.  In  1841  lie  was  advanced 
to  the  chair  of  chemistry  in  the  medical 
college  of  the  university,  and  after- 
wards became  president  of  both  the 
scientific  and  medical  departments  of 
that  institution.  He  wrote  voluminous- 
ly concerning  his  Bcientific  researches, 
and  by  them  attained  a  high  reputation 
as  a  scientist.  Among  his  important 
discoveries  was  one,  in  1842,  of  a  pecu- 
liar property  or  force  in  that  portion  of 
the  sun's  rays  which  produces  the  chem- 
ical effects  shown  in  the  art  of  photo- 
graphy, now  known  as '*  actinism. "  It 
Ib  also  claimed  for  Dr.  Draper  that  he  was 
the  first  to  apply  the  daguerreotype  pro- 
cess to  taking  portraits.  He  also  pub- 
lished numerous  books  of  literary  char- 
acter.     Died,  January  4,  18S2. 


AUGUSTE  COMTE. 

y^/HE  found.-r  of    tht-    "  \» 


itivc  phi- 
losophy "    and    the    *'  religion    of 

humanity,"  Auguste  Comte,  was  born  at  Monlpellier,  France,  in 
1798.  He  entered  the  polytechnic  school  in  1814,  and  becarae  a  dis- 
ciple of  the  social  reformer,  St.  Simon,  about  1818.  Six  years  later 
they  separated,  mutually  disgusted.  Before  1824  Comte  discovered 
his  law  of  "social  evolution,"'  and  during  the  next  twenty  years  he 
perfected  his  system  of  "  Positive  Philosophy,"  publishing  it 
between  1832-'42.  The  *' Religion  of  Humanity"  appeared  at  a  later 
date.  He  died  in  1857,  at  Paris.  The  positive  i)hilosophy  is  cum- 
bersome and  difficult  \o  describe.  Zell's  Cyclopicdia,  however, 
condenses  it  a»  follows:  *' Humanity  has  three  stages  of  develop- 
ment— the  thcologipal,  the  metaphysical  and  the  positive.  In  the 
theological  stage  man  is  disposed  to  regard  all  effects  ae  super- 
natural, as  signs  of  the  pleasure  or  displeasure  of  some  superior 
being  or  beings.  In  the  metaphysical  stage,  the  supernatural  agents 
L'ive  place  to  abstract  forces  supposed  to  be  inherent  in  the  sub- 
Htances  themselves,  and  capable  of  producing  the  phenomena.      In 


Prof.  J.  W.  Draper, 

Miitheraatician,  Cheiuist  and  Physiologist. 


the  positive  stage  the  mind,  convinced  of  the  folly  of  inquiring  into 
causes  and  essences,  applies  itself  to  the  discovery  of  those  laws 
which  regulate  effects,  or  those  invariable  relations  of  succession 
and  similitude  which  exist  throughout  nature."'  The  mission  of 
positivism  is  said  to  be  *  to  generalize  science  and  to  systematize 
sociality. '  *  It  is  a  doctrine  capable  of  embracing  all  that  can 
regulate  humanity;  not  a  treatise  on  physical  science,  not  a  treatise 
on  social  science,  but  a  system  which  absorbs  all  intellectual 
activity.'  All  sciences,  of  whatever  kind,  physical  or  mental,  are 
but  branches  of  one  science,  to  be  investigated  on  one  and  the  same 
method." 

SIR  FRANCIS  BACON. 

HE  English  philosopher  and  politician.  Sir  Francis  Bacon, 
described  by  Pope  as  "■  the  wisest,  brightest,  meanest  of 
mankind,"  was  born  in  England,  in  1561.  He  found  favor  in 
the  eyes  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  her  successor,  James  I.,  both  of 
whom  heaped  upon  him  numerous  offices,  honors  and  wealth,  until  he 
became,  in  1(J30,  Viscount  St.  Albans, 
having  attained  the  height  of  his  ambi- 
tion. Still  it  was  as  a  philosopher  and 
the  writer  of  philosophical  books — his 
"Novum  Organum,"  his  "Essays,"'  his 
treatise  on  the  "Wisdom  of  the  An- 
cients," and  others — that  he  manifested 
the  greatness  of  his  genius  and  won  the 
admiration  of  the  learned  in  all  subse- 
quent ages.  But  the  bright  picture  of 
his  triumphs  and  genius  was  marred 
and  ruined  by  his  confession,  in  1021, 
of  gross  bribery  and  political  corruption. 
For  these  crimes  he  was  sentenced  to 
pay  a  fine  amounting  to  about  $200,000, 
and  imprisonment  during  the  king's 
pleasure;  was  rendered  incapable  of 
filling  any  office,  of  sitting  in  the  house 
of  lords  and  of  coming  to  court.  The 
fine  and  imprisonment  were  remitted, 
and  the  remainder  of  his  broken  life 
was  spent  in  retirement  and  in  literary 
pursuits,  but  embittered  by  pecuniary 
embarrassments  growing  out  of  his 
extravagance.  He  died  at  Highgate, 
England,  in  1626.  The  life  of  Bacon 
has  been  written  by  his  secretary  and 
chaplain,  Rev.  William  Rawloy,  London,  and  by  other  biographers. 


JOHN  TYNDALL. 

'ATURAIj  philosophy  finds  in  John  Tyndall  one  of  its  most  in- 
telligent exponents.  Born  at  Leighlin  bridge,  in  Carlow  county, 
Ireland,  in  1820,  at  an  early  age  became  familiar  wilh  mathematics 
I)lane  trigonometry,  etc. ,  and  for  aboutfive  years  was  cmidoyed  as  an 
onlnance  surveyor.  About  1848  he  studied  and  experimented  in 
magnetism  and  diamagnetism,  proving  the  intimate  relation  between 
these  and  the  molecular  arrangement  of  matter.  In  1852  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  the  Royal  institution. 
lie  has  made  numerous  annual  visits  to  the  Alps,  in  Switzerland,  for 
scientific  observation  in  connection  with  the  glacial  theory.  In  1872 
he  visited  the  United  States  and  lectured  in  imblic,  the  surplus 
profits  being  devoted  to  the  promotion  of  scientific  study  in  this 
country. 


.K^^^-"^ 


THK    DISTINUUISIIEU    NATUUAUbT    AND    EVOLUTIONIST,    ilEKBEKT    S1'E^•CEK. 


131 


f-. 


English  Philosopher  M 


4]_   Herbert^  SpGnc9r,__   \k  %^ 

and  Scientist,     S^ 


'-C 


5^-^-^)^, 


Author  of  the  Saying,  **  Survival  of  the  Fittest." 


i^'  ir70>:TEMP0RANE0rS  with  Chitrles  R.  Darwin  is 
Herbert  Spencitr,  in  the  advocacy  of  the  ideas 
relating  to  the  higher  forms  of  life,  coming  up 
from  the  lower  orders.    Mr.  Spencer  was  born  at 
Derby.    England.    April    27,    1820.       He    early 
exhibited  a  fondness  for  collecting,  classifying, 
and  studying  winged  insects,  a  favorite  pastime 
with    him     being 
to  catcb  caterpil- 
lars for  the  pur- 
pose of  watching 

their      transformations     to      other 

forms.      Possessing  a  mind  disposed 

to    be   philosophical,    the    study   of 

these  changes  led  him  to  inquire  as 

to   the   means   by  which  organized 

existence  is  evolved. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Spencer,  rector 

of  the   parish   at   Hinton,    was  his 

tutor  for  three  years .  and  his  father. 

author  of  a  work  on  ^'Inventional 

Geometry,"   gave  him  further  in- 
struction,   the    especial    delight  of 

young  Herbert  being  mathematics. 
He  was  appointed  civil  engineer 

on    the    Birmingham    and    London 

railway  at    the  age  of    seventeen, 

from  which,  three  years  afterwanls, 

he     retired     and     returned     home, 

in  order  to  pursue  mathematics  and 

philosophical  studies.    Herbariums, 

a    botanical     press,     and     various 

schemes  of  invention,  occupied  his 

mind     for     some     years.        When 

twenty-three  years  of  age,  he  next 

went    to    London    to    get    literary 

occupation,  failing   to  obtain   which  he   resumed  engineering,  but 

gratified  his  literary  taste  by  communications  to  the  Ciml  Bngineers' 

and  Architects^   Journal,   the    Philosophical    Magazine^    and  other 

publications  of  similar  character. 
In  1843    he  commenced  a  series  of  articles  for  the  Nonconformist, 

on  the    '-Proper   Sphere  of  Government."   which   were  ;ifteruards 


HERBERT  SPENCER. 


issued  in  pamphlet  form.  lie  was  a  contributor  of  elaborate  essays 
to  various  scientific  publications,  from  1848  to  1854,  during  which 
time  he  outlined  his  idea  of  evolution.  In  1854  he  fully  determined 
that  the  natural  order  of  creation  was  through  the  evolving  of  one 
species  from  another  below,  and  so  on  down  through  to  the  first 
forms  of  life;  but  it  was  not  until  1860  that  he  published  an  exposi- 
tion of  the  subject,  in  which  he  quite  fully  elaborated  the  idea.  In 
the  meantime  he  has  been  a  prolific 
writer  upon  the  subject  of  sociol- 
ogy— one  of  his  leading  publica- 
tions on  this  subject  being  "Social 
Statics;  or,  the  Conditions  Essential 
to  Human  Happiness  Specified,  and 
the  First  of  Them  Developed," 
which  first  appeared  in  London  in 
1850.  Since  that  time  be  has 
successively  published  works  on 
'  ■Psychology;"'  ■•Railway  Morals 
and  Policy;"  "Essays.  Scientific, 
Political,  and  Speculative;"  "Il- 
lustrations of  Universal  Progress;" 
"Essays,  Moral,  Political,  and 
Esthetic;  "  ' '  Education,  Intel- 
lectual, Moral,  and  Physical;" 
' '  First  Principles  of  a  System  of 
Philosophy;"  ••  Classification  of  the 
Sciences;"  "Reasons  for  Dissent- 
ing from  the  Philosophy  of  M. 
Comte;"  "  Principles  of  Biology:  " 
' '  Spontaneous  Generation,  and  the 
Hypothesis  of  Physiological  Units;" 
'  ■  Recent  Discussions  in  Science, 
Philosophy,  and  ^Morals. "  collected 
from  English  reviews,  with  six 
additional  articles. 

Mr.  Spencer  is  a  retired  gentle- 
man, who  has  for  many  years  lived  at  a  quiet  boarding-house  in  Lon- 
don. Although  a  philosopher  of  wide  reputation,  the  multiplied 
volumes  of  this  scientist  have  had  so  limited  a  sale  as  to  give  the 
author  but  a  precarious  subsistence.  He  will  probably  be  much  more 
fully  appreciated  hereafter.  In  1882-3,  Mr.  Spencer  visited  the 
United    States   and    was   cordially  wi'lcomed  by     scientific   circles. 


A 


s= 


T- 


138 


THE    DISTINGUISHED   NATURALIST,    CHARLES   E.    DARWIN. 


niiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiMiniiifiiiiiniiMinii 


T^jyr 


Charles  H.  Darwin. 


lltUIIUUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllUUIIUIIUIIIIIUIIIUIIIUIIllllllllllllll 


Naturalist  and  Expounder 


of  the  Darwinian  Theory. 


I^land^ 


HE  NATURALIST,  Charles  R.  Darwin,  was 
born  in  Shrewsbury,  in  England.  February 
9,  1809,  and  graduated  at  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1831. 

On   the    ship   Beagle,    which   sailed    from 
England,  in  1831,  he  was  a  passenger  on  a 
voyage   of    exploration    around    the    world, 
\vhich  lasted  five  years.     Out  of  this  journey  he  gathered 
material    for    a    volume,  published    in    1842,     on   "The 
Structure     and   Distribution   of  u;p>^ 
Coral    Reefs;*'  in   1844,    "Geo-    ^ 
logical  Observations  on  Volcanic 
'     and.     in     1846,      "Geological 
Observations  in  South  America.'' 

In  1851  and  1853  two  volumes  appeared, 
entitled  "Monograph  of  the  Family  Cir- 
ripedia. "  followed  by  two  other  volumes 
on  the  fossil  species  of  the  same  class. 

His  most  celebrated  work,  ' '  The  Origin 
of  Species  by  Means  of  Natural  Selec- 
tion, ■'  appeared  in  1859.  The  ideas 
advanced  by  Darwin  in  this  last-mentioned 
volume,  called  forth  a  great  amount  of 
controversy,  the  interest  in  the  subject 
causing  tbe  book  to  be  translated  into 
several  languages.  A  German  publisher, 
at  Berlin,  discovered  that  312  different 
authors  had  written  books  and  pamphlets 
relating  to  Darwinism,  and  no  work  of  the 
age  has  excited  so  much  review  and  coni- 
ment. 

In  1863  appeared  his  work  on  the 
"Fertilization  of  Orchids;"  in  1808,  "  Varijition  of  Animalw  and 
Plants  under  Domestication,"  and.  in  1871,  a  treatise  on  "The 
Descent  of  Man.  and  Selection  in  Relation  to  Sex,"  being  a  further 
consideration  of  the  "Origin  of  the  Specie's.'*  the  object  of  which 
is  to  prove  that  man  has  descended  from  a  lower  order  of  animal  life. 
Among  his  later  works  is  a  volume  entitled,  "Movements  and 
Habits  of  Climbing  Plants,"  and  "The  Expression  of  the  Emotions 
in  Men  and  Animals. " 

lie   was   the   recipient  of  various  orders  of  merit,  and  elected  to 
TricrnbcrHhip  in  Hcvernl  nt  the  learned  societies  of  Diiropc.  c-oniribnting 


CHARLES  ROBERT  DARWIN. 


very  largely  to  a  knowledge  of  the  lower  animals,  while  his  ideas  in 
regard  to  the  origin  of  man  are  accepted  by  some  and  denounced  by 
olhers.      He  died  in  London,  Eng. ,  April  20,  1882. 

The  Theories  of  Darwin 

are  essentially  those  of  the  evolutionists,  which  are  that  all  the  higher 
forms  of  creation  have  gradually  progressed  up  from  the  lower;  that 
the  fittest,  strongest  and  best  of  every  order,  class  and  race  survive, 
while  the  weaker  perish.  Thus,  with  the  lower  animals,  the 
strongest  will  capture  their  prey,  will  live  and  multiply  their  kind: 
the  weaker  will  die  and  leave  no  issue. 
The  best,  therefore,  propagate  their 
species,  and  improvement  is  the  order. 
With  races  and  nations  of  people  at  war, 
the  strongest  and  superior  conquer,  per- 
petuate themselves,  and  civilization 
advances. 

The  theories  of  evolution,  it  is  said, 
were  advanced  by  the  early  Greek  phi- 
losophers,* who  claimed  that  animal  life 
originated  from  eartii.  with  the  assistance 
of  water,  light  and  heat.  Aristotle,  it  is 
said,  in  the  olden  time,  claimed  that  man 
did  not  originate  in  a  perfect  state,  but 
was  evolved  from  the  lower  orders. 
Linujeus  and  Buffon,  in  later  times, 
espoused  the  idea  of  progressive  organic 
development.  Dr.  Erasmus  Darwin,  the 
grandfather  of  Charles  R.  Darwin,  in  a 
published  work,  in  1794,  maintained  the 
development  theory.  Lamarck,  in  1815, 
took  the  position  that  all  organic  forms, 
from  the  lowest  to  the  highest,  have  pro- 
gressively developed  from  microscopic  particles.  Goethe,  in  Germany, 
assumed  the  same  po(?ition.  as  did  GeotTroy  Saint-IIilaire,  of  France, 
in  a  scientific  work,  published  in  1828.  Professor  (Jrant,  of  Edin- 
burgli,  thrimgh  thv.  Phtlofiopldml  Journal,  in  1820,  held  that  species 
are  descended  from  other  species. 

Herbert  Spencer,  in  1852,  advanced  arguments  to  prove  that 
species  have  l)een  greatly  nuidifled  by  changes  of  circumstances. 

The  first,  however,  clearly  to  define  and  popularize  the  idea  of 
of  progression,  was  Charles  R.  Darwin,  in  his  work  on  the  * '  Origin  of 
the  Species,"  in   1858. 


;(>— 


i: 


EAKTII  S    iiUCCKSSIVE    TKKlUDS    OF    VKGE'l^UiLK   AND    AI^IMAL   UEVKLorMKNT. 


i:ji» 


Progression. 


The  Theories  of 

The  advocates  of  the  development  theory  have  had  much  difficulty    |       tvcoloyy  lirst  came  to  the  aid  of  the  philosopher,  ami  proved  by 

earth-f  orma- 
tioHH  thai  the 
earth  was  hun- 
dreds of  thou- 
sands, and, 
p  o  a  e  i  b  1  y  , 


to  contend  with 
in  the  attempt 
to  demonstrate 
the  truth  of  the 
po sition  that 
they  have 
taken.  It  could 
easily  be  shown 
that  by  domes- 
tication and 
training,  under 
a  change  of  cir- 
cums  tan  ce  s, 
one  hundred 
and  fifty  varie- 
ties of  pigeons 
could  be  pro- 
duced from  the 
one  species. 
But  each  and 
every  one,  after 
all  was  done, 
would  be  a  pigeon, 
kinds  of  dogs,  some 
others,  all  came 
from  one  vari- 
ety of  dog;  but 
facts  demon- 
strated, also, 
that  dogs  were 
never  anything 
but  dogs.  Thus 
of  every  other 
species  of  ani- 
mals. So  lim- 
ited was  the 
knowledge  of 
creation  ;  so 
small  had  been 
the  range  of  ob- 
servation ;  so 
narrow  was  the 


v.: 


H^ 


X> 


:!C?^ 


'.mi  ^ 


-FIRST    FPO<  II  -/ 


Earth  harik-ntd,  matuied;  vt-t'etation  spraii;<  forth,  and  lowest  furuiti 
sheli-rtsh,  etc.,  were  evolved. 


jf  moving  life,  headless  aniiuiils, 


It  could  easily  be  demonstrated  that  the  various 
of    which  were  a   hundred  times  larger   than 


Plate  /X— .SECOND  EPOCH.— i^z-iniarj/  Periud. 
The  period  in  which  vegetation  had  attained  to  rank  growth;  water  separated  from  land  and  fishes  developed, 


idea  of  the  origin  of  life,  and  so  prejudiced  were  the  majority  of 
people  against  a  progrc-^ive  development  and  '•o  plain  wa"*  tht  f  \ct 
that  the  same 
species,  either 
a  horse,  a  hog, 
or  an  oak, 
al^vays  re- 
mained essen- 
tially the  same 
— only  modi- 
fied; so  plain 
was  all  this,  and 
so  averse  were 
even  the  best 
minds  to  chang- 
ing their  long- 
establisbed 
views,  as  to 
make  the  pre- 
sentation of  the 
development  theory 


Plate  ///.-THIRD    EPOCH.— Strnjirfary  Pcriorf. 
The  reptilian  age;  higher  forms  of  vegetation;  reptiles  crept  from  the  water  upon  dry  land  and  winged 

animals  appeared. 

an  exceedingly  ditticnlt  and  laborious  task.  |    locomotion,  and  so  lees  were  useless 


m  1 U  i  o  n  H  of 
years  old;  that 

fossil  remains 
of  animals  had 
been  deposited 
tens  of  thou- 
sands of  years; 
that  a  large 
share  of  the 
remai ns  thus 
fnund  were  of 
unimals.  rep- 
tiles and  birds 
that  had  become 
extinct;  and 
while    often 

large  were  coarse,  and  of  a  lower  order  than  any  now  existing. 

These  discoveries  gradually  led  the  scientists  on  in  their  investi- 
gations; the 
fact  of  tens  of 
thousands  of 
years  being 
given  for  an 
animal  to 
change  its 
character, 
greatly  assist-. 
ing  in  the  es- 
tablishment of 
the  develop- 
ment idea. 
The  careful 
study  of  the 
anatomical 
s t ru  c t  n  re  of 
animals    also 

demonstrated     how    circumstances    had    changed    their    character. 

Thu''    under  the  «kin  of  some  smke*  the\  found  partially  developed 

feet,  indicating 
that  at  a  former 
period  this 
species  of 
snake  was 
probably  a 
lizard;  that  its 
short  and 
clumsy  legs 
were  not  suffi- 
cient for  rapid 
propulsion: 
that  it  had  re- 
sorted to  the 
wriggling 
movements  as 
the  easiest  and 
most  s  pe  edy 
and  gradually  disappeared.    That 


\^(^ — 


— Q: 


? 


uo 


WHAT    THE    PEOGKESSIONISTS    BELIEVE. 


Plate  /r  -KOl'K'ril 

New  kinds  of  vegetation  came  forth. 


certain  reptiles,  forming  the  habit  of  springing  upon  their  prey, 
developed  the  wings.  This  is  proven  by  the  remains  of  birds,  very 
recently  found,  which  have  teeth,  showing  the  connection  between 
the  reptile  and  the  bird  kingdom.  These  remains  supply  what  has 
long  been  regarded  as  the  "missing  link."  The  winged  reptile, 
under  varying  conditions,  changed  its  character  entirely;  nature 
supplied  it  with  hair,  and  it  became  a  bat,  and  under  other  con- 
ditions it  acquired  feathers. 

Xever  having  a  chance  to  fly,  it  will  be  seen  how  a  bat  could  change 
to  a  mouse, 
which  might 
develop  tea 
rat,  which  might 
learn  to  burrow 
under  ground, 
and  in  long  ages 
could  change  its 
charactertothat 
of  awoodchuck, 
and  from  that  to 
a  prairie- 
dog,  which 
long  periods  of 
time  might 
bring  up  to  the 
intelligent 
shepherd  or 
Newfoundland - 
dog. 

That  the  mouse  and  rat,  in  certain  portions  of  the  world,  might, 
to  avoid  their  enemies  on  the  ground,  take  to  the  trees  as  a  place  of 
abode — might  learn  to  use  their  tails  as  do  the  monkeys,  and,  in  fact, 
through  long  ages  develop  to  the  size  and  intelligence  of  the  monkey. 
In  time,  the  necessity  no  longer  existing  of  remaining  in  the  trees, 
he  would  spend 
his  time  on  the 
ground;  his  tail 
would  become 
unnecessary, 
as  it  is  with 
the  ourang- 
outaug  and  the 
gorilla.  That 
through  lonir 
ages  the  go- 
r  i  1  1  a  has 
gradually 
developed  to 
the  conditions 
of  the  lowest 
cannibal  sav- 
ages, which 
wild  and  bar- 
barous tribes 
in  time  became 
civilized. 


Higher  forms  of  life  appeared,  antl  hair  and  fur-bearing  animals 
were  developed. 


Plate  F.-FIFTH    EPOCn.~(^">n(.T,Hu-!,  rrr,:.i. 

Highly  matured  condition  of  the  earth;  fitted  for  the  support  and  production  of  the  highest  grades  of 
intelligence  among  uniinaU  up  to  man. 


What  the  Progressionists  Believe. 

While  a  variety  of  opinions  exist  among  the  evolutionists,  their 
belief  is  essentially  this; 

That  there  exists  in  the  infinitude  of  space  unnumbered  suns,  each 
the  center  of  a  planetary  system,  which,  through  the  law  of  gravita- 
tion, continually  revolve  around  a  great  central  sun.  That  the  planets 
about  the  sun  are  born  of  the  sun.  That  the  planets  dependent  upon 
our  sun  have  all  come  from  It.  That  in  the  i)roce8s  of  birth  the  sun 
throw- off  a  gaseous  ring,  which,  having  attained  a  certain  degree  of 


maturity,  breaks  and  gathers  in  a  nebulous  mass,  making  a  spot  on 
the  sun.  In  time,  this  substance,  thus  thrown  off,  which  is  a 
molten  mass  of  intense  heat,  like  a  rain-drop  in  space,  assumes 
a  spherical  form,  takes  its  orbit  for  revolving  about  the  sun.  gradually 
cools  on  the  surface,  and  a  crust  is  formed  which,  as  the  ages  and 
the  centuries  go  by,  gradually  thickens.  This  crust,  rent  and  dis- 
turbed by  the  heat  within,  rises  and  falls,  making  great  irregulari- 
ties of  surface.  Hence  the  mountains  and  the  valleys  were  formed. 
That  planets  themselves  have  the  power  to  throw  off   and  produce 

other  worlds, 
which  are  the 
moons  that  be- 
long to  various 
planets. 

The  belief  is 
that  the  earth 
was  bom  thus 
of  our  sun;  that 
hundreds  of 
thousands 
and.  perhaps, 
millions  of 
years  have 
passed  since  it 
came  from  the 
sun ;  that  its 
irregularities  of 
surface  have 
been  produced 
by  internal  commotion  and  volcanic  eruptions.  The  evolutionists 
bring  forward  as  proof  that  the  interior  of  the  earth  is  a  mass  of 
fire,  the  fact  that  for  every  100  feet  we  go  towards  the  center  of 
the  globe  the  heat  increases  one  degree.  At  10,000  feet,  towards 
the  center,  water  boils.     At  forty  miles  in  the  earth,  1.800  degrees 

is  reached.     At 


that  point  iron 
would  melt, 
and,  at  seventy 
miles  in  depth, 
everything 
must  be  in  a 
liquid  state.  A 
further  proof 
that  the  i  n  - 
.t  cri  or  of  the 
earth  is  on  fire 
is  shown  in  the 
flame  emitted 
by  volcanoes, 
and  the  hot 
water  which 
comes  from 
boilingsprings. 
In  the  crea- 
tion of  this 
world,  when  the 
earth  had  become  sufficiently  cooled  to  cause  the  gaseous  moisture 
upon  its  surface  to  condense,  clouds  were  formed,  and  rain  began 
to  fall,  which  collected  in  the  low  places  on  the  earth's  surface  and 
made  the  oceans.  The  first  crust  formed  became  what  is  now  known 
as  the  hardest  rock,  such  as  granite,  syenite,  porphyry,  etc. .  in 
what  were  imbedded  the  heaviest  metals. 

In  process  of  time  this  layer  was  overspread,  through  volcanic 
eruption,  by  another  layer,  which  became  what  is  known  as  slate- 
rnrk.  eliiv-sliite.  etc.      TlirriuL'li   the  action  of  water,  heat  and  air. 


XsL 


? 


VARYING   GRADES   OF   INTELLIGENCE. 


141 


this  rock  became  so  soft  as  to  produce  goil.  When  the  conditions 
had  become  matured  sutHciently,  a  combination  of  substances,  such 
as  carbonic  acid,  water  and  ammonia,  made  wliat  is  termed  "proto- 
plasm," a  compound  which  is  the  basis  of  all  life,  from  which  may 
come  at  any  time  the  order  of  vegetation,  and  all  forms  of  animal  life. 

'''"^™''  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

Represi-nting  tin?  rriinunliul  A^e,  I'uiiiury,  Secomluiy.  'iVrtuiry  iind  gnaternary 
Peiiods,  and  the  Ascending  Serie!*. 


■i 


Primordial  Aye. 

Of  life  on  the  earth,  first 
came  the  lowest  of  vegeta- 
tion, such  as  the  mosses, 
which  gradually  progressed 
to  the  higher  orders.  The 
first  forms  of  life,  largely 
dependent  upon  moisture 
for  sustenance,  lived  in  the 
water  and  gradually  de- 
veloped to  the  shell-fish, 
headless  insects,  and  ani- 
mals of  various  kinds.  This 
is  termed  by  the  philoso- 
phers the  primordial  age. 

This  age  is  supposed  to 
cover  an  immense  period  of 
time.  The  layers  of  earth 
and  rock  formed  in  this 
period,  during  which  the 
interior  fires  were  receding 
from  the  earth's  surface,  are 
over  70,000  feet  thick,  but 
of  the  fossil  remains  found 
in  them  there  is  no  evidence 
of  land  animals. 

PLATE  II. 
Primary  Period. 

This  was  followed  by  that 
known  as  the  primary 
period,  an  epoch  of  time 
when  the  fire  receded  and 
the  earth's  crust  thickened 
43, 000  feet.  The  water  ani- 
mals in  this  period  on  the 
earth's  surface  multiplied 
and  developed  to  fishes,  and 
came  up  to  the  lowest  of 
those  orders  that  divided 
their  time  between  water 
and  dry  land,  such  as  lizards 
and  reptiles  of  various 
kinds. 

PLATE  III. 

Secondary  Period. 
In  the  secondary  period, 
the  belief  is  that  the  fires 
receded  into  the  earth,  and 
the  earth's  covering  was  in- 
creased  IS.OOOfeetin 
thickness.  At  this  time  the 
animal  kingdom  developed 
to  frogs,  crocodiles,  turtles, 
dragons,  and  other  immense 
water     animals,    traces     of 

which  are  sometimes  found.  Among  these  were  the  enormous  sauri- 
ans  which,  covered  with  scales  like  the  crocodile,  had  four  legs  and 
resembled  great  lizards,  having  claws  with  which  to  capture  their 


Plat.'  ri.      ASCENDING    SERIES.      Grades  of  intelligence. 
Showing  the  progres.^  of  development  through  the  various  grades  of  intelligence 
from  the  lowest  fonns  of  life  up  to  the  king  of  birds. 


prey,  and  teeth  which  enabled  them  to  masticate  their  food.  Their 
skeletons  abound  in  the  museums  of  natural  history.  There  were 
reptiles  with  wings,  and  in  thu  latter  part  of  ttiis  period  birds  were 
developed.  There  was  also  a  coU)ssal  growth  of  vegetation,  much  of 
which,  in  various  localities,  turned  to  coal. 

PLATK  ir. 

Tertiary  Pt-riod. 

In  the  tertiary,  or  third 
period,  the  trees  progrL-ssed 
to  the  putting  on  of  leaves, 
and  the  animal  creation  de- 
veloped up  to  those  that 
nurt^ed  their  young,  such  ae 
the  whale  and  dolphin,  in 
the  waters,  and  the  species 
of  animals  from  which  came 
the  horse,  rhinoceros,  ele- 
phant and  swine,  and  the 
predecessors  of  the  monkey, 
onrang,  chimpanzee,  the  go- 
rilla and  the  mammoth. 
PLATE  T. 
(Quaternary  Period. 

In  the  quaternary,  or 
fourth  period,  came  the 
present  development  of  the 
vegetable  kingdom,  animal 
life  as  it  exists  to-day.  and 
man  perfected  as  he  is  at  the 
I)resent  time. 

The  scientists  attempt  to 
class  all  development  on  the 
earth's  surface  into  these 
five  great  epochs  of  time, 
one  period  gradually  running 
into  another,  so  that  there 
is  no  sharp  division  between 
them. 

The  claim  is  that  this 
progress  is  still  going 
forward,  and  probably  will 
continue  for  thousands  of 
years,  until  the  earth's  crust 
shall  become  so  thick  and 
the  earth  so  cold  that  life 
can  no  longer  be  supported 
upon  it.  At  that  lime  all 
animal  life  will  have  ceased 
to  exist,  vegetation  will  no 
longer  retain  life,  and  the 
earth  will  be  dead,  as  many 
other  planets  are  supposed 
to  be  that  revolve  in 
space. 

PLATE  TI. 
Ascending  Series. 

This  plate  is  designed  to 
show  the  varying  grades  of 
physical  development  and 
intelligence,  from  the  lowest 
orders  of  animal  life  up 
through  to  the  highly  intelligent  of    the  feathered  kingdom. 

In  the  lower  right  bund  corner  of  the  plate  is  seen  the  infusoria. 
A  drop  of  water  ullowt-d  to  be  exposed  on  a  vegetable  or  animal  sub- 


? 


14:2 


THE    ASCENDIXO    GRADES    uF    ANIMAL    LIFE. 


stance  in  the  summer  sun.  will,  in  a  few  days,  be  found  covered  with 
a  ihin  film  of  matter,  which  often  presents  the  varying  shades  of 
rainbow  colors.  Microscopic  examination  of  this  stagnant  water  will 
reveal  a  great  number  of  moving  animalcules.  This  plainly  indi- 
cates that  germs  of  life  are  floating  in  the  air,  and  only  want  the 
necessary  conditions  to  re- 


Representing  the  Ascenihn^  Series.  bes,'innin;jr  ' 
quadruped,  up  throug^li 


veal  themselves  in  active 
being.  This  grade  of  life  is 
lowest  in  the  scale  of  animal 
existence  of  which  the  natu- 
ralist has  any  knowledge. 

One  of  the  next  higher  in 
order  is  the  polypi.  This 
might  be  taken  as  a  species 
of  animal  life,  but  examina- 
tion shows  that  it  possesses 
an  aperture  that  serves  as 
a  mouth,  and  various 
rootlets  which  are  used  as 
arms  in  capturing  prey  and 
feeding  itself. 

The  star-fish  is  one  of  a 
numerous  family  of  the 
nidiata.  which,  having  an 
intestinal  canal,  make 
another  step  upward. 

The  mollusks,  possessing 
an  alimentary  apparatus. 
lieart.  liver,  and  the  evi- 
dences of  lungs  and 
breathing  power,  belong  to  a 
still  higher  class.  These 
include  the  oyster,  the  clam 
and  the  animals  that  reside 
in  shells,  whose  infinite  va- 
riety of  color  and  form  make 
always  a  pleasant  study  to 
the  naturalist. 

The  crawling  worms  and 
the  caterpillars  that  change 
their  form  to  the  bright 
winged  butterflies,  occupy  a 
still  higher  range. 

Above  these  yet  is  the 
patient,  cunning  ant;  the 
busy,  ingenious  bee,  and  the 
hungry  grasshopper.  In 
this  class  of  life  there  is 
exhibited  the  sense  of  sight 
and  considerable  evidence 
of  reasoning  power. 

The  spider  and  crab  be- 
long to  another  and  yet 
higher  order. 

In  the  fish  wc  reach  the 
first  form  of  animal  being 
possessing  a  backbone  and 
^pinal  cord.  We  have 
now  reached  a  scale  of  de- 
velopment in  animal  life 
which  e  X  h  i  h  i  t  s  a  r  t  e  r  i  e  s, 
veins  and  red  blood. 

The  creature,  however,  like  the  frog  that  can  come  forth  and  sul)sist 
upon  dry  land,  is  yet  higher  in  the  scule;  but  the  alligator,  the  turtle 
and  unake,    though  all  rold-blot)ded,  are  yet  in  advaiu'e  nf  the  frog. 


The  walrus,  the  whale  and  other  animals  in  that  class,  bring  us  up 
to  the  warm-blooded.ordcrs  and  usher  us  in  among  the  fowls  of  the 
air,  the  unnumbered  kinds  of  which  are  ever  a  curiosity  and  study  to 
the  student  of  nature.  In  this  range  of  physical  development  the 
senses  of  feeling,  hearing,  seeing  and  tasting  are  very  considerably 

developed. 

HIGHER  ORDERS  OF  ANIMALS. 


vith  the  Hippopotamus,  a  water 
to  Man. 


Plate  VII.     ASCENDING    SERIES,      ararles  of  InteUigence. 

Showing  tin;  varying  deKreeo  of  devcloprin-nt  and  hraiii  power,  among  different 
kinds  of  animals. 


While  all  the  various  kinds 
of  the  feathered  kingdom 
have  warm  blood  and  brain 
sufficient  to  enable  them 
to  acquire  considerable  edu- 
cation, there  is  nevertheless 
much  variety  in  the  natural 
brain  development,  and 
many  and  various  are  their 
characteristics,  as  shown  in 
the  tenderness  of  the  dove, 
the  talkativeness  of  the 
parrot,  the  melodious  notes 
of  the  nightingale,  the 
cunning  of  the  raven,  the 
dignity  and  the  courage  of 
the  eagle. 

PL.4TE  VII, 

Grades  of  Animals. 
Having  come  through  the 
grades  of  life  that  swim  the 
water,  that  divide  their  time 
between  the  water  and  the 
hmd,  and  that  fly  in  the  air 
wc  come  to  other  classes  of 
animal  life,  the  most  of 
which  have  four  legs,  with 
which  to  walk  the  earth,  and 
have  hair  or  fur  to  protect 
them  from  the  inclemency  of 
the  weather,  a  few  excep- 
tions being  in  those  animals 
native  to  the  warm  climates, 
whose  thick  skins  are  such 
as  to  require  no  other 
covering. 

The  grade  of  animal  life 
shown  in  plate  VII.  belongs 
in  that  known  as  the  mam- 
rnalia,  a  characteristic  of 
which  is  tlnit  the  young  are 
born  alive  and  are  nourished 
with  their  own  milk. 

This  illustration  shows  the 
gradually  ascending  grades. 
The  gross,  huge  water  ani- 
mal, the  hippopotamus,  is 
surpassed  in  brain  power  by 
the  deer,  which  is  in  turn 
excelled  by  the  buffalo,  the 
goat,  the  squirrel,  the  cat 
and  the  beaver. 

The    dog    and    the   horse 
evince  a  high  degree  of  in- 
telligence, and  so  the  grade 
progresses  throut:h  the  orders  of  the  orang-outang  and  the  gorilla  up 
to  num.  whose  degree  of  development  varii's  from  the  low  savage  to  the 
superior  white  Caucasian,  who  is  master  of  all  animal  life  below  him. 


f. 


A    rOKTKAIT    OF    HENKY    THOMAS    liUCKLE. 


Henry  Thomas  Buckle,   Bismarck  and   M.   F.  Maury. 


fcN  KNGLISII  writer  of  liberal 
lirinciples  w!is  Henry  Thomas 
r>iickle,  who  was  born  in 
I\L-nt,  England,  in  1821.  He 
ilevotcd  himself  to  study, 
acquiring,  meanwhile,  great 
proficiency  as  a  chess- 
er.  His  fame  rests  upon  iin 
lished  work,  *' History  of  Civil- 
on  in  England,'"  two  volumes  of 
published  in  1857  and  18G1,  but 
I  not  live  to  finish.  His  theory, 
wbiili  caur-ed  iiuich  discussion,  endeavored  to  show  that  the 
character  of  a  people  was  chiefly  dependent  on  material  circum- 
stances, such  as  soil,  climate,  scenery  and  food,  and  that  ideas  on 
morals  or  religion  had  very  little 
influence  on  civilization,  u  progress 
in  which,  he  maintained,  depended 
chiefly  on  the  growth  and  accumulation 
of  scientific  or  positive  knowledge. 
In  18G1  he  visited  the  continent  of 
Europe,  remaining  abroad  until  the 
following  March,  when  he  died  of  a 
fever,  while  traveling  in  the  '*  Holy 
Land. " 


conferred  upon  him  by  the  diet.  The  annexation  of  several  neigh- 
boring principalities,  the  confederation  of  othern,  and  the  establish- 
ment of  the  North-German  confederation,  were  considered  chiefly 
due  to  his  diplomatic  skill.  In  the  French  war  of  1870  he  e.xerted  a 
superior  influence  that  aided  materially  in  the  subjection  of  France, 
and  resulted  in  the  crowning  of  KingWilliam  as  Emperorof  Germany, 
at  Versailles,  France,  in  1871,  while  Bismarck  was  rewarded  by 
promotion  to  the  rank  of  Prince  and  Chancellor  of  the  German 
Empire.  Since  then  his  genius  and  brilliant  executive  ability  have 
been  exercised  in  the  reforms  of  internal  policy.  Among  other 
changes  due  to  his  influence  is  the  dissolution  of  tbeorderof  Jesuits, 
the  secularization  of  schools,  and  the  establishment  of  state  sover- 
eignty over  the  church.  Bismarck,  however,  Is  claimed  by  the 
liberals  in  religion  as  an  atheist.  The  family  of  Bismarcks  is  an  old 
one,  and  has  been  known  for  more  than  Ave  hundred  vears. 


W^ 


COUNT  BISMARCK. 

/"HE  statesman,  prince,  and  prime 

]      minister  of  Prussia,  Otto  Eduard 

\  Leopold  Bismarck-Schonhausen, 
was  born  at  Schonhausen,  Prussia, 
in  1815.  He  studied  at  Gottingen  and 
Berlin,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1835.  He  was  referendary  at  Aix-la- 
Chapelle  and  Potsdam  in  l836-'7;  per- 
formed military  duty  and  studied  the 
science  of  husbandry  at  Potsdam  and 
Greifswald  in  1837-8,  attended  the 
united  diet  at  Berlin  as  district  dele- 
gate, and  opposed  liberal  reforms  ably 
and  vehemently  in  1847.  In  the  second 
chamber  of  the  Prussian  diet,  in 
1849-'50,  he  urged  increased  powers 
for  the  monarchy.  He  was  appointed 
Prussian   embassador  to  the  German 

diet  at  Frankfort,  in  1851,  and  there  changed  his  international  views, 
repelling  the  pretensions  of  Austria;  was  transferred  to  St.  Peters- 
burg in  1859,  where  he  strengthened  the  friendly  relations  between 
Prussia  and  Russia,  remaining  nntil  1862;  was  embassador  to  Paris 
and  succeeded  Prince  Hohenzollern  as  prime  minister  of  Prussia  in 
1862,  and  became  minister  of  foreign  affairs.  He  advocated  strength- 
ening the  army,  and  succeeded  in  procuring  the  co-operation  of 
Austria  in  the  Schleswig-Holstein  war  of  1864;  concluded  a  new 
treaty  with  Austria,  in  1865;  was  promoted  to  Count,  and  invested 
with  ministerial  authority  over  newly-conquered  countries  in  1865: 
formed  an  alliance  with  Italy,  and  declared  war  against  Austria  and 
her  allies  in  1866.  Military  prowess  having  soon  subdued  the  Austrian 
alliance,  the  treaty  of  Prague,  in  1866,  extinguished  Austria  as  a  Ger- 
man state,  secured  Schleswig-Holstein  to  Prussia,  and  placecj  the 
latter  at  the  head  of  the  North-German  confederation.  He  was  now 
idolized   by  the   Prussian   people,    and    a   national    endowment  was 


Henry  Tho 
Author  of  "  History  of 


MATTHEW  FONTAINE  MAURY. 

\  VIIiGlXIA,  Sp<,n>ylv;inia  (<.uii- 
ty,  in  1806,  was  born  Matthew  F, 
Maury,  known  by  his  valuable  re- 
searches into  marine  physical  geog- 
raphy and  meteorology.  He  entered 
the  American  navy  as  a  midshipman  in 
1825,  went  to  France  in  the  ship  that 
conveyed  Lafayette  on  his  return  home, 
made  a  voyage  to  the  Pacific  in  the 
same  vessel,  and  circumnavigated  the 
globe  in  the  United  States  vessel  Vin- 
cennes.  While  yet  young  he  published 
his  "  Treatise  on  Navigation,"  which 
passed  through  several  editions;  be- 
came a  lieutenant  in  1836,  and  received 
his  appointment  to  the  South  Sea  ex- 
ploring expedition,  but  resigned  it. 
Owing  to  accidental  lameness  he  with- 
drew from  sea  service,  and  was  placed 
in  charge  of  the  department  of  sea- 
charts  and  instruments  at  Washington, 
and  when  it  was  combined  with  the 
Washington  observatory,  he  was  made 
superintendent  of  both.  "  The  Physi- 
cal Geography  of  the  Sea,"  with 
observations  of  ocean  winds  and  cur- 
rents, made  up  from  actual  reports  of 
vessels  and  special  cruises,  occupied 
his  attention.  Tn  1844  he  published  his  views  of  the  Gulf  stream, 
ocean  currents  and  "  great  circle-sailing,"  which  have  generally 
proved  to  be  well-grounded.  By  his  suggestion  a  general  maritime 
conference  was  held  at  Berlin,  Prussia,  under  government  auspices, 
in  1853,  in  which  it  was  recommended  that  merchant  and  war  vessels 
should  keep  an  abstract  ''log,"  or  record,  in  the  Interest  of  marine 
science.  His  principal  researches  are  embodied  in  his  '* Physical 
Geography  of  the  Sea  and  its  Meteorology,"  which  has  been  several 
times  revised  and  enlarged.  In  1855  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  commander  in  the  navy,  a  post  which  he  resigned  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Southern  rebellion  in  1861.  He  then  became  a  commodore 
In  the  confederate  navy,  and  afterwards  professor  of  physics  in  the 
Virginia  military  institute.  He  died  at  Lexington,  Va. ,  in  1873. 
He  published  a  number  of  scientific  works,  received  many  valuable 
testimonials  from  foreign  governments,  and  was  a  member  of  many 
of  the  principal  scientific  institutions  of  Europe  and  America. 


mas  Buckle, 

Civilization  in  England." 


71 


.C5^~ 


lU 


POKTKAIT    OF    KALPH    WALDO    EMERSON. 


Lyell,  Emerson,  Fahrenheit,  Phillips,  Glauber  and  Trail. 


IR  CHARLES  LYELL,  distinguished 
as  a  geologist,  was  born  at  Kinnordy, 
Scotland,  in  1797.  He  graduated  at 
Exeter  college,  Oxford,  in  1821,  and 
studied  law,  but  abandoned  it  for 
geological  investigation.  In  1832  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  geology  at 
King's  college,  London,  but  this  posi- 
tion he  soon  resigned.  In  1830 
appeared  the  first  volume  of  his  im- 
portant work,  "Principles  of  Geology," 
which  was  completed  in  1834,  and 
was  received  with  great  favor.  He 
visited  the  United  States  in  1841, 
lecturing  on  his  favorite  science  in  Boston.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  published  his  travels  and  scientific  observations  in  this 
country,  and  wrote  other  treatises  on 
the  geology  of  America.  A  second  visit 
to  the  United  States,  in  1845,  resulted  in 
two  additional  volumes.  He  also  trav- 
eled extensively  in  Europe,  gave  the 
world  the  benefit  of  this  expedition  and 
its  results,  and  received  the  honor  of 
knighthood,  with  other  testimonials  of 
scientific  appreciation.  In  1863  he  pub- 
lished "  The  Geological  Evidences  of  the 
Antiquity  of  Man."     He  died  in  1875. 


and  formed  the  scale  for  measuring  heat  and  cold  so  commonly  used 
in  thermometers  of  the  present  day.  He  wrote  a  "Dissertation  on 
Thermometers,"  and  other  scientific  papers,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  in  1736,  was  engaged  in  constructing  a  machine  for  draining 
the  Dutch  marshes. 


RALPH  WALDO  EMERSON. 

'^'HE    p(jet.    e^?uyist    and  bi)ecu]ative 

philosopher,  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson, 

was  born  at  Boston  in  1803,  edu- 
cated at  Harvard  college  from  1817-21, 
and  ordained  a  Unitarian  minister  in 
1829.  He  resigned  in  1832  and  visited 
Europe,  returning  in  the  autumn  of  1833, 
when  he  commenced  his  career  as  a 
lecturer  on  a  great  variety  of  literary 
and  philosophical  subjects.  He  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  essays  in  1841, 
and  contributed  to  the  Dial,  the  organ 
of  the  Transcendentalists,  in  1841,  and 
became   its    editor    from   1842  to  1844. 

He  published  a  second  series  of  essays  in  1844,  and  in  1840  a  collec- 
tion of  his  poems,  lie  visited  England  and  lectured  there  in  1847,  and 
in  1850  gave  the  world  his  volume  on  '*  Representative  Men."  After 
that  he  published  several  other  works.  Emerson's  philosophy  was 
transcendental,  "  having  reference  to  those  beliefs  or  principles  which 
are  not  derived  from  experience,  and  yet  are  considered  absolutely 
necessary  to  make  experience  useful  or  possible. "(  Webster. )  For  ex- 
ample, two  of  its  cardinal  articles  of  faith  declare  (1)  "the  eternal 
and  universal  primacy  of  mind,  and  (2)  the  connection  of  the  individ- 
ual intellect  with  1  he  primal  mind,  and  its  ability  to  draw  thence 
wisdom,  will,  virtue,  prudence,  lieroism,  and  all  active  and  passive 
qualitieB.  "  (Bennett.)  Died  at  Concord.  Mass. ,  April  27,  1882. 


WENDELL  PHILLIPS. 

N  eminent  American  orator  and  philanthropist,  Wendell  Phillips, 
was  born  at  Boston,  in  1811.  He  was  educated  at  Harvard  college, 
graduating  in  1831.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1834,  but 
abandoned  his  profession  at  the  end  of  two  years  to  unite  himself  with 
the  fortunes  of  the  abolitionists,  in  opposition  to  slavery  in  America. 
His  first  distinguished  outburst  of  oratory  was  made  at  Faneuil 
Hall,  Boston,  in  1837,  at  a  meeting  called  to  express  the  popular 
indignation  at  the  assassination  of  Rev.  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy,  at  Alton, 
III. ,  by  a  mob  in  the  interest  of  Southern 
slave-holders.  Phillips  was  then  only 
twenty-six  years  old,  but  his  eloquence 
and  enthusiasm  on  that  occasion  laid 
the  foundation  for  his  after-fame  as  a 
finished  orator.  For  years  he  combated 
the  evils  of  slavery  with  his  voice  and 
money,  until  the  emancipation  procla- 
mation crowned  the  struggles  of  the  abo- 
litionists and  rendered  them  longer  un- 
necessary. After  that  Mr.  Phillips 
advocated  the  rights  of  workingmen  and 
women  and  of  the  Indians.  His 
humanitarian  views  command  esteem, 
and  his  eloquence  was  always  opposed 
to  social  oppression.    Died  Feb.  2, 1884. 


Ralph  Waldo  Emerson, 

Poet.  Essayist  and  Speculative  Philosopher. 


T 


GABRIEL  DANIEL  FAHRENHEIT. 

HE  scientific;  jiliilosoplur.  I'';il.rciilHit.  was  born  at  Dant/.if , 
PrusMia,  in  1686.  He  improved  the  thermometer  by  adopting 
mercury  inntend  of  spirit?  of  wine  for  testing  the  tcnipcratnrr. 


JOHANN  RUDOLF  GLAUBER. 

PROMINENT     chemist,    of    Ger- 
many,   Johann     Rudolf     Glauber, 
was  born  in  the  sixteenth  century 
and  settled  at   Amsterdam.      He  was  a 
large  experimenter,  and  in  his  endeav- 
ors to  discover  the   fabulous  "  philos- 
opher's stone,"  he  invented  several  new 
chemicals,  one  of  which  was  the  com- 
mon alkali  known  as  "  Glauber's  salts.  " 
He   wrote   thirty-two    treatises,    some  of  which  possess  a    certain 
value.     The  date  of  his  death  is  uncertaiu,  but  is  placed  subsequent 
to  1668. 


DR.   RUSSELL  THACHER  TRALL. 

N  American  physiriau  and  ih-vi-loprr  of  IViessnitz's  system  of 
water-cure  for  diseases,  Russell  T.  Trail,  was  born  at  Vernon, 
Ctmn. ,  in  1812,  his  parents  subsequently  removing  to  Western 
New  York.  He  adopted  the  medical  profession,  studied  its  standards 
and  practiced  according  to  its  teachings,  until  his  removal  to  New  York 
city,  in  1840.  In  1843  he  opened  a  water-cure  hospital,  and  in  1853  a 
medical  school  for  pupils  of  both  sexes,  which  was  afterwards 
removed  to  Florence,  N.  J.  Dr.  Trail  wrote  numerous  books 
relating  to  the  hydropathic  treatment  of  diseases,  temperance, 
medicine,  regimen,  bad  habits  and  their  cure,  diseases,  and  physi- 
oloiry.      He  died  at  Florence,  N.  J.,  in  1877. 


.Q>. — 


OHAKLES    FOUKIEK. 


THK    POLITICAL    KCUNOMIST,    J.    STUAKT    MILL. 


Hugh  Miller,  Mesmer,  J.  Stuart  Mill  and  Fourier. 


till'  British  geologist,  was* 
born  at  Cromarty,  Scotland,  in  lSi)2,  and 
principally  received  iiis  earliest  education 
from  lii^  mother's 


brothers,  Alexan- 
der and  James. 
Later  he  attended 
local  irichools,  read 
classics  by 
stealth,  and  was 
gifted  with  a  re- 
markable memory  and  a  facnlty  of  telling 
stories  which  be  used  to  extemporize  with 
great  success.  At  an  early  age  he  man- 
ifested a  fondness  for  geological  re- 
searches. Refusing  to  go  to  college  and 
prepare  for  the  gospel  ministry,  he  was 
taught,  instead,  the  trade  of  a  stone- 
mason, pursuing  at  his  leisure  the  study 
of  books,  reading  the  best  literature  of 
the  day  in  many  departments,  and  writing 
verses,  rhapsodies  and  rellections.  All 
this  time  he  was  also  continuing  his 
geological  researches,  and  at  this  period 
of  his  life  he  made  histoid  red  sand- 
stone" discoveries,  which  procured  hint 
considerable  distinction  among  the  scieii- 
titic  men  of  the  day.  His  attainments 
madf  him  a  local  celebrity  at  Cromarty, 
councilor 


&©^« 


'>a*fe^^:,- 


expressed  his  belief  that  the  heavenly  bodies  diffuse  through  the 
universe  a  subtile  fluid,  which  acts  on  the  nervous  syntem  of  ani- 
mated beings.     Since  his  death,  in  1815,  the  science  of  mesmerism 

has    been    revived    and    developed  with 

wonderful  restilts. 


frOOnfc 


^OOO^ 


Charles  Fourier, 

Celebrated  Advocate  uf  tlie  Co-operative  System 
of  Livintf. 


and  he  was  elected  town 
In  1829  he  published  a  volume  of  poems,  wrote  a  series 
of  papers  on  the  herring  fishery,  made  some  important  discoveries  in 


ti^h  fossils,  and  became  accountant  in 
the  next  two  years  he  married 
and  published  his  ''Scenes  and  Legends 
of  the  North  of  Scotland,"  and  be- 
came a  frequent  contributor  to  period- 
icals. In  1840  he  removed  to  Edinburgh, 
and  became  the  editor  of  The  Wifness,  the 
organ  of  the  Free  church  of  Scotland. 
He  succeeded  as  a  journalist,  his  articles 
exerting  a  powerful  inrtuence  on  public 
opinion  by  their  thoughtfulness  and  lit- 
erary excellence.  In  the  Witness  he  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  discovery  of  the 
''old  red  sandstone,"  and  fossils,  and  by 
this  publication  attained  distinction  from 
The  British  association,  and  became  the 
admiration  of  scientists.  Others  of  his 
distinguished  scientific  and  literary  works 
followed  from  time  to  time.  In  his  lite- 
rary and  geological  labors  he  labored  so 
incessantly  as  to  destroy  his  health.  The 
strain  upon  his  brain  was  too  intense,  and 
in  1856  he  committed  suicide,  while  in  a 
paroxysm  of  insanity. 


lociil    bank.      Within 


John  Stuart  Mill. 

.\uthor  of  Various  Works  on  Political  Economy, 


FRIEDRICH  ANTON  MESMER. 
/"HE  founder  of  the  science  of  animal  magnetism,  Friedrich  A. 
Mesmer,  to  which  he  gave  his  name — Mesmerism — was  born  at 
Meersburg,  in  Swabia,  Germany,  1734.      In  1766  he  announced 
his    theories    in   a   paper   on  "Planetary  Intiuence."    in    which   he 


JOHN  STUART  MILL. 

y^OHN  STUART  MILL,  the  English  j/iii- 
losopher  and  political  economist,  son 
Y  of  the  eminent  James  Mill,  the  histo- 
rian and  essayist,  was  born  in  London  in 
1806.  He  was  educated  at  home,  and 
became  a  clerk  in  the  oftloc  of  the  East 
India  company,  1823.  He  contributed,  in 
his  youth,  to  the  Edinburgk  awii-M'est- 
ininster  lievieivs^  and  published  his  "Sys- 
tem of  Logic,"  1843;  "Essays  on  Some 
Unsettled  Questions  in  Political  Econ- 
omy," 1844;  "Principles  of  Political 
Economy,"  1848.  During  the  American 
rebellion,  1801-65,  he  espoused  in  his 
writings  the  cause  of  the  Unionists. 
Other  works  from  his  pen  include  "An 
Essay  on  Liberty,"  "Thoughts  on  Parlia- 
mentary Reform,"  "  Considerations  on 
Representative  Government."  and  "The 
Subjection  of  Woman,"  18G9.  Ilis  writ- 
ings evince  originality  of  thought,  and 
when  in  jmrliament,  in  1865-''67,  he  became  an  able  debater  in  the 
cause  of  reform,  the  extension  of  the  elective  franchise,  and  the  claims 
of  women  to  representuti(m.  In  philosophy  he  inclined  to  positivism. 
He  died  at  Avignon,  France,  in  1873. 

FRANCOIS  MARIE  CHARLES  FOURIER. 

Yy^  HE  founder  of  a  once  popular,  but 
now  nearly  extinct,  social  system, 
F.  M.  Charles  Fourier,  was  born  at 
Besancon,  France,  in  1772.  He  was  at 
tirst  a  clerk,  and  then  for  two  campaigns 
an  involuntary  soldier  in  the  French  rev- 
olution. Leaving  the  army,  he  engaged 
in  more  peaceful  pursuits,  and  passed 
several  years  in  traveling  for  commercial 
houses  of  Lyons  and  Marseilles.  Sub- 
sequently, in  1803-'41,  he  published 
several  books  of  a  socialistic  character, 
which  were  not  acceptable  to  the  general 
public  or  the  reviewers;  but,  after  all, 
left  their  impress  on  society.  His  theo- 
ries tended  to  the  formation  of  "pha- 
lanxes," or  gatherings  of  families  (having 
a  common  interest)  into  communities,  so 
that  while  the  family  relation  should 
be  rigidly  maintained  in  separate  apart- 
ments, the  labor  and  expense  for  sup- 
porting them  should  be  united,  and  the 
easy  and  economical  production  of  the  means  of  existence,  with  the 
comfort  and  education  of  the  individual,  be  secured.  Between  1841 
and  IS.'iO  this  system  became  popular  in  America,  and  numerous 
"  phalanxes'"  were  formed  in  various  sections,  but  they  were  short- 
lived, and  probably  not  one  of  them  now  survives 


F  .Qi, — 


1(1 


-^: 


T 


146 


THE    EECOKD    OF    A    LUNG    LIFE    DEVOTED    TO    PHILOSOPHICAL    BESjEAKUH. 


? 


Extensive  Traveler  in  the  Interest  of  Philosophy  and  Science 


GERMAN  naturalist,  Humboldt, 
was  born  at  Berlin,  Prussia,  in 
1769,  and  educated  in  tbe  natural 
sciences  at  homo.  He  studied,  in 
1787,  at  tbe  university  of  Frank- 
fort-on-tbe-Odcr,  and  on  his  re- 
t  irn  applied  himself  to  the 
1  chnology  of  manufactures,  the 
(  rtek  languages,  and  flowerless 
1  ints  and  grasses.  A  year  was 
pent  at  the  university  of  Gottin- 
„Ln,  in  the  study  of  philology 
and  natural  history.  He  made  a 
journey,  in  1790,  through  the  low 
countrifs,  England  and  France,  but 
returned  to  Germany  and  studied 
book-keeping  and  familiarized  him- 
self with  commercial  transactions. 
In  1791  he  studied  the  arts  of  min- 
ing, and  while  engaged  in  mining 
practice  gathered  information  (which 
he  published)  concerning  subterra- 
nean flowers  and  the  effects  upon 
plants  of  darkness  and  unwholesome 
gases.  Obtaining  a  superior  posi- 
tion as  a  mining  officer,  he  explored 
several  mining  districts  in  Bavaria, 
Prussia,  etc.  Subsequently  ht-  ex- 
perimented on  the  nature  of  fire- 
damp in  mines,  and  made  a  scientific 
journey  through  Tyrol,  Lombardy, 
and  Switzerland;  published  a  work 
on  galvanism,  became  familiar  with 
practical  astronomy,  and  in  1797 
began  his  great  scientific  expedi- 
tion, and  proceeded  to  Italy,  where 
he  encountered  hindrances  to  his 
purpose  of  seeing  the  Italian  volca- 
noes. Hia  subsequent  journey  to 
Egypt  was  also  frustrated,  but  while 
in  Paris  he  became  familiar  with 
Bonpland,  the  botanist,  the  com- 
panion of  his  subsequent  travels. 
Several  other  proposed  journeys 
were  thwarted,  but  the  winter  of 
1798  and  179!)  was  passed  in  making  botanical,  astronomical  and 
magnetic  observations  in  Spain.  At  Madrid  he  obtained  royal  per- 
mission to  explore  the  Spanish  possessions  in  Europe,  America,  and 
the  East  Indies,  with  fn^edom  to  use  any  or  all  scientific  instruments 
necessary  to  aid  him  in  his  investigations.  He  left  Spain  with 
Bonpland,  after  having  made  further  ohservaiions  in  portions  of  that 


Humboldt, 


kingdom,  in  June,  1799,  proceeding  to  Teneriffe,  Venezuela,  S.  A., 
thence  southward  to  the  Orinoco  river,  and  to  Havana,  and  then 
returned  to  South  America,  up  the  Magdalena  river,  and  for  months 
explored  the  Cordilleras,  Quito,  Chimborazo,  the  Andes,  the  Upper 
Amazon,  the  Peruvian  Andes,  Lower  Peru,  and  Mexico,  returning 
to  France  by  way  of  the  United  States,  after  an  absence  of  five  years 
of  active  exploration  in  America.  The  results  of  this  expedition 
were  extremely  gratifying  and  valuable.  Some  time  was  spent  in 
Paris  in  arranging  his  collections  and  manuscripts,  and  experiment- 
ing on  the  chemistry  of  the  atmosphere.  He  returned  to  Berlin 
after  an  absence  of  nine  years,  but  resorted  again  to  Paris,  where  he 
resided,  with  brief  periods  of  absence,  about  nineteen  years,  super- 
intending the  publication  of  his  writings.  A  second  scientific 
expedition  was  projected  through  Upper  India,  but  was  prevented  by 
war  between  Russia  and  France. 
In  1814  he  visited  England,  and 
subsequently  Rome  and  Naples. 
Resuming  his  residence  in  Berlin, 
he  lectured  in  public  on  the  cosmos 
in  the  winter  of  1827-'8,  and  in 
1829  he  began  his  great  scientific 
expedition  to  Northern  Asia,  the 
Caspian  sea,  Russia,  etc.,  under 
the  liberal  patronage  of  Count 
Cancrin.  This  journey  of  over 
10,000  miles  was  made  in  nine 
months,  and  was  rich  in  its  results, 
one  of  which  was  the  establish- 
ment of  a  series  of  magnetic  and 
meteorological  stations  from  St. 
Petersburg,  Russia,  to  Pekin,  in 
China,  and  subsequently  the  Eng- 
lish followed  this  example  in  the 
southern  hemisphere.  From  that 
time  to  his  death,  in  1859,  enjoy- 
ing the  favor  of  his  government 
and  occupying  some  political  posi- 
tions, he  resided  first  in  France 
and  finally  in  Prussia,  pursuinu 
hi-;  scientific  labors  with  una- 
iKiied  zeal  in  his  old  age.  He 
published  many  important  scientifir 
books,  of  whicti  the  "Cosmos," 
written  toward  the  close  of  his 
life,  is  perhaps  the  most  important 
and  enduring.  It  is  ''a  systematic  view  of  the  results  of  his  inves- 
tigaticm  and  thought  in  the  whole  domain  of  natural  science."  Hav- 
ing the  advantage  of  extensive  travel,  assisted  by  government  aid, 
Humboldt  had  the  best  of  opportunities  for  the  acquisition  of  scieii 
tiflc  information.  Living  a  long  life  devoted  to  philosophical  exposi- 
tion the  world  was  greatly  benefited  by  jiis  having  lived  in  it. 


— C)- 


HENRY    ];lilii;il,    WEI,L-KNi)\V.\    I'lIILANI  IIHOI'IST. 


147 


1 


w 


The  Horse  Abused. 


',  -.%/■    ".  -;Vi'-    T    -;.* 


«Ic 


•^ 


m^^L^ 


The  Horse  Kindly  Treated. 


Pioneer  in  the  Work  of  Preventing  Cruelty  to  Animals. 


NLY  a  few  years  ago  it  was  that  cruelty  prac- 
ticed upon  the  inferior  animals  was  much  more 
common  than  now.  As  a  consequence,  their 
lives 


was  much  more 
among  them,  and  their  use- 
fulness to  man  was  greatly 
lessened.  For  the  change  of 
sentiment  existing,  the  pub- 
lic is  largely  indebted  to  the 
individual  whose  name  heads 
this  chapter.  Henry  Bergh 
was  born  In  New  York,  in 
1820.  His  father  was  a  large 
ship-builder  in  the  early 
days  of  this  country's  history, 
and  toward  the  close  of  his 
career  Mr.  Bergh  was  asso- 
ciated with  him  in  business. 
With  ample  means  at  com- 
mand, with  a  cultured  mind 
and  the  leisure  to  gratify  a 
taste  for  travel  and  observa- 
tion, Mr.  Bergh  for  a  quarter 
of  a  century  traveled  exten- 
sively in  both  hemispheres, 
in  a  portion  of  which  time 
he  rendered  valuable  assist- 
ance to  the  general  govern- 
ment as  secretary  of  legation 
to  Russia,  appointed  by  Pres- 
ident Lincoln  in  1861 ;  and  he 
afterwards  served  as  consul 
at  St.  Petersburg  until  18C4, 
when  he  resigned  his  posi- 
tion in  consequence  of  fail- 
ing health.  Soon  after  his 
return  to  America,  in  1865, 
he  instituted  measures  for 
the  establishment  of  a  society 

for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals,  and  the  effort  he  put  forth 
then  has  been  multiplied  many-fold  by  the  general  dissemination  of 
humane  literature,  and  the  passage  of  laws  in  many  of  the  States 
calculated  to  protect  the  lower  animals  from  abuse.     In  1881  Mr. 


HENRY  BERCH, 

Advocate  of  Measures  Protecting  the  Rights  of  Lower  Animals. 


Bergh  threw  a  fire-brand  into  a  public  meeting  held  at  Cooper  Insti- 
tute, New  York,  which  was  called  to  consider  the  rights  of  criminals 
in  the  State  prisons  of  tin;  country.     Mr.  Bergh  being  seen  in  the 

audience,  was  called  to  the 
platform.  Being  urged  to 
speak,  he  reluctantly  con- 
sented, remarking  that  he 
was  not  fully  in  accord  with 
the  object-  of  the  meeting. 
Inasmuch  as  he  believed  that 
many  brutal  criminals  did 
"not  get  their  deserts  in 
prison.  In  many  cases  he 
would  have  the  punishment 
entirely  different  and  more 
effectual;  particularly  would 
he  have  this  the  case  with 
those  brutes  of  men  who 
maltreated  children  and  beat 
their  wives.  For  these  men 
he  suggested  that  the  only 
just  punishment  was  the 
public  whipping-post,  and 
that  the  chastisement  should 
be  administered  by  a  machine 
that  knows  no  partiality.  In 
support  of  hia  position  he 
argued  that  to  fine  and 
imprison  the  wife-beater 
was  simply  to  take  bread 
from  the  wife  and  children  of 
the  criminal,  who  were 
already  suffering  from  unkind 
treatment.  Justice,  he  said, 
could  only  be  done  in  such 
cases  by  personal  chastise- 
ment of  the  offender,  after 
which  he  should  be  allowed 
to  work  that  his  family 
might  have  the  means  of 
subsistence.  This  idea  was 
new  and  yet  logical.  It  met 
with  public  favor  at  once, 
and  did  much  toward  edu- 
cating public  sentiment  in  regard  to  meting  out  punishment  to 
those  who  not  only  abuse  the  lower  animals,  but  likewise  ill-treat 
those  who  may  be  in  their  power,  as  women  and  children.  Various, 
forms  of  abuse  are  shown  on  the  following  pages. 


W- 


;^ 


h. 


i 


■:(? — 

148 


ILL-TREATMENT   OF    LOWER    AKIMALS. 


'^^ 


FOUMS  OF  ABUSE, 


S— Sl^±t=£-li 


J5^-8 


AS  ILLUSTRATED  IN  EVERY-DAY  LIFE 


By  the  Disposition  of  the  Superior  and  the  Stronger  to  Tyrannize 
Over  the  Weal(er. 


m^^ 


|NE  of  the  first  instincts  of  nature  among  all  mankind 
is  to  ornament.  The  savage  will  ignore  all  comfort — 
will  sleep  on  the  cold,  wet  earth — will  endure  the  pangs 
of  hunger — will  undergo   every  privation,  but   in   the 

midst  of  it  all  he  will  indulge  himself  in 

paints,  beads,  feathers  and  various  modes 

of  ornamentation. 
Years  pass  and  opportunities  come  for 

mure  real  comfort  to  be  attained,  but  the 

untutored  man  will  be  very  slow  to  avail 

himself  of  the  mej'ns  which  bring  physical 

enjoyment.     He  will  yet  neglect  to  cook 

his  food,  he  will  be  unsheltered  and  un- 
clad, but  through  it  all  the  disposition  to 

ornament  remains  strong  and  conspicuous. 
This   love  of  display  runs  through   all 

grades   of  mind  and  all  phases  of  civil- 
ization, to  the  exclusion  of  comfort.     In 

fact,  it  is  show  first  and  comfort  last.     The 

belle  will  compress  her  waist  until  ruin  of 

health  and  death  result,  for  the  sake  of 

winning    admiration.       She   will    endure 

untold  torture   from  tight  shoes  and  un- 
comfortable dress  for  the  love  of  display, 

and  seek  ease  only  at  the  end. 

In  all  ages  the  fondness  for  show  and 

neglect  of  comfort  has  been  a  characteristic 

of  the  human  mind.    The  ancients  were 

noted  for  their  works  of  art,  their  superior 

frescoes,  their  grand  architecture,  but  they 

had  few  conveniences.        Little  attention 

was  given  to  wholesome  cookery,  little  to 

ventilation,   little  to  comfortable  dress — 

all  was  for  appearance. 

Comfort  is  a  modern  institution.    It  has 

come   with  a  later  civilization.     All  the  multiplied  inventions  of 

travel,  correspondence,  and  methods  of  saving  labor,  are  the  result 

of  a  later  intellectual  development  which   has  discovered  that  life 

is  made  happier  by  increase  of  comfort. 


Man's  Willing  Servant. 

■vK^K'T^  SEE  in  this  illustration  a  fair  representation 
^^Jj^  of  one  of  the  various  breeds  of  hoi-ses  now  in 
use  by  civilized  man.  This  picture  is  from  real  life, 
being  a  truthful  portraiture  of  an  intelligent  hoi-se— a 
beautiful  dapple — as  he  stands  ready  to  do  his  master's 
bidding. 

It  seems  hai-dly  possible  that  man  should  be  so  ignor- 
ant as  to  attempt  to  improve  this  animal's  appearance 
by  docking  his  tail,  shearing  away  his  hair,  shutting 
out  his  sight  by  a  blinder,  and  taking  the  arch  out  of 
his  neck  by  a  cheek-rein;  but  the  folly  of  men  is  such 
aa  to  cause  them,  because  of  fashion,  to  do  all  this. 

To  the  lifsnguring  of  the  horse  is  added  also  a  will- 
ingness to  over-drive,  under-feed,  whip,  over-load  and 
otherwise  ill-treat  the  animal  according  as  impulse  or 
passion  may  dictate,  partly  the  result,  often,  of  mali- 
ciousness on  the  part  of  the  owner,  and  largely  owing 
to  man's  carelessness  and  Ignorance. 


As  with  man  himself  in  the  past,  so  has  it  been  with  him  in  the 
treatment  of  the  animals  in  his  charge.     His  dog,  if  of  a  certain 
breed,  must  have   his  tail  cut  off  and  his  ears  clipped  for  style. 
And  his  horse,  formerly  dressed  in  elaborate  trappings,  with  its  tail 
cut  short  and   turned   upward,   must  yet 
3  '^•r^vffyS^       have  its  hair  clipped  and  its  head  held  in 
a    certain    position,    and  all    for    show. 
Whether  this  affords  the  horse  comfort  or 
produces  torture  is  a  matter  of  no'  conse- 
quence to  the  owner. 

A  few  humanitarians  throughout  the 
world  have  been  thinking  upon  the  sub- 
ject, and  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that 
animals  have  some  rights  which  should 
be  regarded  by  their  superiors.  That 
among  these  is  the  right  to  all  the  enjoy- 
ment which  may  reasonably  be  had.  That 
needless  torture  is  a  wrong  which  re- 
acts upon  the  person  who  inflicts  it.  That 
all  animals  have  their  use  in  the  economy 
of  nature.  That  many  of  them  have  much 
more  intelligence  than  they  have  been 
given  credit  for,  and  that  all  the  domestic 
animals  are  entitled  to  kind  treatment. 

Gradually  this  sentiment  has  been 
spreading,  until  to-day,  throughout  the 
world,  there  are  hundreds  of  humane 
societies  whose  expressed  purpose  is  to 
suppress  the  cruelty  which  heretofore  has 
been,  and  at  present  is,  inflicted  upon  the 
helpless.  As  an  aid  in  the  furthering  of 
that  work  the  following  original  illustra- 
tions have  been  prepared,  with  the  view 
of  presenting  the  common  cruelties  prac- 
ticed upon  various  animals,  particularly 
the  horse,  one  of  the  most  intelligent,  beautiful,  serviceable  and 
greatly  abused  of  all. 

The  chapter  closes  with  directions  for  the  humane  and  efflcicnt 
treatment  of  domestic  animals. 


THE    t:HECK-KEIN    FROM    AN    ^STIIKTIC    I'OINT   OF    VIEW. 


HOW  THE  UNWISE  USE  OF  THE  CHECK-REIN  DESTROYS  THE  BEAUTY  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Illustrations  Showing-  that  Holding-  the  Horse's  Head  in  Position  by  the  Over-Check  Does  Not  Improve  Mxb  Ap- 
pearance; on  the  Contrary  it  Very  Seriously  Mars  its  Beauty  Besides  Inflicting:  Torture. 


tS  WILL  be  seen  below,  the  horse,  which  is  one  of  the  most 
beiiutifiil  animals  in  existence,  is  larj^ely  so  because-  of  his 
tine  proportions  and  gracefully  curving  outline. 
^>^^  In  all  her  objects  of  beauty  nature  furnishee  tbc  curve. 
She  never  allows  a  straight  line.  We  see  this  in  the  outer  form  of  the 
bird,  leaf,  blossom, 
tree,  forest,  moun- 
tain and  planet. 
This  is  strikingly 
shown  in  the  human 
countenance,  which 
when  wasted  by  dis- 
ease loses  its  beauty 
through  becoming 
thin,  angular  and 
full     ,of      straight 

lines.    With  return- 

L.     1*1.  *.      r  The  Horse  in  Natural  Beauty, 

ing  health  the  face  ■' 

becomes  more   full,  more  curve  and  color  come  into  its  lines,  and 

beauty  is  restored. 

Horsemen,  in  the  dressing  of  the  horse,  should   understand  this 

law.     As  a  well-cared-for,  well-groomed  horse  cannot  be  improved 

in  appearance  by  harness,  there  should  be  just  as  little  of  it  used  as 

possible,  and  every  strap  should  be   made  as   small   as   safety  will 

allow.     In  short,  the  harness  should  be  such  as  will  allow  the  perfect 

outline  of  the  animal,  in  all  its  parts,  to  stand  freely  forth. 


^ITN  THIS  illustration  we  see  the  law  of  curved  line  violated.  Not 
|pj  only  is  the  strap  running  over  the  head  made  unduly  conspicnuus, 
^Jj|  but  a  straight  line  running  thus  over  an  arching  neck  is  as 
-^  much  out  of  place  as  a  straight  pole  would  be  by  the  side  of  a 
bed  of  roses.      Again,  this  straight  strap  is  not  only  a  disftgurement 

of  itself,  but  it  ia 
still  further  injuri- 
ous to  fine  appear- 
ance inconsequence 
of  taking  the  curve 
from  the  horse's 
neck  and  convert- 
ingit  into  a  straight 
line,  besides  de- 
ranging, tangling, 
wearing  oflE  and 
breaking  to  pieces 
the  mane,  which 
in  many  horses  is  a  leading  and  prominent  feature  of  beauty. 

It  will  also  be  seen  that  the  grandeur  of  the  animal's  bearing  and 
noble  poise  of  head  are  all  destroyed  by  this  peculiar  method  of 
checking,  which  turns  the  eyes  upward,  the  nose  outward,  and  makes 
the  neck  appear  considerably  smaller  than  it  really  is. 

It  is  impossible  to  resort  to  a  device  that  will  more  eflfectually 
destroy  the  handsome  appearance  of  fine  horses  than  does  this  foolish 
appliance  for  raising  the  horse's  head  by  means  of  the  over-check. 


The  Horse  with  Over-check. 


The  Folly  of  the  Over-Check  as  Shown  on  Man  and  Horse. 


'HE  over-check  ruins  the  horse's  appearance,  and  it  does 
(*  more:  it  inflicts  a  most  cruel  torture,  which  drivers  can 
'"'^J  rY  best  appreciate  when  fastened  in  this  position  themselves. 
'"^^  Suppose  we  fasten  their  heads  hack  and  give  them  a  trial. 
The  first  ten  minutes  these  men  will  probably  endure  this 
constraint  without 
much  complaint ; 
but  as  hours  go  by 
and  pain  in  the 
neck  becomes  ex- 
cruciating, and  the 
mouth  bloody  from 
efforts  to  get  the 
liead  down,  they 
will  understand  and 
appreciate  what 
causes  the  continual 
restless  tossing  of 
the  head  which  a 
horse  exhibits  when 
he  is  thus  tortured 
by  the  over-check. 


Let  the  Drivers  Try  it  Themselves. 


To  add  to  the  pain  arising  from  this  terrible, 
unnatural  position,  let  these  men,  while  the  sun  is  blinding  their  eyes, 
with  their  burdens  to  draw  or  carry,  unable  to  see  where  they  are  to 
step,  be  whipped  into  a  run  over  the  rough  roads  of  the  town,  and 
we  have  the  brutality  of  the  exhibition  complete. 


\'^m^  SEE  here  the  contrast  between  the  horse  that  is  allowed 

■     \  /  \  7&     to  hold  its  head  in  natural  position  and  that  disfigured 

■-.  /  -^  Li     ^itl  tortured  by  a  strap  extending  over  the  head. 

["cjti:^]         This  over-check  contrivance  was  originated  a  few  3-ears 

ago  by  a   noted   horse-jockey,  whoso  horse,  when    rapidly  driven, 

with  the  driver 
pulling  upon  the 
rein,  made  a  whist- 
ling noise.  To 
obviate  this  annoy- 
ance, he  devised  an 
iron  martingale 
which  held  the  nose 
upward.  To  avoid 
being  laughed  at 
while  his  horse 
wore  this  ridicu- 
lous arrangement, 
he    advocated    the 

idea  that  a  rapidlv 
The  Two  Methods  of  Checking.  ,  .         .  , ", 

"  driven  horse  could 

breathe  more  freely  with  its  head  held  up.     He  made  a  good  many 

horsemen  believe  this  nonsense,  and  actually  created  a  demand  for 

something  that  would  fasten  the  bead  into  this  unnatural  position. 

The  demand  thus  made  was  finally  supplied  by  one  Kimball  Jackson, 

who  introduced  the  silly  contrivance  known  as  the  over-check. 


'^'.(y — ~ 


for 


><|'c>- 


,c 


150 


METHODS    BY    WHICH    HOKSES    AKE    ILL-TREATED. 


Illustration  of  Check-Rein  Cruelty, 


*0  FrLLT  realize  the  barbarities  practiced  upon  some  of  our 
tn-st  horses,  watch  that  beautiful  team  which  stauds  at  the 
rluirch  door,  or  in  front  of  some  store  while  the  occupants 
of  the  carriage  are  engaged  elsewhere. 
Possibly  the  heads  of  the  horses  are  held  in  torturing  position 
by  the  side- check,  which  oftentimes  holds  the  head  painfully  high, 
but  quite  likely 
it  is  the  over- 
check.  See  the 
vigorous  pawing 
of  the  earth,  the 
champing  of  the 
bit,  the  throwing 
of  the  head,  .and 
restless  turning 
of  the  neck  from 
side  to  side  in 
their  endeavor  to 
loosen  the  check, 
and  get  relief. 

See  the  ignor- 
ant        driver 

,  ,  Cruelly  Tortured  by  High-Checking. 

seat,  all  oblivious  to  the  restlessness  and  frantic  efforts  of  his  horses 
to  free  themselves  from  their  terrible  pain.  He  supposes  spectators 
will  think  that  all  their  uneasiness  and  foaming  at  the  mouth  is  an 
indication  that  they  have  high  mettle. 


^  rWHE  team  shown  below  represents  the  nervous,  restless  horses 

i(^j^     seen  in  the  opposite   picture.       Before,  they  were  unable 

to  keep  themselves  quiet  from  the  torture  they  were  under- 

^^•J      going.       At  the  present,  their  checks  are  so  easy  as  to  give 

them  no  discomfort,  and  they  restfully  stand  with  arching  neck,  in 

their  proud  beauty,  re;il  objects  of  worthy  admiration. 

Reader,  we  ask 
you  to  be  a  commit- 
tee of  one  to  inter- 
est everybody  you 
meet  in  the  subject 
of  loosening  the 
check-rein.  Par- 
licularly  do  we  ask 
yon  to  kindly  whis- 
per in  the  ear  of  the 
fair  occupant  of  the 
carriage  who  rides 
behind  these 
horses,  that  it  be- 
comes her,  while 
she  enjoys  the 
shopping,  or  en- 
gages in  her  devotions  at  church,  to  know  that  the  animals  which 
are  patiently  waiting  her  coming  are  not  being  tortured  while  in 
her  service.  Surely  the  natural  sympathy  of  women  would  rectify 
these  abuses  if  their  attention  could  be  drawn  to  the  subject. 


In  Easy,  Graoefol  Position. 


Sight  Obscured  by  the  Blinder  and  Strength  Destroyed  by  the  Check-Rein. 


T  IS  NOT  alone  the  fine  horse  that  has  to  suffer  from  the  high 
check-rein.  Too  frequently  the  work-horse  is  compelled  to 
draw  the  heavy  load  up  the  hill  and  out  from  the  excavation 
^  with  head  fastened  in  such  position  as  to  make  the  effort  to 
draw  doubly  laborious.  This  illustration  represents  the  struggle 
of  the  team  to  pull  the  over-loaded  wagon  up  the  hill,  their  heads 
fastened  by  the 
check-rein.  In 
the  frantic  en- 
deavor to  accom- 
plish this  work, 
one  of  the  horses 
has  broken  its 
check  and 
brought  its  head 
into  natural  posi- 
tion for  draw- 
ing, while  the 
other  suffers  both 
from  the  driver's 
la^h  and  the  in- 
ability to  draw. 
The  kind  mas- 
ter will  always  loosen  the  check  when  his  horse  has  along  hill  to 
climb  or  heavy  load  to  draw,  and  sensible  horsemen  dispense  alto- 
gether with  blinders  and  check-reins  on  their  work-horses.  It 
Is  beginning  to  be  understood  that  all  horses  do  better  when 
blinders  are  not  used. 


The  Check-Reio  on  Work-Horses. 


ELOW  is  represented  a  common  scene  in  front  of  the  village 
groggery  or  the  country  store.  The  countryman  came  with 
his  horse  to  town  in  the  early  morning,  and  has  found  refuge, 
drink  and  amusement  in  the  saloon.  The  horse,  fastened 
rorxl-^i-Ie.    h-i-^    -tnnrl    thr'tiiL'h    |n-!Ting   storms   of    sleet   and 

Lf  till  night;  and  possibly, 

?  while  its  owner 
^J  has  been  slceinng 
^  off  a  drunken  de- 
^  bauch,  has  re- 
mained there  nil 
ht  and  into  the 
I  '  I  (lay,  and  per- 
haps longer.  The 
course  for  the 
humanely  dis- 
posed to  pursue 
with  the  horse 
found  thus  left  by 
Its  master,  ex- 
posed to  inclement 
weather,  is  to 
make  complaint  to 
the  llrst  jjolice  ofllcer  found,  or  to  some  one  in  authority,  who 
should  place  the  animal  In  a  near,  warm  stable,  to  be  cared  for  until 
the  owner  calls  for  his  animal  and  pays  for  its  keeping.  If  the 
authorities  decline  to  act,  the  humanitarian  should  take  the  respon- 
sibility himself. 


All  Day  Suffering  In  the  Storm. 


><1 


f 


Some  of  the  Aia'sKs  winrii  tjik  horsk  ijas  to  rxnKiiou. 


Though  lll-Treated  all  its  Life,  Struggling  Faithfully  to  the  Last. 


A^T'vS  IT  IS  uhvays  imfortiiuatf  for  the  lu:liiU!t*s  to  be  at  tbe  mercy 
/  \  of  tbe  cruel,  no  it  is  a  Bad  misfortune  to  the  horse  to  fa]] 
/  /,\  into  tlie  bunds  of  an  ill-tempered  master. 
"^;j^  The  animal  can  never  tell  us  what  sufferings  it  endures 
from  poundiugs  in  the  stal)le,  from  tbe  lash  as  it  is  being  driven, 
and  from  beatings  it  is  liable  to  receive  upon  any  occasion.  Tlie 
picture      here 


shown  is  a  com- 
mon one.  The 
horse  has  in  some 
manner  given  of- 
fense, and  with  a 
piece  of  board  the 
master  is  pounding 
it  over  the  head. 
Of  course  this 
brute  in  human 
form  should  have 
immediate  arrest, 
as  should  any  man 
who  allows  him- 
self to  inflict  tor- 
ture upon  bis  ^«***^  ^y  *  ^'"^l  "*^*"- 
horses,  or  give  vent  to  his  passions  by  whipping  the  dumb  and  helpless 
animals  in  his  charge  when  he  is  himself  under  the  influence  of 
anger. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  add  that  however  kind  the  disposition  of  this 
horse  may  have  been  in  the  beginning,  it  is  soon  spoiled  by  this  cruel 
treatment. 


^■gljOSSIBLY  the  horse  that  so  faitlifuUy  serves  the  family  for  long 
if IW^  yearsi  as  ins  vigor  and  sprightlineBs  depart,  is  sold  Uj  a  tcam- 
gl|m  stcr,  who  often  compels  it  to  draw  such  heavy  loads  as  to 
~^  cause  lameness  and  general  worthlessuess.  Having  become 
feeble  with  age  and  hard  labor,  the  horse,  by  a  kindly  disposed 
master,  should  then  be  shot   and  its  trials  ended.      But  this  is  not 

usually  done.  In- 
stead, the  animal 
is  again  sold  to  the 
junk  or  fruit  ped- 
dler, who,  in  many 
of  the  cities 
tbroughont  the 
country,  may  be 
seen  with  his 
blind,  old  horse  in 
sucb  lame  and  de- 
crepit condition  as 
to  be  barely  able, 
under  the  influ- 
ence of  vigorous 
whipping,  to  draw- 
its  load  about  tbe 
town.  In  many  cases  the  old  horse  owes  its  extreme  feebleness 
to  lack  of  necessary  food  as  well  as  general  abuse.  If,  upon 
complaint,  the  owner  refuses  to  take  the  creature  from  service,  the 
officers  of  the  law  should  immediately  terminate  the  life  of  the 
animal,  and  arrest  its  owner  for  compelling  it  thus  to  continue  such 
a  miserable  existence. 


The  Last  Days  of  the  Old  Family  Horse. 


The  Willing  Horse  Driven  to  Its  Ruin  by  the  Reckless  Driver. 


f'E  HAVE  here  a  scene  by  far  too  common.  It  tells  its  own 
story.  The  liveryman  has  horses  to  let.  Two  roughs 
appear  at  the  stable,  apply  for  a  horse,  and  get  it.  The 
^t/a-^  owner  should  have  known  from  their  appearance  that 
they  would  ruin  his  horse,  if  allowed  to  drive  it;  but  his  desire  for 
money  causes  bim  to  yield  the  animal   into  their  hands. 

We  see  tbe 
bright,  high-lifed 
animal  as  it  starts 
from  the  bain 
from  the  very  first 
cruelly  over 
checked  by  itb  ig 
norant  owner 
This  fine  horse 
with  no  loosening 
of  the  check,  is 
driven  up  the  bill 
and  down  the  hill 
is  over-heated,  bis 
no  water  to  drink, 
or  too  much,  as 
the  case  may  be,  is 
compelled  to  stand,  with  foaming  perspiration,  in  tbe  wind,  while 
the  drivers  carouse  in  some  drinking  place,  and  thus  with  tbe 
general  ill  treatment  it  has  to  endure  throughout  the  day,  the  animal 
more  intelligent  in  many  respects  than  those  who  abuse  it,  has  its 
strength  and  health  forever  destroyed. 


In  the  Hands  of  Fast  Young  Men 


.f^^.()  ONE  will  require  to  have  this  picture  described.  The 
.  /  drunken  men  who  have  driven  this  faithful  beast  so  nearly 
''  (\lL  ^^  death  that  it  can  scarcely  stand,  deserve  severe  punish- 
^^%  ment;  and  as  the  owner  in  his  anger  shakes  his  fist  at  tbe 
rowdies  when  giving  his  horse  the  first  comfort  of  the  day,  as  he  lets 
its  ht  id  down   wt   iil  inclined  to  think   h\  his  high  checking  and 

•T — 1  (i  jjiidi* "  :v  '''"°g  °"'  ">« 
^^  — =— ^  horse  to  these  irre- 
\      '^   11  sponsible   fellows, 

A„^       >       —  •«    blame  to  bear    as 

well  as  the  drivers 
who  have  ruined 
bis  horse.  In 
either  case,  the 
li\'ery-horse, 
through  the  mis- 
takes of  its  owner 
and  the  ill-usage  of 
all  kinds  of  drivers, 
is  liable  to  be  very 
greatly  abused. 
Many     people 

think,  when  a  horse  is  being  over-driven  by  strangers,  that  it  is  alone 
the  business  of  the  owner  to  care  for  bis  property;  but  public  good 
requires  that  any  one  seeing  a  horse  ill-treated  should  admonish 
tbe  driver,  and  if  be  persists  in  this  misconduct  he  sbould  be  turned 
over  to  the  ofHcers  of  the  law. 


Ruined  by  Fast  Driving. 


— ^-^,.0. 


'0t: 


T 


Vr2 


TOKTUKES    TO    AVHIOH    CATTLE    ARE    SUBJECTED. 


Cruelties  Inflicted  While  Conveying  Calves  and  Cattle  to  Market. 


%EXT  to  horses  and  older  cattle,  calves  are  subjected  to  the 
greatest  amount  of  abuse  at  the  hands  of  cruel  men,  the 
(ft  trials  of  these  creatures  often  beginning  when  they  are  but 
a  few  weeks  old,  as  shown  in  this  illustration  representing 
the  butcher,  who  has  been  a  dozen  miles  into  the  country  to  find  his 
load  of  these  young  animals  with  which  to  supply  veal  for  his 
market. 

The  scene  in 
this  picture  is  a 
true  one.  With 
feet  closely  tied, 
the  poor  beasts 
are  packed  pro- 
miscuously to- 
gether, their 
heads  dangling 
over  the  sides  of 
the  wagon,  often 
torn  and  bloody 
by  the  wheels 
wearing  into 
their  flesh,  and 
with  eyes  looking 
pleadingly  upon  the  passer-by,  they  are  carried  to  the  slaughter. 
Like  all  brutal  customs,  the  sight  of  this  begets  a  hardened  feeling 
upon  the  mind  of  the  spectator.  Humanity,  as  well  as  regard  for 
health,  requires  that  all  animals  designed  for  food  be  kept  in  com- 
fortable condition  while  being  taken  to  market. 


Tortured  While  Being  Transported. 


^'^  THE  horned  animal  is  allowed  to  grow  to  maturity,  its  suflfer- 
|ffl  ings  will  very  likely  commence  when  transported  to  market. 
1|  The  following  is  a  common  sight.  Too  many  cattle  are  placed 
^  in  the  car.  The  weaker,  when  conveyed  long  distances,  fall, 
and  are  trampled  by  the  stronger.  To  avoid  this  the  drivers,  armed 
with  sharp  iron-spikes,  prod  the  animal  when   likely  to  fall,  until 

oftentimes         the 


blood  flows  in 
streams.  Cattle 
frequently  arrive 
at  their  journey's 
end  terribly  muti- 
Ued  from  this 
horrible  cruelty. 

Another  barbar- 
ity practiced  is 
that  of  salting  the 
animals  before  the 
journey  is  com- 
menced, and  giv- 
ing them  little  to 
eat  and  no  water, 
though  they  may 
be  insane  from  thirst,  until  arrived  at  the  market,  possibly  two  or 
three  days  after  starting.  The  journey  completed,  the  animals  are 
allowed  to  gorge  themselves  with  food  and  quench  their  thirst ;  their 
weight  is  greatly  increased,  and  the  driver  realizes  large  profit  on 
the  sale  of  the  hay  and  the  water  they  contain. 


Prodding  Cattle  with  Sharp  Irons. 


Scenes  that  are  Common  in  the  Village  and  the  Great  City. 


^ 


|1|  T  HAS  fallen  to  the  lot  of  this  cow  to  be  in  the  hands  of  an 
economical  owner,  who  determines  that  she  shall  obtain  her 
food  in-  the  streets.  The  cow  that  is  consigned  to  the  street 
^^  has  a  terrible  ordeal  to  pass.  There  will  come  the  hot, 
dry,  dusty  days,  when  vegetation  will  cease  to  grow,  and,  enfeebled 
by  hunger,  she  must  starve  or  save  herself  by  breaking  into  the 
yards  where  she 
sees  green  grass 
growing.  Then 

come  the  hoots  and 
yells  of  men  and 
boys  Willi  stones 
and  clubs,  accom- 
panied by  the  bit- 
ing and  tearing  of 
her  flesh  by  dogs. 
The  accompany 
ing  illustration, 
which  Is  absoluttdy 
true  to  life,  is  the 
well-known  village 
cow,  with  tail  bit- 
ten off,  and  horn 
torn  away  through  the  cruelties  she  has  had  to  undergo.  This 
animal,  emaciated  by  starvation,  that  quenches  her  thirst  at  the 
I)utrid  mud-puddle — Ihat  fs  chased,  stoned  and  clubbed  a  dozen 
times  n  day,  furninhej*  the  milk  Ihat  is  expected  to  nourish,  iit  the 
close  of  the  day,  a  family  of  little  children. 


Stooed  by  Boys  and  Bitten  by  Dogs. 


7.^riHILDnOOD  has  an  unwritten  history  of  suffering  that  will 
ifllfe  never  be  told.  We  see  faint  glimpses  of  some  of  these  in 
■VS^'     this  picture. 

^^^  '■  There  is  the  little  waif  in  charge  of  the  organ  grinder,  who 
must  tramp  her  dreary  way,  early  and  late,  with  her  master  and  his 
monkey,  the  joy  of  sunny  childhood  unknown  to  her.     There  is  the 

little  bent  form  of 
a  girl  compelled  to 
grow  under  loads 
of  wood,  which  she 
constantly  gathers 
for  the  family  use; 
and  there  is  also 
ihe  frail  beggar- 
L'irl,  in  her  rags, 
trained  by  her 
master  to  assume 
1  look  of  distress, 
who  will  know 
very  little  of  happy 
girlhood. 

Even  the  chil- 
dren of  the  rich, 
through  ignorance  of  parents,  musl  often  endure  their  trials,  as 
shown  in  the  warmly  wrapped  and  hooded  girl  in  the  foreground, 
whose  lower  Huibs  are  constantly  allowed  to  be  so  exposed  to  even 
the  most  freezing  weather  as  to  subject  her  to  sickness,  suffering 
and  an  early  death. 


Methods  of  Cruelty  to  Children. 


CKIIKLTTES    INFLICTED    ON    WIVES    AND    CHILDREN. 


153 


Trials  Endured  at  the  Hands  of  the  Hard  Master  and  the  Brutal  Husband. 


"T^.^l^niLE   dcpnivity    tif   tho    hnmaii    mind    it*    shown    in    the 
1  l\i\-     wiinton  cruelty  which  men  will  often  needlessly  inflict 
/      /  '     upon  inferior  animals,  so  the  lower  nature  of  human 
I  r-j     beings  reveals  itself  in  the  disposition  of  the  stronger 

iiMii  1"  gratify  passion  by  bullying,  browbeatinj;  and  inflicting  pain 
ui>on  the  weaker.  As  we  look  through  the  window  on  the  picture  we 
see  this  demou- 
sl  rated  in  the 
larger  boy,  who  is 
a  rowdy  and  a 
rough.  And  in 
tlie  foreground  we 
have  itvery clearly 
shown  in  the  beat- 
ing which  the 
muster  inflicts  up- 
on the  boy  in  his 
charge,  evidently 
in  anger,  and  pos- 
sibly for  som. 
trilling  offense. 

In  a  majority 
of  ciises,  pain  in- 
flicted     thus      in 

anger  debases  the  master  and  brutalizes  the  nature  of  the  child. 
The  boy  who  is  much  whipped  and  ill-treated  is  liable  to  lose  self- 
respect,  and  to  become  coarse,  vindictive,  ill-tempered  and  cruel. 

Our  prisons  contain  many  criminals  who  entered  upon  careers  of 
vice  because  of  the  brntalities  they  had  to  endure  in  childhood 


Under  Control  of  a  Hard  Master. 


,  ■  ^\  I'OiiAHLY  no  greater  misfortune  ever  hai)pen8  to  woman  than 

j~^     that  which  comes  from  Unking  her  destiny  with  a  husband 

wlio  turns  out  to  be  a  drunkard  with  a  vicious  temper.     To 

~^C       continually  tremble  lest  the  husband  shall  return  in  maudlin 

.condition   to  embarrass  the  family,  is  suffering  enough;  but  to  wait 

and    listen    into  tlic  late  hours  of  the  night,  dreading,  fearing  the 

uncertain  ap- 
])n)aching  steps 
of  that  creature 
who  asserts  the 
right  to  enter,  but 
who  may  be  so 
irazcd  with  drink 
as  to  take  the  life 
•}{  all  his  family 
before  the  morn- 
ing, is  agony  be- 
fore which  all 
other  sorrows  are 
l)ut  trifles  in  com- 
parison. 

Header,  we  can 
j)resent  you  a 
picture  no  more 
horrible  tlian  this.  What  a  world  of  suffering,  of  heartache,  of 
deprivation  and  cruelty  it  reveals,  and  that,  too,  while  it  is  absolute- 
ly true.  That  poorly  furnished  room,  the  frightened,  hungry, 
trembling  little  girl,  the  anxious,  suffering  mother — all  tell  their 
tales  of  sorrow. 


-^^r 


The  Sufferings  of  Mother  and  Child. 


Needless  Torture  of  Birds,  by  Men  and  Boys,  for  Pleasure. 


1 


=^-\AN  IS  said  to  be  superior  to  the  lower  animals  because  of 


moral  nature.  This  claim  of  human  superiority,  how- 
--,i/(  I  li\Y  ever,  is  denied  by  those  who  have  given  the  subject 
''^^:0f^^  thought,  the  argument  being  that  while  the  lower  animal 
will  take  life  for  food  it  is  never  known  to  wantonly  torture  for 
pleasure  or  to  take  the  life  of  other  animals  as  an  amusement. 

The  innate 
enjoyment  which 
men  experience 
in  witnessing  Ibc 
throes  of  death  is 
strikingly  shown 
in  those  countries 
where  tribe  wars 
with  tribe — where 
the  criminal  is  de- 
voured by  the  wild 
beast,  and  where 
encouragement  is 
given  to  buU-fight- 
ing  and  the  con- 
test between  wild 
animals.  This  in- 
born cruelty  in  the 

human  soul  is  still  further  shown  in  men,  laying  claim  to  superior 
intellectual  capacity,  moral  endowment  and  a  Christian  education, 
who  will  assemble  at  stated  times  and  places,  and  there  waste  time 
and  money  in  the  singular  enjoyment  and  curious  pleasure  of  shoot- 
ing pigeons. 


Killing  Birds  for  Amusement. 


tVNTIXG  for  inoffensive  and  innocent  animals  for  the  purpose 
of  taking  their  lives,  as  a  sport,  is  a  pastime  in  which  many 
people  delight  to  engage.  Why  men  enjoy  this  taking  of 
life  as  a  pleasure,  and  without  necessity,  can  only  be 
accounted  for  on  the  ground  that  the  barbarous  in  their  nature 
still    lingers  as  a  relic  of  a  past  age,   in  which   constant  hunting 

and  killing  was 
necessary  in  order 
to  sustain  life. 

While  the  man, 
as  shown  in  this 
illustration, is  free 
to  shoot  the  bird, 
it  is  very  reason- 
able to  suppose 
that  boys,  who 
imitate  the  exam- 
ple of  their  elders, 
will  feel  them- 
•  Ives  free  to  in- 
dulge the  cruelty 
of  destroying 
birds'  nests  and  of 
killing  any  of  the 
little  songsters  that  may  be  found  or  that  come  in  their  way. 

This  wholesale  slaughter  of  birds  is  sometimes  fraught  with 
serious  results,  as  was  shown  a  few  years  since,  when  the  grass- 
hopper devastated  the  land  in  consequence  of  the  general  killing, 
by  hunters,  of  the  prairie-chicken. 


Cruel  Acts  by  Man  and  Boys. 


=<5: 


15J: 


HUNTINt>   A^D    KILLING   AS   AN    AMUSEilKNT. 


The  Savage  Instincts  of  Men  and  Boys  Illustrated. 


N  CERTAIN  parts  of  Europe  there  are  men  who  support  large 
uumbers  of  servants,  horses  and  dogs  for  the  simple  purpose  of 
getting   pleasure    from   chasing    rabbits.        The    picture   here 
^     shown  is  a  common  one  in  England  and  Ireland. 

The  grandee  is  out  in  full  force — men,  horses  and  dogs.  The 
little  animal  fleeing  for  its  life,  and  entirely  innocent  of  doing 
the  least  wrong, 
will  be  captured 
ere  long  and  torn 
by  the  dogs  limb 
from  limb.  This 
will  be  occasion 
for  great  congrat- 
ulation by  thr 
lords  of  the  chasi_-, 
and  will  end  in  :i 
banquet  and  cham- 
pagne supper.  In 
the  meantime  the 
poor  peasants, 
whose  crops  are 
destroyed  by  this 
troop  of  hunters 
across  their  little 
fields,  bemoan  their  fate;  but  they  have  no  redress. 

It  is  an  honor  to  England  that  she  was  the  first  to  inaugurate 
humane  societies,  whereby  ultimately,  the  cruelties  of  the  chase 
will  be  all  banished  from  her  soil. 


Hunted  and  Mutilated  for  Sport. 


iW-i^  RUELTY  and  tendency  to  destroy  are  common  with  boys  of  a 

^fl'ife     certain   class;    a  fact   to  be   deplored,  as   the    youth  who 

jv'^ll     ^^^^^   deliberately  pick  a  fly  to  pieces,  step  on   a   worm,  or 

^P^^L    torture  any  helpless  animal,  will  very  likely  develop  into  the 

seltish,  base -hearted,  cruel  man. 

The  boys  here  shown  are  types  of  the  rougher  element  in  society, 

who  delight  in 
tyrannizing  over 
and  frightening 
the  weaker;  their 
chief  pleasure  is 
in  hurling  some 
missile  at  the  un- 
offending dog,  the 
stray  cat,  or  any 
animal  that  crosses 
their  pathway. 
From  this  class 
come  the  disso- 
lute, the  reckless, 
the  depraved  and 
the  criminal 
classes. 
Even  among  the 
professedly  refined  people  the  spirit  of  mischief  among  boys,  if  not 
checked  by  wholesome  instruction,  is  liable  to  develop  into  rude- 
ness and  cruelty.  With  some  boys  the  simple  fact  that  any  small 
animal  is  unprotected  is  a  signal  for  abuse. 


Gratification  of  Savage  Instinct. 


The  Street  Fountain  an  Ever-Living,  Public  Blessing. 


T^\0  DETAILED  description  is  necessary  for  this  illustration. 
J  It  speaks  for  itself.  The  boy  has  fallen  from  the  pier,  and 
/  the  faithful,  sagacious  dog  has  rushed  to  the  rescue.  Well 
T*  [^  may  we  understand  how  the  anxious  parents  grasp  their 
diuwiiing  child  when  he  comes  within  their  reach,  while  they 
bestow  every  kindness  thenceforth  upon  the  faithful  animal  that 
saved  him. 


-^y 


This  is  but 
one  of  thousands 
of  instances  of 
a  similar  kind. 
The  calendar  is 
full  of  accounts 
of  great  service 
rendered  through 
the  sagacity  of 
the  horse,  and  of 
property  saved 
and  human  lives 
ref<cued  through 
the  affection  and 
intelligence  of 
dogs.  Even 
down  in  the  lower 

grades  of  animals  the  affection  and  fidelity  they  cherif*h  for  those 
who  care  for  Ihem  make  a  strong  claim  upon  our  kindness  and  sym- 
pathy, and  should  impress  the  law  of  kindness  so  emphatically  on 
our  natures  as  to  make  it  impossible  to  torlure  or  to  cruelly  treat 
them. 


The  Fidelity  of  the  Dog. 


HAT  a  grand  benevolence  is   steadily  pouring  forth    in 

tliis  public  fountain  I    How  the  tired,  hot,  tliirsty  animal, 

that  cannot  tell  us  of  its  trials,  drinks  of  the  water  and 

[— djLPT^J     turns   its   face  towards   us   in   thankfulness!     Here  the 

dog  is  saved  from  madness,  the  bird  dresses  its  plumage  and  the 

horse  is  strengthened  for  its  labor.      Even  the  wayfaring  man,  who 

otherwise      might 

^^^t^jTif ,  f^   V,^^  have  sought  drink 

Qt  in  the  saloon  just 

across     the     way, 

''*l''^'5^  slakes  his  thirst,  is 

'    refreshed,  and  has 

saved    his    money 

and  his  mind. 

For  a  people  in 
any  community, 
what  a  grand  boon 
is  (tinferrcd  by  the 
presentation  of 
such  a  fountain! 
How  much  real 
comfort  it  affords! 
What  an  ever-flow- 
ing blessing  to  the 
Ihirsty  wayfarers  in  the  dusty  city,  whose  ]ii-iviU'ges  are  few  at  best. 
IJke  the  donor  of  this  fountain,  who  took  delight  in  doing 
kindness,  may  it  ever  be  our  jjleasurc  to  make  the  pathway  of  the 
unfortunate  easier,  to  alleviate  suffering,  aiul  to  '*  speak  for  Ihosi- 
who  cannot  spi-ak  for  themselves." 


ii'.i'niilliPMiiiiii'unmiiiiMi 
i'!;iiiii:iiiliir'!iiiiiiii:iii)ti'»]';!iiiiniii''"' 


A  Qreat  and  Constant  Blessing 


i. 


HOW    TO   SECUEE   THE    BEST   SEEVICE    FEOM   THE    HUKSE. 


155 


CABEOF 

TIIK 

HORSE    IN     aiDINQ 

m 

GROOMTNO. 

J 

Treatment,  i^M 


CAKE    OP 

THE 

EOBSE  m  HABKESSnrS 

AN"  It 

■WORKXNO. 


M 


Ways  by  Which  the  Horse  May  be  Made  Gentle  and  Kind. 


History  of  the  Horse. 

'T  is  probable  that  the  horse,  at-  a  distinct  auiinal,  is  as 
old  as  the  creation  of  all  animate  nature.  The  relics 
of  antiquity  perpetuate  for  thousands  of  years  its  form 
and  characteristics,  and  art,  copying  nature,  has  pre- 
served the  figure,  the  trappings  and  the  uses  of  this 
favorite  animal  in  all  generations.  In  all  ages  the 
horse  has  been  the  companion  of  man,  the  sharer  of  his 
vicissitudes,  in  peace  and  in  war,  in  the  labor  of  the  humble  and  the 
sports  of  the  noble  and  wealthy.  Poets,  as  well  as  painters,  have 
honored  it  in  their  works;  political  economists  have  found  in  it  a 
potent  instrument  in  the  settlement  of  questions  of  public  policy; 
agriculturalists  have  gained  in  it  the  solution  of  subduing  and  culti- 
vating the  soil,  and  all  classes  of  society  have  availed  themselves  of 
its  docility  and  usefulness. 

Where  the  horse  was  first  trained  as  the  assistant  of  man  is  uncer- 
tain, but  circumstances  point  to  Egypt  as  the  place,  and  that  not 
until  about  sixteen  hundred  years  before  Christ.  Even  in  Arabia, 
the  land  of  noble  horses,  it  was  not  known  until  a  comparatively 
recent  date,  and  its  presence  in  Greece  and  other  countries  of  Europe 
and  Asia  is  traced  to  an  Egyptian  source.  The  army  of  Pharaoh 
which  pursued  the  fleeing  Israelites  out  of  Egypt,  in  the  time  of  Moses, 
used  horses  in  conveying  the  soldiery  and  munitions  of  war  to  the 
Red  sea.  The  place  from  whence  the  horse  was  imported  into  Egypt, 
it  is  supposed,  was  Central  Africa,  where  wild  horses  are  still  found. 
That  the  horse  was  first  used  for  carrying  and  drawing  burdens  be- 
fore being  ridden  by  man  is  distinctly  shown  in  the  most  ancient 
writings  and  sculptures  of  the  east. 

At  the  first  Roman  invasion  of  England,  the  horse  was  taken  into 
that  country  in  large  numbers,  and  domesticated.  Horses  were  first 
brought  to  America  by  Columbus,  on  his  second  voyage  hither,  in 
1493.  In  1527  forty-two  were  brought  to  Florida — the  first  imported 
into  the  United  States.  Others  were  brought  by  De  Soto,  and  from 
these,  it  is  supposed,  came  the  wild  horses  of  Texas  and  the  prairies. 
The  French  imported  horses  into  Canada  in  1604-8;  in  ItiOO  the 
English  brought  horses  to  Virginia:  in  1629  they  transported  some 
from  England  into  Massachusetts;  Xew  York  received  an  importa- 
tion from  Holland  in  1625,  and  in  1750  the  French  settlers  in  Illinois 
procured  a  considerable  number  of  French  horses.  These  instances 
will  show  the  origin  of  the  native  horses  of  America,  which  more 
recent  importations  and  inter-breeding  have  greatly  improved. 


Different  Breeds  of  Horses. 

tT  IS  in  England  that  tht-  hn.-f(is  of  liorBes  have  been  greatly 
improved  by  the  introduction  of  French  and  other  European 
species,  by  the  selection  of  the  fittest  for  breeding  purposes,  and 
.^  by  systematic  intermingling  of  native  and  imported  blood- 
horses.  The  result  is  that  the  English  blood-horse  now  stands  first 
in  the  rank  of  perfection  for  speed  and  endurance,  and  the  American 
blood-horse,  which  is  the  descendant  of  the  English  ,  is  scarcely  in- 
ferior, as  to  these  qualities,  in  the  scale  of  excellence. 

The  Flemish  and  Norman  horses  rank  high  as  beasts  of  burden  and 
draught,  and  for  agriculture  are  unsurpassed.  They  are  deservedly 
sought  for,  and  highly  valued  for  their  large  frames,  well-developed 
muscles,  docility  and  great  strength. 

The  Arabian  horse  is  light,  well  made,  wide  between  the  nostrils, 
with  broad  forehead,  having  a  fine  muzzle,  prominent  and  sparkling 
eyes,  small  ears,  rather  a  short  neck,  and  fine,  small-boned  legs.  The 
Persian  horse  is  taller,  bony,  and  rapid  in  its  gait.  The  Tartarian 
horse  is  heavy-headed,  low  in  the  shoulder,  with  an  awkward-looking 
frame,  but  fast  in  traveling.  The  Turkish  horse  is  of  slender  build, 
carrying  his  head  high,  is  lively  and  impetuous,  but  gentle  and 
afEectionate.  The  African  "barb"  horse  is  taller  than  the  Arabian, 
and  is  noted  for  its  high  and  full  shoulders,  drooping  haunches  and 
roundness  of  body. 

The  ordinary  native  horse  of  this  country  seems  to  possess  the 
qualities  of  the  various  foreign  breeds  above  referred  to,  but  in  some 
of  the  older  States  the  original  Flemish,  English  and  one  or  two 
other  national  qualities  distinguish  the  common  horse.  The  best 
draught-horse,  the  Conesttiga,  is  found  in  Pennsylvania,  and  the  best 
road  horses  are  those  tinged  with  the  blood  of  the  Narragansett, 
Morgan,  Black-Hawk  and  Canadian  breeds.  The  American  horse, 
therefore,  under  the  improvement  of  its  breed  during  the  past  thirty 
years,  has  achieved  a  distinct  personality,  and  is  esteemed  for  those 
especial  peculiarities  which  fit  it  for  all  ordinary  forms  of  labor  and 
diversion. 

Blood-horses,  or  those  of  intimate  relationship  to  celebrated 
racers,  trotters,  pacers,  etc. ,  whose  time- record  shows  their  passage 
of  a  mile  in  two  or  three  minutes,  are  valued  at  enormous  prices, 
and,  when  not  trained  for  the  race-course,  become  the  favorite  driv- 
ing teams  of  wealthy  and  fashionable  owners.  The  more  "  thorough- 
bred "  a  horse  is — the  nearer  its  relationship  to  a  turf-hero — the  more 
it  is  esteemed.  , 


|:(> — 


t>: 


T 


156 


TEACHING    HOESES   TO    BECOME    USEFUL   TO    MAN. 


fe 


The  Vermont  draught-horse  is  noted  for  comhinina;  great  strength, 
quickness  of  movement,  fair  rate  of  speed  and  agreeable  appearance. 
The  Conestoga  is  another  distinguished  draught -horse,  closely 
resembling  the  famous  dray-horses  of  London,  England,  being 
seventeen  or  more  hands  high,  having  long  bodies,  lofty  crests, 
shaggy  manes  and  tails,  round  hips  and  great,  round  hoofs,  and  are 
active,  enduring  animals.  The  Canadian  horse  is  seldom  more  than 
fifteen  hands  high,  with  a  broad,  open  forehead,  a  tall  crest,  a  wide 
and  full  breast,  strong  shoulders,  a  broad  back,  fleshy  hips,  flowing 
mane,  and  great  power  of  endurance,  without  being  a  fast  traveler. 
Closely  resembling  the  Canadian  horse  ie  the  Indian  pony,  seldom 
more  than  thirteen  hands  high,  and  possessing  much  of  the  appear- 
ance and  many  of  the  good  qualities  of  the  Canadian.  It  is 
probably  of  Spanish-French  origin.  The  iForgan  horse,  so  called,  it 
is  said,  from  a  horse  owned  by  Justin  Morgan,  of  Randolph,  Vt. , 
in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century,  and  which  animal 
was  the  ancestor  of  the  breed  bearing  his  name,  is  a  road  or 
trotting  animal,  greatly  prized  for  speed.  It  is  of  medium  size, 
compactly  built,  active  in  movement,  indicates  the  possession  of 
superior  "blood,"  a  neat  gait,  honesty  and  endurance.  As  a  stock 
horse  it  is  much  sought  for  crossing  with  other  breeds. 

How  to  Break  the  Colt. 

None  but  a  trustworthy  pt-Tt^on  i^bould  h:ive  the  care  of  the  colt 
from  its  birth,  and  its  education  should  begin  before  it  is  weaned. 
The  person  to  whom  it  is  entrusted  should  uniformly  exhibit  gentle- 
ness and  kindness  towards  it,  and  so  obtain  its  confidence  and  pave 
the  way  for  obedience.  It  should  be  weaned  when  between  five  and 
seven  month?  old,  and  having  been  previously  and  often  petted  and 
caressed  by  its  keeper,  should  be  fed  from  his  hand.  The  object  of 
this  treatment  is  to  familiarize  the  colt  to  the  presence  and  touch  of 
its  trainer. 

While  weaning  a  colt,  give  it  occasionally  a  warm  bran-mash,  in 
which  a  few  oats  should  be  mixed.  It  nourishes  and  strengthens 
the  stomach.     Cold  water  may  be  given  freely,  but  not  too  often. 

As  soon  as  practicable,  it  should  be  taught  to  be  led  by  its  forelop 
or  a  halter,  to  be  fastened  in  different  places,  and  to  have  its  feet 
handled.  No  impatience  should  be  manifested  in  its  presence,  and 
no  harsh  word  spoken  to  it.  Firmness,  with  gentleness,  should 
overcome  fear  and  a  mischievous  disposition,  for  few  colts  are 
vicious  until  they  are  in  some  way  abused. 

Size,  strength  and  maturity  should  regulate  the  mode  of  training. 
One  might  be  put  to  light  work  at  eighteen  months  after  birth, 
while  another  would  require  longer  growth  and  increased  strength. 
Hard  work  should  be  postponed  until  the  colt  is  four  or  five  years 
old. 

How  to  Teach  a  Colt  to  Stop. 

A  strap  fastened  to  the  riglil  fore-f'xit  nf  th'-  colt  and  passed  over 
its  back,  is  useful  in  teaching  it  to  stop  at  will.  Walking  on  the  left 
or  nigh-side  of  the  colt,  the  trainer  pulls  down  the  strap  and  says 
"Whoa,"  and  by  continuing  this  practice  it  soon  learns  what  is 
required  and  stops  at  the  word  of  comuiaud. 

Training  a  Colt  for  the  Saddle. 

in  the  early  education  i>f  thf  citlt,  if  (Usi^'iied  for  a  saddle-horse, 
from  day  to  day  light  articles  of  clothing,  etc..  may  be  laid  upon  its 
back;  then  heavier  ones,  as  blanket!',  parts  of  harness,  and  other 
things.  The  result  of  this  course  is  to  increase  the  confidence  of  the 
colt,  and  accustom  it  to  burdens,  until  it  stands  or  walks  patiently 
under  the  saddle  from  the  moment  it  Ix'gins  to  wear  it.  After  it 
has  become  familiar  with  the  naddle,  a  light  boy  may  occasionally  be 
placed  in  the  saddle  and  tin-  colt  b-d  nboiil  liy  tin-  tniiiu-r. 

Teaching  the  Colt  to  Wear  Harness. 

In  training  the  colt  to  harness,  au  easy  collar  may  be  put  on  its 
neck,  having  a  pair  of  rein?  attached,  one  on  each  side,  like  traces. 


Then  an  assistant,  walking  behind,  holds  the  reins  firmly,  while  the 
trainer,  at  its  head,  gently  leads  the  colt  along,  and  the  assistant, 
pulling  steadily  but  easily  on  the  reins,  gradually  increases  the 
strain  until  the  colt  flinches,  or  he  slacks  up  on  them  until  it  leans 
into  the  collar. 

The  colt,  having  learned  the  discipline  of  the  collar  and  reins  with- 
out arousing  its  fears,  may  then  be  led  up  to  the  vehicle  which  it  is 
expected  first  to  draw,  and  also  around  it,  being  suffered  to  see  it 
and  smell  of  it  on  all  sides,  and  witness  the  gentle  lifting  and  drop- 
ping of  the  thills,  so  as  to  accustom  it  to  the  appearance  and  sounds. 

In  adjusting  the  harness,  let  the  colt  see  and  smell  of  it,  piece 
by  piece,  care  being  exercised  not  to  excite  any  fear.  Everything 
should  be  done  quietly,  with  soothing  caresses  and  expressions,  and 
if  the  colt  has  been  carefully  taught  to  carry  light  burdens  upon 
its  back,  as  above  described,  the  harnessing  will  be  accomplished 
more  easilj'.  Words,  and  not  the  whip,  should  govern  every 
movement. 

Teaching  the  Colt  to  Draw. 

As  soon  as  the  harness  has  buen  adjusted  to  the  colt,  and  it  has 
become  used  to  the  weight  and  restraints  thereof,  it  may  be  led 
inside  the  thills  of  the  vehicle  and  properly  fastened  to  them.  This 
vehicle  should  be  a  light  and  easy-running  one,  and  the  colt 
encouraged  to  draw  it,  the  trainer  leading  and  soothing  the  animal, 
should  it  exhibit  any  nervousness.  In  a  short  time  the  leading 
should  cease  and  gentle  driving  should  begin.  This  process  may 
require  more  or  less  repeating,  but  always  with  patience,  until  the 
colt  learns  what  is  expected  of  it,  and  that  it  is  not  to  be  hurt  by 
either  harness,  cart  or  driver. 

If  put  with  other  and  well-broken  horses  the  colt  will  soon  become 
accustomed  to  their  presence,  and  their  confident  manner  of  hauling 
will  tend  to  keep  it  quietly  moving  forward. 

Loads  may  gradually  be  increased  from  time  to  time,  in  order  to 
exercise  the  muscles  more  and  more.  A  few  days'  training  in  this 
careful  manner  will  develop  the  strength  and  vigor  of  the  colt. 

Subduing  Vicious  Horses— Rarey's  Method. 

The  system  adopted  and  practiced  by  the  celebrated  Mr.  Rarey  in 
overcoming  the  vicious  propensities  of  horses  is  most  excellent,  and 
has  never  been  surpassed.     It  is  thus  described: 

'*The  apparatus  required  is  a  bridle  with  an  ordinary  hinge-bit  or 
straight-bit,  two  leg-straps  and  a  surcingle.  The  left  leg  is  buckled 
up  with  the  first  strap,  while  the  noose  of  the  second  strap  is  slipped 
around  the  off-fetlock.  The  end  of  the  second  strap  is  passed 
through  the  surcingle  under  the  belly.  The  horse  now  stands  ready 
for  tlie  final  struggle,  but  will  probably  weary  itself  by  standing  and 
hopping  about  on  three  legs  for  a  few  minutes.  Then  the  trainer 
lakes  the  left  rein  in  his  left  hand  and  gently  jerks  it  to  make  the 
horse  move.  The  moment  it  raises  the  off  fore-leg  in  hopping,  the 
right  hand  grasping  the  second  strap  draws  the  leg  up  to  the  sur- 
cingle and  keeps  it  there,  when,  of  course,  after  a  desperate  bound 
or  two,  the  horse  is  brought  to  its  knees.  The  floor  or  ground  should 
be  thickly  bedded  with  manure  or  tan-bark,  having  over  all  a  layer  of 
straw,  to  prevent  the  horse  injuring  itself  in  its  struggles.  Nothing 
else  is  to  be  attempted  until  the  horse  has  quite  exhausted  its  ener- 
gies. Sooner  or  later  the  tail  begins  to  tremble,  the  flanks  heave,  a 
profuse  perspiration  follows,  and  the  horse  lies  upon  its  side,  or  may 
easily  be  forced  into  that  position.  If  it  raises  its  head,  pull  it  down 
again  gently  by  the  mane,  patting  and  quieting  it  until  it  lies  entirely 
passive  on  the  ground.  As  soon  as  the  mnsclcs  of  the  neck  and  limbs 
become  quite  relaxed  and  limber,  the  straps  may  be  taken  off  the 
legs,  which  should  be  stroked  and  patted  as  was  the  head.  Finally, 
the  trainer  goes  around  by  the  horse's  back  and  treats  the  hind-legs 
in  the  same  caressing  manner.  If  the  horse  submits  to  all  this 
without  recistanre,  he  should  be  made  to  rise  at  once,  when  be  may 


j^ 


;^ 


BEST-TKAIM- 


IIOKSES    HAVE    NO    liLINDKU:?. 


be  saddled  and  bridled  and  ridden  out  without  fear  of  danger.  In 
the  case  of  a  very  obstinate  animal,  a  second,  or  even  a  third,  treat- 
ment of  this  kind  may  be  required.  The  effect  it*  wonderful,  for  the 
most  vicious  horse  when  thus  subdncd,  appears  to  become  fond  of  his 
trainer  and  follows  him  about  with  the  docility  of  a  dog.  None  but 
an  active  and  energetic  trainer,  however,  with  a  thorough  under- 
Rtanding  of  the  horse-nature,  sliould  attempt  the  Rarey  system. " 

Pratt's  Method  of  Mastering  the  Horse. 

Professor  O.  S.  l*ratt,  a  well-known  "horse -educator,"  thus 
explains  his  method  of  producing  the  some  satisfactory  result  in  a 
vicious  horse: 

*■'  Place  a  rope  or  rein  around  the  horse's  body,  forming  a  sur- 
cingle; pass  the  end  under  the  tail  and  bring  it  buck,  tying  it  to  the 
part  of  the  rope  or  rein  around  the  body,  thus  forming  a  surcingle 
and  crooper;  also  put  a  ring,  say  an  inch  in  diameter,  in  the  sur- 
cingle on  the 
back;  then 
)*trap  up  the 
nigh  fore-leg 
as  follows: 
Take  a  quar- 
ter-strap, pass 
it  two  or  three 
times  around 
below  the  fet- 
1  o  c  k,  then 
through  the 
keeper;  bring 
the  leg  up  and 
buckle  close 
to  the  belly; 
place  around 
the  neck  a 
quarter- inch» 
strong  rope, 
loosely,  fixing 
ibe  knot  so  it 
will  not  slip; 
bring  the  end 
down  the 
near-side  of 
the  head, 
through  the 
mouth,  and 
back  on  the 
off-side  thro' 
the    ring     in 

the  surcingle;  now  take  a  position  on  the  nigh-side  of  the  horse, 
commencing  to  pull  gently,  allowing  it  to  struggle  a  short  time, 
after  which  it  will  lie  down  quite  easily,  without  sustaining  any 
injury.  By  adhering  strictly  to  the  instructions  given,  every  person 
will  readily  see  that  the  object  in  laying  the  horse  down  is  to  give  it 
to  understand  that  you  are  master,  and  after  repeating  this  two  or 
three  times  it  will  be  perfectly  satisfied  of  the  fact.  While  down, 
place  a  small  pole  between  its  legs,  moving  it  about;  if  it  shows  fear, 
give  a  sharp  pull  on  the  cord  in  its  mouth,  by  way  of  correction.  In 
other  words,  punish  it  for  doing  wrong,  and  caress  it  for  doing  right, 
thus  making  it  understand  the  difference  between  right  and 
wrong. " 

Another  method  of  overcoming  the  vicious  propensities  of  a  horse^ 
said  to  be  sometimes  effectual,  is  to  **pass  a  light  rope  around  the 
upper  jaw,  just  above  the  upper  teeth,  cross  it  in  the  mouth,  and  tie 
the  ends  back  of  the  neck.''  It  is  claimed  that  no  horse  will  jump  or 
kick  when  thus  secured. 


.  The 

■p     ^      of  the  b 
T       shou 1 


A    ^11 


Horse  with  Blinders  and  Check-Rein. 

TTfHIS  picture  represents  "  Dick,"  a  high-spirited, 
•^  strong-bitted,  clean-limbed,  beautiful,  brown 
horse,  of  the  Bashaw  stock,  reared  at  Keokuk,  Iowa, 
possessing  such  strength  and  vigor  as  to  enable 
him  on  one  occasion,  when  three  years  old.  to  draw 
three  men  a  distance  of  sixty-flve  miles  in  one  day. 
Owing  to  his  speed  he  was  sold  at  a  large  price  to  a 
gentleman  at  Pittsburgh,  who  found  him,  however, 
so  self-willed,  headstrong,  impetuous  and  unpleas- 
ant to  manage  as  to  make  it  necessary,  to  sell  him 
at  a  greatly  reduced  price,  the  opinion  being  that  he 
never  could  be  safely  drivea  as  a  carriage-horse. 


Harness— What  Kfnd  and  How  to  Use  It. 

It  requires  experience,  or  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  leather, 
to  select  a  harness  made  of  the  best  material.  The  reputation  of  the 
maker  of  a  good  quality  of  harness  is  a  tolerably  fair  guide,  for  the 
advertised  superiority  of  his  wares  is  forfeited  if  poor  stock  or 
unskillful  workmanship  enter  into  his  manufactures,  and  he  loses 
the  confidence  of  experts. 

The  best  harness-leather  is  made  from  cow-hide  which  has  been 
tanned  with  the  bark  of  oak  or  hemlock  trees,  the  former  being  the 
most  serviceable.  Leather  tanned  with  oak- bark  has  a  drab  color 
when  cut  into,  while  that  tanned  with  hemlock-bark  has  a  reddish 
tint. 

The  stitches  in  a  harness  may  be  made  longer  with  good  thread 
than  when  the  thread  is  poor.  The  length  of  the  stitch  is  therefore 
not  a  satisfactory  criterion. 

The  price 
harness 
Id  be 
governed  by 
the  quality  of 
the  leather, 
the  excellence 
of  its  make- 
up, and  the 
amount  of  or- 
namentation 
that  it  dis- 
plays. Heavy 
work  and 
large  horses 
require  large 
and  strong 
harness  ; 
the  roadsters 
lighter   ones. 

The  Saddle. 

For  hur-^e- 
back  riding,  a 
hog- skin  sad- 
dle, russet 
colored,  well 
padded,  and, 
withal,  care- 
fnlly  fitted  to 
the  back  of 
the    horse    to 

be  ridden,  is  requisite.  The  Mexican  saddle,  with  a  high  horn, 
and  stirrups  with  flaps,  is  considered  easy  and  serviceable  for  jour- 
neying. But  there  are  many  varieties  in  the  market,  each  possessing 
commendatory  qualifications  and  suited  to  all  tastes  and  purposes. 
The  selection  involves  the  comfort  of  both  the  horse  and  the  rider, 
and  the  safety  of  the  latter  under  adverse  circumstances. 

The  Bridle. 

Bridles  for  horseback  riding  are  made  light  and  plain,  either  of 
web-cloth  or  soft  russet  leather.  L''sually  the  smaller  the  bit  the 
more  severe  it  is  to  the  horse's  mouth.  A  bar-bit,  without  a  joint, 
is  preferable  to  the  binge-bit.  Rubber-covered  bar-bits  are  best  for 
tender-mouthed  horses. 

For  driving,  the  hinge  bit  is  preferred  to  almost  any  other  bit,  and 
the  bridle  is  more  substantial  in  ^rnii'^th  and  appearance. 

Blinders  an  Injury. 

Blinders  are  a  detriment  to  the  eyesight  of  the  horse,  and  useless 


3F" 


Blinders  and  Check-Rein  Removed. 

7HE  above  illustration  shows  "Dick''  trans- 
formed; his  present  owner  being  Mr.  A.  W. 
Landon,  of  Chicago,  editor  of  the  Humane  Journal, 
who,  upon  coming  into  possession  of  the  horse, 
removed  his  blinders  and  check-rein.  Then  followed 
kind  treatment  of  such  character  as  to  completely 
secure  the  confidence  of  the  horse  and  win  him  to 
gentleness.  The  result  is  "  Dick  "  to-day  is  perfectly 
docile  in  the  hands  of  a  child,  and  can  be  safely 
driven  by  a  lady,  the  horse  having  no  fear  of  cars  or 
ordinary  objects  at  which  horses  frighten  when 
wearing  the  check-rein  and  the  blinder. 


4 


x>^ 


2^ 


15S 


HUaiAJ^E    CARE    OF   THE    HORSE. 


in  other  respects.  Colts  should  be  trained  to  harness  without  them ; 
but  after  a  horse  has  become  thoroughly  accustomed  to  wearing  them, 
by  long  use,  their  sudden  removal  may  not  be  well.  On  the 
contrary,  considerable  care  has  to  be  exercised  with  some  nervous 
horses  until  they  become  accustomed  to  their  disuse. 

The  Check-Rein. 

Tiie  check-rein  is  more  readily  dispensed  with,  but  does  no  harm  un- 
less it  serves  to  keep  the  head  and  neck  of  the  horse  in  an  unnatural 
position.  The  over-check  is  not  only  useless,  but  a  positive  afflic- 
tion. It  destroys  the  natural  curve  of  the  neck  and  the  graceful 
position  of  the  head,  and  prevents,  by  a  painful  strain,  the  observa- 
tion of  the  road  by  the  horse;  so  that  if  the  animal  had  been  bom 
blind  it  would  have  been  no  less  capable  of  finding  its  way  from 
place  to  pliice,  or  of  avoiding  the  dangers  of  the  road.  Neither  com- 
mon sense,  good  taste  or  humanity,  can  find  a  single  redeeming 
quality  in  the  barbarous  over-check,  as  we  have  illustrated 
elsewhere. 

If  a  check  must  be  used — and,  so  far  as  beauty  is  concerned,  high- 
spirited  horses  look  best  without  the  check — but,  we  repeat,  if  it  must 
be  used,  it  should  never  interfere  with  the  movement  of  the  head  or 
the  neck.  A  strap  passing  loosely  back- 
ward from  each  side  of  the  bit,  over  a  hook 
on  the  hames,  performs  all  that  a  check- 
rein  should  be  expected  to  do — keep  the 
horse  reminded  that  it  is  not  to  swerve 
from  the  path  of  duty  either  to  the  right 
or  left.  And  even  in  this  respect  it  is 
useless,  if  the  driver  is  attending  to  his 
business.  See  the  illustration  elsewhere 
of  horse  driven  without  blinders  or  check- 
rein 

The  Collar  and  Other  Portions  of  the 
Harness. 

The  best  collar  is  that  which  is  not  too 
loose  nor  too  tight  when  placed  upon  the 
horse.  Above  all  it  should  perfectly  fit 
the  projections  of  the  horse's  shoulders, 
and  be  made  of  such  soft  material  next 
to  the  skin  as  not  to  chafe  or  gall  the 
animal.  The  hames,  made  of  substantial 
wood,    rimmed  with  iron,  should  also  be 


i 


Preservation  of  Mane  in  Grooming. 

In  combing  mane  and  tail  a  very  coarse    wooden-tooth 
comb  should  be  used,  care  being  taken  that  no  hairs  be 
broken  or  pulled  out.      When  occasionally  washed  and 
.     ^1     I!.*    J    *      .1.  11  «   „„  „„*■   +„    combed  thus,  some  horses  will  grow  a  very  long  and  beau- 

perfectly  fitted  to  the  collar,  so  as  not  to    (jf^j  mane.  e  .j        & 

contract  the  latter  and  oppress  the  horse's 

neck.  The  crooper,  which,  if  too  loose,  flaps  or  chafes  when  the 
horse  is  in  motion,  should  be  large  and  soft.  Breeching  is  seldom 
needed  in  double  harness,  except  in  hauling  very  heavy  loads,  or  in 
hilly  countries.  If  it  can  be  dispensed  with,  its  absence  will  con- 
tribute to  the  beauty  and  comfort  of  the  animal. 

Buckles  should  be  of  the  best  material,  in  order  to  withstand  the 
strain  which  is  constantly  put  upon  the  harness. 

Side-saddles  for  ladies  should  have  three  horns,  two  of  which,  on 
the  left  side  of  the  horse,  respectively  serve  as  supports  or  fulcrums 
for  the  right  and  left  knees  of  the  rider.  The  girths  should  be 
sufficiently  broad  and  strong,  and  properly  adjusted  and  fastened 
before  the  lady  mounts. 

All  harness  is  worth  care  and  frequent  cleansing  and  oiling,  with 
occasional  varnishing.  Plated  ornaments,  when  tarnished,  may  be 
rubbed  with  whiting.  Polished-steel  bits  may  be  brightened  by 
rubbing  them  with  a  little  oil  and  a  woolen  cloth. 


have  a  slightly  sloping  floor,  at  the  upper  sides  of  which  the 
stalls  should  be  placed.  The  stalls  should  be  six  or  seven  feet  wide, 
and  seven  or  eight  feet  deep,  in  order  to  afford  sufficient  room  for 
the  horse  to  lie  down  and  sleep,  stretch  its  limbs,  and  move  easily 
about,  even  when  tied  to  its  manger.  There  should  be  sufficient 
ventilation,  by  means  of  an  open  cupola  in  the  roof  and  sliding 
windows  in  the  lower  walls  of  the  stable,  to  change  the  air  within  it 
every  hour  without  exposing  the  horse  to  a  draught.  The  stable 
should  be  provided  with  enough  daylight  to  see  all  objects  in  every 
part  of  it,  especially  in  and  about  the  stalls,  without  straining  the 
eyesight.  Just  behind  the  row  of  stalls  there  should  be  a  gutter,  two 
inches  deep  and  one  foot  wide,  by  which  the  filth  running  from  the 
stall  may  be  washed  into  an  outside  reservoir.  This  sort  of  drainage 
should  be  perfect  enough,  with  the  sloping  floor,  to  keep  the  stall  clear 
of  undue  moisture.  If  possible,  only  one  horse  should  occupy 
a  stall. 

Hay-Rack  and  Feed-Box. 

The  comfort  of  the  horse  also  requires  such  an  arrangement  of  its 
feed-box  and  hay-rack  that  its  food  can  always  be  easily  reached 
without  straining  a  muscle  or  getting  out  of  a  natural  position.  The 
rack  should  be  so  made  as  to  prevent  more 
hay  from  being  pulled  out  by  the  horse 
than  he  can  consume  without  waste. 
Care  should  be  taken,  also,  to  prevent 
hayseed  and  dust  from  falling  oat  of  the 
rack  into  the  horse's  eyes. 

Cleanliness,  warmth  and  dryness  are 
desirable  features  in  every  stable. 

Horse-Bedding. 

Litter  for  stalls  should  be  soft  and  abun- 
dant— dry,  long  straw,  or  fine  wood-shav- 
ings, are  the  best.  The  wet  portions 
should  be  thrown  out  of  the  stable  every 
morning,  the  dry  saved  for  another  night, 
and  the  bed  carefully  renewed  each  even- 
ing. A  horse  would  rather  sleep  in  a 
standing  position  all  night,  which  is  not 
restful  nor  healthy,  than  lie  down  upon  a 
cramped -up,  wet  floor. 


The  Best  Stables. 

A  good  stable,  whether  built  of  wood,  brick  or  stone,  ought  to  be 
twelve  feet  high  Inside,  and  not  less  than  eighteen  feet  square,  and 


Stable-Grooming. 

Horses  exposed  to  disagreeable  weather 

all    day,  with    hard    work,    when    turned 

out  at  night  in  the  open  air,  require  but  little  grooming,  as  it  tends 

to  make  them  sensitive  to  atmospheric  changes.     Such  horses  need 

little  besides  rubbing  dry  with  a  wisp  of  hay  or  a  cloth. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  saddle  or  carriage-horse,  which  passes 
much  of  its  time  in  the  stable,  and  is  less  active,  requires  careful 
grooming.  The  tendency  of  this  care  is  to  make  the  horse  more 
valuable,  because  it  removes  whatever  is  hurtful  from  its  body  and 
limbs,  excites  the  healthy  action  of  the  skin,  aids  the  circulation  of 
the  blood,  and  energizes  the  natural  faculties  of  the  animal.  To  rub 
a  horse  dry  when  it  has  been  exposed  to  cold  storms  or  muddy  roads, 
to  wash  away  the  filth  of  the  stable  from  its  surface,  to  comb  and 
brush  its  ruffled  hair,  and  thus  quiet  its  excited  nerves  and  sinews 
after  a  tiring  drive,  to  exercise  judgment  in  supplying  it  with  food 
and  water  of  the  most  beneficial  kinds  and  in  proper  quantities,  and 
to  provide  for  its  rest  and  other  comforts,  comprises  good  grooming, 
and  will  more  than  pay  for  the  trouble  and  expense  incurred;  while 
a  contrary  course  is  only  a  loss  aiul  a  source  of  vexation  to  both 
owner  and  animal. 

An  important  item  in  the  proper  care  of  a  horse  is  to  prevent  the 
destruction  of  its  vitality  by  continued  inactivity  in  the  stable.     To 


^CJ 


HOW    TO    (iliooM,   THE    liKST    KINDS    OF    FOOD    AND    HOW    TO    FEED    THE    HU14SE. 


I5y 


]/. 


^^. 


avoid  this  result,  gystematic  and  eufticient  exercise  in  the  open  air 
should  be  daily  supplied.  If  the  wants  or  pleasures  of  the  owner  or 
his  family,  or  bis  business,  do  not  require  its  constunt  service, 
regular  hours  should  be  frequently  set  apart  for  walking,  light  trot- 
ting, or  easy  running,  under  the  earn  of  an  efficient  groora. 

Order  of  Exercises  in  Grooming. 

First.  Tie  the  horse  in  an  open  ^^pacc  where  there  is,  if  possible, 
sufficient  air  stirring  to  drive  away  dust. 

Second.  With  a  short-tooth  curry-comb  loosen  all  the  hair,  dandruff 
and  scurf  over  the  animal's  entire  body. 

Third.  Follow  with  a  wisp  of  straw,  rubbing  the  horse  until  the 
hair  is  thoroughly  cleaned  from  dust. 

Fourth.  With  a  hand-broom,  or  brush,  sweep  out  all  dust  that 
may  lie  left. 

Fifth.  With  a  large-tooth  wooden  comb  carefully  straighten 
the  hairs  of  mane  and  tail,  taking  care  that  the  hairs  be  not  pulled 
out.  By  taking  proper  precautions  some  horses  may  be  made  to  grow 
very  beautiful  manes  and  tails,  as  shown  in  the  illustration. 

Sixth.  The  final  finish  of  the  grooming  should  be  by  wiping  the 
horse  over  its  entire  body  with  a  soft  cloth. 

"  Docking  "  and  "  Nicking." 

Cutting  off  the  tail  of  the  colt,  which  is  called  *'  docking,"  and 
severing  the  muscles  of  the  tail  on  the  under-side,  in  order  to  train 
it  to  stand  up  in  an  unnatural  position,  which  operation  is  known  as 
*' nicking,"  are  barbarities  that  should  never  be  practiced.  The 
long  tail  of  the  horse  is  necessary  to  its  comfort  in  keeping  away 
troublesome  insects,  and  if  its  natural  use  is  destroyed  by  the  crip- 
pling process  referred  to,  the  horse  becomes  a  great  sufferer  and  loses 
its  native  grace  and  beauty. 

"Clipping." 

This  is  another  barbarous  custom  in  vogue  among  senseless  horse- 
fanciers.  It  consists  in  closely  cutting  the  beautiful  hair  of  the  horse's 
body  and  limbs,  until  the  animal  is  subjected  to  every  inconvenience 
that  any  change  of  weather  may  produce.  The  results  are  not  only 
positive  discomfort,  but  the  liability  to  disease  and  death  is  greatly 
increased. 

Danger  From  Too  Much  Food. 

There  is  more  danger  from  overfeeding  and  feeding  irregularly 
than  from  many  other  sources  of  disease.  The  horse  will  not  exer- 
cise judgment  in  this  matter,but  will  eat  hay,  if  kept  before  it,  for 
pastime,  until  the  stomach  is  overloaded  and  its  fluids  absorbed; 
becoming  thirsty,  as  a  natural  consequence,  the  horse  then  drinks 
more  than  it  ought.  This  course,  if  protracted,  will  result  in  pro- 
ducing weakness  of  the  stomach,  and  induce,  by  that  debility,  other 
disorders  of  the  system. 

Amount  of  Food  Required  by  the  Horse. 

Ten  pounds  of  hay  in  twenty-four  hours,  instead  of  thirty  that 
some  animals  will  gormandize,  is  a  full  ration;  while  eight  pounds 
should,  for  most  horses,  be  sufficient,  with  a  fair  meal  of  oats,  to 
maintain  its  vigor  and  spirits  during  the  same  period.  A  too  free 
nse  of  hay,  as  of  other  food,  tends  to  make  the  horse  wasteful  of  it, 
and  careless  about  properly  chewing  what  it  eats.  Whatever,  there- 
fore, will  serve  to  make  it  chew  its  food  before  swallowing  it,  or  to 
eat  more  slow^ly,  will  aid  in  strengthening  its  digestive  organs,  afford 
more  nourishment,  and  conduce  to  a  better  state  of  health.  For  this 
purpose  it  has  been  proposed  to  mix  cut-feed  with  the  oats,  corn, 
beans  or  other  grain.  The  horse  cannot  swallow  the  harsh,  sharp 
cut-feed  without  chewing  it,  and  in  doing  this  the  grain  also  is 
masticated.     This  process  prevents  the  horse  eating  too  fast  or  too 


much.  If  the  coarse  grains  are  bruised  and  broken  up  with  the  cut- 
feed,  the  time  for  eating  is  considerably  shortened,  and  the  opportu- 
nity for  healthful  rest  is  increased. 

A  horse  under  five  years  old  does  beet  on  grass  gathered  by  him- 
self in  the  pasture,  after  a  day's  labor.  It  cannot  cat  too  fast, 
has  the  benefit  of  the  open  air,  and  is  enabled  to  cat  and  rest  more 
in  accordance  with  the  laws  of  nature  than  its  stabled  mate.  But 
this  can  only  be  done  in  safety  by  hard-working  horses  before  the 
first  of  August,  when  the  night  air  grows  chilly. 

Best  Kinds  of  Food  for  Horses. 

As  a  general  rule,  hay  and  oats  are  invigorating  enough  for  any 
horse,  whatever  his  work  may  be.  About  three-quarters  of  the  oat 
is  nourishment,  if  the  grain  is  perfect,  and  oats  are  at  their  best 
when  a  little  less  than  one  year  old,  heavy,  dry  and  sweet.  New 
oats  are  more  weighty  and  more  difficult  to  digest,  but  by  kiln-drying 
they  may  be  greatly  improved,  and  this  process  removes  the  musty 
smell  from  them.  Corn,  barley,  peas  and  beans  are  sometimes 
advantageously  given,  especially  if  ground  and  mixed  with  roots,  such 
as  turnips  and  carrots,  cut  up  small.  If  the  feed  is  not  salted,  the 
horse  should  have  a  separate  salt-dish  in  its  manger-  Hay  differs  in 
kind  and  quality.  Timothy  and  clover,  well  cured,  are  best;  but 
prairie  hay  is  nourishing.  Green  grass,  to  horses  unaccustomed  to 
any  but  dry  food,  should  be  fed  sparingly.  Horses,  not  employed  in 
warm  weather,  do  well  in  pastures. 

Cut-feed  should  be  made  from  equal  quantities  of  meadow  or 
clover  hay,  and  oat,  wheat  or  barley  straw.  Oats  mixed  with  cut- 
feed  should  be  bruised.  For  hard-worked  horses  two  parts  of  hay 
and  one  of  straw  improve  the  quality  of  the  cut-feed.  To  such  a 
horse  eight  pounds  of  oats,  two  pounds  of  bruised  beans  and  twenty 
pounds  of  cut-feed  may  be  fed  at  once.  The  best  time  to  feed  a  full 
or  double  ration  is  at  night,  affording  ample  time  for  digestion  and 
the  accumulation  of  nutrition,  with  lighter  meals  two  or  three  times 
on  the  following  day.  Salt  should  be  added  to  the  ration  quite 
often,  though  sparingly,  not  only  as  a  relish,  but  as  a  positive  benefit 
to  the  animal's  digestion. 

Among  other  varieties  of  food,  bruised  or  cut  up,  and  mixed  with 
each  other  or  cut-feed,  are  Indian  com,  Swedish  turnips,  carrots  and 
steamed  potatoes. 

Flax-seed  is  a  fair  diet  for  a  sick  horse.  Clover  may  be  given  as 
a  laxative  food. 

When  and  How  to  Water  the  Horse. 

The  water  used  by  horses  in  drinking  should  be  always  the  best — 
quite  as  good  as  the  owner  can  obtain  for  himself.  Too  much  water 
at  once,  or  water  too  cold,  when  the  horse  is  working  or  traveling,  is 
bad;  frequent  and  moderate  drinking  of  cool  water  is  safest.  Water 
freshly  drawn  from  a  deep  well  has  been  known  to  produce  in  a  horse 
colic,  spasms  and  even  death. 

If  the  horse  in.  the  stable  has  the  privilege  of  helping  itself  to 
water  at  will,  it  will  not  over-drink,  nor  even  as  much  as  one  on  the 
road  which  has  to  drink  whenever  it  can. 

An  overdriven,  overheated  horse  should  be  restrained  from  drink- 
ing cold  water,  or  too  much  of  it  at  a  time.  A  little  water,  given 
often,  with  a  free  use  of  a  saturated  sponge  about  the  mouth  and 
head,  would  prevent  any  possibility  of  founder  or  other  bad  result. 
If  a  horse  has  been  drinking  too  much  cold  water  it  should  be  at  once 
driven  rapidly,  to  prevent  the  perspiration  from  being  too  suddenly 
checked.  If  a  horse,  after  half  a  day's  travel,  seems  to  have  lost 
its  appetite  and  acts  in  a  listless  manner,  a  drink  of  fresh  water  has 
been  known  to  prove  a  good  restorative,  and  the  appetite  returns. 

Good  judgment  is  needed  to  meet  all  the  circumstances  under 
which  horses  should  be  properly  fed,  groomed  and  watered. 


I 


? 


i^ 


!*: 


160 


HOW    TO    OVEECOME    BAD    HABITS    IN   THE    HOESE. 


k 


III  BAD  HABITS 


^ 


OF  HORSES. 


Their   Cause,  and   How   to   Overcome   Them   Throug-h   Humane  Treatment. 


jIIE  BAD  habits  of  horses,  as  of  men,  are  trace- 
able either  to  inheritance  from  vicious  parent- 
age or  the  carelessness  of  their  trainers. 
A  horse's  natural  temper,  like  a  man's,  may 
display  itself  in  its  infancy,  and  be  eradicated 
by  humane  and  proper  training;  but  if  neg- 
lected, or  perpetuated  as  something  amusing, 
the  mature  animal  will  retain  it  to  a  vicious 
degree  through  life. 

Among  the  most  common  of  these  evil  habits  are  balking,  kicking, 
crib-biting,  running  away,  rearing,  shying,  pawing,  and  dislike  to 
being  mounted,  and  these,  and  the  remedies  to  be  applied  for  their 
correction,  are  here  described,  several  of  the  suggestions  being  those 
effectually  practiced  by  Mr.  Pratt  the  noted  horse-trainer. 

To  Prevent  Pawing. 

Attach  a  rope  from  the  fore-feet  to  a  ring  in  a  surcingle,  and 
thence  to  a  crupper  under  the  tail.  Have  this  sufficiently  tight  to 
make  a  sharp  pull  on  the  crupper  whenever  the  horse  indulges  in 
pawing,  and  the  pain  inflicted  will  cause  the  horse  ultimately  to  cease 
the  habit. 

Rearing. 

This  habit  is  broken  up  by  the  use  of  a  strong  martingale.  If  a 
horse  rears  in  a  carriage,  attach  a  cord  tightly  around  the  thickest 
part  of  the  body,  tied  with  a  loop-knot,  and  have  the  other  end  in  the 
carriage.  Unable  to  expand  its  body  on  account  of  the  rope  around 
it,  it  is  impossible  for  the  animal  to  rear.      This  plan  never  fails. 

To  Make  a  Horse  Gel  Up  That  Refuses  to  Rise. 

A  sulky  hnrM.',  in  Ilu-  hjit)it  of  lying  down  and  expressing  unwill- 
ingness to  get  up  when  told  to  do  so,  may  be  be  cured  by  lifting  up 
the  head  and  pouring  a  pint  of  cold  water  into  the  nostrils  from  a 
cup.  The  water  stops  the  breath,  as  if  in  the  act  of  drowning,  and 
the  horse  becomes  frightened  and  springs  to  its  feet.  The  remedy 
is  simple,  but  is  said  to  be  effectual. 

To  Prevent  Crib-Biting. 

Horses  accustomed  to  crih-bitiiig  should  have  their  mangers  built 
on  the  floor.  The  attempt  to  gnaw  it  requires  the  animal  to  get  his 
mouth  below  his  chest,  which  prevents  indulgence  in  the  habit. 

A  remedy  that  will  effectually  break  up  the  vice,  is  to  cover  the 
edges*  of  Jhe  manger  and  hayrack,  etc. ,  with  sheep-skins,  having  the 
wool  outfide,  and  the  wool   well   Hprinkled  with  cayenne-pepper. 

To  Prevent  Running  Away. 

Horses  will  Bometimcs  acquire  this  habit,  ijossibly  by  fright  at  first, 


and  afterward  indulge  in  it  viciously.     A  strong,  cool-headed  driver, 
a  curb-strap  and  sharp  bit  is  the  best  treatment  known. 

When  the  opportunity  offers  and  the  horse  is  resolved  to  run,  a 
most  excellent  method  of  preventing  the  desire  is  to  give  the  horse  a 
full  opportunity  to  run,  and  that,  too,  right  under  the  whip,  until  the 
animal  is  badly  exhausted.  A  few  vigorous  runs  of  this  kind  will 
remind  the  horse  that  running  is  not  an  agreeable  exercise. 

To  Prevent  a  Horse  Kicking  at  Persons  Who  Enter  its  StaM. 

Put  the  Bonaparte  bridlr,  (.■Isewhcre  described,  on  the  horse. 
Drive  a  staple  at  the  side  of  the  stall,  near  the  manger,  three  or  four 
feet  from  the  floor,  and  fasten  another  staple  at  the  entrance  of  the 
stall,  the  same  distance  above  the  floor.  Pass  the  halter-cord  through 
both  staples  and  tie  it  at  the  outer  one.  When  entering  the  stall, 
pull  sharply  on  the  rope,  saying  '^go  over."  The  head  of  the  horse 
will  be  drawn  towards  the  person  and  its  heels  to  the  opposite  side. 
All  danger  is  thus  averted,  and  the  horse  soon  learns  to  abandon  its 
bad  habit. 

To  Prevent  Shying. 

This  fault  is  usually  the  result  of  early  fright.  To  overcome  the 
habit,  lead  the  horse  up  to  anything  of  which  it  is  afraid,  let  it  smell 
of  the  object  and  see  that  no  harm  comes  from  it.  A  plan  pursued 
by  some  horse-trainers  is  to  throw  the  animal,  and  when  in  this 
position  rub  the  nose  with  a  buffalo-skin,  throw  the  skin  upon  its 
head,  open  and  shut  an  umbrella  over  it,  and  thus  familiarize  the 
creature  with  the  presence  of  those  things  at  which  it  shies  until  it 
understands  that  these  can  do  it  no  injury.  The  horse  that  shies  in 
the  blinder  will  frequently  be  found  much  more  brave  when  the 
blinder  is  removed  and  the  horse  is  fully  able  to  see  all  the  objects 
about  him.  Patience  aiid  gentleness  must  be  exercised  with  the 
timid  horse.      Harshness  and  whipping  only  aggravate  the  difliculty. 

To  Prevent  Pulling  on  the  Haller. 

Put  a  common  halter  on  the  horse  from  which  the  hitching- strap 
has  been  removed.  Then  double  a  small  cord,  about  eighteen  feet 
long,  in  the  center,  place  the  loop  under  the  tail  and  cross  the  cords 
on  the  back;  bring  the  ends  of  the  cord  each  side  of  the  neck  and 
place  them  through  the  strap  of  the  halter  under  the  mouth  and  tie 
to  a  tree  or  post.  Tie  a  strap  from  the  mouth  to  a  post  or  tree  so 
that  It  will  be  one  foot  shorter  than  the  rope  after  tightening  it  at  the 
tail;  then  cut  the  strap  half  off,  and  afterward  frighten  the  h*)rse  by 
rolling  a  barrel  in  front  of  it.  This  will  cause  it  to  dodge  backward, 
breaking  the  strap,  when  it  will  be  caught  under  the  tail  by  the  rope 
and  be  severely  punished.  After  this  process  has  been  repeated  two 
or  three  times  the  horse  will  learn  not  to  pull  on  the  halter  again. 


-<> 


PREVENTION    AND    Cl'KK    OF    BAD    IIAI;ITS    IX    HOUSES. 


To  Prevent  a  Horse  Getting  Cast  in  the  Stall. 

In  the  ci'iling  over  the  niiuigt-r,  at  the  side  of  tlu-  stiill,  drive  ii 
staple,  and  another  in  the  center  of  the  ceilinj;,  over  the  horsc'g  head. 
Pass  a  small  cord  through  the  staple  at  the  side  of  the  stall,  and  to 
the  end  of  it  attach  a  horse-shoe  or  piece  of  iron  of  about  the  same 
weight,  8o  that  the  cord  will  not  draw  out  of  the  t^iaple.  Then  pass 
the  other  end  of  the  cord  through  the  staple  in  the  center  of  the  stall, 
bring  it  down  within  two  and  a  half  feet  of  the  floor,  cut  it  off  and 
attach  a  common  harness  snap  to  il.  Fasten  a  ring  in  the  strap  of  the 
halter  at  the  top  of  the  horse's  head  and  into  this  hook  the  snap. 
When  the  horse  raises  up  its  head  the  weight  goes  down,  and  when 
its  mouth  is  on  the  floor  it  can  lie  down  to  rest,  but  it  cannot  get  the 
top  of  its  bead  down  to  the  floor,  and  unless  it  can  do  this  it  cannot 
roll,  and  if  it  cannot  roll  it  cannot  get  cast. 

To  Keep  the  Tongue  in  the  Mouth. 

The  habit  of  allowing  the  tongue  to  dangle  from  the  mouth  may  be 
prevented  by  a  circular  piece  of  leather  on  each  side  of  the  bit  that 
extends  down  to  the  tongue  when  it  is  out.  Attached  to  this  leather 
should  be  sharp  points,  the  pricking  of  which  will  cause  the  animal 
to  withdraw  its  tongue.  These  pins  thus  worn  for  awhile,  and  the 
tongue  severely  pricked  every  time  it  is  bung  out,  on  one  side  or  the 
other  of  the  mouth,  the  horse  will  soon  learn  to  keep  its  tongue 
where  it  belongs. 

Another  plan  suggested  is  to  take  an  ordinary  straight-bit,  five- 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  drill  two  boles,  each  one  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  from  the  center;  then  procure  a  piece  of  very 
small  chain,  attach  to  It  iron  bullets  about  the  size  of  a  musket-ball, 
and  let  them  hang  in  the  mouth  about  one  and  a  half  inches,  by  the 
chain,  from  the  bit.      Use  this  instrument  and  bit  for  a  week  or  more. 

To  Prevent  Uneasiness  While  Being  Mounted. 

Two  causes  make  horses  unsteady  or  uneasy  while  being  mounted. 
Either  it  arises  from  eagerness  to  start,  or  unwillingness  to  be  rid- 
den, and  in  both  cases  it  involves  the  rider  in  danger.  Severity 
beyond  firmness  does  no  good,  but  is  rather  an  injury.  A  strong, 
agile,  energetic  man  is  necessary  to  break  the  habit  where  eagerness 
to  start  causes  it.  The  rider  should  be  free  from  fear,  carelessly 
and  confidently  approach  the  horse,  gather  the  reins  in  his  left  hand 
and  help  himself  quickly  into  the  saddle  with  the  other.  Once  there 
bis  energies  must  be  exerted  to  control  the  moti<in  of  the  horse, 
patting  it  and  not  permitting  it  to  go  forward  until  under  perfect 
submission.  If  the  uneasiness  of  the  horse  is  due  to  unwillingness 
to  be  mounted  or  driven,  to  conquer  it  will  require  frequent  contests 
of  strength  and  waste  of  time,  for  the  horse  cannot  be  depended 
upon  with  any  certainty  after  all  attempts  to  subdue  the  habit. 

To  Cure  the  Habit  of  Kicking. 

Raise  one  fore-foot  of  the  animal  and  fasten  it  there.  Then  attach 
a  strap  to  the  hind  foot  and  from  thence  to  a  rope  around  the  neck  of 
the  animal.  Release  the  fore-foot  and  let  the  horse  kick.  As  every 
strike  results  in  punishment  to  the  horse  itself,  it  will  soon  desist 
from  further  kicking.  Another  plan  is  to  place  a  thorn-bush  behind 
the  animal  and  let  it  kick  until  it  ceases  from  the  pain  inflicted  upon 
itself. 

Pratfs  method  was  to  throw  the  horse,  as  described  elsewhere, 
while  held  with  a  strong  and  hard  bridle  in  the  mouth.  While  down, 
with  a  board  he  then  irritated  the  legs,  and  every  time  the  horse 
kicked  he  jerked  upon  the  bridle  and  said  "whoa."  The  horse  was 
given  to  understand  in  this  treatment  that  kicking  meant  punishment. 


and  Anally  when  it  ceased  and  submitted  to  the  rubbing  of  the  board, 
be  caresped  the  animal.  Afterward  the  horse  was  allowed  to  rise 
and  its  power  to  resist  the  habit  was  then  tried.  If  the  animal 
kicked,  a  severe  i)ull  on  the  bridle  and  the  word  "whoa"  wan  again 
a  reminder  that  punishment  followed  kicking.  Finally  the  horse  was 
placed  in  a  cart  and  every  inducement  given  it  to  kick.  If  the  horse 
yielded  to  the  habit,  vigorous  jerking  and  the  word  "whoa"  made 
the  practice  so  very  uncomfortable  for  the  animal  as  to  effectually 
overcome  the  habit. 

To  Overcome  Unwillingness  to  be  Caught. 

Horses  thai  are  turned  into  pasture  with  a  whoop  and  a  blow  as 
they  jump  over  the  bottom  rail  of  the  fence  or  gate-bar,  are  usually 
the  ones  which  get  into  a  habit  of  not  liking  to  be  caught  again, 
through  fear.  To  break  up  this  babit  its  cause  should  be  stopped, 
and  the  Bonaparte  bridle  should  be  used.  Put  the  bridle  on 
the  horse  and  tie  a  knot  at  the  mouth  to  prevent  its  slipping  down  to 
the  teeth,  lest  it  be  bitten  in  two.  Carry  the  cord  up  to  the  mane 
over  the  shoulder.  Tie  part  of  the  mane  together  with  a  string. 
Pass  the  cord  through  the  loop  thus  made  in  the  mane,  and  bring  it 
through  a  loop  made  in  the  same  way  in  the  tail,  leaving  the  cord 
from  ten  to  fifty  feet  long,  dragging  on  the  ground.  To  train  the 
horse,  carefully  approach  it  from  behind,  grasp  the  cord  firmly  and 
say  "come  here!"  at  the  same  time  pulling  strongly  on  the  cord. 
After  three  or  four  lessons  the  cord  may  be  removed,  but  the  horse 
will  then  have  learned  to  obey  the  command — the  effect  of  the  pun- 
ishment received  from  the  cord  at  its  mouth. 

Another  method  of  producing  willingness  to  be  caught  when  in  the 
pasture,  is  that  of  frequently  visiting  the  horses  when  in  the  field, 
calling  them  and  feeding  a  small  amount  of  grain,  as  a  reward  for 
their  coming,  at  the  same  time  caressing  them.  .The  confidence  of 
almost  any  domestic  animal  can,  by  kindness,  be  secured  iu  a  man- 
ner such  as  to  make  it  willing  to  serve  us. 

To  Prevent  Balking. 

Time  and  much  patience  are  necessary  to  remedy  this  fault,  and 
various  are  the  devices  used  to  overcome  the  habit.  One  course  to 
pursue,  when  a  horse  balks  in  a  public  place,  is  to  speak  gently  to 
the  animal,  and  while  standing  beside  it,  by  little  raps  on  the  fetlocks, 
with  the  foot,  cause  it  to  set  its  fore-feet  further  and  further  for- 
ward until,  gradually,  it  will  move  ahead. 

Sometimes  a  pebble  in  the  ear,  dirt  in  the  mouth,  a  nail  under  the 
harness  or  any  contrivance  that  will  divert  the  mind  of  the  horse  from 
its  intention  to  stop,  may  effect  good  results.  All  or  any  of  these 
serve  the  purpose  better  than  harsh  treatment. 

Another  method  is  to  hitch  the  horse  to  a  light  load  in  an  unfre- 
quented street  or  road,  and  drive  it  moderately  until  it  balks.  Then 
tie  the  reins  to  the  wagon,  dismount  and  wait  until  the  animal  is  ready 
to  goon  again,  without  remonstrance  or  other  treatment  of  any  kind. 
Hours  may  elapse  before  it  will  feel  inclined  to  go  forward,  but  its 
obstinacy  will  at  last  subside;  especially  if  hunger  prompts  it  to 
move  homeward.  Take  it  all  as  a  matter  of  course,  and  after  a  few 
experiences  of  this  kind,  the  horse  will  understand  that  nothing  is 
gained  by  balking  and  give  up  the  habit. 

If  the  balk  can  be  traced  to  too  heavy  a  load  for  the  horse  to  draw, 
it  should  be  lightened  before  proceeding  to  other  measures.  To 
stamp,  yell  and  flourish  the  whip,  like  one  insane,  can  have  no  good 
effect  on  the  horse,  for  such  actions  only  serve  to  confuse  its  senses. 
If  the  collar  galls  its  neck  or  chest,  the  pain  may  cause  the 
balk;  the  remedy,  then,  is  to  apply  proper  padding  to  the  chafed 
places,  and  gently  encourage  the  animal  to  be  led  far  enough  to  con- 
vince it  that  the  soreness  has  been  relieved. 


•?  -(b^— 


i 


11 


><l^?^ — 


162 


THE  EDUCATIOX  OF  THE  HORSE. 


J^^-a 


TRICKS    AND 

PERFORMANCES 

OF    HORSES. 


He*-- 


The  Means  by  Which  Trick-Horses  are  Trained. 


i 


'ANY  CURIOL'S  performances  of  trick-horses  at  the  cir- 
cus and  agricultural  fairs  attract  the  attention  and 
excite  the  admiration  of  spectators.  Among  these 
are  the  following:  To  walk  up  and  down  stairs; 
to'Maugh";  to  push  a  vehicle;  to  sit  down;  to  say 
"Xo";  to  walk  on  its  knees;  to  mount  a  box;  to 
waltz;  to  walk  on  its  hind-feet;  to  go  lame;  to  d  live  a 
boy  off  a  box;  to  bow,  and  to  shake  hands. 
The  first  requisite  in  this  sort  of  training  is 

A  Bonaparte  Bridle, 

which  is  tbuy  made  and  apjdic-d:  Take  a 
piece  of  clothes-line,  or  a  cord  a  little 
larger,  ten  feet  long;  tie  a  loop  at  one  end 
just  large  enough  to  loosely  encircle  the 
lower  jaw  of  the  horse  when  placed  in 
its  mouth;  then  pass  the  rest  of  the  cord 
over  the  hor^-e's  head  on  the  off-side,  just 
behind  its  ears,  bring  it  down  to  and  pass 
it  through  the  loop  on  the  other  side,  pull- 
ing il  firmly.  The  loop  in  the  mouth 
forms  the  bit,  the  cord  passed  over  the 
head  makes  the  bridle,  and  the  remainder 
of  the  cord  is  an  effectual  halter  in  the 
hands  of  the  trainer.  This  bridle  is  rec- 
ommended by  Professor  O.  S.  Pratt,  the 
horse-trainer,  author  of  a  most  excellent 
work  entitled  *' The  Horse's  Friend,"  as  a 
perfect  restraint  upon  the  movements  of 
the  horse  while  teaching  him  to  drive, 
carry  burdens,  or  amuse  the  spectators. 
To  make  this  bridle  doubly  effective,  after 
adjusting  it  as  above  described,  pass  the 
loose  cord  through  the  right  hand;   then 

with  the  left  hand  take  the  cord,  place  it  over  the  top  of  the  horse's 
head,  bringing  the  cord  down  with  the  left  band  under  the  upper  lip, 
resting  against  the  upper  teeth,  forming  another  loop. 
Mr.  Pratt  instructed  a  horse  to 

Walk  Up  and  Down  Stairs 

by  putting  u  rope  aroumi  iIk:  mck,  bringing  it  down  through  the 
mouth  and  back  through  the  loop  on  the  neck;  then  he  jerked  the 
rope  until  the  fore-feet  were  ever  so  slightly  raised,  and  then  stopped 
operations  to  caress  and  sooth  the  horse;  then  he  checked  the  horse's 
head  up  to  a  surcingle — from  the  bit  to  the  side-ring;  then  the  cord 
was  jerked  again,  saying,  "get  up,  sir!"  and  causing  the  horse  to 
rise  on  his  hind-feet  alone.  By  repeating  these  operations  carefully, 
and  caressing  the  horse  each  time  that  it  does  well,  it  may  soon  be 
made  to  perfr>rm  the  trick  of  going  up  and  down  steps  by  the  motion 
of  a  whip  alone. 


Teaching  the  Trick-Horse. 


To"Laugti." 

The  horse's  lip  is  to  be  pricked  with  a  common  pin  till  it  lifts  its 
upper  lip;  then  caress  and  pet  it,  and  ere  long,  when  pointed  at,  and 
hearing  the  word  "laugh,"  it  will  know  that  its  lip  must  he  turned 
up  or  pricked. 

To  Sit  Down. 

This  requires  a  tractable  horse  to  begin  with.  Having  put  on  the 
Bonaparte  bridle,  to  control  its  movements,  put  a  harness  collar  on 
the  neck.  Buckle  a  pole-strap  around 
each  hind  leg,  below  the  fetlock-joint,  and 
to  the  other  end  of  each  strap  fasten  a 
cord  ten  or  twelve  feet  long;  then  pass 
each  cord  through  the  collar  towards  the 
head,  on  each  side  of  the  horse;  then  bring 
the  ends  back  behind  the  animal,  at  the 
same  time  holding  the  end  of  the  Bona- 
parte bridle.  Pulling  strongly  on  both 
cords,  repeating  the  words  "  sit  down,"'  the 
horse  will  be  drawn  backward  until  he 
sits  down.  This  position  should  not  last 
more  than  a  few  seconds  at  first.  The 
operation  having  been  repeated  three 
times  a  day  for  about  a  week,  the  trainer 
indicating  by  a  whip  what  is  expected, 
and  uttering  the  command,  the  horse  will 
sit  down  when  told  to  do  so. 

To  Mount  a  Box  and  Pusti  a  Veliicle. 

Witli  Iliu  J!(.iiaparte  bridli-  U-;ul  \\\v  Imrse 
to  the  box — one  eighteen  inches  high — and 
tell  it  to  "mount  it."  Not  understand- 
ing the  order,  it  will  not  do  it  until  it 
learns  what  is  required.  The  trainer 
holding  the  horse  by  the  bridle,  the  assistant  gently  lifts  its  fore-  foot, 
places  it  upon  the  box,  and  leaves  it  there.  Caress  the  horse  while 
it  holds  its  foot  on  the  box,  and  give  the  command  to  "get  down," 
hacking  it  by  a  slight  strain  on  the  bridle.  When  the  foot  is  taken 
down  caress  the  horse  again.  Repeat  the  operation  until  the  animal 
obeys  both  orders  promptly,  and  then  train  it  in  the  same  manner 
to  put  the  other  foot  upon  the  box  and  take  it  down.  Then  repeat 
again,  placing  both  feet  upon  the  box  at  once,  and  teach  as  in  the 
first  two  instances.  A  little  practice,  with  caresses  to  sooth  the 
horse's  nerves,  will  soon  result  in  obedience  without  the  use  of  the 
bridle. 

The  same  process  has  to  be  gone  through  in  teaching  the  horse  to 
push  along  a  vehicle,  if  it  has  not  been  previously  trained  to  mount 
a  box.  With  its  feet  planted  on  the  hind  platform  of  the  vehicle, 
the  horse  need  only  be  encouraged  to  move  its  hiud-feet,  by  leading 


:^ 


1- 


HOW    THE    HORSK    MAV    BK    TAUGHT    Til    1>KIJK(>I{.M    TRICKS. 


163 


at  the  head,  with  the  command  to  '*pu8h. "  It  soon  learns  to  do  ae 
told,  and  some  horses  appear  to  be  pleased  with  this  new  acquire- 
ment. 

To  Say  ''No." 
The  horse  is  pricked  by  its  trainer,  with  a  pin,  in  the  neck  where 
the  mane  terminates,  until  it  shakes  its  head  sideways.  Then  caress 
the  horse;  then  again  apply  the  pin  as  before:  then  caress,  and  after 
a  few  trials  the  motion  of  the  trainer  to  prick  him,  without  doing  so, 
will  be  the  sig^nal  for  tlic  hori^o  to  t-ay  "  no,"'  by  shaking  its  head. 

To  Walk  on  Its  Fore-Knees. 

In  teaching  this  trick  no  shoes  should  be  on  ihjd  hind-feet  of  the 
horse,  lest  they  produce  injury  and  fright.  A  surcingle  is  to  be 
strapped  on  tightly,  and  a  strap  attached  to  the  nigh  fore-foot  between 
the  hoof  and  fetlock-joint.  Draw  the  foot  up  to  within  eight  or  ten 
inches  of  the  body;  then  take  a  cord  or  strap  sis  or  seven  feet  long 
and  fasten  it  to  the  off  fore-leg  in  the  same  manner.  Then  let  a 
strong  assistant  stand  on  the  off-side  and,  when  directed,  pull  up  the 
foot.  Putting  the  Bonaparte  bridle  on  the  horse,  take  a  position  in 
front  of  it,  holding  the  bridle,  and  request  the  assistant  to  pnll. 
This  movement  brings  the  horse  to  its  knees,  when  the  trainer  pulls 
on  the  bridle  and  says  "come  here."  The  early  result  of  this  treat- 
ment, if  frequently  and  briefly  administered,  with  caresses,  is  subju- 
gation and  obedience. 

To  Waltz. 

The  horse's  bead  should  be  fastened  to  its  side  by  a  surcingle  and 
cord,  the  latter  being  hitched  to  the  mouth.  A  light  touch  of  the 
whip  will  set  it  in  motion,  and  that,  of  course,  must  be  rotary,  after 
the  manner  of  a  waltz.  The  word  '*  waltz,"  repeated  by  the  trainer, 
and  the  motion  of  the  whip  are  the  instruments  of  tuition.  In  due 
time  the  cord  and  surcingle  may  be  taken  off,  but  the  trick  will  be 
remembered  and  practiced  at  the  word  of  command. 

Tio  Walk  on  its  Hind-Feet. 

To  succeed  in  tlii>  the  Bonaparte  bridle,  a  bit-bridle  and  a  sur- 
cingle are  used.  By  the  latter  the  horse's  head  is  drawn  well  up  and 
in  towards  its  chest,  the  reins  being  attached  to  the  surcingle  on  each 


side  of  the  animal.  The  trainer,  jerking  the  horse's  head  upward  by 
the  rope  bridle  several  times,  repeats  the  words  "stand  upon  your 
hind-feet."  If  it  fails  to  understand  what  is  wanted,  the  trainer 
takes  hold  of  one  leg,  raising  up  the  horse  with  one  hand,  holding  the 
bridle  with  the  other.  Any  indication  of  nervousness,  while  trying 
to  obey,  should  be  quieted  by  caresses.  Patience  and  kindness  are 
to  be  exercised  until  the  horse  stands  on  its  hind-feet.  Then  stand 
in  front  of  it  and  teach  it  to  walk  uprightly  by  saying  "get  up," 
shaking  the  whip  before  its  eyes,  moving  backward  slowly  and 
repeat  "come  here,"  sharply,  using  the  whip  very  gently  on  ite 
knees.     In  a  short  time  the  animal  learns  the  trick. 

To  Go  Lame. 

Lightly  kick  or  strike  the  horse  on  the  right  fore-leg  until  it  holds 
it  up,  and  then  caress  it  kindly;  wilh  the  left  hand  at  the  bit  lead  It, 
and  tap  the  left  fore-leg  with  a  stick  held  in  the  right  hand;  repeat 
the  word  "lame — lame — lame,"  and  the  horse  will  soon  learn  and 
obey  the  command  by  holding  up  one  leg  as  if  in  pain. 

To  Drive  a  Boy  Off  a  Box. 

Having  taught  a  horse  to  mount  a  box,  as  elsewhere  described,  put 
on  the  Bouaparte  bridle,  the  cord  being  about  twenty  feet  long. 
Then  the  trainer  sends  the  horse  from  him  by  the  whip  as  far  as  the 
cord  will  permit,  and  gives  a  slight  pnll,  saying  "come  here."  When 
the  horse  starts  to  obey,  tlie  trainer  steps  upon  the  bos,  and  it  will 
endeavor  to  mount  too,  at  which  time  the  trainer  leaps  off.  After 
this  process  has  been  repeated  several  times,  the  trainer  induces  a 
boy  to  stand  on  the  box,  and  urges  the  horse  to  "  come  here  and 
mount,"  and  as  soon  as  the  horse  raises  its  feet  upon  the  box  the 
boy  leaves  it,  as  if  driven  away  in  fright.  This  affords  much  amuse- 
ment to  the  spectators  who  are  not  in  the  secret. 

To  Bow. 

With  a  pin  prick  the  horse  in  the  breast  till  it  throws  its  head 
down  and  up  ever  so  little,  when  the  pin  is  taken  away  and  the  horse 
kindly  caressed.  After  this  has  been  repeated  a  few  times,  the 
trainer  can  stand  back  and  attract  the  horse's  attention,  and  the  latter 
will  nod  its  head,  expecting  the  pin  to  prick  it  again. 


SHOEING  THE   HORSE. 


A  skilled  horse-shoer  should  always  be  employed,  if  possible. 

When  a  colt  is  first  taken  to  be  shod,  it  should  be  accompanied  by 
an  old  horse  for  company.  Before  beginning  work  on  the  colt  let  it 
stand  hitched  with  the  other  horse  for  a  short  time. 

The  smith  should  approach  the  colt  gently,  pat  it  on  the  neck,  rub 
its  legs  and  bead  with  his  hands,  and  in  a  few  minutes  the  colt  will 
lose  all  fear  and  suffer  itself  to  be  freely  handled. 

No  impatience  or  undue  haste  should  be  manifested  while  shoeing 
a  colt,  nor  should  its  foot  be  held  up  too  long  at  a  time,  lest  it  become 
tired  and  restless. 

Much  depends  upon  properly  preparing  the  foot  to  receive  the 
shoe.  If  the  hoof  does  not  rest  squarely  on  the  floor,  the  rim  or 
shell  on  the  under-surface  only  needs  leveling,  taking  care  not  to 
cut  the  "frog"  or  "braces,"  or  the  sole.  The  frog  especially 
should  be  spared  the  use  of  the  knife. 

Having  brought  the  foot  to  a  level  with  the  floor,  make  the  shoe  to 
fit  the  pared  hoof.  The  outer  edge  of  the  shoe  should  closely  follow 
the  outer  edge  of  the  shell  all  the  way  around  the  hoof  to  the  heels. 
Do  not  turn  the  ends  of  the  shoe  out  after  it  reaches  the  heels,  but 
flatten  them  a  little.  The  shoe  should  match  the  size  of  the  horse 
in  weight — heavy  shoes  for  heavy  animals  only.  What  is  known  as  a 
"b;ir'  ^hoe  should  never  be  used. 


No  point  of  a  nail  should  be  allowed  to  penetrate  the  shell  of  the 
foot  and  irritate  the  flesh.  Have  the  nails  well  clinched  on  the  outer 
surface  of  the  hoof.  The  number  of  nails  used  should  be  no  more 
than  is  required  to  hold  the  shoe  firmly  to  the  foot,  and  they  should 
always  be  as  small  as  is  consistent  with  the  strain  upon  them. 

Calks  should  be  short,  and  in  frosty  weather  sharp  enough  to  keep 
the  horse  from  slipping. 

The  shoe  should  be  taken  off  and  reset  once  in  five  or  six  weeks. 
It  is  true  that  some  workmen  can  fasten  a  shoe  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  make  it  available  for  months;  but  it  is  considered  better  to 
remove  the  shoe  oftener  and  refit  it.  In  this  way  the  foot  is  kept  in 
good  order,  and  the  horse  benefited.  If  the  shoe  is  left  on  too  long, 
the  "coffin"  and  pastern  joints  become  sore,  the  knees  sprung,  the 
cords  of  the  legs  contract  and  the  horse  stumbles  in  his  gait. 

The  use  of  the  rasp  is  to  be  avoided  as  much  as  possible  in  shoeing 
a  horse.  The  front  of  the  "wall"  of  the  hoof  should  never  be 
rasped,  lest  it  become  thin  and  brittle  and  finally  destroyed.  \Vhere 
the  lower  end  of  this  part  of  the  hoof  has  been  neglected  too  long, 
and  when  the  old  shoe  is  taken  off,  the  rasp  will  remove  the  surplus 
growth,  but  nothing  more  should  be  filed  away. 

Much  bad  horse-shoeing  is  due  to  the  ignorance,  brutality  and 
heedlessness  of  those  intrusted  with  this  important  work. 


i: 


i 


-^1 

c?*^ 


tion  with, 
X  n  d  d  e  - 
poadence 
<  u,  low- 
r  ani- 
mal life 
s  m  ore 
thin  iSfTcnerally 
supposed.  As 
servmts  many 
f  thtm  gladly 
do  c  ur  bidding  ; 
as  (ompanious, 
oi(({k(^  tliej  make  our  jour- 
31  "'^-^  nc^  through  life 
pleasant  in  many  ways.  As 
friends,  their  attachments 
are  strong  and  enduring; 
while  in  the  industrial  world 
the  part  performed  by  the 
lower  animals  for  human 
welfare  is  beyond  our  ready 
comprehension.  The  silk  and  wooh^n  factories  of  the 
world,  the  multitude  of  jieople  engaged,  and  the  millions 
of  capital  employed  in  the  disposition  of  their  products, 
attest  the  magnitude  of  the  mission  served  by  the  silk- 
worm and  the  .sheep.  The  butter,  cheese,  eggs,  milk  and 
meat  interests  have  but  to  be  studied  for  a  niomc^nt 
that  we  may  realize  their  greatness.    The   leather,   fur 


and  feather  industries  occupy  each  a  great  place  in  com- 
mercial affairs ;  while  in  many  other  avenues  of  effort 
for  human  welfare  we  are  largelj'  dependent  upon  the 
labor  and  products  of  lower  auimal  life  for  sustenance, 
pleasure  and  comfort. 

Very  naturally,  therefore,  we  turn  to  a  stud}'  of  these 
animals  with  which  we  come  in  contact,  asking  what 
of  their  history — what  of  their  genealogy? 

Our  faithful,  affectionate  dog,  that  comes  far  away 
down  the  road  and  welcomes  our  return  to  the  home, 
what  of  his  ancestry  1 

Our  intelligent  horse,  that  knows  our  footstep  aud 
neighs  a  signal  of  friendly  recognition  when  we  approach, 
what  of  his  nativity  ? 

The  friendly  puss,  that  purrs  away  a  contented  and 
happ3'  existence  on  the  sofa  near  us,  whither  did  it  ctnne  ? 

The  multiplied  breeds  of  horses  ;  the  numerous  kinds 
of  cattle,  sheep  and  swine  ;  the  wide  variety  of  dogs,  cov- 
ering the  range  from  the  minute  black-and-tan  to  the 
strong  St.  Bernard  ;  the  indefinite  number  of  fowls,  from 
the  tiny  bantam  to  the  stately  cochin  ;  the  many  varieties 
of  pigeons,  from  the  pretty  tumbler  and  the  proud  fan- 
tail  to  the  fulM)rcasted  pouter  and  the  swift-flying  car- 
rier; the  brilliantly  colored  pcac<ick,  the  graceful  swan. 
the  sweet  singing  canary — animals  and  birds  we  see 
aroumi  us  each  day,  yet  of  which  we  know  but  little — 
what  of  them '? 

To  answer  these  questions  are  given  the  sketches  on  llif 
succeeding  pages. 


"^: 


DOMESTIC   AKIMALS   lOUJS'D    IN    'rilK    IWrTKO    STATES   AND   KVUOl'K. 


The  Sheep,  although  its  original  character 
has  never  been  fully  determined,  has  been 
traced  to  several  countries  of  which  it  is  a 
native,  us  follows:  The  Beardiyl  Sheep, 
found  in  the  high  lands  of  Egypt  and  in 
Barljary;  the  Argali,  in  tlie  highest  mount- 
ains of  Central  A.-ia,  and  on  the  elevated 
plains  of  Northern  Asia;  the  Musmon  in  the 
mountains  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea  and  in 
Turkey-in-Europe ;  and  the  Rocky  Mountain, 
on  the  mountains  of  North  America.  From 
one  or  all  of  these  varieties  the  modern  breeds 
of  this  useful  animal  have  undoubtedly  been 
derived. 


The  Dog,  with  the  wolf,  fox  and  jackal, 
belougs  to  the  genus  Canis  of  the  natural 
classes  of  domestic  animals.  It  is  native  to 
numerous  portions  of  the  globe,  including 
all  varieties  of  climate.  Thus  the  Esqui- 
maux Dog  is  a  native  of  the  Arctic  regions, 
and  possesses  the  characteristics  which 
render  it  most  useful  in  that  desolate  and 
inclement  climate.  In  Asia,  other  species 
are  found  denuded  of  hair,  because  outer 
coverings  are  unnecessary  for  their  comfort; 
and  there  is  no  animal  better  fitted  for  hunt- 
ing and  protective  purposes  than  the  mod- 
ern breeds  of  domesticated  dogs. 


The  Cock  and  Hen  belong  to  what  the 
naturalists  designate  as  the  "gallinaceous" 
family  of  birds,  which  also  includes  the 
pheasant  tribe.  They  were  originally  na- 
tives of  Asia,  and  have  figured  in  the  annals 
of  nations  from  the  earliest  periods;  but  it  is 
difficult  to  determine  from  which  of  them,  if 
any,  the  present  domestic  fowls  have  de- 
scended. As  a  source  of  profit  and  comfort 
they  have  long  been  nurtured  with  eminent 
success  for  their  eggs,  their  chickens,  their 
flesh  and  their  plumage. 


OUR  COMMON 

'^4'—  DOMESTIC  —>■«*- 


The  Horse,  one  of  the  most  common  and 
useful  uf  the  domestic  animals  in  all  parts  of 
the  civilized  world,  was  probably  fir.st  made 
serviceable  to  man  in  Central  Asia  or  in 
Northern  Africa.  These  animals  exist  in  a 
wild  state  in  Northern  Asia  and  in  America, 
being  usually  descendants  of  domesticated 
horses  of  a  former  period.  When  wild  they 
congregate  in  troops,  each  company  being 
under  the  guardianship  and  care  of  a  strong 
male,  who  has  won  his  place  by  superior 
power  and  courage.  There  are  several  useful 
breeds  of  horses  adapted  to  the  climate  and 
wants  of  different  regions  of  all  countries. 
Thus  in  Arabia,  where  long  distances  are  to 
be  traveled,  we  find  a  horse  distinguished 
for  speed  and  endurance.  In  Germany, 
France  and  Holland,  the  heavy  draught  horse 
is  greatly  in  favor,  while  in  England  and 
America  the  wealthy  classes  have  paid  much 
attention  to  the  horse  that  could  exhibit  the 
greatest  speed  in  racing. 


The  Pigeon  now  exists  in  Europe  and 
America  in  great  profusion  and  variety,  and 
is  native  to  those  countries.  In  the  former 
it  can  be  traced  back  to  the  Blue  Rock  Pigeon, 
sub-varieties  of  which  inhabit  Europe,  Asia 
and  Africa.  The  English  Blue  Rock  is  found 
on  the  sea-coasts  of  Great  Britain,  living  in 
rocks  and  caves,  and  differs  but  little  from 
the  common  Blue  Flying  Tumbler,  the  two 
being  identical  in  color,  and  nearly  the  same 
in  size.  In  America  there  is  very  little  dif- 
ference between  the  common  domestic  dove 
and  the  wild  pigeon,  which,  in  spring,  mi- 
grates in  flocks  numberinghundredsof  thou- 
sands. As  a  food-bird  and  barnyard  pet,  the 
Pigeon  is  valued  for  its  beauty  of  plumage, 
docility,  tameness  and  excellence  of  flesh. 
Fancy  pigeons  all  breed  freely  together,  and 
are  only  kept  up  to  the  best  standards  by  the 
skill  of  experienced  pigeon-fanciers. 


The  Hog  i-  a  lineal  descendant  of  the 
Wild  Boar,  wliich  is  a  native  of  nearly  all 
the  temperate  zone  countries  in  Aala  and 
Europe,  and  there  is  a  Htrong  family  resem- 
blance to  it  in  the  modern  swine.  The  latter, 
however,  as  a  general  rule,  exhibits  smaller 
tusks  and  longer  ears,  and  has  undergone 
many  changes  in  physical  form,  until  it  has 
become  greatly  improved  as  a  domestic  ani- 
mal. While  certain  classes  of  people,  as  the 
Jews,  refuse  to  eat  its  flesh,  it  is  now  almost 
universally  esteemed  as  food,  and  itsnurture 
receives  careful  attention  in  all  civilized 
countries.  It  possesses  the  advantage  of 
being  more  easily  fattened  than  other  do- 
mestic animals. 


The  Cow  belongs  to  the  Ox  family,  which 
is  one  of  the  animal  species  known  to  the 
naturalists  under  the  common  name  of  the 
genus  Bos,  and  is  of  the  greatest  antiquity, 
receiving  mention  in  the  earliest  records  of 
Egypt  and  the  Holy  Land.  The  wild  ox  of 
the  ancients  is  described  as  having  been  an 
animal  of  enormous  size  and  great  fierceness. 
Successive  generations  of  domestic  nurture 
have  changed  these  characteristics,  and  pro- 
duced the  docile,  beautiful  and  extremely 
useful  ox  and  cow  which  are  now  universally 
known  and  cherished.  There  are  numerous 
varieties  of  this  animal,  and  nearly  all  pos- 
sess merits  that  make  them  indispensable  to 
domestic  economy  and  comfort.  Indeed  they 
rank  among  the  choicest  blessings  of  society. 


The  Cat  belongs  to  a  race  of  animals  clas- 
sified under  the  genus  Felts,  which  numbers 
about  fifty  species,  and  these  are  found  in  all 
portions  of  the  world  except  IheSouth  Pacific 
Islands  and  Australia.  To  this  race  belong 
the  panther,  tiger,  lion,  wild-cat  and  the 
domestic  cat.  The  latter  is  believed  to  have 
descended  to  us  from  the  Egyptian  cat,  a  na- 
tive of  North  Africa. 


A. 


,^ 


(2>- 


i 


f 


1(36 


STANDARD  BREEDS  OF  HORSES  IN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA. 


The  Morgan  if?  a  favorite  American  steed,  which  had  his  origin  in 
Vermont  at  the  beginning  of  the 
})r(_'Sfnt  century.  The  stock,  it 
is  claimed,  springs  from  a  horse 
(iwncd  by  Justin  Morgan,  of  Ran- 
dolph, Vt. ,  from  whom  the  name 
is  derived.  But  from  whatever 
source  he  came,  he  is  deservedly 
valued  as  a  horse  for  road  and 
general  purposes.  The  original 
"  Morgan  "  is  described  as  about 
14  hands  high,  weighing  about 
950  lbs. ,  having  a  dark-bay  color, 
with  black  legs,  mane  and  tail. 
To  a  long  body  and  a  short  back 
were  added  muscular  and  broad 
loins;  a  broad,  deep  chest;  short 
and  sinewy  legs  and  hairy  fetlocks.  His  walk  was  fast,  and  his  trot 
easy,  with  a  short  step.     His  descendants  have  an  excellent  record. 


Morgan  Horse. 


The  ConestOga  receives  his  name  from  the  valley  of  the  Cones- 
toga  River,  in  Pennsylvania,  and 
ranks  high  in  the  scale  of  work- 
ing animals.  Having  a  large 
frame  and  a  notable  development 
of  muscular  power,  he  is  often 
17  hands,  and  more,  in  height, 
indicating  great  strength  and  en- 
durance. In  build  he  closely 
resembles  the  heaviest  Flemish 
and  German  draught- horse,  from 
which,  brought  over  by  early 
settlers,  he  is  supposed  to  have 
originated.  With  these  advan- 
tages he  also  possesses  compar- 
atively light  limbs  and  active 
motions,  and  is  chiefly  used  for 
hauling  ladened  wagons,  drawing  canal-boats,  etc.  His  prevailing 
colors  are  iron-gray,  bay,  brown,  and  occasionally  black. 


ConestOga  Draught-Horse. 


The  English  Cart-Horse 


seldom  seen  in  America,  is  a  mixture 
of  black  horses  from  Holland 
and  Belgium  and  the  English 
horse.  As  a  rule  he  is  short- 
jointed,  muscular  and  strong- 
boned,  with  substantial  and  well- 
formed  but  large  feet.  His 
crest  is  moderately  elevated,  with 
a  heavy  mane.  The  body  is 
short,  the  croup  high,  and  the 
flanks  quite  full;  the  legs  are 
hairy,  and  the  tail  is  thick  and 
long.  Plodding,  faithful  and  do- 
cile, with  an  action  considered 
rather  better  than  that  of  the 
Clydesdale,  he  is  one  of  the  most 
useful  of  draught- horses  in  existence.  Hie  weicht  varies  from 
1,050  to  1,HOO  lbs.,  and  his  price  from  $1,200  to  $2,000.  He  possesses 
a  hardy  constitution,  is  useful,  gentle  and  a  good  feeder. 


English  Cart-Horse. 


The  Shetland  Pony 


k 


a  native  of  the  islands  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Great  Britain,  from 
which  he  derives  his  name. 
There  he  is  raised  in  a  wild  state 
on  the  pasture-lands  and  heaths, 
and  caught  and  exported  in  large 
numhc-rs.  In  size  he  is  very 
diminutive,  seldom  measuring 
more  than  four  feet  in  height. 
Being  well-proportioned,  and 
gentle  and  tractable  in  dispo- 
sition, he  has  become  a  uni- 
versal favorite.  lit;  possesses 
most  of  the  best  traits  of  other 
horses.  While  hi.4  hair  is  in- 
clined to  he  fihaggy,  his  fine  flowing  mane  and  tall  and  general  ap- 
pearance and  motion  render  hini  very  attractive.  In  this  country, 
and  in  England,  he  Is  Koldom  used  except  ae  a  curiosity  in  traveling 
ebowe,  and  as  the  cherished  playmate  of  favored  children. 


Shetland  Pony. 


The  Cleveland  Bay  is  most  frequently  found  in  New  England, 
either  unmixed  ur  crossed  with 
the  English  draught-horse,  and 
is  supposed  to  be,  even  when 
pure,  a  mixture  of  varied  stocks 
imported  from  Europe.  His 
average  weight  is  about  1,35U 
lbs.  ;  his  height,  l(j  to  Hj'a 
hands;  possessing  a  hardy  con- 
stitution, large  eyes,  medium 
ears,  small  head,  heavy  quar- 
ters, large  bones,  a  long  neck, 
medium  shoulders,  high  with- 
ers, a  broad  chest,  a  short  back, 
medium  legs;  fine  hair;  extra- 
sized  hoofs,  a  stylish  action, 
and  a  good   disposition.      His 

color  varies  from  bay  to  brown;  he  matures  at  six  years  old, 
price  ranges,  as  a  stallion,  from  $1,200  to  $1,500. 


Cleveland,  Bay  Horse. 


and  his 


The  Clydesdale  originated  in  the  valley  of  the  River  Clyde,  in 
Scotland,  ami  has  made  that 
locality  famous  by  his  strength 
and  value  as  a  draught-horse. 
The  original  color  of  the  animal 
was  black,  but  he  now  wears 
the  varied  hues  that  distinguish 
all  ordinary  breeds  of  horses. 
In  several  particulars  he  re- 
sembles the  French  Percheron, 
but  is  larger  and  slower  in  mo- 
tion; is  of  ft  very  hardy  nature, 
docile,  and  easily  kept :  in  form 
is  round,  compact,  muscular 
and  short-bodied,  with  smooth 
hair;  thick  neck,  high  crest  and 
croup,  stout  legs  and  large  feet. 
Whatever  the  color  of  the  body,  the  feet  are  usually  white,  as  indi- 
cating purity  of  stock.     Stallions  sell  at  from  $400  to  $1,500. 


Clydesdale  Horse. 


The  Barb  derives  his  name  from  Barbary,  his  native  region,  com- 
prising ilie  States  of  Morocco, 
Fez,  Algiers,  Tripoli  and  Tunis, 
on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa. 
He  is  distinguished  by  his  small 
head;  thick  high  neck;  scanty 
mane;  light,  broad  shoulders; 
thin  and  high  withers;  straight 
and  short  loins ;  round  and  full 
ribs  and  flanks;  long  croup; 
muscular  quarters;  clean  and 
sinewy  legs;  flowing  tail.  His 
heiirht  is  about  Hi/j  hands.  In 
point  of  speed,  animation  or 
endurance,  he  is  inferior  to 
the  Arabian,  but  makes  a  good 
road  horse.  The  celebrated  "Godolphin  Arabian,"  in  England, 
supposed  by  some  authorities  to  have  been  a  Barb. 


Barb  Horse. 


:in, 


The  English  Thoroughbred  is  undoubtedly  of  Arabian  orij 
but  so  cru^^^ell  wilh  oilur  slink 
as  to  i)roduce  reliable  horses 
for  the  turf,  the  hunt,  the  army, 
or  the  road.  His  record  in 
each  of  these  capacities  is  ex- 
cellent. Ilis  usual  weight  is 
from  1.000  to  1,150  lbs.  ;  height, 
l(i  hiindt;;  constitution,  hardy; 
eye,  large;  head,  small;  quar- 
ters, muscular;  bones,  small; 
neck,  long;  withers,  high; 
chest,  medium;  back,  short; 
legs,  \ouiz'-  hair,  fine:  hoofs, 
good:  action,  superior;  disposi- 
tion, fiery;  color,  varied;  value, 
from  $200  to  $15,000,  according 

to    parentage   and  development.      Among  the  best    representatives 
of  the  Thoroughbred  upon  the  English  race-course  Is  "Fishernnin. " 


English  Thoroughbred. 


k 


STANDARD  BREEDS  OF  HORSES  IN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA. 


The  American  Rnnning-Horse,  Jibly  represented  in  tlie  ccle- 

liruli-d  racer  "  Iroquois,"  wiii- 
lu-r  of  the  St.  Leger  fiiul  Derby 
stakes  in  England,  in  1881,  is 
a  tine  descendant  of  the  English 
Thoroughbred.  The  existence 
of  this  apceic-s  of  turf- heroes 
dates  back  nearly  MOU  years,  and 
when  crossed  with  almost  any 
other  good  breed  improves  it  for 
speed  and  road  service.  Ills 
characteristics,  when  unmixed 
with  inferior  blood,  strongly  re- 
semble those  of  his  English 
brother;  and  to  his  progeny  he 
distributes  these  great  advan- 
tages. Thi!  trotter  derives  from  him  endurance  and  agiUty,  and  in 
the  army  horse  and  the  tield-hunier  are  reproduced  certain  of  his 
Iniit-  Ibat  enliance  their  value. 


American,  Running-Horse. 


The  Canadian  is 


Canadian  Horse. 


probably  a  descendant  of  the  Norman  horses 
brought  into  North  America  by 
the  early  settlers,  and  exhibits 
a  number  of  the  characteristics 
of  that  famous  breed.  Possess- 
ing great  hardihood,  he  is  en- 
abk'd  to  travel  long  distances 
without  exhaustion ;  but  his 
speed  is  not  remarkable,  un- 
less he  has  been  crossed  with 
a  faster  species.  In  height  he 
is  14  or  15  hands,  and  presents 
a  pleasing  appearance,  with 
marked  indications  of  gclf-con- 
fidence,  endurance  and  bravery. 
With  an  elevated  crest  and  thick 


neck,  he  combini's  a  full  and  ample  chest;  powerful  and  heavy  shoul- 
ders; a  broad  back;  a  round,  muscular  and  fleshy  croup;  strong,  sin- 
ewy legs;  shaggy  fetlocks,  and  a  graceful,   curly  mane. 


The  Mustang  Pony  is  a  native  of  the  Southwestern  wilds  of  North 

America,  where  he  is  chased 
and  captured  by  the  Indians 
with  long  lassoes.  Like  most 
native  breeds,  he  is  below  the 
size  of  ordinary  horses,  weigh- 
ing from  450  to  500  lbs. ,  and 
averaging  about  14  hands  in 
height.  To  a  rugged  constitu- 
tion he  adds  a  small  head,  small 
eyes,  small  ears,  small  bones,  a 
long  neck,  a  narrow  chest,  a. 
long  back,  long  legs,  tough 
hoofs,  coarse  buir,  a  bushy 
tail,  a  straggling  mane,  varied 
color,  agile  motion,  and  a  mean  disposition,  and  is  valued  at  from 
SlO  to  $25.  He  reaches  maturity  at  3  years  old,  and  the  keeping  of 
one  costs  less  than  $20  per  annum.  They  are  used  extensively 
in  Mexico  and  Texas. 


Mustang  Pony. 


The  Ass  dates  back  to  a  very  early  period  of  the  world's  history, 

and  is  among  the  first  animals 
mentioned  in  the  Scriptures, 
In  the  East.wherehe  originated, 
he  is  used  under  the  saddle  or 
for  carrying  burdens.  His  av- 
erage weight  is  from  500  to  000 
lbs.,  and  his  height  14  or  15 
hands.  With  a  large  and  clumsy 
head  he  combines  enormous 
ears,  small  eyes,  a  short  neck, 
heavy  quarters,  small  bones, 
low  withers,  a  moderate  chest, 
a  long  back,  short  legs,  bard 
and  serviceable  hoofs,  and 
coarse  hair.  The  "  burro," 
common  in  Texas  and  Cen- 
tral America,  is  a  smaller  ani- 
mal of  the  same  species,  with  similar  characteristics  and  usefulness. 


■■%¥m'^^ 


Ass. 


The  Hambletonian  is  the  name  of  a  breed  of  horece  originating 

in  Orau^M- Cn.,  .\.  V. ,  where  the 

first    stallion,    owned    by    Mr. 

Kysdyk,    was     born    in    1849. 

During  his  life  of  27  years  he 

became  the  progenitor  of  1,324 

colts,      commanding      fabulous 

prices  for  hih  services.      Of  his 

descendants,     Dexter,     Bruno, 

Goldsmith  Maid,   Belmont,  and 

several  others,  ranked  high  for 

speed  upon  the  trotting  course. 

The       average      Hambletonian 

weighs  about  1,100  lbs.  ;  stands 

15'/^  hands  high;  matures  at  5 

years;  has  a  hardy  constitution, 

a  large   head,   heavy   quarters, 

large  bones,  a  long  neck,  a  medium  chest,  a  short  back,  medium  le; 

fine  hair,  is  of  a  bay  color,  and  is  worth  from  $1,000  to  $2,000. 


Hambletonian    Horae. 


animals  for  heavy  hauling 


The  Fercheron,  one  of  the  most  use 
and  general    work,  is   so  named 

i  from  Le  Perche,  formerly  a  sec- 

I  tion  of  France  adjoining  Nor 
mandy,  in  which  he  is  supposed 
to  have  originated.  The  Nor- 
man Horse  is  a  native  of  Nor- 
mandy, and  with  the  Percheron 
ranks  high  as  a  beast  of  burden. 
As  individual  or  combined  stock 
both  possess  similar  characteris- 
tics. The  Percheron- Norman 
has  an  average  weight  of  about 
1,G50  pounds;  is  IOV2  hands 
high,  has  a  hardy  constitution, 
small  head  and  ears,  heavy  quar- 
ters, large  bone&,  medium  neck 
and  shoulders,  wide  chest,  a  short  back,  medium  legs,  line  hair, 
broad  hoofs,  grayish  color,   fine  action,    and  a  kind  disposition. 


Percheron  Horse. 


The  Arabian  is  known  to  have  existed  sometime  before  the  Chris 
tian  era.  His  origin  is  uncer- 
tain, some  attributing  it  to 
Egypt,  and  others  to  Arabia. 
His  form  is  compact  and  muscu- 
lar, with  graceful  outlines;  his 
coat  is  smooth;  his  size  is  me- 
dium, his  height  averaging  about 
14!4  hands;  his  color  varies  from 
black  to  white,  gray,  chestnut  or 
bay;  his  motions  are  agile,  his 
speed  ranging,  per  mile,  from 
three  to  four  minutes;  is  con- 
sidered better  for  riding  or  driv- 
ing, rather  than  heavy  work. 
In  India  his  value  ranges  from 
$750  to  $1,000.  It  is  stated  that 
wild  horses  are  yet  found  in  small  numbers  in  the  deserts  of  Arabia, 
where  the  Arabs  hunt  them  for  food  and  for  improving  the  breed. 


Arabian  Horse. 


The  Mule  is  the  hybrid  offsprin; 
bines  many  of  the  better  traits 
of  both.  The  union  of  the  male 
ass  and  the  mare  produces  the 
most  serviceable  and  valuable 
mule,  which  often  is  superior  in 
intelligence  to  both  of  his  pro- 
genitors. His  weight  is  about 
1,000  lbs.  ;  his  height,  15hands; 
his  constitution,  hardy  in  the 
extreme;  hisdisposition,  docile; 
his  head  is  large,  as  are  hie  ears; 
he  has  heavy  quarters,  large 
bones,  a  short  neck,  low  withers, 
a  narrow  chest,  a  short  back, 
short  legs,  a  good  hoof,  coarse 
hair,  varying  color  (mostly 
dark),  and  is  valued  at  from  $15 
to  $250.      The  jiroduct  of  the  horse  and  female  ass  i; 


of  tlic  ass  and  horse,  and  com- 


^^^0^^'^^^, 


called  a  hinny. 


I 


^^^m 


i 


M 


168 


The 


STANDARD  BREEDS  OF  CATTLE  IN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA. 


a  deep 
thishs: 
She  lUs. 
gree  of 


Ayrshire  is  a  native  of  Scotland,  where  the  breed  does  not 
appear  to  have  existed  200  years, 
and  its  origin  is  not  certainly 
known.       The     present    stock, 
however,  seems  to   he   an   im- 
provement over  the  former  gen- 
erations, and  the  cow  is  greatly 
prized   for   the   excellence  and 
amount  of  her  milk.      The  true 
Ayrshire  cow  has  a  compact  ;ind 
well-proportioned    form,     with 
small  head,  bones  and  horns:  a 
long  and   slender    neck;    light 
fore-quarters  and  heavy   hind- 
quarters ;  a  straight,  broad  back ; 
body;  wide  hips;  round,   firm,  small  and  short  leg?;  fleshy 
a  long  and  small  tail;  a  square,  broad  udder,  and  s-hort  teats, 
o  possesses  a  fine  constitution,  hardihood,  and  a  moderate  de- 
animation,  and  excels  also  as  a  yielder  of  good  butter. 


Ayrshire  Cow. 


The  Devon  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  breeds  of  British  cattle, 

coming  from  Devonshire,  Eng- 
land, and  maintaining  a  high 
standard  of  excellence.  Its 
value  rests  less  upon  the  quan- 
tity of  milk  it  yields  than  upon 
its  superior  quality.  The  horns 
are  of  medium  length  and 
spreading.  The  weight  varies 
from  800  to  1,600  lbs,,  and  when 
fatted  is  still  greater.  The 
head  is  short,  with  broad  fore- 
head and  a  tapering  muzzle: 
the  neck  level  with  the  head  and 
shoulders;  the  back  long  and 
straight:  the  brisket  full;  the 
chest  full;  flanks  full  and  low; 
hips  level  with  the  b.ack,  and  wide;  loins  full  and  level;  thighs 
fleshy;  legs  small,  muscular  and   flat,    and  tail  like  a  rope. 


Devon  Co'w. 


The  Holderness  came  to  us  from  Yorkshire,  England,  where  it  hag 

existed  for  a  long  period,  and 
was  imported  into  this  country 
about  1818,  or  sooner.  It  be- 
longs to  the  short-horn  family, 
and  is  classed  among  the  best 
of  dairy  cows.  A  large  num- 
ber have  been  bred  in  Oneida 
county,  N.  Y.  ,and  the  excel- 
lence of  the  stock  has  been 
there  proven  and  maintained. 
Among  its  peculiar  characteris- 
tics are  its  medium  size,  small 
„  ,-  -.  bones,  large  udders  and   milk- 

Holderness  Cow.  ^^.^^^  ,^^^^j  „„if„,j„  excellence. 

The  color  varies  from  deep  red,  with  white-line  back  and  belly,  to 
a  choeolate  and  black  back,  body  and  black  legs.  The  breedini:-iu- 
and-in  system,  resorted  to  in  the  ])ropagation  of  this  animal,  has 
resulted  in  a  remarkable  and  vigorous  progeny. 


The  Jersey,  a  iirimc 


'  animal  for  dairy  purposes,  was  first  reared 
in  Normandy,  in  France,  but 
was  carried  to  the  islands  of 
Jersey,  AUlerney  and  Guern- 
sey, in  the  liritish  Channel, 
and  there  reached  its  present 
ixisition  as  u  distinct  and  val- 
uable breed.  Its  popularity 
may  be  judged  by  the  fact  that 
more  than  4.000  head  are  an- 
nually exported  from  the  Is- 
lands to  this  and  other  coun- 
tries. In  appearance,  and  in 
those  traits*  which  make  up  a 
genuine  and  attractive  dairy 
cow,  the  Jersey,  rather  below  the  medium  size.  Is  pleasing  and  sat- 
isfactory. No  excellence  is  claimed  for  it  beyond  the  richness  of 
its  milk  and  th*;  butter  which  it  produces;  but  in  these  it  stands  pre- 
eminent.     As  u  *'  household  pet,"  It  is  not  surpassed  for  gentleness. 


Jersey  Cow. 


The  Galloway  originated  in  Southwestern  Scotland,  in  the  dis- 
trict fntm  wtiieh  the  animal  is 
named,  and  dates  back  possibly  ^/J-  -\  -  ,,  - 
a  century.  Its  peculiarity  i^  -^  J  * 
hornless  head,  the  effect  of  Q 
cultivation.  Although  not  a 
prolific  milker,  its  milk  is  rich 
in  quality,  and  yields  a  large 
proportion  of  butter.  As  to 
its  form,  the  neck  is  short  and 
thick;  the  back  straight  and  j 
broad,  and  nearly  level  from 
bead  to  tail;  the  body,  from 
shoulders  to  loins,  is  round  and 
full;  the  chest  is  deep  and 
broad;  the  legs  are  short,  with  fine  bones  in  the  shank;  the  head  has 
rather  a  clumsy  appearance;  the  ears  are  rough  and  large;  and  the 
eyes  are  small  and  deepset.  The  skin  is  moderately  thick,  and  the 
hair  is  silky,  soft  and  long.      Its  colors  are  black  and  brown. 


Gallow^ay  Ccw. 


The  Hereford  takes  its  name  from  its  native  district.  TTereford- 
sbire.  EiiL'laiiii,  where  it  is  sup- 
posed to  have  flourished  for 
more  than  a  century  past.  As  a 
milker  it  does  not  excel,  but  in 
the  shambles  is  considered  good 
beef.  Larger  than  the  Devons, 
and  easily  fattened,  it  is  greatly 
esteemed,  either  unmixed  or  for 
crossing  with  inferior  stock. 
The  head  is  small;  the  neck 
slender  and  long;  the  forehead 
broad  and  open;  the  eyes  brill- 
iant and  lively;  the  expression 
gentle  aiul  pleasing;  the  chest  prominent;  horns  wide  apart  and 
slender;  the  body  round;  shoulders  and  hips  full:  bones  small;  hind- 
quarters long  and  fleshy;  legs  slender  below  the  knee,  straight  and 
short;  the  skin  loose;  face  almost  hairless;  tail  rather  lean;  hair 
soft  and  fine. 


-«*^^^i^iiitf£i 


Hereford  Cow. 


The  Holstein  is  a  native  of  Holland,  where  it  has  been  in  exist- 
ence for  many  hundreds  of  years 
and  was  introduced  into  this 
country  within  the  past  quarter 
of  a  century.  As  a  dairy  cow 
it  sustains  an  excellent  rep- 
utation. Large  in  frame,  yet 
compact  in  structure,  it  is  also 
admirably  adapted  for  food,  and, 
as  an  ox,  for  team-work,  pos- 
sessing, as  it  does,  great  strength. 
In  weight  the  full-grown  cow 
will  average  about  1,300  lbs. 
One  has  been  known  to  yield 
over  500  gallons  of  milk  within 

two  months,  and  in  one  day  35  quarts.  The  accompanying  cut  will 
convey  a  good  idea  of  the  general  appearance  of  this  animal,  which 
belongs  to  the  short- horn  family.  Its  hair  is  also  short,  silky  and 
fine  in  texture. 


3rr$fj 


Holstein  Cow. 


The  Long"  Horn  is  English,  but  the  name  of  its  native  county  is 
as  unM-ttk-d  as  that  of  Homer's 
birthi)lace,  even  Ireland  claim- 
ing the  distinction.  Yorkshire, 
however,  makes  a  plausibh-  plea 
for  the  honor.  In  this  animal 
the  horns  curve  downward,  past 
the  front  of  the  ear,  and  up  un- 
til the  point  is  on  a  level  with  or 
below  the  top  of  the  skull.  Its 
neck  is  short  and  thick;  its  head 
nmtlerately  large;  its  body  com- 
pact, round  and  full:  its  back 
long  and  nearly  straight  from  the  shoulder  to  the  tail;  the  haunches 
full  ami  solid;  the  legs  thick  above  the  knee,  and  tapering  below  it; 
the  tail  long  and  slim,  and  the  whole  appearance  indieutes  a  hearty, 
energetic  and  gooil-naliired  animal.  lis  advocates  strongly  advance 
its  claims  both  for  dairy  purposes  and  the  butcher's  stall.  C'rosseil 
with  other  breeds  its  progeny  would  probably  be  improved. 


XiOne  Horn  Cow. 


-.(p- — 


r 


VARIOUS  BREEDS  OF  CATTLE  IN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA. 


169 


The  West  Highland  is  a  native  of  the  North  of  Scotland  or  of 

the  isljindf*  which  \\v.  uIoiili 
its  co;ist.  The  pi-culiarily  of 
this  animal  i^  its  luirdiliood 
and  Biibsisting  on  llie  rours- 
est  paeture-IundM  and  com- 
monest provender;  that  it 
thrivc&  rapidly  npon  better 
food;  that  its  flesh  admirably 
combines  fat  and  lean,  and 
is  fine  In  prain  and  llavor. 
The  true  Ilij^hland  is  of  a  dark 
color,  with  a  medium  head; 
broad  in  the  face;  the  liorns 
taperiiis;  gracefully  to  a  point 
West  Highland  Cow.  and  of  a  waxy  color;  the  neck 

slender  and  gently  curving;  the  shoulders  broad;  the  back  straight, 
wide  and  tlat ;  thighs  tapering  to  the  hocks,  legs  short  ami  straight; 
tlie  hair  thick  and  long,  witiiout  curling.    For  butchers  it  ranks  high. 


The  Model  Horned  Milk  Cow  is  not  supposed  to  belong  to  any 
pure  or  special  breed,  but  illus- 
trates in  her  make-up  and  appear- 
ance a  mixture  of  good  blood  and 
excellent  traits.  One,  described 
as  half  Short-Horn  and  half  De- 
von, gave  milk  twelve  years  in 
succession  and  bred  many  calves. 
Another,  of  uncertain  ancestry, 
is  described  as  having  yielded  a 
large  quantity,  and  was  only  milk 
dry  three  weeks  in  two  years. 
A  distinguished  writer,  Mr.  Hax- 
ton,  referring  to  this  subject, 
siiys^:  '*  The  points  to  be  attended  to,  in  judging  of  a  good  milk  cow, 
are,  by  universal  consent,  considered  to  be  shape  and  size  of  the 
animal,  both  as  a  whole  and  in  detail;  texture  of  the  skin  and  hair; 
development  of  the  lactiferous  (  milky  )  parts;  temperaznent  or  habit 
of  body  and  disposition,  and,  finally,  strength  or  endurance." 


Model  Homed  Cow. 


The  Model  Polled  (  or  Hornless  )  Milk  Cow  is  a  favorite  among 
citizens  of  New  Jersey,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  on 
Long  Island,  N.  Y. ,  and  in  other 
parts  of  the  United  States. 
Wherever  it  originated,  it  cannot 
be  classed  with  any  known  reg- 
ular stock,  but  possesses  charac- 
teristics that  indicate  descent 
from  hornless  cattle  of  Norfolk 
and  Suffolk  counties  in  England. 
As  milch  cows  they  are  exten- 
sively bred  and  cherished  in  the 
above  named  American  localities, 
and  commend  themselves  alike 
to  rich  and  poor  as  a  good  family  cow.  A  tendency  to  leanness  of 
llesh,  and  an  abundant  flow  of  rich  milk  and  cream  that  commends 
them  alike  to  the  housekeeper  and  the  cheese  and  butter-maker,  are 
evidence  that  they  are  better  for  dairy  purposes  than  the  shambles. 


Model  Polled  Cow. 


The  Texan  Steer  is  a  descendant  of  cattle  imported  into  Mexico 

from  Spain  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury. It  is  prolific  and  nu- 
merous, and  is  kept  in  enor- 
mous herds  on  the  plains,  and 
caught  and  shipped  north- 
ward when  required.  As  a 
whole  it  is  an  inferior  race  of 
cattlp,  of  raw-boned  and  sham- 
bling appearance,  with  long 
and  slender  horns  curving 
backward  over  the  head,  which 
is  of  a  medium  size.  The 
neck  is  short  and  inclined  to 
fullness.  The  fore-quarters 
and  shoulders  are  large,  heavy 
and  elevated;  the  hind-quar- 
in    length  and   thickness;  the 


Texan  Steer. 


ters  more  slender:  the    legs   medium 

haunches  narrow;  the  color  varying  from  roan  and  brindle  to  red 


The  English  Short-Horn  is  a  lineal  descendant,  it  is  claimed,  of 

a  l>n-<-d  uf  (•:,\U>-  Ti.iriM-  to 
Denmark,  imported  iiito(;reat 
Ilritain  hundreds  of  years  ugo. 
In  Yorkshire  it  received  care, 
nurture  and  perpetuation,  un- 
til at  the  present  day  it  Is  es- 
tei-ined  as  a  valuable  bovine. 
In  1801  a  steer  five  years  old 
weiglied  3,024  lbs. ,  on  foot. 
At  its  death,  when  11  ytrars 
old,  its  four  quartt-rs  and  tal- 
low weighed  2,47S  lbs.  A 
few  of  tiie  Short- IIornM  were 
imported  into  the  United 
States  soon  after  the  Revolu- 
tionary war  ended,  and  one  of  these  cowk,  it  is  stated,  gave  32  quarts 
()f  milk  per  day.  There  are  two  species  of  them,  one  appreciated  as 
a  dairy  acquisition;  the  other  for  working  or  fattening. 


English  Sbort-Hom  Cow. 


The  Short-Horn  Hjeifer,  herewith  portrayed,  represents  one  of 

the  most  admired  bree<ls  of 
cattle  seen  in  the  United  States. 
It  comes  to  us  from  England. 
It  is  very  large  in  size,  standing 
from  4%  to  5  feet  high,  and 
weighing  from  750  to  2,200  lbs.  ; 
is  principally  raised  for  its  beef, 
which  is  of  excellent  flavor ;  fat- 
tens easily,  and  the  carcass, 
when  ready  for  the  shambles, 
has  an  estimated  value  of  $40. 
As  a  milch-cow  it  yields,  under 
proper  management,  six  to  eight 
gallons  per  day,  and  from  12  to  18  lbs.  of  butter  weekly.  The  color 
of  this  animal  varies,  being  sometimes  red  and  sometimes  white,  and, 
again,  of  mixed  red  and  white.  Its  principal  distinguishing  mark  is 
its  short  horns,  which  curve  forward  and  slightly  downward  from  the 
upper  level  of  the  forehead. 


Short-Horn  Heifer. 


The  Swiss  Cow,  like  most  of  the  cattle  bred  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Alps,  is  strong  and  active,  and 
noted  for  its  great  size.  In  the 
neighborhood  of  Gruyeres,  rich 
pastures  abound,  on  whicii 
herds  of  the  Fribonrg  race  are 
kept.  Those  rated  best  are 
distinguished  by  compactness 
and  strength  of  bone,  short  and 
strong  horns,  large  and  wide 
flanks,  and  a  remarkable  prom- 
inence at  the  root  of  the  tail, 
which  is  considered  derogatory 
to  the  symmetry  of  the  animal. 
These  cows  are  especially  val- 
ued  as    rich    milk-producers, 

when  either  stall-fed  on  good  provender  or  pastured.  One  imported 
into  Massachusetts  yielded,  within  14  months,  10,905  lbs.  of  but- 
ter.    The  oxen  of  this  breed  are  heavy  and  slow  in  action. 


S^viss  Cow^. 


The  Guernsey  Cow,  like  the  Jersey,  is  a  native  of  one  of  the  Brit- 
ish channel  I>lands,  on  the 
northwestern  coast  of  Nor- 
mandy, in  France,  and,  also, 
like  the  Jersey,  is  distinguished 
for  the  extreme  richness  and 
finecolorof  its  milk,  from  which 
the  choicest  cream  and  butter 
are  produced.  The  yield  of 
milk  is  not  large,  but  in  quality 
is  not  surpassed.  The  Guern- 
sey is  a  heavier  animal  than  the 
Jersey,  and  as  it  also  fattens 
easily,  the  probability  is  that 
where  both  are  known  they  will  rank  together  in  popularity  and 
value.  Crossed  with  our  common  cattle,  the  latter  are  greatly  im- 
proved for  dairy  and  market  purposes,  cream  and  butter  acquiring 
increased  richness  and  excellence  of  flavor.  The  Guernsey  is  about 
one-third  larger  than  the  Jersey. 


Quemsey  Covr. 


h 


17u 


VARIOUS  BREEDS  OF  SHEEP  IN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA. 


The  Shropshire,  ii?  it*  namo  indicates,  is  a  native  of  the  county 

of  Salop,  northwesterly  fnim 
London,  England,  and  was  ori- 
ginally, but  is  not  now,  a  horned 
sheep.  Its  weight  varies  from 
140  to  20b  lbs.  ;  it  yields  6  lbs 
of  wool  to  the  clip;  is  more  es- 
teemed for  its  flesh  than  for  the 
quantity  or  quality  of  its  wool, 
and  is  cout^idered  fair  eating. 
Having  a  hardy  constitution,  and 
thriving  in  pasture,  it  is  an 
economical  sheep.  It  was  dis- 
tinguished about  a  century  ago, 


Shropshire  Sheep. 


aside  from  its  horns,  by  the  color  of  its  face,  which  was  either  black, 
or  brown,  or  spotted.  The  present  breed  is  more  or  less  mixed  with 
the  Leicester,  Cotswold,  or  South-Down,  and  to  its  native  excellence 
are  added  many  of  the  good  qualities  of  the  eheep  named.  The  Morfe 
is  a  favorite  variety  of  the  Shropshire,  which  is  very  numerously  bred. 


The  Cheviot  is  a  native  of  Scotland,  bred  among  the  Cheviot  hills, 
andrauks  well  as  amiddle-wooled 
sheep.  In  its  home  it  is  much 
inferior  to  the  improved  Amer- 
ican breeds,  somewhat  resembling 
a  cross  between  the  Leicester  and 
a  common  sheep.  It  is  by  nature 
hardy,  thriving  on  poor  food  and 
bravely  enduring  winter  storms, 
fattening  under  indifferent  treat- 
ment, and  is  described  by  Mr. 
Spooner  as  "having  a  white 
face  and  legs,  an  open  counten- 
ance, lively  eyes,  large  earg,  a 
long  carcass,  circular  ribs,  good 
quarters,  legs  and  body  covered 
with  wool,  which  is  fine,  and 
lbs.  "  Formerly  the  wool  was  ex- 
tensively used  for  making  Cheviot  cloths. 


Cheviot  Sheep, 
yields  a  fleece  averaging  about  3 


The  Ryeland  Sheep  is    cnltivated  in  Herefordshire,  Eng. ,  and 

is  thus  named  from  one  of  the 
southern  districts  of  that  country 
in  which  large  quantities  of  rye 
were  formerly  raised,  and  where 
this  sheep  was  extensively  bred. 
It  is  a  small  animal,  hornless 
(or  polled),  having  a  white  face, 
on  which  the  wool  grows  close 
to  the  eyes,  sometimes  cover- 
ing them.  Its  body  is  round 
and  compact;  the  bones  small; 
the  legs  slender  and  clean,  and 
the  haunches  and  loins  are  no- 
tably developed.  One  peculiar- 
ity of  the  old  race  of  Ryelands 
was  tiiat  it  would  endure  privation  of  food  better  than  any  other 
known  sheep;  and  the  modern  breed  possesses  a  form  that  itidicates 
patience  when  hungry,  and  capable  of  thriving  upon  very  scanty  fare. 


Ryeland  Sheep. 


The  Anglesey  for  Polled  Welsh)  Sheep  is  a  native  of  North 

Wah'^,  i)rincipal]y  of  the  county 
of  Anglesey.  The  old  style  of 
this  animal  was  freckle- faced, 
with  a  fair  growtli  of  wool, 
neither  long  nor  short.  The 
introduction  of  Sontii-Down 
stock,  many  years  ago,  has  ma- 
terially changtid  the  breed,  for 
its  resemhlance  to  the  unim- 
proved South- Down  is  quite 
marked.  It  in  long  In  the  neck, 
light  in  the  brisket,  narrow  and 
loo!*e  in  the  loin,  stce])  and  short 
in  the  hind-quarters,  and  hiu'li 
on  the  legs.  It  is  generally 
without  horns.  The  face  is 
sometimes  of  a  dusky  white, 
or  yellow,  and  sometimes  freckled  with  dusky  yellow. 


AiiKlGHey  (or  Polled  "Welsh'  Shcop. 


The  Kentish  Sheep,  found  in  the  county  of  Kent,  England,  is  the 
product  of  a  crti^s  between  the 
Romney -Marsh  nativi-  sheep  and 
the  Leicester,  and  is  highly  val- 
ued as  one  of  the  long-wooled 
class.  The  Romney-Marsh  sheep 
has  been  known  in  Kent  from 
time  immemorial,  and  until  a 
few  years  ago  underwent  no 
improvement.  The  present 
breed,  shown  in  the  engraving, 
is  smaller,  shorter  bodied,  short- 
er legged,  and  more  compactly 
built  than  the  native  stock, 
does  not  consume  so  much  food, 

is  ready  for  market  a  year  sooner  than  the  old,  and  accumulates  fat 
outwardly  as  well  as  inwardly.  The  wool,  although  shorter  and 
lighter  than  fornu-rly,  is  improved  in  fineness,  in  color  and  feltini^' 
property.     The  Ktntish  Sheep  is  more  hardy  than  the  pure  Leicester. 


Kentish  Sheep. 


The  Borset  Sheep  is  a  valuable  breed,  pfculiar  to  Dorsetshire, 
England,  but  bearing  some  re- 
semblance to  that  of  Devon- 
shire. Most  of  them,  especially 
of  native  purity,  are  entirely 
white,  with  a  long  and  broad 
face,  having  a  tuft  of  wool  on 
the  forehead:  the  shoulders  are 
low  but  broad,  the  back  straight, 
the  chest  deep,  the  loins  broad, 
the  legs  rather  long,  and  the 
bones  small.  They  are,  as  the 
form  of  the  ewe  in  the  illustra- 
tion indicates,  a  hardy  and  use- 
ful animal,  furnishing  a  profit- 
able fleece  and  well-flavored 
mutton.     Th^   wool    is  not   as 

good  in  quality  as  that  of  the  South-Down,    but  is  intermediate  be- 
tween the  short- wooled  Down  and  the  Devon. 


Dorset  Sheep. 


The  Black-Faced  Sheep,  whatever  its  origin,  has  been  for  cen- 
turies bred  in  Scotland,  and  it 
is  related  that  one  of  the  Scot- 
tish kings  kept  5,000  of  them  for 
the  use  of  the  royal  household. 
The  modern  specimens  have 
mostly  horns,  with  more  or  less 
spiral  twist,  but  the  ewes  are 
frequently  without  horns.  The 
faces  and  legs  are  either  black 
or  mottled;  the  eyes  are  wild 
and  fierce.  They  are  covered 
with  wool  about  the  forehead 
and  lower  jaw,  and  the  wool 
generally  is  somewhat  open  and 
long,  and  coarse  and  shaggy — 
not  so  long,  however,  but  the  sheep  may  be  properly  classed  among 
the  middle-wooled  breeds.  They  are  active  and  hardy,  and  endure 
cold  weather  better  than  other  sorts  of  sheep,  except  the  Cheviot. 


Black-Faced  Sheep. 


The  Fat-Tailed  Sheep  demands  attention  on  account  of  its 
remarkable  peculiarities.  It 
is  undoubtedly  derived  from 
Syri.'i,  where  the  early  shep- 
herds dwelt  with  their  flocks, 
but  it  IS  now  found  scattered 
over  a  large  extent  of  country. 
One  of  these  sheep,  of  the 
weight  of  50  to  00  lbs.,  will 
carry  a  tail  weighing  15  or  1(5 
lbs.  In  cases  where  it  has 
been  carefully  fattened  until 
it  turned  the  scale  at  I.^O  lbs. 
lli<!  tail  has  weighed  fully  one- 
third  of  that  amount.  The 
tail  is  broad  and  raiher  flat, 
mostly  covered  with  long  wool,  as  shown  in  the  engraving,  and  en- 
tirely formed  of  a  substance"  between  marrow  and  tallow;  and  this, 
it  is  said,  is  used  in  households  instead  of  butter. 


Fat-Tailed  Sheep. 


■.(?- 


VARIOUS  BREEDS  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS  IN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA. 


The  Cotswold  taUr^  itn  name  from  the  Cotswold  hill-district  of 
En^lund.  It  was  at  llret  bred 
upon  the  hills,  and  fatted  in  the 
valleys  of  the  Thanien  and  Severn 
rivers.  The  modern  ('otswold 
is  a  cross  between  the  original 
stock  and  the  Leicester.  It  is 
valued  holh  for  its  miuton  and 
wool,  tlie  first  of  which  is  con- 
sidered good,  and  the  latter 
yields  14  Ihs.  per  head  per  an- 
nnm.  The  weight  of  the  animal 
varies  from  200  to  300  lbs.  ;  it 
has  a  hardy  constitution ;  thrives 
well  in  pasture;  has  an  average  increase  of  500  per  cent  in  5  years, 
valued  at  $200;  is  docile  in  disposition;  its  cost  of  keeping  is  about 
$;;i.  25  per  bead  yearly ;  and  prices  for  bucks  and  ewes  of  the  best 
grades  range  from  $40  to  $60  each.  This  is  the  highest  price  asked 
for  any  breed  of  sheep  in  this  country. 


Cotswold  Sheep. 


The  Leicester  was  formerly  an  inferior  breed  existing  in  mid- 
England,  heavy,  large  and  coarse 
in  wool;  but  after  years  of  im- 
provement, instituted  by  Robert 
Bakewell,  in  the  18th  century, 
its  quality  changed  for  the 
better.  General  Washington  in- 
troduced the  Leicester  into  this 
country,  and  to-day  it  ranks 
nearly  equal  to  the  Cotswold. 
Its  weight  ranges  from  150  to 
200  lbs.  The  flesh  is  palatable 
and  nourishing.  The  yield  of 
its  disi)Obition  is 
docile,  and  it  is  a  fair  forager.  Its  average  of  increase  is  500  per 
cent,  in  5  years,  valued  at  $100.  Annual  cost  of  keeping,  $2.25. 
The  wool  is  long,  averaging  at  the  second  shearing,  and  afterward, 
six  inches.  Its  coarseness  and  length  ]irevent  its  extensive  use  in  the 
manufacture  of  woven  cloth,  but  for  knit  goods  it  is  excellent. 


lieicester  Sheep, 
wool  at  a  clip  is  H   lbs.      Its  constitution  is  hardy. 


The  South-Down  originated  in  the  Southern  part  of  England;  is 

one  of  the  oldest  breeds  now 
known,  and  has  attained  a 
wide  popularity,  both  on  ac- 
count of  its  excellent  mutton 
and  the  good  quality  of  its  wool. 
It  belongs  to  the  hornless  class 
of  sheep ;  is  of  medium  size, 
weighing,  at  2  years  old,  from 
140  to  200  lbs.  Its  constitu- 
tion is  hardy;  it  thrives  \vell 
in  pasture;  is  docile  in  dispo- 
sition, and  yields  9  lbs.  of  wool 
at  a  clipping.  The  wool,  which 
is  coarse  and  light-colored,  is 
need  in  the  manufacture  of  flannel  goods.  The  sheep  itself  has  a 
good  shape,  and  is  well-proportioned,  and  presents  a  fine  appear- 
ance. Crossing  with  other  breeds  always  improves  the  stock ;  and  in 
all  respects  it  is  one  of  the  best  animals  for  use  on  ordinary  farms. 


South-Down  Sheep. 


The  Oxfordshire  Down  is  a  recent  breed  established  in  England 
from  a  scries  of  cross-breeding, 
and  received  its  name  in  1857. 
The  only  claim  it  has  to  the  title 
of  Down  is  its  color,  while  its 
size  and  wool  class  it  among  the 
long-wooled  sheep.  Partaking 
originally  of  Hampshire,  Cots- 
wold and  some  South-Down 
blood,  its  patrons,  by  inter- 
.-    J.  breeding,     have     produced   this 

^-^  V\— tk  ■    _     --a,^  J^  .^^^.^^^         animal,  which  possesses  the  ad- 
_   ^     ,  ,  .      _  vantages  of  uniform  excellence, 

Oxfordshire  Down  Sheep.  ^   ^.^^^^    constitution,    a    large 

frame,  and  a  good  fleece;  fattens 
easily,  and  yields  mutton  of  superior  quality.  A  gentleman  who 
first  imported  it  into  the  United  States  speaks  highly  of  it,  the  un- 
washed fleece  averaging  8>2  lbs.,  and  the  yield  of  lambs  275  per  cent 
on  the  number  of  lireeding  ewes.     It  has  an  admirable  form. 


The  Merino  of  to-day  i^  a  descendant  of  either  the  ancient  Span- 
ish or  the  Siixon  aninnil.  The 
American  Merino,  now  a  distinct 
breed,  iw  of  Spanish  origin,  and 
was  introduced  in  tin;  United 
States  aljout  the  beginning  of 
this  century.  Of  medium  size, 
but  well-proportioned,  it  haw  a 
well-rounded  and  full  body; 
weighs  from  130  to  150  lbs.  ;  is 
heavily  covered  with  rolls  or 
folds  of  the  finest  white  wool,  of 
which  it  yields  a  clip  of  from  10 
to  20  lbs.,  and  for  which  it  is 
most  greatly  valued,  its  flesh  being  considered  only  fair  mutton.  It 
has  a  hardy  constitution:  is  the  best  of  foraging  sheep;  its  forehead 
and  cheeks  are  thickly  covered  with  wool;  its  legs  are  short  and 
strong,  ami  encased  in  wool,  and  like  all  other  sheep  it  manifests  a 
gentle  dispo.sition.     Crossing  it  with  inferior  stock  improves  it. 


Merino  Sheep. 


The  Lincoln  is  another  English  eheep,  classed  as  a  long-wool, 
which  has  been  imported  into 
this  country,  and  here  crossed 
and  recrossed  with  Leicester 
and  Cotswold  breeds  until  it 
partakes  largely  of  their  respec- 
tive characteristics.  A  ram  and 
ewe  of  the  Lincoln  were  im- 
ported in  1835  from  Yorkshire, 
Eng.  The  flock  formed  of  their 
progeny  was  generally  regarded 
as  very  valuable,  being  hardy 
in  constitution,  hearty  feeders 
and  very  prolific.  The  present 
animal  ranges  in  weight  from 
200  to  300  lbs.  ;  matures  at  two 
years  old;  has  a  hardy  constitution;  gains  an  average  increase  of  500 
percent,  in  five  years;  yields  11  lbs.  of  wool  annually;  is  raised  both 
for  wool  and  mutton,  the  latter  of  which  is  good. 


Iiincoln  Sheep. 


The  Angora  Goat  takes  its  name  from  the  capital  of  the  Turkis 
proviner  nf  Ang(u;i,  in  Asia 
Minor,  the  mild  climate  of 
which  has  been  instrumental 
in  producing  the  valuable  pro- 
ducts of  this  animal — a  beau- 
tiful silky  white  hair,  8  inches 
long,  and  a  skin  from  which 
fine  Oriental  morocco  is  man- 
ufactured. The  hair  is  made 
into  what  is  known  as  Turk- 
ish yarn  or  mohair,  and  then 
wrought  into  shawls  and  cam- 
let cloths.  Importations  of 
this  goat  into  Europe  dete- 
riorate the  quality  of  its  hair. 
At  home  it  is  sheared  twice  a 
year.  It  is  estimated  that  in  1869  the  province  of  Angora  contained  a 
million  of  these  goats,  from  which  the  annual  yield  was  2,700,000  lbs. 


Angora  Goat. 


The  Cashmere  Goat  is  reared  upon  the  cold,  dry  table-lands  of 
Thibi-l,  in  Central  A>ia,  adjoin- 
ing China  on  the  west,  for  the 
sake  of  its  hair,  or  down,  which 
grows  beneath  its  coarser  out- 
ward coat.  Its  hair  is  long, 
silky  and  straight,  and  it  has 
large  pendulous  ears  and  slender 
legs.  The  wool,  or  down,  is 
taken  to  Cashmere,  and  after 
being  bleached  is  dyed  numer- 
ous colors,  and  woven  after  de- 
sired patterns.  One  loom  is  ca- 
pable of  producing  five  shawls  a 
year;  sometimes  all  the  work- 
ing force  of  a  shop — from  two 
to  four  persons — is  employed  to 
complete  one  shawl  within  twelve  months.  London,  Paris,  Brussels, 
Berlin  and  New  York  import  these  shawls  in  larire  quantities 


^rr!.— 


Cashmere  Goat. 


! 


VARIOUS  BREEDS  OF  HOGS  IN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA. 


The  Large  Yorksliire  Hog,  essentially  English  in  origin,  has  be- 
come  an  American  representa- 
tive of  the  mammoth  race  of 
swine.  The  unimproved  animal 
wan  hardy  and  quite  a  prolific 
bleeder,  but  s^ddom  exceeded 
800  lbs.  in  weight.  Experiments 
in  crossing  it  with  the  Berkshire 
succeeded  in  producing  a  hardy, 
useful  hog,  that  fattened  too 
slowly  to  be  profitable.  Crossing 
it  with  the  White  Leicester  re- 
sulted in  a  large  animal,  with 
a  smaller  head  than  the  Tork- 
jiecimens  of  which  have  weighed  from  1,100  to  1,200. 


Large  Yorkshire  Hog. 


The  Suffolk 


from  England  many  years  ago,  has  become 
a  favorite  in  this  country,  but 
has  undergone  certain  changes. 
The   original   breed  was  long- 
bodied  and  long-legged,  with  a 
narrow  back,  a  wide  head,  small 
hams,    and    white    hair.      The 
modern  Suffolk  matures  before 
it  is  two  years  old,   and  weighs 
from  300'to  350  lbs.      It  fattens 
fairly  in  pasture  or  pen;  has  a 
hardy  constitution,  small  bones, 
broad  shoulders,  a  short  body,  a  short  nose,  moderately  long  hair  of 
a  white  color,  and  possesses  a  docile  disposition.      The  best  breed  is 
that   produced  by  crossing   with   the    Chinese  or  Lincoln. 


Suffolk  Hog. 


The  Chester  White  i-^  an  American  breed,  supposed  to  have  orig- 
inated from  the  crossing  of  the 
Bedford   Hog  with   the   native 
white  swine  of  Chester  County, 
Pa.      Hence  the  name.      They 
have  been  known  since   1818, 
in    which    year    the    Bedfords 
were  imported  from  England. 
The  present  excellence  of  the 
breed  is  traced  to  the  careful 
selection  and  crossing  by  stock- 
owners   of   its   native    county, 
and  is  now  considered  a  well-built  and  easily-fattened  animal.      Its 
weight,  when  a  year  and  a  half  old,  ranges  from  350  to  400  lbs.,  and 
its  price  from  §10  to  $25.      It  has  a  hardy  constitution. 


Chester  "White  Hog. 


The  Chinese,  unless  mixed  with  better  and  more  profitable  breeds, 
can  hardly  prove  a  satisfactory 
investment  for  a  progressive 
farmer.  Crossed  with  the  Polish 
Hog,  or  the  Berkshire,  great  im- 
provement and  consequent  in- 
creased value  are  attained. 
There  are  two  varieties,  one 
white  and  the  other  l)Iack,  which 
differ  little  in  their  characteris- 
tics. Both  fatten  easily,  and 
while  in  most  other  hogs  this  is 
anexcelleuttrait,  it  addsnothing 
to  the  worth  of  this  animal,  its  meat  becoming  too  greasy  for  pork 
and  unfit  for  good  bacon.     Its  appearance  is  not  prepossessing. 


Chinese  Hog. 


i 


The  Jersey  Red.  Ilrsi  raised  in  New  Jersey,  is  supposed  to  be  a 

descendant  of  the  original  Pol- 
ish Hog.  It  reaches  maturity 
early:  weighs 400 or  450  lbs.  ;  is 
a  good  feeder,  and  fattens  read- 
ily; hati  a  hardy  constitution,  a 
lung  nose,  lop  ears,  a  long  body, 
long  legs,  large  bones, long  red 
hair,  a  heavy  tail,  coarse,  inclin- 
ing bristles;  sluggish  in  action, 
dneilo  in  disposition,  a  prolific 
O..I  V  y  iv.-..   ii  >K.  breeder  and  a  fair  nur^c.     The 

Duroc  Hog,  first  well-known  in 
Saratoga  County,  N.  Y..  is  of  finer  bone  and  carcass  than  the  Ked, 
which  it  rceembles  in  color,  while  its  shape  is  very  similar  to  that  of 
the  Poland-China.    It  grows  to  a  large  size  and  Is  very  hardy. 


^fSm^' 


The  Small  White  Yorkshire,  a  native  strain  of  the  English  York- 
shire Hog,  is  liitle  known  to 
American  farmers.  The  re- 
port of  the  committee  at  the 
Indianapolis  ( Ind. )  Convention 
says:  The  Yorkshire  are  the 
most  valuable  swine  to  breed 
from,  or  to  cross  with,  that  we 
have  ever  met.... Size,  shape 
and  flesh  are  desirable  for  fam- 
ily or  packers'  use,  as  they 
have  a  hardy,  vigorous  consti- 
tution; a  good  coat  of  hair;  are  Small  "White  Yorkshire  Hog. 
very  quiet  and  good  graziers; 
feed  well,  fatten  quickly  at  any  age,  and  are  very  prolific. 


The  Essex,  now  a  prime  favorite,  originated  in  England,  and  un- 
til iui[irn\cd  by  crossing  with 
the  Neapolitan  hog,  in  1839, 
was  a  coarse,  black  and  white 
animal,  large  in  frame,  and  a 
slow  eater.  The  result  of 
crossing  and  breeding-in-and- 
in  is  a  hog  of  small  or  me- 
dium size,  rivaling  the  Berk- 
shire in  feeding  and  fatten- 
ing, and  in  the  excellent  qual- 
ity of  its  lard,  bactm  and  haras.  When  Hi  years  old,  its  weight 
ranges  from  300  to  350  lbs. ,  and  its  value  from  $10  to  825.  Its 
fattening  qualities  are  equal  to  the  best  of  any  other  breed,  and, 
being  a  fair  forager  when  at  large,  it  is  as  economical  as  any. 


Essex  Hog. 


The  Poland-China  originated  in  Southwestern  Ohio,  and  is  the  pro- 
geny (if  tlie    native    (.)hio    stock 
united  with   the  Chinese,  Po- 
land and  other  swine,  between 
1815  and  1835.      By  careful  se- 
lection and  cultivation  the  val- 
ue and  excellence  of  the  breed 
was  maintained  and  improved 
by  crossing  it  with  the  Berk- 
shire   and  the   Irish    Grazier, 
until  a  very  perfect  stock  has 
been  established.    At  20  months 
old  the  average  weight  is  about  416  lbs.,  and  for    fattening  purposes 
it  is  reckoned  among  the  best.   It  thrives  well  in  the  fields,   having  a 
hardy  constitution,  is  a  hearty  feeder,  and  has  a  docile  disposition. 


Folajid-China  Hog. 


The  Berkshire  was  originally,  in  its  English  home,  of  a  reddish 
color,  spoiled  with  black,  and 
the  breed  is  known  to  have 
existed  hundreds  of  years  ago. 
The  modern  Berkshire  is  the 
result  of  crossing  with  Siam- 
ese, Chinese  and  Neapolitan 
stocks,  and  ranks  high  as  a 
handsome  and  profitable  hog. 
At  eighteen  months  old  its 
weight  ranges  from  325  to  375 
lbs.  ;    its    fattening  qualities 

are  of  the  best;  its  disposition  is  gentle:  its  prevailing  color  is  black; 
its  neck  short;  its  back  broad  and  slightly  curved;  its  body  of  me- 
dium length.      It  is  greatly  esteemed  m  England  and  America. 


Berkshire  Hog< 


The  Cheshire,  one  of  tlie  old  English  breeds,  has  been  superseded 
in  this  country  by  another  of 
more  modern  origin,  eslal)lisbed 
in  Jefferson  county.  N,  Y. ,  and 
possessing  greatly  improved 
qualities.  From  that  locality 
it  has  been  widely  distributed 
throughout  other  portitms  of  the 
United  States,  having  a  good 
reputation  as  a  stock  hog.  It 
has  along  body;  a  long,  slen- 
der, well-j^haped  head,  with  full 
cheeks:  fine,  erect  aiul  tliin  ears:  full  hams;  wiile  shoulders:  a  thin, 
pink  skin:  hairtliin  and  pure  white:  fine-grained  flesh,  and  isgreiitly 
valued  for  the  amount  of  clean  mess  jiork  it  yields  in  proportion 
to  its  offal.     The  old  Cheshire  Hog  is  from  3'/a  to  4H    feet  higb. 


Oheshire  Hogr. 


«>^c>- — 


SUPERIOR  VARIETIES  OF  TURKEYS  AND  GEESE  ILLUSTRATED. 


17;^ 


The  Bronze  Turkey — otherwise  known  as  the  rnmbrid^e — is  oneof 
tbf  only  two  varieties  of  this  do- 
mestic fowl  recognized  inEriglnnd, 
the  other  being  the  Norfolk.  The 
latter  is  black  all  over:  bnt  the 
lironze  is  of  all  colorn,  from  one 
of  wliirli  it  derives  iti*  name — a 
dark  eopiier  bronze.  Fawn-color 
and  pure  wliite  are  often  seen,  as 
are,  also,  variegated  birds,  some 
of  which  present  a  magnificent 
appearance.  The  Wliilc  is  cnn- 
sitlered  the  most  delicate  and  difii- 
cnlt  to  rear  of  all,  but  tlie  dark 
Cambridge  grows  to  the  greatest 
size,  and  la  the  most  esteemed. 
Wherever  else  the  domestic  Tur- 
key originated,  it  is  a  well-known 
fact  that  it  was  found  in  a  wild 
state  in  America,  and  is  still  rated  among  our  game-birds.  A  cross 
of  it  with  the  English  Turkey  would  probably  improve  the  latter 
materially  in  hardihood  of  constitution.  In  Honduras  is  a  wild  race 
of  turkeys  said  to  possess  surpassing  beauty,  exhibiting  in  the  great- 
est brilliancy  all  the  colors  of  the  rainbow. 


Bronze  Turkey. 


The  Toulouse  Goose  is  said  lo  excel  all  others  in  size  and  weight, 
either  as  a  stock  binl  or  fattened  for 
market.  This  is  undoubtedly  owing  to 
careful  selection,  proper  care  and  feed- 
ing. Its  plumage  on  the  breast  and 
body  is  light  gray,  on  the  back  dark 
gray,  on  the  neck  a  darker  gray,  and  on 
the  wings  and  belly  shading  off  to  white 
in  the  best  specimens,  with  but  little 
pure  white  visible,  except  on  the 
posterior  parts.  The  bill  is  stout  and 
reddish,  or  flesh-color;  the  legs  and 
feet  a  deep  orange,  with  a  slight  red- 
dish tinge;  carriage  erect,  tall  and 
dignified,  the  singular  folds  of  flesh 
from  the  neck  to  the  abdnnieii  neiirly 
touching  the  ground.  In  weight  a  pair 
frequently  turns  the  scale  at  from  40 
to  45  lbs.,  and  in  some  cases  specimen 
birds  have  weighed  60  lbs.  per  pair. 
In  constitution  it  is  hardy,  easily  kept  in  confinement,  is  a  good  layer, 
and  its  flesh  is  tender  and  well-ilavored.  It  hasnot  become  so  widely 
bred  in  tliis  country  as  it  deserves,  but  is  gradually  growing  in  favor, 
commanding  high  prices  where  its  value  is  appreciated,  young 
birds  frequently  selling  for $35.  It  is  said  to  have  been  originally 
imported  from  the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 


Toulouse  Geese. 


The  Bremen  Goose,  better  known,  perhaps,  as  the  Embden,  was 
originally  imported  from  Bremen, 
and  has  been  raised  as  a  distinct 
breed  iu  America  since  1821.  Its 
distinguishing  colors  are  an  un- 
mixed white  plumage,  with  hand- 
some yellow  bill,  legs  and  feet, 
and  the  iris  of  the  eye  has  a  pecu- 
liar blue  tint  in  all  well-bred  birds. 
A  full-blood  specimen  will  weigh 
20  lbs.  or  more.  As  compared 
with  the  common  barnyard  goose, 
it  furnishes  nearly  twice  as  many 
feathers,  and  will  set  and  hatch 
with  rather  more  certainty  of  suc- 
cess. As  a  table-fowl,  its  flesh 
has  especial  freedom  from  the  dry- 
ness that  pertains  to  that  of  other 
and  more  common  kinds,  but  ex- 
hibits a  juiciness  and  tenderness 
resembling  that  of  a  wild  fowl,  and  shrinks  but  slightly  in  cooking. 
In  flavor  it  has  been  pronounced  quite  equal  to  that  of  the  Canvas- 
Back  Duck.  The  Bremen  arrives  at  maturity  when  2'/2  years  old; 
has  a  tender  constitution  and  consequently  requires  good  care;  is  a 
fair  forager;  does  not  bear  confinement  well;  is  a  poor  setter,  a  bad 
mother,  and  only  lays,  on  an  average,  20  eggs  a  year.  It  is  considered 
a  better  fowl  for  the  market  and  table  than  for  other  purposes. 


Bremen.  Geese. 


the  Flemieh,  tracing 


The  White  Holland  Turkey,  known  ; 
its  orii;iii  to  the  Xetherlands  ami  Bel- 
gium, has  grudnally  grown  Intcj  favor 
in  this  country,  although  not  »s  nu- 
merously bred  as  the  Bronze  and  other 
varieties  of  American  turkeys.  It  la 
smaller  than  the  Bronze,  but  appears 
to  occupy  a  merited  place  between  the 
Bronze  and  the  comuKni  domestic 
fowl,  antl  belongs  to  a  distinct  race, 
having  many  valuable  qualities  of  its 
own.  Its  plumage  is  pleasing,  its 
size  commanding,  its  flesh  white, 
tender  and  juicy,  and  it  is  a  i)roliflc 
layer.  The  female  makes  a  good  and 
watchful  mother.  Both  sexes  fatten 
readily,  are  of  quiet  disposition,  and, 
if  properly  cared  for,  are  not  apt  to 
stray  far  away  from  home.  Farmers 
who  have  raised  other  kinds  consider  them  an  admirable  bird  for 
general  use.  Their  feathers  are  very  valuable,  having  the  softness 
of  the  down  of  geese,  and  are  preferred  to  those  of  any  other.  This 
turkey  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  common  White  Turkey  so 
often  seen  in  barnyards.     The  White  Holland  is  much  larger. 


White  Holland  Turkey. 


The  White  Chinese  Goose  very  closely  resembles  the  Brown 
most  particulars,  but  is  larger  in 
size,  and  more  swan-like.  Its 
color,  however,  is  a  spotless,  pure 
white;  its  bill  is  a  bright  orange- 
yellow,  and  the  bunch  at  the 
junction  of  the  upper  bill  and  the 
forehead  is  of  the  same  color;  the 
knob  on  the  head  is  also  larger 
than  that  of  the  Brown,  and  of  a 
different  shape.  Whether  walking 
on  the  land  or  floating  on  the 
water  it  is  very  handsome,  its 
long  and  slender  neck  being  beau- 
tifully arched  when  it  swims.  Its 
eggs  are  quite  small,  considering 
the  size  of  the  fowl,  averaging 
only  about  half  the  dimensions  of 
those  laid  by  the  common  goose. 
It  rarely  incubates  its  own  eggs 

successfully;  but  is  considered  a  good  setter,  and  hatches  the  eggs 
of  the  common  goose  remarkably  well.  This  is  owing,  it  is  thought, 
to  the  ease  with  w-hich  its  own  eggs  chill,  while  the  eggs  of  other 
geese  are  less  sensitive  to  the  cold.  The  female  is  a  good  mother, 
and  takes  excellent  care  of  her  goslings,  of  which  she  can  produce 
three  or  four  families  during  the  season. 


Wliite  Chinese  Geese. 


The  Brown  Chinese  Goose,  as  well  as  the  White  Chinese,  appear?^ 
to  lie  a  ^[tecies  ranking  midway 
between  the  goose  proper  and  the 
swan,  both  of  which  it  resembles 
in  the  length  of  its  neck.  It  is  of 
a  general  brown  color,  changing 
gradually  into  light  gray  or  yellow 
brown  on  the  breast,  with  a  dark 
stripe  running  down  the  back  of 
the  neck.  It  possesses  much  of 
the  beauty  of  the  swan,  which  it 
also  resembles  in  having  a  dark 
bunch  around  the  base  of  the  up- 
per part  of  the  bill.  Its  voice  is 
harsh  and  peculiar.  Its  entire 
length,  when  full-grown,  is 3  feet. 
It  seems  to  be  well  understood 
that  it  originated  in  China,  but  is 
now  generally  bred  throughout 
Europe,  Asia  and  Africa,  and  is 

becoming  quite  a  favorite  in  the  Cnited  States.  Owing  to  its  char- 
acteristics it  is  better  adapted  to  living  in  the  barnyard  than  for 
grazing  in  the  fields.  Its  carriage  is  quite  dignified,  walking  erect, 
with  its  neck  elevated,  much  like  a  swan,  but  is  easily  alarmed,  and, 
when  excited,  is  very  noisy.  If  crossed  with  the  common  goose,  the 
product  is  a  very  prolific  layer.  In  some  specimens  of  the  Brown 
the  bills  and  legs  are  black,  the  belly  white,  and  the  throat  wattled. 


Brown  Chinese  Geese. 


>^ 


2:^: 


■•? 


ITi 


STANDARD  VARIETIES  OF  FOWLS  ILLUSTRATED  AND  DESCRIBED. 


S*: 


The  Plymouth  Rock,  jiu  American  fowl,  has  not  existed  as  a  dis- 
tinct breed  for  many  years,  but  has 
risen  with  wonderful  facility  in 
the  estimation  of  poultry-raisers. 
It  is  supposed  to  bea  cross  between 
the  China  and  either  the  Domi- 
nique, the  Fawn-Colored  Dorking, 
the  Black  Java,  or  the  Great  Malay. 
In  size  it  rivals  the  Asiatic  fowls, 
and  possesses  marked  symmetry, 
a  dquarely-built  and  heavy  body, 
a  rich  and  variegated  plumage,  and 
is  a  prolific  layer.  Pullets  com- 
mence laying  at  five  months  old, 
and,  under  proper  treatment  and 
care,  will  lay  daily  all  the  year 
round.  The  eggs  are  of  medium 
size,  rich  in  material,  and  have  a 
reddish-yellow  color.  For  mar- 
ket purposes  this  bird  is  also  desirable  and  profitable.  As  hatching- 
fowls  they  are  faithful  and  efficient,  and  bestow  excellent  care  upon 
their  chickens.  They  also  possess  another  satisfactory  trait, — being 
less  destructive  to  gardens  than  the  smaller  kinds.  When  a  year  old 
the  cock  stands  from  32  to  35  inches  high,  and  weighs  about  10  lbs. 


Plsnaiouth  Rock  Fowl. 


The  Silky  Fowl  is  so  named  because  the  filaments  of  its 
feathers,  instead  of  being  fasten- 
ed together,  as  in  other  birds, 
are  separate  and  loose,  giving 
the  plumage  asilky,  hair-like  ap- 
pearance, and  destroying  any 
symmetry  of  shape  that  the  bird 
may  possess.  This  peculiarity 
also  gives  a  deceptive  size  to  the 
fowl,  making  it  seem  much  lar- 
ger than  it  is.  The  cock  seldom 
weighs  3  lbs.  or  the  hen  over  2 
lbs.  It  is  also  called  the  "-ANfe- 
gro  "  fowl,  on  account  of  the  som- 
bre color  of  its  bones  and  skin. 
The  latter  is  of  a  dark  violet 
tint;  the  comb  and  wattles  a  dull, 
dark  purple.  The  bones  are  cov- 
ered with  a  film  that  is  nearly 
black.  The  tlesh  itself  is  white 
and  palatable,  being  better  than  that  of  most  other  fowls.  The  comb 
should  resemble  that  of  the  Malay,  with  a  small  crest  on  the  top  of 
the  head.  The  legs  are  usually  feathered.  Its  crumpled  and  abund- 
ant plumage  eminently  fits  it  forcovering  young  chickens  of  its  own 
or  other  breeds.  Another  species  resembles  the  Cochin  in  all  partic- 
ulars except  its  feathers. 


Silky  FowL 


vort 

ion  t 
tlnti 
It8| 


The  Great  Black  Java,  of  pure  blood,  ranks,  for  excellence,  with 
the  Malay,  is  a  native  of  the  is- 
land of  Java  and  Sumatra,  and  by 
some  breeders  is  considered  su- 
perior to  all  other  large  poultry 
in  i)()int  of  beauty,  while  other 
fowl- fanciers,  again,  deem  the 
Malay  the  finest  of  the  two.  In- 
deed there  is  a  great  eimilarity 
of  characteristics  between  the  two 
birds;  but  the  pure  Java  is  sel- 
dom seen  inthiscountry.  Around 
the.  eyes  and  throat  is  an  absence 
of  feathers  :  the  comb  is  large  and 
serrated  (resembling  eaw-leeth), 
and  the  wattles  quite  prominent. 
Long  golden  hackles  adorn  the 
head,  sides  of  the  neck,  back  and 
nimp.  The  tail  is  black,  with  a 
(*tately  carnage  and  exhibiting  a  fine  mi-tallic  luster.  The  legs  are 
thick  and  large.  With  those  who  know  them  best  they  are  rated 
among  the  most  valuable  of  barnyard  fowls,  laying  large  and  well-lla- 
vored  eggs.  The  body  colors  vary  from  black  beneath  to  abluinh  black 
on  the  upper  back,  while  the  wing  feathers  are  richly  variegatedwith 
tints  of  deep  cheftnnt,  steel-blue,  brownish-black  and  reddish-yellow. 
Ita  gait  is  slow  and  majestic.  The  forked-tailed  cock,  found  in  Java, 
is  another  large  and  remarkable  epecles  of  this  bird. 


Gical  i- , 


The  Black  Spanish  is  of  uncertain  origin,  and  there  is  no  reason 
for  belie\iiig  iliat  it  was  brought 
from  Spain.  Whatever  its  source, 
it  has  been  long  and  favorably 
known  by  the  pul)lic.  Its  digni- 
fied carriage  and  large  white  eggs 
commenditalike  to  fowl-fanciers 
and  breeders.  Of  the  several 
varieties  exhibited  the  White- 
Face  takes  precedence,  owing  to 
its  beautiful  characteristics, 
principal  among  which  are  its 
aristocratic  bearing,  black  and 
glossy  plumage,  bluish  legs, 
red,  erect  and  large  comb,  and 
white  smooth  face.  A  full  grown 
bird  weighs  from  7  to  8  lbs.  The 
pullets  lay  when  sis  months  old, 
and  then  5  or  6  eggs  per  week; 
but  to  insure  many  eggs  the  hen-house  should  be  kept  warm.  The 
young  chickens  are  ^delicate  and  require  generous  diet  and  care  in 
order  to  successfully  raise  them.  The  White-Faced  variety  is  es- 
teemed as  the  most  profitable,  as  there  is  a  good  demand  for  it,  and 
prices  generally  rule  high. 


Black  Spanish  Fowl. 


The  Frizzle  is  a  puzzle  to  naturalists,  both  on  account  of  the  ob- 
scurity attending  its  origin  and  to  its 
very  remarkable  peculiarities.  The 
theory  that  it  was  formerly  a  native 
of  Friesland,  and  that  it  received  its 
name  from  that  circumstance,  has  no 
foundation  in  fact:  nor  is  there  any 
evidence  that  it  came  originally,  as  is 
sometimes  claimed,  from  Japan.  It 
is  almost  certain  that  its  name  is  de- 
rived from  its  appearance,  every 
feather  of  the  bird  being  curved, 
or  turned  back  from  the  body, 
so  as  to  show  a  portion  of  the  under- 
surface.  This  fowl  does  not  rank 
high  as  a  distinct  or  ]>rofitiible  breed. 
It  is  not  at  all  hardy  in  constitution, 
and  cannot  be  depended  upon  as  a 
trustworthy  layer.  The  fle.sh  is  in- 
ferior for  table  purposes;  the  bird  is 

far  from  ornamental,  and,  except  for  its  singular  characteristics,  does 
not  possess  any  special  commercial  value.  The  plumage  is  usually 
white,  but  there  are  other  colors  extant,  and  specimens  are  exhibited 
with  either  single  or  double  combs.  The  principal  attraction  of  this 
fowl  consistsin  its  peculiarity  of  feather,  in  which  it  rivals  the  Silky, 


The  Malay  was  among  the  earliest  importations  of  the  large 
Asiatic  ])oultry,  and  is  remarkable 
for  its  giganticstature, which  is  said 
to  exceed  that  of  any  other  domes- 
tic fowl.  The  cock,  at  maturity, 
should  weigh  from  9  to  11  lbs. ,  and 
stand  at  least  30  inches  high.  It  is 
quite  long  in  the  head,  beak,  neck 
and  legs,  and  when  in  an  upright 
posture  has  a  shelving  back.  The 
wings  arc  elevated,  and  project  at 
the  shoulders.  The  body  narrows 
toward  the  tail,  which  is  small,  that 
of  the  cock  drooping.  The  plu- 
mage is  firm,  close  and  glosi^y,  re- 
flecting light  with  a  peculiar  eflfect. 
The  usual  standard  color  is  a  brown- 
ish-red, but  there  are  other  shades 
of  color,  as  welt  as  a  pure  white, 
which  is  deemed  the  most  beautiful 

of  all.  The  legs  are  yellow,  and  devoid  of  feathers.  The  comb  is 
low  and  flat,  covered  with  wart-like  knobs.  The  eye  is  usually  yel- 
low. The  red  and  mikod  face  and  throat  indicate  the  cruel  disposi- 
tion— the  ferocious  character — of  this  bird.  It  is  improved  by  cross- 
ing with  other  fowls,  as  the  Dorking,  but  is  <jf  itself  a  most  excel- 
lent table-fowl.  It  has  another  peculiarity,  that  of  thriving  well  in 
Ihc  courts  and  alleys  of  crowded  cities. 


^- 


Malay  Fowl. 


A 


^ 


^<m 


STANDARD  VARIETIES  OF  FOWLS  ILLUSTRATED  AND  DESCRIBED— CONTINUED. 


The  Wyandotte  is  rt-murkuble  for  itw  plumage,  which  (Uffcrs  ma- 
terially in  !i])pcarjuu;t!  from  that  of 
other  fowls,  and  also  ranks  well  in 
the  list  of  useful  and  fnncy  poultry 
of  the  larger  breeds.  In  size  it  re- 
sembles the  Plymouth  Uock,  and 
exhibits  the  principal  coIofh  of  the 
Silver-Spangled  Hamburgh  and  the 
Dark  Urahma,  with  a  more  decid- 
edly artistic  union  of  shades.  The 
ground-color  is  white,  with  heavy 
lacings  of  black,  those  on  the  breast 
being  especially  attractive.  The 
comb  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Ham- 
burgh, but  not  so  large  in  propor- 
tion, and  more  closely  set  upon  the 
bead.  The  face  and  ear-lobes  are 
bright  red,  and  the  legs  yellow  and 
without  feathers.  Notwithstanding 
its  size,  it  is  easily  confined  within  fences  of  ordinary  height,  and, 
when  running  about  the  barnyards  or  pastures,  is  an  industriout  for- 
ager. With  a  hardy  constitution,  it  combines  the  qualities  of  a  good 
layer  of  large  eggs,  a  good  hatcher,  a  careful  mother,  and  displays  a 
contented  and  harmless  disposition.     Its  flesh  is  excellent  for  food. 


Wyandotte  Fowl. 


The  Buff  Cochin,  nest  to  the  White,  is  the  most  popular  of  this 
variety.  The  entire  race  of  Cochins 
possess  much  merit.  The  chickens, 
although  they  slowly  acquire  perfect 
l)liini;ige,  are  considered  more  hardy 
of  cont^titution  than  any  other  kind, 
ixcept  the  Brahma,  and  thrive  where 
others  would  perish.  So  rapid  is 
their  growth  of  body  that  when  three 
months  old  they  are  ready  for  the 
table.  In  confinement  they  do  well, 
are  very  tame,  easily  domesticated, 
and  peaceable  in  disposition;  and,  as 
they  cannot  fiy,  high  fences  are  not 
required  to  keep  them  from  roaming. 
As  a  market-fowl  they  are  deemed 
inferior  to  some  otiier  varieties,  but 
are  useful  for  supplying  family  de- 
mands for  chickens  or  eggs.  They 
are  good  hatchers.  The  Buff,  so 
called,  may  possess  any  shade  of  that  color,  but  an  absence  of  black 
feathers  and  of  black  pencilling  in  the  hackle  is  desirable.  The 
color  of  the  cock  should  correspond  w  ith  that  of  the  hens  on  the 
breast  and  lower  parts  of  the  body,  but  its  hackles,  wing-coverts, 
back  and  saddle  are  generally  of  a  rich  gold  tint.  It  has  been  found 
that  in  reproducing  itself  the  chickens  are  lighter  in  color. 


Buff  Cochin  Fowl. 


The  Perfect  Game  Fowl,  of  any  ordinary  breed,  has  a  strong,  long, 
curved  and  sharp  beak;  a  small, 
thin  and  single  comb,  low  in  front, 
erect  and  evenly  serrated,  usually 
of  a  red  color,  but  sometimes 
darkish  red;  a  long,  sharp  head, 
with  lean  and  thin  face  and  throat; 
small  red  ear-lobes ;  a  well-arched, 
strong,  long  neck;  a  hard,  close, 
firm  and  short  hackle,  broad  in 
feather;  a  short  back,  very  hard 
both  in  feather  and  flesh;  broad 
shoulders ;  a  narrow,  neat  and 
short  rump,  round  at  the  sides;  a 
broad  and  hard  breast,  neither  too 
full  nor  too  lean,  and  thus  able  to 
easily  resist  opponents ;  short, 
close  and  hard  saddle- feathers; 
strong  wings,  of  medium  length, 
well  fitted  to  the  body,  and  carried  neither  too  high  nor  too  low-,  but 
protecting  the  thighs;  the  tail  of  moderate  length,  carried  erect,  but 
not  curved  over  the  back,  and  well  spread,  with  sickle-feathers  of  a 
full  round  curve;  short,  muscular,  hard  and  firm  thighs,  placed  wide 
apart,  and  running  well  up  toward  the  shoulders,  thus  aiding  the 
bird  to  stand  firmly;  flat,  broad,  spreading  and  thin  feet,  and  long, 
sharp  and  rather  thin  spurs,  placed  low  down,  curving  upward  a 
little;  plumage  very  close,  short,  and  hard,  with  glossy  reflections. 


Perfect  Game  Fowl. 


The  Partridge  Cochin  is  a  prominent  variety  of  this  very  large 
and  estfcmcd  race  of  domestic  fowls. 
The  cock  should  weigh  from  10  to  13 
lbs.  ;  the  hen  from  H  to  10  lbs.  The 
breast  should  be  full  and  broad  in 
both  the  cock  and  hen;  the  neck 
short;  the  back  short  between  head 
and  tail,  and  very  broad;  the  legs 
short,  and  set  widely  apart;  the  gen- 
eral apix'iirance  as  massive  as  possi- 
ble; the  legs  yellow  and  feathered  to 
the  toes,  and  the  thighs  covered  with 
a  fine  down.  The  head  is  neat  and 
rather  small,  and  the  C(mib  of  mod- 
erate pize,  erect,  straight  and  ser- 
rated; the  ear-lobes  ore  clear  red; 
the  eye  bright  and  lively,  and  re- 
sembling the  plumage  iu  color.  The 
hackles  of  the  hwi  are  bright  gold, 
striped  with   black,   the   rest  of  the 

body  being  a  light  brown,  i)cncilled  with  a  very  dark  shade  of  the 
same  color:  the  cock's  hacklesare  bright  red.  striped  with  black:  the 
hack  and  wings  dark  red,  the  latter  crossed  with  a  bar  of  metallic 
greenish-black:  the  breast  and  under  part  of  the  body  black. 


Partridge  Cochin  Fowl. 


ncilled," 


The  Dark  Brahma,  sometimes  known 
similar  Id  the  Light  in  comb, 
form  and  symmetry,  but  very  op- 
posite to  it  in  color.  The  head  of 
the  cock  is  crowned  with  a  "-pea- 
comb,"  or  three  small  combs  run- 
ning parallel  along  the  bead  length- 
wise, the  middle  one  being  the 
highest,  but  all  straight  and  ser- 
rated, aud  set  low  and  firmly  on 
the  head.  The  beak  is  strong,  well- 
curved  and  of  a  horn  color.  The 
wattles  are  full,  and  the  ear-lobes 
purely  red,  well-roundedand  hang- 
ing below  the  wattles.  The  neck 
is  short,  neatly  curved,  with  full 
hackles  of  silver- white,  streaked 
with  black  and  flowing  well  over 
the  back  and  sides  of  the  breast. 
The  head-feathers  are  white.    The 

back  is  almost  white,  short,  flat  and  wide,  rising  at  the  rump, 
where  the  plumage  merges  into  a  soft,  small  tail,  with  consi<i- 
erable  upright  carriage.  The  neck  and  saddle-feathers  are  white, 
striped  with  black,  and  their  length  gives  character  to  the  breed. 
From  the  saddle  to  the  tail,  and  on  the  sides  of  the  tail,  are  lustrous 
green-black  feathers,  with  a  few  white  ones  next  to  the  saddle. 


Dark  Brahma  Fow^l. 


The  White-Crested  Poland  is  most  widely  known  of  the  several 
varieties  of  this  favurite  fowl.  The 
weight  of  the  cock  is  5  or  6  lbs., 
and  that  of  the  hen,  4  or  5  lbs.  In 
constitution  it  is  delicate,  and  par- 
ticularly subject  to  roup.  The 
cock,  in  carriage,  like  that  of 
other  varieties  of  the  Poland,  is 
bold  and  graceful,  with  the  neck 
thrown  rather  back  toward  the  tail. 
The  crest  is  large,  regular  and  full 
throughout,  white  in  color,  but 
havinga/<?»'blackfeaihers  in  front. 
There  is  no  comb.  The  wattles 
are  full  and  of  a  bright  rod  color, 
but  the  ear-lobes  are  a  pure  white. 
The  body  plumage  is  black  all  over, 
with  bright  reflections  on  the  sad- 
dle, hackles  and  tail.  The  hen  is 
very    compact   and   well    rounded 

and  filled  in  form.  Its  plumage  is  a  rich  black:  its  crest  like  a  ball, 
white  in  color,  with  a  few  black  feathers  in  front.  This  crest  of  the 
Poland,  it  is  stated,  proceeds  from  a  peculiar  swelling  or  protuber- 
ance at  the  top  of  the  skull,  which  contains  a  portion  of  the  brain. 
This  fowl  is  a  good  forager,  does  not  bear  confinement  well,  is  a  good 
layer,  but  a  poor  hatcher,  and  a  bad  mother;  has  flesh  of  a  fine 
grain  but  poor  flavor,  and  is  docile,  domestic  and  cheerful. 


"White  Crested  Poland  Fowl. 


^ 


STANDARD  VARIETIES  OF  FOWLS  ILLUSTRATED  AND  DESCRIBED— CONTINUED. 


The  Sultan  is  a  favorite  ornamental  fowl  in  England.  In  size  it 
is  rather  small,  tbe  cocli  weighing  from 
4  to  5  lbs.  Easily  tamed,  and  possess- 
ing a  brisk  and  lively  disposition,  added 
to  many  endearing  and  amusing  traits, 
peculiar  to  itself,  it  occupies  the  posi- 
tion of  a  cherished  pet  bird.  In  its 
white  plumage  and  crest  it  resembles 
the  White  Poland,  but  differs  materially 
from  it  in  its  short  and  full-feathered 
thighs,  legs  and  feet.  The  crest,  also, 
nnlike  that  of  the  Poland,  stands  more 
erect,  and  does  not  interfere  with  the 
sight.  The  throat  is  muffed  and  whisk- 
ered with  thick  feathers,  and  the  tail 
of  the  cock  is  very  full  and  flowing. 
The  comb  consists  of  two  small  spikes 
growing  in  front  of  the  crest.  The  legs 
are  white,  and  the  foot  has  five  toes,  like  the  Dorking.  At  maturity 
the  Sultan  is  quite  a  hardy  bird.  It  is  understood  to  belong  to  the 
Polish  race  of  fowls,  and  possesses  many  of  their  characteristics. 
The  birds  known  as  Ptarmigans  should  not  he  confounded  with  the 
present  race  of  Sultans,  for  if  ever  they  belonged  to  it  they  have 
greatly  degenerated. 


Sultan  Fowl. 


La  Fleche, 


standard  French  fowl,  possesses  traits  that  indicate 
its  Spanish  origin;  but  in  size  and 
weight  it  greatly  exceeds  the  Span- 
ish breed,  the  cock  often  weighing 
from  8  to  10  lbs.  Both  male  and  fe- 
male have  long  and  large  bodies  and 
long  and  muscular  legs.  The  plu- 
mage, like  that  of  the  Spanish  fowl, 
is  black,  with  a  greenish  reflection, 
and  with  dense  featliers  clo.-^ely  fits 
the  body.  The  legs  at  maturity  are 
slate-ct)lored,  becoming  a  leaden  gray 
as  the  bird  grows  older.  Like  that  of 
tbe  Creve-C'osur,  the  comb  has  two 
horns  near  the  top  of  the  head,  and 
two  little  points  just  in  front  of  the 
nostrils.  Formerly  there  was  a  crest 
to  the  head,  butin  modern  specimens 
this  has  disappeared.  The  wattles 
are  long  and  pendulous,  and  of  a 
bright  red  color.  The  carriage  of  La  Fleche  is  courageous  and  in- 
telligent, with  active  motions  and  a  lively  spirit.  Its  constitution, 
however,  is  not  hardy,  in  cold  weather  requiring  care  and  warm 
shelter,  and  without  proper  attention  in  the  winter  does  not  lay  well. 
In  moderate  weather  and  with  fair  treatment  it  is  a  good  layer  of 
large  white  eggs,  but  has  no  disposition  to  hatch  its  own  chickens. 


La  Fleche  Fcnrl. 


The  Creve-Coeur  is  the  fowl  most  preferred  in  France  for  the 
quality  and  quantity  of  its  flesh.  It 
may  be  classed  as  a  large  bird,  aver- 
aging about  8  lbs.,  but  frequently 
weighing  10  lbs.  It  is  very  full  and 
compact  in  body,  with  exceedingly 
short  legs.  The  hen  especially 
seems,  on  this  account,  rather  to 
crei-p  than  walk;  and  the  effect  in 
both  cock  and  hen  is  a  quiet  and  de- 
liberate gait.  It  is  stated,  also,  that 
in  confinement  it  appears  the  most 
contented  of  any  fowls.  The  plu- 
mage is  mostly  black,  but  in  some  of 
the  best  specimens  tlie  hackle  and 
saddle  are  varii'gated  with  gold  or 
straw  colors.  Pure  black  all  over, 
however,  is  considered  correct.  Aside 
from  its  value  as  a  table-fowl,  the 
Creve-Coeur  possesses  several  other 
excellent  traits,  including  its  early  maturity,  the  ease  with  which  it 
can  be  reared  and  kept  within  narrow  apartments,  its  very  large 
white  eggs,  and  its  indisposition  to  hatch  its  own  progeny.  The 
comb  of  the  cock  is  in  the  form  of  two  dark-nd  horns,  surrounded 
by  a  large  black  crest,  which  with  the  full  ami  dark-red  wattles,  and 
the  throat  well  covered  with  beard  and  whiskers,  gives  the  bird  a 
Satanic  upi)earancc. 


Oreve-Coeur  Fowl. 


about  the  size  of 


The  American  Dominique  is  a  distinct  varin 
the  common  loul.  It  is  said  to  re- 
semble the  "Cuckoo"  poultry 
known  in  England  as  '*  Scotch 
Grays,"  with  the  exception  of  hav- 
ing double  combs  and  yellow  legs. 
The  i)lumage  consists  of  blue  and 
white  feathers,  so  arranged  that  it 
presents  throughout  tolerably  well- 
defined  greenish  tints,  although  in 
some  specimens  gray  is  the  pre- 
vailing color  in  both  the  male  and 
female.  It  is  8upi)0sed  to  have  ori- 
ginated in  the  island  of  Dominica, 
in  the  British  West  Indies,  whence 
its  name.  It  ranks  more  generally 
as  a  useful  fowl  than  one  calcula- 
ted to  please  the  fancy,  it  being 
hardy  of  constitution,  usually  free 
from  disease,  a  capital  layer,  plump 

and  tender  for  the  table,  a  successful  hatcher,  and  a  good  nurse. 
In  crossing  with  other  fowls  the  pure  breed  possesses  the  faculty  of 
transmitting  most  of  its  desirable  qualities  to  its  progeny.  Expe- 
rience claims  for  it  a  high  place  in  public  estimation. 


American  Dominique  Fovrl. 


The  Dorking  is  peculiarly  an  English  fowl,  and  in  all  its  varieties, 
the  Willie,  the  Silver-Gray  and 
Gray,  or  Colored,  is  much  admired, 
especially  by  ladies,  for  its  beauty 
of  a]>pearance  and  its  excellence  as 
a  table-bird.  The  White  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  the  original 
stock-fowl,  from  which  the  other 
kinds  have  been  derived  by  cross- 
ing it  with  large  colored  breeds, 
snch  as  the  Sussex.  The  true 
Dorking  has  a  full,  deep  body,  a 
prominent,  broad  and  rounded 
hreast,  a  broad  back,  and  a  general 
neatness  and  compactness  of  figure. 
The  weight  should  range  from  8H 
lbs.  upward  in  the  hen,  and  the 
cock  about  2  lbs.  more.  The  legs 
should  be  white,  or  have  a  slight 
rosy  tint,  and  the  feet  marked  with 

the  characteristic  double  toe  perfectly  developed.  The  comb  may  be 
either  single  or  double— the  single  one  large,  npright  and  serrated, 
and  the  double  one  (which  every  White  Dorking  should  have),  broad 
in  front  at  the  beak,  ending  in  a  raised  point  behind.  White  ones 
are  smaller  than  the  colored;  and  inter-breeding  tends  to  degenerate 
any  species  of  this  fowl. 


Dorking  Fowl. 


The  Hondan,  another  French  fowl,  is  supposed  to  be  a  cross 
between  the  English  Dorkingand  the 
White  Poland,  and  like  the  other 
French  standard  breeds  is  classed 
among  the  best  domestic  table- birds. 
In  form  it  resembles  tbe  Dtirkiiig 
as  to  its  size,  compact  and  full  body, 
its  short  legs  and  fifth  toe,  but  pos- 
sesses smaller  bones.  Its  plumage 
is  usually  white,  with  black  spang- 
les, each  about  the  size  of  a  quarter- 
dollar.  In  weight  it  exceeds  most 
other  French  fowls,  when  grown  to 
a  full  size,  but  theroare  many  small 
specimens  exhibited.  Like  the  Po- 
land race,  its  head  is  covered  with  a 
large  crest  of  black  and  white  feath- 
ers. The  wattles  arependiilousand 
prominent  features,   and  the  comb 

of  the  cock  is  described  as  resembling  "two  leaves  of  an  open  book 
with  a  long  slrawlierry  in  the  center;"  that  of  the  hen  is  smaller. 
In  constitution  tbe  lloiidau  is  hardy,  and  ranks  high  as  a  prolific  layer. 
The  live  weight  of  the  cock  is  TIJ  lbs.  ;  of  the  hen,  5  lbs.  The  av- 
erage number  of  eggs  laid  during  the  year  by  a  single  heu  is  ITO,  of 
which  9  should  weigh  1  lb.  It  does  not  bear  confinement  well;  is 
not  a  good  hatcher  and  is  a  poor  nurse  for  chickens.  Its  flesh  is  fine 
in  grain,  and  of  the  best  flavor. 


HouJ 


y?r 


d: 


ra 


STANDARD  VARIETIES  OF  FOWLS  ILLUSTRATED  AND  DESCRIBED— CONTINUED. 


177 


The  Game  Bantam 


m:irked  by  mof^t  of  the  peculiuritiL-s  that 
(iistin{,'ni!?h  other  gume- fowls,  unci 
is  coiiyuierecl  u  proiitat)!^  variety 
for  rait^ing  on  farniH.  The:  plumage 
is  t-imihir  to  that  of  the  corre- 
sponding speciesof  game-chickens, 
anil  Ihf  bird  Itself  ia  no  doubt  the 
result  of  continued  inter-brceding 
and  selection  of  the  smallest  spec- 
imens, with,  now  and  then,  a 
crossing  with  some  other  Bantam. 
In  form  and  cariiagc  it  sliouUl 
closely  inutate  other  game-birds. 
In  constitution  it  is  the  hardii-st  of 
all  the  Bantams,  and,  in  endurance, 
courage  and  fighting  qualities,  is  not 
inferior  to  the  larger  kinds.  The 
weight  of  the  cock  should  be  less 
than  IVz  lbs.  and  of  the  hen  20  ounces.  The  well-bred  Game  has  a 
peculiar  hardness  and  wiriness  of  plumage,  and  a  solid  compact  body, 
unsurpassed  for  the  table.  The  illustration  represents  the  Black- 
Breasted  Red  Game  Bantam,  which  is  to  be  preferred  to  other  species 
aa  being  the  best  fitted  for  out-door  foraging  in  all  weathers;  five  or 
six  of  them  can  roost  in  a  house  two  feet  square. 


Game  Bantam  Fowl. 


The  Cochin  Bantam  i^  deemed  the  most  remarkable  of  this  justly 
esteemed  race  of  imported  fowls. 
It  was  first  publicly  exhibited  in 
England  in  1863,  the  original  birds, 
it  is  alleged,  having  been  stolen 
from  the  Summer  Palace  at  Pekin, 
the  Chinese  capital,  during  the  war 
with  Great  Britain.  The  Buff  (or 
Nankin)  breed  is  another  that  for- 
merly flourished  but  became  nearly 
extinct.  Like  the  Buff,  the  Cochin 
is  of  a  pale  orange  color,  and  resem- 
bles it  in  form,  having  a  rose  comb, 
feathered  legs,  and  all  the  charac- 
teristics of  the  original  in  perfec- 
tion, unless  the  progeny  have  been 
deteriorated  by  inter-breeding,  too 
much  of  which  causes  sterility  and 
constitutional  weakness.  The  best 
breed  extant  is  produced  by  crossing  the  Cochin  with  other  feather- 
leg  Bantams,  thus  introducing  fresh  blood,  and  then  rebreeding  with 
the  pure  race.  The  Cochin  is  very  tame,  and  a  favorite  pet.  Ban- 
tam chickens  require  more  animal  food  than  most  others,  and,  when 
young,  should  be  kept  in  comfortable  quarters.  A  roomy,  boarded 
coop,  in  a  dry,  sunny  spot,  is  best  for  them  during  the  first  month; 
after  that  it  may  be  left  open  during  the  day. 


Cochia  Bantam  Fowl. 


The  Brown  Leg^horn  is  avery  superior  bird  in  many  respects.  In 
body  it  greatly  resemldes  a  small 
Spanish  fowl,  showing  the  same 
kind  of  large  comb;  the  red  face  of 
the  Minorca,  the  same  color  of 
plumage  as  the  Bhick-Breasted 
Red  Game,  and  bright  yellow  legs. 
Of  the  Leiihorn  there  are  three 
varieties — the  Brown,  White  and 
Dominique  (or  Cuckoo-Colored), 
— all  of  which  are  hardy  birds  and 
very  remarkable  layers,  averaging, 
in  many  cases,  more  than  200  eggs 
per  annum.  In  the  United  States 
the  Brown  species  is  most  esteem- 
ed and  held  at  high  prices;  but  in 
England  the  White  is  yet  the 
mostpopnlar.  It  lays  amuchlarger 
egg  than  the  Hamburgh,  and  it 
bears  confinement  better  than  many 
other  fowls.  The  Leghorn  is  believed  to  have  originated  on  the  shores 
of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Among  other  characteristics  they  are  not 
good  setters,  but  mature  rapidly,  and  begin  to  lay  early,  are  easy  to 
raise,  and  appear  to  turn  most  of  tlieir  food  into  eggs.  One  has  been 
known  to  lay  159  days  without  cessation.  In  general  they  manifest 
agility  and  enerjry,  with  sufficient  courage  to  defy  hawks,  and  readily 
pick  up  their  own  living  on  the  farm. 


^.^^^i__ 


Brown  Log'horn  Fowl. 


The  Sebright  Bantam  has  the  proudest  conceited  carriage  (so 
far  as  the  cock  is  concerned)  to  be 
imagined  in  a  bird  bo  small.  The 
head  is  thrown  back  until  it  touches 
the  nearly  upright  tail;  the  wings 
droop  halfway  down  the  legs;  its  mo- 
tions are  lively  and  restless,  and  Its 
gait  is  a  strut  that  defies  all  other 
l)irds.  Its  courage  in  indomitable,  and 
with  the  utmost  energy  it  attacks  the 
largest  fowl  that  crosses  its  path.  The 
cock  is  sometime  **  hen-feathered  " 
throughout,  having  a  square,  straight 
tail,  without  sickle  feathers,  and  the 
neck  and  saddle-hackles  resemble  those  of  a  hen;  the  better  kind 
has  a  tail  tending  to  the  sickle  shape.  The  plumage  is  compact  and 
close,  and  every  feather  is  laced  with  black  around  its  edge.  The 
comb  is  a  perfect  rose,  with  u  small  epike  behind,  pointing  upward, 
and  rather  pale.  The  eye  is  a  sparkling  dark  red,  and  the  face 
around  the  eye  is  rather  dark.  The  bill  is  slate-colored;  the  legs 
blue  and  free  from  feathers.  There  arc  two  varieties  of  the  Sebright 
— the  gold-laced  and  the  silver-laced.  The  former  has  a  body  color 
of  a  bright  yellow;  the  latter  is  pure  white;  the  lacing  in  both  is 
the  black  edging  of  each  feather. 


Sebright  Bantam  FowL 


The  Japanese  Bantam  receives  its  name  from  the  country  where 
it  was  originally  bred,  and  from 
which  it  is  comparatively  a  new 
importation;  consequently  it  is, 
perhaps,  not  so  well  known  as 
it  should  be.  It  is  described 
as  very  short-legged,  and  vary- 
ing from  other  species  by  having 
a  very  large  single  comb.  The 
color  of  this  bird  is  sometimes 
mottled,  but  the  best  specimens 
have  a  pure-white  body  and  a 
glossy,  jet-black  tail.  The  Ban- 
tam, in  general,  whatever  its 
variety,  after  the  first  two  weeks, 
may  be  as  easily  reared  as  other 

fowls,  and  do  well  upon  scanty  food,  or,  otherwise,  they  grow  too 
large.  The  hens  are  good  layers  and  nurses.  Their  eggs,  however, 
are  below  the  medium  size,  but  very  tempting  to  the  palate  of  an  in- 
valid, and  are  well  cooked  by  pouring  boiling  water  over  them.  The 
principal  use  of  the  Bantam  is  to  keep  the  garden  free  from  insects, 
without  destroying  vegetation.  The  name  of  Bantam  is  given  to  this 
fowl,  it  is  said,  from  a  town  of  the  same  name  in  the  island  of  Java, 
but  there  seems  good  reason  for  believing  that  it  came  first  to  Eng- 
land from  Japan,  and  thence  to  America.  What  is  known  as  the 
Turkish  cock  closely  resembles  the  Bantam, 


Japanese  Bantam  Fowl. 


The  Light  Brahma  has  been  in  dispute  for  many  years  as  to  its 
origin — wlietht-r  it  is  be  consid- 
ered, in  connection  with  the  Dark 
Brahma,  a  distinct  race  of  these 
fowls,  or  a  cross  with  the  Cochin 
China.  The  Light  is  chiefly  white 
in  the  color  of  its  plumage  on  the 
surface,  with  a  bluish-gray  be- 
neath, which  indicates  that  there 
is  no  mixture  of  the  Cochin, 
whose  feathers  are  always  white 
throughout.  The  backs  of  both 
the  cock  and  hen  are  quite  white. 
When  folded,  although  the  flight- 
feathers  are  black,  the  wings 
should  appear  white.  The  tail  is 
black  in  both  sexes,  sometimes, 
in  the  cock,  exhibiting  beautiful 
green    reflections    in   the   light, 

stands  rather  upright,  sind  has  a  fan-like  spread  when  open;  the  legs 
are  yellow,  well  covered  with  white  feathers,  occasionally  mottled 
with  black;  the  comb  is  either  of  the  "-pea"  or  single  variety.  The 
Light  Brahma  cock  should  average,  in  weight,  11  li  lbs. ,  and  the  hen 
8  lbs.  'It  has  an  average  constitution;  is  a  poor  forager;  endures 
confinement  well:  is  a  fairlayer,  a  heavy  setter,  a  clumsy  mother;  has 
a  fair  quality  of  flesh,  and  lays  an  average  of  1.^0  eggs  per  year. 
As  a  breed,  the  Brahmas  possess  real  and  substantial  merit. 


Light  Brahma  Fowl. 


'^.(y — 


12 


» 


ITS 


^k- 


STANDARD  VARIETIES  OF  FOWLS  ILLUSTRATED  AND  DESCRIBED— CONTINUED. 


? 


The  Langshan  is  a  distinct  bird,  which  originated  in  China,  where 

it  is  honored  asa  "sacred  breed," 
and  has  become  generally  and 
favorably  known,  both  in  Europe 
and  America,  for  its  excellent 
qualities  and  peculiar  traits.  It 
is  a  large,  showy  fowl,  very 
hardy,  and  less  liable  to  disease 
than  most  others  of  the  Asiatic 
races,  is  domestic  in  its  habits, 
endures  confinement  well,  and 
ranks  high  as  a  layer  in  cold 
weather;  indeed  its  prolific  char- 
acteristics have  given  rise  to  the 
expression  that  it  "lays  itself 
poor."  Its  plumage  is  a  deep 
black,  with  a  rich  beetle-green 
tint  displayed  on  its  back,  wings 
and  sickle  tail-feathers;  the  tail 
is  large,  wide-spread,  and  well 
elevated;  the  hackle  is  full,  flowing  and  very  glossy;  the  head  is 
comparatively  small;  the  comb  and  wattles  are  of  a  deep,  rich  red 
color;  the  legs  are  of  a  dnrk  slate  shade  and  slightly  feathered  to 
the  outer  toe,  and  the  soles  and  web  of  the  feet  are  of  a  pink  tint. 


liangshan  Fowl. 


Tlie  Duck-Wing  Game  is  shown  in  varieties — the  Silver-Gray 
and  Yellow,  or  Birchen.  The  for- 
mer is  white- skinned  when  of 
pure  breed.  The  plumage  of  the 
cock  is  of  a  silver-gray  color;  the 
hackle  clear  in  color  on  the  sur- 
face, but  striped  beneath  with 
black;  the  breast  either  a  clear, 
mealy,  silver  color,  or  bluish- 
black;  the  back  a  clean  silver- 
gray;  a  steel-blue  bar  across  the 
wing,  the  lower  part  of  which  is 
of  a  creamy  white,  and  the  tail  a 
glossy  greenish- black.  The  hen 
is  of  a  silvery-bluish-gray,  thick- 
ly frosted  with  a  silver  hue;  the 
neck  hackle  is  silver-white,  and 
striped  with  black;  the  breast  is 
a  pale  fawn  tint.  In  both  cock 
and  hen  the  comb  and  face  are  of  a  bright  red  color,  and  the  legs  either 
willow-hued,  blue  or  white,  the  latter  harmonizing  best  with  the  sil- 
ver plumage;  but  willow  is  most  common  in  birds  of  the  least  purity 
of  race.  '1  he  true  Silver  Duck-Wing  has  either  white  or  bine  legs. 
In  the  willow  or  blue-legged  the  eyes  should  be  red,  and  in  the  yel- 
low or  white-legged  yellow.  The  Yellow  Duck-Wing  Game  varies 
little  from  the  Silver-Gray  Duck-Wing,  except  in  the  straw  color. 


I>uck-*Wine  Game  Fowl. 


The  Gold-Spangled  Hambargh  is  one  of  six  varieties  of  a  very 
clioice  bird,  all  of  which  are  hand- 
some in  form  and  feather,  grace- 
ful in  carriage,  and  rank  high  as 
fancy  birds.  Besides  the  Gold- 
Sp:uiL.'k-d,  there  are  the  Silver- 
SpiM.L'k'd,  the  Golden -Pencilled, 
tli<-  Silver-Pencilled,  the  White, 
atid  the  Blaek,  and  all  are  about 
lli(!  size  of  the  ordinary  barnyard 
fowl.  None  of  them  manifest  any 
disposition  to  hatch  their  young, 
but  continue  to  hiy  regularly  near- 
ly every  day,  except  during  the 
molting  season.  The  origin  of 
the  Hamburgh  is  uncertain,  but 
the  name  would  indicate  a  Gor- 
man connection.  Characteristics 
common  to  all  varieties  are  size, 
brilliant  rose  combs,  ending  be- 
hind in  an  upward  projecting  Bpfke,  blue  legs,  and  *<pangl(;d  or  pen- 
cilled plumage.  There  seem  to  be  two  varieties,  alfo,  of  both  the 
Gold  and  Silver  clasHeK,  the  principal  difference  being  in  the  shape 
of  their  respective  t*pangles.  In  England  those  witli  round  or  moon- 
Rhaped  spangles  are  known  an  "Mooneys. "  The  color  is  a  rich 
golden  bay,  with  a  rich  black  spancle,  which  presents  a  gloswy  green 
reflertinn  in  llie  litjht,  and  all  tin-  ^[)angleH  arc  regular  in  shape. 


Oold-Spangled  Hambiureh  Fowl. 


The  Spangled  Poland,  like  the  Hamburgh,  is  classed  as  the  Sil- 
ver-Spangled and  the  Gold-Span- 
gled. The  plumage  of  the  former 
has  a  ground-color  of  silver-white, 
with  well-defined,  moon-sh;iprd, 
black  spangles.  In  the  cock  the 
feathers  are  white,  edged  and  tip- 
ped with  black;  in  the  hen  each 
hackle-feather  has  a  spangle  at  the 
end.  The  tail-feathers  are  clear 
white,  with  a  large  spangle  on  the 
end  of  each,  and  the  wings  of  both 
cock  and  ben  are  double- barred 
with  spangles.  The  breast-color 
of  the  cock  should  be  free  from  any 
black  shade  and  finely  spangled. 
The  Gold-Spangled  fowl  is  very 
similar  to  the  Silver-Spangled,  sub- 
stituting only  a  rich  golden  ground- 
color  for    the    silver-white.      The 

tail  of  the  cock,  however,  is  dark  bay,  the  sickle-feathers  being 
tipped  with  black,  and  the  side-feathers  edged  evenly  with  the  same 
tint.  Frequently  both  of  these  varieties  of  Spangled  Polands  are 
marked  with  lacings. 


Spangled  Poland  Fowl. 


The  Red  Pile  Game  receives  its  name  from  the  arrangement  of 

colors  in  its  plumage,  which,  in  the 
cock,  iscomposedof  a  white  ground, 
piled  with  a  bright  red;  the  breast 
is  mostly  white,  frequently  touched 
or  marked  with  red;  the  back 
is  chiefly  red,  and  the  tail  clear 
white,  or  mixed  with  red.  The  true 
species  show  briglit  red  eyes,  the 
hackle  red  and  white  striped,  and 
the  legs  white.  The  hens  have  a 
white  body,  veined  or  streaked  with 
red,  a  more  rubicund  breast  than 
the  cock,  and  a  white  tail,  some- 
times slightly  sprinkled  with  red. 
Those  birds  in  which  the  red  color 
most  predominates  are  considered 
the  best  specimens.  The  cock  av- 
erages 714  lbs.  in  weight,  and  the 
hen  5  lbs.     They  mature  at  1   year 

old,  lay,  on  an  average,  170  eggs  per  annum;  possess  hardy  constitu- 
tions; are  the  best  kind  of  foragers;  do  not  bear  confinement  well; 
are  fine  setters,  and  the  best  of  mothers,  and  their  flesh  is  of  excel- 
lent quality  for  the  table.  Altogether  they  are  profitable  farm  fowls, 
taking  good  care  of  themselves,  laying  numerous  extra- sized  eggs, 
and  crossing  well  with  the  several  varieties  of  other  breeds. 


Bed  Pile  Game  Fowl. 


The  Silver-Spangled  Hambnrgh,  in  both  classes,  is  a  much  better 
layer  than  the  Gnld-Spaiigied. 
The  Lancashire  Silver  "Moon- 
ey"  shows  large  round  span- 
gles, like  those  of  the  Golden 
variety,  set  upon  the  silvery- 
white  feathers  wliicli  constitute 
its  plumage.  In  the  hen  the 
outside  tail-feathers  are  silver- 
white,  with  only  black  '*  moons" 
at  the  tips.  In  both  sexes  the 
moons  on  Iho  wing  covert- feath- 
ers form  two  black  bars  across 
the  wings,  and  the  more  regular 
these  bars  the  greater  the  value 
of  the  bird.  The  Y'orkshirc 
"  Pheasant"  class  of  this  breed 
of  llaraburghs  has  smaller  span- 
gles, neither  as  round  as  tliose 
of  the  "Mooney"  nor  jxTfeclly 
crescent- shaped.     In  both  cock 

and  hen  the  tail  is  white,  with  blaek  spangles  at  the  feather  ends; 
and  the  breast  of  the  cock  has  fewer  spangles  than  that  of  the 
*'Mooney  "  class.  There  is  also  anoMier  sort  of  "Mooney  "  which 
produces  cocks  with  dark  tails  and  reddish  ear-lobes,  wliich  is  sup- 
posed to  be  across  of  the  "Pheasant"  class.  Either  of  the  Ham- 
burgh breeds  is  considered  profitable. 


Silver-Spangled  Hambiurgb  Fowl. 


4 


/^(d^~~- 


.A 


2S 


STANDARD  VARIETIES  OF  FOWLS  ILLUSTRATED  AND  DESCRIBED-CONTINUED. 


17!> 


The  White  Cochin  ie  one  of  the  principiil  varictic-p  of  this  diftin- 
guit*hf(l  cla^sof  fovvln,  und,  iifidu 
from  its  own  puculiarities,  pos- 
gesses  most  of  tbo  churactLTietics 
belonging  to  the  otlicrs.  lis 
gigantic  size,  docility  and  prolific 
production  of  eggs  ut  first  created 
enormuiisly  exaggerated  prices 
for  this  hreed,  and  it  is  on  record 
that  in  the  excitement  $r)l)0  was 
repeatedly  paid  for  a  single  cock. 
The  race  of  Cochins  is  now  very 
perfect.  The  cock  should  weigh 
from  10  to  13  lbs.,  and  the  hen 
from  8  to  10  Ihs. ,  the  true  size 
and  fcirin  being  retained;  the 
hreapt  full  and  broad;  the  neck  short,  but  not  clumsy  in  appearance; 
the  back  short  from  head  to  tail,  and  very  lintad;  the  thighs  covered 
with  fine  down,  and  the  shanks  heavily  feathered  to  the  toes;  the  legs 
yi'llow;  the  head  neat  and  rather  small;  the  comb  of  moderate  size, 
erect,  straight,  and  avenly  serrated;  the  ear-lobes  pure  red;  the  eye 
bright  and  sprightly;  the  tail  very  small.  The  White  Cochin  should 
be  perfectly  white  in  every  feather  throughout,  and  the  legs  of  the 
standard  yellow  color  without  a  shade  of  green. 


Wliite  Cochin  Fowl. 


The  Aylsbury  Duck  is  one  of  the  principal  two  varieties  raised 
in  England,  the  other  being  the 
Rouen,  described  opposite.  It  re- 
ceives its  name  from  the  place 
where  it:  is  most  numerously  bred, 
and  it  is  computed  lliat  the  sales  of 
it  there  amount  to  about  $100,000 
per  annum.  As  for  size  the  right 
weight  is  from  8  to  9  lbs.  Its  plu- 
mage should  be  of  the  purest  snow- 
white  throughout;  the  head  full; 
the  bill  well  set  on  the  skull,  so  that 
the  beak  is  seemingly  almost  in  a 
line  from  the  toj)  of  the  head  to  the 
tip.  The  bill  is  quite  long,  and 
when  seen  from  the  front  resembles 
a  woodcock's,  is  of  a  delicate  flesh- 
color,  without  spot  or  blemish,  with 
a  slight  fleshy  excrescence  where 
the  feathers  commence;  the  eye  is 
full,  bright  and  quite  black;  the  legs  are  strong,  and  the  feet  well 
webbed,  and  in  color  of  a  rich  dark  yellow  or  orange;  the  body  is 
rather  long,  but  broad  across  the  shoulders;  the  neck  is  quite  long 
and  sk-nder;  the  drake  has  one  or  two  sharp  curls  in  its  tail.  In 
stdecting  breeding-fowls  the  drakes  should  be  chosen  with  very  long 
bills,  like  a  woodcock' s^  and  duck's  with  broad  backs  and  large  bodies. 


Aylsbury  Duck. 


The  Pekin  Duck  was  nnknown  in  the  Tnited   States  and  Europe 

until  the  year  I8T2,  when  an 
enterprising  American  obtained 
the  eggs  in  China,  placed  them 
under  hens  at  Shanghai  (China), 
and  shipped  the  product  to  New 
York,  and  thence  to  Stonington, 
Conn.  Since  then  they  have 
thriven  and  increased  in  a  nota- 
ble degree,  those  brought  froni 
China  proving  very  prolific.  The 
breed  faas  been  kept  pure  and 
improved  by  later  importations 
from  Asia.  These  ducks  are 
white,  with  a  yellowish  tinge  to 
the  under  part  of  the  feathers. 
Their  wings  are  a  little  less  than 
medium  length  as  compared  with  other  varieties,  and,  as  they  cannot 
easily  fly,  they  may  be  kept  in  low  inclosures.  At  four  months  old 
a  pair  of  them  should  weigh  about  12  lbs.  Their  eggs  are  remarkably 
fertile,  and  produce  a  larger  percentage  than  those  of  chickens.  They 
may  be  hatched  under  hens  or  incubators.  The  ducklings  are  very 
hardy,  only  requiring  to  be  kept  dry  during  stormy  weather,  to  have 
fresh  water  handy,  and  all  the  soft  food  that  they  want  four  times  a 
day.  They  grow  much  faster  than  any  other  kind  of  poultry.  They 
should  be  kept  out  of  the  water  until  they  are  feathered.  When 
matured  they  will  thrive  and  keep  their  plumage  clean. 


Pekin  Buck. 


The  White  Leghorn  is  a  favorite  among  American  poultry- 
fanciers,  und,  liUe  the  Domi- 
ni(iue,  on  another  page,  justly 
esteemed  lor  its  hardy  constitu- 
tion and  coutinuouB  habit  of  lay- 
ing eggs.  They  are  easy  to  raise, 
begin  to  lay  at  an  early  age,  do 
not  like  to  set,  are  good  foragers, 
and  average  from  175  to  200  eggs 
per  annum.  Indeed  they  are 
counted  among  the  most  useful 
of  all  the  non-setting  fowls.  No 
other  breed  matures  so  soon  as 
this,  the  juvenile  cock  crowing 
at  six  weeks,  and  the  pulletB 
frequently  laying  at  four  or 
five  months  after  hatching.  The 
White  is  a  good  table-fowl,  and, 

when  crossed  with  the  Asiatic  or  other  large  breeds,  makes  a  most 
desirable  fowl  for  the  market.  The  former  difficuliy  with  them,  the 
freezing  of  the  single  comb  in  cold  weather,  checking  their  laying, 
and  disfiguring  the  birds,  has  now  been  largely  overcome  by  the 
cultivation  of  the  Rose-Comb  variety,  which  is  found  to  be  a  great 
improvement  in  this  respect. 


¥^iy<f 


"White  Leghorn  FowJU 


The  Rouen  Duck  is  reared  much  the  same  as  the  Aylsbury,  but 
rarely  commences  laying  until 
February  or  March.  It  is  a  band- 
some  bird,  weighing  8  or  9  lbs., 
and  is  valued  for  its  excellent 
flesh  as  well  as  its  other  good 
.qualities.  In  plumage  it  almost 
exactly  matches  the  American 
Mallard  Duck,  but  is  larger  in 
body.  The  drake  has  a  command- 
ing appearance,  with  a  rich  green- 
and  j)urple  head,  and  a  fine  long 
bill,  in  shape  and  attachment  to 
the  skull  like  that  of  the  Aylsbury. 
The  C(dor  of  the  Ijill  is  a  yellow 
ground,  with  a  very  pale  wash  of 
green  over  its  surface  and  the 
"  bean,"  at  the  tip,  jet  black. 
There  should  be  a  sharp,   clearly 

defined  white  ring  around  the  neck,  with  a  slight  break  in  it  at  the 
back.  The  breast  is  a  deep,  rich  claret-brown,  reaching  down  to  the 
water-line,  where  it  merges  into  the  beautiful  French-gray  of  the 
under  body-color,  which  gradually  shades  into  while  near  the  tail. 
The  back  is  a  rich  greenish-black,  exending  to  the  tail-feathers,  the 
curls  of  which  are  a  rich  dark-green.  The  wings  are  a  grayish-brown, 
with  distinct  purple  and  white  ribbon-marks. 


Rouen  Duck. 


The  Caytlga  Suck,  originating  in  North  America,  is  widely  valued 
for  domestic  culture,  having  a 
liardy  constitution  and  the  rep- 
utation of  a  good  layer.  It  is 
also  known  as  tlie  Large  Black 
Duck,  and  its  weight  varies  from 
5  to  8  lbs.  each — somewhat  lighter 
than  the  Aylsbury  or  Rouen, 
but  its  flesh  is  superior  in  flavor 
to  theirs,  »nd  the  bird  is  more 
easily  fattened.  The  plumage  is 
black,  approaching  brown,  with  a 
white  neck  or  collar,  which  poul- 
try fanciers  will  undoubtedly,  by 
cultivation,  transform  into  a  neat, 
defined  ring.  Kept  in  a  garden, 
or  within  a  commodious  inclosure 
where  s'ngs  and  worms  may  be 
found,  with  a  small  pond  or  tank 

conveniently  furnished,  most  domestic  ducks  do  well.  '  It  is  a  mis- 
take to  suppose  that  they  may  be  neglected;  and,  if  well  cared  for, 
will  prove  a  profitable  investment.  In  the  garden,  they  are  valuable 
for  destroying  slugs  and  worms,  doing  but  little  damage  to  vegeta- 
tion, except  to  strawberries,  for  which  they  have  a  peculiar  appetite; 
but  other  garden  fruit  generallj- grows  too  high  for  them  to  reach. 
It  is  not  unusual  for  ducks  to  lay  from  150  to  200  eggs  a  year,  and 
some  have  laid  more  than  this. 


Cayuea  I>uck. 


k 


.Qi, — 


V^Q- 


I 


ISO 


The 


STANDARD  BREEDS  OF  DOGS  IN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA. 


9 


English  Mastiff  tmcpp  his  origin  to  a  remarkably  early  date, 
and  it  is  a  question  whether 
the  mastiff  aud  bulldog  were 
then  distinct  breeds,  and  to 
which  the  modern  representa- 
tives of  those  breeds  can  trace 
their  ancestry.  It  is  doubtful, 
alho,  whether  the  present  mas- 
tiff is  untainted  with  the  blood 
of  other  breeds.  As  he  is,  how- 
ever, be  is  a  vaUuible  animal. 
His  head  is  broad,  flat  and  full, 
with  square  jaws;  his  eyes 
small,  mild,  and  of  a  brown  or 
huzel  color;  his  ears  small, 
hanging  downward  close  to  the 
cheek,  and  vine-shaped;  his 
muzzle  short,  with  square  nose ; 

■k  muscular  and  symmetrical;  height  about  30  inches. 


English  Mastiff. 


The  Bulldog  originated  in  England,  several  centuries  ago,  when 

hull-baiting  was  one  of  the  pop- 
ular amusements.  The  main 
distinctive  qualities  of  this  ani- 
mal consist  of  his  enormous 
strength,  endurance,  bravery 
and  determination.  His  ap- 
pearance indicates  all  these ; 
with  a  savage  expression ;  a 
large,  square  skull;  large,  dark 
eyes;  small  fine  ears;  high 
cheek-bones;  a  short,  thick 
muzzle;  and  a  broad  black  nose; 
the  lower  jaw  wide  and  square; 
neck  arched  and  very  muscular; 
chest  wide  and  deep;  back  short 
and  arched  at  the  loins;  legs, 
short,  straight,  and  very  sinewy;  weight,  50  lbs.  ;  hair  fine,  short, 
even  and  close;  color  white,   brindle,  red,  fallow,  or  pied. 


BuUdog. 


The  Dalmatian  or  spotted  Coach-Dog.  is  a  native  of  Dalniatia,  in 

Austria,  but  is  now  quite  com- 
mon in  other  countriiv,  where 
he  is  valued  as  a  carriage-dog. 
He  belongs,  undoubtedly,  to 
the  pointer  species  by  nature, 
and  to  the  race  of  watch-dogs 
T)y  cultivation.  His  head  re- 
sembles that  of  the  pointer, 
with  thin,  vine- shaped  and 
flat  ears,  and  small,  dark  and 
brilliant  eyes.  The  neck  also 
resembles  that  of  the  pointer. 
The  body  is  sturdy,  but  not 
heavy  or  clumsy,  with  sloping 
shoulders  and  muscular  loins; 
straight  legs  and  cle;in  hocks,  with  strong  and  close  feet,  and  horny 
soles.  The  tail  is  small  and  tapering,  with  a  slight  uiiward  curve. 
The  hair  is  short,  close  and  straight,  and  its  color  varied. 


Dalmatian  Dog. 


The  Truffle  Dog  i 


'  an  English  breed,  engendered  and  cherished 
for  a  special  purpose  in  his 
native  land.  Wehster  defines 
theTruflleus  "a  Uindof  mush- 
room, of  a  fleshy,  fungous 
structure,  and  of  a  roundish 
fil.'ure,  found  buried  in  the  soil 
of  the  woods  lit  a  ilepth  of  sev- 
eral inches,  much  esteemed  as 
an  esculent."  The  mission  of 
the  TruflleDog  is,  by  his  sense 
of  smell,  to  determine  ihe  best 
placing  where  Ihe  trullh-  may 
be  dug  up.  Originally  brought 
from  Spain,  it  is  sauI,  200 
years  ago,  lie  has  become  nu- 
merous and  liighly  esteemed. 
He  is  a  small  poodle,  of  nearly  pure  blood,  and  weighs  about  15  lbs.  ; 
Ih  either  white  or  black,  or  white  and  black,  with  black  mouth  and 
under-lip;  possesses  great  intelliir'tiee,  vlirrwdncss  and  oddiry 


The  Newfoundland,  a  native  of  the  island  of  that  name,  is  a  large 
black  animal,  remarkable  for 
his  majestic  appearance  and 
the  benevolent  expression  of 
his  face;  and  the  latter  is  sus- 
tained by  his  disposition,  so 
ably  and  often  manifested  by 
his  fidelity  and  earnestness  in 
saving  drowning  people.  The 
head  is  broad,  rather  flat  on 
lop,  but  exhibiting  a  distinct 
forehead,  with  a  wide  nose,  of 
average  length;  the  face-hair 
short;  height  about  25  inches; 

neck  usually  short;  chest  large,  inclining  to  roundness;  back  seldom 
muscular;  legs  bony  and  straight,  displaying  considerable  muscle; 
feet  wide  and  large;  symmetry  often  defective;  the  color  black;  the 
coat  shaggy,  thick  and  oily ;  the  tail  long,  covered  with  thick,  long 
hair  and  gently  curled  to  one  side. 


Kewfoundland  Dog. 


The  Bull-Terrier,  in  his  modern  and  improved  condition,  is  a  hand- 
some, symmetrical  dog,  com- 
pounded, it  is  said,  of  terrier 
and  hound,  and  has  lost  nearly 
all  his  ferocious  nature  and  ap- 
pearance. The  genuine  ani- 
mal should  exhibit  long  and 
powerful  jaws,  a  large,  black 
or  spotted  nose;  small  black  and 
sparkling  eyes;  regular,  close- 
shutting  teeth;  a  long  and 
graceful  neck,  tapering  from 
the  shoulders  to  the  head; 
strong  and  slanting  shoulders, 
a  wide  and  deep  chest;  a  short 
and  muscular  back;  long  and 
straight  fore  legs;  long  and  muscular  hind-legs,  with  straight  hocks; 
strong  feet,  with  arched  and  close-set  toes;  short  and  close  hard  hair, 
rather  than  silky ;  color  of  pure  breed,  white;    tail  carried  straight. 


Bull -Terrier. 


The  Colley,  or  English  Sheep-Dog,  appears  to  have  no  direct 
family  history,  and  undoubt- 
edly is  a  mixture  of  unknown 
origin,  owing  much  to  the  train- 
ing of  successive  generations 
for  his  superior  intelligence  and 
utility.  His  fox-like  heaii,  wide 
between  the  ears,  is  flat  on  top 
and  tapering  toward  the  eyes; 
the  muzzle  is  lean  and  peaked, 
with  a  muscular  jaw;  the  ears 
small  and  pricked,  with  short 
hair,  and  their  tips  turned  over 
and  forward;  the  eyes  are  near 
together,  of  medium  size  and 
generally  brown;  the  shoulders  muscular;  the  chest  moderately  wide, 
but  deep:  tlie  loins  strong  and  slightly  arched;  the  legs  muscular  and 
straight  in  front,  and  bent  behind;  the  feet  rather  long;  the  coat  shaggy 
and  thick,  or  else  short,  hard  and  close;  the  ctdor  hlack-and-tan. 


Colley  Bog*. 


The  Pomeranian  or  Spitz  Dog  ("Loup-loup")  is  an  importation 
fnun  Pouieraiiia,  in  Prussia,  and 
France,  but  now  bred  in  Eng- 
land and  America.  InPomerania, 
his  native  country,  he  is  em- 
ployed as  a  sheep-dog.  His  in- 
telligence is  small,  and  he  is  not 
successful  as  a  trick  dog.  About 
the  house,  unless  molested,  he- 
is  cheerful,  generally  free  from 
offensive  smell,  and  cleanly  in 
habits.  Ilis  head  is  wide  be- 
tween the  ears,  which  are  small 
aiul  fox-like,  as  is  his  nose:  eyes 
large  and  usually  hmwn  or  hazel 
color:  chei-t  round  and  deep  ;  Ic^ge 
straight  arul  stnmg.  with  small 
and  cat-like  feet;  hair  resembles 
coarse  fur,  with  a  more  hair-like 
and  heavy  frill;  color  principally  pure  flake  white;  has  a  shaggy  tail. 


PomeranlaJi  Dog*. 


A- 


— sC); 


STANDARD  BREEDS  OF  DOGS  IN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA— CONTINUED. 


181 


The  English  Setter — especially  the  '^Laverack"  breed,  which  is 

j;;reialy  rsltjcmcd  us  tin;  best 
— has  reached  a  hif^h  degree  of 
excellence,  ehietly  hy  the  breed- 
iiii;  in- mid -in  process.  Tins 
breed  dates  l)ack  to  17H0,  but 
has  been  materially  improved 
since  1825.  The  head  is  a  little 
more  than  medium  size,  with 
a  nose  at  least  4  inches  lonj; 
and  moderately  wide,  and  hav- 
ing a  dark  end.  and  jaws  of 
iiL-arly  equal  length.  The  ears 
are  shorter  than  the  pointer'.« 
and  rounded.  TIu;  eyes  are  of 
medium  size,  of  a  rich  brown  color,  and  full  of  animation.  The  neck 
is  of  modL-riite  length  and  thickness;  thecliest  rather  deep  than  wide: 
the  legs  muscular  and  bony,  and  the  feet  hairy.  The  tail  is  long, 
with  a  slight  upward  curve,  and  well  "■flagged  "  with  silky  hair. 


English  Setter  Dog. 


The 


(lisposi 


Deer  Hound,  a  native  of  Scotland,  in  the  days  of  romance, 
as  depicted  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
was  a  prime  favorite  with  coun- 
try gentlemen  and  their  ladies, 
on  account  of  his  heroic  size  and 
shape,  and  his  usefulness  in  the 
deer-hunt.  At  the  present  time 
he  has  been  partially  superseded 
in  the  field  by  other  and  less 
majestic  dogs,  but  is  still  bred 
and  cherished  for  his  good  qual- 
ities. With  the  elegant  frame 
of  the  greyhound  he  unites  a 
rough,  shaggy  coat,  which  adds 
to  the  beauty  of  his  outlines  by 
softening  them;  and  he  displays, 
when  attacked,  great  power, 
quickness     and     courage.     His 

tiiin,  however,  is  unpleasant,  especially  toward  children. 


Deer  Sound. 


The  Greyhound  is  formed  largely  on  the  principle  of  the  thorough- 
bred race-horse,  especially  as 
to  leanness  and  length  of  body, 
slender  legs  and  quick  action, 
all  of  which  eminently  fit  him 
for  the  chase;  and  for  centuries 
he  has  been  a  favorite  with 
sportsmen.  In  height  about 
25  inches;  a  head  wide  between 
the  ears,  through  the  narrow 
head  is  by  some  deemed  more 
elegant;  neck  resembling  that 
of  a  drake,  long,  round  and  slim; 
chest  moderately  deep  and 
wide;  shoulders  and  fore-legs  thrown  well  forward;  back  like  abeam; 
loins,  broad  and  strong;  stifles  wide  apart,  and  powerful  hocks;  feet 
cat-like  and  hare  like;  tail  fine  and  gracefully  curled;  colors  black, 
red  or  brown.  This  dog  possesses  the  faculty,  which  is  rather  rare, 
of  hunting  with  the  eye  instead  of  the  nose. 


Greyhound. 


The  "Wavy-Coated  Retriever  is  supposed  to  be  a  cross  between 

the  Labrador  dog,  or  the  small 
St.  John's  (Newfoundland),  and 
the  setter,  but  by  this  name  the 
pure  Labrador  is  sometimes  in- 
dicated. 1  he  true  Retriever  has 
a  head  long,  wide,  and  flat  at 
top,  with  a  slight  furrow  through 
the  middle;  the  jaws  are  long; 
the  nose  wide,  with  open  nos- 
trils, and  a  cool  moist  end;  the 
ears,  of  medium  size,  lie  close 
to  the  head  and  are  set  low;  the 
eyes  are  of  moderate  size,  mild 
and  intelligent;  the  neck  of  me- 
dium length;  the  loins  and  back  wide  and  deep,  with  mnscular  quar- 
ters and  stifles,  the  latter  well  apart;  the  chest  broad  and  deep;  legs 
[  and  sinewy,  with  broad  knees  and  well-developed  hocks;  the 


Wavy-Coated  Retriever. 


long 


feet  rather  large  and  compact;  the  tail  bushy  and  carried  gaily. 


The  Pointer,  a  cultivated  English  hunting-dog,  exhibitH  two  dis- 
tinct varieties,  each  marked  by  its 
color — the  liver- and -while  and 
lemon-and-white.  All  other  va- 
rieties of  color  are  deemed 
strains  of  these  standards,  both 
of  wliich,  in  their  purity,  are 
higlily  esteemed.  There  is.  also, 
a  great  similarity  between  the 
genuine  pointer  and  the  setter 
in  point  of  race  and  work.  The 
head  of  the  pointer  is  of  medium 
size,  with  considerable  forehead; 
a  nose  long,    broad   and   square 

at  the  end;  eyes  of  medium  size,  soft,  and  brown;  ears  moderately 
long  and  thin,  hanging  close  to  the  cheeks?,  and  covered  with  soft 
hair;  neck  arched,  long  and  round;  chest  deep  rather  (ban  wide; 
body  moderately  long  and  rounil;  loins  mnscular;  Inps  wide;  legs 
iMuiy  and  sinevvy;  feet  cat-like;  tall  long  and  tapering,  without  curl. 


Pointer  Dog. 


The  English  Fox-Hound  has  been  known  in  England,  witli  vari( 
degrees  of  excellence,  pro- 
bably 200  or  more  years,  and 
has,  in  general,  remained  un- 
mixed with  other  breeds. 
His  requisite  traits  are  a 
nose  exquisitely  sensitive 
to  game- scents,  great  speed, 
and  strength  of  wind.  His 
head  is  large,  but  not  un- 
wieldy, with  neither  very 
high  nor  low  forehead;  ears 
long,  wide  and  rounded ;  a 
long,  substantial  nose;  neck 
tapering  and  long;  shoulders 
long  and  muscular;  chest 
should  girth  30  inches  or 
more;  back  and  loins  close 
knit  and  muscular;  hindquarters  very  strong  and  legs  straight. 


English  Fox-Hound. 


The  Dachshund,  or  German  Badger- Dog,  originated  in  Southern 
and  Central  Europe,  and  is  now 
extensively  bred  in  England, 
^^  here  he  is  used  for  hare  hun- 
ting and  fighting  badgers.  The 
crooked -legged  is  considered 
the  purest  blood;  possesses 
great  strength  in  proportion  to 
his  height  and  weight,  and  short 
and  crooked  forelegs  that  give 
him  a  roiling  and  ungainly  gait, 
but  admi rably  fit  faim  for  digging 
in   the    earth    for    badgers    or 

foxes.  He  is  also  used  in  hunting  deer,  butaetraighter-legged  breed 
is  j)referred  for  this  sport.  Th^  head  is  long  and  slightly  arched, 
with  considerable  width;  the  jaws  are  long  and  tajiering,  the  ends 
nearly  square;  teeth  level  and  strong;  ears  long:  eyes  rather  small, 
deeply-set,  dark-brown,  ornearly  black,  and  piercing;  neck  short 
and  thick;  chest  long  and  full;  legs  short  and  muscular. 


Dachshund. 


The  Irish  Water  Spaniel  is  known  by  two  breeds  of  the  same 
name  in  Ireland,  of  which  he  is  a 
native.  The  McCarthy  Spaniel, 
however,  originatingless  than  half 
a  century  ago,  is  deemed  the  one 
best  worthy  of  consideration.  Of 
him  it  is  said  that,  if  properly 
trained,  he  is  the  most  tractable 
and  obedient  of  all  dogs,  and  pos- 
sesses in  a  marked  degree  the 
quality  of  unyielding  firmness, 
besides  being  very  intelligent, 
plucky  and  companionable.  His 
usefulness  is  developed  in  wild- 
fowl hunting.  To  a  head  moder- 
ately long  and  wide,  and  covered 
with  curls,  he  adds  a  long  face 
with  short,  smooth  hair,  a  broad  nose,  small  eyes,  no  eyebrows, 
peaked  topknot  between  and  over  the  eyes,  and  long  curly  ears. 


Irish  Water  Spaniel. 


i: 


1S2 


STANDARD  BREEDS  OF  DOGS  IN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA—CONTINUED. 


The  Black  Curly-Coated  Retriever,  extensively  bred  in  Great 

Britain,  cannot  be  satisfactorily 
traced  to  any  exact  source,  un- 
less it  is  to  the  union  of  the 
small  Newfoundland  and  the 
Water-Spaniel.  The  following 
are  the  points  wherein  he  varies 
from  the  Wavy- Coated:  The 
tail,  where  the  hair  is  short  and 
curly,  is  stiff  and  but  slightly 
bent.  The  hair  is  intermediate 
between  wool  and  hair,  with  a 
crisper  curl  than  that  of  the 
The  wh()le  face  is    covered  with 


Black  Wavy-Coated  Retriever. 


Astrokan  sheep,  and  quite  oily 
hair,  nearly  to  the  middle  of  ihe  ears,  that  is  quite  short,  without 
the  slightest  wave.  The  hair  of  the  whole  body  is  a  series  of  short 
curls.  The  appearance  of  both  breeds  is  quite  symmetrical  and 
pleasing.  There  seems  to  be  a  greut  similarity  in  their  usefulness 
in  the  hunting  field,  but  this  breed  is  not  now  so  popular  as  formerly. 


The  Sussex  Spaniel,  as  a  distinct  class  of  English  dogs,  dates  back 

to  1 872,  and  belongs  to  the  same 
family  of  liver-colored  span- 
iels as  the  Clumber.  He,  how- 
ever, is  quicker  and  has  more 
energy  than  the  Clumber,  and 
is  a  good  hunter,  but  apt  to 
sulk  if  displeased.  His  head 
is  long,  wide  and  centrally  in- 
dented, with  the  forehead  pro- 
jecting over  the  eyes,  which 
are  full,  sdft  and  languishing; 
the  nose  long  and  broad,  with 
a  liver-colored  end;  the  ears 
pendulous,  narrow  at  top, 
wider  in  the  middle,  rounded  at  the  ends,  and  covered  with  soft, 
wavy  and  silky  hair;  the  neck  rather  short  and  strong;  the  chest 
round  and  moderately  deep:  the  body,  long,  low  and  strong;  legs  bony 
and  muscular,  with  large  and  strong  hocks,  and  partially  feathered. 


Sussex  Spaniel. 


The  King  Charles  Spaniel  derives  his  name  from  Charles  II.  of 
England  ("  the  Merry  Monarch  "), 
who  patronized  the  breed  on  ac- 
count of  its  beautiful  character- 
_^  ,      .^  istics.     Of  course   great  changes 

yS^r^^f^^^^^i>^^-  ^S^^WEl^      have  been  effected  during  the  in- 
MV^^^'0^<W^^^l'fW^^^  tervening  period,  and  the  present 

"^/^/:'^^j>^,J^',<it^'WmLvWn\- Iff.n^  spaniel  is  a  different  dog,  but  re- 

tains traits  that  make  him  afavor- 
ite.     The  head  is  high  and  hemi- 
ephericalin  shape,  sometimes  pro- 
jecting over  the  eyes  and  nearly 
reaching  the  upturned  nose,  which 
is  short,  deep  and  wide,  and  black 
at  the  end;  the   ears  are   so  long 
that  they  reach  the  ground,  and 
are  heavily  covered  with  hair,   and  fringed;  the  eyes  jire  large,  lus- 
trous and  of  a  dark  color;  the  body  is  compact;  the  back  broad;  the 
chest  wide,  and  the  legs  strong  and  stout;  the  weight  from  5  to  10  lbs. 


King  Charles  SpanieL 


The  Otter  Hound  is  a  peculiarly  British  sporting  dog.  and  prin- 
cipally employed  in  hunting  the 
otter,  which,  if  not  disturbed, 
wastefully  destroys  the  fish  cul- 
tivated and  preserved  in  lakes 
and  streams.  He  is  probably  the 
descendant  of  a  Southern  hound, 
iinproved  and  changed  by  selec- 
tion and  a  careful  breeding,  but 
ret;iiuing  the  trails  of  a  hound 
in  every  respect.  His  outward 
hair  is  rough  and  long,  but  under 
this  is  a  thick  woolly  undercoat, 
which  wards  off  the  ill  effects  of 
long-continued  and  w<'t  excur- 
sions. His  style  of  hunting  is 
low  and  slow,  but  very  sure, 
owing  to  his  tender  sense  of  pmclJ.  The  dog  represented  is  of  a 
grizzled  black-and-tan  color,  and  of  very  fine  shape. 


Otter  Hound. 


The  Clumber  Spaniel  takes  his  name  from  the  home  of  the  Duke 
of  Newcastle,  in  Nottingham- 
shire, Eng. ,  where  the  breed 
was  first  established.  He  is 
useful  as  an  assistant  to  sports- 
men, never  ranging  far  from 
his  master,  is  slow  in  his  work, 
but  has  a  keen  scent  for  game, 
and  is  easily  controlled.  As  a 
result  of  too  much  in-breeding 
he  is  rather  delicate  in  consti- 
tution, and  without  voice.  He 
has  a  heavy,  flat  head,  a  long 
and  broad  nose,  large  and  soft 
eyes,  vine-shaped  and  feath- 
ered ears,  and  a  long,  lean  neck,  heavy  shoulders,  a  large  cheat,  a  long 
body,  a  strong  back,  short  legs,  soft  and  silky  hair,  not  long  but 
slightly  wavy.  It  is  doubtful  whether  he  is  equal  to  the  full-blooded 
setter  for  hunting  purposes. 


Clumber  Spaniel. 


The  Cocker  Spaniel  is  an  English  species  of  hunting-dog,  which 
has  madehimself  popular  among 
sportsmen  by  his  activity,  fidel- 
ity and  enthusiasm  in  the  field. 
He  is  seldom  found  in  a  pure 
strain,  but  crossed  with  other 
good  breeds,  so  that  marked 
changes  in  his  weight  and  some 
other  characteristics  have  been 
made.  As  he  is  now,  he  is  ver- 
satile, useful  and  industrious 
when  on  duty.  The  true  Cock- 
er's head  ia  long,  with  a  distinct 
brow,  a  long  and  broad  nose,  ears  lobular  and  pendant,  and  covered 
with  soft  and  wavy  hair,  and  eyes  expressive,  soft  and  gentle;  neck 
of  medium  length,  strong  and  arched,  growing  gracefully  from  be- 
tween the  well-shaped  shoulders;  chest  deep  and  of  good  girth;  back 
and  loins  muscular,  with  well-turned  hind-quarters;  legs  bony, 
straight,  and  feathered,  with  round  and  cat-like  feet. 


Cocker  Spaniel. 


The  Blenheim  Spaniel  received  his  name  from  his  patrons,  the 
celebrated  M;irlbtiiough  family  of 
England.  The  Oxfordshire  Blen- 
heim of  former  times  was  a  little 
red  and  white  dog,  resembling  the 
Cocker  in  miniature.  The  moderu 
Blenheim  more  nearly  matches  the 
King  Charles,  and  both  are  great 
favorites  as  pets.  Like  the  King 
Charles,  the  Blenheim  has  a  head 
high  and  semi-globular  in  shape, 
occasionally  projecting  over  the 
eyes  until  it  almost  reaches  the  up- 
turned nose,  which  is  short,  deep 
and  wide,  and  black  at  the  end;  the 
ears  are  a  little   shorter  than  those 

of  the  King  Charles,  heavily  covered  with  hair,  and  fringed;  the  eyes 
are  large,  lustrous,  and  of  a  dark  color:  the  body  is  compact;  the 
back  broad;  the  chest  wide,  and  the  legs  strong  and  etout. 


Blenheim  Spaniel. 


The  Poodle  was  originally  a  water-spanie)  in  the  lowlands  of 
Europe,  and  in  overrtowed  dis- 
tricts is  still  esteemed  as  a  val- 
uableassistant  to  the  sportsman. 
As  civilization  i)rogressed,  and 
the  marshes  were  drained,  he 
gradually  lost  hi.s  prestige  as  a 
hunter  and  became  the  dtunestic 
home-dog  that  we  know.  There 
are  different  breeds  of  this  ani- 
mal. The  "great  poodle"  ori- 
ginated in  Nortliwesteru  Africa. 
The  medium-sized  poodle  isonly 
ft  smaller  variety  of  the  same 
dog.  The  little  poodle,  only 
half  as  largi'  as  the  medium,  is 
the  rehiilt  of  crossing  with  other  breeds.  The  spi'cimeu  presenteil 
in  IIh-  above  illustration  is  aFrench  white  poodle,  "  shaven  and  shorn" 
as  to  his  hind-quiirters,  but  otherwise  showing  his  appearance. 


Foodie  Doer* 


^: 


1 


STANDARD  BREEDS  OF  DOGS  IN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA— CONTINUED. 


183 


The  White  English  Terrier  differs  from  the  BIuck-and-Tan  only 
in  color.  In  size,  eliapc;  and 
other  characteristics  the  two  are 
identical.  Both  are  tlic  most  ele- 
gantly shaped  and  graceful  in 
outline  of  ail  the  terrier  varieties, 
and  either  is  an  affectionate, 
lively  and  tractable  companion, 
never  qiuirrcltionie,  very  active 
and  graceful  in  bis  actions,  witli 
pluck  enough  (and  a  keen  zest) 
for  hunting  and  destroying  rats. 
As  a  house -dog  he  is  nnexcelled. 
His  weight  is  from  10  to  1(5  Ibe.  ; 
the  lap-dog  tt-rrier  is  smaller. 
He  has  a  long  and  narrow  head, 
with  flat  skull;  a  black,  long  and  taper  nose;  black,  small  and  briglit 
eyes;  ears  either  tulip  shape,  button  or  folded  back — almost  always, 
cropped;  neck  light  and  well-proportioned;  chest  deep  but  not  broad. 


"White  English  Terrier. 


The  Smooth  Fox  Terrier  is  the  outgrowth  of  various  old-time  ter- 
riers used  for  hunting  foxes  in 
England.  Within  the  last  fifty 
years  several  improved  breeds 
have  been  established,  some 
of  which  have  elicited  much 
admiration  from  sportsmen. 
Among  them  is  the  Smooth, 
possessing  the  following  points 
of  appearance  and  quality  :  The 
head  flat,  broad  between  the 
ears  and  tapering  to  the  eyes; 
ears  v-shaped  and  rather  small, 
dropping  forward  closely  to  the 
cheek;  eyes  dark- rimmed,  and 
rather  deep-set,  and  full  of 
animation;  the  nose  black;  teeth  level  and  strong;  neck  of  fair  length, 
and  muscular;  chest  deep,  and  not  very  broad;  back  straight  and 
strong,  as  are  the  hind-quarters;  color,  principally,  white. 


Smooth  Fox-Terrier. 


The  Rough  Fox-Terrier  woul. 


seem  to  be  an  irregular  English 
breed,  of  no  great  antiquity, 
and  so  named  in  opposition 
lo  the  Smooth  Fox-Terrier, 
which  in  many  points  he  re- 
sembles: The  head  flat,  broad 
between  the  ears  and  taper- 
ing to  the  uose; ears  v-shaped 
and  rather  small,  dropping 
forward  closely  to  the  cheek; 
eyes  small,  rather  deep-set 
and  full  of  animation ;  the 
nose  black;  teeth  level  and 
strong;  neckof  fairlength  and 
muscular;  chest  deep  and 
not  very  broad;  back  and 
hind- quarters  straight  and 
strong;  tail  muscular,  set  high  and  carried  jauntily,  but  not  over  the 
back;  legs  strong  and  straight;  feet  round,  compact,  of  niediuni  size. 


Rougli  Fox-Terrier. 


The  Scotch  Terrier,  a  small  rough  dog,  well-known  in  England, 

is  a  native  of  Scotland,  where 
his  great  antiquity  is  recog- 
nized. In  disposition  he  is  ex- 
tremely courageous,  docile  and 
affectionate,  and  for  vermin- 
hunting  is  unsurpassed.  The 
head  is  fairly  long,  and  covered 
with  short,  hard  hair;  the  muz- 
zle is  muscular  and  tapers  to  the 
nose,  which  is  black;  eyes  wide 
apart,  of  a  dark-brown  color, 
small,  piercing  and  very  bright ; 
ears  pricked  audsharp-pointed, 
with  velvety  hair;  neck  short, 
thick  and  muscular;  chest  broad 
and  deep ;  body  moderately  long, 
and  somewhat  flat-sided;  hiud-qnarters  strong;  legs,  all  around^  short 
and  heavy  in  bone;  fore-legs  straight  or  slightly  bent. 


Scotch  Terrier. 


The  Black-and-Tan  (Manchester  j  Terrier  i 
representative  of  the  original 
English  breed  of  terriers  lie  is 
described  as  "a  nice  pet  tlmt 
docs  not  need  nursing,  an  affec- 
tionate, lively  aiul  tractable 
companion,  never  quarrelsome, 
very  active  and  graceful  in  his 
action,  with  pluck  enough  (and 
a  keen  zest)  for  hunting  and 
destroying  rats.  ...Asa  house- 
dog, he  is  unexcelled,  always 
on  the  alert,  and  quick  to  give 
alarm."  His  weight  is  from  10 
to  Hi  lbs.  ;  the  lap-dog  terrier 
is  smitller.  He  has  a  loug  and 
narrow  head,  with  flat  skull;  a 
black,  long  and  tapering  nose; 


considered  a  fair 


Black-and-Tan  Terrier. 
black,    small  and  bright  eyes;  ears  either  of  tulip  shape,  or  bu 


his  name  from  the  county  in 


The  Yorkshire  Terrier  receives 

England  in  which  he  is  prin- 
cipally reared.  He  belongs  to 
the  "household  pet"  class  of 
diminutive  andattractive  dogs, 
and  often  finds  comfortable 
quarters  in  the  parlors  of  the 
wealthy,  whose  luxuries  he 
shares.  He  is  an  admitted 
mongrel,  partaking,  it  is  sup- 
posed, of  the  black- and- tan 
and  Paisley  or  Skye  terrier 
breeds.  The  desirable  points 
in  him  are  long,  straight,  eilky 
hair,  in  such  abundance  as  to 
obscure  nearly   every  portion 

of  the  body  and  limbs,  and  the  longer  and  more  abundant  is  this  coat 
the  more  the  animal  is  esteemed;  a  body-color  of  clear,  soft,  silvery 
blue,  varying  in  shade;  the  head  a  golden  tan. 


-^-m' 


Yorkshire  Terrier. 


The  Airedale  Terrier  is  the  new  name  of  the  old  Yorkshire 
(Eng. )  Waterside  terrier,  which 
careful  breeding  has  improved 
in  appearance.  In  all  proba- 
bility heis  a  mongrel,  whose  ori- 
gin cannot  be  traced  to  its  source. 
He  is  described  as  having  a  keen 
scent,  and  a  partiality  for  rats 
and  rabbits;  is  a  good  water-dog, 
intelligent  and  companionable, 
but  lacks  '*gameness. "  The 
specimen  here  exhibited  is  one 
of  the  best  of  his  kind;  has  a 
flat  and  fairly  wide  head,  with 
a  long  nose  and  tight  lips;  small 
and  dark  eyes;  vine- shaped  and 

large  ears,  a  deep  chest,  a  long  back,  a  well- ribbed  body,  powerful 
loins,  straight  and  muscular  forelegs,  compact  feet,  profuse  hair  that 
is  weather-defving,  of  a  blue  color  on  the  back. 


Airedale  Terrier. 


The  Dandie  Dinmont  Terrier  is  of  uncertain  origin,  but  about 
lialf  a  century  ago  he  seems  to 
have  been  known  and  admired 
in  Scotland  as  a  dog  with  com- 
paratively short  ears  and  body 
and  a  narrow  chest.  Such  a  one 
did  Landseer  paint  in  his  por- 
trait of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  There 
is  a  belief  that  this  dog  was  a 
cross  with  the  German  Dachs- 
hund. The  modern  Dandie  has 
a  large  and  strong  head,  broad 
between  the  ears,  and  round, 
high  forehead;  hazel  eyes  wide 
apart,  large,  round,  bright  and 
indicative  of  firmness,  intelli- 
gence and  dignity;  ears  large, 
hanging  downward,  tapering  almost  to  a  point,  and  covered  with 
soft  straight  black  or  brown  hair.     Weight  should  average  18  lbs. 


-^ 


^y . 


Dandie  Dinmont  Terrier. 


7  iCi — 


:;S: 


i 


# 


184 


STANDARD  BREEDS  OF  DOGS  IN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA— CONTINUED. 


The  Bedlington  Terrier  dates  back,  under  other  names,  to  abont 

the  last  of  the  17th  century. 
It  h:is  borne  Us  present  name, 
tak'-n  from  its  native  town  of 
Bi-'llington,  Eng. ,  since  1825. 
'Ihe  modern  specimen  wei^^hs 
from  16  to  25  ]b.=.,  and  is  de- 
gcribetl  thus:  Head  high,  nar- 
row and  pciiked,  vith  a  lung 
muzzle  of  considerable  thick- 
ness; ears  filbert-shaped,  lying 
close  to  the  cheek,  and  slightly 
feathered  at  the  tips;  eyes 
small,  sunken,  close  together, 
and  of  an  amber  or  hazel  color; 
Teeth  regular  and  large;  nose  either  black,  red,  or  pink;  neck  long. 


Bedlineton  Terrier. 


The  Prick-Ear  Skye  Terrier  is  a  variety  of  the  native  dog  of  the 

Isle  of  Skye,  one  of  the  He- 
brides, of  Scotland.  The  other 
is  the  Drop-Ear,  and  the  char- 
acteristics of  the  two  are  very 
r-hnilar,  but  the  Prick-Ear  has 
lieculiaritics  tliat  the  other  has 
not.  For  instance,  he  possess- 
es a  larger  head,  a  shorter  body 
and  usually  a  rougher  coat  of 
hair.  The  ears  stand  well  np 
without  any  bend,  and  are  cov- 
ered only  with  the  short  silky 
The  eyes  are  brown  or  hazel,  of 
The  back  is  long,  mus- 


--i-  '     ''  '^'^ /WV9 


Prick-Ear  Skye  Terrier. 


hair  that  adorns  the  whole  head, 
medium  size,  and  rather  soft  in  espression, 

cular  and  straight.  The  undercoat  of  the  hair  is  soft  and  woolly,  and 
covered  with  coarse  straight  hair,  free  from  curl,  and  falling  down- 
ward so  evenly  that  it  can  be  easily  parted  on  tlie  back  without  a 
comb.    The  color  varies  from  slate  and  black  to  black  and  grizzled. 


The  Irish  Terrier,  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  by  no  means  a  new 

breed,  however  improved,  has 
a  most  excellent  rei)utation  as 
a  sporting  dog.  In  constitu- 
tion lie  is  particularly  hardy, 
and  bears  exposure  to  wet, 
told  and  hardslJip  without  ex- 
haustion. Oil  land  and  in  the 
water  his  qualities  as  a  hunter 
are  manifested  with  equal 
ability.  His  courage  is  un- 
surpassed, and  his  social  traits 
fit  him  for  the  society  of  wo- 
men and  children,  so  thathe  is 
also  an  excellent  house-dog. 
He  has  a  long,  flat  and  narnow 
head,  a  black  nose,  strong,  mnscular  jaws,  formidable  teeth  and  lips, 
small  and  v-sha])ed  ears,  a  moderately  long  neck,  tapering  up  from 
the  shoulders,  and  hard,  wiry  hair,  of  a  red,  yellow  or  gray  color. 


Irish  Terrier. 


The  Pug  is  of  uncertain  origin,  butof  considerable  value  among  dog- 
fanciers,  SITjO  baving  bt-en  asked 
for  a  gi-nuine  one  abont  1850. 
Since  then  the  breed  has  been 
creased  with  the  bull-dog,  so  that 
it  is  difficult  to  procure  a  i)ure 
strain.  Tiie  best  specimens,  bow- 
ever,  exhibit  a  rounil  skull,  with  a 
hliort  face,  the  nose  being  particu- 
larly square  and  *' pnggy,"  and 
the  chuck  very  full  and  muscular. 
The  car.'*  are  small,  vino-shaped, 
black  and  thin,  lying  quite  flat  up- 
on the  face.  The  eyes  arc  dark- 
brown  and  full,  with  a  soft  expres- 
sion. A  black  mole,  with  two  or 
three  Iiairs  sprinciiig  from  it  aj)- 
pears  on  each  check;  the  neck  la  full,  stout  and  muscular;  the  body 
thick  and  strong,  with  a  wide  cliest  and  muscular  loins  and  quarter.-*; 
legs  straight,  with  fine  bones,  and  quite  sinewy;  feet  either  hare-like 
or  cat-like,  according  to  hreed;  haSr  short,  soft  nnd  glossy,  and  of  a 
rich  yellow  or  gold-stone  color;  height  from  10  to  12  inches. 


Pub  Dog. 


The  Maltese  Dog,  it  is  believed,  is  not  a  native  of  the  Island  of 
ISIaltu.  as  its  name  indicates,  but 
was  introduced  from  the  Man- 
illa Islands  or  some  other  far-ofE 
land.  In  shape,  color  and  tex- 
ture of  hair  it  is  not  considered 
the  equal  of  the  King  Charles  or 
Blenheim  Spaniel,  although 
very  fine  in  these  respects;  is 
considered  sweeter  in  breath 
and  skin;  is  delicate  in  consti- 
tntion,  and  more  difBcultto  rear 
than  the    spaniel.      Its    weight  _ 

should  not  exceed  6  lbs.     The  '^"~' 

hair  is  long,  silky  and  slightly  Maltese  Dog. 

wavy,  but  not  curly;  the  color  pure  white,   seemingly  transparent. 


The  Drop-Ear  Skye  Terrier  is  a  variety  of  the  native  dog  of  the 
Isle  of  t?kye,  onu  of  the  llehri- 
des,  of  Scotland.  The  other  is 
the  Prick-Ear,  and  the  charac- 
teristics of  the  two  are  very 
similar,  but  the  Drop-Ear  has 
peculiarities  that  the  other  has 
not.  For  instance  he  possesses 
a  smaller  head,  a  longer  body, 
and  a  smoother  coat  of  hair. 
The  ears  are  high-set,  about 
three  inches  long,  covered  with 
long  hair,  and  hang  downward 
and  close  to  the  cheeks.     The 

eyes  are  hazel  or  dark-brown,  of  medium  size,  and  rather  sharp  than 
soft  in  expression.  The  back  is  very  long,  muscular  and  straight. 
The  undercoat  of  the  hair  is  soft  and  woolly,  and  covered  with  long, 
line  straight  hair,  free  from  curl,  and  falling  downward  so  evenly  that 
it  can  be  easily  parted  without  a  comb.     Color  black  and  grizzled. 


Drop-Ear  Skye  Terrier. 


The  Chinese  Crested  Dog,  imported  from  the  Celestial  Kingdom, 
is  marked  \\\\\\  a  cru.-ted  li'_-ad 
and  tufted  tail;  body  and  limbs 
almost  totally  devoid  of  hair;  a 
spotted  skin;  quick  in  motion, 
and  a  rapid  runner.  The  speci- 
men here  shown  was  born  in 
Great  Britain,  of  native  Chinese 
stock.  He  greatly  resembles  the 
Greyhound  in  the  structure  of 
bis  body  and  limbs,  and  the  ta- 
pering nose.  This  species  has 
never  been  imported  for  exten- 
sive proj)agation;  but  it  is  pro- 
bable that  it  would  become  a  fa- 
vorite, owing  to  its  fine  appear- 
ance and  affectionate  disposition, 
commonly  used  for  food  among  the  natives,  but  a  less  prolific  sort. 
The  skin  is  spotted  as  shown  in  the  engraving. 


CQiinese  Crested  Dog. 


This  is  not  the  Chinese    dog  so 


The  Italian  Greyhound  is  not  a  hunting  d. 

copy,  in  sliapo  and  colur,  of 
the  English  Greyhound,  and 
an  elegant  drawing-room  pet. 
It  is  distinguished,  also,  for  its 
dancing-j>rancing  pait;  has  a 
weight  of  5  to  V;  lbs.  ;  a  bead 
anil  nosy  less  snake-like  tlian 
the  EnL'Iish  Greyhound,  but 
oIli('r\\isc  similar  to  it;  a  neck 
long  and  elegant;  ryes  of  me- 
dium size,  soft  and  languish- 
ing, and  Ihe  iris  a  dark-brown 
color;  logs  straight  nnd  strong; 
chest  capacious ;  shoulders 
long  and  muscular;  hind-quar- 
tcre  very  strong;  back  and 
loins  close-knit  and  sinewy; 
hair  i»hort.,  soft  and  silky; 
color,  golden  fawn,  with  molli- 
fications; the  tail  quite  lonu',  smooth  and  tai«-ring,  with  a 
l)ipe''  curve;  symmetry  Ix'tter  than  that  of  the  J-Inglish  Iidu 


but  a  diminutive 


Italian  Greyhound. 


^- 


>\ 


STANDARD  BREEDS  OF  DOGS  IN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA— CONTINUED. 


185 


-er 


The  Beagle,  nn  old  English  breed  of  hunting-dog,  is,  in  most  par- 

liciiliirs,  a  miniuturc  of  the 
English  fox-liound.  Packs  of 
tlit'in  are  liept  for  tliu  nt*v-  of 
hare  and  rabbit  ImntcM-s  on  fool, 
and  provi-  tlu*msclvcs  very  efli- 
cient  in  tins  work.  Tbeir  size, 
bowcviT,  prevents  tbeir  use 
for  heavier  duties,  the  true 
Beagle  having  a  regulation 
height  of  9  inches,  and  a  lengih 
of  :i  ft.  4  inches.  lie  should 
be  formed  e.vactly  upon  the 
model  of  the  fnx-bound,  wilh 
the  exception  of  tlie  bead  and 
ears,  the  former  of  which  ia 
much  larger  proportionally, 
both  in  width  and  height,  while 
the  latter  closely  resemble  those  of  the  bloodhound  in  size  and 
banging.  Like  the  fox-honnd's,  his  neck  must  be  Imig  and  taper- 
ing; back  and  loins,  muscular ;  hind-quarters  very  strong;  legs  sin- 
ewy and  straight;  feet  round  and  cat-like;  hair  short,  thick,  hard 
ami  glossy;  tail  gently  arched,  carried  gaily,  slightly  fringed  with 
hair  below,  and  tapering  to  a  point.  The  Beagle  was  in  great  favor 
in  C^ueen  Elizabeth's  time,  and,  was  bred  as  small  as  possible. 


Beagle  Dog. 


The  Harrier  is  another  peculiarly  English  dog,   but  not  entirely 

unmixed  with  the  fox-hound, 
so  that  the  nature  of  the  animal 
has  been  greatly  changed  from 
his  former  state.  His  pecu- 
liar and  greatest  vocation,  how- 
ever, is  hunting  hares,  and  it  is 
necessary  that  he  should  pos- 
sess combined  intelligence  and 
a  keen  scent  for  tracking  this 
game.  His  head  is  therefore 
often  found,  in  the  genuine  dog, 
to  be  wider  and  heavier  than 
that  of  the  fox-hound;  the  nose 
is  also  longer  and  broader,  and 
the  ears  are  set  farther  back, 
and  not  rounded  at  the  tips. 
These  are  the  princii)ul  marks 
by  which  he  can  be  distinguished  from  the  fox-hound.  The  neck 
tapers  gracefully  from  the  shoulders  to  the  head;  the  shoulders  are 
muscular  and  well-sloped;  the  chest  full:  the  hack  and  loins  very 
muscular  and  closely  joined  to  each  other;  hind-quarters  very 
strong,  with  straight  stifles;  the  legs  straight;  feet  round  and  cat- 
like, with  strong  claws;  the  hair  dense,  hard,  short  and  glossy,  and 
of  black-tan-and-white  color;  height  from  16  to  20  inches. 


Harrier  Dog. 


The  Basset  Hound  originally  tlourished  in  France,  presumably  in 
the  provinces  of  Artois  and  Flan- 
ders, many  long  years  ago,  and 
now  appears  as  an  improved 
breed,  or  rather  two  distinct 
varieties,  both  retainingthe  traits 
of  their  ancestry.  The  difference 
between  the  tw'o  is  the  rough  coat 
of  one  and  the  smooth  coat  of  the 
other,  but  the  smooth  is  most 
liidily  estimated,  while  both  are 
u-^rfiil  to  tne  sportsman.  The 
head  of  the  breed  is  long  and 
narrow,  with  a  wrinkled  fore- 
head, and  a  dignified  cast;  very 
long  ears,  hanging  in  loose  folds,  and  thin  and  velvety;  eyes  of  a 
gentle  expression;  neck  powerful;  chest  deep  and  full;  forelegs 
short,  with  massive  paw;  quarters  muscular  and  prominent;  gait 
waddling;  tail  coarse  underneath,  and  carried  hound-like;  hair  short, 
smooth,  fine  and  glossy;  color  black,  white  and  tan,  variegated. 
In  appearance  he  is  extremely  picturesque.  Deer  and  roebuck 
driving  is  his  particular  work,  but  he  is  exctdlont  for  hunting  hares, 
rabbits,  etc.  Two  or  three  are  sent  into  a  covert,  while  the  sports- 
men take  their  positions  where  the  game  is  likely  to  be  seen,  or  where 
the  ringing  voice  of  the  little  hound  directs  them.  Deer  and  hares 
are  said  to  actually  play  before  these  dogs,  stopping  to  listen  to  them 
coming,  and  giving  the  hunter  every  possible  advantage. 


Basset  Hound. 


The  Bloodhotind  traces  his  lineage  to  the  days  of  cattle  stealing 
outlaus  Oh  ilu-  fronti(;r  of  Eng- 
land and  Scotland,  and  was  then 
known  as  a  sleuthhound  or  as  a 
Talbot.  Originally  he  was  tall, 
slow,  square-headed,  with  lonu', 
pendulous  ears,  heavy,  drooj)ing 
jaws  and  lips;  had  a  broad  chest, 
a  deep-toned,  melodious  voice,  a 
slow,  untiring  gait,  and  a  stern, 
majestic  expression  of  feature. 
He  received  his  name  from  the 
certainty  with  which  he  followed 
the  track  of  any  wounded  animal 
if  he  once  smelt  its  blood;  fresh 
blood  crossing  his  track,  he  would 
leave  the  old  and  follow  the  new. 
These  characteristics  are  partially 
developed  iu  the  modern  Blood- 
hound; but  of  late  years  he  has 
been  less  used  for  heavy  work, 
and  may,  possibly,  have  been 
transformed  into  a  more  companionable,  peaceful  favorite.  In  color 
he  is  either  black- and -tan,  or  tan  only.  The  hair  is  short  and  hard 
on  the  body  and  limbs,  but  silky  on  the  ear  and  scalp. 


Bloodhound. 


The  St.  Bernard  Dog  has  a  world-wide  reputation,  and  a  historv 
replete  with  intense  interest. 
For  one  or  more  centuries  he 
has  filled  an  important  mission 
in  the  dreary  Swiss  Alps,  at  the 
Hospice  {  or  monks' iiouse)  on 
the  heights  of  the  Great  St. 
Bernard  mountain,  where  num- 
bers of  these  dogs  have  longbeen 
kept  and  trained  to  hunt  for 
benumbed  and  lost  travelers 
amid  the  snows  of  that  frozen 
and  desolate  region.  Every 
morning  at  8  o'clock,  duringthe 
severe  weather,  four  monks, 
their  servants  and  two  dogs, 
leave  the  hospice  and  descend 
the  mountain,  in  two  parties,  on  opposite  sides  of  it.  Here  the  true 
value  of  tlie  dogs  is  found  in  the  fidelity  with  which  they  keep  the 
regular  mountain  paths,  however  filled  with  snow.  At  certain  dis- 
tances along  each  route  are  stone  caves,  or  refuges,  built  for  the 
shelter  of  travelers,  and  each  one  of  these  is  visited,  while  the  keen 
scent  of  the  dogs,  with  their  energy  in  overcoming  every  obstacle  in 
their  way,  enables  them  to  find  the  frozen  and  freezing  travelers  who 
have  fallen  by  the  wayside.     Many  have  thus  been  timely  rescued. 


Rough  St.  Bernard  "Dog. 


The  St.  Bernard  Dog*  exhibits  such  energy  and  sagacity  as  are 
exercised  in  no  otlur  domestic 
animal,  and  has  justly  become 
celebrated  in  song  and  story. 
There  are  two  species  of  them 
— thcrougli  and  smooth- coated, 
both  of  which  are  here  exhib- 
ited, yet  the  main  difference, 
between  them  is  in  their  hairy 
coats.  They  have  been  impor- 
ted into  England,  and  have 
there  proved  themselves  excel- 
lent watchdogs.  The  advan- 
tage of  the  smooth-haired  over 
the  curly-toated  breed  is  best 
appreciated  in  their  mountain 
work,  where  the  latter  clogs 
easily  with  snow  and  ice,  rendering  the  dogs'  researches  uncomfort- 
able and  less  efficient.  The  head  is  large  and  massive,  chiefly  in 
height  and  length;  the  face  long  and  cutoff  square  at  the  nose;  lips 
drooping,  similar  to  the  bloodhound's:  ears  of  medium  size  carried 
close  to  the  cheeks,  and  covered  with  silky  hair;  eyes  large,  but 
deeply  sunk;  a  full  chest,  twice  the  girth  of  the  head  and  half  the 
length  of  the  body;  loins  full,  with  wide  hips:  size  that  of  the  Eng- 
lish mastiff ;  legs  straight  and  strong;  feet  large,  with  double  dew- 
claws;  hair  red  and  white,  or  fawn  and  white,  or  brindled  and  white, 
with  white  bands  round  the  waist  and  neck. 


Smootti  St.  Bernard  Dog. 


d: 


=^^ 


ISO 


EXISTING  AND  WELL-KNOWN  VARIETIES  OF  RABBITS. 


The  Silver-Gray  Babbit  ranks  next  to  the  Lop-Efired  in  promi- 
nence and  value,  and  stands  fore- 
most among  the  silvered  varieties. 
When  and  where  it  was  first 
produced  is  not  certainly  known, 
but  it  was  probablj'  imported  into 
England  from  some  other  coun- 
try. It  is  not  a  large  rabbit,  and 
its  ears  are  not  of  great  length, 
and  yet  it  presents  a  unique 
appearance,  owing  to  its  ele- 
gant coat  of  fur;  and  this  is  its 
principal  distinctive  character- 
istic. It  is  of  medium  size, 
weighing  from  6  to  8  lbs.  ;  is 
compactly  built,  with  a  neatly 
formed  head  and  ears,  and  in  its  best  condition  indicates  a  good  de- 
gree of  health  and  vigor.  Its  color  resembles  that  of  a  rich  blue- 
roan  horse,  and  is  made  up  of  the  varying  shades  of  its  double  coats 
of  fur.  The  exceptional  colors,  which  indicate  inferiority  of  class, 
are  darker  shades  on  the  nose,  ears,  fore-feet  and  tail,  the  object  be- 
ing to  secure  evenness  of  tint  throughout.  The  eyes  of  this  rabbit  are 
full  and  large,  and  its  ears  from  8  to  10  inches  in  length.  The  far 
is  short  and  close  fitting,  with  a  smooth,  hard  feeling. 


Silver-Gray  Rabbit. 


Himalayan  Rabbit. 


The  Himalayan  Rabbit  ranks  among  the  most  interesting  of 
fancy  puts.  Whether  it  originated 
in  Himalaya,  China,  or  other  far- 
off  lands,  remains  unknown.  Dar- 
win refers  to  it  as  an  evidence  of 
his  evolution  theory,  from  the 
fact  that  many  Himalayan  rabbits 
have  been  bred  from  Silver-Grays 
completely  isolated  from  the 
original  Himalayans;  but  Him- 
alayans  cannot  be  bred  from  Sil- 
ver-Grays. The  true  Himalayan 
weighs  about  6  lbs.  The  body  is  a 
happy  medium  between  the  lan- 
ky and  long  and  the  stumpy  and  short.  The  fur  is  of  superior  qual- 
ity, fine,  fairly  short,  and  very  glossy.  Almost  the  entire  body  is 
pure  white,  or  ha?  a  very  light  bluish  tinge.  The  ears,  nose,  fore- 
legs and  feet,  the  hind-legs  and  feet,  and  the  tail,  are  coal-black 
or  the  darkest  brown.  These  dark  markings,  however,  will  some- 
times fade  out,  owing  to  some  unknown  cause.  The  eye  is  a  point  of 
particular  attractiveness  in  this  rabbit.  It  is  of  a  very  beautiful 
bright  color,  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  the  Angora  Rubliit.  to 
which  it  is  considered  superior.  The  average  number  at  birth  is 
about  six,  and  the  young  mature  in  about  7  months.  As  a  food- 
animal  the  Himalayan  is  much  esteemed.  The  skiu  is  of  much  more 
value  than  that  of  the  common  rabbit. 


The  Lop-Eared  Rabbit,  as  indicated  in  the  ilhistration,  is  the 
most  remarkable  of  the  species, 
not  only  for  the  extreme  length 
of  its  ears,  which  are  its  princi- 
pal cliaracteristic,  hut  for  the 
variety  and  richness  of  its  colors. 
These  include  a  light  sandy  or 
fawn  tint;  gray,  black  and  blue; 
clouded  fawn;  black  and  white, 
tortoise-shell,  fawn  and  wliite, 
gray  and  white?,  and  blue  and 
white,  with  other  mixeti  sIkuU-s. 
The  cars  of  a  good  sjiecimen  of 
this  animal  measure  22>i  or  23 
inches  in  length,  and  sliould  be 
about  5  inches  wiihs  its  weight 
should  vary  from  li!  to  10  ll)s.  ; 
the  back  arched  to  a  point  higher 
than  the  top  of  the  head,  and  if 
it  has  a  clear  eye  and  straiirlit 
limbs,  its  beauty  will  be  ack- 
nowledged by  all.  The  question 
whether  the  long  ears  of  this  rab- 
bit arc  natural  or  caused  by  disease  has  Jed  to  so?ne  discussion. 
Darwin,  the  English  naturalist,  favored  the  disease  theory,  and  de- 
voted a  chapter  to  this  animal  in  his  volume  on  "Variations  of  Ani- 
mals and  Plants." 


Lop-Kurod  Rabbit. 


The  Angora  Rabbit,  although  possessed  of  considerable  beauty, 
require?^  a  lar  larger  amount  of 
care  than  any  other  of  the  spe- 
cies. Its  fur  is  long  and  woolly, 
resembling  that  of  the  Angora 
sheep  and  goats,  and  from  this 
circumstance,  rather  than  to  any 
other,  it  is  supposed  that  it  re- 
ceived its  name.  It  is  some- 
times known,  also,  as  the  An- 
gola Rabbit.  Formerly  it  was 
bred  in  France,  in  large  num- 
bers, for  its  fur.  Its  disposi- 
tion is  exceedingly  docile,  and 
it  is  evidently  a  common  stock 
rabbit.  Although  its  frame  is 
of  a  moderate  size,  its  long  fur  gives  it  an  appearance  of  being  large ; 
yet  its  weight  should  not  exceed  6  or  7  lbs.  The  fineness  and  length 
of  its  fur  determine  its  value.  Msny  are  white  in  color,  bnt  others 
are  black,  white  and  black,  brown,  white  and  brown.  The  eye  is 
beautiful,  full  and  of  a  pink  color;  the  ears  are  short,  neat  and  cov- 
ered with  wool.  On  account  of  its  peculiar  fur,  it  requires  close  at- 
tention, in  order  to  keep  it  clean,  in  proper  apartments,  bedding,  etc., 
and   for  this  reason  it  is  sometimes  designated  "the  ladies'  rabbit." 


An^^u 


Rabbit. 


The  Belgian  Hare  has  acquired  a  high  reputation  as  a  fancy  rab- 
bit in  England,  and  from  year 
to  year  its  popularity  is  increas- 
ing. The  name  of  the  Hare  does 
not  properly  belong  to  this  ani- 
mal, which  is  simply  a  raljbit  of 
a  hare-like  appearance.  It  is  a 
native  of  Belgium  and  adjacent 
countries,  and  is  imported  into 
England,  under  the  name  of  Os- 
lend  Rabbits,  for  food.  These, 
however,  differ  from  the  fancy 
animal  shown  in  the  illustration, 
cultivation  having  changed  the 
clumsy  Belgian  into  a  hand- 
some pet.  It  differs,  also,  materially  from  the  English  Hare,  the  lat- 
ter never  giving  birth  to  more  than  two  of  its  young  at  once,  while 
the  Belgian  has  from  14  to  16  at  a  time.  The  true  Modern  Belgian 
should  weigh  about  10  lbs. ,  and  bear  a  close  resemblance  to  the  wild 
English  Hare,  ha\ing  a  body  not  too  broad,  nor  a  head  too  round. 
The  bones  throughout  should  be  slender,  especially  in  the  limbs  and 
feet,  and  the  latter  should  be  shod  beneath  with  close  coarse  hair. 
The  outer  hair  should  be  close,  short,  fine  and  glossy,  and  of  a  bright 
foxy  (or  sandy)  color  all  over  the  animal,  the  under  fur  being  very 
fine  and  of  a  yellowish- white  tint.  The  ears  should  be  short  and 
thin,  and  the  eyes  clear,  round  and  bright. 


Belgian  Hare  Rabbit. 


The  Dtitcb  Rabbit,  laying  claim  to  great  beauty,  has  been  culti- 
vated for  nian\  years  in  France, 
on  account  of  its  hardy  nature 
and  prolific  progeny.  So  do- 
mestic is  this  little  animal  in 
its  formation  and  habits,  that  It 
can  nurse  five  or  six  young 
ones  and  bring  them  up  in  bet- 
ter condition  than  another  four 
or  five  times  larger  than  itself. 
It  possesses  a  great  variety  of 
colors,  primary  and  mixed,  and 
many  haven  white  collar  around 
the  neck.  In  size  it  is  very 
small,  some  specimens  weigh- 
ing   less   than    I'/a     lbs.,     and 

others  averaging  5  or 6  lbs.,  but  the  smaller  it  is  the  more  valuable  it 
is  considered.  The  eyes  should  be  prominent  and  full,  and  the  col- 
ors rich,  the  most  popular  being  black,  blue,  gray,  tortoise-shell,  or 
yellow  and  fawn.  The  white  collar  should  be  a  clear  white,  extend- 
ing all  ar()und  the  head  and  covering  the  fore-legs  and  sh<mldcrs.  In 
order  to  produce  ami  retain  a  nice,  sleek  coat  of  hair  upon  this  rab- 
bit, and  keep  the  animal  in  good  condition,  its  food  is  reconmiended 
to  consist  of  plenty  of  cauUllower  leaves,  clover,  turnips  (Swedish), 
dandelions  and  chicory,  all  of  which  should  be  free  from  dampness 
or  frost,  with  an  occasiomd  feed  of  crushed  oats.  Much  depends, 
also,  upon  having  jjroper  kennels,  fine   soft  bedding  and  cleanliness. 


Dutch  Rabbit. 


I> 


M 


? 


EXISTING  VARIETIES  OF  PIGEONS  IN  DIFFERENT  PARTS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


1^: 


The 


amoiiK 
awUwu: 


Fantail  Pigeon  i»  a  native  of  Hindostan,  in  India,  where  it 
is  found  in  large  numbers,  and 
whence  it  is  exported  to  otliLT 
countries.  U  has  been  rultivated 
in  England  for  aliout  i.MO  years, 
and  was  formerly  calli'd  "The 
Shaker,"  owing  to  the  constant 
wagging  uj)  and  down  of  itt*  head. 
The  modern  name  is  derived 
from  its  broad  tail,  which,  when 
walking,  is  Ppread  in  the  shape 
of  a  fun.  The  neck  is  long,  slim 
and  grucefnl,  like  u  Pwiin's;  tlie 
breas^t  is  full;  the  Imck  short, 
and  the  tail  usujilly  contains 
twenty -four  or  more  f<'atliers. 
As  found  in  India,  this  bird  i^ 
usually  white,  has  a  long  back, 
and  either  a  peak-creeted  head. 
or  groupc-feathered  legs.  Other 
species  are  blue  or  ash-colored, 
but  various  colors  have  been  de- 
veloped. It  is  particularly  classed 

the  "  fancy"  pigeons^  from  its  untitness  for  traveling,  it  being 

rd  on  the  wing  and  unsteady  on  foot. 


Fantail  Pigeon. 


The  Priest  Pigeon  is  extensively  bred  in  Germany,  and  is  found 
in  numerous  varieties.  In  gen- 
eral it  is  a  stoutly-built,  thick- 
set bird,  rather  larger  tluin  the 
common  field  pigeon,  which  it 
resembles  in  the  shape  of  its 
head  and  beak.  Tlie  varieties 
are  as  follows :  The  common 
Priest,  in  black,  blue,  red,  yel- 
low and  "off"  colors,  with  a 
whitehead;  the  double-crested 
Priest,  in  all  of  the  colors  above- 
named,  with  the  second  crest, 
on  the  forehead,  falling  over  the 
nostrils;  the  white -stockinged 
Priest,  with  the  feathers  of  the 
legs  and  feet  white,  but  with  col- 
ored feathers  on  the  thighs  and 
belly;  the  white-barred  Priest, 
with  white  or  colored  stockings  and  white  wing  bars,  sometimes  bor- 
dered with  black:  the  white  winged,  white-barred  Priest;  the  whiie- 
winged,  burred  and  white-tailed  Priest;  the  rare  and  beautiful  star- 
ling-barred, white-winged  and  tailed  Priest,  and  a  variety  having 
triangular  or  rounded  white  spots  near  the  ends  of  the  wing-feathers, 
and  the  bar-feathers  are  similarly  marked. 


Priest  Pigeon. 


The  Beard  Tumbler  is  so  called  because  it  is  peculiarly  marked 

by  a  long  white  spot  extend- 
ing from  the  under-jaw  and 
cheek  a  little  way  down  the 
throat,  and  regularly  shaped, 
which  has  a  pretty  effect  as 
an  ornament.  This  beard  is 
not  confined  to  any  partic- 
ular color,  as  it  may  be  found 
either  in  the  i)lue,  black,  red, 
silver oryellow species.  Other 
styles  of  beards  are  the  "pep- 
pered," and  one  where  a  col- 
ored line  down  the  throat  di- 
vides the  white  beard  intotwo 
parts.  The  "long-faced" 
Beard  is  marked  the  same  as 
tlie  common  one,  but  is  much 
larger.  As  a  match-flyer  and  messenger,  it  is  recorded  as  being  ca- 
pable of  doing  over  100  miles.  Indeed,  the  Beards,  as  a  general 
thin:;,  appear  to  be  excellent  on  the  wing.  Other  fine  varieties  of 
Itiis  bird  are  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  including  the  Berlin,  the 
dappled  I*rague,  the  Magdeburg,  the  high-flying  Bantzig.  the  Vienna 
riser,  the  Stralsund,  the  Hallersladt,  the  Gamsel,  the  Flntchter,  the 
Hanoverian  and  the  white-pointed  beard  Tumblers,  or  Brunswicks. 
The  Beard  is  a  careful  breeder  and  nurse. 


Beard  Tumbler  Pigeon. 


The  English  Carrier  lias  Ion; 
pigeons,  on  account  of  its  beauty 
and  sagacity.  It  originally  came, 
it  is  said,  from  Bassora,  in  Per- 
sia. The  description  of  the 
true  Carrier  designates  a  large 
size,  with  u  standard  measure- 
ment of  not  less  tlian  10  inches 
from  the  point  of  the  beak  to 
the  end  of  the  tail,  and  a  greater 
length  is  considered  desirable. 
The  flesh  is  firm;  the  feathers 
close ;  the  neek  long,  slender, 
and  symmeiriciil,  beautifully 
arched  and  rounded  at  the  l)at:k 
of  the  bend,  and  without  thick- 
ness of  gullet  under  the  jaw; 
the  beak  long,  straightand  thick ; 
the  head  long,  narrow  and  flat 
on  top;  the  eye  large  and  prom- 
inent, red  in  black  and  blue 
carriers,  haze]  in  white  ones, 
and  lighter  in   the  dun    birds. 


been  cBtcemed  as  the  king  of 


English  Carrier  Pigeon. 


Its  main  value  consists  in  its  instinct  and  power  of  safely  conveying 
letters  great  distances.    It  has  long  been  celebrated  in  song  and  story. 


The  English  Pouter  is  considered  one  of  the  finest  varieties  of 
pigeons,     r;inkin;;    among    the 


fancy  breeds  with  the  English 
Carrier.  Its  principul  pecu- 
liarity is  that  of  swelling  its 
crop  with  air  to  an  enormous 
size,  larger,  indeed,  than  the 
body  of  the  bird.  It  has  ex- 
isted in  England  since  early 
times,  and  is  so  great  a  favor- 
ite that  nearly  $300  has  been 
paid  for  a  single  specimen. 
The  true  Pouteris  alarge  bird, 
very  tall  and  upright,  with 
slenderness  of  girth,  legs  at 
least  6*4  inches  long,  a  hollow 
hack,  the  wings  close  to  the 
body  and  well  elevated,  and 
a  dignified  posture  and  walk. 
The  colors  vary  from  yellow  to 
black,  blue-pied  and  white. 
On  the  front  of  the  crop,  as 
seen   in   the  illustration,    is  a 


English  Pouter  Pigeon. 


crescent,  or  half-moon  white  mark,  the  right  development  of  which 
adds  to  the  value  of  the  bird. 


The  Mahomet,  also  called  the  "Mawmet,"'  in  shape  and  size  of 
body,  resemliles  the  Barb  r;ice 
in  many  particulars.  The  head 
is  full  and  round,  the  beak 
short  and  thick,  but  not  hook- 
ed; the  eyes  are  bright  orange 
or  deep  yellow,  and  the  beak 
and  eye  wattles,  though  almost 
black,  are  covered,  when  in 
health,  with  a  powder  that 
give  a  fine  blue  tint.  In  color 
this  pigeon  is  a  lovely  light 
blue,  frosted  nearly  all  over 
as  if  with  powder.  The  lower 
part  of  the  neck  is  brilliant 
with  hues  of  very  light  green 
and  purple.  The  beak  and 
nails  are  black  and  the  feet  and 
legs  bright  red,  and  sometimes 
stockinged.  L'nder  the  tinted  surface  the  neck  and  body  feathers  are 
of  a  dark  bluish-black  shade:  but  this  bird  shows  the  outward  pow- 
dered blue  color  in  the  very  highest  degree  of  beauty.  1  be  Mahomet 
is  comparatively  a  rare  bird,  but  in  a  collection  of  different  kinds  it 
asserts  its  right  of  superiority  and  is  often  pointed  out  by  strangers 
as  the  most  attractive.  It  crosses  well  with  the  blue  or  silver  pigeon, 
reproducing  its  own  beautiful  tints. 


Mahomet  Pigeon. 


^^^: 


><l.(>-~ 


188 


VARIETIES  OF  PIGEONS  IN  DIFFERENT  PARTS  OF  THE  WORLD-CONTINUED. 


The  Archangel  Pigeon  ".i?  introduced  into  England,  from  Ghent, 

in  1839,  by  Mr.  Frank  Kedmond. 
Its  name  is  probably  derived 
fiom  the  brilliant  metallic  lus- 
ter of  the  back  and  wing  feath- 
ers, somewhat  resembling  that 
usually  given  by  painters  to  the 
wiuL's  of  anaels.  In  Germany 
it  is  called  the  Gimpel,  or  BuU- 
iinch  Pigeon,  and  has  there  been 
known  for  half  a  century  or 
more.  Its  origin  has  been  quite 
positively  traced  to  India,  or 
Persia.  It  is  about  the  size  of 
the  common  field  pigeon,  and 
of  about  the  same  shape  and 
style.  The  correct  head  is  peak- 
crested,  the  feathers  at  the  back  of  the  head  drawing  to  a  point  and 
ending  in  a  finely  pointed  crest,  the  height  of  which  should  be  quite 
marked.  The  head,  neck,  breast,  belly  and  thigh  feathers  should  he 
of  a  bronzed  copper  color,  bearing  the  characteristic  metallic  luster, 
solid  and  even.  The  under-side  of  the  feathers  is  dark,  and  thia 
color  is  sometimes  loo  much  manifested  about  the  thigh.  The  back, 
wing  and  rump  feathers,  outwardly,  should  be  jet  black. 


Arciianeel  Pigeon. 


The  Swiss  Pigeon  i 


a  German  bird,  known  as  the  Moon,  Crescent, 
or  Badge  of  Honor  Pigeon,  and  is 
so  called  from  the  crescent 
or  breast-plate  with  which  It  is 
marked.  It  differs  little  from 
the  common  pigeon  in  head,  beak 
and  body;  has  no  crest;  its  legs 
and  feet  are  heavily  feathered; 
the  iris  of  the  eye  is  yellow  or 
orange,  and  the  color  cf  the  beak 
and  nails  corresponds  with  that 
of  the  markings.  These  mark- 
ings are  either  red,  yellow  or 
black,  but  the  body  color  of  all 
is  a  satin-like  white  tint,  shad- 
ing off  into  a  very  clear  light 
mealy,  buff,  or  blue,  according 
to  the  marks.  The  crescent  is 
a  clean-cut  half-moon,  as  seen  in  the  illustration,  well-lustered,  but 
the  points  should  not  pass  over  the  neck.  Cross-lsreeding  with  other 
varieties  of  pigeons  destroys  the  distinctive  characteristics  of  this 
bird,  and  should  be  avoided.  Ihe  object  is  to  get  the  body  color  very 
nearly  a  pure  white,  and  the  wing  bars,  or  cross-stripes,  as  narrow 
and  dark  as  possible.  The  red  and  yellow  Swiss  Pigeon,  with  durk 
eyes  and  crescent,  is  a  rare  but  beautiful  variety,  for  which  high 
prices  are  demanded. 


Swiss  Pigeon 


The  Leghorn  Rnnt,  well-known  in  England,   although  quite  an 

original  type  of  pigeon,  is  be- 
lieved to  be  so  designated  be- 
cause it  about  equaled  the 
Spanish  I^iiut.  The  peculiarity 
of  thia  bird  is  its  long,  iinfeath- 
ered  legs,  its  short,  erect  tail, 
and  swan-like  crooked  neck. 
The  beak  is  thick  and  rather 
short,  and  the  eye  is  nearly  des- 
titute of  wattle.  The  Hunt  is 
siipi)osed  to  have  originated  on 
the  hhores  of  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  but  has  become  widely  dis- 
rributed  throughout  Europe. 
In  Germany  it  is  classed  as  n 
"fowl-pigeon,"  on  account  of 
its  short,  upright,  hen-like  tail. 
In  some  specimens  the  wings 
cross  over  the  tail;  in  others 
they  meet  the  tail  on  both  sides, 
and  in  others  the  tips  touch  each  other  below  the  tail.  The  last  is 
considered  correct,  as  being  in  harmony  with  the  shape  of  the  bird. 
Several  varieties  of  the  Hunt  have  been  noted,  as  the  Maltese  and 
Hungarian  Ppecles.  The  engraving  illuslnites  the  EngliHh  breed. 
The  MalteHc  is  the  size  of  a  small  Englis-h  banlam  fowl,  and  origi- 
nally white;  the  Hungarian  is  much  liked  and  verv  beautiful. 


lioehom  Runt  Pigeon. 


The  Bavette,  so  named  from  its  white  bib,  is  nearly  the  reverse 
of  the  Nun,  having  a  black  shell 
crest;  a  bib  coming  well  down 
upon  the  breast  and  sharply  de- 
fined; a  white  or  a  black  beak; 
dark  hazel  or  orange  eye;  a 
white  tail;  st(*ckiuged  legs  and 
feet,white  from  the  bocks  down, 
and  IS  an  exceedingly  pretty 
pigeon.  Its  peculiarities  class 
it  among  the  field  pigeons,  but 
not  the  Tumbler  species.  The 
position,  size  and  shape  of  the 
crest  are  as  seen  in  the  Tsun. 
As  a  body  color,  black  is  the 
most  common,  but  there  are 
probably  yellow,  blue  and  red 
varieties.  The  Bavette  with 
black  beak  and  orange  eyes  is 
remarkable  for  its  rapid  flight,  and  is  justly  esteemed  for  exhibition. 
The  existence  of  bhick  Nuns  with  white  heads,  in  France,  is  men- 
tioned in  connection  with  the  Bavette,  but  they  are  a  different  bird; 
and  the  Jacobin  Pigeon  is  also  called  a  Nun  in  France.  The  fast-fly- 
ing Bavette  is  sometimes  called  the  "  Lightning- Conductor. " 


Bavette  Pigeon. 


The  Magpie  Pigeon,  a  favorite  in  England,  is  a  variety  of  the 
Tumbler,  and  is  imported  from 
Germany.  It  is  to  be  had  in 
black,  red,  yellow,  blue,  silver 
and  "off"  colors,  of  which  the 
first  three  are  the  choicest,  the 
black  having  the  preference. 
The  colored  portions  of  the 
plumage  include  the  head,  neck 
and  breast,  the  back  and  scap- 
ular feathers  and  the  rump  and 
tail,  all  other  feathers  being 
white;  the  beak  is  flesh-color, 
or  only  lightly  tinged  with  dark 
colors;  the  eyes  are  a  pearly 
white;  the  legs  and  feet,  free 
from  feathers,  a  very  bright  red; 
the  smooth  bead  is  preferable, 
although  some  have  apeak  crest. 
Certain  fanciers  would  prefer  the  pleasant-faced  Tumbler  variety, 
both  in  shape  of  body  and  in  head  and  beak;  but  more  attention  is 
given  to  the  color  and  arrangement  of  the  feathers,  as  above  described. 
There  is  another  Magpie  Pigeon  known  in  Germany,  which  varies 
from  that  described  above  by  being  white  on  the  head  where  the  hel- 
met is  colored,  and  a  colored  spot  on  the  forehead.  The  legs  and 
feet  of  this  beautiful  variety  are  feathered. 


Magpie  Pigeon. 


The  Nun,  from  its  marked  contrast  in  colors,  has  always  held  j 
high  place  among  fancy  pigeons. 
It  seems  to  have  belonged  ori- 
ginally to  the  Tumbler  race, 
which  it  now  somewhat  resem- 
bles in  its  head,  beak  and  pvixrl 
eye.  It  is  a  compact,  trimly 
built  bird,  of  upright  carriage, 
in  several  colors — black,  blue, 
dun,  red  and  yellow-headed — 
but  the  black  is  the  most  com- 
mon. The  name  isdiTixed  from 
the  shell,  miscalled  the  hood, 
which  grows  up  from  the  back 
of  the  head.  The  beak  of  the 
variety  shown  in  the  engrav- 
ing slionhl  be  black,  as,  also, 
should  the  bead  as  far  back  as 
the  shell,  which  is  white.  Bright  vermilion-colored  legs  and  feet 
add  much  to  the  attractiveness  of  this  species,  especially  if  the  nails 
of  the  toes  are  black.  Yellow  and  red- headed  Nuns  Iiave  not  been 
so  favorably  or  extensively  considered  by  pigeon  fanciers  as  the  black 
ones;  at  least,  they  do  not  exist  in  such  perfection,  being,  as  a  rule, 
very  deficient  both  In  shell  and  quality  of  C(dor.  If  they  could  be 
produced  of  the  t-ame  rich  and  lustrous  colors  as  are  dis])layed  by 
some  other  pigeons  they  would  be  considered  triumphs  of  the  breed- 
ers'' art.      These  birds  have  light-colored  beaks  and  nails. 


Nun  Pieeon. 


VARIETIES  OF  PIGEONS  IN  DIFFERENT  PARTS  OF  THE  WORLD-CONTINUED. 


IMt 


Th,e  Trumpeter  i^  quite  common  in   Knropo.     It  derives  its  name 

from  the  peculiar  t^ound  of  its 
voice.  Excited  by  love  or 
anyer,  its  ordinary  tone,  or 
cooiiiK,  is  Buddenly  clianf;e<l 
into  a  rolling,  quivcrini;,  dcej) 
hollow  dm  milling.  Fn-quent 
and  coiitinuous  drnniming— 
say  for  ten  niinnte^  at  a  time 
— adds  value  to  the  bird.  By 
turns  the  sounds  l)ecome  weak 
and  strong,  and  subside  until 
they  can  scarcely  be  heard. 
The  subdued  notes  arc  ven- 
triloquial,  as  if  made  by  an- 
other bird.  The  general  appearance  of  the  genuine  Trnmp-jtcr  is 
that  of  a  very  low  standing,  broad-set,  short-necked  pigeon,  but  a 
little  larger  than  the  average  of  fancy  pigeons.  Its  crest  inteferes 
with  its  sight,  so  that  it  can  only  look  downward,  and  it  gropes  about, 
hunting  retired  corners,  where  it  drums  to  i;s  mate.  The  "rose  ''  is 
the  distinguishing  mark  of  the  Trumpeter,  and  is  formed  by  the  crown 
feathers  of  the  head  growing  from  a  central  point  in  regular  form, 
like  a  carnation.  The  crest  is  the  ornamental  shell-shaped  hood  sur- 
rounding the  back  of  the  head,  reaching  nearly  from  eye  to  eye. 


Trumpeter  Fieeon. 


The  Tumbler  Pigeon  receives  its  name  from  its  natural  propen- 
sity of  turning  overin  its  flight, 
tlie  reason  of  which  remarkable 
movement  is  still  unknown, 
although  many  theories  have 
been  advanced  in  explanation 
of  it.  Air-tumblers  are  the 
most  successful  in  this  acro- 
batic performance,  and  also  the 
most  systematic,  and  are  held 
in  England  at  high  prices  on 
account  of  this  accomplish- 
ment. There  are  several  styles 
of  tumbling,  and  the  one  gen- 
erally admired  is  that  in  whicli 
the  bird  frequently  turns  itself 
over  once,  without  hindering 
its  speed  of  flight;  others  alter- 
nately soar  and  roll,  with  several  backward  turns,  while  others  turn 
at  right  angles  in  their  course,  and  throw  themselves  about  so  rap- 
idly that  the  eye  can  scarcely  follow  their  turns.  High-flying  Tum- 
blers go  very  high,  often  quite  out  of  sight,  but  tumble  bofh  while  as- 
cending and  descending.  This  bird  is  found  in  great  variety  through- 
out Europe  and  Asia,  and  has  long  been  known  andnurtured  in  Eng- 
land. It  is  a  small  pigeon,  thin  in  the  neck,  full  in  the  breast,  having 
a  moderate  length  of  wing  and  tail,  and  short  legs  free  from  feathers. 


Almond  Tumbler  Pigreon. 


The  Latz  Pigeon  is  so  called  from  the  fnct  that  the  head,   front 
_  and  sides  of  the  neck  and  breast 

have  the  appearance  of  being 
covered  with  a  latz,  or  bodice, 
of  a  diflferent  color  from  the 
body  coat,  which  is  white.  An- 
other peculiarity  is  that  from 
the  liack  of  the  head  to  half- 
way down  the  back  of  the  neck 
the  feathers  run  up  and  to  the 
side,  formingan  extensive  hood, 
helmet,  or  shell,  which  is  white. 
In  size  and  form  it  bears  a  close 
'—^  -  resemblance  to  the  field-pigeon, 
and  is  considered  a  good  flyer 
and  breeder.  Whatever  the 
color  of  the  bodice,  the  beak 
has  the  same  tint.  The  eye 
has  a  brownish-black  or  a  yellow  iris.  The  legs  and  feet  are  gener- 
ally stockinged,  or  trousered,  and  sometimes  heavily  feathered.  The 
Latz  is  certainly  a  pretty  pigeon,  with  its  well-contrasted  markings 
and  its  tendency  to  truly  perpetuate  its  colors  and  characteristics  in 
its  progeny.  The  original  blueblack  and  yellow  LaTz  seem  to  have 
died  out,  but  in  Germany  a  black  species  is  stmietimes  found  and 
designated  the  Vienna  Bodice  Pigeon.  It  is  probable  that  the  Latz 
is  a  lineal  descendant  of  the  Rock  species,  which  has  an  extensive 
existence  in  Europe,  Asia  and  Northern  Africa. 


Latz  Pigreon. 


The  AlPrican  Owl  belongs  to  a  race  of  pigeons  coneidered  the  most 
beautiful  and  attractive,  and  haa 
become  a  general  favorite.  It 
is  the  smallest  domestic  plge{m 
known,  a  pair  seldom  weighing 
more  than  one  pound,  and  often 
less.  The  smaller  sizes  possess 
the  greatest  value,  if  the  other 
characteristics  of  the  breed  are 
maintained.  The  best  specimens 
are  imported  from  Tunis  and 
other  countries  of  Northern 
Africa,  on  the  southern  ccjust  of 
the  Mediterranean  Sea.  They 
are  very  delicate  l)irds,  but  when 
acclimatized  are  quite  hardy  and 
good   breeders.     The   neck  and 


African  Owl  Pif^eon. 


tail  are  sliort,  the  chest  broad,  the  head  round  and  carried  well  up, 
the  beak  short  and  thick,  eyes  large  and  prominent,  and  centrally 
placed  in  the  head,  the  legs  and  feet  small  and  neat,  and  bright  red 
in  color.  The  color  of  the  bird  varies  from  white  to  blue  andblack. 
The  blue  Tunis  Owl  is  often  of  a  good  sound,  deep  shade,  with  jet- 
black  bars,  or  cross*stripes,  on  the  wings,  and  the  black  is  generally 
of  a  dull  color,  with  blacker  bars. 


The  Barb  has  been  in  existence  in  England,  it  is  believed,  for  300 
years,  and  receives  mention  in 
Shakspeare's  writings.  Another 
species  was  imported  into  Eng- 
land, several  years  ago,  from 
Southern  France,  which  is  known 
as  the  Polish  Pigeon.  The  gen- 
uine Barb  is  distinguished  by  its 
smooth  head  and  clean  legs;  an- 
other sort  has  the  legs  slightly 
feathered,  and  another,  in  Ger- 
many, has  a  frilled  breast.  The 
larger  sizes  of  this  bird  are  most 
esteemed.  The  neck  should  be 
short  and  thin,  the  breast  very 
broad,  the  legs  short,  the  throat 
without  swelling,  the  head  broad 
and  rather  flat,  with  a  fullness  at 
the  back.  The  wattle  of  the  eye  is  a  peculiar  mark  nf  the  Barb,  as 
seen  in  the  engraving.  It  extends  in  a  wide  circle  around  the  eye, 
and  is  of  a  bright  red,  in  age  becoming  very  much  lighter.  The  Barb 
belongs  to  the  same  race  of  pigeons  as  the  Carrier,  and  possesses 
similar  characteristics,  with  less  gracefulness  of  outline.  Its  beak, 
neck  and  legs  are  shorter  than  those  of  the  Carrier,  and  its  carriage 
is  less  dignified.  The  weight  of  the  Barb  is  from  13  to  16  ounces; 
its  length,  from  beak  to  tail,  12',^  to  14  inches. 


Barb  Pigeon. 


The  Jacobin  has  been  tlie  source  of  much  controversy  among 
pigeon  fanciers  as  to  what  con- 
stitutes the  true  species.  The 
name  appears  to  have  origi- 
nated in  tlie  Netherlands,  from 
the  fact  that  certain  feathers, 
turning  upward,  encompasslhe 
hinder  part  of  the  head,  like 
the  hood  of  a  monk  when 
pushed  back  to  uncover  his 
head.  In  size  the  smaller  bird 
is  often  preferred.  The  true 
Jacobin  should  have  a  longiieck 
and  the  body  also  long  and  nar- 
row in  girth;  the  head  broad 
across  the  crown,  and  well 
rounded  off  over  the  eyes,  with 
a  little  tuft  of  feathers  projectingovereacheye,  like  two  small  horns; 
the  beak  short  and  thick  at  the  base,  but  tapering  to  a  hooked  point; 
the  eyes  should  be  of  a  pure  pearly  white  color,  encircled  by  a  red- 
dish tinge;  the  legs  and  feet  smooth,  small,  neat  and  bright  red  in 
color:  the  feathers  soft  and  silky,  and  of  great  length;  and  the  stand- 
ard colors  are  red,  yellow  and  black.  The  Jacobin  is  now  more 
greatly  esteemed  than  it  formerly  was,  ranking  as  a  very  high-class 
bird,  whose  characteristics  it  is  difficult  to  breed,  and  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  known.  Among  pigeon  fanciers  it  is  justly  deemed 
a  favorite.      In  Germany  it  is  known  as  the  "■  U'ig-Piseon. 


Jacobin  Pigeon. 


~vc).-J>iC 


? 


190 


BIRDS  THAT  CHARM  THROUGH  INTELLIGENCE,  BEAUTY  AND  SONG. 


I 


Tlie  Skylark,  f^o  long  aud  widely  celebrated  in  song  and  story,  is 
found  in  a  native  statein  Europe, 
Northern  Africa  and  Asiatic 
countries  Its  form  is  beautiful, 
although  its  plumage  is  far  from 
brilliant;  but  its  morning  song, 
cheerful  and  prolonged,  as  the 
bird  rises  far  above  the  earth 
and  is  lost  to  sight,  delights  the 
listener  and  adds  a  charm  to 
the  rural  walk  at  sunrise.  This 
SKylarlc.  g^^^g  jg  singularly  modulated,  and 

those  accustomed  to  hear  it  can  tell  whether  the  lark  is  stationary, 

rising,  or  descending,  by  the  change  of  its  melody. 


Song'-Thrush. 


The  Song-Thrush,  a  native 
of  Europe,  (known,  also,  as  the 
Mavis,  or  Throstle)  is  consid- 
ered one  of  the  finest  house- 
birds  on  the  continent,  singing, 
when  free,  melodiously  during 
the  warm  seasons,  morning  and 
evening,  from  the  tops  of  trees 
or  bushes.  Not  only  is  it  es- 
teemed as  a  cage-bird,  but  its 
flesh,  in  a  wild  state,  and  to- 
ward winter,  is  very  fat  and 
iuicv,  and  so  makes  an  excel- 
lent dish  for  the  table. 


The  Mocking-Bird,  of  tht- 


native  American  species,  is  found 
extensively  in  the  Southern 
and  Southwestern  States,  de- 
riving its  name  from  the  rapid- 
ity and  ease  with  which  it 
imitates  the  songs  of  other 
birds  and  the  language  of  nearly 
all  animals.  In  addition  to  its 
powers  of  mimicry  it  utters  a 
full,  bold  and  varied  song  of 
its  own,  and  has  justly  become 
a  domestic  favorite.  Besides 
its  imitation  of  birds  and  ani- 
mals, it  has  the  faculty  of  re- 
producing whistling- winds,  etc. 


The  Gray  Parrot,  which  is, 
wilh  the  (ireen  Parrot,  most 
commonly  prized  as  a  cage  pet 
in  America,  possesses  remark- 
able fluency  as  a  talking-bird, 
and  is  esteemed,  also,  for  its 
gentle  disposition.  It  was  orig- 
inally found  upon  the  Western 
coast  of  Africa,  whence  it  is 
still  imported.  Among  its  other 
peculiarities  is  its  longevity, 
specimens  having  lived  from  70 
to  90  years.  Its  length  is  about 
a  foot;  its  color  an  ash-gray, 
with  grayish  feet  and  toes. 


Ciuiiirv  Blrrl. 


The  Canary,  now  a  universal 
favorite  as  a  singing  bird, 
belongs  tn  the  Finch  variety,  and 
is  found  in  the  Canary  Islands — 
hence  its  name.  Its  peculiari- 
ties are  so  well  known  that  a 
very  brief  notice  of  them  will 
sulllce.  Tliosc-  seen  in  cages  in 
this  country  ditTer  materially 
from  those  bred  in  their  native 
land,  and  arc  larger  in  size.  At 
home  it  builds  its  nest  in  the 
dense  f(diage  of  trees  and 
IfU^hes,  mates  in  February, 
hatches  five  or  six  broods  a 
year,  and  is  highly  prized  for 
latneness  and  its  clear,  ringing 


The   American  Yellow  Bird, 

Goldfinch,  and  otherwise  known 
as  the  ''Thistle  Bird,"  is  small 
and  symmetrical,  the  male  being 
of  a  bright  yellow  body-color, 
while  the  top  of  the  head,  the 
wings  and  the  tail  are  black,  with 
white  markings.  As  a  cage-bird 
It  is  a  fair  substitute  for  the 
Canary,  having  a  melodious  and 
cheerful  song,  which,  in  its  wild 
state,  is  remarkable  for  its  brisk 
and  ringing  notes.  Thousands 
are  annually  trapped  for  pets. 


sometimes  called 


American 


American  Yellow  Bird. 


The  Nightingale  was  known  to  the  ancients  by  the  name  of  Philo- 
meln,  ;iinl  lias  for  centuries 
ranked  among  the  most  delight- 
ful of  European  song-birds. 
Its  plumage  is  far  from  brilliant.  , 
During  the  winter  season  in 
Europe  it  resorts  to  Northern 
Africa,  but  on  the  approach  of 
warm  weather  it  returns  and  is 
found  over  the  greater  part  of 
Europe.  As  soon  as  it  mates, 
in  the  early  spring,  it  begins  to 
sing,  and  its  cheerful  notes  con- 
tinue until  its  progeny  hatches. 


Nightingale. 


The  Nonpareil  derives  its  name  from  its  superior  beauty  as  a 
bou^e-biiii,  ;aul  is  also  known 
as  the  "Painted  Finch,"'  or 
"Painted  Bunting."  The  head 
and  neck  are  of  a  violet  color; 
the  eye  brown,  with  a  red  circle 
around  it;  the  feet  and  beak  are 
brown;  the  back  a  yellowish- 
green;  The  sides,  throat,  chest 
and  the  whole  underpart  of  the 
body  bright  red;  the  wings 
variegated  with  red,  green  and 
reddish-brown,  and  the  tail  of 
the  latter  color.  When  tamed  it 
is  very  social  and  warbles  finely. 


Nonpareil. 


The  Chaffinch  is  a  native  of 
Europe,  and  rated  as  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  the  small 
singing  birds.  Tt  remains  in 
England  all  the  year  round,  and, 
like  the  Sparrows  and  Buntings, 
is  quite  familiar,  flocking  in  the 
winter  around  the  doors  of  farm- 
houses in  ([uesl  of  food.  DuriuL; 
May  and  u]>  to  the  middle  of 
June,  it  frequents  the  lanes  and 
gardens  in  numbers,  repeating 
its  cheerful  hut  ratlier  monot- 
onous ''twink,  twink,"  and 
gathering  insects  for  its  young. 


The  American  Linnet  belongs  to  the  genus  Fincli,  and  th 
European  Linnet  that  closely 
resembles  it.  There  are  also  two 
classes  of  this  bird — the  Lesser 
Red-Poll  Linnet  and  Mealy  Ked- 
Poll  TJnnel.  Anotlu'r  s]>ecies, 
found  in  the  New  England  States, 
and  called  a  Linnet,  is  said  to  be 
the  Purpli'  Finch.  The  Ked-Poll 
is  found  in  America,  during  the 
warm  weather,  alont;  the  north- 
ern tier  of  States  fron\  Maine  to 
Washington  Territory.  Its  plu- 
mage and  appearance  are  pleas- 
ing, and  its  song  is  soft  and  mel- 
low, with  Huflicient  variation 
and  swe(!tness  to  make  it  a  fa- 
vorite cage-bird. 


ere    is  a 


(b- — 


>^ 


? 


SEVERAL  VARIETIES  OF  FOWLS  AND  QUADRUPEDS. 


v.n 


? 


The  Oninea-Pig  h  a  native  of  South  America.     Tt  is  not  found  in 

(luintm  (Wi!»l,('rn  Africa)  nor 
(iocH  it  bcloiif^  to  tbi;  Hwini? 
family;  l»ut  it«  namu  is  siip- 
jiosed  to  hn  a  corruption  of 
"Guiana"  (a  country  in  South 
America)  and  its  ^TuntinK 
noise.  It  is  remarlvabk-  for  its 
beauty,  gentle  disposition  and 
itH  fecundity,  easily  bringing 
forth  from  four  to  twelv(*  off- 
spring every  six  weeks.  There 
i.s  great  variety  of  color-mark- 

;  in  its  fur;  those  with  a  dark  tortoise-shell  tint  are  most  valued. 


Guinea-Pier- 


The  Guinea-Fowl.  sometimes  called  the  Pintado,  belongs  to  the 
Turkey  family,  and  is  found 
wild  in  Africa,  where  there  seem 
to  be  ten  or  twelve  varieties, 
only  two  of  which  have  been  do- 
mesticated in  this  country.  It 
mates  in  pairs,  so  that  an  equal 
number  of  males  and  females 
should  be  provided.  They  are 
best  raised  from  the  eggs  hatch- 
ed by  a  common  barnyard  hen, 
old  birds  being  apt  to  wander 
away  from  home.  Their  flesh 
is  excellent  for  the  table,  and 
their  eggs  are  useful  in  the  cook 
room. 


Guinea-Fowl. 


Pheasants  belong  to  the  race  of  ornamental  birds  rather  than 
to  any  class  of  poultry,  and  is 
reared  for  the  amusement  of 
sportsmen  as  well  as  by  fowl- 
fanciers  on  account  of  its 
beauty.  They  are  found  wild 
in  Europe  and  America,  and  de- 
light in  seclusion,  seldom  laying 
or  rearing  their  young  in  open 
inclosures,  but  are  prolific  lay- 
ers and  good  mothers.  They 
are  scrupulously  fond  of  clean 
and  verdant  surroundings,  and 
require  green  food  and  animal 
flesh  much  more  than  do  other 

fowls.     Tiie  Golden  Pheasant  is  a  most  magnificent  addition   to  an 

amateur  collection. 


The  Pheasant. 


The  Pea-Fowl 


The  Pea-Fowl. 


to  the  Pheasant  family,  and  is  distin- 
guished by  only  two  varieties, 
both  of  which  originated  in  In- 
dia, but  are  found  in  nearly  all 
other  parts  of  the  world.  Al- 
though classed  among  the  do- 
mestic fowls,  it  cannot  be  con- 
sidered a  profitable  bird,  being 
always  kept  for  ornament.  Tbe 
flesh,  however,  when  the  fowl 
is  one  year  old,  is  said  to  be 
nutritious  and  well  flavored; 
but  the  full-grown  bird  is  unfit 
for  the  table.  It  reaches  ma- 
turity when  three  years  old. 
With  its  general  appearance  and 
characteristics  the  public  is  fa- 
miliar. The  newly  hatched 
chickens,  for  two  or  three  weeks, 
are  exceedingly  tender,  and 
require  even  better  care  than 
the  common  hen-mother  is  able 
to  provide;  it  is,  therefore,  con- 
sidered best  to  let  the  Pea-Fowl 
do  her  own  halcliing  and  nurs- 
ing. If  regularly  fed,  and 
treated  with  ordinary  kindness, 
they  become  very  tame,  but  are 
naturally  ill-natured,  quarreling 
with  other  fowls,  and  even  at- 
tacking children,  while  their 
voices  are  shrill  and  harsh. 


The  SwaXL  is  a  native  of  Europe  and  America,  but  was  known  and 
revered  by  tiie  aTJcientn.  It  be- 
longs to  the  Duck  family,  and 
po>*sesses  tbi^  web- foot  and  broad 
bill,  with  other  peculiarities  of 
most  aquatic  birds.  In  size  it  is 
larger  than  the  Goose,  and  in 
jioint  of  beauty  and  gracefulness 
i.s  superior  to  any  other  known 
water-fowl,  its  curved  neck,  clear 
eye  and  smooth  plumage  making 
it  very  attractive  in  lakes  and 
ponds.  Like  most  aquatic  birds 
it  has  short  legs,  and  its  gait  on 
land  is  very  infi^rior;  but  it  is 
easily  domesticated  and  justly 
prized  as  a  pet. 


The  Persian  Cat  b.iongs  to  the 
to  the  prrsi  riln  li  character- 
istics, sliould  posseHS  a  large 
body  and  very  long,  silken  and 
glossy  hair.  The  head  of  the 
male  should  be  very  broad  and 
high  above  the  eyes;  the  ears 
short,  well  feathered  inside, 
and  pointing  downward  and 
forward.  In  the  female  the  ? 
head  is  much  smaller  and 
sharper.  The  color  is  light 
bluish -gray,     with    an    inter- 


haired  race,  and,  according 


Persian  Cat. 


mingling  of  dark-brown,  which  becomes  more  dense  at  the  back. 


The  Angora  is  one  of  tbe  English  varieties  of  the  domestic  cat 
that  meets  v\'ilh  much  favor  at 
the  public  exhibitions.  It  be- 
longs to  the  long-haired  class, 
but  by  what  process  of  crossing 
with  other  breeds,  or  by  what 
other  methods,  it  has  been  ob- 
tained we  are  not  informed.  Its 
size  is  large,  and  its  fur  very 
long,  silken  and  glossy,  with  its 
eyes  prominent  and  yellow. 
The  one  shown  in  the  accom- 
panying illustration  is  the  prop- 
erty of  an  English  lady,  and  a 
fine  specimen  of  this  variety. 
The  body-fur  is  slate-colored, 
the  face  "vandyked"  with 
white,  and  it  has  a  beautiful 
snowy  apron  in  front.  Its  eyes 
are  green  and  sparkling,  and  it 
manifests  a  surly  grandenr, 
which  is  a  characteristic  of  the 
Angora.  The  same  lady  hasanother,  imported  from  Smyrna,  all  white, 
with  small  round  head,  long  hair  and  beseeching  eyes. 


Angora  Cat. 


animal. 


distiu- 


The  Brown  Tabby-Cat,  a  favorite  domesti( 
guished  l)y  its  largr,  long, 
massive  body,  shortisb  legs,  and 
its  great  strength  and  agility. 
The  head  is  large  and  round, 
with  perpendicular  stripes  con- 
verging toward  tbe  eyebrows 
and  branching  off  over  the 
cheeks.  The  face  has  an  intel- 
lectual cast,  and  the  ears  are 
short.  The  body- fur  has  a 
brown  groundwork  of  rich  tint, 
with  deep-black  markings  uni- 
formly arranged;  the  legs  are 
also  striped  transversely  with 
black,  and  the  tail  is  long  and 
moderately  bushy.  The  general 
appearance  of  this  cat  is  fine  and 
noble,  and  in  disposition  it  is 
docile,  honest  and  faithful,  fond 
of  children,  and  careful  and  do- 
mestic in  its  own  family  relations.  There  are  also  several  other 
varieties  of  the  Tabby— the  Blue,  the  Red,  and  the  Spotted,  differing 
principally  in  color. 


Brown  Tabby-Cat. 


-^;- 


A. 


K 


i 


•:c>— 


id'2 


PORTRAIT    OF    FARADAY,    THE    CHEMIST. 


Louis  John  Rudolph  Agassiz,   Faraday    and  ^sop. 


AMERICAN  naturalist  of  great 
eminence  in  scientific  circles  in 
Europe  and  America,  Agassiz,  was 
born  in  Motiers,  Switzerland,  in 
1807,  of  Huguenot  (French)  ances- 
tors. He  was  educated  partly  at 
home  and  partly  at  Bienne,  the 
college  of  Lausanne,  at  Zurich,  the 
university  of  Heidelberg,  and  the 
university  of  Munich,  Bavaria. 
At  the  latter  place  he  formed  the 
acquaintance  of  eminent  men  and 
studied  the  science  of  plants,  the 
embryonic  development  of  animals, 
ralogyand  philosophy,  under  com- 
t  teachers.  Subsequently  he  pre- 
tho 


•4tt  ■ 


ment  of 
tins'  great  work  on  Brazil 
for  publication  in  a  man- 
ner that  placed  him  in  the 
front  rank  of  naturalists. 
Hiy  next  important  work  was  the 
"Natural  History  of  the  Fresh-Water 
Fishes  of  Europe,*'  on  which  he 
labored  many  years,  publishing  it  in 
1839-MO.  In  the  meantime  he  had 
won  the  degrees  of  doctors  of  philos- 
ophy and  medicine,  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  natural  histdry  in  the 
reorganized  college  at  Neufchatel, 
Switzerland.  His  work  on  "Fossil 
Fisheb"  filled  five  volumes  and  a  folio 
atlas  of  about  400  plates;  its  publica- 
tion was  an  important  event  in  the 
scientific  world,  and  Agassiz  found 
himself  justly  appreciated  by  the 
learned  men  of  Europe.  The  univer- 
sities of  Edinburgh  and  Dublin  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D., 
and     he    was     made     a     member    of 

several  scientific  corporations.  He  also  published  otiu-r  works  of 
considerable  value  to  scientists.  From  1836  to  1845  he  cimtinued 
his  researches  among  the  Alps,  engaged  in  the  study  of  the  glaciers 
and  the  geological  phenomena  that  they  produce.  These  researches 
and  their  results  were  published  in  1840  and  in  1847,  in  two  separate 
volumes,  and  ewtabUsh  the  fact  that  the  rocky  boulders  seen  in  so 
many  portions  of  the  world,  were  conveyed  to  the  places  where  they 
are  found  by  the  action  of  ice-rivers,  or  bodies  of  moving  ice. 
Agassiz,  coming  to  America  in  1846,  further  confirmed  his  glacial 
theory  by  researches  in  an  excursion  to  Lake  Superior.  In  Bosteni 
he  delivered  a  series  of  public  lectures,  listened  to  by  large  audi- 
ences, giving  a  general  review  of  the  animal  kingdom,  and  another 
course  upon  the  glaciers  and  their  work.  Otlier  portions  of  the 
east  and  south  were  visited,  to  compare  the  animals  of  the  northern 
and  southern  latitudes.  In  1847  he  continued  his  scientific  researches 
along  the  Atlantic  cr)ast  with  the  govenimctit  coast  tsurvcy;  the  saiue 


year  he  accepted  the  professorship  of  zoology  and  geology  in  Abbott 
Lawrence's  scientific  school  in  Cambridge;  in  1848  he  made  a  scien- 
tific exploration  of  the  Lake  Superior  region,  and  about  that  time  he 
published  his  "Principles  of  Zoology,"  for  use  in  schools;  in  the  mean- 
time lecturing  on  scientific  subjects  in  different  portions  of  the  country. 
In  1850  he  investigated  the  Florida  reef,  and  in  1851  explored  the 
State  of  New  York.  In  1852  he  accepted  a  professorship  of  com- 
parative anatomy  in  the  medical  college  of  Charleston,  S.  C. ,  making 
within  two  years  a  thorough  study  of  marine  animals  on  that  coast, 
and  in  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.  Finding  that  the  climate  dis- 
agreed with  him,  he  resigned  and  returned  north.  In  1868  he  was 
appointed  a  non-resident  professor  in  Cornell  university,  at  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.  In  1865  he  started,  with  six  assistants,  at  the  expense  of  a 
Boston  merchant,  on  a  scientific  excursion  in  Brazil.  The  excursion 
lasted  about  fifteen  months,  and  was  rich  in  scientific  results,  ifs 
immense  collections  being  preserved  in  the  Cambridge  museum. 
Subsequently  Agassiz  made  an  excur- 
sion to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  in 
1872  he  made  an  ocean  voyage  around 
Cape  Horn  in  a  coast  survey  steamer, 
with  other  scientists,  for  deep-sea 
dredging,  the  results  of  which  proved 
important  in  the  study  of  oceanic 
animals.  His  next  great  work  was  the 
establishment  of  a  scientific  school 
at  a  point  on  the  Northern  Atlantic 
coast,  in  which  he  continued  to  teach 
until  his  death,  in  1873. 


Michael 

Cheniint,  Electrician,  ai 


IWICHAEL    FARADAY. 

HE  chemist  and  natural  philos- 
opher, Michael  Faraday,  was  born 
at  Newington,  England,  in  1791, 
learned  the  book-binders'' trade,  after- 
wards studied  electricity,  and  became 
chemical  assistant  to  Sir  Humphry 
Davy  at  the  Royal  institution.  For  a 
long  series  of  years  he  pursued  his 
scientific  investigations,  made  several 
distinguished  discoveries,  received 
great  honors  and  emoluments,  and 
filled  several  important  stations  in 
scientific  institutions.  Among  his 
discoveries  are  the  chlorides  of  carbon,  the  mutual  rotation  of  a 
magnetic  pole  and  an  .electric  current,  the  condensation  of  gases, 
diamagiu'tism.  The  influence  of  magnetism  upon  light,  the  magnetic 
character  of  oxygen,  and  the  magnetic  relations  of  flame  and  gases. 
He  died  at  Hampton  Court,  near  London,  in  1867. 


Faraday, 

iiii  Einiiiunt  Pliilosopher. 


AESOP. 

THE  ancient  pliilosophi-r  and  fabulist,  ^Esop,  was  born  in  Phrygia 
(Asia  Minor),  and  flourished  about  600  years  before  Christ.  While 
a  slave  at  Athens,  Greece,  he  exhibittid  so  much  virtue  and  talent 
that  he  was  set  at  liberty.  Croesus,  the  rich  Grecian,  sent  him  on  a 
mission  to  Delphi,  where  he  so  incensed  the  people  by  bis  ridicule 
and  plain-speaking  that  they  precipitated  him  from  a  rocky  eminence 
and  killed  him,  after  bringing  against  him  a  calumnious  charge  of 
sacrilege.  His  fables,  and  others  alleged  to  have  been  written  by 
him,  are  loo  well-known  to  require  more  than  mere  nu'nt'<>n. 


.Qfy 


^ 


;^. 


UlSCOVEREKiS    AND    SCIENTISTS. 


NTTL  1865  the  university  at 
Jena,  in  Gcrmimy,  hud 
no  professorship  of  zool- 
ogy. In  that  year  one 
WHS  created  expressly 
forErnst  Ilcinrich 
Haeckel,  who  was  born 
at  Potsdam,  Prussia,  in 
1834.  At  an  early  age 
he  made  botany,  anat- 
omy, and  histology  his 
studies,  and  practiced 
medicine  for  ii  time  in 
Berlin,  but  abandoned  it 
for  his  favorite  pursuits  in 

the  study  of  nature,  with  such  success  that  he  introduced  many  new 

genera  and  species  of  rhizopods.    Upon 

being  appointed  to  his  professorship  he 

began   the    formation   of    a    scientific 

museum     that     has     since     become 

extremely  valuable.    He  has  publituhed 

several   scientific    works,    giving    the 

results  of  his  zoological  investiga- 
tions, and    largely  demonstrating  the 

correctness    of    Darwin's    theory    of 

evolution,  with  modifications.  Dar- 
win, indeed,  considers  that  almost  all 

the  conclusions  at  which  he  has  arrived 

are    confirmed    by   Haeckel,    who,  he 

concedes,  possesses  fuller  knowledge 

on  many  points  than  himself. 


Haeckel,  Pitman,  Hitchcock,  Guyot  and  Harvey. 


ISAAC  PITMAN. 

■ySAAC  PITMAN,  distinguished  as 
the  inventor  of  the  system  of 
\  phonography,  or  short-handwriting, 
was  born  at  Trowbridge,  England,  in 
1813.  His  education  was  completed 
at  the  normal  British  school,  in  Lon- 
don, and  after  leaving  that  institution 
he  was  employed  in  several  different 
schools  as  principal.  As  early  as  1768 
Franklin  had  suggested  a  system  of 
jihonography.  Mr.  Pitman  invented 
his  system  in  1837,  and  in  1843  the 
Phonetic    society,    whose    object  was  • 

to  render  our  method  of  writing  and  printing  more  in  accordance 
with  sound,  was  established,  with  Mr.  Pitman  as  secretary. 
His  first  book  was  entitled  "Stenographic  Sound  Hand."  Estab- 
lishing a  printing-office  at  Bath,  England,  he  printed  a  weekly  paper 
called  the  Phonetic  Journal^  several  manuals  relating  to  short-hand 
writing,  and  the  Bible  and  other  books  in  phonetic  language. 


Amherst  college  from  1825  to  1845,  and  pret^idont  of  that  institution 
from  1845  to  1854,  retaining  the  chair  of  natural  theology  until  his 
death,  in  1804.  In  183U  he  was  appointed  State  geologist  of  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1836  of  the  first  district  of  New  York,  and  in  1857  of 
Vermont.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  State  board 
of  agriculture,  and  in  1850  was  commissioned  by  the  State  govern- 
ment to  investigate  the  agricultural  schools  in  Europe.  His  most 
important  writings  are  those  which  relate  very  fully  to  the  geology 
and  fossil  remains  of  his  native  State  and  of  the  Connecticut  valley, 
although  he  wrote  more  than  twenty  volumes  concerning  geology, 
temperance,  diet,  etc.  His  last  work  was  -'lleminiscencesof  Amherwt 
College,"'  with  the  interests  of  which  institution  he  was  so  long  and 
clos(dy  connected,  and  which  he  so  materially  aided  and  strengthened 
by  his  personal  efforts.  He  was  also  the  first  president  of  the 
American  Scientific  association.  Among  his  works  are;  "History 
of  a  Zoological  Temperance  Convention  in  Central  Africa,"  "Lec- 
tures on  the  Peculiar  Phenomena  of 
the  Four  Seasons,"  and  "Illustrations 
of  Surface  Geology." 


'{Q/iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiit**^' 

Isaac  Pitman. 

Inventor  of  Phonography,  a  System  of  Short-Hand  Writing. 


EDWARD  HITCHCOCK. 

niE  .\merican  geologist,  Edward  Hitchcock,  was  born  atDeerfield, 
Mass. ,  in  1793.      In  his  younger  days  he  became  principal  of 
the  Deerfield  academy  and  pastor  of  a  Congregational  church  at 
Conway.     He   was   professor   of  chemistry  and  natural   history   in 


ARNOLD  HENRY  GUYOT. 

UK  Anurican  gL'ographtT,  Arnold 
II.  Guyot,  was  born  near  Neuf- 
chatel,  Switzerland,  in  1807.  He 
studied  natural  science  with  Agassiz, 
besides  obtaining  a  knowledge  of  phys- 
ics, meteorology,  chemistry,  mineral- 
ogy, zoology,  and  botany.  For  ten 
years  (1835  to  1845)  he  made  scientific 
journeys  in  France,  Belgium,  Hol- 
land, Switzerland  and  Italy,  studying, 
mainly,  the  ^geologic  peculiarities  of 
the  Alps.  From  1839  to  1848  he  was 
professor  of  history  and  physical 
geography  in  the  academy  of  Neuf- 
chatel.  Removing,  in  1848,  to  the 
United  States,  he  lectured  on  physi- 
cal geography  and  history;  organized 
a  system  of  meteorological  observa- 
tions for  the  Smithsonian  institution; 
lectured  in  the  normal  schools  of 
Massachusetts ;  studied  the  altitudes 
of  various  American  mountains;  was 
appointed  professor  of  physical  geog- 
raphy at  Princeton  college  (of  New 
Jersey),  and  published  several  books 
and  lectures  on  hia  favorite  sciences.      Died,  Feb.  8,  1884, 


WILLIAM  HARVEY. 

jylLLIAM  HARVEY,  an  KiiL'lisli  physician  and  philosopher,  was 
h/  born  at  Ffflkestone,  England,  in  1578.  He  studied  exten- 
\\^  sively  at  Cambridge  and  elsewhere,  and  then  settltMl  as  a  physi- 
cian in  London.  There  he  became  physician  to  St.  Bartholomew's 
hospital  and  lecturer  in  the  college  of  that  name  on  surgery  and 
anatomy.  He  partially  announced  his  great  discovery  of  the  circula- 
tion of  the  blood  in  1616,  but  did  not  fully  publish  it  until  twelve 
years  later.  He  was  physician  to  both  Kings  James  I.  and  Charles  I. , 
and  published  a  learned  work  on  "  Generation.  "     He  died  in  1657. 


13 


^C)  K 


ly-i 


A    POKTRAIT    OP^    LIEBIG,    TIIK    GEKMAX    CUKMIST. 


Baron  Liebig,  Gunter,  Graham,  and  Wm.  Lloyd  Garrison. 


GERMAN  chemist.  Baron  Justus  von 
Liebig,  was  born  at  Darmstadt,  Germany, 
in  1803.  He  was  educated  at  tbe  univer- 
sity of  Bonn,  and  studied  cliemistry  in 
Paris  two  years.  In  1826  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  chemistry  in  the  university 
at  Giessen,  Germany,  and  established  his 
laboratory  for  the  practical  study  of 
chemistry,  which  became  the  resort  of 
chemical  students  from  different  portions  of  the 
civilized  globe,  including  many  noted  developers 
of  that  science.  Liebig's  most  important  additions 
to  science  are  undoubtedly  his  alleged  discovery  of 
chloroform,  and  his  celebrated  treatise  on  "  Chemistry  in 
its  Application  to  Agriculture  and  Physiolog}',"  followed 
by  another,  entitled  (in  the  English  translation)  "■Familiar 

Letters  on  Chemistry  and  its  Relations  to  Commerce,  Physiology  and 

Agriculture."     In  the  first  of  these  works  he  informs  the  reader  that 

his  object  is  to  develop,  in  a  manner  correspondent  to  the  present 

state  of  science,  the  fundamental  principles  of  chemistry  in  general, 

and  the  laws  of  organic  chemistry  in 

particular,    in    their    applications    to 

agriculture    and    physiology;    to   the 

causes    of    fermentation,    decay    and 

putrefaction,  to  the  vinous  and  acetic 

fermentations,    and     to    nitrification. 

He  also  shows  how  woody  fiber  is  con- 
verted into  wood  and    mineral  coal, 

the  nature  of  poisons,  contagions  and 

miasms,  and  the  causes  of  their  action 

on  the  orgaus  of  living  beings.  Pur- 
suing the  subject  further,  he  produced 

other   works:    '■'Animal    Chemistry," 

"  Researches    on    ihe     Chemistry    of 

Food,"  "  The  Motions  of  the  Juices 

of   the  Animal  Body,"  etc.     He  also 

gave  much  attention  to  the  subject  of 

using  the  sewage  of  cities  to  the  best 

advantage  as  a  means  of    fertilizing 

exhausted  soils;  he  also  expressed  his 

views  of  the  value  of   extracting  the 

"  essence  of  meat,"  and  preparing  it 

for   future    use,   instead   of    the   raw 

material.     Few  men  have  ever  turned 

chemistry  to    so  many   valuable   and 

practical    uses    in   every-day  life    as 

Liebig,  and  his  services  in  this  direc- 
tion    were     duly     appreciated     and 

rewarded  with  honors  and  honorable  positions  during  hia  life-time. 

He  died  at  Munich,  Bavaria,  in  1873. 


SYLVESTER  GRAHAM. 

YLVESTER  GRAHAM,  the  oiiu'inatoi  of  ''Graham  bread,"  was 
born  at  Suftleld,  Conn.,  in  1794.  He  was  dyspeptic  and  rheu- 
matic from  an  early  age,  and  tried  farming  and  several  other 
occupations,  but  without  attaining  good  health.  Entering  Amherst 
college  in  1823,  he  prepared  for  the  pulpit,  and  some  three  years 
afterwards  became  a  Presbyterian  minister.  He  began  lecturing 
on  temperance  in  1830  under  the  auspices  of  the  Pennsylvania 
temperance  society,  studying  physiology  and  anatomy,  and  became 
convinced  that  judicious  habits  of  life  were  the  only  cure  for  intem- 
perance. He  prepared  an  essay  on  cholera  in  1832,  and  wrote, 
delivered,  and  published  his  "Lectures  on  the  Science  of  Human 
Life,"'  which  were  printed  in  book-form  in  1839.  Among  his  other 
writings  was  a  treatise  on  "Bread  and  Bread  Making,"  which  gave 
his  name  to  bread  made  from  unbolted  flour.  His  "  Philosophy  of 
Sacred  .History,"  which  was  designed  to  show  the  harmony  between 
the  teachings  of  the  Bible  and  his  own  views  on  dietetics,  was  pub- 
lished after  his  death.  He  was  married  in  1826,  previous  to  entering 
upon  the  ministry.  His  death  occurred  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  in 
1851. 


Liebig, 
Weil-Known  Cheuiist  and  Author. 


EDMUND  GUNTER. 
■/HE  ENGLISH  mathcin;Hi(i;iii  ami  aytnmonier,  Edmund  Gunter, 
was  born  in  Hertfordshire,  England,  in  1581.  He  was  educated 
at  Westminster  and  Oxford,  and  was  for  six  years  professor  of 
astronomy  at  Gresbam  college.  He  was  also  the  inventor  of  the 
"  Gunter  scale,"  well  known  by  its  nse  in  solving  problems  and  in 
navigation,  etc.  ;  improved  various  mathematical  instruments,  known 
as  "  Gunter's  chain,"  "Gunter's  line,"  and  "Gnnter's  quadrant." 
The  surveyor's  chain  of  the  present  day  was  introduced  by  him. 
He  published  several  mathematical  works,  and  died  in  1620. 


WILLIAM  LLOYD  GARRISON. 
HE  AMERICAN  journalist, 
reformer  and  philanthropist, 
William  Lloyd  Garrison,  was 
born  at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  in  1804. 
Learning  the  printer's  trade  in  his 
native  town,  he  wrote  for  the  paper  on 
which  he  worked,  and  at  twenty-two 
owned  and  edited  the  Free  Press. 
Afterwards,  in  Boston,  he  edited  the 
first  paper  ever  devoted  to  total 
abstinence  from  intoxicating  drinks, 
and,  after  that,  a  political  reform 
journal  at  Bennington,  Vt.  In  1829 
he  went  to  Baltimore  and  assisted  in 
editing  the  Genius  of  Universal 
Ejnancipafion.  An  unfortunate  article 
led  to  his  being  fined  and  imprisoned. 
In  1833,  at  Boston,  he  founded  the 
Liberator.,  a  reform  journal,  devoted 
to  anti-slaver}',  national  peace,  tem- 
perance, woman  suffrage,  the  abolition 
of  capital  punishment,  and  religious 
freedom.  This  sheet  he  continued  to 
issue  until  December,  1865.  In  1833, 
he  aided  in  founding  the  New  England 
Anti-Slavery  society,  and,  in  1838,  the 
American  Anti-Slavery  society,  of  which  he  was  the  continuous 
president  from  its  youth  until  1865.  His  bold  stand  in  the  cause  of 
negro  freedom  created  many  enemies  to  him  in  the  South,  and  among 
certain  politicians  in  the  North.  The  latter  of  these  attacked  him  at 
a  put)lic  meeting  in  Boston,  in  1835,  and  his  life  was  endangered, 
but  the  authorities  managed  to  rescue  him  from  the  mob.  The 
proclamation  of  emancipation  ended  the  contest  for  the  freedom  of 
the  slaves,  and  he  lived  to  celebrate  the  triumph  of  his  principles. 
During  his  life  ho  made  several  visits  to  England.  On  the  occasion 
of  his  visit  in  1867,  he  was  feted  by  Englishmen,  and  presented  with 
the  freedom  of  the  city  of  Edinburgh.  Several  collections  of  his 
prose  and  poetic  writings  have  been  published.  He  died  in  New 
York,  in  May,  1879. 


DISiTINOUISHED    INDIVIDUALS    IN    VARIOUS    FIKLDS    OF    LABOK. 


li>5 


? 


Linnaeus,  Gillott,  Huxley  and  Mrs.  Cady  Stanton. 


j  HE  Swedish  imtiinilist,  Carl  von  Linnieup,  was 
born  in  1707,  at  Kasbult,  Sweden.     From 
infancy  he  manifested  a   fondness  for  the 
study  of  plants.     He  studied  at  the  univer- 
sities of  Lund  and  Upsal,  and  at  an  early 
a:^e  formed  the  idea  of  that  botanical  system 
which   made   him   famous.      Between  1731 
and  1738  he  explored  Lapland,  lived  three 
years    in    Holland,    as    superintendent  of 
Clifforl's    celebrated    garden,    received    a 
medical  degree,  and  visited    England    and 
France.     In  1738,  returning  to  Sweden,  he 
practiced  medicine  at  Stockholm,  and  pros- 
His   fame   spread  througli   all   parts  of  the 
civilized  world;  he  was  freely  enrolled  as  a  member 
of    scientific    societies,    and    acquired    considerable 
wealth.     He  published  several  scientific  works.     He 
married,  about   1738,  a   lady  to  whom  he  had   been 
betrothed  five  years  previously.    While  lecturing  on  botany, 
f'  'I      in  1774,  his  health  was  impaired 
i^       ''^  ""    """Ck    of    apople-iy,  and 
two  years  later  his  right  side  was 
paralyzed,    which    resulted    in    his    death, 
January  10,  1778.     Linna-us  was  a  man  of 
untiring  energy,  and  his  death  was  generally 
mourned  at  Upsal. 


"V  WORD  that  has  come  into  the  language  within  the  past  few  years 
jL  is  "protoplasm,"  which  represents  the  Idea  that  a  combination 
^J'  of  compounds,  carbonic  acid,  water  and  ammonia,  bro[i;,'ht 
together,  will  produce  life.  The  theory  was  advanced  in  a  lecture 
on  "The  Pliysiciil  Basis  of  Life,"  delivered  by  Professor  Huxley,  in 
1868.  Thomas  Henry  Huxley  was  born  at  Middlesex,  England,  May 
4,  1825.  Graduating  from  the  Charing  Cross  Medical  college,  in  184.5, 
he  became  a  contributor  on  medical  subject."  to  the  Medical  Times 
soon  afterwards.  While  in  Ilaslar  Hospital,  in  the  service  of  the 
royal  navy,  he  was  selected  as  an  assistant  surgeon,  in  IS-IB,  to 
accompany  Captain  Stanley  on  an  expedition  to  the  South  Pacific  on 
the  ship  Rattlesnake.  The  voyage  consumed  four  years'  time,  a 
portion  of  which  was  spent  in  Australia.  These  years  of  travel  and 
exploration  Mr.  Huxley  improved  by  study  and  observation  of  the 
natural  history  of  the  countries  he  visited,  the  range  of  zoological 
knowledge  being  largely  increased  by  his  communications  in  the 
meantime.  Returning  from  this  journey  and  resigning  his  position 
in  the  navy,  he  became  a  professor  in  the  Royal   School  of  Mines; 


took  up  his   residence 


JOSEPH  GILLOTT. 

y^OSEPH  GILLOTT,  who  distinguished 
himself  as  the  improver  and  most  exten- 
\}  sive  manufacturer  of  steel  pens,  was 
born  in  Warwickshire,  England,  about  the 
year  1800.  Early  in  life  he  became  a  grinder 
of  cutlery  at  Sheffield.  Afterwards  he  re- 
moved to  Birmingham,  and  began  to  manu- 
facture steel  ))cns,  being  assisted  by  his 
wife,  making  them,  it  is  said,  in  a  garret, 
and  selling  them  to  small  dealers  in  goods 
in  the  city.  At  first  they  manufactured 
what  are  known  as  the  black  "  barrel  "  pens, 
which  were  not  much  better  than  the  ordi- 
nary quill  pens.  His  first  improvement  in  their  manufacture  was 
accomplished  in  1880,  and  was  so  marked  that  his  trade  began  to 
flourish.  The  use  of  machinery  in  their  manufacture  was  the  next 
step  in  his  enterprise,  together  with  some  other  minor  improvements, 
which  tended  to  make  his  pens  more  desirable,  until  the  demand  for 
them  gradually  increased  with  such  profit  to  himself  that  he  was 
able  to  build  a  large  manufactory  at  Birmingham,  and  supply  dealers 
in  other  countries  besides  his  own.  The  tendency  of  his  enterprise 
has  been  to  cheapen  the  price  of  this  very  useful  article  of  commerce, 
and  by  this  means  to  increase  the  facilities  of  correspondence.  By 
his  skill  and  energy  he  amassed  a  large  fortune.  His  works  at 
Binniugham  consume  about  five  tons  of  steel  weekly  in  producing 
150.000.000  pens  a  year.  Compared  with  softer  pens  the  black 
"  barrel  "  article  was  stiff  and  unwieldy,  but  on  making  his  improve- 
ment as  indicated  by  cutting  three  slits  in  lieu  of  one,  it  became 
quite  serviceable.  When  he  commenced  the  business  the  price  of 
a  steel  pen  was  many  hundreds  of  times  greater  than  at  the  time  of 
his  death.  Mr.  Gillott  was  a  patron  of  the  fine  arts,  and  at  his  death, 
in  1878,  he  had  collected  a  celebrated  gallery  of  paintings  at  his 
country  residence,  near  Edgbaston,  England.  The  story  of  Gillott 
is  ilhistrative  of  what  may  be  accninplished  by  continuous  industry. 


Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton, 
Organizer  of  the  First  Woman's  Rights  Convention. 

degrees  from  various  uni\'crsities 


in  London,  and  thenceforward  devoted  his 
time  to  scientific  research,  in  which  field  he 
has  done  much  toward  i>opulariziug  science 
by  lectures.  A  prominent  member  of  vari- 
ous philosophical  societies,  he  was  also  an 
active  member  in  the  London  school  board 
of  education  from  1870  to  1872,  during 
which  time  he  strenuously  opposed  denom- 
inational teaching  in  the  schools,  and  was 
conspicuous  in  his  denunciation  of  Roman 
Catholicism.  Accepting  Darwin's  theory  of 
"natural  selection, "  he  has  done  much  in 
acquainting  the  world  with  the  suiiject  of 
evolution ,  while  the  science  of  zoology  has 
been  greatly  advanced  by  his  contributions. 
In  defense  of  the  theory  of  evolution,  in 
his  lectures  "On  Man's  Place  in  Nature," 
he  claims  that  the  anatomical  difference 
between  man  and  the  higher  apes  is  less 
great  than  that  existing  between  the  highest 
and  the  lowest  apes.  A  corresponding 
member  of  the  principal  foreign  societies. 
Professor  Huxley   has    received   honorary 


ELIZABETH  CADY  STANTON. 

^AMOUS  in  the  wouiau-suffrage  movement  is  Elizabeth  Cady 
Stanton,  who  was  born  at  Johnstown,  N.  Y. ,  in  181G.  Receiving  a 
liberal  education,  she  studied  law,  and  delighted  in  horseback 
riding.  During  a  visit  at  the  residence  of  Gerril  Smith,  at  Peterboro, 
N.  Y. ,  she  met  her  future  husband,  Henry  B.  Stanton,  a  young  anti- 
slavery  orator,  and  they  were  married  a  few  months  later.  In  1840  they 
visited  Europe.  On  their  return  Mr.  Stanton  practiced  law  for  five 
years,  and  afterwards  removed  to  Seneca  Falls,  X.  Y.  In  1848  Mrs. 
Stanton  distinguished  herself  by  being  the  chief  agent  in  calling,  a1 
Seneca  Falls,  the  first  woman's-rights  convention  known  in  history. 
In  this  convention  she  participated  largely  and  actively,  drafting  its 
resolutions  and  declarations  of  sentiment,  and  making  a  pul)lic 
speech  in  favor  of  woman  suffrage  with  great  boldness  of  opinion. 
This  convention  was  held  July  19  and  20,  1840.  Her  father  was 
alarmed  at  her  advanced  position,  deeming  her  insane,  and  labored 
assiduously  but  iuelTectuftlly  with  her,  trying  to  reason  her  out  of  the 
position  she  had  taken.  Since  then  she  has  maintained  those  views 
as  vigorously  as  when  she  first  promulgated  them. 


— jO. 


^ 


■.Q- 

196 


THE    ENGIXEEK,    EADS.       THE    IXVEXTOE,    MOKSE. 


m 


^■laxfiu 


Jamss  B,  Eads, 


S.  F.  B.  Morss,  i 


7Z5xS3-r 


JAMES  B.  EADS. 


Prof.  S.   F.   B.   MORSE. 


^^P  Weil-Known  Engineer. 


Electrician  and  Inventor. 


HE  SUBJECT  of  this  sketch,  James  B.  Eads,  was 
born  at  Lawrenceburg,  Indiana,  in  1820.  and 
afterwards,  in  1839,  with  his  parents,  removed 
to  Louisville,  Ky.  At  eleven  years  of  age,  having  a 
fondness  for  mechanics,  he  constructed  a  practical 
steam-engine,  and  this  led  to  furtherdevelopraentsand 
facilities  for  mechanical  ingenuity.  The  family 
becoming  poor,  and  failing  to  find  employment  in  Louis- 
ville, James  went  to  St.  Louis,  working  his  passage, 
without  a  coat,  or  shoes  on  his  feet;  not  finding  work,  he  took  to 
peddling  apples  on  the  street  until  he  should  secure  a  situation. 
Getting  employment  at  last,  in  a  mercantile  house,  he  had  access 
to  the  library  of  one  of  his  employers,  and  his  studies  of  machinery, 
mechanics  and  engineering  were  resumed.  Afterwards  he  was 
employed  as  a  clerk  on  a  Mississippi  river  steamer  for  several  years; 
thus  he  obtained  a  useful  knowledge  of  that  important  water-course. 
At  twenty-two  he.  with  others,  entered  upon  the  employment  of 
raising  sunken  or  wrecked  steamers  on  the  river,  their  operations 
extending  from  Galena,  111.,  totheBalize,  La.,  and  several  tributaries 
of  that  stream.  The  enterprise  became  very  successful.  Selling 
out.  he  established  a  glass  factory  at  St.  Louis,  but,  with  a  new  com- 
pany, he  soon  returned  to  the  work  of  rescuing  sunken  steamers. 
In  ten  years  the  company  made  $500,000. 

In  185V,  owing  to  ill-health,  he  was  forced  to  retire  from  business, 
but  when  the  Rebellion  came,  Mr.  Eads  threw  the  weight  of  his 
money  and  restored  energies  on  the  Union  side,  building  gunboats 
for  the  government  and  receiving  handsome  emoluments;  fourteen 
gunboats,  heavily  armored,  and  four  mortar-boats  were  turned  out, 
with  seven  "tin-clad"  transports,  or  musket-proof  boats,  for  the 
Union.  After  the  war  be  obtained  a  government  contract  for  building 
"jetties "' at  the  mouths  of  the  Mississippi  river,  at  a  big  price,  and 
with  such  success  that  large  ocean  vessels  may  now  enter  the  Missis- 
sippi river  without  hindrance,  through  the  improved  channels  that  be 
has  made. 

Captain  Eads  has  lately  given  much  attention  to  tht-  matter  of 
ebivating  vessels  upon  wheels  and  triinsportiug  them  by  railway 
arroHs  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 


AMUEL  FINLEY  BREESE  MORSE  was  a  native  of 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  where  he  first  saw  the  light, 
April  27,  I79I.  Having  perfected  his  education  at 
Yale  College  in  1810,  he  visited  Europe  with  Washington 
AUston,  studied  art  under  the  supervision  of  that  cele- 
brated painter  and  the  renowned  Benjamin  West,  and 
became  quite  proficient  both  in  painting  and  sculpture, 
remaining  abroad  until  1815.  Returning  home,  he 
followed  his  profession  in  Boston.  Charleston  and  New  York  city, 
and  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design, 
established  in  New  York  in  1826.  For  sixteen  years  he  was  presi- 
dent of  this  institution.  In  1829  he  revisited  Europe  for  the  purpose 
of  completing  his  art  studies,  and  returned  in  about  three  years.  As 
professor  of  literature  of  the  arts  of  design  in  the  University  of  New 
York,  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  affinity  of  those  arts, 
in  1835.  A  student  of  chemistry  and  natural  philosophy,  as  well  as 
art.  it  is  not  strange  that  in  1820 -'27  ho  became  interested  in  the 
science  of  electro-magnetism  and  made  it,  in  connection  with  tele- 
graphy, the  subject  of  intense  study  and  the  object  of  another  voyage 
to  Europe. 

In  1832  he  conceived  and  practically  demonstrated  the  great  electric 
telegraph  system,  which  now  bears  his  name.  After  various  failures 
in  seeking  government  aid  to  perfect  his  invention,  he  was  surprised 
and  delighted,  in  1843,  by  an  appropriation  of  $30,000  from  Congress, 
with  which  to  erect  his  first  telegraph  line  between  Washington  and 
Baltimore.  Upon  its  completion  his  success  was  assured,  and 
wealth  and  honor  were  attained.  His  own  countrymen  proudly 
acknowledged  the  superiority  of  his  genius,  and  the  crowned  heads 
of  the  old  world  bestowed  upon  him  rich  and  elegant  tokens  of  their 
high  apprepiation  of  his  invention.  To  him  also  is  the  world 
indebted  for  electro-magnectic  sub-marine  telegraphy  and  the 
Atlantic  cable,  of  which  he  made,  it  is  believed,  tlie  first  suggestion 
in  1843. 

In  June,  1871,  in  commemoration  of  his  invaluable  scientific  dis- 
coveries, ji  bronze  statue  of  him.  provided  by  the  telegraphers,  wae 
publicly  unveiled  in  Central  Park.  N.  Y. ,  by  William  CuUin  Bryant. 
He  died  in  New  York,  April  2,  1872. 


x5^ 


ML 


ilKN    I'XiUMIA'liNT   IN    MEDICAL    SCIENCE. 


1U7 


? 


Eminent  Physicians. 


Dr.  Abernethy.         '  tiW 


■m 


"w 


Distinguished  for  Skill  and  Medical  Discovery. 


\17 


HE  ECCENTRIC  surgeon,  John 
Abeniethy,  was  boru  either  in  Scotland 
or  Ireland,  in  1764.  Probably  no  man 
ever  more  lightly  esteemed  the  opinions 
of  others,  or  endeavored  to  impress  his 
own  views  upon  the  minds  of  others 
with  more  clearness.  Whatever  may 
be  thought  of  his  bhnit  and  offensive 
manners,  his  professional  and  private 
character  rank  high.  At  first,  as  a  medical  student,  he  was  a  scholar 
of  Sir  Charles  Blick,  surgeon  of  St.  Bartholomew's  hospital,  and 
afterwards  of  the  learned  John  Hunter.  Early  in  life  he  nearly 
revolutionized  the  science  of  surgery  by  his  exposition  of  the  funda- 
mental principles  upon  which  surgical  operations  have  since  been 
conducted,  and  by  the  boldness  and  success  with  which  he  tied  up 
ruptured  jug\ilar  veins  and  iliac  (or  main  flank)  arteries  in  the 
human  body.  Having  acquired  great  distinction  in  his  profession, 
he  was  successively  appointed  surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew's  and 
Christ's  hospitals,  and,  in  1814,  professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery  to 
the  Royal  college  of  surgeons.  As  a  writer  of  books  relating  to  his 
favorite  science,  he  became  a  standard  authority  in  nearly  all  the 
medical  colleges  of  Europe  and  America.  Among  these  were  tracts, 
treatises,  essays  and  collections  of  his  medical  lectures.  He  died 
at  Enfield,  England,  in  1831. 


EDWARD  JENNER. 

N  THE  year  1718  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montague  brought  from 
Turkey  to  England  the  practice  of  inoculating  persons  with  small- 
pox, as  a  means  of  preventing  any  future  attack  of  that  disease  in 
the  natural  way.  It  was  highly  successful,  but  involved  the  same 
risk  of  infection  to  others  as  did  the  disease  when  accidentally 
taken.  In  179B,  Dr.  Edward  Jenner,  an  English  physician,  bad  his 
attention  turned  to  the  cow-pox  by  discovering  that  those  who  had 
been  affected  by  it  were  incapable  of  receiving  the  small-pox  infec- 
tion. In  May  of  that  year  he  made  his  first  experiment  in  what  is 
now  known  as  "  vaccination,"  by  applying  the  pus,  or  matter,  from 
a  sore  on  a  milkmaid,  who  had  caught  the  cow-pox  from  the  cows,  to 
the  person  of  a  healthy  child,  and  the  usefulness  and  triumph  of  his 
discovery  were  completely  established.  The  practice  of  vaccination 
spread  to  all  quarters  of  the  globe,  and  honors  and  applause  were 
showered  upon  Dr.  Jenner  from  all  quarters.  Oxford  college  pre- 
sented him  with  a  diploma,  the  Royal  society  admitted  him  as  a 
member,  and  parliament  voted  to  give  him  $100,000.  Before  his 
discovery   the   deaths  from  small-pox  in   London  every  year  were 


4,000,  and  afterwardB  only  .3,000.  Dr.  Jenner  was  born  in  Glouces- 
tershire, England,  in  1749,  wa.s  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon,  and  subse- 
quently settled  at  Berkeley,  England,  as  a  physician  and  surgeon. 
He  wrote  extensively  concerning  the  cow-pox,  and  also  a  volume 
of  observations  on  the  natural  history  of  the  cuckoo.  He  died  in 
1833. 


SAMUEL  CHRISTIAN  FRIEDRICH  HAHNEMANN. 

'HE  discoverer  of  the  medical  system  of  homteopathy,  Samuel  C. 
F.  Hahnemann,  was  bom  at  Meissen,  Saxony,  in  1755.  At  the 
age  of  twenty  he  studied  medicine  at  Leipsic,  Germany,  teaching 
languages,  and  translating  foreign  medical  Iwok?  during  his  leisure 
hours.  In  1777  he  was  appointed  to  the  care  of  a  ward  in  a  govern- 
ment hospital,  and  was  subsequently  for  two  years  librarian  and 
physician  to  the  governor  of  Transylvania.  In  1787,  having  married, 
he  settled  at  Dresden,  and  began  to  gain  reputation  a«  a  writer  on 
medical  subjects,  when  he  made  the  important  discovery  that  a  drug 
produced  in  a  healthy  individual  the  very  symptoms  which  that  drug 
was  used  to  cure  in  a  sick  person.  This  principle  became  the 
foundation-stone — the  bed-rock — on  which  Hahnemann,  revolution- 
izing his  previous  beliefs  in  the  science  of  medicine,  built  up  hLs 
now  widely-known  system,  the  motto  of  which  is,  "  Like  cures 
like.  "  He  experimented,  tested,  and  studied,  in  the  interest  of  his 
discovery,  until  the  most  satisfactory  results  were  obtained.  Then 
he  put  his  system  into  practice  among  his  patients  with  the  best 
effect.  But  his  theories,  notwithstanding  the  proofs  in  their  favor, 
met  with  severe  opposition  for  fifteen  years.  In  the  meantime  he 
wrote  several  works  in  advocacy  of  his  system,  which  was  thoroughly 
organized  and  named  "homoeopathy,"  in  a  volume  called  the 
"  Organon,"  published  at  Dresden  in  1810.  This  work  brought  on  a 
bitter  warfare  among  the  medical  men  of  that  age,  but  Hahnemann 
continued  to  practice  the  new  system  at  Leipsic,  gathering  around 
him  many  friends  and  disciples.  A  highly  satisfactory  test  of  the 
correctness  and  usefulness  of  homceopathy  was  made  in  1813,  during 
the  prevalence  of  malignant  tj-phus  fever  at  Leipsic,  when  Hahne- 
mann treated  seventy-three  of  these  patients,  and  all  but  one 
recovered,  and  that  was  an  old  man.  This  success  led  to  a  new 
persecution  against  him,  and  in  1820  he  removed  to  Kothen,  where 
he  also  encountered,  for  a  time,  the  same  hostility  that  had  driven 
him  from  Leipsic;  but  a  reaction  in  his  favor  sixm  occurred,  and 
when  he  wished  to  change  his  residence  to  Paris,  in  1835,  he  had  to 
leave  the  town  secretly,  at  night,  lest  the  populace  should  refuse  to 
let  him  go.  After  reaching  Paris  he  continued  to  practice  his  system 
of  medicine  there  until  his  death,  in  1843. 


fe^ 


h 

^<^ 


198 


PHILANTHROPISTS    AND    REFORMERS. 


Theodore  Parker,  Gerrit  Smith,  and  the  Beecher  Family. 


HE  American  scholar  and  rational- 
istic preacher,  Theodore  Parker, 
was  born  at  Lexington,  Mass. ,  in 
1810.  He  entered  Harvard  col- 
lege, in  1830,  and  the  theological 
school  in  1834,  remaining  two 
years.  In  1836  he  went  to  preach 
at  Barnstable,  Mass.,  to  the  Uni- 
tarians, and  in  1837,  after  his 
marriage  to  Miss  Cabot,  removed 
to  West  Roxbury.  Soon  he  began 
to  advance  religious  opinions 
which  were  considered  radical  in  the  extreme  by  most  Unitarians, 
and  when  he  declared  at  Boston,  in  1841,  his  belief  in  the  absolute 
humanity  of  Christ,  they  arrayed  themselves  in  opposition  to  him. 
In  1843-'4  he  visited  Europe,  and  on  his  return  to  Boston  he  began 
preaching  his  peculiar  doctrines  to  his 
adherents  at  the  Melodeon.  Over  this 
congregation  he  was  regularly  installed 
in  1846.  From  1847  to  1850  he  edited 
the  Massachusetts  Quarterly  Revieiv^ 
lectured  on  various  political  and  social 
topics,  corresponded  with  many  prom- 
inent men,  and  gave  attention  to  other 
intellectual  pursuits.  Particularly  did 
he  oppose  the  fugitive- slave  law,  and 
sheltered  runaway  slaves  in  his  own 
house.  His  earliest  published  book 
was  the  "Discourse  of  Matters  Per- 
taining to  Religion,"  which  contains 
the  fundamental  principles  of  those 
peculiar  tenets  known  as  "■Parker- 
ism."  In  1859,  for  the  purpose  of 
recruiting  his  health,  he  visited  the 
West  Indies,  and  that  summer  he 
went  to  Europe,  spending  the  fol- 
lowing winter  at  Rome.  In  the  spring 
he  went  to  Florence,  Italy,  where  he 
died  in  May,  1860.  His  comprehen- 
sive and  valuable  collection  of  books, 
amounting  to  more  than  13,000  vol- 


rauch  confidence  or  over-zeal  he  was  persuaded  to  contribute  to  the 
attempt  of  John  Brown,  of  Ossawattomie,  to  raid  Virginia  in  the 
cause  of  anti-slavery,  and  its  failure,  together  with  the  loss  of  life 
attending  it,  is  said  to  have  unsettled  the  mind  of  Mr.  Smith  to  a 
degree  that  caused  his  confinement  for  some  months  in  an  insane 
asylum.  During  the  Southern  rebellion  he  contributed  freely  of  his 
means  for  the  raising  of  L'nion  troops,  but  his  universal  philanthropy 
led  him  afterwards  to  become  a  bondsman  with  Horace  Greeley  for 
the  release  of  Jefferson  Davis.  Mr.  Smith  built  a  church  at  Peter- 
boro,  N.  Y. ,  in  which  he  used  to  preach.  At  first  he  was  orthodox 
in  his  faith,  but  became,  subsequently,  very  liberal.  He  died  in  New 
York  city,  in  1874.  Some  of  his  publications  are:  "The  Theolo- 
gies," "Speeches  in  Congress,"  "The  Religion <pf  Reason,"  "Nature 
the  Base  of  a  Free  Theology,"  and  "Correspondence  with  Albert 
Barnes."  Mr.  Smith  from  time  to  time  lectured  in  the  great  centers 
of  population  on  religious  or  political  topics.  He  was  an  earnest 
advocate  of  what  he  considered  to  be 
just  and  right,  and  his  writings,  which 
he  had  printed  in  pamphlet  form  for 
free  distribution,  were  spread  among 
the  people  on  all  proper  occasions, 
whenever  or  wherever  he  came  before 
them. 


Theodore  Parker, 


Independent  Clergyman  and  Representative  of 
Theologry. 


Liberal 


nmes,   he  left  mostly  to  the  Boston  public   library. 


GERRIT  SMITH. 

("HE  American  philanthropist,  Gerrit  Smith,  was  bom  at  Utica, 
N.  Y. ,  in  1797.  He  inherited  large  landed  estates  in  New  York 
and  other  States  from  his  father,  who  had  been  a  partner  of 
John  Jacob  Astor  in  the  fur  business.  He  was  educated  at  Ham- 
ilton college,  Clinton,  N.  Y. ,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1818.  For 
years  he  was  occupied  in  looking  after  the  interests  of  his  estate,  but 
was  admitted  to  the  practice  of  the  law  at  the  age  of  fifty-six.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  colonization  society,  which  had  for  its  object 
the  emigration  of  colored  people  from  the  United  States  to  Africa. 
Subsequently  he  joined  the  American  anti-slavery  society.  His 
philanthropy  KmI  him  to  give  away  large  quantities  of  land  to  indi- 
viduals and  for  the  benefit  of  the  public;  thus,  in  1848,  he  donated, 
in  parcels  averaging  fifty  acres  each,  aoO,000  acres.  He  was  elected 
to  Congress  in  1852,  but  resigned  before  the  end  of  his  term.  In 
his  congressional  career  he  voted  with  the  anti-slavery  party,  and 
made   several    speeches    in    behalf  of  itn    prlnrlj)les.      Thmugh    tno 


THE  BEECHERS. 

Vy^HE  well-known  family  of  this 
name  is  eminently  literary  and 
\  reformatory  in  its  work,  as 
shown  by  the  principal  publica- 
tions which  different  members  of 
the  family  have  contributed  to  Amer- 
ican literature,  as  follows: 

Catherine  E. — "Educational  Rem- 
iniscences." "  Domestic  Service," 
"Appeals  to  the  People  as  the  Au- 
thorized Interpreters  of  the  Bible," 
"Common-Sense  Applied  to  Religion, 
or  the  Bible  and  the  People,"  "House- 
keeper and  Healthkeeper, "  ' '  Manual 
of  Arithmetic,"  "  Letters  to  the  Peo- 
ple on  Health  and  Happiness,"  "Physiology  and  Calisthenics." 
"Treatise  on  Domestic  Economy,"  "Religious  Training  of  Children 
in  the  Family.  School,  and  Church."  "Duty  of  American  Women  to 
their  Country,"  "The  American  Woman's  Home,"  etc. 
Ltman  —  "Political  Atheism"  and  "Sermons." 
Charles  —  "Redeemer  and  Redeemed,"  "The  Incarnation,  or 
Pictures  of  the  Virgin  and  Her  Son,"  "  Pen-Pictures  of  the  Bible," 
"Spiritualism  Reviewed,"  and  the  "Life  and  Correspondence  of 
Lyman  Beecher,"  a  divine  and  father  of  the  Beecher  family. 

Henry  Ward  —  "Illustrated  Bible  Biographies,"  "Lectures  to 
Young  (Men, "  "Industry  and  Idleness,"  "Star  Papers,"  "Life 
Thoughts,"  "  Life  of  Jesus  the  Christ,"  "  Norwood,"  a  novel,  "Fruits 
Flowers,  and  Farming,"  "The  Plymouth  Pulpit  "  (sermons),  "Ser- 
mons on  Liberty  and  War,"  "  Yale  Lectures  on  Preaching,"  etc. 

Ei>WARD — "Baptism,  its  Imports  and  Modes,"  "The  Confiict 
of  AgcH,"  "The  Concord  of  Ages."  "The  Papal  Conspiracy." 

Harriet  Elizabeth  Beecher  (Mrs.  Stowe) — "The  Mayflower," 
"  I'nclc  Tom's  Cabin,"  "A  Key  to  Uncle  Tom's  C'al)in, "  "  Dred, 
a  Tale  of  the  Dismal  Swamp,"  "The  Minister's  Wooing,"  "My 
Wife  and  I."  "  Ladv  Hvron  Vindicated. "  etc. 


^^ 


5iL2^ 


MEN    CELEBKATED    FOK    ASTKIIKUMIUAL    UlHUOVEltY. 


ly.* 


d/a*-' .A^^ 


1 t 


Men   Who  Have  Devoted  Their  Lives  to  the  Investigation 
of  Astronomical  Science. 


PYTHAGORAS. 

BOUT  580  years  before  Christ,  was 
born  at  Samos  the  illustrious  Grecian 
metaphysical  philosopher,  geometri- 
cian and  astronomer,  Pythagoras.  At 
the  age  of  eighteen  he  began  his 
travels,  visiting  Phoenicia  and  Asia 
Minor,  and  even,  it  is  said,  Persia 
and  India.  He  resided  for  twenty - 
five  years  in  Egypt.  Returning  to 
Samos  he  taught  geometry,  subse- 
quently settling  at  Crotona,  where  he 
established  a  school  of  philosophy  that 
became  famous.  His  pupils  were 
required  to  observe  strict  silence  for 
five  years,  to  dress  simply,  eat  but  little 
and  abstain  from  animal  food.  Women 
were  admitted  to  his  lectures,  and  fif- 
teen attended  his  school.  He  taught 
the  doctrine  of  "metempsychosis"  — 
the  passing  of  a  human  soul,  at  death, 
into  the  body  of  some  animal,  1,000 
yeiirs  being  required  in  this  manner 
to  expiate  the  sins  of  the  human  life  and  restore  it  to  a  blissful  im- 
mortality. While  he  had  many  admirers  and  disciples,  he  was  sub- 
jected to  persecution  and  driven  from  Samos.  He  then  took  refuge 
in  the  Temple  of  the  Muses  at  Metapontum,  where  it  is  doubtfully 
said  that  he  starved  to  death  about  497  years  before  Christ.  While 
he  entertained  crude  ideas  concerning  a  future  state  of  existence,  it 
is  doubtless  true  that  he  was  one  of  the  most  learned  of  the  philoso- 
phers who  lived  prior  to  the  Christian  era.  As  evidence  of  this  it  is 
claimed  that  he  conceived  the  idea  of  the  rotundity  of  the  earth  and 
that  it  revolved  around  the  sun,  which  he  believed  to  be  the  center  of 
the  solar  system.  This,  in  an  age  of  such  limited  opportunity,  was 
a  wonderful  discovery. 


CLAUDIUS    PTOLEMY. 

THE  life  of  Claudius  Ptolemy,  the  distinguished  astronomer, 
geographer  and  mathematician,  is  somewhat  obscured  by  the 
absence  of  authentic  records.  Pelusium,  in  Greece,  is  men- 
tioned as  his  birthplace,  and  the  second  century  as  the  time  of  his 
career.  His  intelligence  concerning  the  earth  and  the  starry  worlds 
around  it,  although  varied  and  extensive,  has  been  proven  to  be  erratic 
in  some  of  its  conclusions.  For  instance,  he  projected  the  Ptolemaic 
system  of  astronomy,  which  placed  our  planet  in  the  middle  of  the 
universe,  so  that  the  whole  creation  moves  about  it  as  a  common 
center.  This  theory  was  prevalently  received  until  the  present 
(Copemican)  belief,  which  makes  the  sun  the  center  orb  of  the  solar 
system,  was  adopted  a  few  centuries  later.  Ptolemy,  however,  was 
wise  in  much  that  he  advanced  concerning  the  heavenly  bodies.  His 
principal  work,  the  "Great  Astronomical  Construction,"  contains  a 
catalogue  of  the  stars,  following  but  imiiroving  that  of  Hipparchus, 
and  treats  of  the  correspondence  of  the  earth  with  the  other  planets, 
the  effect  of  the  earth's  position,  etc.  With  all  his  errors  he  com- 
puted future  eclipses  with  great  exactitude  and  determined  the 
orbits  of  the  various  planets.  Nor  was  it  in  astronomy  alone  that  he 
excelled  his  predecessors  and  contemporaries,  for  he  wrote  a  geogra- 
phy, which  became  and  remained  a  standard  authority  until  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  was  the  first  to  use  the  terms  latitude  and 
longitude  in  the  earth's  measurement,  proving  it  to  be  a  globe.  His 
geography  and  its  accompanying  maps  are  still  in  existence.  His 
various  acquirements  included  a  practical  knowledge  of  music,  and 
he  wrote,  or  compiled,  papers  on  that  art.  chronology,  mechanics 
and  astrology.     The  date  of  his  death,  as  of  his  birth,  is  not  known. 


COPERNICUS. 

THIS  distinguished  discovenr  of  tht-  ;;ystem  of  planetary  science 
which  bears  his  name,  Nikolaus  Copernicus,  was  born  at  Thorn, 
Prussia,  in  14T3.     He  studied    medicine   and  philosophy,  but 
abandoned  them  for  mathematics  and  astronomy.      He  became  mathe- 
matical profussor  at  Home,  canon  of  Frauonburg.  and  an  arch-deacon 


?fe=::: 


.  ^■ 


^^^^ 


? 


200 


MKN    WHO    MAPPED    OUT   THE    HEAVEJiS. 


in  his  native  town.  His  theory  of  a  reform  in  the  current  (Ptolemaic) 
system  of  astronomy  was  first  meditated  in  1507,  but  its  details  were 
not  completed  nntii  1530,  and  so  great  was  his  fear  of  opposition 
that  he  did  not  publish  his  work  until  1543.  just  before  his  death. 
His  system,  now  universally  believed  to  be  true,  announced  that 
the  planets  revolved  around  the  sun,  instead  of  the  sun  revolving 
around  the  earth  —  a  theory  which  previously  prevailed. 


JOHANN  KEPLER. 

GERMANY  produced  one  of  the  most  famous  of  the  world's 
astronomers  in  the  person  of  Johann  Kepler,  at  Magstatt, 
Wurtemburg,  in  December,  1571.  His  education  was  received 
at  a  monastic  school  and  the  university  of  Tubingen,  at  the  latter  of 
which  he  acquired  a  master's  degree  in  1591.  Devoting  himself  to 
the  study  of  astronomy  he  began  his  scientific  career.  Near  the 
last  of  the  sixteenth  century  he  became  professor  of  mathematics  in 
the  rniversity  of  Gratz.  About  1598  he  assisted  Tycho  Brahe  in 
preparing  new  astronomical  tables,  by  order  of  the  Emperor  Rudolph 
II.  Tycho  died  soon  afterwards,  and  Kepler  became  the  royal  math- 
ematician, but  this  did  not  keep  him  out  of  poverty,  so  that  he 
resorted  to  astrology  for  support.  Subsequently  he  made  some 
important  di.scoveries  in  the  movement  of  certain  planets  in  their 
orbits,  and  his  theories  and  exposition  of  these  were  adopted  as 
authorities.  The  labor  and  assiduity  of  Kepler  in  pursuing  these 
studies  were  profound  and  earnest,  yet  he  obtained  little  or  no  profit 
from  their  publication.  Misfortunes  overtook  him,  but  still  tie 
struggled  on.  until  he  made  his  greatest  discovery — that  the  squares 
of  tlie  periodic  tnmes  of  the  planets  are  proportional  to  the  cubes  of 
their  average  distances  from  the  sun.  He  also  largely  elucidated  the 
truth  of  the  Copernican  system  of  astronomy.  Pecuniary  disap- 
pointments, however,  continued  to  depress  him,  and  finally  threw 
him  into  a  fever,  which  caused  his  death  in  1630. 


GALILEO. 

THE  distinguished  Italian  a^Irminnier  and  scientist,  Galileo  Galilei, 
a  son  of  a  nobleman  at  Florence,  was  born  at  Pisa  in  1564.  He 
was  designed  for  the  medical  profession,  but  preferring  mathe- 
matics instead,  he  attained  such  proficiency  in  this  science  that  at  the 
age  of  twenty-four  he  was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Pisa.  There  his  opposition  to  the  philosophy  of  Aristotle  created  so 
many  enemies  to  him  that  he  resigned  in  1592,  and  accepted  the  pro- 
fessorship at  Padua.  He  remained  in  the  latter  position  eighteen 
years.  In  1609,  becoming  acquainted  with  the  invention  of  the  tele- 
scope, he  constructed  one  for  himself,  with  which  he  discovered  the 
four  moons  of  the  planet  Jupiter,  the  phases  of  Venus,  the  starry 
nature  of  the  milky  way,  the  hills  and  valleys  of  the  moon,  and  the 
spots  on  the  solar  disk,  from  the  motion  of  which  he  inferred  the 
rotutlon  of  the  sun.  Becoming  convinced  of  the  truth  of  the  Coper- 
nican system  of  astronomy  ( the  revolution  of  the  earth  on  its  axis, 
and  the  planets  around  the  sun ),  he  avowed  his  belief  and  was  twice 
l)ersecuted  by  the  Inquisition,  in  1615  and  1633,  (m  the  charge  of 
heresy.  On  both  occasions  his  tormentors  required  him  to  openly 
recant  bis  belief  in  the  ('opernican  system,  but  he  is  said  to  have 
stamped  the  earth  with  his  foot  after  his  last  abjuration,  with  the 
remark.  "'It  moves. nevertheless. "  Three  years  before  his  death  he 
was  stricken  with  blindness.  In  addititm  to  the  foregoing  discov- 
eries he  noted  the  gravity  of  the  atmosjiherc,  invented  the  cycloid 
and  simple  pendulum,  and  was  the  tlrst  to  make  a  clear  exposition 
of  the  principles  of  motion.     He  died  in  1042. 


T 


SIR  ISAAC  NEWTON. 

ins  great  philosophi-r  wn--  In. in  ;il  \Vii()I--thorpe.  Lincolnshire,  in 
1642.  Being  educated  at  Grantham  school  and  Trinity  college, 
( 'anibridL'c.  he  rarly  i:vincrd  a  tab-nt  fur  nuchanits  and  drawing. 


At  college  he  studied  mathematics  assiduously,  in  1669  became  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics,  and  in  1671  a  member  of  the  Royal  society. 
During  his  stay  at  Cambridge  he  made  his  three  great  discoveries,  of 
fluxions,  the  nature  of  light  and  colors,  and  the  law  of  gravitation — 
the  latter  suggested  by  seeing  an  apple  fall  from  a  tree.  His 
'■*  Principia,"  which  unfolded  to  the  world  his  theory  of  the  universe, 
was  published  in  1687.  He  was  elected  member  of  the  university  in 
1688  and  1701;  was  appointed  warden  of  the  mint,  in  1696,  and 
master  of  it  in  1699.  He  was  chosen  president  of  the  Royal  society 
in  1703.  and  knighted  in  1705.  He  died  in  1727.  Newton's  theory 
of  universal  gravitation  involved  the  principle  (according  to  Sir 
David  Brewster),  "that  every  particle  of  matter  in  the  universe  is 
attracted  by,  or  gravitates  to.  every  other  particle  of  matter,  with  a 
force  inversely  proportioned  to  the  squares  of  their  distance." 


WILLIAM    HERSCHEL. 

ONE  of  the  most  distinguishrd  of  luixk-rn  astronomers  was  William 
Herschel,  who  was  born  at  Hanover,  Prussia,  in  1738.  Being  the 
son  of  a  musician,  young  Herschel  was  himself  a  player  of  military 
music  besides  being  an  organist.  Astronomy  was  one  of  the  occu- 
pations of  his  leisure,  and  to  save  the  expense  of  purchasing  a  tele- 
scope he  constructed  one  for  himself,  with  great  success.  He  also 
manufactured  numerous  others  of  great  power.  Forsaking  music 
and  prosecuting  the  study  of  astronomy,  on  March  13,  1781,  he  dis- 
covered a  new  planet,  which  he  named  Georgium  Sidus  (now 
Uranus).  Continuing  his  astronomical  researches,  in  1816  he  was 
knighted.  He  died  in  1822.  Of  his  numerous  discoveries  the  fol- 
lowing are  some  of  the  principal:  Volcanoes  in  the  moon;  the  sixth 
and  seventh  moons  of  Saturn;  the  sis  moons  of  Uranus,  and  others 
of  less  general  interest,  but  of  great  astronomical  value.  His 
famous  telescope,  the  expense  of  which  was  defrayed  by  XCing 
George  III.,  of  England,  was  forty  feet  long,  with  a  four-foot  mirror 
and  weighed  2,118  pounds.  Herschel  was  a  member  of  the  principal 
scientific  societies  of  Europe  and  America,  and  the  first  president  of 
the  Royal  astronomical  society  of  England.  Herschel's  <mly  son, 
Sir  John  W.  F.  Herschel,  baronet,  is  another  prominent  English 
astronomer.  He  was  born  in  England,  1790.  In  1834  he  established 
an  observatory  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  South  Africa,  at  his  own 
expense,  remaining  there  and  prosecuting  his  star- studies  for  four 
years  ( 1834-'38  )  in  the  whole  southern  sky,  deriving  a  vast  fund  of 
valuable  astronomical  and  meteorological  information.  He  has  pub- 
lished several  scientific  works,  and  received  a  high  appreciation,  with 
distinguished  scientific  honors  and  positions.  His  intellecttial  powers 
have  won  him  many  golden  opinions. 


LAPLACE. 

AN  astronomer  who  won  much  distinction  by  his  knowledge  of  the 
heavenly  bodies  and  their  motions,  was  Pierre  Simon,  the  Mar- 
quis de  Laplace,  who  began  his  existence  at  Beaunnmt-en-Auge, 
Lower  Normandy,  March  23,  1749.  Although  of  obscure  parentage, 
wealthy  friends  aided  him  in  early  life  to  gain  an  education  at  the 
college  of  Caen  and  the  military  school  of  Beaumont.  Going  to 
Paris  when  eighteen,  he  soon  attracted  the  attention  of  the  scientist, 
D'Alembert,  by  the  production  of  a  shrewd  paper  on  mechanical 
principles,  and  thriuigh  this  influence  Laplace  obtained,  about  1769, 
a  professorship  of  mathematics  in  the  military  school  at  Paris, 
lie  died  at  Paris  in  1827.  His  attainments  in  science,  and 
especially  in  astronomical  discovery,  evidence  his  great  superiority 
over  his  contemporaries.  Ilis  genius  is  best  exemplified  in  his 
writings,  which  in  some  degree  stand  unrivaled  by  those  of  more 
modern  scientists.  His  theories  and  celestial  expositions  are  stand- 
ard authorities  in  nstnmomical  investigations,  but  his  fame  rests 
principally  on  bis  "Mecanique  Celeste,"  a  comprehensive  epitome 
or  analysis  of  astronouiic;i]  learnini:,  gathered  frcni  \ariiuis   sources. 


TIIK    llli.VVKNLY    13UDIES.        IIOW    TUKY    HAVE    BEEA'    DiaCOVEIiED. 


--^: 


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What  is  Known 


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Astronomy. 


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The   Progress   of  Astronomical   Science. 


I 


lEW  OF  the  heavens  on  a  clear  night  reveals 
a  vuf-t  iiumb(.T  of  stars,  and  if  in  the  right 
period  in  the  month,  a  moon.  By  day 
the  stars  and  moon  have  disappeared 
from  sight  and  the  sun  is  the  only  object 
vi.sible  in  the  heavens. 

The  study  of  these  heavenly  bodies 
occupied  the  attention  of  the  ancients 
many  centuries  before  the  advent  of 
Christ,  but  detinite  knowledge  concern- 
i  n  i:: 


limited,  and  ^uch  may  be  suid  tu 
bt;  the  case  yet.  With  the  in- 
troduction of  the  telescope,  how- 
ever, much  information  has  been 
gained  in  the  past  three  ceatu- 
ries. 

Various  were  the  conjectures 
of  the  ancients  concerning  the 
shape  of  the  earth  and  tbe  rela- 
tions which  the  sun,  moon  and 
stars  held  to  our  planet,  the  im- 
pression being  that  the  earth  was 
flat,  and  was  the  center  of  the 
universe,  the  various  heavenly 
luminaries  revolving  around  it. 

Six  hundred  years  before  the 
Christian  era,  Thalesof  Miletus, 
a  Grecian  philosopher,  taught 
astronomy,  and  succeeding  him 
came  Pythagoras  and  Plato. 
Some  of  these  conceived  the  idea 
that  the  world  was  round  and 
that  it  bad  two  movements,  one 

being  diurnal  upon  its  axis  and  the  other  around  the  sun.  They 
taught  that  the  sun.  which  they  thought  the  center  of  the  universe. 
was  a  globe  of  fire,  which  lighted  the  moon  and  gave  heat  and  light 
to  the  earth. 

In  the  second  century  after  Christ.  Ptolemy,  another  philosopher, 
prepared  a  treatise  on  astronomy,  the  first  systematic  work  of   the 


FIG.  I. --The  Supposed  Structure  of  the  Universe. 


^iippnspfl  to 
1  minimis  of 


^HE  infinity  of  spn.v 
olt,  he  studded  \vitli  init 
1^  suns,  each  of  whiili  is  nit-  I'l'mt'i- 
of  a  pi'oup  of  plani'ts.  similar  tu  our 
planetary  system.  These  suns,  eaeh 
with  the  family  of  planets  that  circu- 
late about  them,  it  is  supposed,  could 
they  be  seen,  would  present  an  appear- 
ance similar  to  the  illustration  shown 


kind,  in  which,  rejecting  the  system  of  Pythagoras,  be  announced 
that  the  earth  was  tbe  center  of  the  universe  and  the  heavenly  bodies 
revolved  around  it.  For  thirteen  centuries  this  idea  possessed  the 
inhabitants  of  the  earth. 

Near  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  a  Prussian  physician, 
named  Copernicus,  announced  his  adherence  to  the  Pythagorean 
theory  thut  the  sun  instead  of  the  earth  was  the  center  of  the  planet- 
ary system,  was  immovable,  and  the  earth  revolved  around  it- 
between  the  orbits  of  Venus  and  Mars.  Copernicus  studied  the 
subject  for  some  thirty  years  and  did  much  toward  the  establishment 

of  the   science   of  astronomy  on 
a  reasonable  basis. 

Kepler,  a  German  astronomer, 
succeeded  Copernicus  fiftj'  years 
after,  and  demonstrated  that  the 
planets,  instead  of  revolving 
around  the  sun  in  perfect  circles, 
made  their  revolutions  in  an 
ellipse,  and  that  tbe  moons  made 
also  their  revolutions  in  elliptic 
■  irbits.  Kepler  also  determined 
the  dimensions  of  the  orbits  of 
tbe  several  planets  and  their  ve- 
locity of  movement. 

Galileo,  an  Italian,  was  busy 
about  the  beginning  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  with  the  telescope 
in  a  survey  of  the  heavens. 
His  researches  resulted  in  a  close 
inspection  of  the  moon,  which 
very  clearly  determined  its  char- 
acter. The  satellites  revolving 
about  Jupiter  were   discovered. 


above.    The  immensity  of  creation  can 

be  dimly  imagined  when   we  consider 

that  each  of  these  groups  is  as  great 

as    is    our    solar    system,    and     these 

frroups   numbering'  millions,  billions    ^^j   many  facts  relating   to   the 

and  trillions  of  planets,  vast  numbei's 

of  which  may  be  inhabited,  extend  into    celestial   bodies  were  made 

boundless  space  which  no  finite  mind 

can  comprehend.  known. 

Up    to    this    point,    however, 

while  the  dimension,  orbits,  velocity  of  movement,  and  revolutions 

of  many  of  the    planets  had  been  fully  settled,  the  power  that  held 

them    in    place   and   caused   their   movement   was   yet   a   mystery. 

Then  came   the   discovery  by  Newton,  an  English    philosopher,  of 

the  means  by  which   all  the   heavenly  orbs   may  be  held   in   place 

by  the  law  of  gravitation;    and  later  many  discoveries  by  Herschel 


THE    SUN    AND    THE    KNUWN    PLANETS    THAT    REVOLVE    AROUND    IT. 


of  heavenly  orbs,  among  them  being  Uranus  and  various  satellites. 
Astronomy  with  the  aid.  of  mathematics,  which  determines  the 
equinoxes,  conjunctions,  and  eclipses,  has  now  settled  itself  into 
one  of  the  positive  sciences,  concerning  which  considerable  is 
known,  and  yet  when  a  view  is  taken  at  night  of  the  thousands 
of  brilliantly  shining  orbs,  as  they  appear  in  the  heavens,  and  the 
question  is  asked,  whence  came  these  stars,  are  they  worlds,  and  are 
they  peopled,  the  mind  is  lost  in  conjecture  and  forced  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  we  know  indeed  but  very  little. 

Near  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  Laplace,  a  learned 
French  astronomer,  advanced  the  idea  called  the  nebular  theory,  —  a 
theory  that  has  been  largely  adopted  by  the  evolutionists  and  pro- 
gressionists, that  the  heavens  are  studded  with  iimumerable  groups  of 
planets,  in  the  center  of  each  of  which  is  a  sun  around  which  a  certain 
number  of  planets  revolve  in  a  manner  similar  to  the  movements  of 
our  planetary  system.  The  idea  was  further  advanced  that  the  sun 
once  filled  all  the  space  now  occu- 
pied by  the  orbits  of  the  several 
planets.  That  from  the  sun  has 
been  thrown  off  from  time  to  time 
an  emanation  of  gaseous  substance 
which  formed  in  a  ring  about  the 
sun,  and  in  due  time  broke,  col- 
lected together  and  made  a  planet. 
That  the  sun  has  gone  forward 
gradually  contracting  and  throwing 
off  rings  thus  until  all  the  planets 
in  the  solar  system  have  been  in 
this  manner  developed. 

That  this  solar  system  of  ours, 
with  its  sun  and  planets  revolving 
in  space,  is  but  one  of  millions 
of  similar  systems,  thousands  of 
whose  planets  are  inhabited,  while 
some  once  inhabited  are  dead, 
and  others  are  yet  too  young  and 
gaseous  to  admit  of  habitation. 

That  while  the  planets  revolve 
around  the  sun,  this  sun  with  its 
family  of  planets  revolves  with 
many  other  systems  around  a 
greater  sun,  and  this  greater  sun 
with  its  multitude  of  systems 
revolves  around  a  great  central 
sun. 


the  sun  with  the  planets  as  they 

revolve  in  their  oi'bits  about  the 

same.     As  will  be  seen  Mercury  occu- 

The  groups  of  planetary  systems  PJes  the  orbit  next  the  sun      Venus  is 

^       f  ^  J    J  next.     Outside  and  beyond  that  is  the 

which    fill    immensity    of    space,    earth  with  its  one  moon.    Mars  is  yet 

.  ,      ...        -^L   li.  a  greater  distance  awav  from  the  sun. 

each  group  of  which  with  Its  sun   Then  are  found  still  farther  otr  sev- 

ift  snnnosed  to  he  revolving  around    ^'"^'  ■'^mailer  planets.     Jupiter,  with 
iH  supposca  tone  revolving  arouna   j^g  f^^^  moons,  is   plainly  defined. 

a  great  center,   is    represented   in   Then  Saturn,  with  its  brilliant  rinprs 

and  eight  moons,  is  one  oC  the  con 
Figure  1. 

The  definite  intelligence  which  ah^tronomers  have  of  the  heavenly 
bodies  is  confined  to  the  size,  revolutions,  orbits,  density,  and  con- 
junctions of  the  planetH  which  revolve  about  our  sun.  The  prin- 
cipal of  these  planets  are  named  in  their  order  as  they  go  out  from 
the  sun  as  follows:  Mercury,  Venus,  Earth,  Mars,  Jupiter,  Saturn, 
rriinus,  and  Neptune.  There  are  also  several  moons  and  secondary 
planets  that  are  mentioned  elsewhere. 

The  relative  size  of  each  of  the  primary  or  principiil  planets  in 
our  solar  syptem  may  be  judged  by  the  following  comparison  i)rc- 
sented  by  an  astronomer,  the  sun  being  represented  as  a  globe  two 
feet  in  diameter  standing  in  an  open  field:  A  pin-head  164  feet  away 
will  represent  Mercury;  a  pea  2H4  feet  from  the  t*un,  Venus;  another 
pen  430  feet.  Earth;  a  large  pin-head  054  feet,  Mars;  a  medium-sized 
orange  nearly  half  a  mile  from  the  irlnbr  represents  Jupiter:  a  small 


FIC.  2. --The  Planets  of  our  Solar  System 

hi 


TITHE  above    illustration  represents 


orange  four-fifths  of  a  mile,  shows  Saturn;  a  small  plum  a  mile  and 
a  half,  represents  Uranus,  and  an  ordinary  phim  two  miles  and  a 
half  from  the  globe  shows  Neptune. 

All  the  planets  of  our  system  together  would  not  equal  in  bulk  a 
six-hundredth  part  of  the  body  of  the  sun. 

A  specific  description  of  the  sun  and  the  several  planets,  their 
moons  and  the  asteroids,  herewith  follows : 

The  Sun. 

While  the  discoveries  of  modern  astronomers  and  other  scientific 
men  have  effected  something  toward  developing  the  true  nature  and 
composition  of  the  sun,  it  is  still  comparatively  an  unsolved 
problem.  Science,  however,  establishes  it  as  the  center  of  our  great 
solar  system,  the  source  of  light  and  heat  to  all  other  planets  within 
this  system,  and  an  immense  power  in  the  production  and  mainte- 
nance of  animal  and  vegetable  life.  Of  the  sources  of  the  sun's 
heat,  nothing  is  positively  known, 
although  it  is  believed  that  it  is 
derived  from  electrical  influences. 
Astronomy,  with  mathematics, 
places  the  sun's  distance  from  the 
earth  at  92,000,000  of  miles,  to  us 
an  incomprehensible  distance,  if 
we  judge  alone  by  our  natural 
senses.  It  is  around  the  sun  that 
all  the  other  planets  within  the 
solar  system  revolve  at  various 
periods,  according  to  their  position 
and  distance  from  it.  Thus  Mer- 
cury, the  nearest  to  the  sun,  is 
still  37,000,000  of  miles  from  it, 
and  passes  entirely  around  it 
within  eighty-five  days,  while  the 
earth  requires  3651-4  days  to  ac- 
complish one  revolution. 

The  diameter  of  the  sun  is 
882,000  miles,  so  that  it  is  about 
111  times  thicker  than  the  earth. 
It  has  no  orbit,  for  it  is  station- 
ary, bnt  it  revolves  upon  its  axis, 
with  the  speed  of  4,564  miles  an 
hour,  or  more  than  four  times 
faster  than  the  earth  turns  upon 
its  own  axis;  but  with  all  this 
velocity,  so  large  is  the    sun  that 


ler  off  yet  is  Uranus,  with  its  four 
moons,  and  away  millions  of  miles 
yet.  in  the  distance,  is  Neptune. 
Crossing  the  orbits  of  these  several 


Crossing  the  orbits  of  these  several   ^  requires  251-4  days  to  complete 
planets  is  .'*een   the  erratic  track  of  ^    _  . 


one  entire  revolution. 
So  far  as  science  has  determined. 


the  eumet  which,  in  obedience  to  some 

unknown    and    peculiar    law,    conies 

from  out  the  boundless  space  of  the 

universe,    crosses    the    path    of     the    ,i^  •  i      u   .-nj   „,,k,i    p^nhc 

planets,   wheels  about    the    sun   and    ^^^   '^""  "^  ^  "**^'>-  *^^^  ^"'^*^  g»00e, 

returns  again  into  the  unknown  abyss    surrounded    by    two    coverings    of 

of  space. 

gaseous  material,  each  of  consider- 
able thickness,  the  one  nearest  to  the  body  of  the  sun  not  being 
light-giving,  but  somewhat  like  our  own  atmosphere,  while  the  outer 
one  is  a  light-giving  gas  or  tiame,  from  which  onr  sunlight  and  heat 
arc  derived. 

Some  scientific  people,  judging  from  observations  made  during 
total  eclipses  of  the  sun,  conclude  that  there  is  another,  or  third, 
gaseous  covering  to  the  body  of  the  sun.  above  the  second,  which  is 
cloudy  and  extends  thousands  of  miles  outward  from  the  sun. 

Others,  considering  the  first  or  inner  covering  of  the  sun  as  an 
atmosphere  of  a  cool  material,  producing  a  delightful  climate  on  the 
lx>dy  of  the  sun,  liavc  conjectured  that  animate  beings  inhabit  the 
great  planet;  but  of  course  this  suggestitni.  however  probable,  is 
unsupported  by  facts. 

Dark  spots  of  irregiiliir  form,  rarely  to  be  seen  ^vith  the  naked  eye, 


TllK    l'LA:^i:Tb    ANU    TllKUi    UIFFEKKNT    SIZES. 


2o:j 


sometimes  puss  over  the  sun's  surfucc  from  east  to  west,  within  a 
period  of  nearly  fourteen  day*.  They  are  supposed  to  be  ruptures  or 
openings  in  the  outer  fiery  envelope  of  the  sun.  They  usually 
present  a  dark  nucleus,  surrounded  by  a  strip  of  shaded  light,  and 
that  by  n  margin  of  light  more  brillinnt  than  the  sun  itself.  As  a 
general  thing  the  spots  are  neither  permanent  nor  uniform.  Some- 
times small  siu)ts  unite,  nnd  again  large  ones  separate  into  smaller 
ones,  some  continuing  days,  weeks  or  months  together,  while  others 
appear  but  a  few  hours.  Galileo  is  said  to  have  first  discovered  sun- 
spots  about  Itill ;  since  then  observation  has  shown  that  they  appear 
almost  every  year,  but  from  HiTO  to  1084,  none  were  seen.  Some  of 
the  largest  have  been  estimated  to  be  from  30,000  to  50,000  miles  in 
length,  and  sometimes  a  spot  seems  to  be  spanned  with  a  bridge  of 
light.  See  spots  on  the  sun,  Fig.  4. 
Mercury. 

With  the  exception  of  the  asteroids  (See  Astronomical  Diction- 
ary), Mercury  is  the  smallest  of  the  principal  planets  in  our  solar 
system,  its  diameter  being  only  2,984  miles.  Its  distance  from  the 
sun  is  nearly  37,000,0|^0  miles.  Turning  on  its  axis  from  west  to 
east,  at  the  speed  of  370  miles  an  hour,  it  performs  one  revolution 
within  twenty-four  hours,  five  minutes  and  twenty-eight  seconds, 
so  that  its  day  is  a  trifle  longer  than  ours.  It  moves  in  its  orbit 
around  the  sun  at  the  astonishing  velocity  of  110,725  miles  an  hour, 
thus   perfectim,'   an    entire    revolutiou  in  eighty-eight  days,  which  is 


offices  alternately  2t>2  days,  appearing  as  the  former  in  the  western 
horizon  and  as  the  latter  in  the  east.  The  change  from  one  to  the 
other  is  wrought  by  its  orbital  departure  from  the  sun  and  its  return. 
It  is  called  one  of  the  ••interior"  or  '■inferior'"  planets  because, 
like  Mercury,  its  orbit  is  between  the  sun  and  the  earth.  Twice  in 
a  century  Venus  passes  between  us  and  the  sun.  traversing  the  disk 
of  the  latter.  This  is  called  the  "transit  of  Venus,"'  and  is  consid- 
ered among  astronomers  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  celestial 
events.  In  December,  1874,  it  attracted  universal  attention,  and  in 
1882  this  phenomenon  again  occurred,  creating  no  less  interest 
than  before.  Mountains  of  great  height  have  been  discovered  on  its 
surface,  which  is  believed  to  be  mostly  cohered  with  water.  Whether 
it  IS  inhabited  or  not  its  climate,  on  the  plains,  is  thought  to  be 
warmer  in  summer  than  ours,  with  a  less  degree  of  average  coolness 
In  winter. 

The  Earth. 

The  earth  on  which  we  live,  and  from  which  all  our  astronomical 
phenomena  must  be  observed,  is  the  third  jdanet  in  our  system 
from  the  sun,  being  distant  from  it  about  1)2,000,000  miles.  It  is  a 
sphere,  or  globe,  in  form,  but  not  perfectly  round,  as  it  is  considera- 
bly flattened  at  the  north  and  south  ends,  which  we  call  the  poles,  or 
ends  of  the  imaginary  axis  on  which  the  whole  structure  is  supposed 
to  turn  from  west  to  east  once  in  twenty-four  hours.  This  revolu- 
tion is  called  "  diurnal  "  because  it  forms  one  entire  night  and  day- 


FIG.  3. --The  Relative  Sizes  of  the  Planets. 


the  length  of  its  year,  equaling  about  three  of  our  months.  Tele- 
scopes have  revealed  some  of  the  mysteries  of  its  surface,  and  one 
mountain  (it  is  said)  has  been  discovered  in  its  southern  hemisphere 
that  is  estimated  to  be  ten  and  a  half  miles  high.  Nothing  is 
known  of  its  Inhabitants,  if  any  there  he.  but  it  is  demonstrated  that 
the  light  and  heat  of  the  sun  on  the  surface  of  this  planet  are  seven 
times  greater  than  on  the  earth's.  The  nearness  of  Mercury  to  the 
sun  prevents,  except  at  certain  periods,  the  correctness  of  observa- 
tions afforded  by  most  of  the  other  planets. 

Venus. 

This  is  the  second  planet  from  the  sun.  and  the  brightest  star  in 
the  heavens.  It  is  about  08.000,000  miles  distant  from  the  sun, 
around  which  it  revolves  from  west  to  east  in  224*3  days,  moving  in 
its  orbit  at  the  rate  of  80,000  miles  an  hour.  Its  true  diameter  is 
7,621  miles,  but  as  its  distance  from  the  earth  constantly  varies,  its 
apparent  size  and  brilliancy  also  continually  change.  It  turns  upon 
its  axis  once  in  twenty-three  hours,  twenty  one  minutes  and  seven 
seconds,  and  its  year  is  equal  to  about  thirty-two  of  our  weeks. 
Venus  is  best  known  to  us  by  her  constant  position  either  as  the 
earth's  evening   star   or   mornintr   star,  continuing  in  each  of  these 


The  earth  has  a  circumscribed  pathway  through  space,  called  its 
orbit,  over  which  it  passes  around  the  sun  once  in  3651-4  days,  thus 
measuring  one  of  our  entire  years.  Our  globe  is  composed  of  seven 
strata,  or  layers  of  different  sorts  of  rocks  and  earth,  and  is  about 
8,000  miles  in  thickness  through  its  center.  It  has  one  satellite,  or 
moon,  (see  "Moon,"  in  the  following  Dictionary),  and  contains 
1,300.000,000  inhabitants.  As  large  and  wonderful  as  it  seems  to  us, 
it  is  in  size,  as  compared  with  some  of  its  sister  planets,  and  especially 
the  sun,  a  very  Insignificant  affair.  On  the  first  of  January  the 
earth  is  about  3,000,000  miles  nearer  the  sun  than  on  the  third  of 
July,  but  its  surface  being  slantingly  placed  toward  the  sun  at  the 
former  period,  the  heat  is  lessened  instead  of  increased.  The  earth 
revolves  on  its  axis  at  the  speed  of  about  1,000  miles  an  hour,  and 
on  its  journey  around  the  sun  at  68.000  miles  during  the  same  time. 
About  two-thirds  of  its  surface  is  water.  (See  "  Seasons,"  *'  Atmos- 
phere, "and  "Moon.") 

Mars. 

Mars  is  the  fourth  planet  as  regards  distance  from  the  sun,  and  the 
first  of  the  *■'  exterior  planets,"  or  those  whose  pathways  around  the 
sun  are  outside  that  of  the  earth.     It  is  to  us  a  fine  cherrv-colored 


» 

i 


R>— 


-~-^: 


f 


■:(;>■ — 

204: 


--<): 


THE    SUN    AND    ITS    SFUTS. 


star,  whose  brilliancy  increases  or  decreases  in  proportion  as  it 
approaches  or  moves  away  from  the  earth,  varying  from  50,000,000 
to  240,000,000  miles.  Its  average  distance  from  the  sun  is  145,000,- 
000  miles;  its  average  rate  of  speed  in  its  own  orbit  around  it  is 
55,000  miles  an  hour,  and  one  complete  revolution  on  its  axis 
requires  twenty-four  hours,  thirty-nine  minutes  and  two  and  one- 
half  seconds,  so  that  its  day  is  something  longer  than  ours.  Its 
average  diameter  is  4,222  miles  at  the  equator,  and  about  one- 
sixteenth  less  at  the  poles.  Mars,  it  is  claimed,  has  two  moons.  Its 
year  comprises  about  687  of  our  days,  or  one  year  and  ten  and  a  half 
months:.  Its  atmosphere  is  much  thinner  than  ours,  it  has  seasons 
resembling  ours,  and  fhe  telescope  has  revealed  to  us  the  existence 
on  its  surface  of  oceans,  continents,  mountains,  arctic  regions,  hills, 
valleys  and  rivers,  similar  to  ours.  That  animals,  and  perhaps 
beings  superior  to  ourselves,  inhabit  Mars  is  conjectured  as  rea- 
sonable, for  the  planet  seems  fitted  for  such  animated  creations,  and 
nothing,  it  is  said,  was  ever  made  in  vain. 

The  Asteroidat  Planets. 

See  "Asteroids,"  "Ceres,"  "Juno,"  "Pallas"  and  "Vesta," 
in  the  following  Dictionary. 

Jupiter. 

This,  the  largest  of  all  the 
planets  in  our  solar  system, 
and  one  of  the  brightest,  has 
an  average  distance  from  the 
sun  of  about  480.000,000 
miles.  Its  diameter,  or  thick- 
ness at  its  equator,  is  about 
91,000  miles,  or  twelve  times 
as  great  as  that  of  the  earth 
at  our  equator,  while  its  sur- 
face exceeds  in  area  that  of 
the  earth  115  times.  Al- 
though it  moves  in  its  path- 
way around  the  sun  at  a  speed 
of  nearly  30, 000  miles  an 
hour,  it  requires  almost 
twelve  of  our  years  (4,332V; 
of  our  days)  to  accomplij-h 
its  annual  circuit.  One  pecu- 
liarity of  this  planet  is  the 
fact  that  it  revolves  on  a  per- 
pendicular (or  upright)  axis — standing,  as  it  were,  straight  on  end, 
instead  of  a  slanting  position — at  the  speed  of  about  28.000  miles 
an  hour,  accomplishing  one  whole  daily  revolution  in  nine  hours  and 
fifty-six  minutes  of  our  time.  Its  days  and  nights  are  of  equal 
length;  no  change  of  seasons  occurs,  perpetual  spring  prevailing, 
and  four  moons  contribute  to  the  interest  of  its  nights.  Astrono- 
mers differ  as  to  the  character  of  this  planet,  some  claiming  that  it 
may  be  covered  with  vegetation  and  inhabited  by  human  beings  and 
animals,  while  others  object  to  this  idea  because  of  the  singularly 
stormy  appearance  of  its  atmosphere,  and  the  apparently  unsettled 
conditiim  of  its  surface,  covered  with  vapors,  as  if  it  had  not  suffi- 
ciently cooled  off.  but  still  glowed  with  internal  fires.  Proctor 
thinks  that  it  possesses  .self-illuminating  properties.  To  us  it 
appears  of  a  cold,  steel-blue  color. 

Saturn. 
Outside  of  Jupiter  and  inside  of  I'ranus  is  the  orbit,  or  pathway 
around  the  sun,  of  Saturn,  a  planet  732  times  as  large  as  onr  earth. 
Its  distance  from  the  sun  is  872. 132. 000  miles;  its  thickness,  at  its 
equator,  is  71.003  miles,  and  at  its  poles  04,213  miles.  It  moves 
around  the  sun  at  the  rate  of  22.30G  miles  an  hour,  requiring  twenty- 
nine  and  a  half  of  our  years  to  accomplish  one  of  its  annual  circuits. 
It  turns  very  rapidly  ui)on  its  axis,  making  a  complete   revolution 


FIC.  4- 


once  in  ten  and  a  half  of  our  hours,  its  year  containing  25,150  of 
these  short  days.  Saturn  has  eight  moons,  and  derives  great  interest 
from  a  broad  and  magnificent  zone,  or  ring,  above  and  around  its 
equator,  encircling  it  with  perpetual  light,  brighter  to  the  observer 
than  the  planet  itself.  This  zone  consists  of  two  great  rings  havin" 
a  common  center,  and  divided  by  a  dark  band.  The  spread  of  the 
outer  ring  is  109,530  miles,  its  thickness  10, 160  miles;  the  extreme 
spread  of  the  inner  bright  ring  is  146,769  miles,  its  thickness  16,503 
miles;  the  dark  band  between  the  bright  rings  is  1,725  miles  wide,  and 
the  distance  between  the  planet  and  inner  bright  ring  is  20.427  miles. 
These  two  bright  rings  and  dark  band  move  regularly  around  the  ball 
of  the  planet  over  its  equator.  The  inner  one  is  believed  to  be 
nebulous,  and  the  outer  one  and  dark  space  to  consist  of  solid 
material,  like  that  of  the  planet  itself.  Speculation  as  to  whether 
Saturn  is  inhabited  is  averse  to  that  belief,  as  the  planet's  form  has 
been  known  to  change  in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  it  inconvenient 
for  actual  settlers  by  the  upheaving  of  the  soil. 

Uranus. 

This  planet,  whose  distance  from  the  sun  iSj  1,822.360,000  miles, 
was  discovered  by  Dr.  Ilerschcl,  in  1781,  and  received  his  name,  but 

was  afterwards  known  as 
Gcorgium  Sidus,  being  so 
called  in  honor  of  George  III., 
of  England.  Its  diameter,  at 
the  equator,  is  34.331  miles, 
and  it  is  said  to  revolve  on  its 
axis  once  in  seven  hours  and 
five  minutes.  It  moves  in  its 
magnificent  pathway  around 
the  sun  at  the  rate  of  15,600 
miles  an  hour,  but  such  is 
its  sweep  in  the  universe  that 
each  annual  revolution  occu- 
pies 30.687  of  our  days,  or 
a  trifle  more  than  eighty-four 
years.  Owing  to  its  position 
on  the  outer  bounds  of  our 
solar  system,  the  sun  must 
appear  to  its  inhabitants  as 
merely  a  brilliant  day-star. 
Uranus  has  six  moons,  which, 
instead  of  revolving  around 
it  from  west  to  east,  as  all  other  moons  do  around  their  respective 
planets,  except  in  the  case  of  Neptune,  apparently  move  from  east 
to  west.  Any  conjectures  as  to  the  character  of  the  residents  of  this 
far-off  world,  or  its  natural  productions,  must  of  course  be  only  idle 
imaginings. 

Neptune. 

The  outermost  planet  of  our  solar  system  yet  observed,  was  dis- 
covered by  the  German  astronomer  Galle,  September  23,  1846.  Its 
distance  from  the  sun  is  2, 745,998. 000  miles,  and  it  moves  once  around 
the  central  orb  in  nearly  164f^  of  our  years.  Its  diameter  at  the 
equator  is  about  38,000  miles.  Its  daily  revolution  on  its  axis 
appears  to  be  nnestimated,  and  very  little  of  its  climatic,  vegetable 
and  animal  peculiarities,  owing  to  its  great  distance,  is  known.  One 
moon  has  been  discovered,  but  astronomers  insL-^t  that  this  majestic 
planet  is  entitled  to  five  more.  The  motion  of  the  moon  already 
observed  is,  like  those  of  t'ranus,  contrary  to  the  common  movement 
of  most  planetary  satellites.  Leverrier  noted  and  pondered  over  the 
perturbations  of  I'ranus,  measuring  their  intensity  and  direction, 
and  concluded  That  a  body  far  beyond  the  orbit  of  that  planet  was  the 
cause  of  its  irregularities.  He  wrote  to  Dr.  Galle.  requesting  him 
to  point  his  glass  in  a  certain  quarter,  where  ho  must  find  another 
planet.     Dr.  Galle  did  as  directed,  and  thus  Neptune  was  discovered. 


Size  of  the  Sun  Compared  with  the  Planets 

Showing  Spots  upon  the  Sun. 


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Words  and  Terms  used  in  Describing  Various  Matters  Relating  to  Astrononny. 


berratlon— A  small,  apparent  motion 
in  thf  lixed  stars,  discovered  in  1725. 
Acceleration     of    the    Moon— 

The  moon's  present  period  of  revolution 
is  shorter  than  formerly,  owing  to  the 
increase  or  acceleration  of  ita  mean 
motion  in  its  orbit. 

Acceleration  of  the  Planets  —  The  in- 
creased rapidity  of  their  movements  while  chang- 
ing position  from  nearness  to  the  earth  to  the 
farthest  range  of  their  orbits. 

Acceleration  (Dally)  of  the  Fixed 
Stars— The  unuiunt  by  which  their  daily  mutiun 
seems  to  exceed  that  of  the  sun,  so  that  they 
reach  the  meridian  of  any  place  about  four 
minutes  sooner  each  succeedint^day. 

Acolyte  —  A 

star  attending,  as 
a  companion,  nii- 
other  star  in  its 
orbit. 

Acronycal— A 

star  that   rises    at 

sunset  and  sets  at 

sunrise. 

A  4l  umbra  II  on 

—The  faint  shad- 
ow   of    the    moon, 

shown  in  favorable 

weather,    when     it 

becomes  "new,"  or 

during   an  eclipse 

of  the  sun. 
Aerollte-A 

meteoric  stone,  or 

other      substance. 

coming  totheearth 

from      far-off     i-e- 

gionsof  space;  sup- 
posed to  be  a  f  ra;;- 

ment    of    anothtr 

planet. 

Alcyone  —The 
most  brilliant  star 
in  the  cluster  of 
the  Pleiadeslin  the 
constellation  of 
Taurus,  the  Bull), 
and  surmised  to  be 
the  central  sun 
around  which  our 


Altair— The  principal  star  in  the  constellation 
of  Aquiia,  or  the  Eagle. 

Altltuae  of  a  Star— The  height  of  any  star 
above  the  horizon,  and  is  trueor  apparent  accord- 
ing as  it  is  reckoned  f  I'om  the  sensible  or  rational 
horizon.  The  "parallax  of  altitude"  is  the  dif- 
ference of  distance  between  these  two  horizons. 
See  Horizon. 

Aniplltiiile  —  An  arc  of  the  horizon  inter- 
cepted between  the  east  or  west  points  and  the 
cent^?r  of  the  sun  or  stars  at  tlieir  rising  and  set- 
ting, it  is  "ortive,"  or  eastern,  when  the  star  is 
rising,  and  "occiduous,"  or  western,  when  the 
star  is  setting. 

Annual  Parallax— See  Parallax. 

Antarctic- The  riunie  of  a  circle  of  the  globe 


Fig.  5--The  Earth  as  it  Appears  in  Space. 

Showing  Earth,  Sun,  Moon,  a  Comet  and  various  Planets  as  they  revolve  in  the  immensity  of  space. 


solar  system  appears  to  be 
moving. 

Aldebaran— The  biightest  star  in  the  con- 
stellation of  Taurus,  in  the  group  Hyades,  in  the 
face  of  the  Bull. 

Alerol— A  fixed  star  of  the  second  magnitude  in 
the  constellation  of  Perseus. 

Almanac— A  calendar  or  record,  published 
annually,  of  the  months  and  days,  with  an 
account  of  the  rising  and  netting  of  the  sun  and 
moon,  the  movements  of  other  planets,  and  other 
astronomical  and  miscellaneous  mattej-s. 

Alphonsine  Tables— Astronomical  tables, 
publi;.lu'(l  under  the  auspices  of  .\lphonso  X. , 
king  of  Spain,  iu  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth 
I'cnlury. 


which  is  opposite  to  the  arctic,  or  northern  pole, 
and  is  nearly  twenty-three  and  a  half  degrees 
distant  from  the  antarctic,  or  southern  pole. 

Andromeila- .V  constellation  of  sixty-three 
stars  in  the  northern  heavens,  representing  a 
woman  chained. 

Anser— A  star  of  the  fifth  magnitude  in  the 
Milky  Way. 

Annular- Havingthe  form  of  a  ring:  annular 
space  is  the  interval  between  an  inner  and  outer 
ring.     See  Eclipse. 

Anomalistic  Year  —  The  time  that  the 
earth  occupies  in  passing  through  its  orbit. 

Aphelion- That  point  at  which  any  planet  is 
farthest  from  the  sun.     See  APogke. 


AqiiarliiN  (or  the  Water-Bearerj- A  constelleu 

lion    in  the   zodiac,    immediately   .south    of  *lhe 
equinoctial,  and  the  eleventh  sign  in  the  zodiac. 

Aqulla  and  Antlnoun- A  double  constel- 
lation, directly  south  of  the  Fox  and  Goose  and 
Innncdiatcly  west  of  the  Dolphin;  it  contains 
seventy-one  stars. 

Arc  Diurnal  —  That  part  of  a  circle 
described  by  a  planet  or  star  between  its  rising 
and  setting;  the  "nocturnal  arc"  is  that  parsed 
between  its  setting  and  rising. 

Arctic  Circle  —  That  portion  of  the  earth 
immediately  surrounding  the  north  pole,  bounded 
by  a  line  paralk-l  witii  the  equator  about  twenty- 
three  and  a  half  degrees  from  the  pole. 

Arcturu»t-A  fixed  star  of  the  fii-st  magnitude 
in  the  constellation 
of  Bootes. 

Aries  (the 
Ham  >— A  constella- 
tion now  second 
in  the  zodiac,  sit- 
uated next  east  of 
Pisces,  and  con- 
taining  sixty-six 
stai'Si  nine  of  these 
are  called  "nauti- 
cal stars,"  because 
sailors  use  them  in 
determining  their 
longitude  at  sea. 

A  rm  Ilia  ry 

Sphere  —An  in- 
strument arranged 
like  a  globe,  but 
made  of  a  number 
of  circles  of  wood, 
metal  or  paper, 
representing  the 
several  cii-cles  of 
the  sphere  of  the 
world  put  together 
in  their  natural 
order;  the  whole 
turns  upon  an  axis 
within  a  horizon, 
which  is  divided 
into  degrees, 
moves  in  every  di- 
rection, and  when 
revolved  exhibits 
all  the  phenomena  of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

Artro  NaviM  (the  Ship)— ,\  constellation  of 
the  southern  hemisphere,  containing  sixty-four 
stars,  two  of  wiiich  (Canopusand  Sliaplacidus)  are 
of  the  fii'st  magnitude;  this  constellation  com- 
memorates the  mythological  stoi-y  of  Jason's 
expedition  to  Colchis  to  recover  the  golden 
fleece. 

Apogee- That  point  of  a  planet's  orbit  where 
it  is  most  distant  from  the  earth;  this  term,  as 
well  OS  "  Perigee  "  (which  see),  was  in  use  among 
the  ancients;  since  modem  astronomers  have 
made  the  sun  the  center  of  the  solar  system, 
the  terms  ' '  Aphelion  "  and  ' '  Perihelion  "  are 
more  commonly  used  to  express  the  same  things. 
Apparition— The  visibility  of  any  star:  the 


(> — 


dm. 


2<)») 


ASTROXOMICAL    DICTIONARY. 


THE    MOON. 


"circle  of  apparition"  is  an  imaginary  line 
within  which  stars  are  always  visible  in  any  eiveu 
latitude. 

Appulse  —  The  approach  of  a  planet  toward 
a  conjunction  «ith  the  siui  or  any  of  the  fixed 
stars. 

Apsides— The  two  points  in  the  orbit  of  a 
planet,  at  the  greatest  and  least  distance  from  the 
sun. 

Ascension— That  degree  of  the  equator  reck- 
oned from  the  tii-st  of  the  constellation  Aries  east- 
ward, which  rises  with  the  sun  or  a  star;  and  is 
either  rigftf  or  oblique  according  as  it  rises  in  a 
right  or  obliciue  sphere;  "  ■  ascensional  difference  " 
is  the  difference  between  the  right  and  oblique 
ascensions  in  any  point  of  the  heavens. 

Asteroids— The  numerous  small  planets  whose 
orbits-  are  situated  between  those  of  Mars  and 
Jupiter;  these  include  Astraa,  Ceres,  Iris.  Hebe, 
Juno,  Pallas,  Vesta,  and  more  than  one  hundi-ed 
others,  discovered  since  1801.  They  are  supposed 
to  be  fragments  cast  oflE  from  other  remote  plan- 
ets, and  are  held  in  their  places  by  solar  influences. 

Astrsea— One  of  the  asteroidal  planets 
in  our  solar  system. 

Astrolabe  —  An  instrument  for  taking 
the  altitude  of  the  sun  or  stars  at  sea,  resem- 
bling the  armiilarj-  sphere,  but  is  not  nojv 
used. 

Astronomy— The  science  which  treats 
of  the  sun,  moon,  earth,  planets,  comets, 
etc. ,  showing  their  magnitudes,  order  and 
distances  from  each  other,  measuring  and 
noting  their  risings^  settings,  motions,  ap- 
pearances, the  dates  and  number  of  their 
eclipses, etc. ;  amixed  mathematical  science. 

Atmosphere,  or  Air— The  invisible  and 
delicate  element  which  we  breathe,  and 
which  closely  envelops  the  earth  to  a  depth 
of  about  forty  miles;  the  substance  of  winds. 

Aarisra  (the  Wagoner)— A  constellation 
in  the  northern  hemisphere,  between  Per- 
seus and  Gemini,  on  the  same  meridian  with 
Orion,  containing  sixty-six  stars,  of  which 
Capella  is  one  of  the  most  briUiant  in  the 
heavens. 

Aurora  Borealls  ("  The  Northern 
Twilight  "  )—  An  extraordinary  meteoric  or 
luminous  appearance,  visible  at  night,  in-the 
northern  heavens,  usually  known,  also,  as 
"northei-n  lights;"  its  origin  and  nature  have  long 
puzzled  the  votaries  of  science,  to  whom  its  mys. 
terious  beauty  ever  attracts  attention;  its  source 
is  believed  to  be  electrical;  its  phenomena  varies 
almost  constantly,  assuming  the  form  of  an  arch 
of  light  and  brilliant,  colored  streamei-s  flashing 
throngli  the  sky.  In  the  ^ncinity  of  the  southern 
pole,  where  it  is  called  "Aurora  australis,"  it  is 
also  witnessed. 

Autumn— The  third  season  in  the  solar  year. 
which  begins,  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  Sep- 
tember 22.  when  the  sun  enters  the  constellation 
of  Libra,  the  Scales,  and  terminates  about  Decem- 
ber 21;  during  this  season  the  sun  also  passes 
through  the  other  two  constellations  of  Scoi"pio. 
the  Scorpion,  and  Sagittarius,  the  Archer,  and 
these  three  constellations  arc  known  as  "  Autum- 
nal Signs." 

AxIk  of  the  Earth— An  Imaginary  line  pass- 
ing through  the  centirr  of  the  globe,  north  and 
ftouth,  from  pole  ^>  pole,  about  M'hich  its  dally 
revolution  Is  performed;  the  axis  of  the  earth 
during  Its  revolution  round  the  sun  remains  par- 
alli-l  to  itself,  inclined  to  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic 
(  which  see  >  In  an  angle  of  23>^J  degrees. 

.\xl«  ol*  Che  Heaven*  —  Tlie  axis  of  the 
'iirtli.  fruni  mn-th  to  H-nitli.  ru' f  rom  east  to  went. 


presented  both  ways  to  the  concave  surface  of  the 
heavens. 

Azimuth  —  An  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted 
between  the  meridian  of  the  place  and  the  verti- 
cal circle  passing  through  the  center  of  the 
object.  '•  Azimuth  circles"  are  imaginarj-  great 
vertical  circles  passing  through  the  zenith  and 
nadir,  and  cutting  the  horizon  at  right  angles. 
"  Magnetical  azimuth,"  an  arc  of  the  horizon, 
intercepted  between  the  vertical  circle  (azimuth) 
passing  through  the  center  of  any  heavenly  body 
and  the  magnetical  meridian.  "Azimuth  com- 
pass," an  instrument  for  defining,  in  a  more 
accurate  manner  than  by  the  common  compass, 
the  magnetical  azimuth  of  the  sun  or  stars. 

Beard  of  a  Comet— The  rays  which  a  comet 
sends  out  toward  that  part  of  the  heavens  to 
which  its  course  seems  to  direct  it. 

Berenice^  Hair  — A  beautiful  cluster  of 
forty-three  stars  in  the  northern  hemisphere, 
about  five  degrees  east  of  the  equinoctial  colure; 
its  principal  stars  are  between  the  fourth  and  fifth 
magnitudes. 


Fig-  6 — The  Moon. 

The  Satellite  which   revolves  around   the   earth,    9,162  miles  in 

diameter,  with  a  surface  thirteen  times  less  than  the  earth, 

and  giving  light  to  the  eai-th  by  reflection  from  the  sun. 


Binocular— See  Parallax. 

Bootes  (the  Bear-Driver)  —  A  constella- 
tion of  the  northern  hemisphere,  said  to  contain 
fifty-four  stars;  represents  a  huntsman,  with  two 
greyhounds,  pursuing  the  constellation  of  the 
Great  Bear;  its  principal  star,  of  the  fii-st  magni- 
tude, is  Arcturus. 

Bouleversement— .A.  French-Latin  woitl.  ex- 
]>ressive  of  "  the  wreck  of  matter  and  the  crash 
of  worlds  ;■'  a  general  disorder. 

Cancer  (the  Crab)  — The  fifth  eonstell.ation 
and  fourth  sign  of  the  zodiac;  situated  in  the 
ecliptic,  with  Leo.  the  Lion,  on  the  east,  and  Gem- 
ini, the  Twins,  on  the  west;  conUiins  eighty-three 
stars,  of  which  Beta,  of  the  third  or  fourth  mag- 
nitude, is  the  brightest,  besides  several  double  and 
nebulous  stars;  it  reatrhes  the  meridian  March  3. 
Sec  Tropics. 

Cameiopard  —  A  constellation  between  the 
Pole  Star  and  the  Great  Bear,  an<i  directly  north 
of  .\uriga;  it  contains  fifty-eight  umall  stars,  the 
flvf  largest  being  of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

<'ane«  Venntici  —  The  constcllatiuTi  of  the 
Gi"<'ylioinids,  whidi  see. 

CanlN  MiO**i'""()  CanU  Minor— Two  con- 
stellations ill  tile  soutlii-rii  hcini^phcrc,  known  as 


the  Great  Dog  and  the  Little  Dog;  the  first,  con- 
taining thirty-one  visible  stars,  is  southward  and 
eastward  of  Orion;  its  principal  star  is  Sinus,  the 
Dog  Star,  the  most  brilliant  in  our  heavens  ( see 
SiRius);  the  second,  a  small  one,  containing  only 
fourteen  stars,  has  Procyon,  of  the  first  magni- 
tude, for  its  brightest  star,  and  Gomelza,  of  the 
second  magnitude,  for  its  next  most  important; 
its  place  in  the  heavens  is  about  five  degrees  north 
of  the  equinoctial,  midway  between  Canis  Major 
and  Gemini. 

Caprlcornns  (the  Goat)— The  tenth  sign  in 
the  zodiac,  a  constellation  of  fifty-one  stars,  the 
largest  three  of  which  are  only  of  the  third  mag- 
nitude; situated  in  the  southera  hemisphere, 
south  of  the  Dolphin  and  east  of  Sagittarius.  See 
Tropics. 

Castiiopela- A  beautiful  constellation  in  the 
northern  and  southern  hemisphere,  representing 
a  queen  seated  in  a  chair,  her  head  and  body  in 
the  Milky  Way  and  her  foot  resting  upon  the 
arctic  circle — situated  midway  between  Andro- 
meda and  the  north  polar  star;  it  contains  fifty 
five  visible  stars,  the  five  brightest,  of  the 
third  magnitude,  and  one  or  two  smaller 
ones,  forming  the  "  chair;"  the  star  Caph  is 
useful  to  mariners  and  surveyors  in  deter- 
mining the  ti-ue  position  of  the  polar  star. 

Castor — A  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in 
the  constellation  of  the  Twins. 

Celestial  Globe  —  An  artificial  globe, 
like  those  representing  the  earth,  which  con- 
tains a  view  of  the  various  constellations 
and  signs  of  the  zodiac  in  their  places  in 
the  heavens. 

Centaurns  (the  Man-Horse)— A  constel- 
lation of  the  extreme  southern  hemisphere, 
containing  thirty-five  stare,  including  two  of 
the  flr^t  magnitude,  which  are  not  visible  in 
the  United  States;  it  represents  a  horse's 
body  with  a  man's  head  and  arms,  holding  a 
spear. 

Centripetal  Force— That  force  which 
draws  a  body  toward  the  sun;  "centrifugal 
repulsion  "  is  that  power  which  the  sun  has 
to  repel  other  bodies;  both  forces  keep  the 
planets    in    their    places. 

Cepheus  (the  King)  — A  constellation  in 
the  northern  hemisphere,  about  twenty-five 
degrees  northwest  of  Cassiopeia,  to  whom 
the  king  seems  to  extend  his  scepter,  while  his  left 
foot  is  over  the  north  pole;  it  contains  thirty-five 
visible  stars,  the  largest  of  which,  Alderamin,  is 
of  the  third  magnitude. 

Ceres  —  One  of  the  asteroids,  discovered 
Januaiy  J.  1801.  by  Piazzi,  of  Palermo,  who 
named  it  after  the  goddess  of  grain  and  hao'cst. 
(See  Asteroids.  )  It  revolves  around  the  sun  in 
four  years  iuid  seven  and  one-thiixl  months;  has  a 
diameter  estimated  at  1,582  miles,  and  a  velocity 
in  its  orbit  of  41.000  miles  an  hour,  and  Is  never 
seen  with  the  naked  eye. 

Cvtus  (the  Whale)— The  largest  constellation 
in  (he  heavens,  filling  a  space  fifty  degrees  in 
length  and  about  twenty  degrees  in  breadth;  Is 
situated  below  Aries  and  the  Triangles,  and  con- 
tains ninety-seven  stars,  but  none  of  the  first 
magnitude. and  only  two  of  the  second  magnitude. 
Circumference  —  The  distance  around  the 
outer  surface  of  a  ciixle  or  sphere. 

Columha  (the  Dove)— A  constellation  of  only 
ten  >tars,  only  one  of  which  is  of  the  second  mng- 
nitude;  situated  about  sixteen  degrees  south  of 
the  Hare,  and  nearly  on  the  same  meridian  with 
the  "three  stars"  in  Orion's  belt;  it  was  named 
after  Noah's  dove,  sent  out  from  the  ark  to  find 
di-j-  land. 


7m^ 


AMKoNoMICAL    UK    IJi  )N  A  i;  V. 


-UIOAT    C').Ml-,r    OI'     l^V'J. 


Colares— Two  great  imapinai^  circles  In  the 
lieavcriH.  which  intersect  each  other  at  right 
antfU's,  dividing  tin-  ecliptic  into  fonrccmal  parts, 
«nd marlf  tlie  ^*^■asons  of  the  year;  one  passes 
throngh  the  e<ininoxes  at  Aries  and  Libra,  and  is 
called  the  "  equinoctial  colure;"  the  other,  north 
and  south,  is  the  solstitial  colure. " 

Comet— Around,  transparent  body,  resembling 
a  planet,  which  performs  irregular  or  eccentric 
revolutions  about  the  snn  in  long  and  narrow 
orbits,  which  have  the  sun  in  one  of  their  focuses; 
itconsiats  of  a  spherical,  transparent  light,  enclos- 
ing a  transparent  nucleus,  or  ball,  and  a  long 
train,  or  tall,  of  Hery  particles,  by  which  comets 
are  distinguished  from  other  heavenly  bodies;  it 
is  estimated  that  there  are  upward  of  one  million 
of  these  wandering  wonders  in  space,  and  while 
many  of  them  have  regular  times  for  returning 
to  the  sun  and  departing  again  at  gi-eater  or  less 
periods,  othei-s  have  been  noted  but  once  in 
human  history  as  visitors  to  our  solar  system; 
their  composition  and  mission  are  profound 
mysteries,  which  science  fails  to  reveal;  snpei-sti- 
tlon  has,  however,  made  them  objects  of  terror, 
in  past  ages,  lest  they  portended  evil  to  the  world 
and  its  inhabitants. 

Concave— The  interior  of  an  arched  or  spheri- 
cal surface. 

Complement— The  distance  of  a  star  from  the 
zenith. 

Coiijiiuctlon — The  meeting  of  two  planets  in 
the  same  degree  of  the  zodiac. 

Coui«lellu.tlon  — An  assem- 
blage of  fixed  stars,  imagined  to 
represent  the  form  of  some 
creature  or  other  object,  such 
as  a  bear,  a  ship,  t>r  noted 
heathen  god  or  goddess,  from 
which  they  derived  those  names 
that  are  now  used  in  designatiJig 
and  describing  the  stars. 

CoustellAtloiis    (Origin)  ~ 
The  division  of  the  heavens  into 
constellations    is  very  ancient, 
probably  as   old  as  astronomy 
itself.       Frequent    mention    is 
made  of  them  by  name  in  the 
Christian  Bible,   especially  in  the  books  of  Job 
and  Amos;  some  of  them  are  also  mentioned  by 
Homer  and  Hesiod,  about  900  years  before  Christ. 
Originally  there   were  forty-eight  constellations 
known  to  Ptolemy,  called  the  Old  Constellations, 
to  which  others  have  been  since  added,  until  the 
list  now  comprises  100  or  more. 

Convex— The  exterior  surface  of  a  sphere  or 
arc— opposite  of  concave. 

Corona— A  luminous  appearance,  with  diver- 
gent points  of  light,  surrounding  the  dark  body  of 
the  moon  during  an  eclipse  of  the  sun;  also  that 
phase  of  the  aurora  borealis,  where  a  crown-like 
illumination  diverges  from  the  main  arc  near 
tbf  ii.n-th  pole. 

Copernlcau  System  — A  particular  system 
of  the  heavenly  bodies  fli-st  proposed  by  Pythag- 
oras and  afterwards  ^e^'ived  by  Copernicus,  a 
Polish  astronomer;  their  theory  is  the  one  now 
univei-sally  adopted,  placing  the  sun  in  the  center 
of  the  solar  system,  with  all  the  other  planets  re- 
volving round  it  in  a  particular  and  regular  order. 
Cofona  Borealis  (the  Northern  Crown)— A 
beautiful  constellation,  situated  directly  north  of 
the  Serpent's  Head,  between  Bootes  on  the  west 
and  Hercules  on  the  east;  it  contains  twenty-one 
Btai-s,  none  of  the  fli-st  magnitude,  six  of  which 
form  a  circular  figure  much  resembling  a  wreath 
or  crown. 
CorvuB  (the  Crow^— A  small  constellation  east 


of  the  Cup,  In  the  southern  hemisphere,  on  the 
same  meridian  as  Berenice's  Hair,  but  as  far  south 
of  the  equinoctial  as  Berenice's  Hair  is  north  of 
it;  containing  nine  stars,  but  none  of  the  llrst  or 
second  magnitudes. 

CnKmtciil  —  A  term  having  reference  to  the 
grand  harmonious  system  of  the  universe,  or  of 
the  solar  system,  or  to  any  heavenly  body  that 
rises  and  sets  with  the  sun.     See  Acrontcal. 

Coup-de-so-lell— The  peculiar  effect  of  the 
sun's  heat  upon  men  and  animals  known  aa  *'  sun- 
stroke. " 

Crescent  of  the  I*f  oon— The  moon's  appear- 
ance wlien  new  or  in  the  last  cpiarter. 

Cytrniis  (the  Swan)— A  rennxrkahle  constella- 
tion, composed,  according  to  different  estimates, 
of  eighty-one  or  one  hundred  and  seven  stars, 
situated  in  the  Milky  Way,  directly  east  of  the 
Lyre,  and  nearly  on  the  same  meridian  as  the 
Dolphin;  the  principal  stars  that  nuirk  the  wings, 
the  bill  and  the  body  of  the  Swan  form  a  large 
and  regular  cross;  it  has  but  one  star  of  the  first 
magnitude. 

Days  and  Xlghts— The  unequal  lengths  of 
the  days  and  nights  are  occasioned  by  the  annual 
revolution  of  the  earth  around  the  sun,  with  its 
axis  inclined  to  the  plane  of  its  orbit;  the  contin- 
uance of  the  sun  above  the  horizon  of  any  place 
depends  entirely  u))on  his  declination  or  altitude 
at  noon;  at  the  vernal  and  autumnal  equinoxes, 
March  21  and  September  23,  he  has  no  declination, 
;iii'i  till-  ,l;tv-  :iii'!  niu'hf-  ■■<y  rfvn  -l'  --|(f.[  l-TVJ-th- 


Fig.  7--The  Great  Comet  of  1843, 

The  t;iil  uf  which  was  i;iO. 000. 0(1(1  miles  in  length. 

and  the  sun's  declination  or  obliquity  between 
these  two  dates  regulates  the  seasons,  pro- 
ducing spring  and  summer  on  one  side  of  the 
equator,  and  autumn  and  winter  on  the  opposite 
side.  An  astronomical  day  is  rated  from  noon  of 
one  day  to  the  noon  of  the  next;  a  civil  day  is 
reckoned  from  sunrise  to  sunrise,  or  sunset  to 
sunset. 

Bepression— The  distance  of  a  star  from  the 
horizon  below  it;  "depression  of  the  pole"  is 
said  of  a  pei"3on  sailing  from  either  pole  toward 
the  equator;  "  depression  of  the  visible  horizon," 
or**  dip,"  is  its  dipping,  or  sinking,  below  the 
true  horizontal  plane  by  the  observer's  eye  being 
above  the  surface  of  the  sea. 

IJeseensloii- An  arc  of  the  equator  which  de- 
scends or  sets  with  any  sign  or  point  in  the  zodiac, 
and  descension  is  either  " right "  or  "oblique" 
according  as  it  takes  place  in  a  right  or  oblique 
sphere:  "  descensional  difference"  is  the  differ- 
ence between  the  right  and  oblique  descension  of 
a  star,  etc- 

Declination  — The  distance  of  any  star  or 
point  of  the  heavens  from  the  equator,  either 
north  or  south;  the  greatest  declination  is  twenty- 
three  and  a  half  degrees. 

Degree- The  three  hundred  and  sixtieth  part 
of  the  circumference  of  a  cii-cle. 

Delphinus  (the  Dolphin)— A  beautiful  cluster 
of  eighteen  stars,  only  one  being  above  the  third 


magnitude,  about  fourteen  degreeti  northeast  of 
the  Eagle;  the  four  principal  wtars  In  the  head 
form  a  diamond  figure. 

Diameter  — A  right  lino  paealng  through  a 
cin.'Ie  or  sphere. 

Difference  or  Ijonicltutle  —  An  arc  of  the 
earth's  equator,  coniprelK-'iided  between  the  me- 
ritllans  of  two  places  on  earth. 

Direction— The  motion  and  other  phenomena 
of  a  planet  when  It  Is  direct,  or  going  forward  In 
the  zodiac  according  to  the  natural  order  of  the 

sigim. 

Disk — The  body  or  face  of  the  sun  or  moon  ait 
it  appears  to  us. 

Diurnal— Constituting  the  measure  of  a  day— 
the  time  expended  by  any  planet  in  making  one 
revolution  around  Its  own  axis;  "diurnal  arc" 
is  the  space  apparently  traveled  by  the  sun  or 
moon  from  its  rising  to  its  setting. 

Draco  (the  Dragon)— A  large  constellation  in 
the  polar  sky,  containing  eighty  stars,  four  of 
which  are  of  the  second  magnitude. 

Draffon's-head  —  The  ascending  node  of  a 
planet,  represented  in  almanacs  by  a  figure 
exactly  resembling  the  eye  of  a  hook-and-eye;  the 
name  is  derived  from  a  fanciful  figure  caused  by 
deviation  of  the  planet  from  the  ecliptic  in  pass- 
ing from  one  node  to  the  other. 

Earth— (See  Introduction  to  this  Dictionary.) 

Eccentric  Circle  —  The  circle  that  circum- 
'•■nti.-  th-' t'lliptical  orbit  of  the  jilanet. 

Eccentricity— The  distance 
between  the  sun  and  the  center 
of  the  eccentric. 

Equation  of  Time— The 
difference  between  mean  and  ap- 
parent time,  or  the  reduction  of 
the  apparent  unequal  time  or 
motion  of  the  sun,  etc.,  to 
equable  time  or  motion. 

Eclipse — ' '  An  eclipse  of  the 
sini  takes  place  when  the  dark 
body  of  the  moon,  passing  di- 
rectly between  the  earth  and 
sun.  intercepts  his  light;  this 
can  happen  only  at  the  instant 
of  neto  moon,  or  when  the  moon  is  in  coujuuction, 
for  it  is  only  then  that  she  passes  between  us  and 
the  sun.  An  eclipse  of  the  moon  takes  place  when 
the  dark  body  of  the  earth,  coming  between  her 
and  the  sun,  intercepts  his  light  and  throws  a 
shadow  on  the  moon;  this  can  happen  only  at 
the  time  of  full  moon,  or  when  the  moon  is  in  op- 
position, for  it  is  only  then  that  the  earth  is  be- 
tween her  and  the  sun.  The  magnitude  of  the 
sun  is  such  that  the  shadow  cast  by  each  of  the 
primary  planets  always  converges  to  a  point 
before  it  reaches  any  other  planet,  so  that  not 
one  of  the  primary  planets  can  eclipse  another; 
the  shadow  of  any  planet  which  is  accompanied 
by  satellites  may,  on  certain  occasions,  eclipse  its 
satellites,  but  it  is  not  long  enough  to  eclipse  any 
other  body;  the  shadow  of  a  satellite,  or  moon, 
may  also,  on  certain  occasions,  fall  on  the  primary 
planet  and  eclipse  it." — (Biirritt.)  Eclipses  are 
total  or  partial,  according  to  the  relative  posi- 
tions of  the  two  planets  at  the  time  of  the  eclipse, 
so  that  the  whole  of  the  eclipsed  body  may  be 
darkened,  or  only  a  portion  of  it.  An  "  annular 
eclipse"  is  one  of  the  sun  in  which  the  moon  con- 
ceals the  whole  of  the  sun's  disk,  except  a  bright 
ringai-ound  the  border. — {Brande.)  There  cannot 
be  less  than  two  eclipses,  nor  more  than  seven,  in 
any  year;  usually  there  are  two  each  of  the  sun 
and  moon. 

Ecliptic  —  A  great  circle  of  the  sphere  in 
which  the  sun  performs  his  apparent  annual  mo- 


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ASTKONUMICAL    DICTIONARY. 


1 


tion ;  it  is  supposed  to  be  drawn  through  the  mid- 
dle of  the  zodiac,  and  makes  an  angle  with  the 
equinoctial  of  nearly  twenty-three  degrees  and 
thirty  minutes,  which  angle  is  called  "the 
obliquity  of  the  ecliptic." 

Equator -An  imaginary  great  circle  drawn 
around  the  earth  from  east  to  west,  half-way  be- 
tween the  north  and  south  poles. 

Eqaator  of  the  Heavens  (or  Equinoctial 
Line.-.4n  imaginary  great  circle  in  our  solar  sys- 
tem, answering  to  the  equator  on  the  earth; 
whenever  the  sun  comes  to  this  circle,  the  days 
and  nights  are  equal  all  over  the  earth. 

Equinoxes-The  times  when  the  sun  enters 
the  borders  of  the  constellations  of  Aries  and 
Libra,  about  the  twenty-first  of  March  and  the 
twenty-third  of  September,  at  which  dates  the 
days  and  nights  are  of  equal  length  throughout 
the  world. 

Eqnnlna  (the  Little  Horse)— A  small  cluster  of 
stars,  about  half-way  between  the  head  of  the 
constellation  Pegasus  and  that  of  the  Dolphin;  it 
contain.s  ten  stars,  none  of  which  are  of  more 
than  the  fourth  magnitude. 

Elliptical  -  -'in  oblong  figure  with  rounded 
ends. 

Elllptlclty  —  The  deviation  of  the  earth's 
shape  f  nmi  the  form  of  a  true  sphere  or  globe. 

Elongatlou- The  removal  of  a  planet  to  the 
farthest  distance  it  can  be  from  the  sun,  as  seen 
from  the  earth. 

Emer«loQ-The  reappearance  of  the  sun  and 
moon  after  they  have  undergone  an  eclipse;  also 
of  a  star  that  emerges  from  under  the  rays  of  the 
sun. 

EphemerU— An  astronomical  almanac  or 
table,  showing  the  state  of  the  heavens  for  every 
day  at  noon. 

Epicycle  — A  little  circle  in  the  center  of  a 
greater  circle. 

Epicycloldal— A  curve  generated  by  a  point 
in  the  circumference  of  a  movable  circle,  which 
rolls  on  the  inside  or  outside  of  the  circumference 
of  a  tlxed  circle,  as  the  moon's  orbit  in  connection 
with  the  earth's  aroimd  the  sun. 

Erldanus  (the  River  Pol- An  eccentric  con- 
stellation of  eighty-tour  stars,  only  one  of  which 
is  of  the  first  magnitude,  meandering,  like  a 
river,  irregularly  through  the  heavens  a  distance 
of  130  degrees;  that  part  of  it  which  lies  between 
Orion  and  the  Whale  is  known  as  the  ' '  northern 
stream,"  and  the  remainder  as  the  "southern 
sti-cam." 
FalllnE  Star«-See  Meteoric  Showebs. 
Force*  (-Vttractive  and  Repelling)  —  See  Cen- 

TKIl-ETAL. 

Fixed  Stars  —  Those  which  do  not  change 
their  ijositions  in  regard  to  each  other. 

First  Quarter— .Sec  Phases. 

Pull  Moon-That  phase  of  the  moon  when 
the  sun  shines  squarely  upon  its  hemisphei-e  pi-e- 
sented  to  our  vision,  so  that  one-halt  of  its  »ui-- 
foce  is  completely  illuminated. 

<JemInI  (the  Twins)- The  fourth  constellation 
and  the  third  sign  In  the  order  of  the  zodiac, 
between  Cancer  on  the  east  and  Taurus  on  the 
west,  and  south  of  the  Lynx,  the  orbit  of  the 
earth  paiislng  through  the  center  of  the  constella- 
tion, which  contains  clghty-nve  stars;  one  of 
these.  Castor,  Is  of  the  llrst  magnitude,  and 
Pollux  of  the  second,  both  appearing  In  the  head 
of  the  Twins,  not  far  apart. 

Oeocentric— See  Pabam-ax. 


Olblious- The  convex  shape  of  the  light  part 
of  the  moon  during  her  course  from  full  to  new 
when  the  dark  pai-t  of  that  body  appeai-s  homed 
—the  opposite  of  the  "crescent  of  the  moon," 
which  see. 

Olobe- An  artiflcial  round  body,  solid  or 
hollow,  on  which  is  drawn  a  representation  of  the 
earth,  or  of  the  heavens;  the  llrst  is  called  a 
terrestial  globe;  the  other,  a  celestial  globe. 

Onomon— An  astronomical  instrument  or 
app.Tratus  for  measuring  altitudes. 

Oravitatlon  —  That  particular  force  which 
the  earth  possesses  for  attracting  all  exterior  sub- 
stances tuward  its  own  center,  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree. 

Greyhounds  —  A  modem  constellation,  em- 
bracing two  in  one,  was  made  by  Hevelius  out  of 
the  unformed  stars  of  the  ancients  which  were 
scattered  between  Bootes  on  the  east,  and  the 
Great  Bear  on  the  west,  and  between  the  handle 
of  the  Dipper  on  the  north,  and  Berenice's  Hair 
on  the  south;  the  noithern  hound  is  called  Ast<^ 
rion  and  the  southern  one  Chara,  and  the  largest 
star  is  of  the  third  magnitude.  In  the  neck  of 
Chara. 

Harmony  of  the  Spheres— A  kind  of  mu- 
sic, supiKised  by  the  ancients  to  be  produced  by 
the  combined  motions  of  the  stars  and  planets. 

Heaven— That  immense  region  wherem  the 
planets,  stars  and  comets  are  located  and  perform 
their  motions;  commonly  known  as  "the  heav- 
ens." the  astronomers  having  variously  assumed 
as  many  heavens  as  they  observed  different  celes- 
tial motions. 

jf  ebe— One  of  the  asteroidal  planets  in  our 
solar  system. 

Heliacal  —  A  term  applied  to  the  stars  or 
planets  when  they  rise  and  set  with  or  at  the  same 
time  as  the  suil. 

Heliocentric— Whatever  relates  to  the  center 
of  the  sun.     See  Pabalu-V. 

Hellometer— A  sort  of  telescope  formed  of 
t^vo  object-glasses  of  equal  focal  strength,  placed 
side  by  side,  and  having  but  one  e.ye-glass. 

Hemisphere— One-half  of  the  earth  or  any 
other  sphere,  real  or  imaginary. 

Hercules- A  constellation  of  113  stars,  none 
of  which  arc  of  the  first  magnitude,  situated  in 
the  northern  hemisphere,  with  one  foot  resting 
on  the  head  of  Draco,  at  the  north.  Lyra  being  on 
the  east  of  it  and  the  Serpent  and  the  Crown  on 
the  west.  It  represents  Hercules,  the  mytholog- 
ical hero,  clad  in  the  skin  of  the  Nemajan  lion, 
holding  a  club  in  his  hand,  with  the  three-headed 
dog,  Cerebus,  at  his  left. 

Hersehel— (See  the  Introduction  to  this  Dic- 
tionary. ) 

Horizon—"  -\pparent  horizon."  the  apparent 
junction  of  the  sky  with  the  earth,  at  any  stand- 
point on  the  latter,  called,  also,  "Sensible  Hori- 
zon." "Rational  horizon— An  imaginary  great 
circle,  whose  plane,  passing  through  the  center  of 
the  earth,  divides  the  heavens  into  two  heini- 
spheies,  of  which  the  upper  one  is  called  the 
visible  hemisphere,  and  the  lower  one  the  invisi- 
ble hemisphere;  tt  is  the  plane  of  this  circle 
which  iletcrmines  the  rising  and  setting  of  the 
heavenly  bodies. "— ( nttrriti . ) 

Hyiira— A  constellation  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere, extending  almost  fiom  the  Little  Dog  to 
the  Scales,  a  distance  of  <ivcr  100  degiees;  It  con- 
tains sixty  stars,  but  none  of  the  llrst  magnitude. 
The  center  of  this  constellation  Is  a  crescent  of 
six  stars  of  the  fourth  magnitude,  called  the  Cup, 
Hydra  Is  also  known  iw  the  Watcr-.Seri)ent. 


Immersion— A  term  applied  toso  near  an 
approach  of  a  planet  to  the  sun  that  the  former 
cannot  be  seen;  also,  the  commencement  of  an 
eclipse  of  the  moon  —  that  moment  when  she 
begins  to  darken. 

Anpact— The  single  or  simple  act  of  one  body 
upon  another  so  as  to  set  it  in  motion. 

Ingress— The  sun's  entrance  into  a  sign  of  the 
zodiac,  or  the  entrance  of  the  moon  into  the 
shallow  of  the  earth,  at  the  time  of  an  eclipse. 

Interior  Planets- Those  planets  which  are 
situated  within  the  orbit  of  the  earth. 

Ij.i8_0ne  of  the  asteroidal  planets  in  our  solar 
system. 

Juno— One  of  the  asteroidal  planets  in  our 
solar  system.  (See  Asteroids.  )  It  revolves 
aroimd  the  sun  in  four  years  and  four  and  a  half 
months,  its  aver.age  distance  from  it  being  about 
254.000.000  miles,  and  moving  in  its  orbit  at  the 
rate  of  il.OOO  miles  an  hour.  Its  diameter  is  esti- 
mated at  1.393  miles.  Its  orbit  is  so  eccentric  that 
in  perihelion  it  is  nearer  by  130.000.000  miles  than 
when  in  aphelion,  and  owing  to  solar  attraction, 
moves  through  the  half  of  its  orbit  that  is  nearest 
to  the  sun  in  half  the  time  that  it  takes  to  trav- 
erse the  remainder. 

Jupiter— (See  Introduction  to  this  Diction- 
ary. ) 

Latitude  on  Earth  —  Parallels  of  latitude 
are  small  imaginary  circles  on  the  earth's  surface 
running  parallel  with  the  equator  on  both  sides 
of  it;  between  the  equator  and  each  pole  are 
ninety  of  these  lines,  each  marking  a  geographical 
degree  of  about  sixty-nine  miles. 

I>ntltude  In  the  Heavens- The  distance 
north  or  south  of  the  ecUptic  and  at  right  angles 
with  it. 

I,eD  (the  Lion)— The  fifth  sign  in  the  zodiac  and 
the  sixth  constellation,  situated  next  east  of  the 
Crab  and  south  of  the  Little  Lion  and  the  Great 
Bear;  it  contains-  ninety-five  visible  stars,  and  two 
— Rcgulus  and  Denebola— are  of  the  tlrst  magni- 
tude. 

l,eo  Minor  (the  Little  Lion)  -  Hevelius 
formed  this  constellation  of  fltty-three  stars, 
including  none  of  the  first  or  second  magnitude, 
out  of  stars  unappropriated  to  other  constella- 
tions by  the  ancients,  between  the  Lion  on  the 
south  and  the  Great  Bear  on  the  north. 

L.CPUS  (the  Hare)— A  constellation  of  nine- 
teen stars,  none  above  the  third  magnitude, 
dii-ectly  south  of  Orion,  with  which  it  reaches  the 
meridian  January  U.  and  about  eighteen  degrees 
west  of  the  Great  Dog. 

Iiibra  (the  Scales)  —  This  seventh  sign  and 
eighth  constellation  in  the  zodiac,  next  cast  of 
the  Virgin,  contains  fifty-one  stars,  none  of  them 
of  the  dvst  magnitude;  when  the  s\m  enters  this 
sign,  the  days  and  nights  are  of  eqvial  length  all 
over  the  world,  suggestive  of  an  even  lialaiice. 

I.,lbratlon  of  the  Earth- A  motion,  real  or 
apparent,  of  the  poles,  resembling  that  of  a  bal- 
nnci>  before  coming  tfl  a  rest  — an  oscillatory 
movement  of  the  earth  on  its  axis. 

I.lbratlon  of  the  Moon  -  An  appaient 
irregularity  in  its  motion. 

I..lml>— The  utnu)st  edge  or  border  of  thi-  body 
of  the  -sun  or  moon. 

I.,onKltHdc— An  arc  of  the  ecliptic  intercepted 
between  some  given  point  called  the  first  merid- 
ian and  the  meridian  passing  through  the  pro- 
posed place;  this  may  be  either  east  or  west, 
according  as  it  Is  reckoned  on  the  east  or  west 
side  of  the  first  meridian. 


it 


;0v— 


ASTRONOMICAL     DICTIONAKY. 


:>'.ii.t 


L.onKltiiile  oil  the  Earth—  Distance  either 
eiibt  o!'  wuHt  from  some  llxed  meridian,  measured 
on  the  t-quator. 

LtODKitude  In  the  Ileuvens— Distant-o  cast 
from  the  rtrst  point  of  Arius,  tlic  Ram.  meaaurcd 
on  the  ecliptic. 

Liupua  (the  Wolf)— A  constellation  low  down 
in  the  southe>'ii  hemisphere,  next  east  of  the  Cen- 
taur and  south  of  the  Scales,  containing  twenty- 
three  stars,  none  of  the  tli-st  or  second-magnitude. 

Lynx— A  constellation  in  the  northern  hem- 
isphere, containing  forty-four  small  stars,  "and 
none  of  note,"  and  is  sitiiated  between  the  Wag- 
oner and  the  Great  Bear,  and  north  oC  the  Twins. 

r.yra  (the  Harp)— A  constellation  in  the  north- 
ern hemisphere,  south  of  Draco,  between  the 
Swan  on  the  east  and  Hercules  on  the  west,  and 
contains  twenty-one  stars,  of  which  Vega,  of  the 
first  magnitude,  is  one  of  the  most  brilliant  in 
the  northern  heavens;  its  surpassing  brightness 
has  attracted  the  admiration  of  astronomers  in 
all  ages. 

L.unai — Relating  to  the  moon,  its  phases, 
eclipses,  effects,  etc. 

liMnatlon- Otherwise  called  a  "  synodical 
month,"  by  which  is  meant  one  revolution  of  the 
moon,  or  the  time  between  one  new  moon  and 
another. 

Mars— (See  Introduction  to  this  Dictionary.) 

Meridians—"  Imaginary  great  circles  drawn 
through  the  poles  of  the  world,  cutting  the  equa- 
tor and  the  equinoctial  at  right  angles.  Evei*y 
place  on  earth  and  every  corresponding  point  in 
the  heavens  is  considered  as  having  a  meridian 
passing  through  it.  although  astronomers  apply 
but  twenty-four  to  the  heavens,  thus  dividing  the 
concave  surface  into  twenty  four  sections,  each 
fifteen  degrees  in  width.  These  meridians  mark 
the  space  which  the  heavenly  bodies  appear  to 
describe,  every  hour,  for  the  twenty-four  houi's 
of  the  day,  they  are  thence  sometimes  denom- 
inated 'hour-circles.'  In  measuring  distances 
and  determining  positions  on  the  earth,  the  equa- 
tor and  some  fixed  meridian,  as  that  of  (ireen- 
wich "  (or  Washington)  "contain  the  primary 
starting  points;  in  the  heavens  these  points  are 
in  the  ecliptic,  the  eq\iinoctial,  and  that  great 
meridian  which  passes  through  the  first  point  of 
.\ries,  called  the  equinoctial  colure.  "—(Burrift.) 

Magruetlcal  Meridian— A  great  circle  in 
the  heavens  which  intersects  the  horizon  in  the 
points  to  which  the  magnetic  needle  (as  the  mar- 
iner's compass),  when  at  rest,  directs  itself. 

Muenitiiden  of  Stars— Modern  astronomers 
have  been  accustomed  to  distinguish  stars  in  the 
various  constellations  by  the  lettei-s  of  the  Greek 
alphabet  and  also  according  to  their  sizes,  rang- 
ing fiom  the  "  first  magnitude,"  or  largest  star, 
to  the  "  sixth  magnitude,"  or  smallest  star  visible 
to  the  naked  eye. 

Mean —  Average;  intermediate  between  two 
extremes  of  quantity  or  situation;  as  mean 
motion,  mean  time,  mean  distance. 

Mean  Time—"  Apparent  time"  is  that  indi- 
cated by  the  sun;  "sidereal  tiine  "  is  that  meas- 
ured by  the  stars;  "  mean  time  "  is  that  equably 
marked  by  a  perfect  clock,  as  if  every  day  in  the 
year  is  of  a  uniform  length. 

Medusa*H  Head— See  Perseus. 

Mercury— i.See  Introduction  to  this  Diction- 
ary. ) 

Meteoric  Showers  —The  recurrence  of 
meteors  falling  through  space  in  great  numbers 
at  various  periods  has  led  to  much  study,  observa 
tion  and  speculation  on  the  part  of  scientific  men. 


and  certain  data  appear  to  produce  tho  following 
conclusions:  That  the  tneteors  have  their  origin 
beyond  the  limits  of  our  atmosphere;  on  one 
occasion  the  height  of  the  meteoric  cloud,  or 
radiant  point,  above  the  earth's  surface  was, 
according  to  Professor  Olmsted's  observations, 
not  less  than  2,238  miles;  they  are  composed  of 
very  light,  combustible  materials;  the  cause  of 
this  wonderful  phenomena  is  tlius  stated  by  Pro- 
fessor Olmsted  in  connection  witli  the  remarkable 
meteoric  shower  of  November  13,  1833:  "The 
meteors  emanated  from  a  nebulous  body  which 
was  then  pursuing  its  way  along  with  the  earth 
around  the  sun ;  this  body  continues  to  revulvc 
around  the  sun  in  an  elliptical  orbit,  but  little 
inclined  to  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic,  and  having 
its  aphelion  near  the  orbit  of  the  earth;  the  body 
has  a  period  of  nearly  six  months,  and  its  peri- 
helion is  a  little  below  the  oibit  of  Mercury." 
Showei-s  of  meteors  are  now  regularly  expected 
November  13  and  August  13,  each  year,  although 
they  sometimes  fail  to  appear. 

Micrometer  —  An  astronomical  machine 
which  serves  to  measure  extremely  small  distan- 
ces in  the  heavens,  etc.  It.  is  used  in  connection 
with  the  telescope  or  microscope,  and  there  are 
several  varieties  of  the  instrument  for  different 
sorts  of  scientific  observation. 

Mill£y  "Way  (the  Galaxy)  —  This  is  that 
"luminous  zone  or  pathway,  of  singular  white- 
ness, varying  from  four  degrees  to  twenty  degrees 
in  width,  Avhich  passes  quite  around  the  heavens; 
the  Greeks  called  it  Galaxy,  on  account  of  its 
color  and  appearance;  the  Latins,  for  the  same 
rea-son.  called  it  Via  Lactea.  or  the  3Iilky  "Way."- 
(Burritt. )  Astronomy  develops  the  fact  that  this 
zone  is  composed  of  innumerable  small  stars,  so 
many,  indeed,  that  Dr.  Herschel,  with  his  best 
glasses,  counted  558  stars  in  a  single  spot,  without 
moving  his  telescope,  and  while  he  steadily  gazed 
at  one  point  and  the  motion  of  the  earth  brought 
new  ones  to  his  telescopic  vision,  there  passed  in 
one-fourth  of  an  hour  no  less  than  116,000  stars 
and  on  another  occasion,  in  forty-one  minutes,  no 
less  than  258.000  stars.  It  is  also  a  belief  of 
astronomei-s  that  all  the  stars  of  the  univei-se  are 
arranged  in  clustei-s,  or  groups;  which  are  called 
nebula,  or  starry  systems,  each  of  which  contain 
many  thousands  of  stars;  our  sun,  it  is  also  said, 
belongs  to  the  nebula  of  the  Milky  Way,  and 
although  at  such  an  immense  distance  from  other 
planets  in  that  zone,  is  considered  as  near  to  any 
one  of  them  as  they  are  to  one  another.  Of  the 
character,  motions  and  peculiarities  of  the  innu- 
merable stars  that  form  the  Jlilky  Way,  little  or 
nothing  is  known,  although  it  appeai-s  that  they 
are  unequally  dispersed  and  arranging  them- 
selves into  separate  cIustei"S;  that  various 
changes  are  taking  place  among  the  nebula,  some 
increasing  by  accessions  of  stars,  and  othei-s 
growing  smaller  by  dissolution.  More  than  2,500 
nebula  have  been  observed,  each  of  which  may 
contain  as  many  stars  as  the  Milky  Way,  and 
human  understanding  fails  to  grasp  the  immensity 
of  the  visible  universe. 

Monoceros  (the  Unicom)  —  A  constellation 
containing  thirty-one  small  stars,  made  out  of 
those  previously  unformed  which  were  scattered 
between  the  two  constellations  of  the  Great  Dog 
and  the  Little  Dog;  extending  a  considerable  dis- 
tance on  each  side  of  the  equinoctial;  none  of  its 
stai-s  are  of  more  than  the  fourth  magnitude. 

Moon— The  "  lesser  light  "  tiiat  was  created  to 
illuminate  the  earth  in  the  absence  of  the  sun. 
Recent  observations  indicate  that  it  is  a  "dead 
planet."  once  filled  with  internal  fires  and  volca- 
noes, which  have  burned  out  and  left  it  a  moun- 
tainous, desolate,  barren  waste,  without  an  atmos- 
sphere   or    inhabitants.      Its  distance   from  the 


earth  1h  about  240,000  milcH;  itH  diameter  Ik  2. 1C2 
niilcM.  ItM  apparent  daily  average  motion  in 
itti  orbit  in  more  than  tliirteuu  degrees  in  u 
day,  but  this  is  understood  as  a  motion  in  a 
small  orbit,  embracing  a  great  number  of 
degrees,  with  comparatively  few  miles.  In  iho 
opinion  of  some  a^tronomcitt  thl»  body  won 
once  attached  to  the  earth,  and  when  ncbulouit 
matter  forming  tile  latter  contracted  to  its  pres- 
ent size,  was  thrown  off  from  it  and  became  a 
satellite.  The  moon  revolvun  once  on  il«  axis 
exactly  in  the  same  time  that  it  performs  a  revo- 
lution around  the  earth,  which  is  evidenced  by  its 
always  presenting  the  same  side  to  the  earth,  for 
if  it  did  not  rotate  on  an  axis,  every  part  could  be 
seen  from  our  own  planet.  It  follows,  then,  that 
the  moon's  year  contains  but  one  day  and  one 
night,  botli  together  embracing  twenty-nine  days, 
twelve  houis.  forty-four  minutes  and  three  sec- 
onds. While  revolving  about  the  earth  the 
moon  is  carried  with  it  at  the  same  time  around 
the  sun,  so  that  its  path  is  extremely  irregular, 
describing  during  one  of  our  years  about  u  dozen 
curves  around  the  earth  and  only  one  around  the 
sun.  The  reason  why  the  body  of  the  moon  is  not 
seen  in  its  new  phase  is  because  of  its  being  in  the 
dazzling  light  of  the  sun,  and  its  position 
toward  that  orb  as  seen  from  the  earth. 
The  "Harvest  Moon"— "The  moon  near  to  its 
full  at  the  time  of  harvest  in  England,  or 
about  the  time  of  the  autumnal  equinox  (in  Sep- 
tember), when,  by  reason  of  the  small  angle  of 
the  ecliptic  and  the  moon's  orbit  with  the  horizon  ,- 
it  rises  nearly  at  the  same  early  houi-  for 
several  evenings."  (  Vf'ebster  Tmprvvcd.)  "  Horn- 
Moon  "  is  the  sharp  point  in  the  crescent  form 
of  the  new  moon.  "Horizontal  Moon" — Some- 
times the  moon,  OS  well  as  the  sun,  wnen  on  the 
horizon  at  rising  or  setting,  appears  two  or  three 
times  larger  than  when  thirty  or  forty  degrees 
higher  in  the  heavens,  although  when  measured 
by  an  instrument  at  the  horizon  its  diameter  is 
really  not  at  all  increased.  This  has  puzzled  the 
scientists  greatly,  but  its  cause  is  probably  due 
to  atmosphei"ic  causes  affecting  the  eyesight. 
*'  Moon's  Quarters  "-^ee  Phases. 

Xadir— That  point  in  the  heavens  opposite  to 
the  zenith,  and  directly  under  our  feet,  in  the 
lower  hemisphere  of  the  earth. 

Neptune  —  (See  Introduction  to  this  Dic- 
tionary. ) 

Nebula— Spots  in  the  heavens,  some  of  which 
are  clusters  of  very  small  stai-s,  while  others 
appear  like  luminous  spots  in  various  forms. 

Nebular  Hypothesis— A  theory  that  from 
nebula  in  their  earliest  forms,  planets,  satellites 
and  stars  were  produced  by  cooling,  contracting 
processes,  while  revolving  in  space. 

Nebulosity— A  faint,  misty  light,  suiTOund- 
ing  certain  stai"s. 

Newtonian  Fhllosophy— The  doctrine  of 
the  univei"se  as  explained  by  Sir  Isaac  Newton, 
I'especting  the  properties,  affinities,  forces, 
motions  and  laws  of  celestial  and  terrestrial 
bodies. 

Nodes— Two  points  where  the  the  orbit  of  a 
planet  intersects  the  ecliptic;  the  northern  or 
ascending  node  is  called  the  dragon's  head,  and 
the  southern  or  descending  node,  the  dragon's 
tail. 

Nocturnal— Relating  to  night;  as  anoctumal 
ai-c  — the  arc  in  the  heavens  traversed  by  a  star 
in  the  night. 

Nucleus— The  body  of  a  comet,  surrounded  by 
its  coma,  or  hair,  otherwise  called  the  comet's 
head:  this  nucleus  is  known  to  be  transparent. 


t^ 


A- 


14 


210 


ASTRONOMICAL      DICTIONAKY. 


Xutaitlon— A  tremulous  motion  of  the  earth's 
axis,  by  which  its  inclination  to  the  plane  of  the 
ecliptic  is  constantly  varying  in  a  small  degree. 

ObscaratioQ  —  Hiding  from  view  any 
heavenly  body  by  clouds  or  eclipse. 

Observation— The  scientific  noting  of  the 
phenomena  of  the  heavenly  bodies  by  means  of 
any  instrument. 

Obftervutory  —  A  place  in  some  lofty  situa- 
tion prepared  and  fitted  up  with  telescopes, 
quadrants  and  other  instruments  for  the'  pur- 
pose of  making  astronomical  observations. 
Those  of  Greenwich  (England),  Washington 
(D.  C. ),  Paris  (France),  and  Munich  (Bavaria), 
are  among  the  most  noted  of  modem  observa- 
tories. The  ancient  Chaldeans  had  similar 
observatories. 

Observatory  (Equatorial  or  Portable)  —  An 
instrument  for  solving  numerous  astronomical 
problems,  such  as  finding  the  meridian,  directing 
the  telescope  to  any  particular  star  in  broad  day- 
light, etc. 

Occident  —  Westward,  or  the  west,  as  the 
Occident  equinoctial. 

Occultation  —  The  obscuration,  or  hiding 
from  view,  of  any  star  or  planet  by  the  interposi- 
tion of  any  other  body,  as  the  moon.  "  Circle  of 
occultation  "  is  an  imaginary  circle  around  the 
poles  which  contains  those  stars  that  are  not 
visible  in  our  hemisphere. 

Opposition  —  One  of  the  aspects  of  the 
planets,  when  they  are  180  de<;^rees  distant  from 
each  other,  or  in  a  diametrically  opposite  relation 
to  each  other. 

Optic  O lasses— Instruments,  as  microscopes, 
telescopes,  or  spectacles  for  viewing  objects 
otherwise  difficult  of  observation.  -'Optic  place 
of  a  star,"  that  point  of  its  orbit  in  which  it 
appears  to  be  to  our  eye. 

Orb—A  sphere,  or  ball,  solid  or  hollow,  espe- 
cially one  of  the  celestial  spheres,  as  the  sun, 
moon,  or  a  star;  also  .a  celestial  circle,  as  the 
orbit  of  a  planet;  also,  a  period  of  time  marked 
off  by  a  heavenly  body. 

Orbicular— Resembling,  or  having  the  fonn 
ut  an  orb. 

Orbit— The  path  of  a  planet  or  comet  while 
pur>uiiig  its  i)roper  cimi-se  through  the  heavens. 

Orient  — The  east,  opposite  to  the  Occident; 
the  point  of  the  sun's   rising. 

Oi-ion- A  magnificent  constellation  of  about 
2,000  stars,  seventy -eight  of  which  arc  visible, 
situated  midway  between  the  poles  of  the 
heavens  an<i  directly  over  the  earth's  eciutttor, 
coming  to  the  meridian  about  January  23.  It 
represents  a  man  in  the  attitude  of  assaulting  the 
Hull,  having  a  sword  in  his  belt,  a  huge  club  in  liis 
right  hand,  and  a  shield  of  lion's  skin  in  his  left. 
Two  of  the  stars  arc  of  the  first  magnitude,  four 
of  the  second,  three  of  the  third,  and  fifteen  of 
the  fourth.  It  is  full  of  interest  to  the 
astronomer. 

Orrery  —  An  astronomical  instrument  for 
exhibiting  the  several  motions  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  and  derives  its  name  fi-oni  the  Earl  of 
Orrei-y,  for  whom,  it  was  supposed,  the  first  one 
was  ma<le,  but  this  appears  to  be  a  mistake.  It 
represents  the  principal  planets  all  in  their  proper 
plact!s.  Illuminated  by  the  sun  In  the  center,  and 
revidviuK'  together  in  their  various  orbits. 

ONclllutlon  —  Swinging  forward  and  back- 
ward, like  a  pendulum;  a  fluctuation  or  vibration 
between  llxed  limltj^. 

Pullaw— One  of  the  asteroldal  planets  of  our 
solar  Hystem,  situated  between  the  orbits  of  3Iai-s 
iiwi    -Inplter.    diseuv-red     Maieh    ■2H.     imi.    by    M. 


Olbers,  of  Bremen.  Its  average  distance  from  the 
sun  is  264,000.000  miles;  it  revolves  around  the  sun 
in  four  years  and  seven  and  two-thirds  months; 
it  moves  in  its  orbit  at  the  speed  of  41,000  miles 
an  hour,  and  its  diameter  is  estimated  to  be  2,025 
miles,  but  little  less  than  that  of  our  moon. 

Parallax— A  change  in  the  apparent  place  of 
any  heavenly  body  when  seen  from  different 
points  of  view.  The  greatest  annual  apparent 
change  of  place  of  a  body  as  seen  from  the  earth 
or  sun  is  called  an  "  annual  parallax;"  the  differ- 
ence between  the  position  of  an  object  as  seen  by 
one  eye,  and  that  in  which  it  is  seen  by  the  other, 
the  head  remaining  unmoved,  is  a  "binocular 
parallax;"  the  .apparent  change  of  a  body  with 
reference  to  the  earth's  center  is  a  "geocentric" 
or  "  diunial "  jiarallax;  the  parallax  of  a  body 
with  reference  to  the  sun,  or  the  angle  extended 
beyond  a  body  by  lines  drawn  to  the  earth  or  sun, 
is  a  '■  heliocentric  parallax;"  the  diurnal  paral- 
lax of  a  star  or  planet  when  in  the  horizon,  or  the 
angle  extended  beyond  the  body  by  the  earth's 
radius,  is  a  "horizontal  parallax."    i^Webster.) 

Parallel — A  name  for  lines,  surfaces  or  bodies 
everywhere  at  an  equal  distance  from  each  other. 
"Parallel  sphere,"  the  situation  of  the  earth 
or  other  sphere  when  its  equator  coincides  with 
the  horizon  and  its  poles  with  the  zenith  and 
nadir.  "  Parallels  of  latitude"  are  small  circles 
imagined  to  be  drawn  on  the  earth's  surface, 
north  and  south  of  the  equator,  and  parallel  to  it. 
"Parallels  of  declination"  are  small  circles  im- 
agined to  be  drawn  on  the  concave  surface  of 
the  heavens,  north  and  south  of  the  equinoctial 
and  parallel  to  it,  or  as  circles  formed  by  apply- 
ing the  earth's  parallels  of  latitude  to  the  heavens 
above  it. 

Parhelion — A  mock  sun  or  meteor,  or  lumi- 
nous appearance,  sometimes  seen  a  few  degi-ees 
from  either  both  sides,  or  on  one  side,  of  the  sun, 
in  frosty  weather,  supposed  to  be  a  concentrated 
reflection  of  the  sun's  rays  upon  the  atmosphere, 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  halo. 

Paraselene— A  mock  moon,  or  a  meteor  in 
the  form  i>f  a  luminous  ring  around  the  moon. 

Pegr»siis  (the  Flying  Horse)— A  constellation 
of  eighty-nine  stars  visible  to  the  naked  eye 
(none  of  the  fii-st  magnitude),  representing  a  por- 
tion of  a  horse  with  wings,  in  an  inverted  posi- 
tion ;  it  is  situated  between  the  Swan,  the  Dolphin 
and  the  Eagle  on  the  west,  and  the  Northern  Fish 
and  Andromeda  on  the  east,  having  an  average 
length,  east  and  west,  of  about  fony  degrees, 
and  extending  north  from  the  equinoctial  thirty- 
five  degrees. 

Penumbra— The  partial  shade  or  obscurity 
observed  on  the  margin  of  the  perfect  shade  in 
an  eclipse;  also,  the  zone  of  a  lighter  shade  seen 
around  each  of  the  larger  black  spots  on  the  sun's 
surfivce. 

Perlgc**— That  point  in  the  heavens  in  which 
the  sun  or  any  planet  is  least  distant  from  the 
cefcter  of  the  earth.  Since  the  true  center  of 
motion  has  been  discovered,  the  tenn  '  ■  perihe- 
lion "  is  used  to  denote  the  corresponding  points. 

Perlhenon— (See  Pkiiioke.)  That  point  of  a 
planei  's  (II  bit  in  which  it  is  nearest  to  the  sun. 

Perloil  -Tlic  entire  revolution  of  a  planet. 

Periphery— The  circumference  of  any  circle, 
curve,  etc. 

PerneiiH  —  A  constellation  in  the  northern 
hemisphere,  representing  Perseus,  son  of  .luplter 
and  Danae,  who  slew  one  of  the  three  Oorgons 
(Medusa)  and  cut  off  her  head,  which  also  forms 
part  of  this  constellation,  crowned  with  colling 
snakes.  Sixty-seven  stars  compose  this  constclla- 
llori.  wbi.h  is  >lluated  directly  north  of  Ihe  Ple- 


iades and  the  Fly,  between  Andromeda  on  the 
west  and  Auriga  on  the  east.  It  contains  no 
stars  of  the  first  magnitude. 

Phases — The  various  "quarters,"  or  appear- 
ances, of  the  moon  at  different  epochs,  presenting 
first  a  crescent  of  light,  then  a  semicircle,  then 
becoming  gibboue,  and  lastly  full,  when  it  returns 
by  the  same  gradation  to  the  state  of  a  new 
moon.  These  phases  are  produced  by  the  varied 
positions  of  the  moon  in  respect  to  the  sun  and 
earth. 

Piscis  ^ustralls  (the  Southern  Fish)  —  A 
constellation  of  twenty-four  stars  visible  to  the 
naked  eye,  directly  south  of  Aquarius,  the  Water- 
Bearer,  and  representing  a  fish  drinking  the 
water  that  fiows  from  the  urn  of  Aquarius.  Its 
position  has  been  accurately  determined,  to  assist 
navigators  in  finding  the  longitude  in  the  southern 
hemisphere. 

Pisces  (the  Fishes) — This  constellation  is  now 
the  first  in  order  of  the  twelve  constellations  of 
the  zodiac,  and  is  usually  represented  by  two  fishes 
tied  a  considerable  distance  apart,  at  the  extrem- 
ities of  a  long  undulating  cord  or  ribbon.  It 
occupies  a  large  triangular  space  in  the  heavens, 
and  its  outline  at  first  is  somewhat  difficult  to  he 
traced.  The  two  Fishes  and  the  cord  between 
them  make  two  sides  of  a  large  triangle,  thirty 
and  forty  degrees  in  length,  the  open  part  of  which 
is  toward  the  northwest.  This  constellation  is 
bounded  north  by  Andromeda,  west  by  Andromeda 
and  Pegasus,  south  by  the  Cascade,  and  east  by 
the  Whale  and  the  Triangles.     (Burritt. ) 

Plane — An  imaginary  surface,  conveying  the 
idea  of  a  straight  line,  "  coinciding  with,  or  con- 
taining, some  designated  astronomical  line, 
circle  or  other  eui"ve;  as  the  plane  of  an  orbit, 
the  plane  of  the  ecliptic,  or  of  the  equator," 
(nV(is^-c.) 

Planets— Stars  that  change  their  position,  in 
distinction  from  the  fixed  stars.  They  are  divided 
into  two  classes— primary  and  secondary;  the 
first  are  those  that  are  supposed  to  revolve 
around  the  sun,  such  as  the  Earth,  Jupiter.  Mer- 
cury, Venus,  and  others;  the  secondary  include 
those  which  i-evolve  around  the  primary  planets, 
as  our  moon  and  the  satellites  of  Saturn,  Jupiter 
and  Uranus.  The  original  number  of  planets  was 
six— Mercury,  Venus,  the  Earth,  Mars.  Jupiter 
and  Saturn,  which  were  distinguished  by  some 
mark  or  attribute  of  the  deities  whose  names  they 
bore.  Since  then  numerous  other  planets  have 
been  added— Uranus.  Neptune,  the  Asteroids,  etc. 
To  understand  the  manner  in  which  the  planets 
are  retained  in  their  orbits,  see  Centripetal 
Force. 

Planisphere— A  projection  of  a  sphere  and 
its  various  circles  on  a  plane,  such  as  maps,  etc. ; 
especially  of  the  celestial  spliere,  representing 
tlie  various  constellations,  stars,  etc. 

Pleiades — A  remarkable  cluster  of  stars  in  the 
constellation  of  Taurus,  the  Bull.  Only  seven  are 
visible  to  the  naked  cyo;  their  names  are  Alcyone, 
Morone,  Maia,  Electra,  Taycta,  Sterope  and 
Celeno.  The  Pleiades.  accoTxling  to  fable,  were 
the  seven  daughters  of  Atlas  and  the  nymph 
Pleione,  who  were  turned  into  stars,  with  their 
sisters,  the  Hyades.  on  account  of  their  amiable 
virtues  and  mutual  affection.  Mi-rone  married  a 
mortal,  and  for  that  reason  her  star  shines 
dimly.  The  number  of  stars  developed  In  this 
cluster  by  the  telescope  varies  from  seventy-eight 
to  two  hundred. 

Point  — The  name  for  certain  parts  in  the 
heavens,  as  the  cardinal  points,  solstitial  points, 


Polntem  —  Two  stars  in  the  constellatton  of 
the  (Jroat  Bear,  so  called  because  they  always 
point  nearly  in  a  direction  toward  the  polar 
Htar. 

Poliir  Clrclen  —  Two  small  circles,  each 
about  iixty-Hix  and  a  half  deprees  from  the 
(■(limlor.  heinif  always  at  the  same  distance  from 
the  poles  that  the  tropics  are  from  the  equator; 
the  nctrthcrn  Is  called  the  arctic  circle  and  the 
southern  the  antarctic  circle.     (Biwritt.) 

PolCH  ot*  the  Earth— The  extremities  of  its 
axis  — imaKinaiy  points  on  its  surface  of  the 
sphere,  two  in  number,  the  arctic  or  north  pole, 
and  the  antarctic  or  south  pole.  Encompassed 
with  perpetual  ice  and  severe  cold,  no  navigator 
has  yet  reached  either  of  them.  ' '  Poles  of  the 
heavens"— The  imaginary  extremities  of  their 
axis.  "Poles  of  the  horizon"— Two  points,  one 
of  which  is  directly  overhead,  called  the  zenith; 
the  other,  direetly  under  foot,  is  called  the 
nadir. 

Polar  Star,  or  Pole-Star  —  The  present 
pole-star  is  the  last  one  in  the  tail  of  the  constel- 
lation of  the  Little  Bear,  near  the  north  pole, 
which,  owing  to  its  nearness  to  the  earth,  never 
Sets,  and  is  therefore  of  great  use  to  mariners  in 
ascertaining  the  latitude,  etc.  "  The  time  taken 
for  one  revolution  of  the  pole  of  the  equator 
around  that  of  tlie  ecliptic,  or,  what  is  the  same 
thing,  for  the  first  point  of  Aries  (the  Ram)  to 
perform  a  complete  circle  around  the  ecliptic  is 
25,800  miles;  as  a  consequence  it  follows  that  the 
pole-star  is  not  the  same  at  different  epochs;  at 
present  the  (north  1  pole  of  the  earth  is  approach- 
ing more  nearly  the  direction  of  the  bright  star 
Polaris,  but  it  will  .soon  begin  to  recede  from  it, 
and  some  other  star,  coming  more  nearly  in  the 
direction,  will  be  the  polar  star."  (Plummer.) 
The  present  one  is  of  the  second  magnitude. 

Pollux— A  star  of  the  second  magnitude  in  the 
constt-lhitiMU  of  the  Twins. 

PreccHHioii  of  the  Equinoxes— A  slow 
motion  of  the  equinoctial  points,  by  which  they 
change  their  place,  going  from  east  to  west,  con- 
trary to  the  order  of  the  signs  of  the  zodiac;  in 
other  words,  the  sun,  in  its  apparent  annual 
course,  does  not  cross  the  equinoctial,  in  spring 
and  autumn,  exactly  in  the  same  places,  but  every 
year  a  little  behind  those  of  the  preceding  year; 
theetiuinoctial  points  do  thus  go  back  upon  the 
ecliptic  at  the  rate  of  about  fifty  and  one-fourth 
seconds  of  a  degree  every  year;  therefore  "reces- 
sion of  the  equinoxes  "  would  be  a  more  appro- 
priate phrase  than  "  precession.  " 

Ptolemaic  Syntem  —  The  system  of  astron- 
omy prepurril  by  Ptolemy,  the  celebrated 
Egyptian  astronomer  and  mathematician, 
founded  on  the  theory  that  the  earth  is  imraov- 
ably  fixed  in  the  center  of  the  whole  univei-se. 
the  sun,  moon,  planets  and  stars  all  moving  from 
east  to  west  around  it  once  in  twenty-four  hours; 
this  theory,  however,  has  been  set  aside  as 
erroneous.  "Pythagorean  system" — See  Coper- 
NiCAN  System. 

itiiaitrutiire  —  When  the  moon  is  midway 
betwri-ii  the  points  of  conjunction  and  opposition, 
or  niiH.-ty  degrees  from  each  (or  a  quarter-circle), 
it  is  ill  quadrature. 

Quutlrunt  —  An  instrument  for  noting  the 
altitudes  of  the  sun  and  stars;  of  these  there  are 
several  sorts,  but  Hadley's  quadrant  is  most 
esteemed. 

Radiant  Point — Any  point  from  which  rays 
of  light  pruceeii. 

RadiiiM  Vector  of  an   Orbit  — Any  line 

joining  the  sun  to  a  planet.  • '  Radius  "—Half  the 
diameter  of  a  circle,  or  a  straight  line  drawn 
from  the  center  to  the  circumference  of  a  circle. 


ResrulUH — A  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the 
Constellation  of  the  Lion. 

Reflection  —  A  motion  of  rays  of  light  or 
heat,  whereby,  after  falling  upon,  or  otriklng 
against,  a  solid  surface,  are  forced,  or  recede, 
from  it. 

Refraction— The  bending  or  deviation  of  a 
ray  of  light  from  that  right  line  in  which  it  would 
have  continued  if  not  jirevented  by  the  thickness 
of  the  nieiiium  throutfh  which  it  passes;  thus  the 
sun's  rays  passing  Ihrough  our  atmosphere  are 
refracted  or  bent  down,  making  the  sun  to 
api>ear  liiglu  r  llian  it  really  is. 

Refrantclbillty  —  A  disposition  of  rays  of 
light  to  be  refracted  or  turned  out  of  a  direct 
course,  in  passing  out  of  one  transparent  body  or 
medium  into  another.     ( JVi-bntfr. ) 

Retrocession  of  the  Equinoxes  —  The 
going  b.ockwards  of  the  equinoctial  points  of  the 
signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  Ram  and  the  Bull. 

Retrogr>*u.datlon  —  A  going  backwards;  a 
retrocession,  recession  or  precession  of  equinoxes. 

Revolution  —  The  motion  of  any  heavenly 
body  in  a  circular  line  or  orbit,  until  it  returns  to 
the  same  point  again;  also  the  revolving  of  a 
planet  on  its  own  axis,  which  is  more  properly  a 
rotation;  the  earth  revolvesaround  the  sun  once  a 
year,  but  rotates  on  its  own  axis  once  a  day;  this 
latter  is  called  "diurnal  revolution;"  a  "  synod- 
ical  revolution  "  is  a  period  extending  from  one 
conjunction  (as  of  the  moon  or  a  planet  with  the 
sun)  to  the  next;  a  "sidereal  revolution"  is  the 
orbit  of  a  planet  that  returns  to  the  same  place  in 
respect  to  the  stars.  [Note- So  far  as  the  aster- 
oidal  planets  of  our  solar  system  are  concerned, 
it  is  not  known  that  they  have  a  diurnal  rotation 
on  their  axes.] 

Rotundity— Roundness  of  form;  spherical. 

SagittariuH  (the  Archer)— The  ninth  sign  of 
the  zodiac,  and  a  constellation  of  sixty-nine  stars 
(none  of  the  first  magnitude),  in  the  southern 
hemisphere,  next  east  of  tlie  Scorpion. 

Sn.tellite  —  A  secondary  planet  revolving 
around  another,  as  the  moon  moves  around  the 
earth;  the  name  is  devised  from  the  custom  of 
eastern  princes,  who  had  satellites  attending 
upon  them  as  a  guard. 

Saturn— See  introduction  to  this  dictionary. 

Scorpio  (the  Scorpion) — The  eighth  sign  of 
the  zodiac,  and  an  interestingconstellation  in  the 
southern  hemisphere,  situated  southward  and 
eastward  of  the  Scales,  and  containing  forty-four 
stars;  one  of  these  stai-s.  Antares,  is  of  the  fli"st 
magnitude,  and  the  whole  constellation  is  readily 
distinguished  from  all  othei-s  by  the  peculiar 
luster  and  position  of  its  principal  stars. 

Scruples  Eclipsed— That  part  of  the  diam- 
eter of  the  moon  which  enters  the  shadow. 

Seasons— The  four  portions  or  quarters  of  the 
solar  year,  namely:  Spring,  when  the  sun  enters 
the  constellation  of  Aries,  the  Ram:  summer, 
when  he  enters  Cancer,  the  Crab;  autumn,  when 
he  enters  Libra,  the  Scales,  and  winter  when  he 
enters  Capricorn,  the  Goat.  The  regular  rotation 
of  these  seasons  produces  seed-time  and  harvest 
on  the  earth,  and  is  caused  by  the  varied  positions 
of  the  earth's  surface  toward  the  sun  at  different 
stages  of  its  journey  around  it. 

Secondary  Circles— Circles  which  intersect 
the  six  greater  circles  of  the  sphere  at  right 
angles. 

Secondary  Planets— Those  which  revolve 
as  moons  or  satellites  around  the  primary 
planets. 

Seleiioffraphy— A  description  of  the  face  of 
the  moon. 


Serpent-Ileurer — A  constellation  !n  the 
mid-hcavrns.  whose  center  in  very  nearly  over  the 
earth's  e<iuator,  opposite  to  Orion,  and  directly 
south  of  Hercules.  It  represents  a  man  with  a 
venerable  beard,  having  both  hands  clenched  in 
the  foldw  of  an  enormous  serpent,  which  is 
writhing  in  his  grasp,  and  contains  seventy-four 
stars,  none  of  which  are  of  the  fli"st  magnitude. 
This  constellation  is  also  called  Esculapius,  the 
god  of  medicine. 

Serpent — Four  kinds  of  serpents  have  places 
in  constellations — Hydra,  south  of  the  zodiac, 
below  the  Lion,  Crab  and  Virgin;  Hydinis,  near 
the  south  pole;  Uraco,  about  the  north  pole; 
Serpens  Oi)hluchl,  situated  chlefiy  between  the 
Scales  and  the  Northern  Crown. 

Sextans  (the  Sextant) — "  Urania's  sextant,"  a 
modern  constellation  made  by  Heveliua  out  of 
unfonned  stars  between  the  Lion  on  the  north 
and  Hydra  on  the  ^outh,  and  contains  forty-one 
very  small  stars;  it  represents  a  sextant,  an 
astronomical  instrument  resembling  a  quadrant. 

Sidereal — Pertaining  to  any  star  or  planet;  as 
a  "sidereal  day,"  the  time  in  which  any  star 
appeal's  to  revolve  from  the  meridian  to  the 
meridian  again,  which  is  twenty-three  hours, 
fifty-six  minutes  and  four  seconds  of  average  solar 
time,  there  being  ;i6fi  sidereal  days  In  a  year,  or  in 
365  diurnal  revolutions  of  the  sun. 

Signs— The  ecliptic,  like  every  other  circle, 
contains  360  degrees,  and  is  divided  into  twelve 
equal  arcs  of  thirty  degrees  each,  called  signs, 
which  the  ancients  distinguished  Ijy  particular 
names.  This  division  commences  at  the  vernal 
equinox,  and  is  continued  eiu.twardly  round  to 
the  same  point  again,  in  the  following  order: 
.\ries,  Taurus,  Gemini,  Cancer,  Leo,  Virgo,  Libra, 
Scorpio,  Sagittarius,  Capriconius,  Aquarius, 
Pisces.  The  sun,  commencing  at  the  first  degree 
of  Aries  about  March  21,  passes,  at  an  average 
rate,  through  one  sign  evei-y  month.     (Burritt. ) 

Sirlus  (the  Dog  Star)— A  vei-y  bright  star  of 
the  first  magnitude  in  the  constellation  of  the 
Great  Dog.  In  ancient  times  the  rising  and  set- 
ting of  Sirius  was  watched  with  much  solicitude. 
The  Thebans  determined  the  length  of  the  year 
by  the  number  of  its  risings.  To  the  Egyptians  it 
was  ominous  of  agricultural  prosperity  or  blight- 
ing drought,  since  it  foretold  to  them  the  over- 
flow of  the  river  Nile  (or  Siris)  when  they  sowed 
their  grain.  The  Romans  annually  sacrificed  a 
dog  to  Sirius,  to  court  its  favor.  The  Eastern 
nations  looked  to  its  rising  as  the  precursor  of 
great  heat  on  the  earth,  hence  to  that  portion  of 
the  year  the  ancients  gave  the  name  of  dog-<iays. 
It  is  with  us  overhead  in  the  day-time  during  the 
dog-days,  and  so  invisible,  and  is  at  night  in  the 
lower  hemisphere,  but  is  visible  to  us  about  mid- 
winter. 

Solar  System  —  That  system  of  astronomy 
which  is  founded  on  the  theory  that  the  sun  is  the 
immovable  center  of  an  important  portion  of  the 
great  universe,  round  which  all  the  planets  within 
a  circumscribed  circle  revolve  at  different  dis- 
tances and  within  various  spaces  of  time. 

Solstices— Tiie  time  when  the  sun  is^at  the 
greatest  distance  from  theociuator  (twenty-three 
degi'ees  and  twenty-eight  seconds),  which  happens 
about  June  31,  when  he  enters  the  tropic  of 
Cancer,  or  the  summer  solstice,  and  about  Decem- 
ber 21,  when  he  entere  the  tropic  of  Capricorn, 
which  is  the  winter  solstice. 

Spectroscope— An  instrument  similar  to  a 
spy-glass  or  telescope,  used  in  making  observa- 
tions of  heavenly  bodies  for  the  purpose  of  deter- 
mining their  physical  constitution.  This  is 
accomplished  by  analyzing  the  light  of  objects. 


■^':]i^ 


T 


212 


ASTRONOMICAL     DICTIOJSTAKY. 


as  the  sun.  moon,  planets,  stars. comets  or  nebula, 
by  means  of  the  spectroscope.  The  spectra  of 
the  planets  Venus,  Mars,  Jupiter,  and  Saturn, 
show,  besides  the  signs  peculiar  to  the  reflected 
light  of  the  sun,  signs  which  are  evidence  of  the 
presence  about  those  bodies  of  an  atmosphere 
containing  aqueous  vapor. 

Stars— A  general  name  given  to  the  heavenly 
bodies  seen  from  the  earth,  except  the  sim  a»id 
moon.  •■Fixed"  stars  are  those  that  do  not 
change  their  positions  in  respect  to  one  another. 
■■Variable"  stars  are  those  whose  brilliancy 
periodically  or  irregularly  increase  and 
decrease:  some  appear  to  be  gradually  gaining 
luminosity,  and  others  are  becoming  more 
obscure,  while  some  have  suddenly  blazed  forth 
with  great  splendor,  then  become  dim  and 
finally  disappear.  '*  Clusters"  appear  at  several 
points  in  the  heavens,  which,  under  the  telescopic 
view,  become  groups  of  many  stars;  in  the 
Pleiades,  six  or  seven  stars  appear  to  the  naked 
ej'e.  but  one  astronomer  affirms  that  he 
counted  200  in  this  cluster,  and  some  clusters, 
it  is  estimated,  contain  at  least  10,000  or  20,000 
stars.  ' '  Double  "  or  '  *  Binary  "  stars  are  revealed 
by  the  telescope  in  various  portions  of  the 
heavens,  two  or  more  stars  being  either  placed 
verj'  near  each  other  and  revolving  around  each 
other,  and  both  around  a  common  center,  or  else 
they  may  be  at  a  great  distance  from  each  other, 
but  nearly  in  the  same  line  of  vision  from  the 
earth.  ' '  Nebula  "  are  light  spots  in  the  heavens, 
some  consisting  of  clusters  of  exceedingly  small 
stai-s,  while  othei-s,  like  luminous  clouds  of  dif- 
ferent forms,  resemble  comets,  rings,  etc. 
What  they  are  astronomy  does  not  yet 
reveal.  Many  of  the  stars  vary  in  color, 
cui'iously  contrasting  with  each  other  in  the 
heavens;  Mars  is  a  red  star;  Jupiter  is  of  a  cold, 
steel-blue  color;  some  have  green  tints,  some 
yellow,  others  are  white,  etc.  At  a  moderate 
estimate  man  has  discovered  13,000.000  stars.  The 
enormous  distances  of  the  stars  from  our  planet 
can  only  be  generally  referred  to  here,  Sirius 
being  twenty  trillion  miles  away. 

Sun-Dogs,  or  Mock-Suns— The  sun  shining 
on  icy  particles  of  the  atmosphere-  Sun-dog's 
occur  during  the  cold  season,  in  the  early  morn- 
ing, and,  when  conditions  are  favorable,  even  late 
in  the  forenoon.  When  the  air  is  full  of  floating 
frost  crystals,  after  sunrise,  sun-dogs  may  be 
formed  before  the  vision  of  the  spectator,  as  many 
as  seven  at  a  time,  accompanied  or  joined  by 
large  bright  circles,  making  a  spectacle  of  unusual 
brilliancy.  Sometimes  one  great  bright  spot  will 
indicate  the  position  of  the  rising  sun  on  a  cold, 
fi'osty  morning,  the  image  of  which  will  be  trans- 
mitted by  refraction  of  its  light  in  different 
directions  and  in  contiguous  portions  of  the 
heavens.  Sun-dogs  are  thus  (I) -an  effect  of  the 
sun  shining  on  the  frosty  ice-crystals  of  the 
atmosphere,  which  produces,  by  the  reflection  of 
its  light,  a  large  bright  spot  or  image  of  itself; 
(2)  the  refraction  of  light  from  this  flrKt  bright 
image  into  the  surrounding  fronty  atmosphere,  by 
means  of  which  it  is  duplicated,  and  accompanied 
by  halo.s  or  gn.-at  circles  of  light. 

.Snn-Sp€»t»t— Supposed  to  he  irregular  openings 
in  the  outer,  light-giving  covering  of  the  sun, 
like  a  break  in  our  own  cloudy  sky,  showing  us 
the  dark  body  of  the  sun  below  it. 

Sphere— The  concave  vault,  or  expanse,  which 
surrounds  all  portions  of  our  earth,  and  in  whicli 


the  stars  and   planets  appear  to  the  eye  to  be 
pLaced  nearly  equidist  mt  from  us. 

Xaurus  (the  Bull)  —  A  constellation  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  representing  the  head  and 
shouldere  of  a  furious  bull,  and  is  the  second  sign 
of  the  zodiac,  Ai-ies,  the  Ram,  being  first.  It  is 
found  between  Perseus  and  the  Charioteer  on  the 
north,  the  Twins  on  the  east,  and  Orion  and  the 
River  Po  on  the  west.  It  contains  Ul  visible 
stars,  including  the  two  beautiful  clusters  of  the 
Pleiades  and  Hyades.  the  first  on  the  shoulder  and 
the  latter  in  the  face  of  the  Bull.     See  Pleiades. 

Xides "  The  regular  periodical  current  of 
water,  which,  when  it  rises,  is  called  the  flow, 
and  when  it  goes  hack  is  the  ebb.  Newton  attrib- 
uted this  phenomenon  to  the  influence,  prin- 
cipally, of  the  moon,  and  also  of  the  sun  in  a  less 
degree.  Plummer  says  that  the  waters  of  the 
ocean  vertically  below  the  moon  experience  an 
attraction,  heaping  them  up  below  the  nocturnal 
planet,  and  a  similar  wave  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  globe,  and  that  these  waves  follow  the  diurnal 
motion  of  the  moon  about  the  earth.  The  sun, 
also,  causes  a  similar  but  smaller  wave  on  both 
sides  of  the  globe.  When  the  combined  influences 
of  the  sun  and  moon  cause  two  waves  at  the  same 
time,  it  is  called  a  '_'  spring  tide. "  The  height  of 
the  solar  tide  is  to  the  height  of  the  lunar  tide  as 
two  to  five,  when  the  moon  is  in  her  first  and 
second  quarters.  The  tides  are  lowest  (called 
' '  neap  tides  ")  because  then  the  planet  is  farthest 
from  the  earth.  The  general  theory  of  the  tides 
is  this,  that  when  the  moon  is  nearest  to  the 
earth,  her  attraction  is  strongest  and  the  tidal 
waves  are  highest,  but  when  she  is  farthest  from 
the  globe  the  tides  are  lowest. 

Xransit — The  passage  of  any  planet  just  over 
or  by  a  fixed  star  ot  the  sun's  disk,  particularly 
the  transit  of  Venus  and  Mercury,  which  always 
greatly  interests  astronomei-s. 

Twilleht— By  the  atmospheric  refraction  of 
the  rays  of  the  sun  its  li&'lit  is  reflected  upon  the 
earth  before  its  rising  and  after  its  setting.  "  In 
the  morning,  when  the  sun  has  arrived  at  eighteen 
degrees  below  the  horizon,  his  rays  pass  over  our 
heads  into  the  higher  region  of  the  atmosphere, 
and  are  thence  reflei;ted  or.  as  it  were,  bent  down 
to  the  earth.  The  day  is  then  said  to  dawn,  and 
the  light  gradually  increases  imtil  the  sim  n  ppears 
above  the  horizon;  this  is  called  morning  twilight, 
or  aurora.  In  the  evening,  after  sunset,  the  rays 
of  the  sun  continue  to  illuminate  the  atmosphere 
till  he  sinks  eighteen  degrees  below  the  horizon, 
and  a  similar  effect,  called  the  evening  twilight, 
is  produced. "    (Burritt.) 

Time— A  certain  measure  or  portion  of  eter- 
nity—"  a  strip  of  time  between  two  eternities" — 
graduated  by  the  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies. 
' '  Apparent  time  "  is  that  reckoned  by  the  sun.  so 
that  the  sun's  center  passes  over  the  meridian  at 
precisely  12  o'clock  (noon).  "  Mean  time"  is  that 
indicated  by  a  perfect  clock,  rightly  adjusted, 
which  slightly  differs  from  the  sun  or  apparent 
time. 

Ur«a  Mu.|ur  (tho(Jrcat  Bear)— An  important 
constellation  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  con- 
taining eighty-sevt?n  visible  stars,  of  which  one  is 
of  the  flrst  magnitude  and  three  of  the  second. 
It  is  situated  between  the  Little  Rear  on  the  north 
and  the  Little  Lion  on  the  stmih,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  conspicuous  and  noti-d  in  this  hemisphere. 
Among  Its  remarkable  features  is  the  cluster  of 


seven  stars  familiarly  known  as  the  "dipper," 
the"  plow,"  or  "Charles'  Wain."  Although 
there  is  no  resemblance  whatever  to  a  bear  or 
other  animal,  it  is  stated  that  both  the  remote 
American  Indian  tribe  of  Iroquois  aud  the  earliest 
Arabs  in  Asia,  probably  without  having  ever 
communicated  with  each  other,  gave  this  constel- 
lation the  name  of  ' '  Great  Bear. " 

Tlrsa  Minor  (the  Little  Bear)- Another  con- 
stellation of  the  northern  hemisphere,  containing 
twenty-four  stai-s,  of  which  the  seven  principal 
ones  form  a  figure  resembling  that  in  the  Great 
Bear,  only  the  '"dipper"  is  reversed  and  about 
half  as  large  as  the  one  noticed  above.  The  flrst 
star  in  its  handle  is  the  present  polar  star,  and 
the  others  revolve  constantly  about  it.  All  the 
stars  in  the  group,  being  situated  near  the  pole  of 
the  heavens,  seem  to  move  very  slowly  around  it 
in  circles  so  small  that  they  never  sink  below  the 
horizon.    (See  Polar  Stab). 

Vertical— Pertaining  to  the  zenith— as  planets 
are  vertical  when  directly  overhead. 

Vertex — Another  term  for  the  zenith — the  top 
of  a  perpendicular  line. 

Virgo  (the  Virgin)  —  The  sixth  sign  of  the 
zodiac,  and  a  constellation  situated  next  east  of 
the  Lion  and  about  halfway  between  Berenice's 
Hair  on  the  north  and  the  Crow  on  the  south.  It 
covers  a  large  field  in  space,  and  contains  110 
stars,  including  only  one  of  the  flrst  magnitude. 
(Flajnstead.  1 

Vesta — One  of  the  asteroidal  planets  in  our 
solar  system,  discovered  by  Dr.  Olbers  of  Bremen, 
March  29,  1807,  in  the  constellation  of  the  Virgin. 
It  appears  like  a  star  of  the  fifth  or  sixth  magni- 
tude, shining  with  a  steady  radiance,  and  can  be 
seen  with  the  naked  eye.  Its  orbit  is  so  eccentric 
that  it  is  sometimes  farther  from  the  sun  than 
either  Ceres,  Pallas,  or  Juno,  although  its  average 
distance  is  many  millions  of  miles  less  than  theirs. 
Its  orbit  crosses  those  of  all  three  in  two  opposite 
points. 

Vulcan— A  planet  discovered  in  1859,  situated 
between  Mercury  and  the  sun.  According  to  Pro- 
fessor Tice's  estimat«,  it  is  as  large  as  Uranus, 
having  a  diameter  of  33,000  miles.  It  was  re-dis- 
covered by  Professor  Watson,  at  Rawlins,  Kas. 

"Winter— That  season  of  the  year  when,  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  the  sun  is  in  the  tropic  of 
Capricorn,  and  at  his  greatest  declination  from 
the  equator;  known  us  the  coldest  portion  of  the 
year  in  countries  north  of  the  equator. 

Zenith— The  vertical  point  of  the  heavens, 
ninety  degrees  distant  from  the  horizon. 

Zodiac  — A  zone,  or  girdle,  about  sixteen 
degrees  in  breath,  extending  quite  around  the 
heavens,  and  including  all  the  heavenly  bodies 
within  eight  degrees  on  each  side  of  the  ecliptic. 
It  includes,  also,  the  orbits  of  all  the  pianet^i, 
except  some  of  the  asteroids,  since  they  are 
never  seen  beyond  eight  degrees  either  north  or 
south  of  the  ecliptic.  {Burritt. )  It  has  also 
twelve  constellations  within  its  bounds,  which  are 
called  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac.  See  Signs, 
and  Ecliptic. 

"Zone— A  division  of  the  earth's  surface,  of 
which  there  .ire  five,  distinguished  accoi-ding  to 
the  degi-ec  of  heat  to  which  each  part  is  exposed, 
into  two  temperate,  two  frigid,  and  otir  torrid 
zone,  the  latter  being  central. 


^^^ 


■■■  --sji).-  S« 


iG 


WHAT    IS    TlIK    Illi.IKCT    l)K    I. IKK  J 


-'j;j 


■0m-]k 


What  Causes  Good  and  Evit  Actions  Among  Men. 


IIAT  is  the  object  of  man's 
creation?  That  is  a  muttt-r 
of  question.  Why  he  should, 
without  choice  of  his  own, 
be  brought  into  existence, 
unci  forced  to  pass  through 
life  —  possibly  a  long  life- 
time—with trouble  on  every 
side,  is  a  mystery  that  no  one 
can  solve. 
';is  man 
made  sim- 
ply to  de- 
monstrate 
that  he 
could  be  created,  or  was  he  placed  here  for 
a  purpose,  living  his  brief  time  on  earth 
and  then  passing  on  to  other  spheres  of 
existence  where,  with  broader  opportuni- 
ties, he  may  till  a  grander  destiny  than  falls 
to  the  lot  of  most  men  here?  All  this  is  a 
matter  of  speculation,  and  yet  faith  leads 
to  the  beliff  that  this  life  is  not  all. 

Thf  mechanic  does  not  construct  a 
machine  to  simply  demonstrate  that  he  can 
make  it.  On  the  contrary,  he  designs  it 
for  a  purpose.  Reason  teaches  that  the 
Supreme  would  not  create  man  for  the  brief 
and  purposeless  existence  which  he  passes 
here.  Were  that  all,  life  would  not  be 
worth  the  living.  What  then  would  be  the 
object  of  man's  creation? 

We  are  forced,  in  the  examination  of  this 
subject,  to  the  conclusion  that  there  is  a 
beyond  toward  which  we  are  all  drifting.  What  that  future  is  none 
may  absolutely  know  on  earth.  We  may  conjecture,  but  the  certainty 
is  withheld  because  it  would  not  be  well  for  us  to  know  the  future. 
Aspiration,  anticipation,  hope — would  all  die  if  we  kuuw  to  an  abso- 
lute certainty  the  duties  of  the  morrow. 

If  there  is  a  sphere  in  which  man  will  retain  his  individuality 
beyond  this  existence,  what  will  be  his  condition  there?  That  is  a 
question  about  which,  again,  there  is  nothing  definitely  known.  The 
inference  is,  however,  that  if  man  retains  his  individuality  in 
another  existence,  the  hopes  entertained,  the  loves  cherished,  and 
the  wisdom  acquired  here  will  be  retained  and  possessed  there. 


Joseph  Franz  Gall, 


Distinguished  Phrenolocist  who  Fii-st  Mapped  Out  and 
Designated  the  Phrenological  Organs. 


Our  future  condition,  then,  will  depend  upon  the  life  daily  lived  on 
earth.  This  leads  us  to  a  study  of  man,  and  to  an  examination  of 
the  causes  which  influence  his  action  and  develop  his  character. 

It  was  a  former  belief  with  many  people  that  all  good  actions  were 
the  result  of  an  angel  influence  acting  upon  the  individual  from  ihe 
outside;  that  all  evil  was  the  work  of  an  evil  spirit.  A  study  of 
human  nature,  however,  brought  a  change  of  opinion  on  this  subject. 
It  was  discovered  that  men  possessed  various  grades  of  intellectual 
capacity  and  moral  development,  depending  upon  parentage  and 
education.  That  human  action  thus  was  the  result  of  training  and 
surrounding  influences,  but  even  when  this 
belief  was  arrived  at  it  was  not  fully  deter- 
mined that  character  and  intellectual 
capacity  could  be  told  by  the  appearance  of 
the  face  and  the  contour  of  the  head. 

Dr.  Gall. 

To  map  out  the  several  faculties  of  the 
mind  was  the  work  of  Joseph  Franz  Gall, 
who  was  born  at  Tiefenbronn,  in  Baden, 
March  9,  1T58,  and  died  at  Monlrouge,  near 
Paris,  August  22,  1828. 

Dr.  Gall  had  pursued  his  literary  studies 
at  Baden,  had  studied  anatomy  and  natural 
history  at  Strasburg,  and  afterwards  re- 
ceived his  diploma  as  a  physician  at  Vienna. 
From  boyhood  he  had  observed  the 
difference  of  talents  displayed  by  his  com- 
]tanions,  and  particularly  bad  he  noticed 
that  all  those  students  who  excelled  in 
committing  compositions  to  memory,  had 
large  eyes.  Commencing  with  the  idea 
that  individual  characteristics  could  be 
determined  by  certain  outward  manifesta- 
tions, he  continued  the  study,  visiting  lunatic  asylums,  prisons, 
universities  of  learning,  and  other  places  where  certain  grades  of 
intellectuality  and  morality  could  be  found,  until  he  had  determined 
that  all  the  manifestations  of  the  mind  had  their  seat  in  the  brain 
instead  of  in  the  heart,  as  had  been  before  supposed. 

After  twenty  years  of  study  he  decided  the  location  of  some 
twenty  of  the  different  organs  of  the  mind,  and  satisfied  himself  that 
the  activity  of  these  could  be  determined  by  the  protuberances  on 
the  head.  In  accord  with  this  discovery  he  published  a  general 
medical  work  in  1791,  and  began  lecturing  on  the  subject  in  1796,  at 
Vienna,  where  the  novelty  of  the  theory  created  a  marked  sensation. 


-<);-|>v 


>il 


^ 


■214: 


PHRENOLOGICAL   TEACHERS. 


1 


Spurzheim, 

Distin(^uit;he(i  Teacher  of  Phre- 
nology and  Early  Uisciple  of 
Dr.  Gall. 


Hig  first  written  exposition  on  phrenology  appealed  in  a  paper  pub- 
lished at  Wieland,  in  1798. 

Spurzheim. 

About  this  time  Johann  Caspar  Spurzheim,  who  was  bom  at 
Longwich,  in  1776,  espou.sed  the  theory  of  Dr.  Gall,  and  did  much  to 
popularize  the  doctrine.  In  1802  Gall's  lectures  were  forbidden  by 
the  Austrian  government  as  dan- 
gerous to  religion.  In  company 
with  Spurzheim,  Gall  then  lec- 
tured for  the  succeeding  eleven 
years  in  central  and  northern 
Europe,  finally  settling  in  Paris, 
in  1807,  where  his  theories  met 
with  much  opposition,  but  grad- 
ually made  headway. 

Spurzheim  remained  with  Gall 
until  1813,  and  then  commenced 
lecturing  on  the  brain  and  its 
manifestations.  He  delivered  a 
series  of  lectures  in  Great  Britain 
in  1 825,  and  afterward;?  went  to  the 
United  Stales,  where,  in  Boi^ton, 
he  delivered  several  lectures  in 
1832,  in  which  year  he  died. 

George  Combe. 

It  was  during  the  visit  of  Gall  and  Spurzheim  to  Scotland,  in 
1816,  that  George  Combe,  who  was  born  in  Edinburgh,  in  1788, 
became  interested  in  the  subject,  and  at  last  a  firm  believer  in 
phrenology.  Combe  subsequently  issued  "Essays  on  Phrenology'' 
and  his  "  Constitution  of  Man,"  the  latter  of  which  had  a  large  sale. 

In  company  with  his  brother  Andrew, 
he  established,  in  1823,  the  Edinburgh 
Phrenological  Journal,  and  for  twenty- 
three  years  thereafter  was  a  contributor 
to  its  pages. 

Accompanied  by  his  wife.  Combe  vis- 
ited the  United  States  in  1836,  and 
remained  here  two  years,  during  which 
time  be  delivered  158  lectures.  lie  died 
in  1858,  at  Moor  Park,  in  England. 

0.  S.  Fowler. 

Orson  Squire  Fowler,  who  was  born  at 
Cohocton,  N.  Y. ,  in  1809,  hud  become 
interested  in  the  subject  of  phrenology 
through  the  lectures  of  Spurzheim,  and 
after  hie  graduation  at  Amherst  college, 
in  1834,  he  commenced  lecturing  upon 
the  subject,  and,  in  company  with  his 
brother,  Lorenzo  Nile.-*,  he  opened  an 
oflke  in  New  York  city,  in  1835.  They 
jointly  published,  in  1836,  a  work  entitled 
*'  Phrenology  Proved,  Illustrated  and 
Applied."  and  together  they  issued,  in 
1849,  "  The  Self-Instructor  in  Phrenology 
and  Physiology." 

In  1838,  O.  S.  Fowler  issued,  in  Phil- 
adelphia, the  first  number  of  the  Ameri- 
can Phrenolofjical  Journal,  where  it  was  published  during  the 
succeeding  four  years,  when  it  was  removed  to  New  York  in 
1842,  and  published  by  O.  S.  and  L.  N.  Fowler  until  1844.  Mr.  S. 
R.  Wells,  a  brother-in-law  of  the  Fowlers,  became  a».«ociated  with 
them,  the  llrm  being  known  as  Fowler  &  Wells  for  twenty-three 
years,    during    which    time    this   widely-known    publishing-house, 


Ceorge  Com 

Author  of  ■  Cimibe's  Constitu- 
tion of  Man."  "  E: 
Phrenology."  etc 


C(!  (Si  (Eji^n/Av, 


through  the  Phrenological  Journal,  "Life  Illustrated,"  and  their 
many  books  relating  to  the  science  of  mind  and  the  laws  of 
health,  did  a  great  and  most  beneficial  work  in  the  educating  of  the 
masses  in  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  life. 

The  Fowlers  withdrew  from  the  firm  in  1863,  L.  N.  going  to 
London  the  same  year,  where  he  established  himself  as  a  phreno- 
logical lecturer.  Since  then  he 
has  lectured  repeatedly  through- 
out Great  Britain,  besides  publish- 
ing various  works,  among  his 
principal  books  being  "The  Syn- 
opsis of  Phrenology  and  Physiol- 
ogy," "Marriage,  its  History  and 
Philosophy,  with  Directions  for 
Happy  Marriages,"  etc. 

O.  S.  Fowler  has  been  an  inde- 
fatigable worker  in  the  cause  from 
the  time  be  first  entered  the  field. 
Aside  from  almost  continuous 
lecturing  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  he  has  issued 
numerous  books,  among  them 
being:  "  Memory  and  Intellectual 
Improvement  Applied  to  Self- 
Education,"  "Physiology,  Animal  and  Mental,  Applied  to  Health  of 
Body  and  Power  of  Mind,"  "Matrimony,  or  Phrenology  Applied 
to  the  Selection  of  Companions,"  "Self-Culture  and  Perfection  of 
Character,"  "Hereditary  Descent,  its  Laws  and  Facts  Applied  to 
Human  Improvement,"  "Love  and  Parentage  Applied  to  the  Improve- 
ment of  Offspring,"  "A  Home  for  All,"  and  "  Sexual  Science." 
In  the  past  twenty  years,  through  the  efforts  of  an  army  of  lec- 
turers in  the  field,  the  subject  of  phre- 
nology has  been  very  thoroughly  taught 
in  nearly  every  village  and  hamlet  in  the 
land. 

Physiognomy. 

People  instinctively  judge  of  the  mental 
ability  of  the  persons  whom  they  see. 
No  one  could  fail  to  determine  in  his  own 
mind  the  intellectual  capacity  of  the 
different  heads  as  shown  in  Fig.  1, 
entitled  "  Varying  Grades  of  Intelli- 
gence. "  While  the  profile  of  the  extreme 
right,  with  thick  lips,  sloping  chin  and 
forehead,  bears  the  evidence  of  small 
intellect,  the  face  at  the  left  we  readily 
<liscover  to  be  the  possessor  of  vigorous 
mind  and  strong  intellectual  power.  We 
judge  these  faces  by  the  shape  of  head, 
the  nose,  the  chin,  and  the  lips;  by  the 
texture  of  the  hair,  the  brilliancy  of  the 
eye,  the  color  of  the  skin,  and  the  chang- 
ing expression  of  the  face  as  we  converse 
with  the  individual. 


Lecturer  and  Teacher  of  the  Science  of  Mind  and  the 
Laws  of  Life. 


Two  Faces. 

Again,  we  quickly  determine  the  mental 
status  of  the  two  faces.  Figs.  2  and  3. 
In  Fig.  2  are  s^hown  all  the  evidences  of  vulgarity  and  ignorance — a 
face  that  no  amount  of  training  could  make  into  anything  but  a  low 
order  of  human  being.  On  the  contrary,  in  Fig.  3,  we  see  a  face 
that  exhibits  certain  well-defined  chnracteristics  which  are  evidences 
of  superior  mental  endowment.  Examination  shows  an  eye  sharp 
and  brilliant,  a  nose  that  indicates  character,  a  forehead  that  shown  a 


DIFFKKKNT    KINDS    OF    FAUKb. 


well-defined    perceptive  talent,  and  a   mcmtb  and    thin    tliat    reveal 
decision  of  purpose. 

While  the  firi't  would  be  a  menial,  we  at  once  recognize  the  fact 
that  the  latter  U  a  face  full  of  culture,  refinement  and  power. 

Three  faces  and  heads  are  placed  before  us,  differing  in  shape  and 
expression.      In  the  one,  • 

Fi{^.  4,  we  see  the  scowl         ^/^ 
and   the  wrinkles,  which  ^^:0l.c::<e»» 


indicate  fear  and  anxiety, 
This  individual,  fearful 
that  he  may  come  to  want, 
and  tbinkinj^  only  of  him- 
self, hoards  his  money 
and  ignores  the  wants  and 
sufferings  of  others. 

Another  face,  Fig.  5, 
stands  out  in  contrast  with 
this:  a  face  beamini^  with 
a  genial  and  pleasant  ex- 
pression. We  intuitively 
recognize  this  man  as 
jiood  and  kind.  With  a 
kindly  regard  for  the 
wants  of  all,  he  is  partic- 
uliirly  distinguished  for 
his  benevolence. 

A  third  face,  Fig.  6,  is 
in  the    group.      No    one 
would    accuse    the    pos- 
sessor of  this  face  of  being  miserly,  and  no  one  woiild  attribute 
to  him  any  benevolence.      In  short,  his  appearance  indicates  only  a 
disposition  to  gratify  his  lower  appetites.     Such  we  judge  him  and 
such  is  a  fact. 

Divisions  of  the  Brain. 

The  steps  will  be  readily  perceivtd  which  led  up  to  the  classifica- 
tion of  the  different  organs  of  the 
mind.  Thus,  in  Fig.  7,  we  have 
lines  drawn  which  clearly  define 
the  difference  in  the  shape  of 
heads. 

The  line  drawn  from  c  to  d 
divides  the  brain  into  two  portions, 
the  one  below  being  called  the  basi- 
lar and  the  one  above  the  coronal. 
Observation  proved  that  if  the 
brain  above  this  line  was  larger 
than  that  below,  then  the  moral 
and  intellectual  sentiments  would 
liave  the  ascendancy.  If,  on  the 
contrary,  the  brain  lay  mostly  be- 
low this  line,  then  the  animal 
nature  would  predominate. 

Figs.  "  and  8  reveal  two  distinct 
types  of  faces  often  seen,  the 
peculiarities  of  which  are  as  differ- 
ent as  are  the  shapes  of  the  faces. 
Thus,  while  in  Fig.  8  there  is  large 
perceptive  power  shown  by  the 
protuberance  above  the  eyes,  the 
rofiectivc  faculties  and  the  moral 

are  so  wanting  as  to  show  depression  at  i.  In  such  a  head  as  this 
the  discoverersof  phrenology  found  the  moral  and  reflective  faculties 
lacking,  and  the  lower  nature  in  control  of  the  individual.  The 
sharp,  perceptive  faculty  would  make  the  individual  keen 
und    active,    but    in    cases   of   emergency  the    man  could    not    be 


Fig.  1--Varying  tirades  of  Intelligence 


Coarse,  Vulgar,  Brutal  and 
Ignorant. 


relied    upon    implicitly   for    steadiness    of    moral    purpose. 

In  Fig.  T  it  was  found  there  was  so  much  of  the  brain  in  front  of 
a  and  b  whidi  gave  intellectual  power,  and  so  mu(;h  above  d  and  c 
which  gave  moral  strength,  that  the  man  possessing  such  a  head  could 
be  depended  upon  as  a  person  of  moral  integrity,  however  adverme 

might     be     the     circum- 
stances   about    the    indi  - 
.5=33»2^  vidual. 

J^  A  long  series  of  exam- 

inations and  experiments 
convinced  Gall  that  there 
were  seven  prominent 
divisions  of  the  brain 
which  might  be  mapped 
out  as  shown  in  Fig.  9; 
that  the  upi)er  part  per- 
tained to  the  spiritual,  the 
front  to  the  intellectual, 
and  the  lower  part  behind 
the  ears  related  to  the 
propensities. 

Further  study  convinced 
him  also  that  each  divis- 
ion, i)rovided    it  was  de- 
^^?")"^i^  veloped   in   harmony  and 
^kj         balanced  with  the  others, 
■*  was    essential    to    man's 

progress  and  happiness; 
that  the  animal  propen- 
sities were  necessary  to  the  procreation  of  the  species,  and  that  they 
cared  for  self  and  gave  force  of  character:  that  the  Intellectual 
enabled  the  individual  to  grapple  with  the  difficulties  of  life,  while 
the  moral  nature  guided  into  the  higher  and  better  ways. 

For  general  convenience  the  phrenologist  divides  the  brain  into 
three  distinct  compartments,  as  shown  in  F'fj.  lo. 

What  Phrenology  Has  Taught. 

The  advocates  of  phrenology  do 
not  claim  that  it  is  yet  complete  as 
a  science,  but  they  aflirm  that  they 
have  demonstrated  beyond  ques- 
tion that  the  brain  is  the  organ 
through  which  the  mind  manifests 
itself,  and  that  each  faculty  of  the 
mind  has  a  separate  and  distinct 
organ  in  the  brain;  that  the  organs 
relating  to  each  other  are  grouped 
together  in  the  brain  as  shown  in 
the  moral  faculties,  the  propensi- 
ties, etc. ;  that  other  things  being 
equal,  the  power  of  the  brain  may 
be  estimated  by  its  size;  that  the 
manifestations  of  brain  are  affected 
by  the  bodily  conditions ;  that  every 
faculty  of  tlie  mind  is  devised 
for  a  good  purpose,  but  may  be 
perverted,  and  every  faculty  may 
be  cultivated  and  enlarged  by  exer- 
cise, or  may  be  lessened  by 
neglect. 
Most  phrenologists  and  physiognomists  claim  also  that  character 

can  be  determined  by  many   evidences  existing  outside  the  contour 

of  the  head. 

After  showing  the  conformation  of  the  head,  they  note  the  features 

of  the  face,  the  color  of  the  hair  and  eyes,  the  complexion  of   the 


Briglit.  Intelligent  and 
Educated. 


•:c> 


:?l(^ 


THE  temperam:ents. 


skin,  the  ?bflpe  of  mouth,  nose  and  face,  brilliancy  of  the  eyes,  arch 
of  the  eyebrows  and  nose,  fineness  of  the  hair,  length  and  size  of 
neck,  breadth  of  chest,  strength  of  lungs,  size  of  body,  shape  of  feet 
and  hands. 

Even  beyond  and  ontside  all  these  physical  characteristics,  it  is 
claimed  that  the  mental  peculiarities  of  the  individual  can  be  seen 
and  known  in  the  tone  of  voice,  the  rapidity  of  speech,  the  spright- 
liness  of  motion,  the  firmness  of  step,  the  heartiness  of  a  laugh,  and 
the  L'rasp  of  the  hand. 

Temperaments. 


Fie.  4---MiserIy 


It  is  a  well-known  fact  ' 
that  many  men  with  large 
heads  do  not  accomplish 
as  much  as  others  who 
have  heads  and  bodies  of 
much  less  size.  This 
fact  is  cited  as  one  of  the 
objections  to  the  claim 
that  mental  ability  can  be 
determined  by  the  size  of 
the  brain. 

The  phrenologist  an- 
swers by  saying  that  there 
are  four  temperaments, 
called  the  lymphatic,  the 
sanguine,  the  bilious  and 
the  nervous;  that  every  person  possesses  more  or  less  of  these  in 
his  physical  constitution:  that  the  lymphatic  temperament  is  indi- 
cated by  the  predominance  of  stomach,  which  makes  roundness  of 
form,  softness  of  flesh,  a  weak  pulse,  and  a  languid  condition 
of  the  system.  With  such  the  hair  is  light,  complexion  pale,  eyes 
blue  and  dull. 

The  sanguine  temperament  largely  depends  upon  a  preponderance 
of  the  arterial  system.  The  person  possessing  it  will  have  light  hair 
and  blue  eyes,  will  be  fairly  rounded  in  muscle,  will  be  ardent, 
active,  enthusiastic,  impressible,  and  will  possess  much  greater 
energy  than  the  person 
who  is  under  the  control 
of  the  lymphatic. 

With  the  bilious  tem- 
perament the  liver  is 
taken  as  the  basis.  This 
temperament  is  indicated 
by  black  eyes  and  hair, 
a  dark  and  tawny  skin, 
solid  and  spare  flesh, 
angular  form,  great  en- 
ergy, activity,  and,  if 
coupled  with  superior 
mental  development, 
large  power. 

The  nervous  tempera- 
ment rests  upon  a  pre- 
pcmdurance  of  the  nervous 

system.  Those  possessing  it  arc  known  by  their  delicacy  of 
health,  thin  and  angular  features,  light,  thin  hair,  rapid  movements, 
keenly  sensitive  natures,  and  mental  activity. 

These  temperaments  are,  fortunately,  generally  found  blended 
more  or  less  with  each  other,  and  out  of  the  combination  the  phre- 
nologists designate  another  class  of  tempcramentB  called  the  motive^ 
th^  vital,  and  the  mental. 

The  persons  possessing  the  motive  temperament  In  a  large  degree 
',',  ill    he   known  by  large,  angular   frames,  ]»roininent   features,    hair 


Fig.  6— Idiotic. 


abundant,  strong,  and  usually  dark;  are  active,  robust,  energetic, 
capable  of  endurance,  and  are  noted  for  executive  force.  If  pos- 
sessed of  a  high  order  of  brain,  the  person  will  be  an  intellectual 
power.  If  deficient  in  mental  capacity,  the  person  will  be  noted  for 
brute  force. 

The  vital  temperament  is  shown  in  the  full  chest,  the  rounded  form, 
fondness  for  outdoor  exercise,  debate,  and  sport.  Those  who  pos- 
sess this  temperament  are  good  livers,  liable  to  excesses  in  eating 
and  drinking,  and  naturally  genial,  but  are  liable  to  be   passionate, 

and  are  prone  to  go  to 
extremes,  though  not  al- 
ways so  if  the  tempera- 
ment is  balanced  by  a 
good  organization. 

The  mental  tempera- 
ment gives  its  possessor 
a  slight  frame,  a  large 
forehead,  light,  soft  hair, 
clear  -  cut  features,  a 
graceful  figure,  refine- 
ment, love  of  the  artis- 
tic and  beautiful,  sensi- 
tiveness, and  keen  emo- 
tions. 

Quality  of  Brain. 

The  phrenologist  rests 
his  case  also  on  other  conditions,  without  which,  he  admits,  we  cannot 
determine  the  mental  power  of  the  individual.  Among  these  are 
quality  of  the  brain,  which  is  indicated  by  the  muscles  of  the  body; 
that  a  loose  and  flabby  flesh  reveals  a  soft  and  spongy  brain;  that  a 
close-knit  frame,  firm  flesh,  and  favorable  temperaments,  show  a 
compact  brain  and  correspondingly  strong  intellectual  power. 

Added  to  this  must  be  taken  into  account  the  state  of  the  health  of 
the  individual.  If  in  perfect  health,  the  brain  will  be  strong  in 
proportion.  If  in  ill-health,  the  manifestations  of  brain  will  be 
weak. 

To  give  the  brain  ample 
opportunity  for  a  full  dis- 
play of  its  power,  there 
must  be  lungs  sufticiently 
large  to  take  in  a  full 
supply  of  air  with  which 
to  vivify  the  blood,  which 
blood  must  have  a  full 
and  free  circulation  with- 
out I  hi.'  least  restraint. 

The  powers  of  digestion 
must  also  be  in  perfect 
condition,  aided  by  a 
suftieii-ncy  of  exercise, 
which  will  each  day  pro- 
duce  a  perspiration 
through  the  pores  of  the 
skill, the  pores  being  kept 
open  by  a  daily  application  of  moisture,  and  rubbing. 

The  mind  should  be  free  from  undue  excitement,  the  sleep  should 
be  all  that  the  individual  requires,  the  occupation  should  be  con- 
genial, the  associates  agreeable,  and  all  the  habits  of  the  individual 
should  be  temperate. 

When  these  conditions  arc  fully  understood,  the  power  of  (he 
brain  may  be  readily  estimated,  and  llie  mental  ability  and  character 
of  the  individual  may  be  told  by  the  form  of  the  person,  the  shape 
of  the  f;i('t  ,  :iii(l  llir  idnlour  of  the  head. 


TS^ 


=<r 


LOCATION    OF    DIFFERENT    DIVISIONS    OF   THE    BRAIN. 


217 


THE  PHRENOLOGICAL  ORGANS. 


Step  by  step  the  advocates  and  etudents  of  phrenology  have  dis- 
covcri'd  and  determined  the  location  of  some  forty-two  of  the  distinct 
divisions  of  the  human  mind,  of  which  number  Dr.  Gall  definitely 
located  twtiity. 

Definition  off  the  Organs. 

I.  Amativeness.  Love 
between  the  sexes — desire 
to  marry. 

A.  Conjugality,  Mat- 
rimony —  love  of  one  — 
union  for  life. 

H.  Parental  Love,  Re- 
gard for  oifspring,  pets, 
etc. 

3.  FRiENDSHir,  Adhe- 
siveness —  sociability  — 
love  of  society. 

4.  Inuabitiveness, 
Love  of  home  and  country. 

5.  Continuity,  One 
thing  at  a  time— consecu- 
tiveness. 

E.  Vitativeness,  Love 
and  tenacity  of  life — dread 
of  annihilation. 

•j.   CoMBATivENESs.  Resistance — defense — courage — opposition, 

7.  Destructiveness,  Executiveness — force — energy. 

8.  Alimentiveness,  Appetite — hunger — love  of  eating. 

9.  Acquisitiveness,  Accumulation — frugality — economy. 
10.   Secretiveness,  Discretion — reserve — policy — management. 

II.  Cautiousness, 
Prudence  —  provision  — 
watchfulness 

12.  Approbative- 
NKhiS,  Ambition — display 
— love  of  praise. 

13.  Self-Esteem, 
Self-respect — independ- 
ence— dignity. 

14.  Firmness,  Decis- 
ion— perseverance — sta- 
bility — tenacity  of  will. 

15.  Conscientious- 
ness, Integrity — love  of 
right — justice — equity. 

16.  Hope,  Expectation 
—  enterprise  —  anticipa- 
tion. 

17-  Spirituality,  In- 
tuition —  faith  —  "  light 
within" — credulity. 

18.  Veneration, 
Reverence  for  sacred 
thing!*  —  devotion  —  re- 
spect. 

19.  Benevolence,     Kindness  —  goodness 
thropy.  • 

20.  CoNSTRUcxrvENEss,  Mechanical  ingenuity — sleight  of  hand, 
31.   InEALiTY,  Refinement — love  of  beauty — taste — purity. 

B.    Sublimity,  Love  of  grandeur — infinitude — the  endless. 


Tbc  different  organs  of  the  brain,  as  they  have  been  finally  claesi- 
fied,  located  and  numbered,  are  t^h()wn  in   Fig.  11,  a  brief  eynoppift 


of  which  numbers  are  shown  herewith, 
these,  see  other  pages. 


The  Subdivisions  of  the  Brain, 

And  the  General  Grouping  of  the  Phrenological  Organs. 


For  a  fuller  description  of 

Definition  of  the  Organs. 

22.  I M  iTATiON,  Copy- 
ing—  patterning! — mimic- 
ry—  f  ol  lo  w  i  ng  e  xam- 
ples. 

23.  M1RTHFULNE88, 
Perception  of  the  absurd 
— jocosenet-s — wit — fun. 

24.  Tsdividuality,  Ob- 
servation— desire  to  see 
and  examine. 

25.  Form,  Recollection 
of  shape  —  memory  of 
persons  and  faces. 

20.  Size,  Cognizance  of 
magnitude — measuring  by 
the  eye. 

27.  Weight,  Balancing 
— climbing — perception  of 
the  law  of  gravity. 

28.  Color,    Perception 


-system — arrange- 


Location  of  Phrenulocrical  Organs, 


-  sjTnpathy  —  philan- 


and  judgment  of  colors,  and  love  of  them. 

20.    Order,    Perception   and    love   of    method- 
meut. 

30.  Calculation,  Cognizance  of  numbers — mental  arithmetic. 

31.  Locality,  Recollections  of  places  and  scenery. 

.32.  Eventuality, 

Memory  of  facts  and  cir- 
cumstances. 

33.  Time,  Cognizance 
of  duration  and  suc- 
cession of  time — punc- 
tuality. 

34.  Tune,  Sense  of 
harmony  and  melody — 
love  of  music. 

35.  Language,  Ex- 
pression of  ideas — mem- 
ory of  words. 

30.  Causality,  Ap- 
plying causes  to  effect — 
originality. 

37.  Comparison,  In- 
ductive reasoning — anal- 
ysis— illuf-tration. 

C.  Human  XATmE, 
Perception  of  character 
and  motives. 

D.  Agkeeableness, 
Pleasantness — suavity  — 
persuasiveness- 

The  student  in  the  study  of  phrenologj*  i.s  much  assisted  by 
the  phrenological  bust  which  shows  a  well-balanced  head,  with  all 
the  organs  located  and  distinctly  marked.  The  best  school,  how- 
ever, for  the  acquisition  of  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  subject  is 
to  study  the  characteristics  of  various  people. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  ORGANS  OF  THE  BRAIN. 


The  exact  location  of  the  different  organs  of  the  brain  are  quite 
fully  ghowu  in  Fig.  12,  accompanying  which  is  the  following 
description  of  the  organs  as  determined  from  their  size,  taken 
from  the  "Self-Instructor  in  Phrenology,"  published  by  Fowler 
&  Wells,  New  York.     It  may  be  remarked   also  that  this  descrip- 


tion, which  is  greatly  condensed,  does  not  do  ihe  subject  justice. 
It  is  only  by  a  study  of  all  the  organs  in  combination  that  we 
may  understand  the  mental  characteristics.  The  "  Self-Instruc- 
tor" and  the  larger  phrenological  works  very  fully  explain  all 
this. 


1.  A3IATIYE\ESS. 

Conjugal  love;  attachment  to  the  opposite  seX; 
desire  to  love,  be  loved,  and  marry;  adapted  to 
perpetuate  the  race.  It  causes  those  mutual 
attractions  which  exist  between  the  sexes;  creates 
love;  induces  marriage;  eventu- 
ates in  offspring;  renders  woman 
winning,  persuasive,  urbane,  affec- 
tionate, loving,  and  lovely,  and 
develops  all  the  feminine  charms 
and  graces;  makes  man  noble  in 
feeling  and  bearing;  elevated  in 
aspiration;  tender  and  bland  in 
manner;  affectionate  toward  wo- 
man; pure  in  feeling;  highly  sus- 
ceptible to  female  charms,  and 
clothes  him  with  that  dignity, 
power,  and  persuasiveness,  which 
accompanies  the  masculine.  Per- 
verted, it  occasions  a  grossness 
and  vulgarity  in  expression  and 
action;  licentiousness  in  all  its 
forms;  a  feverish  state  of  mind, 
and  depraves  all  the  other  propen- 
sities; treats  the  other  sex  merely 
as  a  minister  to  passion,  now 
caressing,  and  now  abusing  them, 
and  renders  the  love-feeling  every 
way  gross,  animal,  and  depraved. 

Largfe— Is  strongly  attracted 
toward  the  opposite  sex;  admires 
and  loves  their  beauty  and  excel- 
lent qualities;  easily  wins  their 
a  ff  ret  ionate  regard,  or  kindles 
Ihtir  love;  has  many  warm 
fru-iids,  if  not  admirers,  among 
thiMii ;  loves  young  and  powerfully, 
and  wields  a  potent  intluence  for 
good  or  evil  over  the  destinies  of 
its  subject,  according  as  it  is  well 
or  ill  placed. 

Averitge  —  Is  capable  of  fair 
sexual  attachments  and  conjugal 
lovH.  provided  M  i-  jm  i).i  rl\  pia<-.d 
and  fully  calji  .1  -nii  ,  .-.  ,n.|■||.n(.,■^  a 
greater  or  If--    '!•  i^- i    l'<\-f   in 

Proportion  to  It- .utivii  v  ;  it-ndeis 
he  son  quite  att.Lchcd  to  mother 
and  sisters,  and  fond  of  female 
society,  and  endowed  with  a  fair 
share  of  m.asculine  clenient.  yet 
not  remarkublc  for  its  pnlectinn; 
makes  woman  quite  wiimiiig  iiniJ 
attractive,  yet  not  jxiilicularly 
HiiHceptible  to  love;  renders  the 
d.inirhter  fond  of  father  and 
brothf-rs,  and  desirous  of  the  soci- 
ety of  men.  yet  not  extremely  so, 
and  capable  of  a  fair  share  of  con- 
juu'al  devoledncsts  under  favorable 
circumstances. 

SmuII  — Feels  little  conjugal  or  sexual  love 
anddcMJre  to  marry;  is  cold,  coy,  distant,  and 
r«;Herved  toward  the  other  sex;  experiences  but 
little  of  the  beautifying  and  elcvnting  influence 
of  love,  and  should  not  marry,  because  incapable 
of  appreciating  its  relation  "and  making  a  com- 
j)anion  happy, 

'J.  IMIILOI»KO(JKNITIVKNESS. 

Parental  love;  attachment  to  one's  own  off- 
Mpring;  love  of  children,  pets,  and  animals 
gcnirrally.  cHpoclally  those  young  or  timall; 
adapted  to  that  infantile  condition  in  which  man 
entern  the  world,  and  to  children's  need  of 
parental  ejij-c  and  education.  This  fac^nlty  renders 
irhildrcn  the  riche«t  trcranure  of  their  parents; 
.-mt-  into  the  -lindc  nil  th.'  t-'ll  mid    .-vi.t'n-e    they 


cause,  and  lacerates  them  with  bitter  pangs  when 
death  or  distance  tears  them  asunder.  It  is  much 
larger  in  woman  than  in  man,  and  nature  requires 
mothers  to  take  the  principal  care  of  infants. 
Perverted,      it     spoils    children     by     excessive 


perverted,  it  forms  attachments  for  the  low,  vul- 
gar, or  vicious,  and  leads  to  bad  company. 
Adapted  to  man's  requisition  for  concert  of 
action,  copartnership,  combination,  and  com 
munity  of  feeling  and  interest,  and  is  a  leading 
element  of  his  social  relations. 

I^arge  —  Is  a  warm,  cordial, 
ardent  friend;  readily  forms 
friendships,  and  attracts  friendly 
regard  in  return;  must  have  soci- 
ety of  some  kind. 

Average  —  Is  capable  of  tol- 
erably strong  friendships,  yet 
their  character  is  determined  by 
the  larger  faculties;  enjoys  pres- 
ent friends,  yet  sustains  their 
absence. 

Small  — Thinks  and  cares  little 
for  friends;  dislikes  copartnership; 
is  cold-hearted,  unsocial,  and  sel- 
tish;  takes  little  delight  in  com- 
pany, but  prefers  to  be  alone:  has 
few  fi-iends,  and,  with  large  selfish 
faculties,  many  enemies,  and  man- 
ifests too  little  of  this  faculty  to 
exert  a  perceptible  influence  upon 
character. 

A.  UNION  FOR  LIFE. 

Attachment  to  one,  and  but  one 
conjugal  partner  for  life.  Adapted 
to  the  pairing  principle  in  man 
and  animals,  and  is  located  be- 
Iween  Adhesiveness  and  Amative- 
ness.  Some  birds,  such  as  geese, 
eagles,  robins,  etc. ,  pair  for  life, 
and  remain  true  to  their  connubial 
attachment;  while  hens,  turkies. 
sheep,  horses,  and  neat  cattle, 
associate  promiscuously,  which 
shows  that  it  is  a  faculty  distinct 
from  Amativeness  and  Adliesive- 
ness. 

Ijarge  —  Seeks  one.  and  but  one 

sexual      mate;      experiences      the 

keenest  disappointment  when  love 

iipti-d;     i~   ]ierr.-.-tly 


i>  inic 
lied  with 


ictv 


of  tbnt   < 


id 


iid  can  truly  love  no  other 
etains  that  love  even  after  it; 
bjet't  isdead;  may  lovean<i  niarr> 
nother.  but  it  will  be  more  iron 
iii.tives  of  policy  than  pure  coiiju 


id  .--liMnM  < 


TV 


Fig.  12-The  Human  Head, 

And  the  Location  of   the  Various  Organs  of  Mind. 


fondness, 
T^ai'Kc 

values  Ihei 
lid 


■  faults 


tiK 

til. 
Interest. 

A  veruice 

well,  yet  care 


pampering, 

-  Loves  its 
M  above  all 
leiij]: 


and    humoring. 

ovnx  children    devotedly. 

pri<'e,    r-hccrlullv  endures 

lluir  sake.     Inrliears   with 

ins  tlieir  love,   dclik'lits  t-.  play  with 

i:s  to  proiiiole  their 


-Loves  its  own  children   toleral>lv 
I  but  little  for  those  of  others. 

Small  — Cares  little  for  its  own  ehildreii,  and 
still  less  for  those  of  others. 

3.  AOHESIVKNESS. 

Krlendshlp;  social  feeling;  love  of  society; 
desire  to  congi'cgatc,  associate,  visit,  seek  com- 
pany, entertain  friends,  form  and  reciprocate 
nttar-hnients.  and  indulge  friendly  feelings.  When 


larnllv  !<•  will  the  lieart  and  liaiul 
i.i  the. .lie  beloved,  nor  alJMw  aiiv- 
tliing  to  alienate  their  affections, 
because  certain  min  to  mind  and 
body  is  consequent  thereon. 

Averaiee- Is  disposed  to  love 
but  one  for  life,  yet  is  capable  of 
changing  its  object. 

Small— Cares  but  little  for  (Irst  love,  and 
seeks  the  promiscuous  society  and  alfeetion  of  the 
opposite  sex.  rather  than  a  single  partner  for 
life. 

4.  INHABITIVKNESS. 

The  home  feeling;  love  of  house,  the  place 
where  one  was  born  or  has  lived,  and  of  houu- 
fissociatlons.  Adapted  to  man's  need  of  an  abid 
i tig  place,  in  which  ti)  exercise  the  family  feelings; 
patriotism.  Perversion  —  liomeslckness  when 
iiway  from  home. 

■  Has  a  strong  desire 


Ijtivac 

h 


lein 
with 
hous* 


n    liomc 


■\trei 


itli  trie 
deliglit^ 


to  locate  young. 

cluslv'ly    to    it.self; 

rclui'tance,  and   returns 

<nii   beconii'S  a(Ia<ln-(l  to 

ardeii.    IK-I<ls,    funillurc. 


■^ 


V 

^5 


DESCEIPTION    OF   THE    VARIOUS    OKGANS    OK   ■rillO    MIMj 


2l'.> 


etc.;  iiiid  hiKhly  prizes  domestic  associations,  nor 
Is  satisfied  till  it  has  a  pluoe  on  which  to  expend 
this  huint*  instinct. 

Averuire  — Loves  home  tolerably  well,  yet 
witli  no  K'rciit  frrvor,  and  changes  the  place  of 
aboili-  iis  tJir  lit  li.-r  r'iuiilties  may  dictate;  takes  no 
jri'i'iit  uitiTc-l  iFi  lii>ii>^i- or  place,  as  such,  or  pleas- 
uri'  in  ihiii-  iiiipi-.)\  .lufnt,  and  is  satisHed  with 
ordinary  liuiin;  cunifuits. 

Small— Cares  little  for  home,  leaves  it  without 
much  roprret,  conteinplates  it  with  little  delight, 
t<ikoM  little  pains  in  its  improvement,  and,  with 
Acquisitiveness  large,  spends  reluctantly  l^ur  its 
improvement. 

5.  CONTINUITY. 

A  patient  dwelling  upon  one  thing  till  it  is  fin- 
ished, consecutiveness  and  connectedness  of 
thought  and  feeling.  Adapted  to  man's  need  of 
doing  one-  thing  at  a  time.  Perversion — prolixity, 
repelition,  and  excessive  amplification. 

I^ai'tre  —  Gives  the  whole  mind  to  the  one  thing 
in  liiiiid  rill  it  is  llnishrfl,  ooTupli-tr^s  as  it  goes; 
ki-i'ps  ii|i  nil.-  cnriiin.iti  iijiii  i.f  llLi.iiLrlit.  or  current 
iii'r.'.-liiitr.  till- a  tniiu'iimi-;  isdiM-Mii.^.-rted  if  atten- 
tuiTi  IS  dirci-ti'ii  III  ;i  st.-coiid  uhjvct,  and  cannot 
duly  L-onsidt-r  another. 

Averafire  — Can  dwell  upon  things,  or  divert 
atlpuliun  to  others,  as  occasion  requires;  is  not 
confused  by  interruption,  yet  prefers  one  thing  at 
a  time. 

Small  —  With  activity  great,  commences  many 
things,  yet  finishes  few;  craves  novelty  and 
variety;  puts  many  irons  into  the  fire;  Iack.s 
application;  jumps  rapidly  from  premise  to  con- 
clusion, and  fails  to  connect  and  carry  out  ideas; 
is  a  creature  of  impulse;  lacks  steadiness  and 
consistency  of  character;  may  be  brilliant,  yet 
cannot  he  profound;  humming-bird  like,  flies 
rapidly  from  thiuir  lo  tliiim'.  hut  dues  not  stay 
long;  has  many  guml  tllmlk'ilI^,  v<'t  tiiev  are  scat- 
tered; and  talks  on  a  grt-at  v;uiety  of  subjects  in 
a  short  time,  but  fails  sadly  in  eonsecutiveness  of 
feeling,  thought,  and  action. 

A.  VITATIVENESS. 

Tenacity  of  life,  resistance  to  death,  love  of 
existence  as  such,  dreads  annihilation,  loves  life, 
and  clings  tenaciously  to  it  for  its  own  sake. 

L.artfe  — Struggles  resolutely  through  fits  of 
sickness,  and  will  not  give  up  to  die  till  it  is  abso- 
lutely compelled  to  do  so. 

Average  —  Enjoys  life,  and  clings  to  it  with  a 
fair  degree  of  earnestness,  yet  by  no  means  with 
passionate  fondness. 

Small  — Likes  to  live,  yet  cares  little  about 
existence  for  its  own  sake. 

6.   COMBATI^'ENESS. 

Resistance,  opposition,  defense,  defiance,  bold- 
ness, courage,  resentment,  spirit,  wiinhgness  to 
encounter,  self-protection,  presence  of  mind, 
determination,  get-out-of-my-way,  let^me-and- 
mine-alone;  adapted  to  man's  requisition  for  over- 
coming obstacles,  contending  for  rights,  etc. 
Perversion— anger,  contrariety,  fault-finding, 
contention,  ill-nature,  and  fighting. 

Large- Imparts  a  bold,  resolute,  fearless, 
deterniintd  >-|iiiit;  disl>•l^.■^  tu  grapple  with  and 
reinovf  .ilista.li  >,  ami  liiiM^  whatever  it  under- 
takes: loves  ilrhali-  atnl  iippo-^ition;  gives  great 
coolness,  intrepidity  and  presence  of  mind  in 
time  of  danger,  and  nerves  one  for  encounter. 

Averapre  —  Evinces     the     combative     spirit 

iifconlintr  to  cii-eninstanff's:  whm  vigorously 
npp,, -rd,  or-  when  aii>  ot  tie-  >,ile  i  tarulties  work 
111  inniiiiiri  iun  u  illi  <  'iiiiili.!  I  n  (III-- ,  -hnws  a  good 
dejj-i-rcoi  theiippoMng,  -■n.i  ^•-.■t  e>  spnit;  but,  when 
any  oT  tlie  other  faculties,  such  as  large  Cautious- 
ness or  Approbativeness  work  against  it,  it  evinces 
irresolution,  and  even  cowardice. 

Small  — Is  inefficient,  can  accomplish  little, 
never  feels  its  own  strength,  and  with  large  moral 
and  intellectual  organs,  is  too  gentle  and  easily 
satisfied. 

7.  DESTRrCTIVEXESS. 

Executiveness.  severity,  sternness,  the  destroy- 
ing and  pain-causing  faculty,  harshness,  extermi- 
nation, indignation,  disposition  to  break,  crush, 
and  tear  down,  the  walk-right-through  spirit. 
adapted  to  man's  destroying  whatever  is  prejudi- 


cial to  his  happiness;  performing  aiul  enduring 
surgical  operations,  undergoing  i)ahi.  etc.  Per- 
version—wrath, revenge,  malice,  disposition  to 
murder,  etc. 

W-arice— Imparts  that  determination,  energy, 
and  force  which  removes  or  destroys  whatever 
impedes  its  progression. 

Average- Manifests  itself  in  a  similar  man- 
ner as  when  full,  due  allowance  being  made  for 
diminished  power. 

Small  —  With  large  moral  faculties,  possesses 
too  tendei'  a  soul  to  enjoy  our  world  as  it  is,  or  to 
endure  hai'dships  or  cruelties. 

8.  ALIMENTIVENESS. 

-Appetit-e.  the  feeding  instinct,  relish  for  food, 
hunger,  adapted  to  man's  need  of  food,  and  creat- 
ing a  disposition  to  eat.  Perverted,  it  produces 
gormandizing  and  gluttony,  and  ends  in  dyspepsia 
and  all  its  evils. 

K-arere- Has  a  hearty  relish  for  food,  sets  a 
high  value  upon  table  enjoyments,  ant!  solid, 
hearty  food. 

Average  — Enjoys  food  well,  and  eats  with  a 
fair  relish;  yet  rarely  over-eats  except  when  ren- 
dered craving  by  dyspeptic  complaints. 

Small  —  Eats  with  long  teeth,  and  little  relish; 
hardly  knows  or  cares  what  or  when  he  eats,  and 
should  pay  more  attention  to  duly  feeding  the 
body. 

0.   ACQriSITIVENESS. 

Economy;  frugality;  the  acquiring,  saving, 
and  hoarding  instinct:  laying  up  of  surplus,  and 
allowing  nothing  to  be  wasted;  desire  to  possess 
and  own;  the  mine  and  thine  feeling;  claiming 
of  one's  own  things;  love  of  trading  and  amass- 
ing property.  Adapted  to  man's  need  of  laying 
up  the  necessaries  and  comforts  of  life  against  a 
time  of  future  need.  Perversion- a  miserly, 
grasping,  close-fisted  penuriousness. 

I^arge  —  Saves  for  future  use  what  is  not 
wanted  for  present;  allows  nothing  to  go  to  waste; 
turns  every  thing  to  a  good  account ;  buys  closely, 
and  makes  the  most  of  all  it  gets;  is  industrious, 
economical,  and  vigorously  employs  means  to 
accumulate  property  and  desires  to  own  and  pos- 
sess much. 

Average  — Loves  property;  yet  the  other 
faculties  spend  quite  as  fast  as  this  faculty  accu- 
mulates. 

Small  —  Holds  money  loosely;  spends  it  often 
without  getting  its  full  value;  cares  little  how 
his  money  goes. 

10.  SECRETIVENESS. 

Self-government,  ability  to  restrain  feelings, 
policy,  management,  reserve,  evasion,  discre- 
tion, cunning.  Adapted  to  man's  requisition  for 
controlling  his  animal  nature.  Perverted,  it 
causes  duplicity,  double-dealing,  lying,  decep- 
tion, and  alt  kinds  of  false  pretensions. 

Liarge  —  Throws  a  veil  over  the  countenance, 
expression,  and  conduct;  appears  to  aim  at  one 
thing  while  accomplishing  another;  loves  to  sur- 
prise others;  is  enigmatical,  mysterious,  guarded, 
foxy,  politic,  shrewd,  managing,  employs  hum- 
bug, and  is  hard  to  be  found  out. 

Average  —  Maintains  a  good  share  of  self- 
government,  except  when  under  excitement,  and 
then  lets  the  whole  mind  out  fully. 


Small -Is  p 

just  what,  ami 
cealment  in  all  i 
sive  and  uuliiih 


■iilv  transparent:  seems  to  be 
h  ii  It  really  is;  disdains  con- 
iMKi  ,  isnoliypocrite.  but  pas- 
al  HI  all   it  says  or  does. 


11.  CAUTIOUSNESS. 

Carefulness,  watchfulness,  prudence,  provis- 
ion against  want  and  danger,  solicitude,  anxiety, 
apprehension,  security,  protection,  avoiding 
prospective  evils,  the  sentinel.  Adapted  to  those 
dangers  which  surround  us.  and  those  provisions 
necessary  for  our  future  happiness.  Perversion- 
irresolution,  timidity,  procrastination,  inde- 
cision. 

Large  —  Is  always  on  the  look-out;  takes 
ample  time  to  get    ready:    pro\'ides  against  pros-     I 


pectlve  dungem;  makeH  every  thing  ftafe:  guardH 
against  loHKCH  and  evllH;  Incurs  no  risk;  sure 
bindM  that  It  may  sure  find;  with  large  Combat- 
iveness,  Hope,  and  an  active  temperament. 
drives,  Jehu  like,  whatever  Is  undertaken,  yet 
driven  cautiously. 

Averuire  —  Ha«  a  good  share  of  prudence, 
whenever  this  faculty  works  In  connection  with 
the  larger  organs,  yet  evlnccb  but  little  in  the 
direction  of  the  smaller  organs. 

Small  —  Is  rash,  reckless,  lucklefs;  and  with 
large  Hope,  always  In  trouble;  with  large  Combat- 
Iveness,  plunges  headlong  into  diftlcultleH  in  full 
sight,  and  should  assiduously  cultivate  this 
faculty. 

12.    APPKOBATIVENESS, 

Desire  to  be  esteemed,  regard  for  character, 
appearance,  etc.;  love  of  praise,  desire  to  excel, 
ambition.  afTabllity,  politeness,  desire  to  display 
and  show  off,  sense  of  honor,  desire  for  a  good 
name,  for  notoriety,  fame,  eminence,  distinction, 
and  to  he  thought  well  off.  pride  of  character. 
sensitiveness  lo  the  speeches  of  people,  and  love 
of  popularity.  Adapted  to  the  reputable  and 
disgraceful.  Perversion  —  vanity,  affectation, 
eeremoniousness,  aristocracy,  pomposity;  eager- 
ness for  popularity,  outside  display,  etc. 

Large  —  Loves  commendation,  and  is  cut  by 
censure;  is  keenly  alive  to  the  smiles  of  public 
opinion;  minds  what  people  say;  strives  to  show 
off  to  advantage,  and  is  affable,  courteous,  and 
desirous  of  pleasing;  loves  to  be  in  company, 
stands  on  etiquette  and  ceremony;  aspires  t-o  do 
and  become  something  great;  sets  much  by 
appearances,  and  is  mortified  by  reproach;  with 
large  Cautiousness  and  moderate  Self-Esteem  is 
careful  lo  take  the  popular  side,  and  fears  to  face 
the  ridii-uli-  ol  others;  yet  with  Conscience  and 
Combaliveness  large,  sticks  to  the  right,  though 
it  is  unpopular,  knowing  that  it  will  ultimately 
confer  honor. 

Average— Evinces  only  a  respectable  share 
of  this  faculty,  except  when  it  is  powerfully 
wrought  upon  by  praise  or  reproach. 

Small  —  Cares  little  for  the  opinion  of  others, 
even  ol  tiend-.  is  comparatively  insensible  to 
praisi  ,  .h  M-Mi|s  style  and  fashion;  despises 
etiqui  iir  and  li'i  mal  usages;  never  asks  what  will 
persons  think,  and  puts  on  no  outside  appearance 
for  their  own  sake;  with  large  Self-Esteem.  Firm- 
ness, and  Coinbativeness.  is  destitute  of  polite- 
ness, devoid  of  ceremony,  and  not  at  all  flexible 
or  pleasing  in  manner;  with  large  Combativeuess 
and  Conscienti<msness,  goes  for  the  right  regard 
less  of  popularity,  and  is  always  making  enemies. 

13.  SELF-ESTEEM. 

Self-appreciation  and  valuation,  self-respect  and 
reliance,  magnanimity,  nobleness,  independence, 
dignity,  self-satisfaction  and  complacency;  love 
of  liberty  and  power,  an  aspiring,  self-elevating, 
ruling  instinct,  pride  of  character,  manliness, 
lofty-mindedness.  and  desire  for  elevation. 
Adapted  to  the  superiority,  greatness,  and  exalted 
dignity  of  human  nature.  Perversion  —  haughti- 
ness, forwardness,  over-bearing,  tyranny,  ego- 
tism, and  superciliousness. 


Large  —  Piit> 

saying-.  doiTiu's. 
its  own  nnaidi-'l 
but  in.--ists  upon 
minded;  will  never 


rh  estimate  upon  itself,  its 
apahiliii.>:  falls  back  upo., 
II-,  \mU  not  take  advice. 
g  it'i  own  master;  is  high- 
toop  or  demean  itself;    aims 


high;  is  not  satisfied  with  moderate  success,  or  a 
petty  business,  and  compfu-ts  and  expresses  itself 
with  dignity,  and  perhaps  with  majesty,  and  is 
perfectly  self-satisfied. 

Average  —  Shows  this  faculty  mainly  in 
combination  with  those  that  are  larger. 

Small  —  Feels  diminutive  in  its  own  eyes; 
lacks  elevation  and  dignity  of  tone  and  manner; 
places  a  low  estimate  on  .self;  and,  with  Appro- 
bativeness large,  is  more  anxious  to  appear  well 
in  the  eyes  of  others  than  in  its  own. 

14.  FIRMNESS. 

Stability,  decision,  perseverance,  fixedness  of 
purpose,  tenacity  of  will,  and  aversion  to  change. 
Adapted  to  man's  requisition  for  holding  out  to 
the  end.  Perversion—  obstinacy,  willfulness, 
mulishness.  stubbornness.  unwillingness  to 
change,  even  though  reason  requires. 


? 


d 


-<): 


><l-<?" 


!- 


220 


DESCKIPTION    OF    J  HE    VAKIOUS    ORGANS    OF    THE    MIND. 


Laree  —  Is  set  in  it«  own  way,  sticks  to  and 
carries  out  what  it  commences,  holds  on  long 
and  hard,  continues  to  the  end,  and  may  be  fully 
relied  upon. 

Small  —  With  activity  great,  and  the  head  un- 
even, is  fitful,  impulsive,  and,  like  the  weather- 
vane,  shifts  with  eveiT  changing  breeze,  and  is 
ruled  by  the  other  faculties,  and  as  unstable  as 
water. 

15.  CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 

Moi'al  principle,  integrity,  perception  and  love 
of  right,  innate  sense  of  accountability  and  obli- 
gation, love  of  justice  and  truth,  regard  for  duty, 
desire  for  moral  purity  and  excellence;  disposi- 
tion to  fulfill  promises,  agreements,  etc. ;  the 
internal  monitor  which  approves  the  right  and 
condemns  the  wTong,  sense  of  guilt,  contrition, 
desire  to  reform,  penitence,  forgiveness.  Adapted 
to  the  rightness  of  right,  and  the  wrongness  of 
■wrong,  and  to  the  moral  nature  and  constitution 
of  things.  Perverted,  it  makes  one  do  wrong 
from  conscientious  scruples,  and  torments  with 
undue  self-condemnation. 

IiSirge— Loves  the  right  as  right,  and  hates 
the  wrong;  is  honest,  faithful,  upright  in  motive; 
means  well;  consults  duty  before  expediency; 
feels  guilty  when  conscious  of  having  done  wrong; 
desires  forgiveness  for  the  past,  and  to  do  better 
in  future;  with  strong  propensities,  will  some- 
times do  wrong,  and  then  be  exceedingly  sori'y 
therefor;  and.  with  a  wrong  education  added,  is 
liable  to  do  wrong,  thinking  it  to  be  right,  because 
these  propensities  warp  conscience,  yet  means 
right. 

Averuee— When  not  tempted  by  stronger 
faculties  does  what  is  about  right,  generally 
justities  itself,  and  does  not  feel  particularly 
indignant  at  the  wrong,  or  commendatory  of  the 
right. 

Small —  Has  few  conscientious  scruples,  has 
little  penitence,  gratitude,  or  regard  for  moral 
principle,  justice,  duty,  etc. ,  and  is  governed 
mainly  by  the  larger  faculties. 

10.   HOPE. 

Expectation,  anticipation  of  future  success  and 
happiness.  Adapted  to  man's  relations  with  the 
future.  Perverted,  it  becomes  .visionary  and 
castle-building. 

I*arffe  — Expects  much  from  the  future;  con- 
templates with  pleasure  the  bright  features  of 
life's  picture;  never  desponds;  overrates  prospec- 
tive good,  and  underrates  and  overlooks  obstacles 
and  evils;  calculates  on  more  than  the  nature  of 
the  case  will  warrant;  expectS.  and  hence  attempts 
agi-eatdeai.  and  is  therefore  always  full  of  busi- 
ness; is  sanguine,  and  rises  above  i)resent  trouble 
by  hoping  for  better  things  in  future,  and  though 
disappointed,  hopes  on  still;  builds  some  air  cas- 
tles, and  lives  in  the  future  more  than  in  the 
present. 

Average  — Expects  and  attempts  too  little, 
rather  than  too  much;  with  large  Cautiousness, 
dwells  more  on  dilticulties  than  encouragements; 
is  contented  with  the  present  rather  than  lays  out 
for  the  future. 

Small  —  Expects  and  undertakes  very  little; 
with  largfc  Cautiousness,  puts  o(f  till  it  is  too  late; 
is  always  behind;  may  embark  in  projects  after 
evei-y  body  i-Isl-  ha?,  siicccnk-d,  but,  will  then  be 
too  late,  and  in  t.'fiicr.il  kimck^  at  tin-  'Imir  just 
after  IMias  hr.-n  holhrl.  uitli  lar^'-  Cautiousness, 
is  forever  in  doubt;  with  laigr  Ap|iri)b(itiveness 
and  Cautiousness,  though  most  desirous  of  praise, 
has  little  hopes  of  c)htaihing  it,  and  therefore  is 
exceedingly  backward  in  society. 

17.  SIMKITrAUTY. 

Faith,  prescience,  the  "  light  within."  trust  in 
divine  guiding,  perception  and  feeling  of  the 
spiritual;  interior  perception  of  truth,  what  is 
about  to  transpire,  etc.  Adapted  to  a  spiritual 
Htate  of  mind  and  feeling.  Perversion— supersti- 
tion, witchcraft,  and  with  Cautlousnons  large, 
fear  of  ghosttt. 

I^artce  —  Foroeives  and  knows  things  Independ- 
ent of  the  senses  or  intellect,  or  as  It  were  by 
spiritual  intuition:  expericiie»-s  an  internal  coil- 
sclousnesH  of  what  Is  best,  and  that  spiritual 
communion  with  <;nd  which  eonstitut<'»  the 
essence  of  trueidoty;  loves  to  meditate;  bestows 
a  species  of  waking  clairvoyance,  and  Is  as  It 
wen-  ''  r<in-wanie<l  nf  Oud;  '*  conituned  with  large 


Veneration,  holds  intimate  communion  with  the 
Deity,  for  whom  it  experiences  profoimd  adora- 
tion, and  takes  a  world  of  pleasure  In  that  calm, 
happy,  half-ecstatic  state  of  mind  caused  by  this 
faculty. 

Average  —  Has  some  spiritual  premonitions 
and  guidings,  yet  they  are  not  always  sufficiently 
distinct  to  secure  their  being  followed. 

Small —  Perceives  spiritual  truths  so  indis- 
tinctly as  rarely  to  admit  them;  is  not  guided  by 
faith,  because  so  weak;  like  unbelieving  Thomas, 
must  see  the  fullest  proof  before  it  believes;  has 
very  little  credulity,  and  doubts  things  of  a  super- 
human origin  or  nature;  has  no  premonitions, 
and  disbelieves  in  them. 

18.  VENERATION. 

Devotion,  adoration  of  a  Supreme  Being,  rever- 
ence for  religion  and  things  sacred,  disposition  to 
pray,  worship,  and  observe  religious  rites. 
Adapted  to  a  belief  in  the  existence  of  a  God,  and 
the  pleasures  .and  benefits  experienced  by  man  in 
worshiping  him.  Perverted,  it  produces  idolatry, 
bigotry,  religious  intolerance,  etc. 

Ijarse  —  Experiences  an  awe  of  God  and 
things  sacred,  loves  to  adore  the  Supreme  Being, 
especially  in  his  works;  feels  true  devotion,  fer- 
vent piety,  and  love  of  divine  things;  takes  great 
delight  in  religious  exercises;  has  much  respect 
for  superiority;  regards  God  as  the  center  of 
hopes,  fears  and  aspirations. 

Average  —  Will  adore  the  Deity,  yet  oft«n 
makes  religion  subservient  to  the  larger  facul- 
ties. 

Small  —  Experiences  little  devotion  or  respect, 
and  is  deficient  in  fervor;  cares  little  for  religious 
observances,  and  is  not  easily  impressed  with  the 
worshiping  sentiment. 

19.  BENEVOLENCE. 

Kindness,  humanity,  desire  to  make  others 
happy,  a  self -sacrificing  disposition,  philanthropy, 
generosity,  the  accommodating,  neighborly  spirit. 
Adapted  to  man's  capability  of  making  his  fellow- 
men  happy.    Perversion— misplaced  sympathies. 

Jjarge —  Delights  to  do  good;  makes  personal 
sacrifices  to  make  others  happy;  cannot  witness 
pain  or  distress,  and  does  what  it  well  can  to 
relieve  them;  manifests  a  perpetual  flow  of  dis- 
interested goodness. 

Average  —  Manifests  kindness  only  in  con- 
junction with  Adhesiveness  and  other  large  facul- 
ties; and  with  only  full  Adhesiveness,  if  lund  is  so 
for  selfish  purposes. 

Small  — Cares  little  for  the  happiness  of  man 
or  brute,  and  does  still  less  to  promote  it. 

20.  CONSTBITCTIVENESS. 

The  making  instinct,  the  tool-using  talent; 
sleight  of  hand  in  constructing  things.  Adapted 
to  man's  need  of  things  made,  such  as  iiouses. 
clothes,  and  manufacturing  articles  of  all  kinds. 
Perverted,  it  wastes  time  and  money  on  perpetual 
motion,  and  other  like  futile  inventions. 

Large — Loves  to  make;  is  able  to,  and  dis- 
posed In  tinker,  mend,  and  fix  tip.  build,  manu- 
factuif.  impluy  iiiiicliiiicry,  etc.;  shows  mechan- 
ical skill  :iii<l  i|i\triity  Ml  whatever  is  done  with 
thehiinil>.  Willi  l;ui,'i' Citusality  and  perceptives, 
is  given  to  inventing. 

Moderate  —  Is  rather  awkward  in  the  use  of 
tools,  and  in  manual  operations  of  every  kind. 

Small— Is  deficient  in  the  tool-usin^  capability, 
awkward  in  making  and  fixing  up  Ihings.  jjoorin 
understand iiig  and  managing  maeliinery.  takes 
hold  of  work  awkwardly  onii  wrong  end  first, 
writes  ptiorly,  and  lacks  both  mental  and  physical 
construction. 

21.    lOEAIJTY. 

Perception  and  admiration  of  tlie  beautiful  and 
perfect,  gooti  taste  and  refinement,  purity  of 
feeling,  sense  of  propriety,  elegance,  and  gentil- 
ity, polish  and  Imagination.  Adapted  to  the 
beautiful  In  nature  and  art.  Perverted,  it  gives 
fastidiousness  and  extra  nlceness, 

I^arge  —  Appreciates  and  enjoys  beauty  and 
iierfeetion  wherever  found.  e^plM■iaIly  in  nature; 
U  glared  by    purily    and   inojiiicty    of   expressinn 


and  conduct;  by  gracefulness  and  polish  of  man- 
ners, and  general  good  taste;  is  pure-minded; 
enjoys  the  ideal  of  poetry,  elegance  and  romance; 
longs  after  perfection  of  character,  and  desires  to 
obviate  blemishes,  and,  with  Conscientiousness 
large,  moral  imperfections. 

Average —Prefers  the  plain  and  substantial 
to  the  ornamental,  and  is  a  utilitarian  ;  with  large 
intellectual  organs,  prefers  sound,  solid  matter 
to  the  ornament  of  style,  and  appreciates  logic 
more  than  eloquence. 

Small  —  Shows  a  marked  deficiency  in  what- 
ever appertains  to  taste  and  style,  also  to  beauty 
and  sentiment. 

B.  SrBLIMITT. 

Perception  and  appreciation  of  the  vast,  illimit- 
able, endless,  omnipotent,  and  infinite.  Adapted 
to  that  infinitude  which  characterizes  every 
department  of  nature.  Perverted,  it  leads  to 
bombast,  and  a  wrong  use  of  extravagant  ideas. 

Large  —  Appreciates  and  admires  the  grand, 
sublime,  vast,  magnificent,  and  splendid  in  nature 
and  art ;  admires  and  enjoys  exceedingly  mountain 
scenery,  thunder,  lightning,  tempest,  vast  pros- 
pects, and  all  that  is  awful  and  magnificent,  also 
the  foaming,  dashing  cataract,  a  storm  at  sea; 
the  lightning's  vivid  flash,  audits  accompanying 
thunder;  the  (■oniniotion  of  the  elements,  and  the 
star-spaiiLTlt'ii  eaiinjiy  of  heaven,  and  all  manifes- 
tition;-cii  otnnipoti-nce  and  infinitude;  with  large 
Veneration,  i?.  p;irtieularly  delighted  by  the  infin- 
ite as  appertaining  to  the  Deity,  and  his  attributes 
and  works. 

Average  —  Possesses  considerable  of  this  ele- 
ment, when  it  is  powerfully  excited,  yet,  imder 
ordinary  circumstances,  only  an  ordinary  share 
of  it. 

Small  —  Shows  a  marked  deficiency  in  this 
respect,  and  should  earnestly  cultivate  it. 

22.  IMITATION. 

Ability  and  disposition  to  copy,  take  pattern, 
and  imitate-  Adapted  to  man's  requisition  for 
doing,  talking,  acting,  etc. ,  like  others.  Per- 
verted, it  copies  even  their  faults. 

Large  —  Has  a  great  propensity  and  ability  to 
copy  and  take  pattern  from  others;  do  what  is 
seen  done. 

Average  —  Can  copy  tolerably  well  when  this 
faculty  is  strongly  excited,  yet  is  not  a  mimic,  nor 
a  natural  copyist. 

Small  —  Copies  even  commonplace  matter  with 
extraordinary  difficulty  and  reluctance;  is  origi- 
nal, and  generally  does  everything  in  its  own 
way. 

23.  MlKTHEriiNESS. 

Intuitive  perception  of  the  absurd  and  ridicu- 
lous, dispositionandability  to  joke  and  make  fun. 
and  laugh  at  what  is  improper,  ill-timed,  or  unbe- 
coming; pleasantness;  facetiousness.  Adapted  to 
the  absurd,  inconsistent,  and  laughable.  Per- 
verted, it  makes  fun  on  solemn  occasions,  and 
where  there  is  nothing  ridiculous  at  which  to 
laugh. 

Large  —  Enjoys  a  hearty  laugh  at  the  expres- 
sions and  .absurdities  of  .othei-s  exceedingly,  and 
delights  to  make  fun  out  of  every  thing  not  ex- 
actly proper  or  in  good  taste,  and  is  always 
ready  to  give  a,s  good  a  joke  as  it  gets. 

Average— Is  generally  seriotis  and  sedate, 
except  when  this  faculty  is  excited,  yet  then  often 
l;iughs  heartily,  and  evinces  considerable  wit. 

Small —  Makes  little  fun,  is  slow  to  perceive, 
and  still  slower  to  turn  jokes;  seldom  laughs,  and 
lliinks  it  foolish  or  wrong  to  do  so. 

24.  INDIVinrALlTY. 

Oliservation.  desire  to  see  and  examine,  cogni/ 
ance  of  individual  objects.  Adapted  to  individual 
existence,  or  the  thingness  of  Ihings.  and  Is  tho 
door  through  which  most  forms  of  knowledge 
enter  the  mind.  Perverted,  makes  the  starerand 
the  impudently  observing. 

l*arge  — Gives  a  great  desire  to  see.  know, 
exaniine,  experience,  ete.  ;  is  a  great  and  prjietteal 
observer   of    men    ami    tlnn^.s.     sees    whatever   Is 


.,^ 


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DESCIill'TKl.N    OK    Till-;    XAKIOfS    OK(;aNS    (iK    TIM-;    .MJMj 


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trttiispirlnp  around,  what  should  be  done,  etc.;  Is 
quick  of  pcTcei)ti<)ii;  knowing. 

Avfrairc  —  <>l»Mfrves  only  the  more  consplc- 
11.111-^  ..i,i.  I  Is  .■iroiind  it,  and  these  more  in  Keii- 
i-ial  llii.n  in  .ii-ijiil.  und  what  especially  interests 
til.-  l;uK'-i  I.HMiltu-s. 

Smull  —  Ohserves  only  what  is  thrust  upon  his 
attention,  and  is  (iiiite  deficient  in  thia  respect. 

25.  FOItM. 

Cognizance  and  rccollHClion  of  shape,  memory 
of  countenances  and  the  looks  of  persons  and 
things  seen,  perception  of  resemblances,  family 
likenesses,  etc.  Adapted  to  shape.  Perverted, 
aees  imaginai-y  shapes  of  persons,  things,  etc. 

LairCP  —  Notices,  and  for  a  Innf  time  remem- 

b(-l>.  til.-  f:H-is.  r.Ulllti  ri;iii<es.  fniril-.,  looks,  etc., 
of  pi  I'Mii-..  In  ;lsr^,  iuid  tllUlKs  i.ii.r  seen;  knows 
by  ^-ik'iit  iii;iiiy  whose  ii;iitn.'s  are  not  remembered. 

AveriiKe — Has  only  a  fair  natural  recollec- 
tion of  shapes,  eountenances.  etc.  ;  yet  with  much 
practice  may  do  tolerably  well,  but  without  prac- 
tice will  be  comparatively  deficient  in  these  re- 
spects, and  should  cultivate  this  faculty. 

Smitll— Has  a  poor  recollection  of  persons, 
books,  etc. ;  often  meets  persons  the  next  day 
after  an  introduction,  or  an  evenintj:  interview, 
without  knowinf?  them;  with  Eventuality  large, 
limy  remember  their  history,  but  not  their  faces; 
with  Locality  large,  where  they  were  seen,  but 
not  their  looks,  etc. 

■26.  SIZE, 

Cognizance  of  bulk,  magnitude,  quantity,  pro- 
portion, etc. ;  ability  to  measure  by  the  eye. 
Adapted  to  the  absolute  and  relative  magnitude 
of  things.  Perverted,  it  is  pained  by  slight  depart- 
ures from  proportion,  or  architectural  inaeeura- 
cies. 

I^arffe  — Has  an  excellent  eye  for  measuring 
angles,  pi-oportions,  disproportions,  and  depart- 
ures therefrom,  and  with  large  Constructiveness, 
gives  a  good  mechanical  eye,  and  judges  correctly 
of  quantity  in  general;  loves  proportion,  and  is 
pained  by  disproportion,  and  i:>  necessary  to  arti- 
sans, mechanics,  all  kinds  of  dealers,  students, 
etc. 

Average  —  Has  a  fair  eye  for  judging  of  bulk, 
weight,  by  the  size,  etc.,  and  with  practice  would 
do  tolerably  well  in  this  respect. 

Small  ~  Is  obliged  always  to  )-ely  on  actual 
measurements,  because  the  eye  is  too  imperfect 
to  be  trusted. 

27.  >VEIGHT. 

Intuitive  perception  and  application  of  the  laws 
of  gravity,  motion,  etc.  Adapted  to  man's  requi- 
sition fur  motion.  Perverted,  it  runs  imminent 
risk  pt  falling. 

LarKe  —  Has  an  excellent  faculty  for  preserv- 
ing and  regaining  balance;  riding  a  fractious 
horse,  skating,  carrying  a  steady  hand,  etc.  ; 
easily  keeps  from  falling,  when  aloft,  or  in 
dangerous  places;  throws  a  stone,  ball,  or  arrow 
straight ;  is  pained  at  seeing  things  out  of  plumb ; 
judges  of  perpendiculars  very  exactly;  loves  to 
climb,  walk  on  the  edge  of  a  precipice,  etc. 

Averuce — Similar,  only  less  gifted  in  this 
respect;  with  only  average  Constructiveness  and 
pereeptives.  should  never  engage  in  working 
machinery,  because  deficient  in  this  talent. 

Small— Is  quite  liable  to  sea-sickness,  dizzi- 
ness when  aloft,  etc.,  and  naturally  clumsy;  with 
large  Cautiousness,  is  afraid  to  walk  over  water, 
even  on  a  wide  plank,  and  where  there  is  no 
danger;  never  feels  safe  while  climbing,  and  falls 
easily. 

28.  COLOR. 

Perception,  recollection,  and  application  of 
colors,  and  delight  in  them.  .Adapted  to  that 
infinite  variety  of  coloring  interpei-sed  through- 
out nature.  Pei-verted,  is  over-particular  to  have 
coloi-s  just  right. 

Lariee—  Can  discern  and  match  colors  by  the 
eye  with  accuracy;  with  Comparison  large,  can 
compare  them  closely,  and  detect  similarities  and 
differences. 

Averapre— Possesses  a  fair  share  of  this  talent, 
yet  is  not  extraordinary. 


Small  —  Can  tell  the  primitive  colors  from 
each  othej*,  yet  rarely  notices  the  color  of  drcHS. 
eyes,  hair,  etc.;  eannot  dcscrlbi;  perMons  and 
things  by  them,  and  evinces  a  marked  defieieiicy 
in  this  respect. 

2V».  ORDER. 

Method,  system,  arrangement.  Adapted  to 
heaven's  first  law.  Perverted,  it  overworks,  and 
annoys  others  to  kcej)  things  in  order,  and  is  tor- 
mented by  disarrangement. 

Larire  —  Has  a  desire  to  conduct  business  on 
methodical  principles,  and  to  be  systematic  in 
every  thing;  with  large  Acquisitiveness  an(l 
Causality,  has  good  business  talents;  with  large 
Locality,  has  a  plact-  for  every  thing,  and  every 
thing  in  its  place;  with  large  Time,  has  a  time  for 
every  thing,  and  every  thing  in  season;  with  large- 
Continuity.  Comparison  ancl  the  mental  tempera- 
ment, has  every  idea,  paragraph,  and  head  of  a 
subject  in  its  proper  place;  with  large  Construct- 
iveness, has  its  tools  where  it  can  always  lay 
hands  upon  them  in  the  dark. 

Average  —  Likes  order,  yet  may  not  always 
keep  it,  and  desires  more  than  it  practically 
secures. 

Small  — Has  a  very  careless,  inaccurate  way 
of  doing  every  thing;  leaves  things  where  it  hap- 
pens; can  never  find  what  is  wanted;  takes  a 
long  time  to  get  ready,  or  else  goes  unprepared, 
and  has  every  thing  in  periietual  confusion. 

30.    CAUrLATION. 

Cognizance  of  numbers,  ability  to  reckon  figures 
in  the  head,  mental  arithmetic.  Adapted  to  the 
relations  of  numbers. 

Large  —  Excels  in  mental  arithmetic,  in 
adding,  subtraetiiig.  multiplying,  dividing,  reck- 
oning figures.  liisTliii,'' aeeounts.  etc..  in  the  head; 
with  large  peieejitivi's,  has  excellent  business 
talents,  and  large  Lueality  and  Causality  added, 
excels  as  a  mathematician. 

Average  —  Can  learn  arithmetic  and  do  quite 
well  by  practice,  yet  is  not  naturally  gifted  in 
this  respect. 

Small —Is  dull  and  Incori'ect  in  adding,  sub- 
tracting, dividing,  etc.  ;  di.-^Iikes  figuring;  is  poor 
in  arithmetic,  both  practical  and  theoretical,  and 
should  cultivate  this  faculty. 

31.  LOCALITY. 

Cognizance  of  place;  recollection  of  the  looks 
of  places,  roads,  scenerj-,  and  the  location  of 
objects,  where  on  a  page  ideas  are  to  be  found,  and 
position  generally;  the  geographical  faculty; 
desire  to  see  places,  and  the  ability  to  find  them. 
Adapted  to  the  arrangement  of  space  and  place. 
Perverted,  it  creates  a  cosmopolitic  disposition, 
and  would  spend  every  thing  in  traveling. 

I^arge  —Remembers  the  wheieabout  of  what- 
ever it  sees;  can  carry  the  i>.)iiits  oi  \hv  compass 
easily  in  the  head,  and  is  Itjst  wiili  diilii-ulty  either 
in  the  city,  woods  or  country;  desires  to  see 
places,  ami  never  forgets  them  ;  studies  geogra- 
phy and  astronomy  with  ease,  and  rarely  forgets 
where  things  are  seen. 

Average  —  Recollects  places  and  positions 
seen  several  times,  yet  in  city  or  roads  is  occasion- 
ally lost ;  has  no  great  geographical  talent,  yet  by 
study  and  practice  can  do  tolerably  well. 

Small  —  Is  decidedly  deficient  in  finding  places, 
and  recollects  them  with  difficulty  even  when  per- 
fectly familiar  with  them. 

32.  EVENTUALITY. 

Memory  of  facts,  recollection  of  circumstances, 
news,  occurrences,  and  historical,  scientific,  and 
passing  events;  what  has  been  said,  seen,  heard, 
and  once  known.  Adapted  to  action,  or  those 
changes  constantly  occurring  around  or  within  us. 

Large  —  Has  a  clear  and  retentive  memory 
of  historical  facts,  general  knowledge,  what  has 
been  seen,  heard,  read,  done.  etc..  even  in  detail; 
considering  advantages,  is  well  informed  and 
knowing;  desires  to  witness  and  institute  experi- 
ments; find  out  what  is  and  has  been,  and  learn 
anecdotes,  particulars,  and  items  of  information, 
and  readily  recalls  to  mind  what  has  once  entered 
it;  has  a  good  genera!  matter-of-fact  memory, 
and  picks  up  facts  readily. 

Average   —  Recollects    leading    events    and 


interesting  particulars,  yet  In  rather  deficient  in 
memory  of  items  and  details,  except  when  It  in 
well  cultivated. 

Small  —   Has    a     treochcrouH    and     confuHcd 

memory  of  circumstance)!);  often  forgets  what  is 
wanted,  what  was  intended  to  be  said.  done.  etc.  ; 
has  a  poor  command  of  knowledge,  und  «hould 
strenuously  exerci«e  this  remembering  power. 

33.  TIME. 

Cognizance  and  recollectioti  of  duration  and 
succession,  the  lapse  of  time,  when  things  or-- 
curred.  etc..  and  ability  to  carry  the  time  of  the 
day  in  the  head  punctually.  Adapted  to  period- 
icity. Perverted.  It  l.s  exceiwively  pained  by  bad 
time  in  nmaic,  not  keeping  steps  in  walking,  etc. 

Large  —  Can  generally  tell  when  things  oc- 
curred, at  least  the  order  of  events  and  the  length 
of  time  between  one  oceurrence  and  another,  etc. : 
tells  the  time  of  the  day  without  timepiece  or  sun. 
well,  and  keeps  an  accurate  chronology  In  the 
mind  of  dates,  general  and  particular. 

Average— With  practice,  has  a  good  memory 
of  dates  and  successions,  yet  without  it  rather 
deficient. 

Small  —  Has  a  confused  and  indistinct  idea  of 
the  time  when  things  transpired,  and  forgets 
dates. 

34.  TCXE. 

Ability  t(»  learn  and  remember  tunes  by  rote; 
the  music  instinct  and  faculty.  Adapted  to  the 
musical  octave.  Perversion— excessive  fondness 
for  music  to  the  neglect  of  other  things. 

Large  — Loves  music  dearly;  has  a  nice  con- 
ception of  concord,  melody,  etc.,  and  enjoys  all 
kinds  of  music. 

Average  — Has  fair  musical  talents,  yet  to  be 
a  good  musician,  requires  considerable  pnwtice; 
can  learn  tunes  by  rote,  yet  with  some  difficulty. 

Small  —  Learns  to  sing  or  play  tunes  with  great 
diflficulty,  and  that  mechanically,  without  emo- 
tion or  effect. 

35.  LAXGIAGE. 

Expression  of  ideas  and  feelings  by  words, 
written  or  spoken;  gesture,  looks,  and  action;  the 
communicative  fjLculty  and  instinct  in  general. 
.\dapted  to  man's  requisition  for  holding  commu- 
nication with  man.  Perverted,  it  creates  gar- 
rulity, excessive  talkativeness,  telling  what  does 
harm,  etc. 

Large  —  Expresses  ideas  and  feelings  well, 
both  verbally  and  in  writing;  can  learn  to  speak 
languages  easily;  recollects  words  and  commits  to 
memory  well;  gives  freedom,  copiousness,  and 
power  of  expression. 

Average  — Has  fair  communicating  talents, 
yet  not  extra. 

Small  —  Has  poor  lingual  and  communicative 
talents;  hesitates  for  words,  speaks  with  extreme 
difficulty  and  very  awkwardly,  and  should  cul- 
tivate this  faculty  by  talking  and  writing  much. 

36,  CAUSALITY. 

Perception  and  application  of  causes ;  adaptation 
of  ways  and  means  to  ends.  Adapted  to  the  insti- 
tution in  nature  of  causes  and  effects.  Perverted 
by  selfishness,  it  reasons  in  favor  of  untruth,  and 
attains  injurious  ends. 

Large — Desires  to  know  the  why  and  where- 
fore of  things,  and  to  investigate  their  laws; 
reasons  clearly  and  correctly  from  causes  to 
effects,  and  from  facts  to  their  causes;  gives 
uncommon  capabilities  of  planning,  contriving, 
inventing,  creating  resources,  and  making  the 
head  save  the  hands;  kills  two  birds  with  one 
stone;  predicts  results,  and  arranges  things  so  as 
to  succeed;  synthetizes,  and  puts  things  together 
well. 

Average  —  Plans  and  reasons  well  in  con- 
junction with  the  larger  faculties,  but  poorly  with 
the  smaller  ones. 

Small  —  Is  deficient  in  reasoning  and  planning 
power;  needs  perpetual  telling  and  showing; 
seldom  arranges  things  beforehand,  and  then 
poorly;  should  work  under  others:  lacks  force  of 
idea  and  strength  of  understanding. 


— sC): 


S 


37.    COMPARISON. 

Inductive  reasoning;  ability  and  disposition  to 
classify,  compare,  draw  inferences  from  analog, 
etc.  Adapted  to  those  classifications  which  per- 
vade universal  nature.  Perverted,  is  too  redun- 
dant in  proverbs,  fables,  and  figures  of  speech. 

I.arBe —Reasons  clearly  and  correctly  from 
conclusions  and  scientific  facts  up  to  the  laws 
which  govern  them;  discerns  the  known  from  t lit 
unknown,  detects  error  by  its  incongruity  with 
facts;  has  an  excflk-nt  tah-iu  t\<v  .ruinpanng,  ex- 
plaining. expoiiiKliiiL',  'Titirisum',  i-xpo^ing.  etc.; 
employs  simik's  ami  iiri.ii.1imi>  wlH,  puts  this  and 
that  together,  and  draws  inferences  from  them. 

Average— Shows  this  talent  in  a  good  degree 
in  conjunction  with  the  larger  faculties,  but  is 
rather  wanting  in  reference  to  the  smaller  ones. 

Small  — Has  a  poor  talent  for  drawing  infer- 


ences; lacks  appropriateness  in  eveo'   thing,  and 
should  cultivate  this  faculty. 

C.  HUMAN  NATIRE. 

Discernment  of  character,  perception  of 
motives,  intuitive  physiognomy.  Adapted  to 
man's  need  of  knowing  his  fellow-men.  Perverted, 
it  produces  suspiciousness. 

Larsce  — Reads  men  intuitively  from  their 
looks,  conversation,  mannei-s.  and  walk,  and 
other  kindred  signs  of  character;  with  Individu- 
ality and  Comparison' large,  notices  all  the  little 
things  they  do.  and  founds  a  correct  estimate 
upon  them,  and  should  follow  first  impressions 
touching  persons;  with  full  Seeretiveness  and 
large  Benevolence  added,  knows  just  how  to  take 
men,  and  possesses  much  power  over  mind, 

Average  —  Has  fair  talents  for  reading  char- 


acter, yet  is  not  extra  in  this  respect,  and  may 
safely  cultivate  it. 

Small  —  la  easily  imposed  upon  by  others;  with 
large  Conscientiousness  and  small  Seeretiveness, 
thinks  every  body  tells  the  truth ;  is  too  confiding, 
and  falls  sadly  in  knowing  where  and  how  to  take 
things. 

D.  AGREEABLENESS. 

Persuasiveness,  pleasantness,  blandness,  etc. 
Adapted  to  please  and  win  others. 

Large  — Has  a  pleasing,  persuasive,  concilia- 
toi-y  mode  of  addressing  people,  and  of  saying 
things. 

Average  —Has  a  good  share  of  pleasantness 
in  conversation  and  appearance,  except  when  the 
selfish  faculties  are  excited,  but  is  then  repulsive. 

Small  —  Says  even  pleasant  things  very 
unpleasantly,  and  fails  sadly  in  winning  the 
good  graces  of  people. 


SIZE  OF  HEAD  AS  INFLUENCING  CHARACTER. 


Size  of  head  and  organs,  other  things  being 
equal,  is  the  great  phrenological  condition. 
Though  tape  measurements,  taken  around  the 
head,  from  Individuality  to  Philoprogenitiveness, 
give  some  idea  of  the  size  of  brain,  the  fact  that 
some  heads  are  round,  others  long,  some  low, 
and  othei-s  high,  so  modifies  these  measurements 
that  they  do  not  convey  any  very  con-ect  idea  of 
the  actual  quantity  of  brain.  Yet  these  measure- 
ments range  somewhat  as  follows:  Least  size  of 
adults  compatible  with  fair  talents,  20J<-,  20^  to 
2VA,  moderate;  21^4  to  22,  average;  23  to  22^,  full; 
22ai'to233^,  large;  above  235^.  very  large.  Female 
heads.  J^  to  5i^  below  these  averages. 

Large  —  One  having  a  large-sized  brain,  with 
activity  average,  will  possess  consJder.able  energj' 
of  intellect  and  feeling,  yet  seldom  manifest  it,  un- 
less it  is  brought  out  by  some  powerful  stimulus, 
and  will  be  rather  too  indolent  to  exert,  especially 
his  intellect;  with  activity  full,  will  be  endowed 
with  an  uncommon  amount  of  the  mental  power, 
and  be  capable  of  doing  a  good  deal,  yet  require 
considerable  to  awaken  him  to  that  vigorous 
effort  of  mind  of  which  he  is  capable.  If  his 
powers  are  not  called  out  by  circumstances,  and 
his  organs  of  practical  intellect  are  only  average 
or  full,  he  may  pass  through  life  without  attract- 
ing notice  or  manifesting  more  than  an  ordinary 
share  of  talent,  but  if  the  perceptive  faculties 
are  strong,  or  very  strong,  and  his  natural  powei-s 
put  in  vigorous  re(iuisition,  he  will  manifest  a 
vigor  and  energy  of  intellect  and  feeling  quite 
above  mediocrity — be  ade(iuate  to  undertakings 
which  demand  originality  of  mind  and  force  of 
character— yet,  after  all,  be  rather  indolent.  With 
activity  great. or  very  great,  he  will  combine  great 
power  of  mind  with  great  activity,  exercise  a 
commanding  inttuence  over  those  minds  with 
which  he  comes  in  contact;  when  he  enjoys,  will 
enjoy  intensely,  and  when  he  suffers,  suffer 
eipiallyso;  he  susceptible  of  strong  excitement, 
and.  with  the  organs  of  the  propelling  powers 
and  of  practical  intellect  large  or  very  large, 
will  possess  all  the  mental  capabilities  for  con- 
ducting a  large  business,  for  rising  to  eminence, 
if  not  pre-eminence,  and  discover  great  force  of 
character  and  power  of  Intellect  and  feeling.  With 
activity  moderate,  when  powerfully  excited,  will 
evince  consi(U*raI>le  energy  of  intellect  and  feel- 
ing, yet  bo  too  indolent  and  too  Hhiggish  to  do 
much;  lack  clearnesj*  and  force  <)f  idea,  and 
IntenHencHHof  feeling;  unless  literally  driven  to 
it.  will  not  be  likely  to  be  much  or  to  do  much, 
and  yet  actually  possess  more  vigor  of  mind  and 


energy  of  feeling  than  he  will  manifest.     With 
activity  small,  will  border  upon  idiocy. 

Very  Large  —  One  having  a  very  large 
head,  with  activity  average  or  full,  on  great 
occasions  or  when  his  powers  are  thoroughly 
roused,  will  be  truly  great,  but  upon  ordinary 
occasions,  ^vill  seldom  manifest  any  remarkable 
amount  of  mind  or  feeling,  and  perhaps  pass 
through  life  with  the  credit  of  being  a  person  of 
good  natural  abilities  and  judgment,  yet  nothing 
more.  With  great  activity  and  strength  .-ind  large 
intellectual  organs,  will  be  a  natural  genius, 
endowed  with  very  superior  powers  of  mind  and 
vigor  of  intellect,  and,  even  though  deprived  of 
the  advantages  of  education,  his  natural  talents 
will  surmount  all  obstacles,  and  make  him  truly 
talented.  With  activity  verj-  great,  and  the  organs 
of  practical  intellect  and  of  the  propelling  powers 
large,  or  very  large,  will  possess  the  first  order  of 
natural  abilities;  manifest  a  clearness  and  force 
of  intellect  which  will  astonish  the  world,  and  a 
power  of  feeling  which  will  carry  all  before  him, 
and.  with  proper  cultivation,  enable  him  to 
become  a  bright  star  in  the  firmament  of  intellec- 
tual greatness,  upon  which  coming  ages  may  gaze 
with  del i ght  and  astonishment.  His  mental 
enjoyment  will  be  most  exquisite,  and  his  suffer- 
ings equally  keen. 

Full- One  having  a  full-sized  brain,  with 
activity  great,  or  very  great,  and  the  urgans  of 
practical  intellect  and  of  the  propelling  powers 
large,  or  very  large,  although  he  will  not  possess 
greatness  of  intellect,  nor  a  deep,  strong  mind, 
will  be  very  clever;  have  considerable  talent,  and 
that  so  distributed  that  it  will  show  to  be  more 
than  it  really  is;  is  capable  of  be'ng  a  good 
scholar,  doing  a  fine  business,  and  with  advan- 
tages and  application,  of  distinguishing  himself 
somewhat,  yet  he  is  inadequate  to  a  preat  under- 
taking; cannot  sway  an  extensive  infiuence.  nor 
be  really  great.  With  activity  full,  or  average, 
will  do  only  tolerably  well,  and  manifest  only  a 
common  share  of  talent;  with  activity  moderate, 
or  small,  will  neither  be  nor  do  much  worthy  of 
notice. 

Average— With  activity  great,  manifests  a 
quick,  clear,  sprightly  mind,  and  off-hand  talents, 
and  is  cjipable  of  doing  a  fair  business,  especially 
if  the  slamina  is  good.  With  activity  very  great, 
and  the  organs  of  the  propelling  i>owers  and  of 
])ractlcai  intellect  large,  or  very  large,  Is  capable 
of  doing  a  good  business,  and  may  pass  for  a  man 
of  fair  talent,  yet  will  not  ho  original  or  profound; 
will  be  quick  of  perception;    have  a  good  practi- 


cal understanding;  will  do  well  in  his  sphere,  yet 
never  manifest  gi'eatness,  and  out  of  his  sphere, 
be  commonplace.  With  activity  only  average, 
will  discoveronly  an  ordinary  amount  of  intellect; 
be  inadequate  to  any  important  undertaking:  yet, 
in  a  small  sphere,  or  one  that  requires  only  a 
mechanical  routine  of  business,  may  do  well. 
With  moderate  or  small  activity,  will  hardly  have 
conmion  sense. 

Moderate — One  with  a  headof  only  moderate 
size,  combined  with  great  or  very  great  activity, 
and  the  organs  of  the  propelling  powers  and  of 
practical  intellect  large,  will  possess  a  tolerable 
share  of  intellect,  yet  be  more  showy  than  sound; 
ivith  others  to  plan  for  and  direct  him.  will  exe- 
cute to  advantage,  yet  be  unable  to  do  much 
alone;  will  have  a  verj'  active  mind,  and  be  quick 
of  perception,  yet  after  all,  have  a  contracted 
intellect;  possess  only  a  small  mental  calibre,  and 
lack  momentum,  both  of  mind  and  character. 
With  activity  only  average  or  fair,  will  have  but 
a  moderate  amount  of  intellect,  and  even  this 
scanty  allowance  will  be  too  sluggish  for  action, 
so  that  be  will  neither  suffer  nor  enjuy  much. 
With  activity  moderate,  or  small,  will  be  idiotic. 

Small,  or  Very  Small— One  wth  a  small 
or  very  small  head,  no  matter  what  may  be  the 
activity  of  his  mind,  will  be  incapable  of  much 
intellectual  effort,  of  comprehending  even  easy 
subjects,  or  of  experiencing  much  pain  or  pleas- 
ure; in  short,  will  be  mentally  imbecile. 
SIZE  OF  BRAIN  AS  AFFECTING  MENTALITY. 

Most  great  men  have  great  heads.  Webster's 
head  measured  over  2i  inches,  and  Clay's  con 
sidcrably  above  23;  and  this  is  about  Van  Buren's 
size;  Chief  Justice  Gibson's,  the  gi'eatest  jurist  in 
Peimsylvania,  24J^;  Napoleon's  reached  nearly 
or  iiuite  to  24.  his  hat  passing  easily  over  the  hood 
of  one  of  his  officers,  which  measured  23^. 
and  Hamilton's  hat  passed  over  the  head 
of  a  man  whose  head  measiired  2.'J>^.  Burke's 
head  was  very  large;  so  was  Jefferson's, 
while  Franklin's  hat  passed  over  the  ears  of  a  24- 
inch  head.  Small  and  average-sized  hen<ls  often 
astonish  us  by  their  brilliancy  and  learning,  and. 
perhaps,  eloquence,  yet  they  fail  In  that  com 
manding  greatness  which  Impresses  and  sways 
min<l.  Thi'  phrenological  law  is.  that  size,  other 
things  being  equal.  Is  a  measure  of  power,  yet 
these  other  conditions,  such  as  activity,  power  of 
motive,  health,  physiological  habits,  etc.. 
Increase  or  diminish  the  montality,  even  more 
than  size. 


:(b> — 


sLe: 


THE    TWO    KOADS. 


-Hr<-*- 


^>i::i—<S' 


■-■^^ 


T©— 2x5<-.- 


-^ 


-r-^^ 


How  Training  and  Circumstances  May  Change  the  Mind. 


.^._j_^^ 


What  the  Boy  May  Become. 


-^-« 


N  THE  success  and  fnilnres  of  life  much  allowuncc  must 
be  made  for  training  and  circuinstances.  The  iuberitance 
at  birth  of  a  favorable  temperament,  physical  constitution, 
and  mental  organization,  is,  in  the  beginning,  a  most 
important  factor  toward  the  accomplishment  of  grand 
purposes  in  life.  To  be  born  of  evil  parentage,  to  inherit  vi'eak- 
nesscs  and  gross  appetites,  to  have  bad  training  in  infancy — these 
are  circumstances  that  will  very  probably  strongly  tend  to  consign 
the  individual  to  the  lower  walks  of  life.  And  yet,  notwithstanding 
bad  parental  influence  and  inferior  mental  endowment,  the  cour&e  of 
life  can  be  so  regulated  through  education  as  to  enable  the  person 
to  become  a  respected  and  honored  citizen.     On  the  contrary  the 


I    individual,  though  the   possessor  of  naturally  superior  qualities  of 
.    mind,  may  pursue  a  course  which  will  bring  sorrow  and  unhappincHH 
through  life. 

The  illustrations  upon  this  page  Phow  the  "  TwO  Boads,"  which 
the  boy,  as  he  journeys  toward  manhood,  may  travel,  the  result  of 
surrounding  circumstances  favorable  or  otherwit^e.  Temptation 
crosses  the  pathway  in  youth.  Possibly  wise  counsel  comes  at  an 
opportune  time,  and  the  lad  is  thus  enabled  to  resist  the  evil.  No 
guiding  hand,  however,  coming  to  the  rescue,  and  adverse  influences 
being  at  work  undoing  good  admimitions,  he  falls  into  evil  ways  and 
wrecks  the  happiness  and  usefulness  of  his  after-life.  The  following 
pictures  tell  the  fact  more  forcibly  than  pen  can  portray. 


The  Downward  Path. 

SHAT  the  debused  man  may 
have  been  a  guileless  youth,  in 
the  beginning,  we  show  here  the 
innocent  face  of  the  lad  as  pre- 
sented in  No.  1. 

^GAIN  we  see  him  in  No.  2, 
when  the  efi'ect  of  evil  conijuiny, 
late  hours,  profanity,  neglect  of 
personal  appearance,  and  irreg- 
ular life 
selves  manifest. 


begin  to  make  them- 


^EARS  go  by,  and  at  No.  3  we 
see  our  boy,  fair-faced  in  the 
^  beginning,  now  a  listless  loung- 
ei',  with  little  ambition  above 
tobacco,  liquor,  and  the  gratifi- 
cation of  his  low  appetites. 


<PR(  )KEX  down  and  worn-out 
nuicli  before  his  time,  we  see 
him  lastly  at  No.  4.  The  face 
tells  its  own  story  of  dissi])ation, 
crime,  degradation,  and  final 
misery. 


Happy,  Prosperous  Life. 

@GAIX  we  see,  at  No.  5.  the 
guileless  face  of  the  boy,  before 
whom  the  world  stretches  so  far 
and  wide  with  its  opportunities 
and  its  teinptations. 

'gK-  FEW  years  and  our  boy  is 
a  smooth-browed,  clear-eyed 
youth,  whom  we  see  at  No.  6. 
He  is  living  correctly,  and  he 
is  doing  rightly.  This  is  shown 
in  every  lineament  of  his  face. 

'fJ^VR  boy  has  matured  into 
manhood,  at  No.  7,  with  an 
evenly  balanced  mind,  and  aspi- 
rations all  in  the  right  direction  ; 
consequently  success  and  pros- 
perity greet  him  at  every  turn 
in  his  career. 


BIFE  has  been  well-lived,  and 
his  last  years  find  him,  as  seen 
at  No.  8,  in  the  midst  of  plenty, 
honored  and  beloved,  resting 
serenely  at  the  close,  ready  to 
live  and  ready  to  die. 


•224 


ARTEMUS    WARD    AND    JOSH    lillLLINGS. 


Humorists. 


-■.A.A.^A^^!"J".^.^^^^^^^^^^^^^?i??^^^»^^^ 


■■J  ■  I  I  MiMW  ■  ■  I  ^  ■  T     !'  m  at^MSasfc— ^ 


A  Sketch  of  Some  of  Those  Who  Have  Made  People   Laugh. 


CHARLES  F.  BROWNE. 

^IIARLES  FARRAU  BROWNE,  (Artemus  Ward),  was  born  at 
Ij  Waterford,  Me.,  April  26.  1834.  He  was  by  trade  a  printer, 
Ijll  working  in  Maine,  in   Boston  and  on  various    papers  in  Ohio, 

\  fiiiidly  settling  down  for  a  four  years'  stay  on  the  Plaindealer, 
in  Cleveland,  where  he  established  himself  as  a  humorist  of  the 
first  class.  It  was  while  here  that  the  following  letter,  purporting  to 
come  from  a  traveliug  showman,  written  in  1858,  went  the  rounds  of 
the  pai)ers.  It  was  so  true  to  human  nature,  and  withal,  so  comical 
as  to  commend  itself  at  once  to  the  laughter-loving  people,  and 
directly  cstubUshed  the  reputation  of  the  <^^»yy 
author.  In  1862  his  first  book  appeared, 
entitled.  '  •Artemus  Ward:  His  Book, 
which    was    followed     by     three   others. 

Commencing  as  a  humorous  lecturer  in 
1861.  he  afterwards  went  on  a  successful 
lecturing  tour  to  England  in  1866,  where 
he  died'  of  consumption.  The  following 
is  the  first  article  of  his  which  had  a 
general  circulation. 

Letter  From  a  Traveling  Showman. 

Tn  thf  Edilur  of  the 

SIR— I'm  movin  along— slowly  jilong— down 
lords  ymir  place.  I  want  you  should  rite  me 
a  letter,  aayin  how  is  the  show  bizniss  in  your 
place.  My  show  at  present  consists  of  three 
moral  Uan's,  a  Kangaroo  (a  ainoozin  little 
Iljutkal—  t'would  make  you  larf  yet-self  to  deth 
to  see  the  little  cuss  jump  up  and  squealj  wax 
tltrcers  of  G.  Wiu-^hintftou  Gen.  Taylcr  John 
Ituny.an  Capt.  Kidd  and  Dr.  Webster  in  the 
avt  of  kilHn  Dr.  Parknian,  besides  several  mis- 
cfllanyus  moral  wax  statools  of  celebrated 
pinits  &  murderers,  &c. ,  ekalled  by  few 
&  exceld  by  none  Now  Mr.  Editor,  scratch 
orf  a   few  lines  sayin  how  is  the  show  bizniss 

down  to  your  place.  I  shall  hav  my  hanbillsdunatyour  offlss.  Depend  up()n 
it.  I  want  you  should  git  my  hanbills  up  in  flamin  stile.  Also  get  up  a  trc- 
mcnjuM  excitement  in  yr.  paper  'bowt  my  onparaleld  Show.  We  must 
fetch  the  public  sumhow.  Wo  must  wnrk  on  their  fcelins.  Cum  the 
moral  on  'em  stronpr.  If  It'.s  a  temperance  couimunity  tell  'etn  1  sined  the 
pled(fe  llftcen  mlnSts  arter  Ise  bom,  but  on  the  contrery  ef  your  popio 
take  their  tods,  say  Mister  Ward  is  as  .lenial  a  feller  as  we  ever  met,  full 
of  conviviatity,  A  the  life  an  sole  of  the  Soshul  Ilored.  Take,  don't  you! 
If  you  say  nnythin  abowt  my  show  say  my  snaiks  is  as  harmliss  as  the 
new  bom  Mnbe.  What  a  interestln  stndy  it  is  to  see  a  zewolofrlcol  animal 
like  a  snaik  under  perfeck  subjeeshun!  My  kanpraroo  is  the  most  larfable 
lltth'  cuss  I  ever  saw.  All  for  1.5  cents.  I  am  anxyus  to  skewer  your 
IttllMoiinre.      I  repcet  In  re^nrd  to  them  hanbills  that  I  shall  git  'em  struek 


orf  up  to  your  printin  office.     My  perlitercal  sentiments  agree  with  youm 
exackly.     I  know  thay  do.  becawz  I  never  saw  a  man  whoos  didn't. 
Respectively  yures, 

A.  Waed. 
P.  S.  —  You  scrntrh  my  bark  &  lie  scratch  your  back. 


CHARLES  F.  BROWNE. 


HENRY  W.  SHAW-'^JOSH  BILLINGS.'' 

|V0R  TWENTY  years  or  more  the  reading  public  have  been  fami- 
*lV     liar  with  the  writings  of  "  Josh  Billings,"  the  fictitious  name 
^      of  Henry  W.  Shaw,  who  was  born  at  Lanesborongh,  Berkshire 
'   county,  Mass.,  in  the  year  1818.    During  the  war  of  1812,  his  grand- 
father had  been  conspicuous  as  a  member  of  congress,  and  in  1820  his 
father,  then  a  member  of  the  same  legisla- 
tive body,  took  a   remarkable  position  in 
the   Missouri-compromise    discussion    of 
that  day. 

At  the  age  of  fifteen  the  lad  left  home 
and  emigrated  to  the  West  and  engaged  in 
the  combined  avocation  of  a  farmer  and  an 
auctioneci'.  For  twenty-five  years  he  con- 
tinned  these  pursuits,  and  then,  turning 
his  face  eastward  again,  he  established 
himself  in  the  auction  business  at  Pough- 
keepsie,  N.  Y. 

Until  he  was  forty-five  years  of  age  Mr. 
Shaw  never  wrote  a  line  for  publication, 
unless  it  was  an  occasional  advertisement, 
his  first  production,  over  the  name  of 
"Josh  Billings,"  having  been  written  May 
25,  1863.  His  reputation  as  a  humorist 
was,  however,  of  rapid  growth  and  his  pop- 
ularity soon  became  very  great. 
Under  those  encouraging  circumstances  he 
from  that  lime  forward  devoted  his  talents 
to  writing  and  public  lecturing,  with  nat- 
tering success.  His  published  works  comprise  several  volumes  of 
laughter  provoking  sketches,  and  a  series  of  annnal  collections  of 
sharp  and  witty  sentences  on  various  topics  in  social  life,  under  the 
name  of  "Allmiuax.  "    Died  at  Monterey,  Col.,  Oct.  14,  1885. 

The  peculiarities  of  his  genius  are  manifi^sted  in  gentle  sarcasm, 
great  good  sense  fonnded  on  his  knowledge  of  human  nature,  and 
orthography  ludicrously  distorted,  regardless  of  tlie  rules  of  Kirk- 
ham  or  Webster;  for  instance: 

"  F'aith  that  iz  fonnded  on  an  ernest  and  tnithfnl  convickshun  iz 
butifnl  tn  behold;  but  faith  that  iz  founded  simpla  on  courage  aint 
enny  thing  more  than  good  grit." 


^■} 


Prominent  Satirist,  Widely  Known  as  Petroleum  V.  Nasby. 


^  E\V  SATIRISTS  in  the  language  have  been 
quoted  so  extensively  as  "Nasby." 
His  letters,  usually  purporting  to  come 
from  a  Democratic  politician,  had  such 
a  political  significance,  mingled  with 
satire  and  ridiculous  spelling,  as  to  make 
them  of  very  general  service  in  the  Repub- 
lican papers,  where  they  have  been  published. 
It  was  while  publishing  the  Findlay  Je^ff'er- 
sonia/i,  in  Ohio,  that  he  wrote  and  issued  in  his  paper  a  letter  that 
purported  to  come  from  a  whisky-loving,  ignorant,  penniless,  pro- 
slavery  Democrat,  in  Kentucky,  who  wanted  to  be  a  postmaster.  This 
letter,  over  the  signature  of  the  '*Rev.  Petroleum  Vesuvius  Nasby," 


had  a  large  circulation,  and  paved  the  way  for  the  multitude  of 
other  letters  that  followed. 

D.  R.  Locke  was  born  at  Vestal,  N.  Y.,  September  20,  1833.  He 
learned  the  printing  trade  at  Cortland,  N.  Y. ,  from  which  point  he 
drifted  westward,  and  became  a  reporter  on  various  papers,  and 
afterwards  a  newspaper  publisher  in  several  of  the  interior  towns  in 
Ohio,  the  ' '  Nasby  "  letters  commencing  their  appearance  about  1860. 

Later.  Mr.  Locke  becoming  connected  with  the  Toledo  Blade, 
the  letters  were  transferred  to  that  journal,  in  which  they  have  been 
issued  for  several  years,  finally  appearing  in  book  form  under 
various  titles.  One  of  his  last  enterprises  is  that  of  play-writing.  A 
popular  comedy  of  his,  entitled  "Widow  Bedott, "  is  at  this  writing 
meeting  with  good  success  on  the  theatrical  boards. 


NASBY  GIVES  AN  ACCOUNT  OF  HIS  FIRST  MARRIAGE—WHAT  HE  EXPECTED  AND  WHAT  HE  GOT. 


[Toledo  Blade.] 

CONFEDRIT  X  Roads  (wich  is  in  the  State  uv 
Kentucky),  February  15.  1881. —  I  wuz  a  young 
man,  and  sin(?lerly  averse  to  work.  Work  never 
agreed  with  me.  My  prinsiple  employment  wuz 
to  hiy  under  trees  all  day  and  commune  with 
Nftcher,  onless  ther  wuz  a  grosery  convenyent, 
wich  wuz  liable  to  ask  the  house  up  to  take  suthin. 
I  didn't  feel  the  need  uv  much  eggsercise.  but  wat 
I  needed  I  cood  git  at  playin'  seven-up  or  euker  in 
the  t'rosery  I  hev  menshuned.  ShuHin  and  dealin 
keerds  develops  the  muscles  uv  the  arms  wonder- 
ful.    Billyards  wuz  alluz  too  much  for  me. 

The  time  cum.  however,  when  it  becum  neces- 
sary to  do  suthin  for  a  livelihood.  I  wuz  too 
yung  to  go  into  politix,  and  the  old  man,  my 
father,  he  got  to  that  age  when  it  was  all  that  he 
cood  do  to  borrer  for  hisself.  He  wuz  a  gittin  old 
ami  wiiziit  ez  strong  ez  he  wunst  hed  bin.  He 
intiniiitiii  to  me  that  the  sooner  I  shifted  for 
mysrlt  the  better  he'd  be  pleased.  Wot  cood  I  do! 
I  hed  no  perfeshen  that  wood  enable  me  to  live 
without  laber,  and  laber  I  wooden't. 

My  father  solved  the  problem.  "Marry  awid- 
der."  said  he, — "  a  widder  with  a  farm,  and  make 
her  do  the  work.  Yoo  are  ekal  to  overseein  a 
farm.    Aint  yer?" 

1  remarked  that  I  cood  see  other  men  swet  with- 
out materially  fatiguin  myself,  and  that  I  thot  his 
segestion  a  good  one.     I  wood  adopt  it. 

Hard-by  wuz  the  widder  Thompson,  wich  wuz 
the  owner  uv  one  uv  the  best  farms  of  the  seck- 
shun.  It  wuz  200  akers  of  good  land,  well-im- 
proved and  well-stocked.  She  wuzn't  eggsackly 
wat  wood  be  called  a  handsome  woman,  and  wuz 
16  yeei-s  older  than  me,  but  I  didn't  mind  that. 
What  cared  I  that  her  teeth  wuz  all  out.  and  that 
she  hed  a  goiter,  and  weighed  200  pounds  ?  Wat 
cared  1  that  she  hed  a  habit  uv  goin  about  with 
her  stockins  down  at  her  heels,  and  that  she  con- 
sidered the  time  spent  in  comin  hair  ez  wastid  ? 
She  hed  a  farm,  and  that  wuz  enuff  for  me. 

1  Iitiil  sifge  to  this  venerable  female,  and  to  my 
dilil.' ImiukI  her  not  averse  to  a  second  chance  at 
inatrniiMny.  I  wuz  a  helthy  young  man.  and  not 
bjid  lixikin,  and  looked  ez  Iho  I  mite  run  two  er 
three  farms  to  wunst.  She  wuz  ruther  lonesome 
on  the  farm,  and  it  cost  a  pile  uv  money  to  hire 
help,  and  then  they  needed  a  man  to  look  after 


15 


'em ;  and,  to  make  a  long  story  short,  she  accepted 
me,  and  we  wuz  yoonited  in  the  holy  bonds  uv 
matrimony. 

For  a  few  days  I  lived  in  a  elysium,  watever  that 
may  be.  I  hed  the  best  uv  eatin.  suthin  the  Nasby 
family  did  not  indulge  in,  and  Mrs.  Nasby  wuz  ez 
complaisant  ez  a  woman  cood  be.  1  hed  cider  to 
drink,  the  late  Thompson  left  a  good  supply  uv 
terbaker,  and  things  wuz  a  goin  ez  smooth  ez 
cood  be. 

The  fourth  day  Mrs.  Nasby  remarked  that  we 
hed  hed  a  long  rest,  and  it  wuz  time  we  got  about 
our  work. 

"  Pete, "  said  she,  "Yoo  want  to  take  the  oxen 
this  mornin  and  go  and  break  that  lot  behind  the 
barn.  It  must  be  done  to  wonst,  and  shood  hev 
been  a  week  ago.  but  for  this  marrying  biznis. " 

"  Excoose  me.  Mrs.  Nasby,"  sez  I,  goin  out  and 
layin  down  und<'r  a  apple  tree,  with  my  pipe 
lightid,  "breakin  ground  is  not  my  best  hold. 
This  soots  me  better.  I  didn't  marry  to  break 
ground." 

"What,"  she  eggsclaimed. 

"  I  merely  say  that  1  shall  not  break  grounds. 
My  biznis  on  this  farm  is  merely  ornamental.  I 
am  willin  to  go  and  lay  down  in  the  field  to  be 
broke  and  oversee  the  breakin.  pervidid  there  is  a 
shade-tree  under  which  I  kin  lay.  But  ez  for 
takin  hold  uv  a  plow  myself,  never." 

Tlie  woman  looked  at  me  in  a  dazed  sort  of  way, 
foraminit.  She  held  in  her  rite  hand  a  pale  of 
soap-suds  wich  she  was  a-goin  to  pour  on  the  roots 
uv  a  grape-vine  near  me.  Without  a  word  uv 
warnin  she  histid  that  buckit  of  suds,  hot  ez  it 
wuz.  all  over  mc.  and  in  another  second  hed  me 
by  the  hair.  It  wuz  time  that  I  assertid  myself. 
I  made  up  my  mind  to  whale  her  then  and  there, 
wunst  for  all.  and  hevin  establisht  my  soopeiior- 
ity,  hev  it  all  my  way,  ever  afterward. 

Assertin  one's  sooperiority  is  all  well  enufF,  but 
yoo  want  to  be  shoor  about  your  strength,  that 
bein  the  main  pint  in  any  assertin  biznis.  I  riz 
and  grappled  her.  and  found  that  assertin  wuz  one 
thing  and  establishing  quite  another.  In  less 
thiin  a  minit  that  infooriatid  and  muskeler  female 
hed  ma  on  my  back,  and  wuz  a  makin  me  bald- 
headid  at  a  rate  wich  I  never  dreamed  possible. 
She  tore  out  my  hair  by  the  handful,  she  peeled 
my  face  in  a  minit.  and  in  less  than  four  minits  I 


looked  very  much  like  an  old-fashioned  frigate 
after  an  encounter  at  short  range. 

"Yoo  won't  work,  won't  ye  '-  well  I  guess  you 
will!  Yoo'U  work  on  this  farm,  or  ye  won't  eet. 
Yoo  won't  work,  won't  ye  ?" 

And  then,  ez  if  that  thot  incited  her  to  madnis. 
she  tore  out  wat  little  hair  1  hed  left,  and  knocked 
the  last  bit  uv  skin  off  my  face,  and  dragged  me 
out  to  the  lot. 

"There  is  the  plow,  there  is  the  oxen,  and  there 
is  the  ground.  Yoo  sooperinlent  !  I'll  do  that 
eend  uv  the  biznis.     Git  to  work,  yoo  broot,  er— " 

I  saw  she  wuz  in  earnest,  and  I  yoked  them  oxen 
meekly,  and  went  to  work  in  the  hot  sun  and  she 
sot  down  under  a  shadetree  and  kept  me  at  it, 
without  a  minit's  rest,  till  nite. 

Her  soopremacy  wuz  a.^sertid  and  established. 
Whenever  I  dared  to  murmur  she  wood  exhibit  a 
lock  uv  my  hair,  which  she  kept  by  her,  and  that 
wuz  enuff.  I  dared  not  question  her  authority- 
Two  mizrable  yeers  I  spent  on  that  farm, —two 
yeers  uv  agonizin  labor.  When  slie  died  I  diskiv- 
ered  that  the  place  wuz  mortgaged  for  all  it  wu^ 
worth,  and  that  the  money  she  gi>t  for  it  she  had 
bequeathed  to  a  neece  of  hern,  and  I  wuz  turned 
out  on  a  cold  world,  with  nothin'  'cept  wat  I  man- 
aged to  git  off  the  place  the  night  before  I  left. 

That  wuz  why  I  went  into  politix.  After  driftin 
some  time,  subsistin  on  wat  chance  threw  in  my 
way  nites,  I  found  that  men  uv  my  caliber  are 
needed  in  politix,  and  that  it  is  a  shoorer  livin 
than  marryin  widders;  and  I  likewise  made  up  my 
mind  that  ef  I  ever  shood  marry  another  widder 
it  wood  be  one  which  didn't  weigh  more  than 
ninety  pounds:  and  that  I  shood  eggsamine  the 
records  afore  the  ceremony  wuz  pemounst.  and 
see  that  the  farm  didn't  hev  no  incumbrance  onto 
it.     Eggsperience  is  the  only  teacher. 

Butt  1  shel  never  do  it.  Age  ha-s  dimmed  my 
arder.  and  long  eggsperience  in  borrerin  enables 
me  to  live  in  suthin  like  comfort,  ef  not  in  luxurj-. 
And  then  so  long  ez  there  is  a  Democrisy  sich  men 
ez  me  are  in  demand;  and  jist  before  eleckshuns 
I  am  shoor  uv  enuf  to  drink  anyhow.  I  kin  alluz 
pick  up  enuf  to  eat.  and  close  are  not  difficult  to 
come  by  in  a  keerlis  and  confldin  kenlr>-.  Pos- 
sibly I  have  did  ez  veil  ez  though  the  widder  cood 
hev  bin  molded  to  niy  will. 

PETROLEr^  V.  NaSBT. 


=<5r 


E 

^ 


■>-2*'> 


SAMUEL    L.    CLEMENS,    HUMORIST,     BEST    IvNOWN    AS    "MARK    TWAIX. 


TWAIN. 


■".     ■')t.'i..     ■^"^■'Ji-  li'\}l    "■' 


Newspaper  Reporter,  Lecturer  and  Humorist. 


AM  TEL  L.  CLEMEN'S,  humorist,  was  born  at  Florida, 
Mo.,  November  30.  1835.  He  was  an  apprentice  to  the 
printing  business  in  the  Courier  office  at  Hannibal,  at  the 
age  of  thirteen,  and  subsequently  worked  at  his  trade  in 
St.  Louis,  Cincinnati,  Phihulelphia  and  New  York. 

Becoming  acquainted  with  steamboating,  he  secured  a 
situation  as  pilot  on  a  Mississippi  river  steamer  in  1855; 
was  a  private  secretary  to  bis  brother,  the  Secretary  of  the  Territory 
of  Nevada,  in  1861;  worked  at  raining  for  a  time;  was  city  editor  of 
the  Virginia  City,  Nev. ,  E/UerpHse,  in  1862;  afterwards,  for  several 
months,  was  a  reporter  on  the  Morning 
Call  newspaper,  in  San  Francisco; 
went  to  the  Hawaiian  It^landw  in  1866; 

— — 5  •  -^0C=$«-  •  l 

The  following  was  one  of  Twain's 
first  sketches: 

The  Jumping  Frog  of  Calaveras  County. 

In  compliance  with  the  request  of  a 
friend  of  mine,  who  wrote  me  from  the 
East,  I  called  on  good-natured,  garmlous 
old  Simon  Wheeler,  and  inquired  after  my 
friend's  friend,  Leonidaci  W,  Smiley,  as 
requested  to  do.  and  I  hereunto  append 
the  result.  I  have  a  lurking  suspicion 
that  Lfoiiidas  W.  Smiley  is  a  myth;  that 
my  friend  never  knew  such  a  personage; 
and  that  he  only  conjectured  that  if  I  asked 
old  Whet'Ier  about  hJm,  it  would  remind 
him  of  his  infamous  .7i»i  Smiley,  and  he 
wfuild  go  to  work  and  bore  me  to  death 
with  .some  exasperating  reminiscence  of 
him  as  long  and  as  tedious  as  it  should  be 
useless  to  me.  If  that  was  the  design,  it 
succeeded. 

I  found  Simon  Wheeler  <iozing  comforts 
ably  by  the  bar-room   stove  of  the  dilapi- 
dated tavern  In  the  decayed  mining  camp 
of   Angel's,  and  I  noticed  that  he  was  fat 
and  bald-headed,   and  had  an   expression 
of     winning     gentleness     and     simplicity     upon 
his    tranquil   countenance.       Ho  roused    up,  and 
gave  me   good-day.      I  told  him  a  friend  of  mine 
had    commissioned    me    to   make    some  inquiries 
about   a   cherished   companion    of   his   boyhood 
mimed    Lvonitldn    W.    Smiley — Rev.    Leonidnn    W. 
Smiley,  a  young  minister  of  the  gospel,  who  he 
had  h«Mird  wan  at  ime  time  a  resident  of  Angel's 
Ca«)p.     I  added  that  If  Mr.  Wheeler  could  tell  me 


Samuel  L.  Clemens, 

Distinguished  humorist,  bettor  known  as  "  Mark  Twai 

anything  about  this  Itev.  Leonidas  W.  Smiley,  I 
would  feel  under  many  obligations  to  him. 

Simon  Wheeler  backed  me  into  a  comer  and 
blockaded  me  there  with  hla  chair,  and  then  sat 
down  and  reeled  off  the  monotonous  narrative 
whW'h  follows  tills  paragraph.  He  nevei-  smiled, 
he  never  frowned,  he  never  ehamred  his  voice 
from  the  gentle-Mowing  key  to  which  he  tuned  his 
Initial  sentence,  he  never  betrayed  the  sliglitewl 


returned  to  San  Francisco  a  few  months   afterwards,  and  engaged 
successfully  in  lecturing  through  California  and  Nevada. 

In  1867  he  accompanied  a  large  party  of  travelers  in  the  ' '  Quaker 
City"  on  a  pleasure  excursion  to  Egypt  and  the  Holy  Land,  from 
which  joinrney  he  gathered  the  material  for  a  humorous  volume, 
entitled  "The  Innocents  Abroad,"  a  work  that  bad  a  large  sale. 
•■Roughing  It,"  "The  Gilded  Age."  "Tom  Sawyer,"  "The 
Tramp  Abroad."  and  other  books  of  his,  have  each  had  a  large 
circulation. 

In  1872  and  1873  he  was  engaged  in  lecturing  in  England.  He  has 
spent  considerable  time  of  late  years 
in  Europe,  though  his  residence  is 
in  Hartford,    Conn. 


suspicion  of  enthusiasm;  but  all  through 
the  interminable  narrative  there  ran  a  vein 
of  impressive  earnestness  and  sincerity, 
which  showed  me  plainly  that,  so  far  from 
his  imagining  that  there  was  anything 
ridiculous  or  funny  about  his  story,  he 
regarded  it  as  a  really  important  matter, 
and  admired  its  two  heroesas  men  of  trajv 
scendent  genius  nnd.  Ji»€sse.  I  let  him  go 
on  in  his  own  way,  and  never  interrupted 
him  once. 

"  Rev.  Leonidas  W.   H'm,  Reverend  Le— 

well,  there  was  a  feller  here  once  by  the 

name  of  Jim  Smiley,  in  the  winter  of  '40— 

or  may  be  it  was  the  spring  of  '50—1  don't 

recollect    exactly,  someliow.  though  what 

makes  me  think  it  was  one  or  the  other 

is  because  I  remember  the  big  Hume  wam't 

finished  when  he  Ili-st  come  to  the  camp; 

but    any  way,  he  was  the  curiosest  man 

about  always    betting  on    anything    that 

turned  up  you  ever  see,  if    he    eould  get 

anybody  to  bet  on  the  other  side;  and   If 

he  couldn't  he'd  change    sides.     Any  way 

that  suited  the  other  man  would  suit  /i(»i— 

any  way  just  so's  he  got  a  bet  he  «'as  satis- 

lied.     lUit  still  he  was  lucky,  uncommon  lucky;  he 

most  always  come  out  winner.     He   was  always 

ready  and  laying  for  a  chance;  there  couldn't  be 

no  solitary  thing  mentioned  but  that  fellor'd  offer 

to  bet  on  it,  and  take  ary  side  you  please,  as  I  was 

just  telling  you.     If  then-  was  a  hoi"se-race.  you'd 

find  him  Hush  or  you'd  find  Iilin  busted  at  the  enil 

of  it;    if    there   was   a  d-ig-ilght.  he'd  bet  on  It; 

if  there  was  a  eat-tight,  he'd   bet  on  it;  if  there 


5^ 


'kl.t? 


JIM    SMILEY    AKD   THE   JUMl'ING   FROG   OF   CALAVERAS    COUNTY. 


waa  a  chicken-rtght,  he'd  bet  on  it;  why,  if  there 
was  two  birds  settinp  on  a  fence,  he  would  bet  j'ou 
which  ont!  would  fly  fli"3t;  or  if  there  was  a  camp- 
meetinff.  he  would  be  there  reg'Iar  to  bet  on 
Parson  Walker,  which  he  jedged  to  be  the  best 
exhorter  about  here,  ancl  so  he  was,  too,  and  a  good 
man.  If  he  even  see  a  straddle-bug  start  to  go  any- 
wheres, he  would  bet  you  how  long  it  would  take 
liiui  to  get  to— to  wherever  he  was  going  to,  and 
if  you  took  hini  up,  he  would  toiler  that  straddle- 
bug  to  Mexico  but  what  he  would  And  out  where 
he  was  bound  for  and  how  long  he  was  on  the 
road.  Lots  of  the  boys  here  has  seen  that 
Smiley,  and  can  tell  you  about  hiui.  Why.  it 
never  made  no  difference  to  fttm— he'd  bet  on  any 
thing— the  dangdest  feller.  Parson  Walker's  wife 
lay  very  sick  once,  for  a  good  while,  and  it  seemed 
as  if  they  warn't  going  to  save  her;  but  one 
morning  he  came  in,  and  Smiley  up  and  asked  him 
how  she  was,  and  he  said  she  was  considable 
better— thank  the  Lord  for  his  inf'nit  mercy— and 
coming  on  so  smart  that  with  the  blessing  of 
Prov'dence  she'd  get  well  yet;  and  Smiley,  before 
he  thought,  says,  "Well,  I'll  resk  two  and  a  half 
she  don't  anyway." 

Thish-yer  Smiley  had  a  mare — the  boys  called 
her  the  fifteen-minute  nag,  but  that  was  only  in 
fun,  you  know,  because  of  course  she  was  faster 
than  that — and  he  used  to  win  money  on  that 
horse,  for  all  she  was  so  slow  and  always  had  the 
asthma,  or  the  distemper,  or  the  consumption,  or 
something  of  that  kind.  They  used  to  give  her 
two  or  three  hundred  yards  start,  and  then  pass 
herunderway;  butalways  at  the  fag-end  of  the 
race  she'd  get  excited  and  desperate-like,  and 
come  cavorting  and  straddling  up,  and  scattering 
her  legs  around  limber,  sometimes  in  the  air,  and 
sometimes  out  to  one  side  amongst  the  fences, 
and  kicking  up  m-o-r-e  dust  and  raising  m-o-r-e 
racket  with  her  coughing  and  sneezing  and  blow- 
ing her  nose — and  always  fetch  up  at  the  stand  just 
about  a  neck  ahead,  as  near  as  you  could  cipher  it 
down. 

And  he  had  a  little  small  bull-pup,  that  to  look 
at  him  you'd  think  he  warn't  worth  a  cent  but  to 
set  around  and  look  ornery  and  lay  for  a  chance 
to  steal  something.  But  as  soon  as  money  was  up 
on  him  he  was  a  different  dog;  his  under-jaw'd 
begin  to  stick  out  like  the  fo'castle  of  a  steam- 
boat, and  his  teeth  would  uncover  and  shine  like 
the  furnaces.  And  a  dog  might  tackle  him  and 
bully-rag  him,  and  bite  him.  and  throw  him  over 
his  shoulder  two  or  three  times,  and  Andrew 
Jackson— which  was  the  name  of  the  pup— Andrew 
Jackson  would  never  let  on  but  what  he  was  satis- 
fled,  and  hadn't  expected  nothing  else— and  the 
bets  being  doubled  and  doubled  on  the  other  side 
all  the  time,  till  the  money  was  all  up;  and  then 
all  of  a  sudden  he  would  grab  that  other  dog  jest 
by  thej'int  of  his  hind  leg  and  freeze  to  it— not 
chaw,  you  understand,  but  only  just  grip  and 
hang  on  till  they  throwed  up  the  sponge,  if  it  was 
a  year.  Smiley  always  come  out  winner  on  that 
pup,  till  he  harnessed  a  dog  once  that  didn't  have 
no  hind  legs,  because  they  been  sawed  off  in  a  cir- 
cular saw,  and  when  the  thing  had  gone  along  far 
enough,  and  the  money  was  all  up,  and  he  come  to 
make  a  snatch  for  his  pet  holt,  he  see  in  a  minute 
how  he'd  been  imposed  on.  and  how  the  other  dog 
had  him  in  the  door,  so  to  speak,  and  he  'peared 
surprised,  and  then  he  looked  sorter  discouraged- 
Uke.  and  didn't  try  no  more  to  win  the  flght,  and 
so  he  got  shucked  out  bad.  He  give  Smiley  a  look, 
as  much  as  to  say  his  heart  was  broke,  and  it  was 
his  fault,  for  putting  up  a  dog  that  hadn't  no  hind 
legs  for  him  to  take  holt  of,  which  was  his  main 
dependence  in  a  fight,  and  then  he  limped  off  a 
piece  and  laid  down  and  died.  It  was  a  good  pup. 
was  that  Andrew  Jackson,  and  would  have  made 
a  name    for  hisself  if  he'd    lived,  for    the  stuff 


was  in  him  and  lu-  had  genius— I  know  It, 
because  he  hadn't  n(»  opi)ortunities  to  speak  of, 
and  it  don't  stand  to  reason  that  a  dog  could  make 
such  a  flght  as  htr  could  under  them  circumstances 
if  he  hadn't  no  talent.  It  always  makes  me  feel 
sorry  when  I  think  of  that  lost  flght  of  hls'n,  and 
the  Way  it  turned  out. 

Well,  tliish-yer  Smiley  had  rat-tarriers,  and 
chicken-cocks,  and  tom-cats  and  all  them  kind  of 
things,  till  you  couldn't  rest,  and  you  couldn't 
fetch  nothing  for  him  to  bet  on  but  he'd  match 
you.  He  ketch'd  a  frog  one  day,  and  took  him 
home,  and  said  he  calc'lated  to  educate  him;  and 
so  he  never  done  nothing  for  three  mouths  but  set 
in  his  back  yard  and  learn  that  frog  to  jump. 
And  you  bet  you  he  did  learn  him,  too.  He'd  give 
him  a  little  punch  behind,  and  the  next  minute 
you'd  see  that  frog  wliirling  in  the  air  like  a 
doughnut— see  him  turn  one  sunnnerset,  or  may 
be  a  couple,  if  he  got  a  good  start,  and  come  down 
flat-footed  and  all  right  like  a  cat.  He  got  him  up 
so  in  the  matter  of  ketching  flies,  and  kep'  him  in 
practice  so  constant,  that  he'd  nail  a  fly  every 
time  as  fur  as  he  could  see  him.  Smiley  said  all  a 
frog  wanted  was  education,  and  he  could  do  'most 
anything— and  I  believe  him.  Why,  I  seen  him 
set  Dan'l  Webster  down  here  on  this  floor— Dan'l 
Webster  was  the  name  of  the  frog— and  sing  out, 
"Flies,  Dan'l,  flies!"  and  quicker'n  you  could 
wink  he'd  spring  straight  up  and  snake  a  fly  off'n 
the  counter  there,  and  flop  down  on  the  floor  ag'in 
as  solid  as  a  gob  of  mud.  and  fall  to  scratching 
the  side  of  his  head  with  his  hind  foot  as  indiffer- 


■    The  Jumpine  Frog. 

ent  as  if  iie  hadn't  no  idea  he'd  been  doin'  any 
more'n  any  frog  might  do.  You  never  see  a  frog 
so  modest  and  straightfor'ard  as  he  was,  for  all 
he  was  so  gifted.  And  when  it  come  to  fair  and 
Sfjuare  jumping  on  a  dead  level,  he  could  get  over 
more  ground  at  one  straddle  than  any  animal  of 
his  breed  you  ever  see.  Jumping  on  a  dead  level 
was  his  strong  suit,  you  understand;  and  when  it 
come  to  that,  Smiley  would  ante  up  money  on  him 
as  long  as  he  had  a  red.  Smiley  was  monstrous 
proud  of  his  frog,  and  well  he  might  be,  for 
fellers  that  had  traveled  and  been  everywheres, 
all  said  he  laid  over  any  frog  that  ever  they  see. 

Well.  Smiley  kep'  the  beast  in  a  little  lattice  box, 
and  he  used  to  fetch  him  down  town  sometimes 
and  lay  for  a  bet.  One  day  a  feller— a  stranger  in 
the  camp,  he  was — come  acrost  him  with  his  box, 
and  says : 

"What  might  it  be  that  you've  got  in  the 
box  ?" 

And  Smiley  says,  sorter  indifferent-like,  "It 
might  be  a  parrot,  or  it  might  be  a  canaiy.  may- 
be, but  it  ain't—its  only  just  a  frog. " 

And  the  feller  took  it,  and  looked  at  it  careful. 


and  turned  It  round  thlH  way  und  that,  and  says, 
"  H'm— so  'tis.     Well,  what'«/i^  good  f or  (  " 

"Well,"  Smiley  says,  easy  and  careless,  "he's 
good  enough  for  one  thing,  I  should  judge— he  can 
outjump  any  frog  in  Calaveras  county." 

The  feller  took  the  box  again,  and  took  another 
long,  particular  look,  and  give  It  back  to  Smiley, 
and  says,  very  deliberate,  "Well,"  he  says.  "I 
don't  see  no  p'ints  about  that  frog  that's  any 
better'n  any  other  frog." 

"  Maybe  you  don't."  Smiley  saya.  "Maybe  you 
understand  frogs  and  maybe  you  don't  understand 
'em.  maybe  you've  had  experience, and  maybe  you 
ain't  only  a  arnature,  oh  it  were.  Anyways,  I've 
got7«y  opinion  and  I'll  resk  forty  dollars  that  he 
ean  outjump  any  frog  in  Calaveras  county." 

And  the  feller  studied  a  minute,  and  then  says, 
kinder  sad  like,  "  Wull,  I'm  only  a  stranger  here, 
and  I  ain't  got  no  frog;  but  if  I  had  a  frog  I'd  bet 
you." 

And  then  Smiley  says,  "That's  all  right— that's 
all  right— if  you'll  hold  my  box  a  minute,  I'll  go  and 
get  you  a  frog."  And  so  the  feller  took  the  box, 
and  put  up  forty  dollars  along  with  Smiley's,  and 
set  down  to  wait. 

So  he  set  there  a  good  while  thinking  and  think- 
ing to  hisself,  and  then  he  got  the  frog  out  and 
prized  his  mouth  open  and  took  a  teaspoon  and 
fliled  him  full  of  quail  shot— filled  him  pretty  near 
up  to  his  chin— and  set  him  on  the  floor.  Smiley 
he  went  to  the  swamp  and  slopped  around  in  the 
mud  for  a  long  time,  and  finally  he  ketched  a  frog, 
and  fetched  him  in,  and  give  him  to  this  feller, 
and  says : 

"Now,  if  you're  ready,  set  him  alongside  of 
Dan'l,  with  his  fore-paws  just  even  with  Dan'l's, 
and  I'll  give  the  word."  Then  he  says,  "  One— 
two— three— y(7  .' "  and  him  and  the  feller  touched 
up  the  frogs  from  behind,  and  the  new  frog  hopped 
off  lively,  but  Dan'l  give  a  heave, and  hysted  up  his 
shoulders— so— like  a  Frenchman,  but  it  warn't  no 
use— he  couldn't  budge;  he  was  planted  as  solid  as 
a  church,  and  he  couldn't  no  more  stir  than  if  ho 
was  anchored  out.  Smiley  was  a  good  deal  sur- 
prised, and  he  was  disgusted,  too,  but  he  didn't 
have  no  idea  what  the  matter  was,  of  course. 

The  feller  took  the  money  and  started  away; 
and  when  he  was  going  out  at  the  door,  he  sorter 
jerked  his  thumb  over  his  shoulder— so— at  Dan'l, 
and  says  again,  very  deliberate,  "  Well,"  he  says, 
"/don't  see  no  p'ints  about  that  frog  that's  any 
better'n  any  other  frog." 

Smiley  he  stood  scratching  his  head  and  looking 
down  at  Dan'l  a  long  time,  and  at  last  he  says.  '  •  I 
do  wonder  what  in  the  nation  that  frog  throw'd 
off  for— I  wonder  if  there  ain't  something  the 
matter  with  him— he  'peai-s  to  look  mighty  baggy, 
somehow."  And  he  ketched  Dan'l  by  the  nap  of 
the  neck,  and  hefted  him,  and  says,  '*  Why  blame 
my  cats,  if  he  don't  weigh  five  pound !"  and  turned 
him  upside  down  and  he  belched  out  a  double 
handful  of  shot.  And  then  he  see  ho%v  it  was,  and 
he  was  the  maddest  man— he  set  the  frog  down 
and  took  out  after  that  feller,  but  he  never 
ketched  him.     And " 

[Here  Simon  Wlieeler  heard  his  name  called 
from  the  front  yard,  and  got  up  to  see  what  was 
wanted.]  And  turning  to  me  as  he  moved  away, 
he  said:  "Just  set  where  you  are,  stranger,  and 
rest  e^lsy— I  ain't  going  to  be  gone  a  second. " 

But,  by  your  leave.  I  did  not  think  that  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  history  of  the  enterprising  vaga- 
bond Jim  Smiley  would  be  likely  to  afford  me 
much  information  concerning  the  Rev.  Leonidas 
W.  Smiley,  and  so  I  started  away. 

At  the  door  I  met  the  sociable  Wbeeler  return- 
ing, and  he  button-holed  me  and  re-commenced: 

"Well,  thish-yer  Smiley  had  a "    However, 

lacking  both  time  and  inclination,  I  did  not  wait 
to  hear  further  about  Smiley,  but  took  my  leave. 


h 


228 


THE    AUTHORS    OF    "TEXAS    SIFTINGS. 


Alex.  E.  Sweet  ^^  J.  Armoy  Knox, 

^ — ^  OF  ^ 


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"Ijg      ■     I  •! 


UM 


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5i^^iUxfY\^, 


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■«« 


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A  Sketch  of  the  Men  who  have  Made  Famous  the  Humorous  Peculiarities  of 
Certain  People  we  Have  Seen. 


'3^ 


4 


ALEXANDER  E, 

— -*— 


SWEET. 


^^•^ 


HE  SENIOR  publisher  of  Texas  Si/tings,  Alexander 
-^  Edwin  Sweet,  the  son  of  Jameg  It.  Sweet,  a  mer- 
chant of  St.  Johns,  N.  B.y  in  the  Canadian  Dominion,  was 
born  in  the  year  1841.  In  1849  the  family  removed  to 
Texas,  settling  in  the  city  of  San  Antonio.  When  seven- 
teen years  of  age  the  youth  was  placed  for  a  year  and  a 
half  in  the  College  Hill  seminary,  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.Y., 
and  was  then  sent  to  Germany  to  finish  his  education.  While  there  he 
pursued  a  course  of 

study  in  the  Polytecb-     ^^^^^^ a^sj^i 

nic  school  at  Carls- 
ruhe,  and  was  mar- 
ried to  ft  lady  of  that 
city.  Returning  to 
Texas  with  his  wife, 
in  1863,  he  joined 
the  Thirty-third  regi- 
ment of  Texas  Con- 
federate States  caval- 
ry as  a  private  soldier, 
serving  until  the  war 
ended,  principally  in 
the  Indian  Terri- 
tory and  on  the  Rio 
Grande.  At  the  close 
of  his  military  career 
he  studied  law  in  the 
office  of  Thomas  T. 
Devine,  at  San  Anto- 
nio, and,  after  his  ad- 
mission to  the  bar, 
practiced  his  profes- 
sion in  that  city,  with 
very  limited  success,  for  a  number  of  years.  Under  these  cir- 
cumstances he  drifted  into  journalism  as  an  assistant  of  the  San  An- 
tonio ICxpretin,  and  afterward  as  a  local  reporter  on  the  San  Antonio 
Herald.  That  paper  collapsing,  however,  Mr.  Sweet  next  bi-came 
the  correspondent  of  the  Galveston  (Texas)  News,  and  in  1870  he 
removed  to  Galveston  and  became  an  associate-editor  of  that  paper, 
retaining  his  connection  with  it  about  fourteen  months.  In  May, 
1881,  he  united  his  cai)ital  and  talents  with  those  of  J.  Annoy  Knox 


ALEXANDER  E.  SWEET. 


in  the  pablication  of  Texas  Si/tings,  at  Austin,  Texas,  which  they 
have  given  a  reputation  and  circulation  of  surprising  magnitude.  It 
was  while  engaged  on  the  San  Antonio  Daily  Herald  that  Mr.  Sweet's 
humorous  writings  attracted  great  attention,  were  more  quoted  than 
those  of  any  other  journalist  of  that  time,  and  gained  for  him  a 
national  reputation.  In  his  labors  he  is  versatile,  not  only  writing  a 
large  part  of  the  humorous  papers  in  the  Siftifigs,  but  all  those  com- 
ments on  politicians  and  political  matters  that  have  made  his  paper  a 

power  in  the  land.  He 

t^&^)_, e^3^1    ^^"^"^^    rapidly,    and 

writes  as  fast  as  he 
thinks.  As  a  speci- 
men of  the  manm-r 
in  which  he  performs 
his  arduous  labor,  a 
friend  states  that  he 
has  had  sometimes 
three  articles,  on  as 
many  subjects,  in  the 
course  of  production 
at  once,  keeping  three 
active  compositors 
employed  in  the  print- 
ing-office at  the  same 
time.  In  furnishing 
them  with  "copy  "he 
writes  ten  or  twelve 
lines  of  one  article, 
sends  them  to  the 
c  o  m  p  o  s  i  u  g-room  ; 
then  indites  a  page  of 
article  number  two; 
then  tackles  numl)er 
three,  and  then  resumes  number  one  again.  Mr.  Sweet  has  not  conlined 
his  genius  or  labors  to  the  specific  duties  of  a  mere  journalist.  In 
company  with  his  partner,  J.  Armoy  Knox,  he  explored  a  large  por- 
tion of  tlu;ir  adopted  State  of  Texas,  on  jmnies.  And  together  they 
have  given  the  story  of  experiences  of  travel  in  a  large  and  profusely 
illustrated  volume,  entitled  "  On  a  Mexican  Mustang. "  It  is  an  en- 
tertaining book,  with  sullleient  variety  of  adventure  and  character  to 
(■onvi-y  a  very  good  idea  of  the  country  and  people. 


^5 


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-<): 


Mli.    KNOX    RELATES    HIS    EXI'HKIENCE. 


iJiiO 


<i§)?-0-{lS> 


'^M       A  Brief  History  of  the  Beginning  of  "Texas  Siftings."        m- 


[An  Answer  to  a  I^etter  'Written  to  Mr.  Knox.] 


_ENTLEMEN:     I  am  in  receipt  of  your  esteemed  favor, 
asking  me  to  give  you  a  few  points  in  my  life's  history. 
I  was  born,  when  I  was  quite  young,  in  Armoy,  Ireland. 
A^_<2i5^  I  was  also  born  in  March. 

Tbirty-two  times  have  the  wild  goose  and  gander  winged  their  way 
from  the  sunny  Southland  to  their  arctic  home  since  I  came  into  this 
world  of  sin,  sorrow  and  past  due-bills. 
I  bad  quite  a  large  number  of  ancestors. 
Many  of  them  are  dead. 
The  wages  of  sin  is  death. 

Some  of  my  ancestors  were  bad  men,  who  lived  in  Scotland  several 
centuries  ago,  and  who  aided  the  king  in  some  of  his  deviltries.  For 
this  they  were  rewarded  by  grants  of  land  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  on 
which  they  settled.  First,  however,  they  had  to  settle  the  natives 
who  owned  the  land.  They  did  that  by  sticking  knives  into  the  na- 
tives, and  by  prying  their  heads  off  with  an  edged-tool  called  a  clay- 
more. 

When  I  was  a  boy  I  went  to  school.  My  schoolboy  days  were 
rather  uneventful.  I  can  remember  hardly  anything  of  that  period 
of  my  existence  that  would  be  of  interest  to  the  public.  I  think  I 
remember  having  a  gum-boil  part  of  the  time.  I  also  had  aspirations 
— was  afflicted  with  them  for  years. 

After  I  left  school  I  was  placed  on  a  high  stool  in  a  bank,  that  I 
might  learn  business.  I  gave  more  of  my  time  to  books  of  travel  and 
adventure  than  to  ledgers  and  cash-books,  and  I  became  filled  with  a 
desire  to  see  more  of  the  world  and  the  men  in  it  than  could  be  seen 
after  banking  hours,  in  a  billiard-saloon,  in  a  small  provincial  town 
in  Ireland.  After  remaining  three  years  in  the  bank,  I  resigned  my 
position  and  came  to  the  United  States^  stayed  a  year  in  Georgia,  and 
then,  in  1873,  came  to  Texas  and  traveled  on  board  of  a  Mexican 
mustang  for  several  months,  on  the  frontier;  then  settled  down  to 
business,  and  got  married. 

For  several  years  managed  the  Texas  and  American  business  of  an 
Eastern  manufacturing  company.  Bought  a  plantation,  and  raised 
corn  and  cotton.  The  negroes  attended  to  the  practical  department 
of  the  business;  /,  the  theoretical.  They  dug  down  into  the  earth 
with  hoes,  spades  and  plow.  /  bore  the  heat  and  burden  of  the  day, 
sitting  on  the  fence,  making  mental  calculations  as  to  the  profits  that 
I  would  realize  from  their  labor.  From  a  financial  point  of  view  my 
planting  experience  was  not  encouraging.  The  negroes  made  a  liv- 
ing.    I  made  an  assignment. 


In  1878  I  met  Alex.  E.  Sweet,  who  la  now  my  accomplice  In  the 
publication  of  Texas  Siftings.  Mr.  Sweet  was  then  correspondent  of 
the  Galveston  News  and  New  York  Herald. 

Soon  after  we  became  acquainted,  wc  had  a  foreboding  that  the 
American  people  would  like  to  read  just  such  literature  as  we  felt 
tbat  we  could  extract  ont  of  ourselves.  We  had  also  a  premonition 
that  they  would  like  to  receive  it  In  weekly  installments.  The  result 
of  this  was  that  in  May,  1881.  we  began  the  publication  of  Texas 
Siftings. 

For  a  weekly  paper,  published  away  out  on  the  ragged  edge  of  civil- 
ization,  to  be  sold  all  over  the  United  States,  and  to  have  reached  a 
hundred  thousand  copies,  each  issue,  before  it  was  in  existence  three 
years,  is  some  evidence  that  our  forebodings  were  correct.  Some 
people  wonder  how  such  a  success  could  l)e  achieved  under  the  disad- 
vantage  of  publication  so  far  from  what  is  considered  the  intellectual 
center  of  the  country.  I  shall  not  tell  how  it  has  been  done,  but 
will  say  that  steady  work  sixteen  hours  a  day  had  something  to  do 
with  it. 

Last  year  we  wrote  a  book  of  sketches  that  had  a  large  sale  and 
was  republished  in  England. 

We  have  also  found  time  to  write  a  book  entitled  '  On  a  Mexican 
Mustang  through  Texas."  This  work  contains  700  pages,  illustrated: 
is  descriptive  of  travels  through  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  is  now  being 
sold  by  subscription  in  this  country,  and  a  reprint  of  it  in  England. 
There  is  also  a  German  translation  being  sold  in  Germany. 

It  is  my  habit  to  have  business  on  tap  during  the  day.  It  is  only  at 
night,  with  a  pipe  to  stimulate  me,  when  my  family  is  in  bed,  and 
when  the  sound  of  the  hired-girl  enjoying  her  sleep  in  the  basement 
comes  floating  up  like  a  benediction  through  the  murky  midnight  air, 
that  the  humorous  spiggot  is  pulled  out  and  some  of  those  soul-har- 
rowing, liver-regulating  views  of  men  and  things  that  are  published 
in  Texas  Sif Zings  flow  out  of  me. 

In  the  matter  of  religion,  I  believe  that  it  is  wicked  to  flsh  on  Sun- 
day in  the  Guadaloupe  river. 

There  are  no  fish  in  the  Guadaloupe  river. 

Politics,  did  you  say?  Haven't  got  any.  Too  busy.  Can't  afford 
to  have  politics,  but  I  like  to  climb  upon  the  fence  and  throw  rocks  at 
the  bold,  bad  men  in  all  political  parties. 

I  believe  in  a  Republican  form  of  government,  and  I  always  have 
my  eggs  soft-boiled  and  scooped  out  into  a  glass  by  the  nigger- 
waiter.  J.  Armot  Knox. 


oooff 


Sketch  of  a  bad  boy. 

— After  one  of  the  Old  Masters. 


.? 


,i 


230 


A    TRIO    OF    DISTINGUISHED    HUMOfilSTS. 


<^=- 


-^>- 


Detroit 
FREE  PRESS.  -I  PECK'S  SUH. 


Burlington 
HAV/KEYE 


L 


^^^— 


Eminent  Representatives  in  the  Field  of  Wit  and  Humor, 


mo,  which  has  become  famous  as  the  birth-place  of 
presidents  and  other  distinguished  people,  gave 
Charles  B.  Lewis,  the  humorist  of  the  Detroit 
(Mich.  )  Free  Press  to  the  world,  at  the  town  of 
Liverpool,  in  that  State. 

At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was  an  apprentice 
in    the    printing-office  of   the    Lansing  (Mich.) 
Journal,'  but  when  the  war   of    the    Rebellion 
began  he  threw    down  his  composing-stick,   en- 
listed  in   the    Sixth  Michigan  volunteer  cavalry, 
?  a  private,  and  all  through  that  memorable  contest  served  gallantly. 


drowning  about  forty  persons,  and  injuring  many  others.  Mr.  Lewis, 
horribly  scalded,  was  found  blown  upon  the  bank  of  the  stream, 
picked  up  for  dead,  and  taken  to  a  morgue.  On  exhibiting  signs  of 
life  he  was  transferred  to  a  hospital,  where  he  remained  for  several 
weeks.  In  the  meantime  he  had  by  the  delay  lost  his  place  in  the 
office  of  the  Maysville  Bulletin,  and,  as  soon  as  he  was  able,  he  re- 
turned to  Michigan. 

While  once  more  in  search  of  employment,  he  visited  the  office  of 
the  Jacksoniaiu  at  Pontiac,  and  in  that  paper  printed  an  article,  set- 
ting it  up  himself  without  copy,  entitled  "■  How  it  Feels  to  be  Blown 
Up."     Its  humor  and  graphic  word-picturing  attracted  much  atten- 


Hiimuri^t  «r  the  Uetruit  Free  Press, 


When  Lee  surrendered,  the  regiment  was  not  mustered  out,  but  for 
nearly  a  year  was  stalitmed  in  the  wilds  of  Utah.  At  one  period  of 
this  frontier  campaign  the  command  fought  one  of  the  bloodiest  In- 
dian battles  on  rc^cord,  in  which  its  colonel  was  killed.  Mr.  Lewis, 
wearing  a  lieutenant's  shoulder-strajjs,  returned  to  Michigan,  when 
the  regiment  disbanded,  in  February,  1860,  and  again  applied  himself 
to  the  printer's  trade. 

Through  the  influence  of  a  friend,  sometime  afterward,  he  secured 
u  position  as  local  editor  on  the  Maysville  {Ky. )  liulletin;  but  while 
rjii  his  way  to  his  new  home,  the  steamer  on  which  he  had  taken  pas- 
sage down    the    Mississippi   river  exploded  her   boiler,   killing  and 


PECK, 

Peck  s  Sun. 


ROBT.  J.  BURDETTE, 

Funny-Man  of  tho  Buiiiiiffton  Hawkeye. 

;  all  < 


tion,  and  it  soon  found  a  place  in  newspapers  all  over  the  Union,  anrt 
started  its  author  on  the  road  to  fame. 

lie  also  sued  tlu;  steamboat  company  for  damages  received,  and  ob- 
tained a  verdict  of  $10,000.  With  this  money  he  purchased  an  inter- 
est in  the  Detroit  Free  Press,  with  which  he  still  retains  a  prosperous 
connection.      For  its  columns  he  has  written  much  and  well. 

At  one  time  in  his  career,  with  a  sick  wife  and  family  cares  for  a 
stimulus,  he  regularly  contributed  articles  to  twenty-one  papers 
and  magazines,  nnd  this  continued  Xor  a  considerable  time.  After- 
ward, when  ]>rosperity  came,  he  wrote  less  and  enjoyed  life  better, 
because  he  had  more  leisure.      Of  course,  with  his  reputation,  book- 


ISL 


AtEN    WHO    llAVi;    MADK,    HUMOliOL'6    WlUTINGii    A    bl'i^CIALTY. 


'IVA 


publishers  tind  it  convenient  to  seek  engagements  with  liim  for  buolvs, 
but  he  hiia  principally,  of  late  yearti,  confined  hii*  hihort*  to  tlie  col- 
umns of  his  own  journal. 

Hi»  recent  field  of  work  has  been  a  series  of  articles  relating  to  the 
South,  her  battle-fields,  mines,  railroads^  factoriut*,  schools,  planta- 
tions, etc.,  with  the  inducements  which  she  offers  to  settlers  and 
capitalists.  Although  they  are  of  a  heavier  caliber  than  his  usual 
prcss-itims,  they  possess  a  peculiar  interest,  because  the  author  can 
not  help  being  witty. 

Mr.  Lewis,  in  person,  ienot  above  medium  size,  is  middle-aged, 
and  weighs  about  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  pounds.  His  long  and 
brilliant  career  is  likely  to  continue,  unless  old  age  or  minfortiinc 
intervene. 

His  income  from  literary  pursuits  is,  it  is  stated,  $6,000  a  year.  As 
a  tribute  to  his  genius  it  may  be  incidentally  mentioned  that  the 
London  Pall  Mall  Gazette  and  London  Times  publiwhed  his  humorous 
police  court  sketches  as  genuine  illustrations  of  American  manners. 

With  him  the  transmission  of  thought  from  mind  to  paper  is  like  a 
flash,  as  he  writes  page  after  page  of  humor  and  brings  to  bear  the 
wittiest  sarcasm  upon  the  follies  and  frailties  of  the  day.  And  yet, 
it  is  said,  he  rarely  smiles,  and  is  very  quiet  and  unassuming  in  bis 
manner. 


GEORGE  W.  PECK, 

Editor  and  Proprietor  ol"  '*  Peck's  Sun.'* 

fllE  EDITOR  of  Peck's  Sun^  the  widely-known  humorous 
^vi  ''  .'  journal  of  Milwaukee,  is  a  self-made  man.  Born  in  the 
.-'■(Jl''/^     village  of   Henderson,  Jefferson  County,  N.  Y. ,  September 

^^'•^  28,  1840,  became  west  with  his  parents  about  two  years 
later,  and  was  reared  for  thirteen  years  at  Cold  Spring,  near  White- 
water, Wis. ,  attending  district  schools  during  winters  and  working  at 
whatever  his  hands  found  to  do.  He  is  represented  as  having  been 
an  apt  scholar,  with  a  largely  developed  spirit  of  mischief. 

At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  began  his  professional  career  as  ''  devil  "  (or 
apprentice  lad)  in  the  office  of  the  Whitewater  (Wis.)  Register,  where 
he  remained  until  fitted  for  the  duties  of  a  journeyman  printer.  In  this 
capacity  he  worked  in  various  offices,  and  was,  at  one  time,  foreman 
of  the  Watertown  (Wis. )  Republican.  With  three  cents  in  his  pocket, 
in  1860,  he  purchased  a  half-interest  in  the  Jefferson  County  ^f/??/6- 
licari,  at  Jefferson,  Wis.,  and  in  company  with  J.  E.  Atwater,  who 
edited  the  paper,  he  published  it  about  a  year,  when  they  sold  the 
establishment. 

Mr.  Peck  now  worked  at  his  trade  when  and  where  opportunity 
offered  until,  in  1863,  he  joined  the  Fourth  Wisconsin  volunteer 
cavalry  regiment  as  a  private.  His  regiment  went  South  and  for  two 
years  and  a  half  did  good  service  in  Texas  and  on  the  southern  border. 
From  a  private  he  rose,  by  promotion,  to  a  lieutenancy,  for  a  time 
acting  as  post-quartermaster  and  commissary.  His  company  was 
mustered  out  in  the  spring  of  1866.  In  the  fall  of  that  year  he  went 
to  Ripon,  Wis.,  and  started  the  Representative.,  a  newspaper,  which 
he  conducted  for  about  two  years,  doing  a  large  portion  of  the 
mechanical  work  of  the  concern  himself,  besides  editing  the  paper. 
In  this  journal  appeared  many  odd  and  humorous  paragraphs,  similar 
to  those  which  have  made  Peck's  Sun  so  immensely  popular.  One  of 
his  comic  letters  attracted  the  attention  of ''Brick  "  Pomeroy,  who 
was  then  publishing  the  La  Crosse  (Wis.)  Democrat,  and  finding  Mr. 
Peck  a  congenial  spirit,  Pomeroy  engaged  his  services  as  a  writer  for 
the  Democrat. 

With  this  paper  he   remained  until   1871,  when  he  went  to  Mil- 


waukee and  for  a  brief  period  worked  on  the  Evening  Wisconsin 
The  offer  of  a  fair  salary  from  "Brick"  Pomeroy,  howes-er,  again  in 
duced  him  to  go  to  Lacrosse  and  edit  the  Daily  Democrat.  When 
the  paper  changed  hands,  the  following  year,  Mr.  Peck  became  a 
half-owner  of  it,  and  altered  its  name  to  the  Liberal  Democrat.  Soon 
afterward  he  became  chief-of-police  of  the  city  of  La  Crosse,  filling 
the  oftice  acceptably.  In  1874  he  was  chief-clerk  of  the  State  legis- 
lative assembly  of  Wisconsin.  In  May  of  that  year»  he  started  a 
newspaper  called  the  Sun.,  at  La  Crosse,  which  even  bis  humorous 
articles  could  not  make  self-sustaining.  Removing  the  paper  to 
Milwaukee  in  March,  1878,  he  changed  its  name  to  Peck's  Sun.  gave 
it  a  new  dress,  and  infused  new  energy  and  humor  into  its  columns. 
Its  first  issue  numbered  2,000  copies,  and  now  its  weekly  circulation 
averages  at  least  25,000.      It  is  very  funny  and  very  prosperous. 


ROBERT  J.  BURDETTE, 

The  BtumorlHt  of  the  **  Biirliufftoii  Ilaukeye.** 

^HE  SUBJECT  of  this  sketch,  whose  own  sketches  i*re  a 
source  of  continual  merriment  to  their  readers,  was  born 
^V''  at  Greensboro,  Greene  county.  Peun.,  July  30,  1844,  and  is 
of  French,  Welsh  and  German  descent.  The  family  re- 
moved to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  1846,  and  from  that  city  to  Peoria,  111., 
in  1853. 

The  unfledged  humorist  received  his  education  in  the  common 
schools  of  Peoria,  with  a  course  at  the  high-school,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  1861. 

From  July,  1862,  to  the  close  of  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  in  1865, 
he  served  as  private  in  Company  C,  Forly-seventh  Illinois  infantry, 
and  then  for  seven  years  assisted  in  carrying  on  the  local  mail- ser- 
vice. In  1869  he  became  night-editor  of  the  Peoria  (111. )  Tran- 
script. 

In  the  spring  of  1870,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Carrie  Garrett,  of 
Peoria,  and  with  that  event  began  his  successful  career  as  an  acknowl- 
edged humorist;  for  in  this  direction  did  his  gentle  wife  greatly  en- 
courage him  to  persevere. 

For  a  time  he  continued  with  the  Transcript  as  its  city-editor;  but 
in  1870  or  1871  he  became  one  of  the  editors  and  part-owner  of  the 
Peoria  Evening  Review.,  in  which  paper  he  gave  a  loose  rein  to  his 
mirthful  proclivities,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  his  subsequent  fame. 
The  newspaper,  however,  was  but  short-lived,  and  Burdette  soon 
found  himself  adrift. 

At  this  juncture,  in  1872,  he  obtained  a  situation  as  city  editor  of 
the  Burlington  (Iowa)  Hawkeye.  By  rapid  promotion  he  advanced  to 
the  several  positions  of  political  and  managing  editor;  but  in  1876, 
he  relinquished  the  management  of  the  paper  and  traveled  and  lec- 
tured to  delighted  audiences  in  the  central  States  of  the  Union.  A 
year  later  he  extended  his  lecture-field  to  the  East  and  elsewhere, 
and  since  then  has  devoted  a  large  portion  of  his  energies  to  that 
department  of  humor,  while  retaining  the  position  of  writer  in  the 
office  of  the  Haivkeye.  He  has  also  published  the  following  witty 
books:  "■  The  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Moustache,"  *' Hawkeyes,"  and 
"Life  of  William  Penn.'"  His  lectures  are  respectively  entitled: 
"Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Moustache,"  "  Home,"  "Pilgrimage  of  the 
Funny-Man,"  and  "Advice  to  a  Young  Man." 

In  person  he  possesses  less  than  medium  height  and  pleasant 
features;  weighs  about  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  pounds,  and  is 
a  gentleman  of  genial  presence.  Asa  writer  he  is  versatile,  his 
sketches,  whether  in  verse  or  prose,  covering  a  multitude  of  topic?, 
with  a  remarkable  flow  of  wit  mingled  with  good  sense. 


i: 


— <j: 


o?,-2 


NAST    AND    HIS    CARICATUEES    OF   THE   OLD    TAILMANY    EING. 


— Kj^sHS^-t.-^ 


..(3 


T&TfcTfc\.'«x'amT]hT&T&.T&'oa,TfcmTfcm^'gi\aa>Tfcvn'g3\'a.TfcT^^ 


Thomas  ITast. 


w 


\-\.\\\\  A;V>V^\;-S;VjV.V  A  •V-V-V.V-V.V-^.V-V.y  •V.-V-V.V-V  A  A -V  A  A  A  A  A  A  A  A  ■v:' 


-^^->5^E£.«.-^ 


Brilliant  Caricaturist  and  Artist. 


-T^-^ 


ANDAU.  Bavaria,  was  the  birthplace.  September  27,  1840, 
of  Thomas  Nast.  an  artist  whose  caricatures  of  noted 
Xj  ^rh\  politicians  and  social  pests  have  made   him  famous 

throughout  the  United  States.  Coming  to  this 
country  when  about  six  years  old,  and  possessing 
natural  talents  of  a  high  order  as  a  draughtsman, 
we  find  him  engaged  at  the  age  of  fourteen  in 
preparing  pictures  for  Frank  Le8lie''s  Illustrated 
Paper.  When  about  sixteen  he  made  a  journey 
to  England  to  sketch  the  heroes  and  incidents  of  the  notorious  prize 
fight  between  John  C.  Heenan  and  Thomas  Savers,  and  these  draw- 
ings ap  p  eared 
among  the  attrac- 
tions of  the  Xew 
York  Illustrated 
News  oi  XhdX  period. 
Not  long  afterwards 
he  attached  himself 
to  the  military  force 
of  Garibaldi,  the 
Italian  patriot,  with 
whom  he  entered 
Naples  and  wit- 
nessed the  sieges  of 
Giieta  and  Capua,  a.^ 
the  sketching  cor- 
respondent of  tilt 
London  News,  the 
New  York  IUuk- 
trated  News  and 
the  Paris  Illustra- 
ted World.  In 
July.  1863,  having 
returned  safely  to 
N('w  York  from  the 
Heat  of  war  in  Italy. 
he  formed  an  en- 
gagement with  the 

proprietors  of  //a/yjfrV  TrtfcA:/7/ to  regularly  provide  that  jiaper  witli 
drawings  of  heroes  and  scenes  of  the  war  of  the  rebellion  and  of 
noted  politicians  and  their  peculiar  weaknesses.  This  engagement 
ref*ulted  in  signal  benefit  to  the  Harper's  and  the  country  ut  large, 
his  striking  illustrations  adding  greatly  to  the  popularity  of  the 
Itaper.  while  the  moral  illuKtrated  in  the  war  pictures  made  a  deep 
imi)ression  on  the  i)ublic  mind  and  greatly  strengthened  the  North. 
When  his  war-work  was  ended  hit*  ready  pencil  and  sarcastic  humor 


WHO  STOLE  THE  PEOPLtS  MOKEr  ?  -  DO  TELt 


found  a  fruitful  field  in  the  exposure  of  the  enormous  frauds  of  the 
political  "rings"  of  New  York,  in  which  "Boss"  William  M. 
Tweed  was  the  principal  conspirator.  Week  after  week  and  month 
after  month,  he  illustrated  with  great  fidelity,  through  the  columns  of 
the  Harper's^  the  rascality  of  the  men  who  had  robbed  the  city 
treasury  to  enrich  themselves  under  the  cover  of  alleged  "public 
improvements."  These  sketches  excited  both  laughter  and  anger: 
laughter  at  the  ridicule  which  Nast  heaped  upon  Tweed  and  his  com- 
panions, and  anger  at  the  frauds  which  had  been  perpetrated  by  these 
officials.  The  attempt  of  these  ring  thieves  to  screen  themselves 
i    by  throwing   the   blame  upon  others,   made   the    subject  of  one   of 

Nast's  famous  car- 
toons, which  is 
herewith  represent- 
ed, entitled  "Who 
Stole  the  Money?" 
This  illustration, 
with  others,  which 
were  widely  noted 
ut  the  time,  origi- 
nally appeared  in 
the  Weekly  and 
afterwards  in  Har- 
per's Jf  out  hit/. 
One  of  his  most  re- 
markable achieve- 
Mients  as  an  artist 
was  the  painting 
with  water  colors, 
within  thirty  days, 
in  18»J6,  for  a  pic- 
torial paper  of  New 
York,  sixty  carica- 
tures of  prominent 
editors,  politicians, 
actors  and  artists, 
on  sheets  varying 
in  size  from  four 
feet  by  three  to  six  fe<-t  by  four.  Several  years  ago  he  began  a  brief 
career  as  a  public  lecturer  in  the  chief  cities  of  the  Uni<m.  drawing 
during  his  discourses  caricatures  illustrating  their  salient  points.  Mr. 
Nasi  has  not  confined  his  peculiar  talents  to  humorous  sketches  for  the 
papers  and  platform  exhibitions,  but  has  jiroduccd  many  important 
illustrations  of  serious  character  to  embellish  various  books  and  peri- 
odicals. At  this  writing  his  facile  pencil  is  yet  busy  alTordintramuse- 
inriif  and  instruction  tlirnui:h  the  various  publications  of  the  Harpers. 


NY.TIMES. 


'TWAS  H»M. 


^ 


— ^: 


I'UUK,       ANU    A    SKETCH    OF    KEFl'LEK. 


Y 


— ?;i^gg^aj!a^7'S- 

^1  ^■^'^'^■'''■■'^"-OXWTSW^I-X  :;%»? 


Joseph  Keppler,  the  Weil-Known  Caricaturist  of  "Puck," 
and  Some  of  His  Assistants. 


JOSEPH  KEPPLER. 


,  rCK  NEEDS  no  introduction  to  our 
reader!*.  With  it;*  original,  striking, 
colored  illustrations,  tempered  with 
wit,  satire,  and  generally  contain- 
ing a  moral,  it  is  to-day  one  of  the 
best  known  publications  in  the 
United  States.  The  personal  his- 
tory of  its  author,  however,  is  not 
so  well  known,  and  hence  the  object 
of  this  writing. 

It  was  in  Vienna,  Austria,  that, 
in  1838,  Joseph  Keppler  was  born.  His  father  was 
a  confectioner,  and  it  fell  to  the  lot  of  Joseph  to  aid 
in  putting  ornaments  upon  the  candies,  a  work  in 
«'hich  he  displayed  such  originality  as  to  induce  his 
father  to  send  him  to  a  drawing- school  when  he 
was  nine  years  old. 

It  was  soon  after  this  that  his  father.  Johann 
Keppler,  was  Obliged  to  flee  from  Austria  in  conse- 
quence of  the  too  free  expression  of  his  political 
sentiments,  which  necessitated  the  return  of  Joseph 
to  the  candy  store  as  an  assistant  of  his  mother, 
where  he  remained  until  twelve  years  old,  when  he 
entered  the  Academy  of  Design  two  years  earlier 
than  the  regulations  allowed,  because  of  the  proficiency  he  exhibited 
in  his  examination.  He  was  an  apt  student,  but  was  a  severe 
trial  to  his  teachers,  because  of  his  disposition  to  draw  figures  and 
forms  outside  of  his  lessons.  Tiring,  after  a  two-years'  stay,  of 
the  restrictions  of  the  school,  he  returned  again  to  the  confections, 
where  he  remained  some  years,  but  only  to  dream  of  some  day 
becoming  a  great  artist. 

With  a  view  to  becoming  a  master  of  his  art,  he  resolved  upon  a 
visit  to  Italy,  to  accomplish  which  he  commenced  his  journey  on  foot 
across  the  country,  his  expenses  being  paid  by  portrait-making  on 
his  way.  It  was  at  this  time,  when  he  was  seventeen  years  old,  that 
the  opportunity  offered  for  him  to  join  a  theatrical  troupe,  with 
which  he  returned  to  Vienna,  where  he  continued  on  the  boards  for 
three  years,  interspersing  his  time  witli  retouching  negatives  for  the 
photographers  and  drawing  cartoons  for  the  Cock-a-doodle-doo,  a 
sort  of  Puck,  then  and  yet  published  in  Vienna. 

A  letter  about  this  time  from  his  father  brought  him  to  New  York, 
and  thence   to  Missouri,  where  his  father  resided.      In  St.  Louis  he 


went  upon  the  stage  again,  at  the  Apollo  Theater,  which  he  left 
at  the  end  of  six  months,  having  commenced  with  Frederick  Herrold 
the  publication  of  Pack,  which  was  discontinued  at  the  end  of  two 
years  in  consequence  of  the  death  of  Mr.  Herrold. 

He  then  came  to  New  York,  entered  the  employ  of  Frank  Leslie, 
where  he  continued  for  three  years,  when  he  established  a  partner- 
ship with  A.  Schwarzmann,  publisher  of  the  New  Yorker  Musick 
Zeifun.g,  They  together  revived  Puck  in  the  year  1876,  and  printed 
it  for  six  months  only  in  German,  when  the  demand  of  the 
English-speaking  public  became  such  as  to  cause  it  to  be  afterwards 
issued  in  both  German  and  English.  Taking  a  liberal,  radical,  and 
independent  stand  on  the  current  topics  of  the  day,  Puck  has  been 
a  success  from  the  first,  its  circulation  rapidly  reaching  up  into  the 
tens  of  thousands. 

Some  of  the  cartoons  of  Mr.  Keppler  have  caused  the  paper  to 
increase  in  circulation  many  thousands  in  a  single  week.  The 
illustration  at  the  time  of  Madame  Restell's  death,  representing  the 
strong  and  healthy  women  in  contrast  with  the  weak  and  sickly,  made 
so  by  abortion,  increased  the  circulation  over  10.000.  The  spider 
picture,  showing  the  pitfalls  which  surround  the  country  merchant 
when  he  goes  to  the  metropolis  to  buy  goods,  had  au  enormous  sale, 
as  have  also  the  political  cartoons  both  on  the  Republican  and  Demo- 
cratic sides. 

Mr.  Keppler  is  ably  assisted  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Wales  and  Mr.  F. 
Opper,  either  of  whom,  if  they  turn  their  pencil  against  a  man 
deserving  of  censure,  will  be  very  likely  to  make  him  wish  that  he 
had  never  been  born. 

Frederick  Opper,  who  is  of  German  descent  on  his  father's  side, 
was  born  at  Madison,  Ohio,  January  2,  1857.  Was  for  a  time  a 
printer  and  compositor  at  Madison,  but,  coming  to  New  York,  wont 
into  picture-making  on  Wild  Oafs  at  the  age  of  eighteen.  After- 
wards he  served  two  years  with  Frank  Leslie,  when  his  love  of  the 
funny  and  his  genius  for  delineation  of  the  grotesque  and  the 
humorous  carried  him  to  Puck. 

J.  A.  Wales  is  a  native  of  Clyde,  Ohio,  where,  in  his  boj-hood,  he 
assisted  his  father,  who  was  a  merchant  in  that  town.  His  love  of 
picture-making  took  him  into  the  work  of  engraving,  first  at  Cleve- 
land, and  afterwards  in  Chicago,  and  other  large  cities.  Like  many 
others  of  the  best  engravers,  he  also  drifted  to  New  York,  where  his 
facile  pencil  found  ready  work  on  mid  Oats,  Leslie's,  Harper's 
Weekly,  and  finally  on  Puck. 


1{  .(y^ 


><[^?^ 


f_ 


234 


EIGHTEEN    DISTINCT   EXPRESSIONS    WROUGHT    BY    CHANGE    OF    COUNTENANCE. 


MIRTH. 


MIRTH  is  high 
excitement  of 
pleasurable  feel 
ing,  and,  not- 
withistanding 
the  sadness  that 
attends  on  mor- 
tal s,  nearly 
every  one  likes 
to  laugh.  ''Then 
I  commended 
mirth,"  says 
the  preacher. 
It  does  not  re- 


quire much  art  to  represent  the  face 
of  laughter.  The  student  of  elocu- 
tion must  be  a  close  observer  of  nat- 
ure, and  the  conceits  of  different 
persons  carefully  reproduced  will 
excite  laughter  in  an  audience.  Be 
natural,  overcome  all  mannerisms  by 
practice  Imitate  the  different  kinds 
of  laughter,  as  the 'He,  he,  he."  of 
the  bashful  miss,  on  high  pitch  of 
voice,  and  the  full  and  hearty  "ha, 
ha,  ha,  ha,"  of  the  jolly  parson. 


HYPOCRISY. 


WE  call  this  the 
face  of  a  sleek, 
or  hypocrite.  It 
is  the  affected, 
insincere  ex- 
pression of  de- 
votion—  strain- 
ed and  absurd. 
Ridicule  is  a 
good  weapon  to 
use  against  this 
affectation. 
Strong  denun- 
ciation  is    use- 


less. Ju  ordinary  intercourse  men 
exhibit  only  the  outward  crust  to 
each  other.  They  are  withheld  by 
mistrust  or  indifference  from  allowing 
others  to  look  into  what  passes  within 
them:  and  so  to  speak  with  anything 
like  agitation  or  emotion  of  that 
which  is  nearest  their  hearts  is  con- 
sidered unsuitable  to  the  tone  of 
polished  society.  The  orator  and 
the  dramatist  find  means  to  break 
through  these  barriers  of  conven- 
tional reserve. 


THIS  18  the  med- 
itative, calm, 
contcmj>lative 
face,  and  so  we 
call  it  Hamlet. 
Intel  li'ct  and 
sensibility  arc 
strong  in  him. 
Heiscalled  the 
poelical  plulos- 
op  h  e  r.  The 
forehead  is 
smooth;  the 
eyes  raised,  as 
if  rellucliiig  upon  every  person  or 
thing  wllhiu  and  without  his  range 
of  vision.  This  is  part  of  his  nature, 
and  life's  experiences  have  encour- 
aged rather  than  hindered  its  devel- 
opment. All  of  Sliakspearc'H  char- 
acters say  jiiHt  what  would  seem  to 
hc!  natural  and  necessary  if  they  were 
alive  and  talking  to  us;  and  this  is 
whatcouHtituteH  thegeninsof  Shaks- 
pciire — his  creations,  like  the  sca- 
-nri",  are  fctr  all  tiiur. 


MEDITATION. 


Character  and  Feeling 

^       Illustrated  by  Expression  of  the  Face. 

OR  THE  instruction  of  the  reader  illustrations  of 
facial  expression  are  herewith  given  as  presented 
by  Prof.  Allen  A.  Griffith,  prominent  as  an  elocu- 
tionist, whose  work  on  this  subject  has  been  a 
standard  for  some  years. 

Professor  Griffith  was  born  in  Wyoming  Connty, 
N.  Y. .  but  received  his  early  education  in  Ohio,  where  his 
parents  removed  in  his  youth.  He  was  a  great  admirer  of 
Murdoch  in  his  boyhood,  and  from  him  he  received  a  few 
suggestions  on  the  subject  of  that  which  he  has  made  his 
life-work. 

Among  other  educational  institutions  in  which  he  has  taught, 
he  was  elected  to  a  Professorship  of  English  Literature  and 
Elocution  at  the  Normal  Schools  of  Michigan,  in  1870,  and  seven 
years  afterward  he  was  appointed  to  the  Presidency  of  the 
Illinois  College,  of  Fulton,  111. ,  which  position  he  resigned 
some  three  years  thereafter  to  engage  in  lecturing  on  facial 
expression,  in  the  treatment  of  which  he  is  a  pioneer  and 
a  representative  man. 


THIS  German  is  in 
broken  English.  The 
expression  is  un- 
mistakably German. 
By  a  wise  arrange- 
ment, the  frame- 
work of  the  head 
and  face  is  made  to 
receive  the  wealth 
of  brow,  cheeks, 
chin,  lips,  nose  and 
eyes,  that  nniUe  the 
human  face  80  at- 
tractive and  ex- 
pressive. There  are 
nerve  fibers  and 
bruin  cells  that  oc- 


earnest,  trying  to  enforce  his  opinions  in 
cupy  and  control 
these  different  mus- 
cles, that  are  as  del- 
icate aslife  threads, 
and  yet  they  adapt, 
arrange,  controland 
play  with  the  feat- 
ures, and  upon 
them,  when  direct- 
ed by  an  intelligent 
will,  as  a  musician 
l)lays  upon  the  keyd 
of  a  complicated  in- 
strument. So  we 
may  exhibit  char- 
acter in  the  face. 


GERMAN. 


"  Latlefl  und  Shentlemansl— How  phnll  dot  nlilokens  lir*  tn  dot  i'ptkT 
Dolls  mo  floti  You  sfhonst  (Inn'd  knows  mo  iinich  ns  vestcrliiv'  Vc-n 
UivVKK  vus  inlt  tif<Ii.-ll  ai-..iml  II.  niid  todiiy,  lonl;  y-wl.-k'  Ti-^  n..  <.^^K— 
a  nleii— nlen— !  It  v/iIkH,  lui.l  tiilks,  Mild  lilts -und  plrnil.y  soiiie.llines 
pretty  irwifk,  ifltM  on  hirii  fiiillniis  nnd  Mddrr  dinu's  nil  lonn  t<-i.-i,'tr- 
ynn  doiid  kiKjw.llki-uH.lilld  nut  riiou.-li," 


LADY  Macbeth 

says  that  in  the 
face  of  her  hus- 
band men  may 
read  strange 
matters.  Un- 
doubtedly this 
countenance  is 
influenced  by 
the  state  of  the 
mind.  **  Is  this 
a  dagger  that  I 
see  before  me?" 
is  the  important  MACBETH. 

question  this  murderer  is  a?^king. 
He  is  moving  in  a  way  in  which  dag- 
gers gleam,  asthat  instrument  he  is  to 
use.  This  is  one  of  the  most  pro- 
found studies  in  expression.  Xo 
amount  of  surface  polish,  or  training, 
will  enable  a  person  to  express  the 
profound  convictions  of  the  mind. 
There  must  be  ability  to  understand 
and  feel  the  power  of  thought. 

"  Is  this  a  dapger  that  I  see  before  me — 
The  handle  toward  my  hand? " 


THE     meddler 
thrusts  himself 
in,     to    gossip 
about  the  latest 
bit  of  scandal. 

The  proverb 
says  "Every 
fool  will  be 
meddling." 
This  face  sug- 
gests malicious 
mischief.  It  has 
in  it  the  gos- 
sip's glee,  and 
the  linesindicate  the  lowest  taste.  The 
facial  muscles  may  be  so  trained  that 
they  will  express  nearly  every  mood 
of  the  mind.  The  face  is  a  sign  of 
the  character,  as  the  repeated  emo- 
tions of  the  mind  impress,  in  time, 
dunible  lines  upon  the  soft  and  flex- 
ible parts  of  the  face.  An  agreeable 
change  may  add  a  feature  of  beauty; 
if  frequently  repeated,  a  disagreeable 
expression  adds  a  feature  of  de- 
formity. Thoughts  in  the  soul 
blossom  in  the  face. 


MEDDLER. 


THE  firm,  de- 
fiant face  of 
Shy  1  oc  k,  in 
the  expression 
of  reveng e^ 
makes  a  study 
for  the  artist. 
The  question 
is  sometimes 
asked  how  it 
is  possible  to 
change  the 

contour  of  the  

nose,the  lines  SHYLOCK. 

about  the  eyes,  and  the  curve  of  !be 
lips,  so  as  to  make  up  the  Shylock 
face,  which  is  in  such  contrast  with 
the  lover's  face  and  the  face  ofinirtli. 

The  exterior  of  man  was  intended 
to  mirror  the  thoughts  of  (he  >u\\\. 
When  the  physical  man  shall  keep 
pace  with  the  iulellcclnal,  moral  and 
spiritual,  tlie  body  will  become  a 
refined  instrument  of  expression. 

The  orator  should  /ooA:  tiiought  as 
well  as  voice  it. 


vn  ^^ — 


siO.'l 


now    EXI'KESSION    MAY    REPEESENI'    CIIAKACTEK    AND    FKKI.IN(/ 


f 


WE  hiive  here  the 
earnest  fuce  of 
a  man  who  is 
aceuBtomud  to 
investigate. 

The  expruB- 
t*iim  is  of  con- 
tin  nous  deep 
thought,  and  bo 
we  name  it  in 
the  group  the 
Scientist.  II<' 
observes  carc- 
f  11  fly,  as  if  he 
would  solve  the 
problems  of  science.  The  eyes  arc 
shaded  by  tlie  brows,  which  are,  as 
movable  types,  set  to  give  the  looli 
of  inquiry,  shutting  out  the  natural 
light  to  catch  a  glimpse  of  the 
brighter  light  of  scientific  truth;  like 
an  astronomer  who  remembers  the 
face  of  the  sky,  and  whose  vision  is 
led  along  a  star  lighted  way  to  worlds 
and  systems  with  whose  places  and 
paths  he  is  familiar. 


SCIENTIST. 


BOOBY. 


'CHASTEN  thy 
son  while  there 
is  hope,  and  let 
not  thy  soul 
spare  for  his 
crying.'"  Laugh- 
ter and  crying 
are  studies  in 
facial  espresion 
that  should  be 
comparatively 
easy,  but  to 
give  examples 
in  good  taste  is 
quite  difficult. 
Do  not  overdo  it.  To  become  elo- 
quent and  impressive  in  reading  and 
speaking,  and  to  become  natural,  ac- 
cording to  a  high  standard  of  natur- 
alness, is  reward  enough  to  secure 
the  most  persistent  study  and  prac- 
tice. It  is  thought  that  examples  of 
natural  expression  in  reading  in  most 
schools  would  cause  surprise  and 
astonishment.  Horace  Mann  thought 
it  would  pay  the  State  to  have  model 
readings  in  every  school -district. 


THE  most  diffi- 
cult expression 
of  countenance 
is  the  represen- 
tation of  faces 
of  public  men. 
We  remember 
such  faces. 
They  are  not 
ideal  but  real. 
The  Elocution- 
ist made  a  spe- 
cial study  of 
Douglas  in  his 
most  brilliant 
and  emphatic  pulilic  speeches,  before 
the  war;  and,  while  we  cannot  put 
upon  paper  a  shake  of  the  head  nor  a 
flash  of  the  eye,  we  can  catch,  as  the 
sculptor  does,  an  attitude  or  head- 
poise,  or  firm  and  strong  expression 
of  features,  as  given  in  the  celebrated 
Springfield  speech,  in  1861,  when 
this  statesman  came  out  so  strong  for 
the  Union  against  its  enemies. 


DOUGLAS. 


THE  un- 
stead  y , 
bleared 
face  of 
a  drunk- 
ard car- 
ries in  it. 
its  own 
condem  - 
nation. 
Tbe  ut- 
1 1;  r  a  n  c  e 
is  thick, 
profane, 
illogical, 
and  in  harmony  with  the  ex- 
pression of  the  roaming  eyes. 
The  stage  of  tippling  is  passed 
aiul  the  man  has  become  a 
drunken  sot.  The  orator  makes 
use  of  action,  as  the  painter 
does  his  colors,  to  give  variety 
to  his  piece. 


DRUNKARD. 


THE  po- 
litenesHof 
a  Freuch- 
m  a  II  is 
proverb- 
ial, hut  he 
can  l)e  so 
op  posed 
as  to  ex- 
hibit the 
most  fiery 
temper. 

•*  As  in 
smooth 
oil  the  ra- 
zor best  is  wliet,  so  wit  is  by 
politeness  keenest  set.  "  The 
French  are  eminently  gentle, 
polite  and  agreeable  in  their 
manners.  The  study  and 
practice  of  this  art  is  not  un- 
profitable. If  the  heart  is  right, 
politeness  will  be  natural. 


FRENCHMAN. 


^ 


Facial  Expression. 

ROM  THE  real  face  of  Prof.  Griffith,  shown  on  the  oppo- 
site page,  are  given  seventeen  distinct  characters,  every 
one  of  which  is  recognized  as  a  very  natural  expression. 
In  examining  these  we  discover  their  naturalness. 
From  the  intense  earnestness  of  Macbeth,  we  glance  at 
Mirth,  and  are  ourselves  disposed  to  laugh,  a  feeling  that  is 
checked,  however,  by  a  study  of  the  face  representing  Hypocrisy. 

No  one  could  fail  to  recognize  the  Meddler,  who  is  continually 
poking  his  nose  into  other  people's  business,  and  we  see  the 
Sliylock  in  the  sinister  expression  and  neaily  closed  eyes  of  that 
character.  The  anxious,  phlegmatic  German  is  well-known,  and 
so  also  Meditation. 

TurTiingtc  this  page  we  see  the  thoughtful  face  of  the  Scientist 
in  contrast  with  the  bleared  eyes  of  the  Drunkard,  who  tries  to 
appear  wise,  but  whose  ideas  are  all  befogged.  The  jolly 
Frenchman,  who  is  all  suavity  and  expression,  shrugs  his 
shoulders  and  has  his  own  opinion  about  the  Lover,  who  is 
trying  to  look  his  very  sweetest. 

The  man  who  breaks  down  at  discouragement  and  gives  vent 
to  his  sorrow  in  tears  is  well  represented  by  the  Booby,  who 
contrasts  strongly  with  the  self-poised,  solid  Douglas,  who  was 
always  strongest  when  in  the  midst  of  opposition. 

The  middle  face  on  the  right  clearly  expresses  Fright,  and  is 
quite  unlike  the  Tippler,  who  evidently  has  too  little  sense  to  be 
afraid  of  anything.  The  stern  face  of  The  Judge  indicates  that 
he  is  disposed  to  mete  out  full  punishment  to  law-breakers,  and 
he  will  undoubtedly  do  full  justice  to  the  person  beside  him, 
whose  close-shut  mouth,  rolling  eye,  and  gross  face  plainly 
reveals  Brutality  in  his  character. 


WE  know 
it  is  not 
easy  for  a 
good  face 
to  express 
contempt 
or  aver- 
sion, but 
the  just 
Judge,  in 
his  nat- 
ural calm 
face  of 
probity, 
can  be- 
come so  indignant  at  the  useless 
wrangling  of  attorneys,  and  the 
dishonesty  of  clients,  that  the 
facial  lines  will  express  disgust, 
though  great  effort  is  made  at 
self-control. 


THE  JUDGE. 


:: 


THE  ug- 
ly poise 
of  the 
head, de- 
fiant lip, 
g  1  aring 
eyes,  pro 
t  r  u  d  e  d 
chin,  in- 
d  i  c  a  te 
the  brute 
character 
without 
kindly 
feelingor 
sympathy,  a  savage  in  heart  and 
manners.  Revenge,  hate,  and  all 
malignant  passions  characterize 
this  face.  All  action  in  speak- 
ing depends  upon  the  passions, 
of  which  the  face  is  the  picture. 


BRUTAIilTY. 


LOVE  brightens 
every  face  that 
can  respond  to 
the  pleasing 
emotion.  Like 
8  u  n  s  !i  i  n  e  it 
blesses  those 
who  feel  its 
power. 

A  lover  isone 
who  is  pleased 
and  has  a  pas- 
sion, as  for 
books,  or  any 
favorite  study. 

The  "lover"  is  a  person  who  is 
in  love  with  another  of  the  oppositt- 
sex.  This  amiable,  delightful  emo- 
tion will  give  a  marked  poise  to  the 
head,  good-natured  charm  to  the  lips, 
oi)eu  and  fill  the  eyes  with  a  peculiar 
light,  and  make  the  whole  face  ra- 
diant. Tennyson,  in  his  poem 
"Locksley  Hall"  gives  us  some  lines 
which,  properly  uttered,  bring  the 
countenance  into  suitable  cxpressioL. 


LOVER. 


LAVATER 

says  that  the 
emotions  of 
the  mind  pro- 
duce their  ef- 
fects upon  the 
countenance, 
and  that  the 
face  is  a  mir- 
ror of  the  soul. 
What  is  plant- 
ed in  the  soul 
blossoms  and 
bears  fruit  in 
the  face. 

A  good  face  is  the  sign  of  a  good 
heart,  and  may  be  acquired  by  liab- 
its  of  right  living.  This  face  of  friglit 
is  a  striking  proof  of  the  effect  of 
head-poise,  raising  the  eye-brows, 
opening  the  mouth,  and  "pulling 
up"  the  nose.  Beside  the  face  of 
the  Judge,  or  Shylock,  the  lack  of 
spirit  and  courage  in  this  counte- 
nance is  very  striking.  The  face  and 
the  voice  are  signs  of  character 
which  decide  destiny. 


FRIGHT. 


WITLESS  and 
unsteady  of  gait,  ^ 
the  t  i  ]}  p  1  e  r 
comes  or  goes  as 
aimless  as  use- 
less. His  face 
expresses  ir- 
resolution and 
silliness. 

He  is  in  the 
excessive  use  of 
liquor,  without 
absolute  drunk-  _  _       „ 

enness.     When  TIPPLER, 

reproved  for  his  excesses,  he  always 
promises  to  reform,  but  has  not  the 
power  to  do  so. 

Rip  Van  Winkle  was  always  say- 
ing— "  But  I  stops  now;  I  drinks  no 
more;  if  anybody  ask  me  to  drink, 
I'll  say  to  dem,  'Here's  your  good 
health,  and  your  family's  good  health, 
and  may  yon  all  live  long  and  pros- 
per.'" And  then  he  drinks  all  the 
same.  We  should  knon\  without 
feetitigy  how  others  are  undone. 


;(>- 


? 


236 


TYPES    OF    PEOPLE    HAVING    DISTINCT    PECULIARITIES. 


@=!-$S>/^.< 


FACIAL  EXPRESSION  t  CHARACTER-ACTING,    t 


^¥-y  — 


^r 


^y 


Showing  Nationality  and  Peculiar  Types  of  People. 


WELL-KNOWN  actor  in  the  sphere  of  comedy  is 
John  G.  Whitfield,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  his  special 
ties  consisting  of  short  recitations  and  represen- 
tations of  national  and 


JOHN  G. 

Comeiiian,  Humori^ 


individual  characteris- 
tics. With  a  face 
which  he  has  trained 
to  assume  almost  any 
expression,  and  hair 
of  sufficient  length  to  be  immediately 
used  to  assist  in  any  representa- 
tion, he  can  so  change  his  physiog- 
nomy in  a  few  seconds  —  from  Yankee 
to  German,  from  Jew  to  Irishman, 
from  man  to  woman,  from  young  to 
old»  or  from  sadness  to  mirth — as  to 
excite  surprise  and  laughter  on  the  part 
of  every  beholder.  Realizing  that  he  is 
in  facial  expression,  truthful  acting  and 
elocutionary  power,  one  of  the  best  char- 
acter-actors before  the  public,  we  repro- 
duce for  the  edification  of  our  readers 
some  of  the  postures  and  characters 
which  he  illustrates.  His  life-history, 
in  which  he  has  received  his  training,  is 
briefly  outlined  in  the  following: 

In  Pontiac,  Mich.,  he  was  born  July  5, 
1849.  At  the  age  of  three  years,  through 
the  death  of  his  parents,  be  was  taken  to 

the  home  of  an  aunt  in  Lapeer  county,  where  he  remained  till  he  was 
six  years  old,  when,  disagreement  arising,  he  left  to  seek  bis  fortune  in 
.  the  great  world,  among  his  first  labors  being  ^:-t:$« 
that  of  newsboy  on  the  Detroit  ^ree  Press,'  )L 
thence  he  sojourned  in  the  family  of  Mr.  : 
Crawford,  a  blacksmith  at  Romeo,  Mich., 
where  he  had  good  school  advantages,  and 
there  remained  until  he  went  into  the  Union 
service  soon  after  the  opening  of  the  war. 
With  dramatic  longings  he  drifted  to  the 
stage,  and  made  his  first  appearance  at 
Parker's  theatre,  Alexandria,  Va. ,  in  18()3,  as 
a  colored  member  of  the  "Octoroon,'"  suc- 
ceeding which  he  became  a  member  of  the 
burlesque  troupe  of  the  *'  Seven  Sisters," 
taking  a  minor  part  at  the  small  salary  of 
three  dollars  a  week.  To  trace  his  wander- 
ings since  then,  during  whicli  lime  he  has  )( 
been  almost  constantly  on  the  stage  as  negro, 
Dutch  or  Irish  comedian,  Swiss  bell-ringer 
or  character-actor,  would  make  a  lengthy  narrative,  his  travels  during 
thifl  period  extending  from  the  Pacific  slope  to  the  Atlantic  States 
and  from  Canada  to  the  West  Indies.  Having  had  experience  in 
the  personation  of  many  characters  he  conceived  the  idea  of  com* 


,QOO0 

^»^ 

1 

-ooOOff 
(> 
() 

1 

Pi||lj|tf 

^     fl8| 

^ 

Hk 

PP 

5^ 

1 

r 

^  •^'-'.i 

*.ir^S^ 

'"^ 

i; 

!&e*» 

-loooft 

bining  them  in  a  single  entertainment,  and  instead  of  elaborate  dress 
for  each  he  makes  a  cap,  shawl,  fan,  eye-glasses,  whiskers,  a  bat- 
tered hat,  and  his  hair,  with  the  aid  of  his  wonderful  facial  muscle, 
serve  bis  purpose,  the  transformations 
from  one  character  to  another  being 
made  in  a  second  in  presence  of  the 
audience. 

The  incidents  of  his  entertainment 
and  travels  are  many.  On  one  occasion 
a  gentleman  in  the  audience  in  Cleve- 
land went  into  convulsions  from 
laughter,  and  had  to  be  carried  home. 

At  another  time,  while  playing  an  en- 
gagement in   Salt    Lake   City,  Utah,  as 
he  was  returning  to  his  hotel  after  the 
performance,  he  met  a  parly  of  roughs, 
who  were  about  to  rob  him  of  his  valu- 
ables.    There   were   seven  or  eight  of 
them  in  the  gang.     He  saw  at  a  glance 
that  it  would  be  useless  to  show  fight, 
so  he  beat  a  hasty  retreat.      The  roughs 
gave  chase.      Mr.  Whitfield  was  a  few 
yards  ahead,  so   ho   darted   around   the 
corner,  changed   the   expression   of  his 
face  to  that  of  an  old  man,   and,  turn- 
ing   quickly   around,  walked    leisurely 
back  toward  the  pursuing  party,  passed 
them    unrecognized,    and    went    unmo- 
lested to  his  hotel. 
When  not  on  the  stage,  Mr.  Whitfield  spends  much  of  his  time  in 
tudying  the  dialects,  habits  and  peculiarities  of  different  nationali- 
ties, and  the  other  characters   he  imitates; 
fj\  and  to  this  careful,  painstaking  study  may  be 
•    attributed  much  of  his  success.     The  follow- 
ing   illustrations,    representing   various   na- 
tionalities and  types  of  people,  are  among  the 
many  which  be  personifies  during  an  enter- 
tainment. 


WHITFIELD. 

it  and  'J}»aracter-Actor. 


t 


-*^ 


WHITFIELD  as  "Mother  Pitkin." 


Old  Mother  Pitkin  Tells  the  News. 

**WcH,   Mrs.    Smith,    I    s'pose  you  hain't 
heard  the  news?" 

"  Lii,  nt)!     Wliat  on  airth  is  it?'* 
"  You  recollect  Seth  Slope  that  used  to  be 
about  here?" 

"Yes:  well,  \\iiiit  al)out  him?" 
"  You  know  he  went  on  a  whalin'  voyage?  " 
"Yes." 

"  Well,  it  appears  from  an  advertisement  in  the  paper  that  lie  was 
settin'  on  the  starn  of  the  vessel,  when  the  vessel  give  a  lee  lurch, 
and  ho  was  sent  overboard  and  drowned,  and  hain't  written  to  hia 
friends  since.      Oh,  dear  I  it's  dreadful  to  think  on.      Poor  critturl 


=^l 


I 


? 


tMOCULIAK    CIliUiACTKRISTIOS    OK    CP:iiTAIN    rKOl'LK. 


he  was  sich  a  good-natured,  clever  soul.  I  recollect  when  he  was 
about  here,  how  he  use  to  come  in  the  house  and  set  down,  and  get 
up  and  go  out.  Then  he'd  go  down  to  the  I)arn,  and  throw  some  hay 
to  the  critters,  and  then  he'd  come  in  the  houye  agin,  and  git  up  and 
go  out,  and  go  down  to  the  Ptore  and  git  a  jug  of  rum,  and  sometimes 
he'd  talic  a  leetle  sucli  on't  himself.  But  lor  souls!  I  never  cared 
uothin'  at  all  al>out  that.  Good,  clever  crittur!  Then  arter  he'd 
come  back  with  the  rum,  he'd  ait  down  a  little  while,  and  git  up  and 


go  out  and  pick  up  chips,  and  drive  the  hogs  ont  of  the  garden:  and 
then  he'd  come  in  the  house,  and  go  in  the  but'ry  and  drink,  and  then 
he'd  come  out  and  kick  over  the  swill-puil,  and  set  down  and  stick 
his  feet  over  the  mantel-piece,  and  whittle  all  over  the  harth,  and 
spit  tobacco-juice  and  blow  his  nose  all  over  the  carpet,  and  make 
himself  so  8oci.able!  And  poor  fellcrl  now  he's  gone!  Oh,  dear! 
Well,  Mrs.  Smith,  it  goes  to  show  that  we  are  all  accountable 
critturs!" 


WHITFIELD  as  ''Levi  Solomons." 

{With  peculiar  shimg  of  shoulder.) 

Oscoose  me,  mine  frent.  My  name  is  Levi  Solomons,  and  I  am  a 
pceshniss  man,  and  I  vork  on  peeshuiss  brincibles.  I  keepsh  a 
cioding  shtore,  and  I  sell  efery  artikel  for  de  lowesht  prishe.  I  can 
sell  de  best  snshpenders  in  de  market,  all  vool  and  a  yart  vide, 
stresh  a  helf  a  mile  and  never  rip;  and  I  sell  you  a  pair  for  a  helf  a 
tollar.  Dond  you  vand  some  cloding  to-day?  I  sell  you  der  best 
coat  in  de  market — a  sblendit  vit  for  de  shendleman.  It  makes  yon 
look  shut-t  like  von  Bismark.  So  helb  me  kracious,  sir,  dot  garment 
coi?ht  me  twendy  toUars.  You  dake  it  for  ten — nine — eight — 
come,  how  much  you  gif  me?  You  no  vant  de  coat?  Come,  I  tell 
you  vonce,  de  lowesht  vat  I  vill  dook  is  sefen  tollars.  Y'ou  dond 
dake  it?  Veil,  have  it  for  six.  I  lose  fourteen  tollars  on  dot  coat, 
so  helb  me  Moses.  Rachel!  {Calls  to  his  wife.)  Take  in  de  ofer- 
coats — de  four  o'clock  loafers  ish  comiu.  Ef  ye  vant  enuyting  else 
in  my  line,  shust  call  aroun.      Goot  efening! 


WHITFIELD  as  ''Dennis  O'Brien." 

(  With  North  of  Ireland  dialect.) 

As  I  was  walken  down  the  strate  this  mornen  I  met  Tommy  Mulli- 
gan down  on  the  corner.  Ye  say.  Tommy  an  Oi  were  out  to  a 
champoon  supper  the  other  noight,  an'  taulk  aboot  shtyle! — ye  never 
saw  the  loikes  uv  it.  Thay  had  a  programme  aboot  two  fate  long,  wid 
all  the  delicacies  uv  the  sasun.  Hoigh-tone  was  no  name  fur  it.  The 
names  would  brake  yer  jaw  if  ye  thried  to  spake  thim.  They  had 
three  koinds  uv  poi — ramberry,  cramberry  and  jamberrypoi;  an' 
they  had  catchup  tarts,  but  the  tarts  wur  all  catchM  up  afore  I  got 
there;  an"  they  had  fore  koinds  uv  soop — noodle,  boodle,  skoi- 
hoodle  and  bumble-bee  soop;  and  the  bumble-bee  was  stingiti' 
good.  An'  all  the  big  buys  uv  the  counthry  wur  there.  Gineral 
Mooligan  and  Kurnol  O'Conner  was  there.  An'  shtyle,  ye  niver 
saw  the  loikes'uv  it!  Yees  will  have  to  excuse  me.  Oi  have  an 
appointment  to  mate  Gineral  Soollivan  down  here,  to  play  a  game  of 
fufthy-foive,  an'  by  the  powers  Oi'U  bate  him! 


.A- 


M 


^ 


■t 


23S 


ILLUSTRATIONS   OF   THE    YANKEE    AND   THE   DUTCHMAN. 


? 


"OUR  YANKEE  COUSIN 

Good-evening,  folks,  how  are  ye?  T  s'pose  you  don't  'zackly  know 
who  I  be.  Well,  I'll  tell  ye.  My  name  is  Elijah  Ho  Diket  Peeler 
Pancake,  Esquire,  Junior,  the  Second.  I  was  born,  hauled  out,  and 
dragged  up  in  Pumpkin  County,  Vermont.  I  am  a  whole  team — a 
boss  to  let  and  a  dog  under  the  wagon,  and  candidate  for  Postmaster 
in  Hardscrabble  township;  and  old  man  Scroggins  thinks  I'll  be 
elected. 

You  see,  I  lived  on  a  farm  with  dad  till  I  was  twenty-one,  and  then 
I  told  dad  I  wanted  to  go  to  New  York  City  and  see  the  sights.  Well, 
you  see,  I  had  no  money,  so  dad  told  me  to  hitch  up  our  old  team 
and  take  a  load  of  pumpkins  to  town — sell  them,  and  do  what  I  was  a 
mind  tew  with  the  money. 

Well,  that  just  suited  me,  for  I  wanted  to  go  down  to  the  village 
before  I  went  to  New  York  to  see  the  sights. 

You  see,  I  wanted  to  go  down  to  the  village  of  SkiUsterville,  because 


^*- 


I  went  down  back  of  the  barn  and  I  hitched  up  our  young  team — the 
brindle  steers. 

Then  I  went  down  in  the  back  lot  and  put  on  one  of  the  darndest, 
biggest  loads  of  pumpkins  you  ever  see  put  on  a  lumber-wagon. 
Well,  I  cut  a  big  fourteen-foot  black  gad.  I  dumb  up  on  that  load  of 
pumpkins  and  started  for  town. 

Well,  everything  went  first-rate  till  I  got  in  the  edge  of  the  village. 
I  went  to  drive  across  the  railroad  track,  and  just  then  them  steam- 
cars  came  along  and  screeched  out,  and  you  had  ought  to  see  them 
oxen.  Why,  that  off  ox,  when  he  heard  that  steam-concern  screech, 
he  just  commenced  to  rear  and  tear,  right  in  the  harness,  and  he 
jumped  more  than  four  foot  right  off  the  ground;  but  that  nigh  ox, 
with  one  blind  eye — darn  him,  anyhow — why,  when  he  heard  that 
concern  toot — he  just  squatted  right  down  like  a  darn  fool.  Well,  I 
knew  I'd  have  to  do  something  pretty  considerable  all-fired  quick ;  so 


■-*->>$•«' 


T 

V.i/ 


Wi^ 


i"<-*- 


1^ 


"•*-)>^' 


WHITFIELD  as  "Our  Vaiikoe  Cousin. 


WHITFIELD  as  "  II mis  Sclililidt.' 


my  gal  lived  down  thar,  and  I  wanted  to  hid  her  good-by  before  going 
to  New  York  City  to  see  the  sights. 

You  see,  I  used  to  Bpark  Sal  Scroggins  for  two  years.  I  took  her 
tew  spellin'-school  and  to  Bingin' -school.  Now,  one  winter,  I  paid 
out  more  than  two  shillingP  for  singin*  lessons,  and  then  the  ne.Kt 
summer  I  took  her  to  IJarnum's  Circus  to  sec  the  old  clown,  and  I 
ppent  fifteen  cents  for  peanuts,  and  I  have  come  to  the  epontaneous 
conclusion  that  these  gals  are  getting  to  be  all-fired  expensive. 

Well,  dad  wanted  me  to  hitch  up  the  old  team  to  take  the  pump- 
kins to  town;  but  lie  couldn't  come  none  vf  his  old  teams  on  me:  so 


I  just  hauled  up  and  give  that  old  nigh  ox  one  clip.  You  had  ought  to 
see  him  git;  and  about  the  time  that  nigh  ox  got  up,  the  tail  end- 
board  got  out  of  my  wagon.  Well,  I  made  one  jump  for  the  front 
endboard  and  I  missed  it,  and  I'll  be  teetotjilly  gumsquaddled  if  I 
didn't  go  out  pretty  considerably,  gol  darncdly,  well-scattered  around 
on  the  ground  myself. 

Well,  I  got  up  and  looked  around,  and  if  there  didn*t  stand  Josiah 
Scroggins's  oldest  chirter  Sal,  looking  right  square  at  me  I  I  felt  so 
blame  streaked  wlu-n  I  see  Sal  that  my  heart  come  right  up  out  of  my 
throat  and  slid  rii'Iit  <>lT  oti  my  "iisjii'iiders  ! 


J 


BASIIKUL   TIMIDITY    ANU    SELF-ASSUKANCE   ILLUSTKATEU. 


2:v.i 


HANSSCHMIOrS  MISTAKE. 

nans  Schmidt,  tlii^  DiiU  liiii;in,  iiiaUcN  ii  iiltlc  inistiike,  as  written 
by  Chai'les  Francis  Adams,  and  portrayed  in  character  by  Wliitlichi. 

I  gccjjs  me  von  leetlc  schtore  town  Proadway,  nnd  does  a  pooty 
^oot  peesnis,  bnt  I  ton't  got  mooch  gapital  to  vork  mit,  go  i  finds  id 
hard  vork  to  get  me  all  dcr  gredits  vot  I  voiild  like.  Last  veek  I  hear 
aboud  some  goots  dot  a  barty  vas  going  to  sell  pooty  sheap,  nnd  so  I 
writes  dot  man  if  he  vould  gief  me  der  refusal  of  dose  goots  for  a 
gouple  of  days.  He  gafe  me  der  refusal — dot  is,  he  salt  I  goiildri't 
haf  deni — but  he  salt  he  vould  gall  on  me  and  see  mine  schtore,  uiid 
den  if  mine  schtanding  in  peesnis  vas  gool,  berhaps  ve  might  do 
somedings  togedder.  Veil,  I  vas  behint  mine  gounter  yesterday, 
yen  a  shentleman  gomes  in  nnd  dakes  me  pyderhantund  say:  "Mr. 
Schmidt,  I  pelieve. "  I  says  "  Yaw,"  und  den  I  dinks  to  mineself, 
dis  vas  der  man  vot  has  dose  goots  to  sell,  und  I  musd  dry  to  make 
some  goot  imbressions  mit  him,  so  ve  gould  do  some  peesnis.  "Dis 
vas  goot  schtore,"  he  says,  looking  roundt;  "but  yon  don't  got  a 
pooty  pig  schtock  already."     I  vas  avraid  to  let  him  know  dot  I  only 


hat  'bout  a  tousand  tollars  vort  of  goots  in  derblace,  80 1  says:  "You 
ton't  vould  dink  I  hat  more  as  dree  tousand  tollars  In  dls  leetle 
schtore,  ain't  idV"  He  says;  "You  ton't  tole  me!  Vos  dot  bos- 
siblel"  I  says:  "Yaw."  I  meant  dot  it  van  Oossllile,  dough  It 
vasn't  so,  vor  I  vas  like  Shorge  Vashingtons  ven  he  cut  town  der 
"old  elm"  on  Poston  Gommons  mit  his  leedie  hadchet,  und  gouldn't 
dell  some  lies  aboud  id. 

"Veil,"  says  der  shentleman,  "I  dinks  you  ought  to  know  petter 
as  anypody  else  vot  you  haf  got  in  der  schtore."  Und  den  he  takes 
a  pig  l)ook  vrom  under  his  arm  und  say:  "Veil,  I  pools  you  town  vor 
dree  tousand  tollars. "  I  ask  bira  vot  he  means  py  "  poots  me  town," 
nnd  den  he  says  he  vos  von  oU  der  dax-men,  or  assessors  of!  brop- 
erty,  nnd  he  tank  me  so  kinlly  as  nefer  vos,  pecause  he  say  I  vos 
Booch  an  honest  Deutscher,  und  didn'  I  dry  nnd  sheat  der  gofcrmants. 
I  dells  you  vot  it  vos,  I  tidn't  veel  any  more  petter  as  a  hundred  ber 
cent,  ven  dot  man  valks  oudt  of  mine  schtore,  und  dcr  ncxd  dime  I 
makes  free  mit  sdrangers  I  vinds  first  dcir  peesnis  oudt. 


^■p^C^s^^- 


WHITFIELD  as  the  "Silly  Boy 


WHITFIELD  as  the  "  English  Snell. 


i 


"You  don't  know  who  I  is!  I'm  my  ma's  pet — I  is.  Ma  told  me  to 
tell  you,  that  if  you  wanted  to  play  with  me  you  must  be  careful  not 
to  scare  me,  cos  ma  thinks  I've  got  the  heart-disease.  When  Vm 
home  I  do  as  I  please,  and  my  ma  doesn't  whip  me,  neither;  cos 
when  ma  goes  to  lick  me  I  have  ^fits—I  do.  When  I  was  a  little  baby 
the  girls  used  to  come  down  to  our  house  and  borrow  me  to  play  with. 
1  wish  they  would  borrow  me  ?iow/  1  goes  to  school  every  day,  an'  I'm 
always  to  the  head  of  my  class  in  school,  cos  there  aint  no  one  but 
me  in  the  class  now.  My  brother  John  is  older  nor  I  be,  an'  John 
use  to  sleep  with  me  {scratching);  he  don't  sleep  with  me  now,  cos 
he  saya  I'm  nervous.      I've  got  to  go  home  now;  good-by." 


By  Jove  !  aw — I  was  out  last  evening,  and  had  a  weal  clever  time— 
I  did  I  assure  you,  ha,  ha,  ha!  A  young  friend  of  mine,  by  the  name 
of  Arry,  and  Arry,  he,  ha,  ha,  ha — he  was  so  bashful,  ha,  ha,  ha,  ha, 
that  ha,  ha,  he,  he,  ha — that  I  thought  I  would  have  to  laugh — ha,  ha, 
b;i,  ha 


*■'  Any  fellah  feelth  nervouth  when  he  knowth  he'th  going  to  make 
an  ath  of  himthelf. " 

*'  That's  vewy  twue, — I — I've  often  thed  tho  before.  But  the  fact 
is,  evewy  fellah  dothn't  make  an  ath  of  himthelf,  at  least  not  quite 
such  an  ath  as  I've  done  in  my  time.      I — don't  mind  tellins:  you.  but 


— <); 


■:(> — 


240 


MANY    WORDS,   GREAT   NOISE   AND    LITTLE    SAID, 


'pon  my  word  now, — I — I've  made  an  awful  ath  of  mythelf 
on  thorae  occathions.  You  don't  believe  it  now, — do  you?  I — 
thought  you  wouldn't — but  I  have  now — weatly.  Particularly  with 
wegard  to  women. 

"To  tell  the  tvvuth,  that  is  my  weakneth, — I  s'pose  I'm  what  they 
call  a  ladies'  man. 

I  wanted  to  tell  you  of  one  successful  advenchaw  I  had,— at  least, 
when  I  say  successful,  I  mean  it  would  have  been  as  far  as  /  was 
concerned, — but,  of  course,  wlien  two  people  are  engaged — or 
wather — when  one  of 'em  wants  to  be  engaged,  one  fellah  by  himthelf 
can't  engage  that  he'll  engage  the  affections  that  are  otherwise 
engaged.  By  the  way,  what  a  lot  of  'gages  that  was  in  one  then- 
tence,  and  yet — it  seems  quite  fruitless.  Come,  that's  pwetty  smart, 
that  is — for  me. 

Well,  as  I  was  saying, — I  mean,  as  I  meant  to  have  said, — when  I 
was  stopping  down  at  Wockingham,  with  the  Widleys,  last  autumn, 
there  was  a  mons'nus  jolly  girl  staying  there  too.  I  don't  mean  tivo 
girls,  you  know — only—only  one  girl —  But  stop  a  minute, — is  that 
right?     How   could  one  girl  be  stopping  there  (wof     What  doosid 

queer  expressions  there  are  in  the   English   language! Stopping 

there  too!  It's  vewy  odd  / — I'll  swear  there  was  only  one  girl, — at 
least,  the  one  that  /  mean  was  only  one — if  she'd  been  two,  of  course, 
I  should  have  known  it — let  me  see  now,  one  is  singular,  and  two  is 
plural, — well,  you  know,  she  was  a  singular  girl — and  she — was  one 
too  many  for  me.  Ah,  I  see  now, — that  accounts  for  it, — one  two 
many — of  course — I  kne^v  there  was  a 
two  somewhere. 


But,  as  I  was  saying,  these  picture  pwoverbs  were  all  hung  up  in 
our  nursery,  and  a  more  uncomfortable  set  of  makthims — you  never 
wead.  For  instance,  there  was  one  vewy  nonthensical  pwoverb 
which  says: 

"a    B-BIRD    in    the    hand    18    WORTH    TWO    IN    THE    BUSH." 

Th-the  man  who  invented  that  pwoverb  must  have  been  a  b-bom 
idiot.  How  the  dooth  can  he  t-tell  the  welative  v  value  of  poultry  in 
that  pwomitbcuous  manner?  Suppothe  I've  got  a  wobbing  wed- 
bweast  in  my  hand— (I  nearly  had  the  other  morning— but  he  flew 
away — confound  him!) — well — suppothe  the  two  birds  in  the  bush 
are  a  bwace  of  partwidges — you — you  don't  mean  to  t-tell  me  that 
that  wobbin  wed-bweast  would  fetch  as  m-much  as  a  bwace  of 
partwidges?  Abihard!  P-poor  Richard  can't  gammon  me  in  that 
sort  of  way. 


A  fellah  once  told  me  that  another 
fellah  wrote  a  book  before  he  was  born 
— I  mean  before  the  first  fellah  was 
born  (of  course  the  fellah  who  wrote  it 
must  have  been  born,  else,  how  could 
he  have  written  it?) — that  is,  a  long 
time  ago — to  pwove  that  a  whole  lot  of 
of  pwoverbs  and  things  that  fellahs  are 
in  the  habit  of  quoting  were  all  non- 
sense. 

I  should  vewy  much  like  to  get  that 
book.  I — I  think  if  I  could  get  it  at 
one  of  those  spherical — no — globular 
— no,  that's  not  the  word — circle — cir- 
cular— yes,  that's  it — drculatingWh'Wii- 
wies  (I  knew  it  was  soinething  that 
went  round) — I  think  if  I  could  just 
borrow  that  book  from  a  circulating 
libwawy — I'd — yes,  upon  my  word  now 
— I'd  twy  and  wcad  it.  A  doothed  good 
sort  of  book  that,  I'm  sure.  I — I 
always  did  hate  pwoverbs.  In  the  first 
place  they,  they're  so  howwibly  con- 
fusing— I — I  always  mix  'em  up  to- 
gether— somehow,  when  I  twy  to  weckoraember  them.  And  besides, 
if  evewy  fellah  was  to  wegiilate  his  life  by  a  lot  of  pwoverbs,  what — 
what  a  beathtly  sort  of  uncomfortable  life  he  would  lead! 

I  remolect — I  mean  remember — when  I  was  quite  a  little  fellah 
— in  pinafores — and  liked  wasbewwy-jam  and — and  a  lot  of  howwid 
things  for  tea — there  was  a  sort  of  collection  of  illustwated  pwoverbs 
hanging  up  in  our  nursery  at  home.  They  belonged  to  our  old  nurse 
— Sarah — I  think — and  she  had  'em  fwamed  and  glazed.  *'  Poor 
Richard's,"  I  think  she  called  'em — and  she  used  to  say — poor  dear — 
that  if  evewy  fellah  attended  to  cvewything  Poor  Richard  wote,  that 
he'd  get  vewy  wich,  and  1-live  and  die — happy  ever  after.  However 
— it — it's  vewy  clear  to  me  that — he  couldn't  have  attended  to  them 
— himself,  else,  how  did  the  fellah  come  to  be  called  Poor  Richard? 
I — I  hate  a  fellah  that  pwcaches  what  he  doesn't  pwactice.  Of  courtli, 
if  what  he  said  was  twue,  and  he'd  8tnck  to  it — he — he'd  have  been 
railed — Rich  Richard — Stop  a  minute — how's  that?  Rich  Richard  I 
Why  that  would  have  been  too  rich.  Pwaps  that's  the  reason  he 
pwefcrred  being  Poor.      How  vewy  wich! 


WHITFIELD  as  **Parson  Skinner 


Parson  Skinner's  Sarmon  to  fhe  Skilleitvillers. 

My  breethering,  I  am  a  plain-spoken  preacher.  You  hev  called 
me  fur  till  preach  onto  you,  and  I  shill  preach  with  a  vengeance,  and 
also  with  a  determination  to  wake  you  to  a  realizin'  sense  of  your 
duty. 

My  breethering,  the  question  arises,  why  did  you  call  me  to  be  your 
preacher?  How  did  it  come  to  pass  that  you  called  me  fur  till  speak 
fiery  words  onto  you?  I  reckon  some  of  you  had  heerd  me  preach  at 
Bolivartown  and  also  at  Biggertown  and  you  arriv  at  the  conclusion 
that  you  couldn't  hev  done  any  bet- 
ter than  to  call  upon  me  to  come 
and  pour  down  the  truth  upon  you. 
And  you  couldn't  hev  done  any 
better  either,  fur  I  will  stand  before 
you  and  urge  you  on  to  do  your  whole 
duty,  and  I  will  pour  my  burnin' 
eloquence  upon  you,  hevin'  in  view  the 
welfare  of  the  whole  community. 

My  breethering,  you  live  in  Skillett- 
ville,  that  is,  a  consid'able  portion  of 
you  do.  Some  of  you  are  from  the  val- 
leys and  the  hills  around  Skillettville, 
but  you  shill  ail  be  t^iken  as  one  whole 
— you  shill  all  be  called  Skilletvillers 
in  my  addresses  unto  you. 

Now,  Skillettvillers,  what  are  you 
doin'  at  the  present  time?  Are  you 
endeavorin'  fur  till  do  your  duty?  As 
far  as  my  observation  goes  I  should  say 
you  ain't.  The  hour  has  come,  Skillett- 
villers, when  it  devolves  upon  every 
man  to  do  his  duty;  the  hour  has  come 
when  every  man  should  fly  to  the 
wheel,  as  it  were,  and  prepare  to 
obey  the  orders  which  at  any  mo- 
ment may  come  crashin'  along  the  line: 
the  hour  has  come  when  every  man  and  woman,  boy  and  girl,  should 
slioiilder  his  or  her  gun  and  stand  ready  to  fire.  My  breethering, 
are  you  standin'  ready  and  waitin'  fur  any  occasion  which  may  sud- 
denly roll  over  upon  you?  Have  you  shouldered  your  gun,  and  are 
you  standin'  ready  fur  till  tire? 

My  breethering,  some  preachers  commence  to  preach  and  they  have 
no  te.v'  whereupon  to  found  their  remarks;  they  jest  commence  and 
whack  away  without  thinkin'  about  a  tex',  and  as  a  general  thing 
them  preachers  which  preach  in  that  way  pour  out  as  good  sartnons 
and  as  sound  reasonin'  as  tliem  which  take  a  tex'  and  stick  to  it  with 
great  pertinacity.  Some  preachers  are  in  favor  of  a  tex'  and  sonie 
go  agin  it.  Fur  my  part,  I  think  some  sarmons  should  hev  a  tex'  and 
some  shouldn't.  This  is  my  first  sarmon  to  you,  iiud  it  sliall  hev  a 
tex',  and  the  tex'  shall  be  in  these  words: 

*'  And  T/ou  ought  fur  till  take  a  plow  and  plow  deep  and  plow  long, 
and  you  ought  fur  till  sow  goodseed,  and  you  ought  fur  till  hnrrer 
your  ground  with  great  fierceness.  And  when  you  hev  done  all  this 
yon  kin  expert  to  reap  a  whillakin''  harvest.     Thafs  so  f" 


— nxo:- 


^.^ 


WHITFIELU    AS    TME    BLLtSllIMi    MAIUEN    AND    THE    OLD    MAID. 


241 


? 


AUNT  JERUSHA  ON  WOMAN'S  RIGHTS. 


Aunt  .Icru^ha  Priinrone  gives  her  opuiioii  as  follows  on  the  subject 
of  w'orniin's  rights: 

'•My  hearers — male  and  female — Sqiienchiir  my  native  modesty, 
which  is  natural  to  all  iiv  the  vessels  uv 
whom  I  am  whicli,  I  feel  impelled  to  speak 
to  yoo  this  evenin'  on  the  subji*ck  uv 
woman — her  drij^in,  her  mission,  licr  des- 
tiny— a  subjeck,  hein'  ez  I  :im  a  woman 
myself,  I  hev  given  much  attention  to. 

Man,  my  hearery,  claims  to  be  the  soo- 
perior  uv  woman!  Is  it  so?  and  ef  so.  in 
what,  and  how  much?  Wuz  he  the  fust 
creation?  He  wuz,  my  hearers;  but  what 
does  Ihat  prove?  Man  wuz  made  fust,  hut 
the  experience  gained  in  miikin'  man  wuz 
appliL'd  to  the  nuikin'  uv  a  buttcrer  or  a 
morefinerer  bein',  uv  whom  I  am  a  sample. 
Nacher  made  man,  hut  eaw  in  a  biief 
space  uv  time  that  he  cooddent  take  care 
uv  hisself  alone,  and  so  he  made  a  woman 
to  take  care  nv  him.  and  that's  why  we 
wuz  created,  though  seein'  all  the  trouble 
we  hev  I  don't  doubt  that  it  would  hev 
been  money  in  our  poekiits  ef  we  hedn't 
been  made  at  all. 

Imagine,  my  auliqtiated  sisters,  Adam 
afore  Eve  wuz  made  I  Wlio  sewed  on  his 
shirl-hutlons?  Who  cooked  his  beefsteak? 
Who  madi*  his  coffee  in  the  mornin'  and  did 

his  washin'?  He  wuz  mizable — he  wuz — he  must  hev  boarded  out 
and  eat  hash!  But  when  Eve  come  the  scene  changed.  Her  gentle 
hand  soothed  his  akin  brow  when  he  come  in  from  a  hard  day's 
work.  She  hed  his  liousc  in  order.  She  hed  his  slippers  and 
drcssin'-gown  ready,  and  after  tea  lie 
smoked  his  meerschaum  in  peace. 

Men,  cruel,  hard,  bard-hearted  men,  as- 
sert that  Eve  wuz  the  cause  uv  his  expul- 
sion from  Eden — that  she  plucked  the 
apple  and  give  him  half;  oh,  my  sisters, 
it's  true!  it's  too  true,  but  what  uv  it?  It 
proves,  fustly,  her  goodness.  Hed  Adam 
plucked  the  apple,  ef  it  hed  bin  a  good  one, 
he'd  never  thought  uv  his  wife  at  home,  but 
would  hev  gobbled  it  all.  Eve,  angel  that 
we  all  are,  thought  uv  him,  and  went 
havers  with  him.  Secondly,  it  wuz  the 
means  uv  good,  anyhow.  It  interdoost 
death  into  the  world,  which  separated  'em 
while  they  still  hed  love  for  each  other. 
I  appeal  to  the  sterner  sex  present  to-night. 
WiMild  you,  oh  would  you  desire  for 
immortality,  onless,  indeed,  you  lived  in 
Injeany,  where  you  could  git  divorces  and 
change  your  names  wunst  in  ten  or  fifteen 
years?  S'pose'n  all  uv  you  hed  bin 
fortunate  enough  to  win  sich  virgin  souls 
ez  me,  could  you  endure  charms  like  mine 
for  a  eternity?  Methinks  not.  I  know 
thai  ef  I  hed  a  husband  he  would  bless 
Eve  for  interdoosin'  death  into  the  world. 

I  progress.  Woman,  then,  is  man's  ekal,  but  is  she  okkepyin'  her 
pinper  speer?  Alas  not:  we  are  deprived  uv  the.  ballot,  and  ain't 
allowed  to  make  stump  speeches  or  take  part  in  politix.  Is  it 
right?  True,  we  ain't  ez  yit  learned  in  these  matters,  but  what  uv 
that?  How  many  men  vote  who  know  what  they're  votin'  for,  and 
bow  many  stump  speakers  know  what  they're  talkin'  about?  I 
demand  the  ballot.  I  want  to  be  a  torch- light  procession.  I  want 
to  sit  in  Congris  among  the  other'old  grann.ies.      I  want   to  demon- 


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oooOTO 

WHITFIELD  as  ^'■Auiit  Jeruslia 


strate  my  Illness  for  governin'  by  comin'  home  elevated  on  'leck^hnn 
nights.  I  want  to  assoom  that  epeer  which  nacher  fitted  me  for 
ekally  witb  man,  but  from  which  maskellne  jealousy  hez  thus  far 
excluded  me.  Don't  say  we  are  weak  and 
frivolusl  Weakl  why  I  wunst  know'd  a 
female  friend  uv  mine  who  hed  ntrength 
reglerly  to  carry  her  husband,  who  weighed 
200  pounds  averdupois,  into  the  house 
every  night,  after  he  was  lifted  off  from  a 
dray  onto  which  his  friends,  wbich  conid 
stand  more  fluids  than  he  could,  hed  depo.s- 
ited  him.  Many  a  time  I've  seed  her  lift 
that  barrel  uv  whiskey  with  a  man  outside 
uv  it. 

Ez  I  heard  some  wicked  boys  who  wuz  a 
playin'  cards  say,  I  pass. 

Matrimony,  thus  far  in  the  world's  his- 
tory, hez  bin  our  only  destiny.  I  am  glad 
I  hed  alius  strength  uv  mind  enough  t<> 
resist  all  propositions  lookin"  to  my  en- 
slavement. I  hed  too  much  respeck  for 
myself  to  make  myself  the  slave  uv  a  man. 
Wunst,  indeed,  I  might  hev  done  so,  but 
the  merest  accident  in  the  world  saved  me. 
A  young  man,  in  my  younger  days,  when 
the  bloom  was  on  the  peach,  ere  sleepless 
nights  spent  in  meditatin'  the  wrongs  uv 
my  sex  hed  worn  furrows  into  these  wunst 
blushin*  cheeks,  a  young  man  come  to  (nir 
house  and  conversed  sweetly  with  me.  It  was  my  r'ust  bean;  and  oh, 
my  sisters,  hed  he  that  night  asked  me  to  be  his'n  I  should  bev  bin 
weak  enough  to  hev  sed  yes,  and  I  would  hev  bin  a  washer  uv  dishes 
and  a  mender  uv  stockins  for  life.  But  fate  saved  me.  HE  DIDN'T 
ASK  ME — that  night  nor  never  afterwards 
— ai^d,  hallelujy!  I'm  free!  " 


WHITFIELD  as  ^*Sal  Scroggiiis. 


Sal  Scroggins  Visits  the  City. 

Good  evening,  folkse:^,  Perliaps  you 
don't  know  -me.  My  name  is  Sal  Scrog- 
gins. I  live  down  at  the  Four  Corners.  Pa 
was  coming  down  to  the  village  to-day  with 
a  load  of  hay,  so  I  thought  I  would  jump  on 
and  run  down  and  spend  the  day  with 
Minnie.  You  see  Minnie  Spilkins  is  a 
cousin  of  mine  on  ma's  side,  and  Minnie 
was  down  to  our  house,  down  in  the 
country,  last  summer,  spending  the  "um- 
mer,  and  she  gave  me  an  invitation  when 
T  come  to  the  city  to  call  and  seeker.  Well, 
I  was  down  to  Minnie's  house  this  after- 
noon and  I  rang  the  door-hell  for  half  an 
hour,  and  set  on  the  steps  all  the  afternoon 
and  Minnie  never  come  to  the  door,  and  I 
do  think  she  is  real  mean !  I  s'pose  she  is 
jealous  of  me  on  account  of  a  young  fellow 
who  keeps  company  with  me — his  name 
is  Chawley.  You  see,  Chawley  is  a 
clerk  in  a  dry-goods  store,  and  he  gets 
three  dollars  and  a  half  a  week,  and  pays 
four  dollars  a  week  for  board ;  and  you  should  see  him  on  Sundays 
— he  just  looks  too  sweet  to  live.  He  dresses  up  mighty  stylish, 
parts  his  hair  in  the  middle,  and  he  has  got  such  a  high  forehead — 
like  a  cow.  He  is  awful  intelligent.  Well,  I  would  slop  all  day, 
but  T  promised  ma  I  would  be  home  in  time  to  help  her  milk  the 
cows.  So,  good  afternoon.  Call,  if  you  should  come  our  way. 
Our  pump  is  broke;  but  we  churn  every  day,  and  we  have  jam-up 
bntlermilk ! 


A- 


10 


Mi2:r: 


::^ 


242 


MEN    DISTIXGUISHED    IN    THE    LEGAL   TKOFESSION. 


^-^— fir 


Eminent  Lawyers, 


B.  F.  BUTLER.     SIR  WILLIAM  BLACKSTONE.     CHARLES  OCONOR 


ENJA5IIN  F.  BUTLER,  tlie  American 
lawyer,  politician  and  soldier,  was 
born  at  Deerfield,  N.  H.,  in  1818. 
Few  men  of  modern  times  have  at- 
tuined  such  proficiency  in  the  knowl- 
edge of  international  law.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Lowell  high  school 
and  at  Wuterville,  Maine,  college ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1841,  and 
became  a  prosperous  attorney,  being  es- 
pecially successful  in  criminal  cases.  In 
1853  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  lower 
house  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature,  and 
in  1859  a  State  senator.  In  18G0  he  was 
chosen  a  delegate  to  the  National  Demo- 
cratic conven-  -^.^,^.. 
tion  at  Charles-  y*^ 
ton,  S.  C. ,  and 
when  the  con- 
vention divided  he  went  to  Baltimore  with 
the  secedcrs,  hut  withdrew  because  he 
would  not  remain  in  a  convention  that 
approvingly  advocated  the  slave-trade, 
which  by  the  laws  of  the  country  is  piracy. 
In  1860  he  was  also  Democratic  candidate 
for  governor  of  Massachusetts,  but  was 
defeated.  At  the  first  call  for  Union  troops 
at  the  breaking  out  of  the  Southern  rebel- 
lion, in  1801,  he  took  command  of  the 
eighth  Massachusetts  regiment  and  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  military  district, 
extending  from  Annapolis  to  Baltimore, 
Md.  In  May,  18(31,  he  became  commander 
of  the  department  of  Virginia;  in  August 
of  that  year  he  commanded  the  Union 
troops  at  the  capture  of  Fort  Ilatteras, 
and  or;;ani/.ed  the  expedition  against  New 
Orleans.  The  federal  fleet,  under  Admiral 
Farragut  having  virtually  captured  New 
Orleans  in  the   following  spring,  General 

Butler  took  possession  of  the  city  on  the  first  of  May  and  governed 
it  with  a  firm  discipline  until  November,  18U-^,  when  he  was  recalled. 
In  November,  1863,  he  became  commander  of  the  eighteenth  army 
corps^and,  in  1864,of  the  troops  operating  on  the  James  river,  in 
Virginia,  in  conjunction  with  General  Grant's  campaign  against  Uich- 
mond.  From  this  last-named  command  he  was  relieved  in  1865.  Since 
then  he  has  represented  his  Stale  in  congress  for  several  terms,  and 
after  several  unsuccessful  efforts  to  secure  the  governorship  of 
MasHucliusettrt,  was  elected  to  that  position  in  that  fall  of  1882. 


Benjamin 

Prominent  Lnwyii-.  I'nli 


Ui'pifsi'iilali 


HE  jurist,  Sir  William  Blackstonc,  son  of  a  silk  merchant,  was 
born  in  London  in  17^3.  He  was  educated  at  the  Charter  House 
seminary  and  Pembroke  college,  Oxford,  and  at  both  institutions 
exhibited  superior  talents.  At  twenty  years  of  age  he  composed 
for  his  own  use  a  *'  Treatise  on  the  Elements  of  Architecture. "  Hav- 
ing decided  to  adopt  the  legal  profession,  he  entered  upon  its  study  in 
the  Middle  Temple,  London,  in  1741,  at  which  time  he  wrote  his  ele- 
gant valedictory  poem,  entitled  "The  Lawyer's  Farewell  to  his  Muse. " 
In  1743  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  All-Souls'  college,  and  in  1746  he  was 
admitted  to  the  practice  of  the  law,  but  obtained  very  little  business. 
For  several  years  he  lived  in  comparative  obscurity,  but  in  1753  he 
began  to  deliver,  at  Oxford,  his  lectures  on  the  English  law.  These 
were  published  in  1765-69,  and  formed  his  celebrated  "Commen- 
taries on  the  Laws  of  England,"  which  have,  by  common  consent, 
become  a  standard  publication.  In  consequence  of  these  lectures  his 
business  greatly  increased,  and  he  was 
elected  Vinerian  professor  of  law  in  the 
Oxford  university.  In  1761  he  entered 
parliament  as  the  member  for  Hindon,  and 
was  appointed  king's  counsel  and  solic- 
itor-general to  the  queen.  In  1770  he  was 
made  a  judge  of  the  king's  bench,  and 
soon  afterwards  was  transferred  to  the 
court  of  common  pleas.  Besides  his 
"Commentaries,"  he  published,  in  176:i, 
a  series  of  law  tracts,  and  prepared  two 
folio  volumes  of  "Law  Reports,"  which 
were  printed  after  his  death.  Of  him  it 
is  said  that  he  was  "  the  first  who  wrote 
on  the  dry  and  repulsive  subject  of  Eng- 
lish law  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  excite 
disgust  in  a  reader  of  taste."  He  died 
in  17H0.      , 

CHARLES  OXONOR. 

X  AAIKKU'AN  lawyer.  Char les 
()'t;onor,  was  born  in  New  York  city, 
in  1804.  He  was  instructed  in  the 
primary  English  branches  and  in  the  Latin 
and  French  langnages.  He  also  sludied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  its  practice  in  1824.  From  the  start  he 
api>ears  to  have  held  a  prominent  jjosition  as  an  advocate,  and  from 
1835  to  1874  he  was  employed  in  lawsuits  Involving  great  public 
interests  and  large  sums  of  money,  such  as,  the  slave  Jack,  the  Lis- 
pcnard  will,  the  Forrest  divorce,  Mason  will,  Lenimon  slave,  "Boss" 
Tweed,  and  olher  cases.  For  more  than  a  year  he  was  United  States 
district  attorney  for  New  York,  and  was  a  member  of  the  two  conven- 
tions to  form  new  constitutions  for  New  York,  in  1846  and  1864. 
nicd.  May  12,  1884 


F.  Butler, 

iid  Congressional 


=:sr 


"^^^ 


PROMINENT   LAWYERS. 


Riifiis  Choate.    Caleb  Cashing. 


'fw^ 


m^ 


UOMINENT  as  a  lawyer  :n  the  early 
part  of  the  century  wis?  Rufus 
Choute,  who  was  greatly  ■ulmired 
for  his  excellent  judgment,  supe- 
rior tact  in  the  management  of 
lawsuits,  and  convincing  oratory. 
He  was  i)orn  at  Essex,  Maf^s. ,  in 
1799,  and  was  educated  at  Dart- 
mouth college,  where  he  graduated 
in  1819,  and  uiicre  he  remained  as 
tutor  for  a  year  longer.  Adopting 
the  profession  of  the  law,  uftcr 
devoting  himself  for  some  time 
to  its  study,  he  began  to  practice 
at  D  an  vers, 
Ma^s.,  in  1S-.34, 
but  he  soon 
afterwards  re- 
moved to  Salem. 
In  1825  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
legislature;  in  1827  he  became  a  State 
senator,  and  w  as  elected  to  the  lower  house 
of  Congress  in  1832.  On  the  expiration 
of  his  term  be  declined  a  re-election,  and 
established  himself  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession  at  Boston,  where  he  soon 
achieved  the  highest  reputation  as  an 
acute  lawyer  and  an  able  advocate. 
Daniel  Webster  having  retired  from  the 
United  States  senate,  to  enter  President 
Harrison's  cabinet  as  Secretary  of  State, 
in  1841  Mr.  Choate  was  elected  his  suc- 
cessor in  the  senate,  but  in  1845,  at  the 
expiration  of  his  term,  he  returned  to 
Boston  and  resumed  the  practice  of  law. 
In  1853  he  was  made  attorney-general  of 
the  State,  and  from  that  time  until  his 
death,  at  Halifax,  N.  S. ,  in  1859,  his  career 
as  a  hiwyer  was  brilliant  and  uninterrupted.  Not  only  was  he  an 
eloquent  and  effective  pleader,  but  he  was  also  distinguished  by  his 
addresses  and  orations  on  several  public  occasions,  including  a  eulogy 
on  President  Harrison,  one  on  Daniel  Webster,  and  an  address  on  the 
landing  of  the  pilgrims  at  Plymouth. 


Rufus  Choate. 

Widely  Known,  Successful  Boston  Lawyer. 


CALEB  CUSHING. 

/^ALEB  CUSHING  proved  himself  an  acute  diplomatist,  and  in 
L.  the  public  service  of  the  United  States  obtained  an  enviable  repu- 
V  tation.  His  birth  occurred  at  Salisbury,  Mass. ,  in  1800.  He  was 
educated  at  Harvard  college,  where  he  graduated  in  1817.  For  two 
years  he  was  a  tutor  in  the  college,  then  turned  his  attenticm  to 
the  law,  jmd  in  1835  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  first  practiced 
law  at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  and  at  this  period  became  a  contributor 
of  historical  and  legal  articles  to  the  North  American  Heview.  In 
1825  he  was  also  elected  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature, 
andin  1826  he  was  chosen  a  State    senator.      In  1829-"31    he  vi-ir.-d 


Europe,  and  on  his  return  he  published  two  volumes:  "Reminis- 
cences of  Spain"  and  "A  Review  of  the  Revolution  of  Ibe  'Three 
Days'  in  France,  and  the  Consequent  Events  in  Europe."  In  1833 
he  was  re-elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature 
from  Newburyport,  in  which  he  remained  for  two  years.  In  1834  he 
was  elected  as  a  whig  to  Congress,  and  was  re-elected  for  three  suc- 
cessive terms,  remaining  there  until  1843.  Upon  the  accession  of 
President  Tyler,  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Harrison,  in  1841,  Mr.  Cnsh- 
Ing  became  an  adherent  of  Mr.  Tyler's  rather  unpopular  administra- 
tion. His  appointment  as  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in  1843,  was 
rejected  by  the  senate.  Mr.  Tyler  thereupon  appointed  Mr.  Ciishing 
a  national  commissioner  to  China,  and  it  was  in  this  position  that  he 
concluded  the  first  American  treaty  with  the  Chinese  government. 
This  was  done  in  1844.  When  Mr.  Gushing  returned  from  his  mis- 
sion he  was  re-elected  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  legislature.  In  that  assem- 
bly, in  1847,  he  urged  a  measure  to  raise 
and  equip  a  regiment  of  soldiers  to  par- 
ticipate in  the  Mexican  war.  The  measure 
was  defeated,  but  Mr.  Gushing  raised  tlie 
regiment  and  equipped  it  at  his  own 
expense,  and  then  accompanied  it,  as  its 
crommander,  to  Mexico.  Soon  afterwards 
he  was  appointed  a  brigadier-general  by 
General  Taylor.  After  his  return  from 
the  war  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  justices 
of  the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts, 
and  in  1853  President  Pierce  appointed 
him  Attorney-General  of  the  Vnited 
States.  In  1857-'59  he  was  again  in  the 
State  legislature.  In  18G0  he  presided 
over  the  national  Democratic  convention, 
at  Baltimore,  that  nominated  John  C. 
Breckinridge  for  president.  In  1866  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Johnson  one 
of  the  three  commissioners  to  codify  and 
revise  the  federal  laws.  He  was  also 
active  in  preparing  the  treaty  by  which 
Russia  sold  Alaska  to  the  United  States, 
and  in  1869  he  consummated  a  treaty  with  the  government  of  the 
United  States  of  Columbia  (known  as  the  Gushing  treaty),  which 
permits  our  country  to  construct  a  ship-canal  across  the  isthmus  of 
Darien.  In  1872  he  was  one  of  the  counsel  for  the  settlement  of 
the  claims  against  the  British  government  for  damages  done  to  Amer- 
ican citizens  by  tbe  confederate  cruiser  "  Alabama;"  and  in  1873  he 
published  a  book,  called  "The  Treaty  of  Washington,"  in  which  he 
sharply  criticised  the  conduct  of  tbe  British  arbitrator.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1873,  he  was  nominated  for  United  States  Minister  to  Spain,  and 
in  the  following  month  for  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States:  but 
both  nominations  failed,  the  latter  being  withdrawn  by  President 
Grunt.  Gushing  was  not  popular  in  ladies'  society,  and  never  sougbt 
it,  but  he  finally  married  Caroline  Wildes,  a  judge's  daughter,  and 
a  woman  with  tastes  as  studious  as  his  own.  He  had  a  passion  for 
liglit  reading,  and  when  not  very  busy  would  keep  a  novel  near  by 
to  read  in  his  spare  moments.  He  possessed  a  vast  fund  of  informa- 
tion, and  «ould  always  quote  authorities.      He  died  in  1879. 


-vO.K 


PEESIDENTS>  ^^1^ 


Their  Place  of  Birth,  Occupation  and  Principal  Events  in  Their  Lives. 


GEORGE  '^A.SMI'SGTO'S— First  President.  Served 
t'ighr  vears.  Hi.s  part  in  freeing  the  United  States  from 
the  domination  of  Great  Bi'itain.  is  related  elsewhere  in 
this  volume,  in  the  chapter  on  "  Military  Heroes;"  was  the 
primary  President  of  the  newly-organized  republic.  His 
ti)>t  iii;ni;:m'atii..n  .k-i.-ui  ivd  April  30.  17S9.  and  l»uth  <.f  his 
;uliEiiiii-lT-:itii>n-.  I  t'lr  lit-  was  i_deeted  to  a  second  It-nm  wuce 
iii.u  kt-d  liv  tlir  >arnt.'  calm  In-mness,  prudencL-  and  ability 
that  di»tiiigu]>hfd  his  previous  private  and  nliliIar.^■  career. 
He  was  burn  at  Westmoreland,  Va.,  February  22.  17;J2;  was 
Chief  Magistrate  from  1789  to  1797,  and  died  December  14, 
nay.  Of  him  it  has  been  truly  said  that  he  was  "  first  in 
"■'"'"'""'"  war.  first  in  peace,  and  tiist  in  the  hearts  of  his  country- 

men."    The  nation  tliat  he  founded  has  survived  the  initial  century  of  Its 
existence,  and  is  the  wonder  and  admiration  of  foreign  powers. 


jiiJ- 


JOHX  A.'DA.'MS— Second  Preaideitt.  Served  four  years. 
Burn  in  Massachusetts.  October  19.  1735.  and  was  from 
early  manhood  distinguished  for  sterling  business  talents 
andsagacitv.  Began  his  career  as  a  lawyer  at  Qnincy, 
Mass..  in  1759;  man  ied  Miss  Abigail  Smith  in  17G4.  was  a 
jiowerful  advocate  for  the  independence  of  the  American 
colonies;  aided  in  forming  the  Federal  Congress,  in  1774. 
and  in  preparing  the  Declaration  of  Independence;  also 
organized  the  war-system  of  the  colonies,  the  foreign 
depiirtment  of  the  new  goveniTnent.  and  assisted  in  nego- 
tiating treaties  with  Great  Britain,  France  and  Holland; 
was  chosen  Vice-President,  under  Washington,  and  Presi- 
dent in  1797,  and  after  a  successful  adniini>tiution  retired 
He  died  July  4,  1826,  a  few  hours  after  President  Jefferson 


IHOMAS  JEFFERSON— r/dVrf  President.  Served 
■ight  years.  Born  at  Shadwell,  Va. .  April  2,  1743.  he 
received  a  collegiate  education,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1766;  at  twenty-five,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Vir- 
ginia Stat^  Legislature;  in  1775  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Continental  Congress,  and.  in  1776,  drafted  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  in  l777-'79  he  assisted  in  the 
revision  of  the  laws  of  Virginia,  and  in  the  latter  year  was 
chosen  Governor  of  the  State;  in  1783  was  re-elected  to  Con- 
gress; in  1784  was  appointed  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
aid  in  clfecting  comrnerci.il  treiitHs  with  foreign  nations, 
and  from  178,t  to  1789  ua-  rnit.-d  Mates  Minister  to 
'""'""'  France:     in    1789     was    apin-intrd    Sr.i  i-tary   of    St;tte    by 

President  Washington;  was  Vice-President  in  1797.  and  Chief  Magistrate  from 

ISOl  tu  1809.     He  died  at  Monticello,  Va. ,  July  i,  1826. 


JAMES  MABISOX- fo»w;i  President.  Served  eight 
years.  Born  al  King  Gi'orge.  Va.,  March  16,  H.'il,  the 
eldest  of  seven  clnMnn,  he  received  a  liheral  education, 
graduating  from  Priiicetun  Cut  lege  in  1771,  and  siihsiipn-nll  v 
pui-sued  a  course  of  legal,  theological,  and  lil<i,.is  -imh  , 
in  1776  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Virgiina  i  ri  v .  iin..ii, 
and  also  a  member  of  the  Virginia  State  L.'ui-l  Muir  m 
17H7,  at  Philadelphia,  assiste.l  in  fiaming  the  l-.d.i.il  c.ri 
stitutlon;  in  1789  became  a  nieuil.rr  .il  I  he  liist  Atnerican 
Congre.'*s.  and  was  elected  ri>-.id>-nt  dI  tin-  riiilni  siai.-, 
serving  until  1817.  his  ftdniini--ti  aii.m  l»ing  distinguished 
by  the  second  war  with  Great  Britain,  1«12-"14.  and  other 
important  political   events.      At  the  close  of  his  executive 

he  retired  from  public  life,  .spending  his  latest  years  in  agricul- 

I  oti  his  farm,  where  he  died  June  28,  1836. 


TAMES  MOSnOE— Fifth  Pn-Mident.  Served  eight 
*  years.  Born  In  Westmoreland  county.  Va. ,  April  28, 
1758.  he  received  his  education  at  William  and  Mary  Col- 
lege (Va.);  joined  the  Hevcjhilionary  army  in  1776;  after- 
wardx  studied  law  with  Thomas  JelTei-son;  was  stent.  In 
1783.  to  Congress,  in  I7R7  was  elected  to  the  Legislature; 
In  17WI  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia  tN)nstitutional 
Convention;  In  1790  was  chosen  United  States  Senator; 
fi'om  1794  to  1706  was  Minister  to  France;  was  (Jovernor  ot 
Virginia  from  1799  to  1802;  was  sent  to  France,  in  1802.  to 
negotiate  for  tlie  purchase  of  Louisiana,  and  to  England 
to  seenre  Aniciican  feamen  against  Impressment,  subse- 
fpiently  elKisen  Governor  of  Virginia,  was  appointed  Seere- 
of  stfilc  nnd  then  Secretary  of  Wai'.  was  elected  Pi-esldent  in  1817, 
atr^'iri  ill  IM-Ji.    Di.-d  in  New  Vuik  city,  July  4.  18:il. 


**0NB0^ 


JOHN  QUIXrX  A.nA.M»-Si.Tth  President.  Served 
four  years.  Born  at  Braintree,  Mass..  July  11,  1767; 
was  educated  at  Harvard  college;  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1791,  and  practiced  in  Boston;  in  1794  was  appointed 
Minister  to  Holland,  and.  in  1797,  Minister  to  Prussia;  was 
elected  State  Senatoi- in  1801,  and  United  States  Senator  in 
istii;  111  1S06  became  professor  of  rhetoric  in  Harvard 
c.llege;  three  years  later,  went  to  Russia  as  United  States 
Minii-ler;  in  1814  assisted  in  negotiating  peace  with 
England;  in  1817  President  Monroe  app'-inttii  him  Secretary 
of  State;  in  1824  Jackson,  Adams,  and  I'lawtmcl  lan  foV 
the  Presidency,  but  there  being  no  choicr.  the  sue<-fe(iing 
session  of  Congress  gave  the  office  to  Mi-.  Adams,  who  tilled 
it  until  1829;  in  1829  he  was  elected  a  member  of  Congress  from  Massachu- 
setts.continuing  there  until  his  death,  at  Washington.  D.C. ,  February  23.  1848 


^/iJ.ADAttS 


ANDREW  JACKSOX-5erfH//(Pres(rfe7i(.  Served 
■^*-  eight  years.  Born  in  Mecklenburg  county,  N.  C. . 
March  15,  1767,  became  a  lawyer;  settled  at  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  in  1791;  became  district  attorney  of  the  State;  in 
1795  vvaselected  the  first  Congressman  from  Tennessee,  in 
1797  was  chosen  United  States  Senator,  resigned  his  seat 
the  following  spi-ing.  and  was  elected  a  justice  of  the 
SupremeCourt  of  Tennessee  by  the  Legislature;  resigned 
in  1804;  in  1812  commanded  a  detachment  of  the  Ten- 
nessee militia;  became  a  Ma jor-O intra  1  in  1814,  and 
January  8.  1815.  fought  his  fatn-Mi-  batilc  .if  New  Orleans, 
in  1818  was  fighting  the  Seminni,.  Indians,  m  Florida,  of 
which  be  was.  in  1821.  appointed  (i'n  f_Tnur:  in  1823  was 
again  elected  United  States  Senator  from  Tennessee;  in  1828  was  elected 
President,  and  re-elected  in  1832.     He  died  near  Xashville,  June  8,  1845. 


J/4CKS0N 


ATARTIN  VAX  BUREN  ~  Eighth  Preside7it. 
■^**  Served  four  years.  Born  at  Kinderhook.  N.  Y. , 
■December  5.  1782,  in  1S12  was  elected  State  Senator,  and 
from  18i5  to  1819  was  Attorney-Genera!  of  the  State;  in 
1816  he  was  re-elected  State  Senator,  and  in  1818  became 
the  leader  of  the  famous  Democratic  clique  known  as  the 
"  Albany  Regency."  in  1821  he  was  chosen  United  States 
Senator,  and  re-elected  in  1827,  but  becoming  Governor  of 
the  State  in  1828.  he  resigned  his  seat  in  the  Senate:  in 
1829  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State  by  President 
Jackson,  but,  in  1831.  was  sent  as  Minister  to  England;  in 
1832  was  elected  Vice-President  on  tlie  Jackson  ticket;  in 
1836  was  elected  President  over  Harrison,  and  in  1840 
Harrison  defeated  him  and  became  President;  in  1848.  on  the 
ticket,  waa  defeated  by  General  Taylor.     Died  at  Kinderhook.  July  24,  1862. 


'  Free-soil" 


WII-I.IAM  HEXRT  HARRISON  -  Ninth 
"  Pre.sidfnt.  Serve<l  one  month,  Boi-n  at  Berkeley. 
Va..  February  9.  1773;  at  nineteen  he  engaged  in  the  war 
ai_':iiTi-t  Wcsteiii  Indians;  in  1797  was  appointed  Secretary 
Ml  (li.  Nniihwestern  Teri'itory,  from  which,  in  1799,  he  was 
iliMsrn  a  delegate  to  Congress;  in  1801  was  app()inted 
iJi.v.irMi-  iif  huliana  Territory,  cnmprii-ing  the  present 
.states  ..t  Indiana.  Michigan.  Illui.u;-.  and  Wi>eonsin;  in 
ISII  he  deleate,!  the  Jm^tMe  hid). in  fliief  Te^llTn^eh.  at 
Tipr-'f-^"'"';  '"  "<l-  eninniande.i  the  Northwestern 
frontier;  in  1813  complete] v  runted  the  British  at  the 
battle  of  the  Thames,  ()et..l.rr.^,  m  IKlfi  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress, and  in  1824  a  United  States  Senator;  in  1828  Minister 
to  Colombia,  S.  A.,  i-eturning  in  1820;  in  1840  was  elect-ed  President  on  the 
Whig  ticket,  but  died  one  month  after  his  inauguration,  April  4,  1841. 


'^'iRRiSO^ 


JOHN  T'YJ^K'R-Tenth  President.     Served  nearly  four 
**     years.      Born    in    Charles  Citv  county.  Va, ,  Marcdi  29, 
1790;  was  aiimitted  tn  the  bar  in  1809:  in  1811.  ami  for  five 
years  moie,  wus  a    inend)er  of  the  Virginia    Legislature, 
in   1816    w^is  elected  to  Congress,  and  twice  re-elected,  re- 
signing    be  fine    the     close    of    his    last    term ;     in     1825    was 
chosen  Governor  hy   the   Legislature,  and    re-eh-cted  at  the 
next  session:    in    1827    was  chosen    United  States  Senator, 
and  re-elected  In  1833.  resigning  in  1836;  in  1840    was  elected 
Vice-President,  and  on  the  death  of  President  Bai'rison  suc- 
ceeded   to   the   Presidency:     having    twice  vetoed    a    bill  _ 
authorizing  a  national  bank,  a  favorite  Whig  measm-e.  his              Tyler 
Cabinet    resigned.     Mr,  Tyler  was    a  member  of    the  Confederate  Congross 
when  liedie<l.  at  Klehmond.  V«..  January  17.  1862. 


'.^ 


Sketch  of  the  Presidents  in  Civil,  Political  and  Military  Life. 


%w^ 


4,' 


,^ 


1   'i^-  I, 


-  0 


Achievements  as  Civilians  and  Successes  as  IVIilitary  Heroes. 


H 


[AMES  K^'OX  POl^lL-Khyfiith  President.  Served 
lour  years.  Born  in  Mi-ckkMihurir  county,  N.  C. , 
Novembers,  ITas,  and  ednratt'il  iit  tin'  University  of  North 
Oai'olina.  The  family  reinovcd  to  TL-nnessee  in  1806.  In 
IRW  lie  was  udniitteii  to  thi_-  bar;  in  1823  was  elected  a 
meinber-  of  the  Tennessee  Lejfislature.  and.  In  1K25,  a 
member  of  Contrress.  retaining;  the  latter  office  fourteen 
years,  durinn  which  he  was  twice  chosen  Speaker  of  the 
House:  in  1839  was  elected  Governor  of  Tennessee,  but 
failed  of  a  re-election  in  1841:  in  1844  the  Democrats 
elected  him  President,  with  George  M.  Dallas  as  Vice- 
President,  his  iuhiiinistratinii  b.-intr  distinguished  by  the 
war  with  M.-vini.  tlit- .-itMlinn  nf  ilir  interior  Department  at 

Washinifton,  the  adoption   ol    \\u-  Imv  imid,  vt<;       Tliree  months  after  his 

retirement,  in  1849,  he  died  at  Nu.-.hville.  Tunn.,  June  Ki. 


POLK 


f ATHARY  TATTL-OK— rHvyV/i  President.  Sen-ed 
ixterii  months.  Born  in  (irancfe  coiintv.  Va, .  September 
■24,  17M;  son  ..f  a  R.-volutionary  om.er.  The  family 
rtinov.rl  to  Kriitucky.  in  17S.'i.  oceiipymi:  a  plantation  near 
Lt-Miisville.  ami  there  Zaehary  was  employed  until  his 
twenty-fourth  year.  In  1808  he  succeeded  his  dead  brother, 
Hancock,  as  a  Lieutenant  in  the  army,  in  1812  commanded 
Fort  Harrison,  on  the  Wabash  river,  defending  it  success- 
fully, with  Ilfty  t\^n  men.  a^rainst  a  large  force  of  Indians; 
sci\eil  tbiouKli  tilt-  war,  u  licn  he  resigned;  served  in  the 
Hla.-k  Hawk  ami  S..niin..l.'  Indian  wars  of  1832.  1836-1840; 
then  in  the  Si.nth\vf>t.  Hrnl  was  actively  eng-agod  in  the 
war  with  Mexico.  l84.7-"47,  winning  renown  by  his  bravery 

and  success;  in  1848    was  elected  President  as  a  Whig,  with'Millard  Fillmore 

as  Vice-President.     He  died  at  Washington,  July  9,  1850. 


M» 


riLLARD  FH.T.^OK.E— Thirteenth  President.  Suc- 
cee<ied  Taylor.  Bom  at  Summerhill,  N.  Y. .  January?, 
1800;  receiving  a  limited  education,  he  was  apprenticed  to 
a  fuller  when  fourteen;  six  years  afterwards  he  bought  a 
release  from  his  apprenticeship,  and.  in  1821,  went  to 
Butfalo,  studied  law,  taught  school  and  assisted  the  Post- 
master; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1823,  and  began  to 
practice  law  at  Aurora,  N.  Y..  in  1827,  and  in  1829  began  to 
practice  as  attorney  and  counselor  in  the  State  Supreiiie 
Court,  removing  to  Buffalo  in  1830;  in  1828  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Legislature  by  the  Anti-Masons,  and  twice 
iiLwai**^  re-elected;  in  1832    was  elected  a  member  of  Congress;  in 

1836,  1838  and  1840  was  re-elected  as  a  Whig,  retiring  in 
1843:  in  1847  he  was  elected  Comptroller  of  the  State,  and  in  1848  wa,s  elected 
Vice-President.    Became  President  in  1850.     He  died  March  8,  1874. 


j^RANKLIN  'PJE.Rf'E—FourtetitthPresideitt.    Served 
four  years.       Bom    at    Hillsborough.  N.  H.,  November 

■^.f,  1S04;  was  fdnc^ted  at  Bowdoin  college;  began  legal 
)irarti.-.' at  llill^-linrinigh  abc  ut  1827:  was  elected  a  member 
nt  111.-  Slat.-  l.<L:isl,iiun>  in  1827  and  1831;  in  1833  and  18(5 
wu'' ilfcte.i  a  nil  in)>fr  of  Congress,  and  in  1837  was  chosen 
United  States  Senator:  in  1842  resigned;  in  1847  he  volun- 
teered as  a  soldier,  subsequently  commanding  a  regiment, 
heeoming  afterwards  a  Brigadier-Oeneral,  serving  under 
'W-nrrnl  Smtr  in  the  war  with  ^Ifxie...  and  participating  in 
llir  li.Mll.-  Ml  r..iitr.-i'as  ,anil  Chiiruhnsi-o;  in  IS.'iO  prr^i.led 
■  ■\<'i  tlir  \rs\  Haniiishiic  Stalf  ( 'on^t  iluti.mal  < ''tnventiun; 
in  l.s.Vj  w  a-  .-l.-c-lcl  Pr.-siiit'iit  by  the  Dt^niocrats.  From 
t.'i7  to  I860  he  traveled  in  Europe,  and  on  his  return  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
onfedcrates  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion.     Died  at  Concord,  N.  H. ,  in  1869. 


PlERce 


AMES  RVOMA'SA'S— Fifteenth  President.  Served 
f.iur  years.  Born  at  Stony  Batter,  Penn..  April  22.  1791: 
graduated  at  Dickinson  college.  Carlisle.  Penn.,  in  1809:  in 
1812,  served  as  a  volunteer  in  defense  of  Baltimore;  in  1814 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  State  Legislature,  and  was.  from 
1821  to  1831.  a  continuous  member  of  Cimgress:  in  18.31  was 
appointed  Minister  to  St  Peti'rsbiirtf.  where  he  concluded 
til.- lirsf  r.iminf trial  trratv  hctwf.  n  ]!ii--ia  and  the  United 
Stall's,  fi.mi  is:;:;  In  i,^4j  \\,a-  :iLrain  a  1 ' tni-.i  States  Senator, 
aii.l  th.-n  I'r.'-i.lrni  p.. Ik  ,i|.i.Mint.-il  liini  s^.r,  tary  of  .State; 
in  l,s(,",  h,'  irlu.d  to  private  life,  but  in  18,i3  President 
Phi  re  app"iTiti-il  liiin  .Minister  t.j  England,  where  he 
iiinaiiifd    until    1S,*>6.   when    he    returned   and   was  elected 

Pre.sidL-nt  by  the  Denuicrats.     In  IfiOl    Mr.  Buchanan  retired  permanently  to 

private  life,  and  died  at  Lancaster.  Penn. ,  June  1,  1868. 


1 


ABRAHAM  'L.l'SCO'L.'S-Sixteenth  President.  Ser- 
ved four  years  and  a  month.  Born  in  Hardin  county, 
Ky.,  February  12,  18'>y;  in  1.S16  his  parents  removed  to 
Indiana,  the  lad  being  employed  on  the  farm  :  in  1825  he 
managed  a  ferry  across  the  Oliio  river  ;  in  1830  the  family 
removed  to  the  vicinity  of  Decatur,  HI.,  where  he  split 
rails  and  aided  in  clearing  the  farm  :  in  1831  he  piloted 
the  first  steninhoat  on  the  Sangamon  river,  and  enlisted  as 
a  inivatr  m  iht-  Black  Hawk  war.  b.-ioniini^  laptain  ;  in 
1H34  th*-  Whig-  fleeted  him  a  meinl.ei  .-f  iln-  I,.-i5isl.iture 
re-ehrting  hi  in  in  isl36,  18:j8and  lH4n  ;  in  ]>t:i7he  practiced 
law  successfully  at  Springfield  ;  was  elected  to  Congress  in 
184fi  ;  in  18.^,8  held  the  tamoiisdebate  with  Douglas  for  the 
Senatorship,  but  was  defeated.  In  18*i<i  and  1864  Lincoln  was  elected 
Presiilenl.  and  was  assassinated  April  14,  1865,  by  Wilkes  Booth. 


i-iNCOLt* 


W^ 


ANDRETV  *10II\S0N  —  Seretitenith  Prt'Hidnit. 
■**■  Served  three  years  anil  eleven  niontlii*.  Born  ;tt 
Raleigli.  N.  C. .  Di-cember  29.  180H;  at  ten  was  appicntic.-d 
to  a  tailor;  emigrated  to  Tennessee  In  1820:  In  18*1 
became  a  State  Senator,  and  in  1843  was  elected  n  member 
of  Congress;  for  ten  year.^.  by  ro-electloiiN,  lie  held  thlH 
office,  working  with  the  Democracy;  In  1853  and  I8.').'i  wa» 
electe<l  Governor  of  Tennessee,  and,  in  1857.  United  Siatt-j 
Senator:  in  1800  opposed  sec<-sslon.  and  was  mobbed  nn.l 
burned  in  etllgy  on  his  return  to  Tennessee,  in  1861;  In  Iho;; 
Pi-esident  Lincoln  nmde  liim  Military  Governor  of  Ten 
n<'s.see;  in  1864  he  was  elected  Vice-l'iC'-iil.iit  on  the 
Lincoln  ticket.  When  Mr.  Lincoln  died,  Apnl  i:.,  186,'..  Mr. 
Johnson  became  President,  In  1808  he  j.i  ...-l;iini>  il  a  full  pardon  to  all  i>(;r- 
aons  concerned  in  the  rebellion.     He  died  at  Greenville,  Tenn.,  July  31,  1875. 


•'OtiNSOn 


TTI."V8SE8  8.  ORANT  —  Eighteenth  President. 
^  Served  eight  years.  Born  at  Point  Pleiu^ant.  Ohio. 
April  27,  1822:  in  18.19  entered  the  West  P<dnt  Military 
A<'ademy.  graduating  in  1843;  served  on  the  Mis^.i.tiii 
frontier,  and.  in  1845,  j<uned  General  Taylor's  army  in  tin- 
Mexican  war,  participating  in  several  important  battles; 
married  Miss  Dent,  at  St.  Louis,  in  1M8;  1852-".54  was 
stationed  on  the  Paellle  coast;  then  resigned  and  lived  on 
a  farm  near  St.  Louis:  then  went  into  the  leather  trade  .it 
Galena,  HI.;  in  I86J  aifled  'iovernor  Yates  as  inust.jing 
officer  at  .Springfield,  and.  a-s  colonel  nf  a  regiment.  s.Tved 
in  Missouri  and  Tennessee-,  wiis  successful  as  a  military 
officer;  captured  Vicksbui-g.  nnd  finally  forced  Lee  to  sur- 
render, in  1805:  in  1866  was  made  General  of  the  army,  and.  in  1868.  by  a 
popular  vote,  was  elected  President  of  the  United  Slates,  and  again  in  1872. 


GRAN' 


RX'THERFORD  B.  HAYES-Wji^f^-CTifft  PreM- 
dent.  Served  four  years.  Bom  in  Ohio,  in  1822, 
studied  law  and  practiced  in  Cincinnati:  in  18.52  marrieil 
Miss  Lucy  W.  Webb;  was  a  Whig  in  1852:  in  the  war  of  the 
Rebellion  was  Major  of  the  Twenty-third  Ohio  Volunteers, 
participating  in  the  operations  in  West  Virginia  and  tlir 
battle--  nrai  U'lnch.M.r.  and  was  wound. 'd  in  tin-  e..nte-t 
at  South  Mountain,  in  1X64  was  elected  a  nieiiiln-r  ..1'  Con 
gress  from  <  Hii..);  siibse.|nentiy  was  twice  eh<)sen 'iovcni'M 
of  that  Slate,  and.  in  1876.  was  nominated  for  Presideiii  l'\ 
the  Republicans,  in  opposition  to  Samuel  J.  Tilden.  whom 
he  defeated  at  the  election  by  such  an  uncertain  iiiajorit> 
that  an  electoral  commission   was  created  to  decide  the  .'t._- 

contest.     The  vote  in  the  eomnii-ision  was  eight  to  seven  in  favor  of  Mr. 
Hayes.     Personally,  both  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Haye»  have  been  deser\'edly  popuhir. 


JA3IES  ABRAM  GA.KTTEL.'D—Ticrnti.fh 
Pri'sifipnt.  Bni-n  in  Cuyahoga  county,  Ohio,  November 
19,  18:U;  during  his  youth  he  worked  on  the  farm  in 
summer  and  at  the  can'^ntei''s  bench  in  winter:  when 
seventeen  years  old  he  worked  on  a  canal-boat;  then, 
preparing  to  enter  college,  he  earned  money  for  that 
purpose  by  teaching  school  and  carpenter's  work;  w.as 
educated  at  Geauga  (Ohioi  Academy  and  Williams  col- 
lege. Mass..  graduating  m  18.54:  became  tutor  in.  and  then 
president  of ,  Hiram  (O. )  Eclectic  Institute,  a  raniphellite 
seminary;  in  1859  wag  elected  a  state  Senat.u-:  in  IKC.l  en 
tered  the  army  of  the  Union.  li•^inL'  to  the  rank  of  inaj 
gen. ;  waselected  to  the  thirty-eiL'hthand  other  ('ongri->si-~ 
UD  to  the  Forty-sixth,  from  which  he  was  elevated  Co  the  U-  S.  S<-r 
1880  elected  President.    Wounded  by  an  assassin  July  2,  and  died  Sept. 


ate.     In 
19.  1881. 


CHESXER  AI-r-AN  ARTVf.JJ R-Tu-enty-first 
President.  Served  three  vears  and  five  and  one- 
half  months.  Born  at  Fairfield.  Vt.,  Oct.  5.  1831  .  was 
educated  at  Union  College,  Schenectady,  N.  Y..  grad- 
uating in  1848  ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1850  ;  taught 
school  in  Vermont,  and  in  18.'>3  commenced  practicing 
law  in  New  York  City :  distinguished  himself  by 
defenbes  against  the  fugitive-slave  law  in  behalf  of  the 
colored  people ;  was  State  quartermaster-general  of 
New  York  and  adjutant- genera  I  during  the  rebellion  ; 
resumed  his  law-practice  in  1864 ;  was  twice 
appointed  collector  of  the  port  of  New  York  by  President 
Grant ;  was  elected  Vice-President  on  the  Garfield  Pres 
idential  ticket  in  1880.  and  succeeded  to  the  Presidency  Sept.  19,  1881. 
administration  was  a  successful  one. 


ARTHUR- 


G ROVER  CI-EVET>AXl>-ricen/w-5ermirf  Pres- 
ident. Was  born  at  Caldwell,  N.  J..  March  18,  1837  ; 
was  educated  at  the  Clinton  (Oneida  county,  N.  Y.t 
academy  ;  removed  to  New  York  City,  where  he  worked 
for  a  season  as  ,a  clerk  in  a  business  house,  and  then  took 
up  his  abode  at  Buffalo.  N.  Y.  ;  studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar;  succeeded  so  well  that  he  became 
assistant  district  attorney  of  Erie  county,  and.  in  1H7(i. 
was  elected  Sheriff  ;  in  1881  he  was  chosen  mayor  of  the 
city  of  Buffalo,  and,  the  following  year  be  became  Gov- 
ernor of  the  State:  July  IJ.  1884.  at  Chicaero.  HI.,  the 
Democratic  National  Convention  nominated  him  for 
President  of  the  United  States,  with  Thos.  A.  Hendricks 
for  Vice-President :  and  at  the  succeedi:ii.'  flection.  Nov.  4.  1884,  he  received 
a  majority  of  the  electoral  votes  of  the  Union. 


CLEVELAND. 


1 


==<m 


THE    PEODUCEKS    OF    MUSICAL    HARM4JNY. 


'  ,v  V  -W-  v;  v^  -V   w;  V  v  v  n 


-'^^'■%^. 


!►  Musicians  s  Composers. 


-«^^t-^ 


^ 


_^|^,.^^^ 


Beethoven,   Mozart  and  Clara  Louisa  Kellogg. 


1 AMOUS  AS  a  composer  was 
Ludwig  Van  Beethoven,  who 
wap  born  at  Bonn,  Gerniiniy, 
in  1770.  His  musical  edncjition 
began  when  he  was  five  years 
old,  under  the  tuition  of  his 
father,  who  was  a  tenor  singer 
in  the  chapel  at  Bonn.  He 
received,  also,  at  a  later  period, 
instruction  from  M.  Pfeiffor,  and 
U-arned  organ-playing  from  M. 
Van  Der  Eden.  In  1787  the  great 
comi)oser  Mozart  predicted  the 
success  of  Beethoven.  At 
Vienna,  in  1792,  Beethoven  was 
the*  pupil  of  that  other  noted 
composer,  Haydn,  remaining  with 
him  until  the  latter  went  to 
London.  Up  to  this  time  Bee- 
thoven appears  to  have  exhibited 
more  genius  as  an  extemporary 
performer  than  as  a  composer 
of  inii^ic.  Taking  up  bis  resi- 
di-nce  in  Vienna,  he  composed 
his  first  quartets.  From  IHUd  to  IS03  he  was  engaged  in  the  com- 
po:?iti«n  of  his  oratorio  of  ''Christ  on  the  Mount  of  Olives.'''  The 
opera  of  "  Leonia  "  was  finished  in  1804,  and  in  1805  he  wrote  his  opera 
of  "  Le(niora,"'  known,  also,  as  "Fidelio. ''  About  this  time  he  began 
to  grow  deaf,  and  this  affliction  continued  to  increase  until  he  c(Juld 
only  communicate  with  others  by  writing.  Independent  in  spirit,  far 
from  being  rich,  he  depended  upon  his  musical  creations  for  subsist- 
ence. The  public  taste  also  changed,  and  Italian  music  superseded 
•the  German  in  popularity.  Beethoven,  therefore,  deemed  it  prudent 
to  b(!Come  a  chapel-master  under  Jerome  Bonaparte,  then  King  of 
M'estphalia,  at  a  salary  of  about  S*iOO  per  annum,  but  changed  bis 
mind  when  the  archduke  Rudolph,  of  Austria,  and  the  Princess  Loliko- 
witz  settled  upon  him  an  annuity  of  4,000  tlorins  (possibly  ©1,200). 
In  1810  he  brought  out  his  first  mass.  In  1812  he  won  the  friendship 
of  Goethe.  In  1813  were  first  performed  "  The  Battle  of  Vitoria  "  and 
the  *' Symphony  in  A  Major."  In  1815  he  wrote  harmonies  to  Scotch 
songs  for  an  Edinburgh  gentleman.  From  this  date  domestic  ditfi- 
rultiefi,  his  deafness,  neglect  and  other  causes  rendered  his  life 
troublous,  and  produced  bodily  disorders  that  terminated  in  his 
dfjith  in  1827.  Beethov<'n  possessed  a  large  bead  and  brain,  and  was 
cupable  of    intense   iippllration.      Beitig  fond   <if  reading,   be   spent 


a  portion  of  his  time  among  books  for  self-improvement,  having 
a  predilection  for  history.  In  politics  he  was  early  and  for  life  a 
republican. 


JOHANNES   CHRYSOSTOIViUS  WOLFGANG  AMADEUS  MOZART. 

GEIiM  AN  couip»>siT,  Julianui's  Cbiysoslomus  Wolfgant;  Aniadeus 
Mozart,  was  born  at  Sulzburgh,  Germany,  in  1756.  He  began  to 
displaj'  his  musical  talents  when  he  was  only  three  years  old,  and 
at  six  years  he  was  listened  to  as  a  prodigy  in  various  parts  of 
Germany.  In  subsequent  visits  to  France,  England  and  Italy,  he 
was  everywhere  received  with  enthusiastic  applause.  In  his  tenth 
year  he  earnestly  set  about  studying  the  science  of  composition, 
forming  his  musical  taste  on  the  works  of  the  most  celebrated  mas- 
ters. In  his  fifteenth  year  he  produced  his  first  serious  opera  of 
"  Mithridates,"  which  was  publicly  performed  for  twenty  nights. 
In  1777,  with  his  mother,  he  made  another  journey  to  Paris,  where 
his  mother  died,  and  he  returned  home  in  1779.  Some  time  after 
this  he  went  to  Vienna  and  entered  the  service  of  the  emperor  as 
"■concert-master  and  court  and  cathedral  organist,"'  at  a  small  salary. 
In  1782  he  married  Constanza  Weber.  Many  tempting  offers  to  leave 
the  ser\ice  of  the  emperor  were  made  to  him,  but  he  remained  in 
the  royal  service  until  his  death,  in  his  thirty-sixth  year,  December 
5,  1792.  His  last  production  was  his  celebrated  "Requiem."  Of 
the  twelve  operas  which  he  composed  (besides  his  other  works,  which 
are  too  many  to  be  even  mentioned  here)  the  principal  are:  "  Ido- 
meneo,"  *•■  The  Clemency  of  Titus,''  "Bon  Giovanni,"'  "The 
Marriage  of  Figaro,"  and  "  The  Enchanted  Flute." 


CLARA  LOUISA  KELLOGG. 

"HIS  American  soprano  singer,  wliose  reputation  extemis  through- 
out this  country  and  England,  and  whose  parents  were  New 
England  people,  was  born  at  Sumter,  S.  C,  in  1842.  Having  a 
natural  affinity  for  harmony,  she  read  dittlcnlt  music  at  siglit  when 
only  seven  years  old.  Her  musical  training  was  completed  in  the 
Tuited  States,  and  her  first  appearance  as  a  pulilic  singer  was  made 
at  the  New  York  academy  of  music,  in  February,  1861,  in  the  part  of 
Gilda,  in  Verdi's  "Higoletto. "  In  the  following  mouth  she  made 
her  first  how  to  a  Rost<m  audience  in  "  Linda  di  Chiimouuix.''  From 
tliat  time  her  success  was  assured.  From  1865  lo  1868  she  sang  in 
Italian  opera  in  New  York  and  London,  achieving  a  constant ly- 
increasing  fame.  Another  professional  visit  to  Loudon  was  niad<'  in 
1872.  During  the  winter  of  1873  and  1874  she  formed  an  English 
opera  comi>any,  which  visited  the  i)riTu'ipal  cities  of  the  rniled 
States,  and  has  since  carefully  mainlaineil  her  musical  prestige. 


•(>- 


U]STI.\(:i;iSliKl)    (JD.MI'iisKlt.S    AND    MUhH  I AN.S. 


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t\\ 


Haydn,  Christine  Nilsson  and  the  Patti  Sisters. 


HE  AUTHOR  of  the  oratorio 
of  *'  Belshaz/.ar" 
and  other  miiHical 
w(>rk^i.  (Jeorge 
Frif'drich  Handel, 
waH  born  at  Halle, 
Saxony,  in  1(585. 
It  was  intended 
that  he  yhould  fol- 
low the  profession 
of  the  law,  but  the 
musical  bent  of 
the  boy's  mind  led 
his  father  to  con- 
sent to  his  instruc- 
tion in  music. 
B*'  At  nine  years  of  age  he  began  to 
compose  musical  pieces.  Eight 
years  later  he  wrote  music  as  easily 
as  he  did  grammar.  In  1702  he  was 
installed  as  organist  in  the  church 
at  Halle,  In  1703  he  made  music 
his  profession,  and  at  the  age  of 
twenty  he  went  to  Hanover  and  Ham- 
burg. Winning  reputation  as  he 
grew  in  years,  he  vit^ited  Italy  in 
1708,  but  at  the  end  of  two  years 
he  returned  to  Germany  and  entered 
into  the  service  of  the  elector  of 
Hanover,  who  was  afterwards  King 
George  I.,  of  Englaud.  When  George  ascended  the  British  throne, 
Handel  accompanied  him  to  England.  In  1720  Handel  was  placed 
at  the  head  of  the  Italian  opera,  but  his  life  for  twenty  years  was 
an  unprofitable  struggle  against  pecuniary  embarrassments  and 
poverty.  Almost  discouraged,  he  relinquished  opera,  and  by  his 
oratorios  regained  a  fortune  of  considerable  magnitude.  Eight 
years  before  his  death,  which  occurred  in  London  in  1759,  he  lost  his 
sight,  a  fact  that  led  to  the  production  of  his  pathetic  composition  of 
"Total  Eclipse,  Without  all  Hope  of  Day,"  adapted  from  Milton's 
"Samson  Agonistes."  Handel  was  in  many  respects  considered  a 
matchless  composer.  Among  his  prominent  works  are  found  the 
operas  of  "  Almeria,"  "  Nerone. '"  "  Rodrigo,"  "Agrippina," 
"  Rinaldi,"  and  the  oratorios  of  "Esther,"  "Messiah,'"  "Samson," 
"Joseph  and  His  Brethren,"    and  "Jephthuh." 


JOSEPH  HAYDN. 

yoSEPH  HAYDN,  the  author  of  the  onitorio  of  "  The  Creation,'' 
was  born  of  humble  parents  at  Rohniu,  Austria,  in  1T33.  His 
\/  father,  who  did  not  possess  any  l^nowledge  of  music,  used  to 
accompany  the  songs  of  his  wife  on  a  rude  sort  of  harp,  and  a  neigh- 
boring schoolmaster,  seeing  the  delight  of  the  lad  and  his  correctness 
in  beating  time  to  his  father's  thrnmming,  gave  hira  some  musical 
instruction.  When  eight  years  old  Haydn  was  admitted  as 
one  of  the  choristers  at  the  cathedral  of  Vienna,  where  he  remained 
under  the  tuition  of  Renter  until  his  voice  broke,  when  he  was 
dismissed.  For  several  years  he  struggled  against  poverty  by 
teaching  and  composing  music,  but  after  some  time  he  was  appointed 
director  of  music  in  the  establishment  of  Count  Marzin.  This 
position  he  held  until  1791.  when  he  entered  the  service  of  Prince 
Anthony    Esterhazy,   as    chapel -master.      He   remained    with   this 


prince  until  th>;  latter  was  succeeded  by  Prince  Nicholai',  into  whose 
chapel-service  Haydn  then  entered.  The  prince  both  loved  and 
honored  the  composer,  and  kept  him  with  him  until  the  death  of 
Haydn  in  IROfl.  Haydn's  musical  compositions  numbered  1,200  or 
1,300,  including  nineteen  operas  and  five  oratorios,  and  are  remark- 
able for  their  blending  of  elegance  with  science.  Among  his  most 
noted  works,  besides  the  "Creation,"  is  "The  Seasons,"  based  on 
Thomson's  poem  of  tlie  same  name.  Twice  Haydn  visited  Eng- 
land: once  in  1790,  when  he  remained  there  eighteen  months,  giving 
concerts  and  composing  music  with  great  popularity.  In  1794  he 
returned  to  England,  remaining  about  the  same  length  of  time. 


CHRISTINE  NILSSON. 

/ifHRISTINE  NILSSOX,  daughter  of  an  ardent  admirer  of  music, 
L    and  a  leading  singer  in  his  church,  at  Uussaby,  near  Wexio,  Swe- 

V  den,  was  bom  in  1843,  the  owner  of  a  voice  that  has  charmed  the 
world.  Her  education  was  simple  and  domestic.  Sometimes  she 
was  employed  in  household  duties,  and  sometimes  in  the  field.  Her 
brother's  fiddle  was  her  delight,  and  with  her  songs  and  his  playing 
they  won  money  and  applause  at  fairs  and  weddings  to  which  they 
were  invited.  A  neighboring  magistrate,  having  beard  them  on  one 
occasion,  liberally  offered  to  educate  Christine  at  his  own  expense. 
In  his  family  she  was  carefully  trained  in  music,  and  from  there  she 
went  to  Stockholm  and  Paris,  receiving  instruction  from  prominent 
teachers.  In  October,  1864,  she  sang  to  a  Parisian  audience,  at  the 
Lyric  theater,  in  the  "  Magic  Flute,"  with  encouraging  success,  and 
during  her  engagement  at  that  theater  and  another  at  the  academy 
of  music,  her  popularity  and  the  superiority  of  her  genius  were 
established.  From  Paris  she  went  to  England  to  win  a  new  triumph 
at  the  Handel  festival  in  the  crystal  palace,  at  London,  before  an 
audience  of  34,000  spectators  and  musicians.  Her  singing  was  a 
perfect  success,  and  she  was  engaged,  for  $40,000  in  gold,  to  sing  in 
the  principal  towns  in  Great  Britain.  In  1870  she  came  to  the  United 
States,  where  a  hearty  welcome  was  accorded  to  her,  and  she 
appeared  first  in  concerts  and  then  in  opera.  In  1873  she  married,  in 
London,  at  Westminster  abbey,  a  merchant  of  Paris,  Mr.  Augnste 
Rouzaud,  and  in  the  following  winter  she  sang  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Russia,  with  great  success.  In  1873  she  returned  to  the  United 
States  and  sang  during  the  winter  of  1873-4.  Her  home  is  in 
Europe. 


THE  PATTI  SISTERS. 

/^CRROTINDED  by  musical  influences,  with  parents  who  were  pro- 
^(  fessional  vocalists,  Adelina  M.\ria  Clorixda  Patti  was  born  at 
Al  Madrid,  Spain,  in  1843.  The  following  year  the  family  removed 
to  New  York,  where  the  musical  education  of  the  little  girl  received 
particular  attention  from  her  near  relatives.  At  eight  years  of  age 
Adelina  sang  in  concerts,  and  in  her  sixteenth  year  she  made  her  first 
public  appearance,  as  a  leading  singer,  in  the  opera  of  "  Lucia  di 
Lammermoor.  "  She  first  appeared  in  London  in  1861,  and  in  Paris 
in  1862.  In  1868,  in  London,  she  was  married  to  the  Marquis  de 
Caux,  a  French  nobleman.  The  union  did  not  prove  to  be  a  happy 
one,  and  after  a  few  years  had  passed    they  were  legally  separated. 

Carlotta  Patti,  a  sister  of  Adelina,  was  born  at  Florence,  Italy, 
in  1840,  and  both  in  the  United  States  and  Europe  has  distinguished 
herself  in  concerts  by  her  powerful  soprano  voice  and  her  faculty  of 
expression.  She  has  appeared  successfully  in  opera,  bat  a  slight 
lameness  is  understood  to  have  influenced  her  in  seeking  other 
channels  for  the  exercise  of  her  splendid  talent. 


(3^ 


^^ 


M 


248 


-^'K 


INDIVIDUALS    DISTINGUISHED    IN    THE    MUSICAL    WORLD. 


Lowell  Mason,  Ole  Bull  and  Jenny  Lind. 


DWELL  MASON,  as  a  com- 
poser of  music,  attained 
a  national  reputation. 
Born  at  Medfield,  Mass. , 
in  1792,  from  his  child- 
hood he  developed  a 
marked  love  for  mut-ic  and 
a  talent  for  teaching  it. 
When  about  twenty  years 
(lid  he  went  to  Savannah, 
Ga. ,  where  he  gave  in- 
structions, superintended 
musical  associations  and 
-  led  church  choirs.  The  success  of  his  first 
volume  of  church  music,  the  old  *' Handel 
and  Haydn  Boston  Collection,"  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1821,  recalled  him  to  Boston.  There 
he  began  an  extended  career  of  musical  instruc- 
tion, advocating  the  Pestalozzian  system  of 
teaching,  and  gratuitously  forming  children's 
classes  for  improvement  in  vocal  harmony.  In 
these  arduous  labors  he  was  for  some  time 
assisted  by  Mr.  G.  J.  Webb,  and,  together, 
they  prepared  and  published  more  than  twenty 
books  of  sacred  and  church  music,  several 
glee-books,  and  more  than  a  dozen  juvenile 
musical  collections.  While  Mr.  Mason  was  an  industrious  adapter 
from  the  compositions  of  other  persons,  musical  pieces  of  his  own 
composing  are  found  in  all  these  books.  His  last  work,  "The  Song 
Garden,''  was  published  in  1866.  He  died  at  Orange,  N.  J.,  in 
I8T2. 


OLE  BULL. 


LE  BORNEMANN  BULL,  well-known  master  of  the  violin,  was 
a  native  of  Bergen,  Norway,  where  he  was  born  in  1810.  Music 
was  with  him,  in  his  youth,  a  passion,  which  his  father  (a  chem- 
ist) opposed,  designing  to  educate  the  lad  for  the  pulpit.  Having  been 
nent,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  to  the  university  at  Christiania,  be 
wiis  given,  on  one  occasion,  temporary  charge  of  the  orchestra 
(whose  leader  was  sick)  at  one  of  the  theaters,  and  the  result  was 
his  separation  from  the  university. 

He  went  to  Casscl,  Germany,  in  1829,  to  study  music,  but  not 
liking  his  instructor,  he  began  to  study  law  at  Gottingen ;  his  fondness 
for  music,  however,  interfered  with  this  design.  Going  to  Minden, 
Prussia,  he  fought  a  duel  and  mortally  wounded  his  antagonist.  He 
tlien  went  to  Paris,  where  he  suffered  so  much  for  want  of  the  com- 
forts of  life  that  he  at.temi)tcd  suicide,  but  was  rescued  and  found  a 
friend  in  a  lady  who  had  lost  a  son  whom  he  strongly  resembled. 
She  took  him  to  her  own  house,  and  enabled  him  to  make  his  first 
appearance  as  a  violinist.  With  the  means  thus  procured  he  made 
a  musical  tour  tlirough  Italy,  and  subsequently,  for  s(!ven  years,  he 
traveled  and  performed  on  the  violin  in  Italy,  France,  Germany, 
England  and  Russia. 

By  this  time  he  had  become  wealthy.  In  IH.'iH,  with  his  wife — a 
lady  from  Paris — he  returned  to  Bergen,  bought  an  estate  and  settled 
upon  it.      Five  years  later  he  made  a  professional  visit  to  the  United 


States,  remaining  two  years.  From  1845  to  1852  he  traveled  and 
gave  concerts  in  the  principal  cities  of  Europe ;  joined  General 
Yusufs  campaign  against  the  Kabyles,  in  Algeria;  built  a  theater  at 
Bergen,  and  projected  national  schools  of  literature  and  art  in 
Norway,  besides  making  some  improvements  in  musical  instruments. 

At  his  theater  he  permitted  political  sentiments  to  be  incorporated 
in  the  dramas,  and  this  course  brought  him  within  the  strong  grip  of 
the  law,  and  inaugurated  a  ruinous  series  of  lawsuits.  Losing  con- 
siderable money  in  this  way.  he  came  again  to  the  United  States. 
Having  still  sufficient  means  remaining,  he  purchased  120,000  acres 
of  uncultivated  land  in  Potter  county,  Pennsylvania,  and  attempted 
to  form  a  colony.  A  few  families  gathered  there,  but  the  attempt 
failed,  and  the  colony  was  broken  up. 

In  1854  he  resumed  his  concerts,  and  leased  the  New  York  acad- 
emy of  music,  with  a  view  of  establishing  Italian  opera  in  that  city, 
but  that  project  also  proved  a  failure.  Since  then,  residing  in  the 
United  States,  he  has  several  tim^s  revisited  Europe.  In  1870  he 
married  his  second  wife,  in  Wisconsin.  He  died  in  August, 
1880. 


JENNY  LIND. 


OPULARLY  known  as  "  the  Swedish  Nightingale,"  a  vocalist 
possessing  great  range  and  sweetness  of  voice  and  an  enviable 
reputation,  Jenny  Lind,  was  born  at  Stockholm,  Sweden,  in  1821. 
Her  musical  education  began  at  an  early  age,  and  when  nearly  eleven 
years  old  she  sang  juvenile  parts  in  public,  manifesting  considerable 
dramatic  talent  as  well  as  musical  genius.  After  performing  for  two 
years,  it  was  discovered  that  her  voice  was  becoming  disagreeably 
affected,  and  she  retired  into  obscurity  for  four  years,  studying 
instrumental  music  without  singing.  An  accidental  exercise  of  her 
vocal  organs  when  she  was  about  sixteen  years  old,  showed  that  her 
voice  was  restored  with  increased  power  and  purity.  From  that 
time,  for  about  two  years,  she  was  the  principal  singer  in  the  Stock- 
holm opera  performances.  For  the  improvement  of  her  voice  she 
went  to  Paris,  in  1841,  and  under  the  instructions  of  Garcia  and  the 
encouragement  held  out  by  Meyerbeer,  she  was  induced  to  sing 
at  Berlin,  in  1844,  with  such  success  that  in  Vienna  and  other 
empires  of  music  she  was  received  with  great  enthusiasm.  In 
1847  she  first  sang  publicly  in  London,  in  the  opera  of  "Robert  le 
Diable,'*  creating  an  almost  unrivaled  sensation.  The  next  three 
years  were  years  of  triumph  in  England,  Germany  and  Sweden.  In 
1850,  under  an  engagement  with  P.  T.  Barnum,  the  American 
showman,  she  came  to  the  United  States  and  gave  a  series  of  con- 
certs in  several  of  the  principal  cities,  and  was  received  with  the 
wildest  enthusiasm,  the  choice  of  seats  at  her  concerts  bringing 
premiums  of  fabulous  sums,  one  citizen,  of  New  York,  paying  StiOO 
as  his  bonus  for  a  choice.  During  her  stay  in  America  she  was 
honored  almost  as  greatly  for  her  munificent  gifts  for  various  chari- 
table purposes,  and  her  estimable  jirivate  character,  as  for  lu-r 
musical  superiority.  At  Boston  she  was  married  to  Otto  Gold- 
Schmidt,  a  young  pianist,  who  had  accompanied  her  during  her 
American  concerts.  Going  to  Europe,  they  dwelt  for  a  while  at 
Dresden,  but  in  1858  they  made  London  their  residence.  Although 
she  refused  to  sing  again  professionaUy,  she  has  appeared  in  feverid 
public  performances  in  brhalf  of  tlie  jioor  in  L(tnd()n  and  else- 
where. 


tO' — 


^-11        I 


I'EOI'LK    BUim    TO    KULE. 


S-»-a 


'■* is,,  '         "  i/-Ki ♦  \  ! 

I  .'"..*iii''"'''s,       — ««« »^'-» »»^^  -  v/vT! 


i*^  V-rT5~.t^g=):.«.  J 


;»  ^  /»  ,  v-jf 


•  **  »» 


Queen  Elizabeth— Forty  Years  a  Reigning  Sovereign  Over  a  Prosperous  Kingdom. 


W 


I  N  THE  palace  of  Greenwich,  SeptcinbtT 
7,  153;i,  was  born  the  Engliti-h  sov- 
ereign, Queen  Elizabeth,  known  as 
"the  Virj^in  Queen."  She  was  the 
(laugbter  of  Henry  VIIT.  and  his 
second  wife,  Anne  Boleyn.  Her 
education  was  intrusted  to  Protestant 
teachers,  and  she  acquired  consid- 
erable knowledge  of  classical  lit- 
erature. In  1558,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-five  years,  she  ascended  the 
throne,  the  successor  of  her  half 
sister  known  in  history  as  "■  Bloody 
Mary."  Elizabeth's  right  to  be  the  queen  of  England  was  denied 
by  all  the  Catholics  in  that  kingdom  and  in  other  countries,  for  the 
English  Catholics  looked  upon  the  young  and  beautiful  Mary, 
queen  of  Scots,  as  the  rightful  heir  to  the  throne.  Mary  was 
a  grandniece  of  Henry  VIII. ,  the  father  of  Elizabeth,  and  daughter  of 
James  V.  of  Scotland.  She  had  been  trained  in  the  Catholic  religion 
at  the  French  court.  The  year  after  Elizabeth  became  queen,  Mary 
was  married  to  Francis  II. ,  then  a  prince,  who  became  king  of  France 
in  tile  following  year,  but  who  died  in  the  succeeding  year.  In  1561 
Mary  returned  to  Scotland  and  was  received  as  Us  rightful  sovereign. 
In  1558  the  Catholic  powers  of  Europe  determined,  if  possible,  to 
drive  Elizabeth  from  the  throne,  and  Spain  fitted  out  that  celebrated 
collection  of  vess-jls  and  armies  of  soldiers,  called  **  the  invincible 
armada,"  the  largest  tleet  then  ever  known,  to  invade  England.  It 
consisted  of  129  ships,  3,000  cannon  and  20,000  men,  while  34,000 
other  armed  men  composed  a  land  force  to  co-operate  with  the  fleet. 
The  "armada"  reached  the  English  channel  in  July,  1588,  and  there 
encountered  the  British  fleet  ot  thirty  vessels.  The  contest  between 
the  two  fleets  lasted  for  several  days,  and  the  superior  character  of 
the  little  English  vessels  enabled  them  to  harass  and  drive  the  big 
ships  of  their  enemies  to  the  French  coast  The  Spanish  commander 
then  attempted  to  return  to  Spain  by  sailing  his  vessels  around  the 
north  coast  of  Scotland,  but  furious  storms  scattered  them  hitlier  and 
thither,  destroying  many,  and  only  one-third  of  the  great  "invincible 
armada,"  and  that  in  a  bad  condition,  ever  returned  to  report  the 
disaster.  The  result  was  a  weakening  of  the  influence  of  Spain  over 
other  countries  of  Europe,  and  a  strengthening  of  the  cause  of  Prot- 
estantism. Elizabeth,  fortunately  for  herself  and  her  people,  had 
two  excellent  advisers:  Lord  Burleigh,  a  wise  statesman,  who  was 
her  lord  treasurer,  and  Sir  Francis  WalsiuLiham,  her  secretary  of 
state.      For  forty  years  she  was  guided  by  the  advice  of  Lord  Bur- 


leigh, and  during  those  years  her  reign  was  glorious,  the  nation  was 
raised  to  a  high  degree  of  prosperity,  and  its  enemies  were  baflled. 
Art,  education,  discoveries  and  literature  throve  during  her  adminis- 
tration; the  age  produced  Shakspeare  Bacon  and  others,  the  greatest 
men  and  women  that  the  world  has  known,  while  commerce  and 
manufactures  experienced  a  vast  improvement.  Mary,  queen  of 
Scots,  after  her  return  to  Scotland,  met  with  great  opposition  from 
the  Protestant  supporters  of  Elizabeth.  Seven  years  she  braved 
these  storms  of  wrath,  but  was  at  length  compelled  to  flee  to  England 
to  implore  the  pity  of  Elizabeth.  The  queen  received  her  more  as  a 
prisoner  of  state  than  a  suppliant  for  favor,  and  kept  her  in  confine- 
ment for  eighteen  years.  During  these  years  numerous  plots  were 
formed  by  the  Catholics  to  harass  Elizabeth,  until  finally  a  law  was 
passed  that  made  Mary  personally  responsible,  although  a  prisoner, 
for  any  conspiracy  created  against  the  queen  by  the  friends  of  the 
captive.  Soon  afterwards  a  plot  to  assassinate  Elizabeth  was  formed 
and  discovered,  and  for  this  the  unfortunate  Mary  was  formally  tried, 
sentenced  to  die,  and  beheaded,  at  theageof  forty  five,  in  the  year  1587. 
In  the  latter  portion  of  her  life  the  favorite  noble  of  Queen  Elizabeth 
was  the  earl  of  Essex,  a  young  man,  described  as  possessing  great 
courage,  but  headstrong  and  weak,  who  presumed  so  far  upon  his 
favor  with  the  queen  that  he  became  insolent  to  her,  and  one  day  she 
gave  him  a  hearty  box  on  the  ear.  In  one  of  his  freaks,  afterwards, 
he  attempted,  in  the  streets  of  London,  to  raise  an  insurrection 
against  her.  For  this  he  was  arrested  and  condemned  to  die.  At 
some  previous  time  she  had  given  Essex  a  certain  ring,  with  instruc- 
tions to  send  it  to  her  whenever  he  might  be  in  any  danger,  and  now 
she  waited  to  receive  the  ring.  It  did  not  come,  and  she  unwillingly 
was  obliged  to  sign  his  death-warrant.  After  his  execution  a  laay 
confessed  upon  her  dying  bed  that  Essex  had  confided  his  ring  to  her 
to  carry  it  to  the  queen,  and  that  she  had  been  induced  by  her  hus- 
band, a  bitter  enemy  of  Essex,  not  to  deliver  it.  On  hearing  this, 
the  rage  and  grief  of  the  queen,  who  had  never  been  happy  since  the 
death  of  Essex,  were«terrible.  Ten  days  and  nights  she  lay  upon  the 
floor,  refusing  food  and  medicine;  then  falling  asleep,  she  died,  in  her 
seventieth  year,  March  24,  1603.  Possessing  many  good  qualities,  with 
numerous  weaknesses  of  character,  she  derived  glory  from  the 
national  prosperity  of  England  during  her  reign  of  forty-five  years, 
and  as  a  brilliant  scholar.  She  was  familiar  with  Greek  and  Latin, 
and,  besides  writing  an  original  comment  on  Plato,  some  poetry  and 
various  prayers,  meditations  and  speeches,  she  translated  a  play  of 
Euripides,  a  dialogue  of  Xenophon,  two  orations  of  Isocrates,  Sal- 
lust's  " Jugurthine  War,"  part  of  Horace's  "Art  of  Poetry,"  and 
Bcethius'  "Consolations  of  Philosophy." 


250 


PUKTKAIT    OF    QUKEN    VICTORIA. 


Queen  Victoria.     Lady  Jane  Grey. 


The  One  Successful  and  Prosperous;  the  Other  Unfortunate. 


HE  PRESENT  queen  Victoria  Alexandrina 
Guelph,  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and 
L-mpress  of  India,  is  the  daughter  and  only 
i-hild  of  Edward,  duke  of  Kent,  fourth  son 
of  George  III.,  by  his  wife,  Victoria  Mary 
Louisa,  of  Saxe  CoburgSaalfield,  Ger- 
many. She  was  born  at  Kensington 
palace,  England,  May  24,  1819.  Her  father 
died   in  18::^u,  and  her  general  education, 

under       her 

ni other's  su- 
pervision,   was 

conducted       by 

the    duchess  of 

Northumber- 

hmd,  and  until 

within     a    few 

weeks  before 
she  ascended  the  throne,  she  lived  in 
comparative  retirement,  diversified  by 
visits  to  various  portions  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  The  death  of  the  reigning 
king,  William  IV.,  occurred  in  June, 
1837,  and  on  the  28th  of  that  month 
Victoria,  by  royal  succession,  was 
crowned  queen  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  at  Westminster  abbey.  She 
came  into  power  in  a  time  of  England's 
l)rosperity,  and  among  her  first  acts  was 
a  prayer  to  God  for  strength  and  wisdom 
to  rule  her  people  aright.  And  it  is 
remarkable  that  during  her  long  reign 
Great  Britain  has  enjoyed  more  and 
richer  advantages  in  religion,  science, 
art,  commerce,  and  literature  than 
under  any  other  modern  sovereignty. 
She  immediately  became  a  favorite  with 
her  people,  and  has  managed  to  retain 
their  esteem  and  affection  up  to  the 
jjreseiit  moment  by  her  womanly  and 
queenly  character.      In    1840,   Victoria 

was  united  to  Albert,  prince  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  second  son  of 
duke  Ernest,  who  was  born  in  Germany  in  1810,  and  was  in  every 
way  H  suitable  husband  for  the  young  and  popular  queen.  He  was  a 
man  of  peaceful  habits  and  refined  taste,  whose  pursuits  were  of 
an  exalted,  benevolent  and  useful  character;  and  he  was  a  compe- 
tent and  active  participator  in  public  measures,  which  tended  to 
increase  the  happinej»8  and  prosperity  of  the  English  i)eoplc.  Nine 
children  were  born  to  thiJ?  royal  couple,  as  follows:  Victoria  Adehiidc 
Miiry  Louisa,  who  was  married  in  1858  to  the  crown  prince,  Frederick 
William,  of  Prussia;  Albert  Edward,  princi-  of  Wales,  who  was 
murried  In  18(53  to  the  Princess  Ab-xiindni,  of  l)i-nmnrk;  Alice  Maud 


Mary,  who  was  married  in  1862  to  Prince  Louis,  of  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, Germany,  and  died  in  1878;  Alfred  Ernest,  duke  of  Edinburgh, 
who  was  married  in  1874  to  the  grand  duchess  Marie  Alexandrovna, 
only  daughter  of  the  emperor  of  Russia:  Helena  Augusta  Victoria, 
who  was  married  in  1866  to  Prince  Christian  of  Schieswig-Holstein, 
Germany;  Louise  Caroline  Alberta,  who  was  married  in  1871  to  the 
marquis  of  Lome,  afterwards  governor-general  of  Canada;  Arthur 
William  Patrick  Albert,  duke  of  Connaught;  Leopold  George  Duncan 
Albert,  and  Beatrice  Mary  Victoria  Feodore.  The  duchess  of  Kent, 
Queen  Victoria's  mother,  died  in  March, 
1861,  and  her  dearly-beloved  husband. 
Prince  Albert,  suddenly  expired  in  the 
following  December.  The  whole  king- 
dom was  thrown  into  grief  by  the  death 
of  the  prince  consort,  and  for  many 
years  she  deeply  mourned  her  heavy 
loss;  indeed,  that  event  has  been  the 
means  of  inducing  continuous  habits  of 
seclusion  in  her  private  life,  while  she 
has  continued  to  exercise  her  powers 
and  duties  as  the  sovereign  of  a  mighty 
nation  with  great  fidelity  to  her  sub- 
jects. Her  public  history  is  that  of 
Great  Britain  during  the  past  five 
decades.  As  a  wife,  a  mother  and  a 
queen  she  has  experienced  only  the 
changes,  the  sorrows  and  joys  ^vhich 
usually  fall  to  the  lot  of  ordinary 
women,  but  in  all  and  through  all  she 
has  proven  herself  an  honor  to  her  sex. 


Victoria  1,  of  England. 


LADY  JANE  GREY. 
ADY  JANE  GREY,  who  was  the 
daughter  of  the  duke  of  Dorset,  was 
born  at  Bradgate,  Leicestershire, 
England,  in' 1537.  She  was  a  great- 
granddaughter  of  King  Henry  VII.  Her 
talents,  which  were  of  a  superior  order, 
were  developed  at  an  early  age,  so  that 
when  slie  was  fifteen  years  old  she  had 
learned  the  Greek,  Latin,  Hebrew,  Clmldee,  Arabic,  French  and  Italian 
languages.  In  1553  she  was  married  to  Lord  Guilford  Dudley,  son 
of  the  duke  of  Northumberland.  Edward  VI.,  reigning  sovereign  at 
that  time,  being  opposed  to  the  religious  principles  of  his  sister 
Mary,  was  disposed  to  bequeath  his  crown  to  Lady  Jane.  After  his 
death  she  n-luctantly  accepted  the  crown  of  England.  She  reigned 
twelve  days  when  Mary,  Edward's  sister,  whom  the  Catholics  had 
declared  for  as  sovereign,  became  queen,  and  Lady  Jane  was  com- 
mitted as  a  prisoner,  with  her  husband,  to  the  tower  of  London,  and 
in  February,  1554,  both  were  belieaded  at  the  command  of  (^Ufcn 
Mary.      Liuly  Jam-  refused  to  the  la>-t  to  renounce  Protestantism. 


^ 


-^v 


IS    l7tH»,  ia:ij:i:  uvi:u  tiii;   iussjan   k]m,i>i»m. 


Former  Distinguished  Emperor  of  Russia, 


|;ETEK    I.,    ALKXEIEVITCH,    one    of    the    czars    of 

Riissiii,  (■(Hiimonly  called  "the  Great/'  wiis  born 
nviiT  Mdiscow,  ill  that  empire,  in  liS72.  In  1683  he 
inid  his  brother  Ivan  became  joint  heirs  to  the  crown, 
and  wUen  Ivan  diedin  1096,  Peter  became  the  sole  emperor.  Early  in 
his  rei^'n  Peler  began  to  form  projects  to  increase  the  civilization 
and  the  greatness  of  Russia.     His  first  attention  was  turned  to  mili- 


repeatedly  defeated,  but  at  length  the  tide  of  battle  turned,  and  he 
gained  a  decisive  victory  at  Pultowa,  in  1709,  and  wrested  several 
provinces  from  the  Swedes.  Upon  a  part  of  the  lerriiory  thus  guined 
he  founded  the  city  of  St.  Petersburg,  the  present  great  capital  city 
of  the  empire.  In  a  war  with  the  Turks,  in  1711,  he  was  surrounded 
by  Ihe  enemy  in  force,  on  the  hanks  of  the  river  Prulh,  and  obliged 
to  sign  a  disadvantageous  treaty  of  peace.     In  a  war  against  Pfp'^ia 


A^ooo» 


View  of  the  English  Throne-Room. 


tary  and  naval  improvements,  and  in  these  he  was  ably  ass?istfd  by 
his  confidential  counselor,  Lefort,  a  native  of  Geneva,  Switzerland. 
Twice,  once  in  1697,  and  again  in  1716,  Peter  made  journeys  in  order 
to  acquire  knowledge.  In  the  course  of  his  first  tour  he  came  to 
Saardam,  where  be  worked  as  a  shipwright  in  the  dockyard.  He  was 
also  instrumental  in  inviting  men  of  talent  and  mechanical  skill  in 
other  countries  to  settle  in  Russia.  From  1700  to  1721  he  was 
engaged  in  a  war  with  Sweden,  at  the  beginning  of  which  he  was 


be  was  more  successful,  and  in  1723  he  compelled  that  power  to  cede 
extt?nsive  possessions  to  Russia.  In  his  latter  years  Peter  was 
brought  to  sorrow  by  the  undoubted  unfaithfulness  of  his  wife, 
Catharine,  and  the  disobedience  of  Alexis,  his  son.  He  spared  the 
life  of  the  empress,  but  his  son  was  arraigned  for  trial  and  put  into 
prison,  and  it  is  believed  that  he  was  there  put  to  death.  The  real 
greatness  of  Alexeievitch  is  found  in  the  extensive  internal 
improvements  which  he   projected   and  carried  to  completion. 


t 


THE    BUILDER    OF    THE    TEMPLE    AT    JERUSALEM. 


f 


Famous  Philosopher  of  Olden  Times. 


ING  SOLOMON  was  born  at  Jerusalem 
in  tbe  year  1033  before  Christ. 
He  was  the  son  of  King  David  and 
Bathsheba,  his  wife,  of  Iffrael. 
His  education  was  superintended 
by  his  father,  and  was  of  such  a 
character  as  befitted  his  station 
and  the  designs  foreshadowed  of 
his  career.  Adonijah,  also  a  son 
of  David  by  another  wife,  having 
attempted  to  assume  the  reins  of 
government,  Solomon  was  ap- 
pointed his  father's  successor  on 
the  throne  of  Israel,  and  inaugu- 
rated amid  the  acclamations  of 
the  people.  His  reign  having  been  estab- 
lished, he  formed  an  alliance  with  Pharaoh, 
king  of  Egypt,  whose  daughter  he  married  and 
brought  to  Jerusalem.  At  Gibeon,  on  one 
occasion,  he  offered  a  thousand  burnt  sacrifices 
before  the  Lord,  and  when  he  slept,  God  appeared 
to  him,  it  is  said,  in  a  dream,  and  said,  "  Ask 
of  Me  what  you  desire."  In  reply,  Solomon 
asked  for  divine  wisdom,  an  understanding 
heart,  and  such  other  qualifications  as  were  nec- 
essary for  his  good  government  of  the  people. 
The  request,  it  is  stated,  was  granted,  with 
the  promise  of  great  prosperity,  of  riches  and 
honor,  so  that  there  should  be  no  king  like 
him.  This  wisdom  and  prosperity  were  soon 
manifested,  as  his  history  shows.  His 
dominions  extended  from  the  Mediterranean 
sea  to  the  river  Euphrates,  from  the  Orontes 
sea  and  the  Persian  gulf,  and  it  is  recorded  that 
he  "had  peace  on  all  sides  rouiul  about  him."'  At  that  time  the 
Hebrews  were  the  ruling  people  in  the  west  of  Asia.  The  scrip- 
tural account  of  the  glory  of  Solomon's  reign  is  plain  and  decisive. 
It  is  found  in  the  Iwoks  of  Kings  and  the  Chronicles  in  the  Christian 
liible.  The  temple  at  Jerusalem,  as  a  national  house  of  worship  for 
the  Jews,  was  Solomon's  first  great  undertaking,  and  in  this  he  was 
directed  both  by  the  charge  of  his  dying  father  and  his  own  desire. 
In  the  needful  preparations  he  derived  important  iiid  from  Hiram,  or 
Huram,  the  king  of  Tyre,  the  friend  and  ally  of  his  father,  and  the 
Tyrians,  then  the  most  skillful  mechanics  and  sailors  in  the  world, 
were  engiigcd  in  tlie  service  of  the  Hebrews.  Timber  from  the 
forests  of  Lebanon  was  drawn  to  the  Mediterranean  sea,  floated  to 
the  sea-port  of  Joppa,  and  paid  for  In  the  agricultural  products  of 
Jndea.  Probably  180,000  men  were  employed  in  the  fnresis  and  the 
quarries  where  the  sttme  was  hewn  for  the  temple,  besides  those 
engaged  in  preparing  its  site  and  in  other  hibor.  Seven  and  a  half 
yiiiTH    this    splendid    fabric    silently    but    rapidly    proceeded    toward 


to  the 


completion.  Every  part  and  material  of  the  immense  structure, 
even  the  largest  beams  and  the  most  ponderous  stones,  were  fitted  to 
each  other  before  they  were  brought  to  the  building.  It  was  the 
most  costly  and  magnificent  edifice  of  which  an  account  is  given  in 
history.  When  it  was  completed  it  was  dedicated  to  the  service  of 
God  with  much  solemnity  in  the  presence  of  all  the  Hebrews,  the 
feast  of  dedication  being  kept  Jor  seven  days,  and  concluded  with  a 
solemn  assembly.  When  the  temple  was  completed,  Solomon  erected 
other  splendid  buildings.  His  own  palace  occupied  thirteen  years 
in  its  construction  at  Jerusalem,  and  employed  the  utmost  skill  of 
the  artificers  of  that  day  and  the  vast  resources  of  wealth  and  power 
at  his  command.  "The  whole  house  was  built  of  white  marble, 
cedar,  gold  and  silver,  with  precious  stones  upon  the  walls  and  ceil- 
ing," according  to  the  account  in  Josephus'  works.  He  had 
abundance  of  horses  and  chariots  of  war,  and  his  court  was  a  scene 
of  unparalleled  and  gorgeous  magnificence.  His  vast  resources  of 
wealth  were  various.  A  large  income  was  derived  from  commerce 
with  Tyre  and  other  countries,  as  the  trade  of  the  civilized  world 
then  almost  entirely  passed  under  the  control  of  Solomon  and  Hiram. 
Business  was  not  conducted  by  individuals;  the  profits  were  not 
subject  to  much  competition;  all  was  controlled  by  kingly  authority, 
and  a  large  proportion  of  the  advantages  was  gathered  into  the  royal 
treasury.  An  inland  trade  from  Egypt  on  the  south,  for  linen  and 
horses,  through  Judea  to  Syria  and  other  countries  to  the  north  and 
east,  brought  considerable  profits  to  Solomon,  in  addition  to  those 
resulting  from  the  spice-merchants,  or  the  Arabian  caravans  which 
traversed  his  kingdom,  carrying  all  the  precious  commodities  of  the 
East,  together  with  other  caravans  proceeding  directly  across  Asia 
from  Babylon  and  the  Euphrates  to  Tyre.  Solomon,  it  is  claimed, 
was  the  wisest  man  of  his  time,  and  his  reputation  spread  through 
all  nations.  "  He  was  the  greatest  philoso]>her  of  antiquity,  as  well 
in  natural  history  as  in  morals,  being  acquainted  with  the  nature  of 
plants  and  trees,  also  of  beasts,  of  birds,  of  reptiles  and  of  fishes. 
There  was  a  concourse  of  strangers  from  all  countries  to  hear  hia 
wisdom,  and  embassadors  from  the  most  remote  princes.  He  made 
gold  and  silver  very  abundant  in  Jerusalem,  and  cedars  as  plentiful 
as  the  sycamore  trees  in  the  valley."'  In  his  literary  hibors  he  was 
also  famous  for  the  composition  or  collection  of  3,000  proverbs  and 
1,005  religious  songs.  Of  his  writings  there  remain  to  us  only  his 
book  of  "  Proverbs,""  a  portion  of  his  "  Psalms,"  his  "  Ecclesiastes," 
and  his  "Song  of  Songs,"  known  in  the  Bible  as  "Solomon's  Song.'' 
In  his  domestic  arrangements  he  was  extravagant,  having  700  legiti- 
mate wives  and  300  other  women  in  his  houseliold.  In  his  latter  years 
he  was  led  by  some  of  his  heatlien  wives  to  worship  their  idols,  for 
whom  he  built  temples,  in  which  he  burned  incense  and  offered 
sacrifice.  This  delusion,  it  is  calculated,  overtook  him  about  the 
thirty-fourth  year  of  his  reign  and  the  fifty-fourth  of  his  age. 
Whether  he  ever  again  turned  to  the  worship  of  the  Supreme  God  is. 
not  known.  In  liis  writings  are  purity,  imu-ality,  and  sublimity, 
leaving  no  intimation  of  anythini;  Init  llie  excellence  of  his 
character. 


:^c> 


KN'UUIDLALS    DISTINGULSIIED    FDK    EASE    OF    EXl'KESSIoN. 


•<^ 


^^^^mi^^'rt 


^'•-  i  • '/ 


Famous  Orators. 


Words  Fitly 


The  Magnetism  of  Graceful 
Oratory. 


,^^The  Power  of  Gesture,  Expression  and  Voice. 


ENRY  CLAY,  one  of  America's 
greatest  ^talesmen,  the  son  of  a 
clergyman,  was  born  near  Rich- 
mond, Virginia,  in  a  humble 
tUvelling,  in  1777.  His  educa- 
tion was  elementary,  and  gained 
at  the  district  school.  At  an 
early  age  he  was  employed  as  a 
copyist  in  the  office  of  the  clerk 
of  the  court  of  chancery  at  Richmond.  At 
nineteen  he  began  the  study  of  the  law,  and 
within  a  year,  such  rapid  progress  had  he 
made,  he  was  admitted  to  practice.  In  1799  he 
removed  to  Lexington,  Ky. ,  and  opened  a  law 
office,  taking  also  an  active  interest  in  public 
politics,  working  for  the  election  of  delegates  to 
the  convention  to  revise  the  constitution  of  Ken- 
tucky, who  would  favor  the  emancipation  of  the 
slaves.  Unpopular  as  this  effort  was.  Clay  by  his 
judicious  action  in  regard  to  other  State  interests, 
overcame  the  public  prejudices,  and  became  a 
In  1803  he  was  elected  to  the  State  legislature  by 
His  skill  in  argument  and  eloquence  of  speech 
led  to  his  election  to  the  United  States  senate,  in  1806,  to  fill  a 
vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  his  predecessor,  and  there 
he  soon  acquired  his  lasting  and  brilliant  reputation  as  an  orator  and 
judicious  statesman.  At  the  end  of  his  term  in  the  senate,  he  was 
again  elected  member  of  the  Kentucky  State  legislature  for  two 
sessions.  In  1809  he  was  re-elected  to  the  United  States  senate, 
to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  for  two  years  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
discussion  of  the  political  questions  of  the  day.  In  1811  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  lower  house  of  Congress,  and  was 
chosen  speaker,  an  office  which  he  filled  with  general  satisfaction 
until  1814,  when  he  was  sent  as  one  of  the  United  States  commis- 
sioners to  Ghent,  to  prepare  the  terms  of  a  treaty  of  peace  with 
England.  In  this  mission  he  proved  his  ability  as  a  skillful  diplo- 
matist. Returning  to  Kentucky  in  1815,  he  was  re-elected  amemher 
of  Congress.  During  that  term  he  became  prominent  by  his  advocacy 
of  a  protective  tariff  upon  imports  from  abroad,  and  his  active  partic- 
ipation in  the  adjustment  of  the  famous   "^  Missouri  Compromise," 


political  favorite, 
a  large  majority. 


which  provided  that  Missouri  should  be  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a 
.slave  holding  State,  but  that  in  future  t^lavery  slioiild  never  be  estab- 
lished in  any  States  formed  from  lands  lying  north  of  hititude  thirty- 
six  degrees,  thirty  minutes;  a  provision  which  was  adopted  by 
Congress.  Owing  to  the  condition  of  his  private  business,  Mr.  Clay 
retired  for  three  years  from  public  life,  but  in  1823  he  was  re-elected 
to  Congress  and  again  chosen  speaker  of  the  house.  It  was  during 
this  term  that  he  ably  seccmded  the  efforts  of  Daniel  Webster  for  the 
relief  of  the  oppressed  Greeks.  When  John  Quincy  Adams  became 
President  of  the  United  States,  Mr.  Clay  was  appointed  Secretary 
of  State,  a  position  which  he  honorably  filled  until  after  the  elec- 
tion of  Andrew  Jackson  to  the  presidency  in  1828.  In  1831  he  was 
re-elected  United  States  senator  from  Kentucky,  and  in  1832  was  nomi- 
nated for  the  presidency  in  opposition  to  Jackson,  who  defeated  him, 
and  was  elected  for  a  second  term.  In  1836  Mr.  Clay  was  once  more 
sent  to  the  United  States  senate,  serving  until  1842.  In  1844  the 
Whigs  nominated  him  again  for  the  presidency,  against  James  K. 
Polk,  and  again  he  was  defeated.  In  1849  Mr.  Clay  was  again 
returned  to  the  senate,  where  he  fought  once  more  the  policy  of  per- 
mitting slavery  to  extend  its  encroachments  upon  new  States  and 
Territories  of  the  Union,  and  the  "  Compromise  of  1850  "  was  agreed 
upon.  [Many  persons  who  have  heard  of  "  Mason  and  Dixon's  line" 
in  connection  with  the  old  controversy  between  s-lavery  and  anti- 
slavery  advocates  without  understanding  its  meaning,  will  be  pleased 
to  learn  of  its  origin  in  this  connection.  Mason  and  Dixon  were  two 
English  civil  engineers  who  were  authorized  in  1763  to  survey  the 
disputed  boundary  line  between  Pennsylvania,  a  free  State,  and  Mary- 
land, a  slave  State.  The  line  surveyed  by  them  and  their  successors 
extended  310  miles  due  west  from  the  northeast  corner  of  Maryland.] 
Mr.  Clay's  health  failing  after  this  arduous  contest,  he  sought  to 
restore  it  by  a  voyage  to  the  West  Indies,  but  after  returning  to 
Washington  he  died  there  in  June,  1852.  He  has  left  his  epitaph  in 
one  of  his  sturdy  sentences:  "I  would  rather  be  right  than 
President." 


GEORGE  WHITEFIELD. 

Vy^HIS  pulpit  orator,  who  introduced  into  England  the  practice  of 

open-air  preaching,  was  born  at  Gloucester,  England,  in  1714. 

\    His  father  was  an  innkeeper,  who  had  the  lad  educated  at  the 

Crypt  school  in  his  native  city,  and  at  Pembroke  college,  Oxford.      It 


'/^'.(^ 


t 


-<')■ 


254 


CELEBRATED  ORATOKS. 


was  at  this  latter  place  tliat  he  became  associated  witli  John  Wesley 
in  the  formation  of  a  Methodist  society,  and  he  is  esteemed  as  the 
founder  of  that  branch  of  Methodism  known  as  *'  Calvinistic. " 
His  religious  enthusiasm  led  him  to  live  rather  a  rigorous  life.  In 
173G  he  was  ordained  a  deacon,  and  ere  long  the  power  of  his 
eloquence  began  to  be  acknowledged,  and  he  became  quite  popular  as 
a  preacher.  In  1737  he  made  his  first  voyage  to  America,  sailing  for 
Georgia,  in  which  colony  he  remained  nearly  two  years.  After 
having  introduced  the  practice  of  open-air  preaching  into  England, 
and  meeting  with  astonishing  success  in  his  ministrations,  he 
returned  to  Georgia,  residing  there  until  1741.  Subsequently  he 
made  five  more  visits  to  that  colony,  where,  among  other  benefits 
conferred  upon  the  people,  he  founded  his  orphan-house.  About  1741 
the  diflference  of  opinion  between  Whitefield  and  Wesley  respecting  the 
doctrine  of  "  election  "  was  manifested,  and  led  to  their  separation, 
but  not  to  extinction  of  their  friendt-hip.  In  1748  Whitefield  num- 
bered among  the  converts  to  his  preaching  the  Countess  of  Hunting- 
don, who  appointed  him  her  chaplain.  Having  visited  many  parts 
of  England,  Wales,  Scotland  and  Ireland,  he  made  his  seventh  and 
last  voyage  to  America,  in  September, 
1769,  and  died  at  Xewburyport,  Mass.,  in 
September,  1770.  51  r.  Whitefield  was  an 
untiring  as  well  as  an  attractive  and  effect- 
ive preacher  of  the  gospel.  He  has  left 
it  on  record  that  during  the  term  of  his 
ministry,  thirty-four  years,  he  preached 
more  than  18.000  sermons,  or  an  average  of 
about  eleven  a  week.  His  "  short  allow- 
ance" was  nine  sermons  a  week.  Once, 
on  Boston  common,  he  preached  to  20,000 
persons.  Great  crowds  attended  his  meet- 
ings both  in  England  and  America,  and  the 
amount  of  good  performed  by  his  minis- 
trations is  simply  incalculable.  The  day 
before  his  death  he  preached  two  hours  at 
Exeter,  N.  H. 


In  17715  he  was  appointed  the  first  governor  of  Virginia,  and  to  this 
otfice  he  was  repeatedly  re-elected.  In  1786  he  was  appointed  by 
the  Virginia  legislature  one  of  the  delegates  to  the  convention,  at 
Philadelphia,  called  to  revise  the  federal  constitution.  In  1788  he 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  which  met  in  Virginia  to  consider 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  strenuously  opposed  it 
because  it  too  little  recognized  State  rights  and  was  not  sufficiently 
democratic.  In  1794  he  retired  from  the  practice  of  the  law.  His 
death  occurred  at  Red  Hill,  Va. ,  in  1799.  "Without  extensive 
information  upon  political  or  legal  topics,""  says  one  biographer,  "he 
was  a  natural  orator  of  the  highest  order,  possessing  great  powers  of 
imagination,  sarcasm,  and  humor,  united  with  great  force  and  energy 
of  manner,  and  a  deep  knowledge  of  human  nature."' 


$5*^ 


«^*^ 


PATRICK  HENRY. 

/"HIS  orator   and    statesman   came   into 

the  world  in  Virginia,  in  1736.      After 

receiving  a  common  school  education, 
and  passing  some  time  in  commercial  and 
agricultural  pursuits,  he  studied  law  for  six 
weeks  and  then  began  to  practice  it  In  the 

courts.  For  several  years  he  struggled  with  poverty,  without  acquir- 
ing either  fame  or  a  profitable  business  as  an  attorney;  but  in  1763,  by 
his  adroit  management  of  a  case  involving  the  income  of  the  clergy, 
in  which  he  opposed  the  claims  of  the  latter,  he  obtained  distinction 
and  made  the  question  one  of  importance  in  the  politics  of  the 
colonies.  In  1765  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Virginia  legisla- 
ture, in  which  he  boldly  opposed  the  British  "■stamp-act,"  and  had 
the  honor  of  beginning  the  opposition  to  the  measures  of  the  '*  mother 
country"  which  terminated  in  the  American  revolution.  He  was 
also  one  of  the  delegates  sent  from  Virginia  to  the  first  general 
congress  of  the  colonies  at  Philadelphia,  in  1774,  and  still  further 
distinguished  himself  by  the  boldness  and  eloquence  of  his  speeches 
in  that  assembly.  In  the  spring  of  1775,  in  a  convention  at  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  Mr.  Henry  moved  that  the  militia  be  organized  and  the 
colony  be  immediately  put  in  a  state  of  defense.  His  motion  was 
looked  upon  as  warlike,  and  opposed  as  too  precipitate  and  ill-ad 
vised.  It  was  then  that  Henry  immortalized  his  name  by  exclaiming: 
"  There  is  no  retreat  but  in  sulnninsion  and  slavery.  Our 
chains  are  forged.     Their  chinking  may  be  heard  on  the  j>Iain; 


Frederick   Douglass, 
Famous  Colored  Orator,  Bom  and  Reared  a  Slave. 


of 


Boston.  The  next  gale  that  sweeps  from  the  north  will  bring  to  our 
ears  the  clash  of  resounding  arms !  .  .  .  I  know  not  what  course 
others  may  take;  but  as  for  me — give  me  liberty,  or  give  me  death  I" 


FREDERICK  DOUGLASS. 

S  AN  orator  and  journalist,  FiLUL-iii-k  Douglass,  suffering  under 
the  disadvantages  of  having  been  a  slave  and  a  mulaltci  by 
birth,  is  a  remarkable  man.  Born  at  Tuckahoe,  Md.,  about 
the  year  1817,  of  a  negro  mother,  his 
father  being  a  white  man,  he  followed  the 
"manifest  destiny"  of  his  race  in  the 
Southern  States,  and  was  reared  until  ten 
years  old  on  a  plantation.  At  that  age  he 
was  sent  to  Baltimore  to  serve  a  relative  of 
his  master.  It  was  there,  while  employed 
in  a  shipyard,  having  clandestinely  learned 
to  read,  he  secretly  left  his  master,  Sep- 
tember 3,  1836,  and  went  to  New  York,  and 
from  there  to  New  Bedford,  Mass.  At  the 
latter  place  he  found  employment  in  work- 
shops and  on  the  wharves,  and  married. 
Atan  anti-slavery  convention  at  Nantucket, 
in  1841,  he  spoke  upon  the  prevailing  topic 
with  much  vigor  and  intelligence,  and 
created  such  an  interest  in  his  behalf  as  to 
secure  his  appointment  as  agent  of  the 
Massachusetts  anti-slavery  society.  For 
four  years  he  visited  New  England  towns 
and  cities,  lecturing  upon  the  evils  of 
slavery.  In  addition,  he  also  published 
the  story  of  his  life.  In  1845  he  visited 
England,  and  lectured  in  the  principal 
cities  throughout  the  United  Kingdom, 
being  received  with  great  enthusiasm  at  almost  every  place.  During 
his  stay  of  nearly  tw()  years  in  Great  Britain,  his  friends  amassed 
about  $600  with  which  to  purchase  his  freedom  from  his  former 
master,  for  he  was  then,  it  must  be  remembered,  but  a  fugitive 
slave.  Returning  to  America,  he  took  up  his  abode  at  Rochester, 
N.  Y. ,  and  there,  in  1847,  established  a  weekly  newspaper,  first 
known  as  the  North  Sfar,  and  afterwards  as  Frederick  Douglass" 
Papcr^  and  its  publication  was  continued  for  several  years.  His 
autobiography  appeared  in  1855,  rewritten  and  enlarged,  as  "My 
Bondage  and  My  Freedom,"  which  is  still  extant.  In  1855  he  was 
suspected  of  complicity  in  John  Brown's  raid  into  Virginia  to  free 
the  slaves  of  thai  commonwealth,  and  Governor  Wise  issued  a 
requisition  for  his  arrest  upon  the  Governor  of  Michigan;  but 
Douglass  avoided  this  trouble  by  going  to  England.  On  his  return 
home  he  resumed  his  editorial  duties  at  Rochester.  During  the  late 
war  he  advocated  the  use  of  colored  troops  and  a  general  emancipa- 
tion of  the  Southern  slaves,  and  in  1863  he  assisted  in  organizing 
negro  regiments  in  Massachusetts  and  elsewhere.  In  1870  he 
assumed  editorial  control  of  the  Xew  National  Era,  at  Washington. 
In  1871  he  was  secretary  of  the  national  commission  to  San  Domingo, 
and  has  since  held  j)rominent  political  positions  of  trust. 


A- 


% 


-^ 


TlIK    WIDELY    KNOWN    OKATOKS,   OUUOll    AND    Sl'UUOKON. 


loo 


9- 


John  B.  Gough.     Charles  H.  Spurgeon. 


ALMOST  every  town  and  city  of  tht-  Tnited 
States,  the  peculiarities  of  John  B. 
Gough,  the  popular  lecturer,  and  hii* 
talents  as  an  orator,  are  familiarly  known. 
Born  at  Sandj;ate,  England,  in  1817,  ho 
emigrated  to  New  York  in  1829,  learned 
the  trade  of  a  bookbinder,  and  became 
noted  for  hia  habits  of  intemperance. 
Through  some  influence  he  was  induced 
to  attend  a  temperance  meeting  in  Octo- 
ber, IH12,  where  he  signed  the  temper- 
ance pledge,  and  from  that  time  was 
thoroughly  reformed.  He  not  only  prac- 
ticed total  abstinence,  but  began  to  advo- 
cate it  from  the  platform  with  the  earnestness  and  eloquence  for 
which  he  is  now  so  greatly  distinguished.  His  reputation  as  an 
orator  widely  increased  as  he  traveled  and  lectured  throughout  the 
United  States  and 
Canada.  His  fame 
extended  also  to 
England,  and  in  1853 
the  London  temper- 
ance league  invited 
him  to  visit  Great 
Britain.  He  did  so, 
!ind  eloquently  advo- 
cated the  temper- 
ance cause  in  all 
parts  of  England  for 
about  two  years, 
when  he  returned 
to  America.  Up  to 
this  time,  in  the 
two  nations,  he  had 
traveled  more  than 
29,500  miles,  deliv- 
ered 1,045  lectures, 
and  obtained  many 
thousands  of  signa- 
tures to  the  tem- 
perancepledge.  The 
beneficial  effects  of 
his    labors    are    immeasurable. 


John   B.  Gough. 

Distinguished  Orator  and  Temperance 
Lecturer. 


After  his  return  he  continued 
to  labor  in  this  manner,  and  in  1857  he  again  sailed  for  England, 
where  he  lectured  with  still  greater  success  than  on  his  former  visit. 
In  iStiO  be  came  back  to  the  United  States.  He  now  added  lectures 
on  other  subjects  to  his  course,  and  continued  to  maintain  his  popu- 
larity, amassing  wealth  by  his  eloquence,  and  building  an  elegant 
residence  near  Worcester,  Mass.  In  18T8  he  made  a  third  visit  to 
England.  His  autobiography  was  published  in  1870.  He  was  a 
devout  member  of  the  Congregational  church,  and  noted  for  his 
benevolence.  lie  died  at  Frankford,  Pa.,  after  a  brief  illness, 
Feb.  18,  1886. 


wi 


CHARLES  HADDON  SPURGEON. 

niE  English  Baptist  clergyman  and  pulpit  orator,  Charles  Haddon 

1      Spurgeon,  is  the  son  and  grandson  respectively  of  two  Independ- 

\     ent  clergymen  —  a  sect  who  believe  that  every  organized  church 

is  complete  in  itself,  competent   to   govern  itself,   and  independent 

of  all  other  church  authority.      He  was  born  at  Kelvedon,  England, 

in  1834,  and  educated  at  Colchester.      He  then  became  an  assistant 


teacher  in  a  school  at  Newmarket.  His  friends  desired  him  to  oecome 
an  Independent  preacher,  but  as  his  preferences  were  in  favor  of  the 
Baptist  doctrine.H,  he  joined  a  "lay-preachers'  association"  at  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  had  also  been  employed  as  a  leuchcr,  and  became  a 
village  preacher  and  tract-distributer  at  Faversham,  near  Cambridge. 
Here  he  was  known  as  the  *'  boy-preacher. "  A  short  time  afterwards 
he  was  called  to  be  the  pastor  of  a  small  Baptist  chapel  atWalerbeach. 
lie  was  not  yet  eighteen  years  old.  Such  was  the  power  of  his  oratory 
that  not  only  was  the  chapel  filled,  but  crowds  gathered  outside  of  the 
building  to  hear  the  sound  of  his  voice.  Neighboring  congregations 
called  upon  him  to  preach  in  their  houses  of  worship,  and  his  fame 
spread  so  widely  that  he  was  offered  charge  of  the  chapel  in  New 
Park-street,  Southwark,  London.  His  first  appearance  in  the  British 
metroi>olis  was  made  in  1853,  and  such  was  the  favor  with  which  he 
was  received  that  within  two  years  it  was  found  necessary  to  enlarge 
the  building.  While  the  workmen  were  engaged  in  making  the  neces- 
sary improvements  in  the  chapel  Mr.  Spurgeon  preached  for  four 

months  at  Exeter 
hall,  London,  to 
crowded  houses,  and 
hundreds  were  una- 
ble to  gain  ad- 
mittance. The 
enlargement  of  the 
Southwark  chapel, 
too,  proved  insuffi- 
cient to  admit  to  it 
all  Mr.  Spurgeon's 
admirers,  and  to  ac- 
commodate a  larger 
number  of  hearers 
the  services  were 
conducted  in  the  Sur- 
rey music  hall.  In 
1856,  a  serious  acci- 
dent having  occurred 
in  the  hall,  the  build- 
ing of  a  new  "  taber- 
nacle '■  at  Newington 
Butts,  which  was 
opened  to  the  public 
in  1861,  was  begun, 
and  there  he  has  continued  to  officiate.  This  chapel  holds  between 
5,000  and  6,000  people,  and  is  always  well  filled.  During  his  minis- 
trati(ms  Mr.  Spurgeon  has  received  probably  about  20,000  persons 
into  his  church,  and  has  erected  about  forty  chapels  in  London, 
which  have  been  supplied  with  ministers  who  were  trained  in  a 
college  also  founded  by  himself.  Numerous  volumes  of  his  sermons 
have  been  printed,  and  he  has  also  written  and  published  several 
other  religious  works,  besides  editing  a  periodical  called  the  Sword 
and  Trowel.  Mr.  Spurgeon  is  remarkable  for  the  plainness  of  his 
discourses  and  the  common  sense,  mingled  with  the  deepest  piety, 
which  pervades  them.  His  language  is  Anglo-Saxon,  terse  and 
comprehensive,  but  never  coarse.  The  flowers  of  rhetoric  receive 
less  cultivation  at  his  hands  than  the  sterner  truths  and  tender  senti- 
ments of  the  Christian  religion.  His  eloquence  consists  mainly  of 
his  power  in  presenting  the  doctrines  of  his  belief,  and  his  earnest- 
ness in  applying  them  to  every  phase  of  human  necessity,  so  that 
they  carry  conviction  to  the  mind  and  address  themselves  to  the 
hearts  and  consciences  of  his  audiences.  His  church  is  well  filled, 
and  stormy  weather  rarely  prevents  the  attendance  of  his  admirers. 


Charles  H.  Spurgeon, 

Eminent    Baptist    (.'leryyinan   and 
Pulpit  Orator. 


-.•(tr — 


? 


256 


COL.    INGERSOLL,    AUTHOR    OF    '' SKULLS, 


■  MISTAKES    OF    MOSES, 


ETC. 


Eminent  Liberalist,  Political  Speaker,  Lawyer  and  Orator. 


?ir  UHN  INGERSOLL,  the  father  of  the  distin- 
guished orator,  was  a  native  of  Rutland  county, 
VcrinoiiT. 

Havin*^  graduated  at  Middlebury  college  and 
having  wedded  Miss  Mary  Livingstone,  of  Lis- 
bon, X.  Y. ,  he 
entered  upon 
the  ministry  as 
'  '  on g r e ga- 
ualis^t  in  the 
Green  Moun- 
tain State,  in 
the  town  oi 
Pittsford.  Af- 
terwards the 
family  resided 
in  Oneida 
county  in  New 
York,  where 
the   subject  of 

this    sketch,    Robert  G.    IngersoU, 

was    born    about    1834,   being    the 

youngest  of  five  children,  of  whom 

there    were     three    sons    and    two 

daugliters. 

Of     ther'O    John     IngersoU,     jr., 

became  a  physician   and   settled  in 

Wisconsin.      One  of  the   daughters 

became  Mrs.  Dr.  Carter,  whose  resi- 
dence is  in  Buffalo,  N.   Y.,  and  the 

other,  Mrs.    Piatt,  some  time  since 

deceased,     lived    at    Laporte,    Ind. 

Ebon  C.  and  Robert   G. ,   the  other 

sons,  settled  in  Illinois, 

The  early  education  of  these  chil- 
dren   was   such  as  would  naturally 

come    to    a    family    whose   parents 

were  liberally  educated,  who  changed 

their    abode    frequently    and    who 

always    had    the    best    of    society. 

From  New  York  they  went  to  Ohio, 

thence  to  Wisconsin,  and  thence  to 

Illinois,    the     Rev.     Mr.     IngersoU 

preaching  in  these  several  Stales. 

Having  reached  nn  age  snOiciently  mature  to  determim-  their  choice 

of  avocation,  Ebon  and  Robi-rt  entered  upon  the  study  of  the  law 

in  the  ofllce  of  Colonel  Corwin,  in  Shawneetown,  111. ,  and  in  that  town 

commenced  their  law  practice. 

It  wat*  here   that  Robert   began   to  show  liis  heretical  tendencies. 

The  first  public  demonstration  was  on  one  Fourth  of  July,  when  the 

orator   of   the  day,   having    failed  to  make  his  appeannin-,    Kfdiert 


Robert  C-  IngersoU, 

DJstingTiishetl  oiutiii- ami  Piomunnt  Ojiptisor  of  Orthodox 
Tlu-olot-.v. 


was  called  upon  at  the  last  minute  to  supply  his  place. 

In  the  course  of  his  address  on  that  occasion,  which  was  of  neces- 
sity extempore,  the  speaker,  adverting  to  the  history  of  American 
independence,  strongly  eulogized  Thomas  Paine.  Whether  IngersoU 
would  have  espoused  the  cause  of  Paine  thus  had  he  had  more  time 
for  deliberation,  is  not  certain.  As 
it  was  he  announced  himself  as  an 
admirer  of  Paine,  and  in  doing  so  he 
threw  a  fire-brand  into  the  audience, 
which  became  a  public  theme  of 
discussion  for  a  long  time  afterwards. 
About  that  time  IngersoU  was  a  can- 
didate for  the  office  of  district 
attorney,  which  he  lost,  it  is  claimed, 
tbrough  his  heretical  opinions. 

His  brother  Ebon  in  the  meantime, 
had  been  elected  to  the  Illinois 
legislature,  and  both  the  brothers, 
seeking  a  wider  field  for  the  exercise 
of  their  profession,  resolved  upon 
going  to  Peoria,  where  they  located 
in  1857. 

In  this  city  they  remained  some 
twenty-two  years,  both  growing  into 
a  large  law  practice,  especially  as 
railroad  lawyers.  Ebon  was  chosen 
the  successor  of  Owen  Lovejoy  in 
Congress,  and  was  four  times  elected 
to  the  oftice.  Subsequently  he  settled 
in  Washington,  where  he  died  in 
1879. 

In  18G0  Robert  was  a  Democratic 
candidate  for  Congress  in  his  dis- 
trict, but  was  defeated  because  of  his 
outspoken  anli- slavery  sentiments. 
He.  went  out  as  the  colonel  of  an 
Illinois  regiment  of  cavalry  during 
the  rebellion,  but  failing  health  and 
a  natural  repugnance  to  shocuiugmen, 
caused  him  to  resign  after  being  in 
the  service  for  a  little  time.  He  said 
his  hope  was,  whenever  his  men  fired 
upon  the  enemy,  that  tbey  would  miss 
their  mark. 


He  was  appointed  by  Governor  Oglrsby  and  served  during  his 
appointment  as  attorney-general  for  Hliuois,  butdi'riined  to  aIlo«'  his 
name  to  be  used  for  re-election.  In  1808  hi;  was  a  candidate  for 
governor  before  the  State  convention  for  the  nomination  of  Stute 
oflicers,  bnt  was  again  defeated  because  of  his  heterodox  sentiments 
on  religious  questions. 

He  was  urged  by  his  friends  to  lu-cept  the  position  of    minister  to 


(s:^ 


INGEKSULL  S   TKIBL'TE   Tu    HIS    UltUTUEU. 


257 


.,iiJj*J«„ 


m 


n- 


lujuiUiiJLAii.j-LUjjjjjjLujuxujjjaiJujj.ui.aiiuiu^ 


iriif"f!|.;il^pffj^fj 


!^ 


Berlin,  ill    1HT7,  but  this  also  wns  (Ifclini^d,  his  time  then  being  too    |    Mis 

fully    cKxupied    in 

lecliirinj;. 

For  years  he 
had  been  regarded 
by  thofe  who  knew 
him  II?  one  of  the 
most  effeclivepub- 
lic  ijipeukers  in  the 
country.  The  Ro- 
fiublifun  conven- 
tion, which  met  iit 
Cincinnati, inlSTO, 
for  the  purpose  of 
selecting  a  presi- 
dential candidate, 
afforded  the  oppor- 
tunity for  making 
this  reputation  na- 
tional. It  was  at 
this  time,  as  the 
representative  of 
the  Illinois  dele- 
gation in  the  con- 
vention, that  he 
gave  his  reasons 
and  proposed  the 
name  of  Jnmes  G. 
Blaine  as  presi- 
dential candidate 
in  such  a  fitting 
and  happy  speech, 
as  to  win  for  him- 
self the  plaudits  of 
the  people  every- 
where. Although 
the  candidate  of 
his  choice  was  not 
selected,  he  en- 
tered vigorously 
upon  the  work  of 
the  campaign, 
and  made  many 
speeches,  which 
stamped  him  as  a 
speaker  of  great  el- 
oquence and  com- 
manding power, 
an  orator  of  the 
very  first  order. 

He  has  latterly 
divided  his  time 
between  law  prac- 
tice and  the  lecture 
field,  his  residence 
being  in  Washing- 
ton, where  he  lo- 
cated in  18  77, 
much  to  the  regret 
of  the  citizens  of 
Peoria,  his  former 
home,  where  he  is 
remembered   by 

the  people  who  most  intimately  knew  him,  as  a  genial,  large-hearted, 
public-spirited  citizen.      His  family  consists  of   hi";  wife,  formerly 


Mppi'ilifi'i 


Colonel  Ingrersoll's  Funeral  Sermon. 

fKL(>\V  is  llif  funeral  serninu  reatl  l»y  Colonel  Uot)ert  G.  IngersoU 
at  the  burial  of  his  brother,  Ebon  C.  IngeraoU,  ex-represen- 
tative from  Illinois.  It  was  a  touching  tribute  of  brotherly 
affection  and  eulogy  upon  the  dead  man's  life  and  character,  and 
expressed  in  the  very  highest  art  of  eloquence,  of  which  Colonel 
IngersoU  is  master.  The  love  between  the  brothers  was  always  a 
matter  of  comment  among  their  associates,  and  it  was  the  voice  of 
affection  which  spoke  : 

Dear  Friends  :  I  am  ^o\n<^  to  ilo  that  whicli  the  dead  oft  promised  he 
would  do  for  me. 

The  loved  and  loving  brother,  husband,  father,  friend,  died  where  man- 
hood's morning  ahnost  touches  noon,  and  while  the  shadows  still  were 
falling  toward  the  west. 

He  had  not  passed  on  life's  highway  the  stone  that  marks  the  highest  point; 
but,  being  weary  for  a  moment,  he  lay  down  by  the  wayside,  and.  using  his 
burden  for  a  pillow,  fell  into  that  dreamless  sleep  that  kisses  down  his 
eyelids  still.  While  yet  in  love  with  life  and  raptured  with  the  world,  he 
passed  to  silence  and  pathetic  dust. 

Yet,  after  all,  it  may  be  best,  just  in  the  happiest,  sunniest  hour  of  all  the 
voyage,  while  eager  winds  are  kissing  every  sail,  to  dash  against  the  unseen 
rock,  and  in  an  instant  hear  the  billows  roar  above  a  sunken  ship.  For 
whether  in  mid  sea  or  'mongthe  breakers  of  the  farther  shore,  a  wreck  at 
Last  must  mark  the  end  of  each  and  all.  And  every  life,  no  matter  if  its 
every  hour  is  rich  with  love  and  evtry  motuent  jeweled  with  a  joy,  will,  at 
'  its  close,  become  a  tragedy  as  sad  and  deep  and  dark  as  can  be  woven  of  the  ' 
warp  and  woof  of  mystery  and  death. 

This  brave  and  tender  man  in  every  storm  of  life  was  oak  and  rock  ;  but 
in  the  sunshine  he  was  vine  and  flower.  He  was  the  friend  of  all  heroic 
souls.  He  climbed  the  heights,  and  left  all  superstition  far  below,  while  on 
his  forehead  fell  the  golden  dawning  of  the  grander  day. 

He  loved  the  beautiful,  and  was  with  color,  form,  and  music  touched  to 
tears.  He  sided  with  the  weak,  tlie  poor,  and  wronged,  and  lovingly  gave 
alms.  With  loyal  heart  and  with  the  purest  hands  he  faithfully  discharged 
all  public  trusts. 

He  was  a  worshipper  of  liberty,  a  friend  of  the  oppressed.  A  thousand 
times  I  have  heard  him  quote  these  words  :  "  For  Justice  all  place  a  tt^mplp, 
and  all  season,  summer."  He  believed  that  happiness  was  the  only  good, 
reason  the  only  torch,  justice  the  only  worship,  humanity  the  only  religion, 
and  love  the  only  priest.  He  added  to  the  sum  of  human  joy  ;  and  were 
every  one  to  whom  he  did  some  loving  service  to  bring  a  blossom  to  his 
grave,  he  would  sleep  to-night  beneath  a  wilderness  of  flowers. 

Life  is  a  narrow  vale  between  the  cold  and  barren  peaks  of  two  eternities. 
We  strive  in  vain  to  look  beyond  the  heights.  We  cry  aloud,  and  the  only 
answer  is  the  echo  of  our  wailing  cry.  From  the  voiceless  lips  of  the  unre- 
plying  dead  there  comes  no  word  ;  but  in  the  night  of  death  hope  sees  a 
star  and  listening  love  can  hear  the  rustle  of  a  wing. 

He  who  sleeps  here,  when  dying,  mistaking  the  approach  of  death  for  the 
return  of  health,  whispered  with  his  latest  breath,  "  I  am  better  now."  Let 
us  believe,  in  spite  of  doubts  and  dogmas,  of  fears  and  tears,  that  these  dear 
words  are  true  of  all  the  countless  dead. 

And  now,  to  you,  who  have  been  chosen,  from  among  the  many  men  he 
loved,  to  do  the  last  sad  office  for  the  dead,  we  give  the  sacred  dust. 

Speech  cannot  contain  our  love.  There  was,  there  is.  no  gentler,  stronger, 
manlier  man.  The  record  of  a  generouslife  runs  like  a  vine  around  the 
memory  of  our  dead,  and  every  sweet,  unselfish  act  is  now  a  perfumed  flower. 


Eva  Parker,  whom  he  married  at  Groveland,  111.,    near  Peoria, 

in  1802,  and  two 
daughters,  now 
nearly  grown  to 
womanhood. 

Colonel  IngersoU 
is  perhaps  bent 
known  because  of 
his  severe  crlti- 
cinm  of  the  church 
and  its  beliefs.  In 
defeaise  of  his  po- 
sitions he  has 
deli  vered  many 
lectures  variouwly 
entitled  "The 
Gods,"  "Ghcsts," 
"  Liberty  for  Man, 
W  Oman  an  d 
Child,"  "Skulls," 
''Thomas  Paine." 
the  "Mistakes  of 
Moses"  and  "The 
Great  Infiilels. " 

In  his  work  on 
"The  Gods"  oc- 
curs this  oft- 
qnoted  phrase: 

"An  honest  God  is 
the  noblest  work 
of  man." 

Phrenologically, 
Mr.  IngersoU  has 
large  combativc- 
ness,  which  dis- 
poses him  to  com- 
bat what  he  deems 
to  be  an  evil.  The 
social  in  his  na- 
ture is  largely  de- 
veloped, hence  his 
eulogy  of  home 
and  the  family. 
Benevolence, 
causality  and  com- 
parison, are  all 
large;  so  also  is 
ideality,  which 
makes  him  pas- 
sionately fond  of 
the  beautifnl  and 
the  poetic  in 
nature.  He  has 
a  large  brain,  his 
head  measuring 
t  w  e  n  t  y  - 1  h  r  e  e 
inches;  an  inch 
larger  than  the 
average  head, 
which  measures 
twenty-two.  This 
l)rain  is  sustained 
by  a  strong  body, 
with  large  lung  power.  All  these  combined  make  him  a  man  of  great 
iritellectnal  strength,  and  as  an  orator  one  of  the  foremost  of  the  a-je. 


17 


? 


i 


258 


A    BRIEF    RECORD    OF    A    GREAT   MAN. 


r^ 


99(i|9990(3fq!3<^^ 


i-^-»i^a^m&&^^9s^'S' 


ul- » 


Daniel  Wetster. 


>jii jj^^^^^■J■J^J^^^^^^^^^J^  .^ 


A  Distinguished  Representative  in  the  Councils  of  the  Nation. 


HE  American  orator  and  statesman, 
Daniel  Webster,  second  son  of  a  farmer 
in  moderate  circumstances,  was  born  at 
Salisbury  (now  Franklin),  N.  H. ,  in  1782. 
His  earli- 
est educa- 
tion was 
apparently 
derived 
principally  from 
the  instruction  of 
his  parents.  At 
fourteen  years  of 
age  he  was  sent  to  the 
Phillips  -  Exeter  acad- 
emy. After  remaining 
for  a  while  in  the  fam- 
ily of  Rev.  Mr.  Wood,  at  Boscawen,  he 
entered  Dartmouth  college  in  1797, 
earning  his  living  and  fitting  his  brother 
Ezekiel  for  college  by  teaching  school 
during  the  winter  months.  As  a  stu- 
dent he  appears  to  have  been  earnest 
and  industrious,  and  a  persistent  reader 
o.'  history  and  general  English  litera- 
tu.-e.  Already  he  began  to  manifest 
something  of  the  oratorical  powers  that 
in  after-life  stirred  senators  and  the 
people,  in  his  addresses  before  college 
societies,  some  of  which  were  pub- 
lished, and  throughout  his  college 
career  he  was  the  foremost  man  of  his 

class.  In  1801  he  graduated,  and  immediately  afterwards  he 
began  to  study  law  at  Salisbury.  During  a  part  of  1802  he  was 
principal  of  the  Fryeburg  academy  in  Maine,  at  a  light  salary,  which 
he  increased  by  copying  in  the  recorder's  office  He  continued  to 
study  law  at  Salisbury  until  in  February,  1804,  when  he  removed  to 
Boston,  where  he  entered  another  law-office  and  completed  his 
studies.  In  1805  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  during  the  ensuing 
year  practiced  as  an  attorney  at  Boscawen.  In  180G  he  was 
admitted  to  practice  in  the  superior  court  of  New  Hampshire,  and 
efltablished  himself  in  business  at  Portsmouth,  then  the  capital  of 
that  State.  In  1808  he  was  married  to  Miss  Grace  Fletcher,  of 
Hopkinlon,  N.  II.  Rising  rapidly  in  his  profession,  he  also  identi- 
fied himself  with  the  political  party  of  federalists,  and  in  1812  was 
elected  a  member  of  Congress.  In  1814  he  was  re-elected  to  Con- 
gress. Mr.  Webster  having  lost  by  fire  his  house,  library,  and  other 
valuables,  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H. ,  he  was  induced  to  remove  to  Boston, 
Mass.,  which  he  did  in  IHIO,  at  the  close  of  his  congressional  term. 
For  seven  years  he  devottd  himself  almost  exclusively  to  the  practice 


Daniel  Webster. 

Lawyer,  Politician,  Statesman,  and  Distinguished  Orator. 


of  the  law  in  his  new  home,  and  built  up  a  business  and  a  reputation 
almost  unsurpassed  by  that  of  any  other  member  of  his  profession. 
In  1822  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from  Boston.  In  1826  he  was 
chosen  United  States  senator  from  Massachusetts.  In  1830  occurred 
his  famous  controversy  in  the  senate 
with  Senator  Hayne,  of  South  Carolina, 
on  the  subject  of  Southern  "nullifica- 
tion"— the  right  of  a  State  to  nullify, 
or  make  void,  a  law  of  Congress  —  a 
doctrine  of  so-called  "State-rights,"' 
that  Mr.  Webster  admirably  refuted, 
and  which,  among  other  things,  subse- 
quently brought  on  the  civil  war  of 
1861-5.  In  1839  he  made  a  tour  of 
England,  Scotland,  and  France.  In 
1841,  under  the  administrations  of  Har- 
rison and  Tyler,  Mr.  Webster  was  Sec- 
retary of  State,  until  1843.  In  1845  he 
again  took  his  seat  in  the  United 
States  senate,  as  the  successor  of  Mr. 
Choate.  In  1847  he  visited  the  Southern 
States,  and  was  cordially  received.  In 
the  spring  of  1850  he  made  his  much 
criticised  speech  in  support  of  the  fugi- 
tive-slave law.  In  the  summer  of  that 
year  he  was  called  to  the  cabinet  of 
President  Fillmore  as  Secretary  of 
State.  In  1852  he  met  with  a  severe 
carriage  accident,  and  his  health  failed, 
so  that  he  tendered  bis  resignation, 
which  was  not  accepted,  and  retired  to 
his  home  at  Marshfield,  Mass.  Grad- 
ually his  giant  frame  succumbed  to  his  chronic  diseases,  and  he  died 
October  24,  1852,  lamented  and  honored  in  his  death,  as  in  his  life, 
by  thousands  of  admirers  and  friends,  and  funeral  orations  and  ser- 
mons were  delivered  throughout  the  country  in  great  numbers.  His 
remains  were  attended  to  his  tomb  at  Marslifield  by  a  great  concourse, 
and  there  be  rests  from  his  arduous  and  important  labors.  It  was 
not  alone  as  a  politician  and  statesman  that  Mr.  Webster  acquired 
distinction  by  his  powerful  oratory.  In  1820  he  pronounced  his 
celebrated  discourse  at  Plymouth,  Mass. ,  on  the  landing  of  the  pil- 
grim fathers;  in  1825  and  in  1843  he  delivered  his  two  great  orations 
over  the  commencement  and  completion  of  the  Bunker  Hill  monu- 
ment; in  1820  his  eulogy  on  Adams  and  Jefferson,  and,  in  1851,  his 
address  at  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of  the  addition  to  the 
capito!  at  Washington.  His  record  in  public  life  is  intimately  con- 
nected with  Ihe  history  of  his  country,  and  both  go  down  to  posterity 
together.  After  the  death  of  Mr.  Webster's  first  wife,  in  1828,  he 
married,  in  1829,  Caroline  Bayard  Le  Roy,  daughter  of  a  New  York 
merchant. 


WIUELV    KNOWN    AND    l'Kf)MINENT    I'l  lU'l'IClAN. 


259 


—8=:  .  .jv- 


Hoscoe  Conkling.  CM? 


For  a  Number  of  Years  a  Member  of  the  United  States  Senate. 


HE  early  part  of  President  Gar- 
field's administration, 
in  1881,  brought  very 
prominently  before 
the  people  of  this 
country  United  Slates 
Senator  Roscoe  Conk- 
ling, of  the  State  of 
New  York.  Although  still 
comparatively  young,  he  had 
previously  achieved  emi- 
nence in  the  councils  of  the 
nation  by  his  participation 
important  political  gatherings 
and  his 
advocacy 
of  the 
principles 
of  the  Republican  party.  The  contro- 
versy with  President  Garfield  arose 
from  Mr.  Conkling's  opposition  to 
the  appointment  of  a  custom-house 
collector  for  the  port  of  New  York. 
The  senator,  feeling  that  as  a  political 
lender  in  the  State  of  New  York  his 
wishes  had  not  been  sufficiently  con- 
sulted by  the  president,  and  finding 
that  the  senate  was  in  favor  of  con- 
firming the  presidential  appointment, 
deemed  it  his  duty  to  resign  his  posi- 
tion in  the  senate  and  retire  to  private 
life. 

Whatever  opinions  may  exist  as  to 
Mr.  Conkling's  course  in  this  contro- 
versy, he  merits  a  place  of  honor  in 
these  pages  for  the  statesmanship  which 
he  manifested  in  the  previous  history 
of  the  nation.  Deriving  his  existence 
from  honorable  ancestry,  he  was  born 
at  Albany,  N.  Y. ,  in  1828.  His  father 
was  a  member  of  the  seventeenth  Con- 
gress, was  appointed  Minister  to  Mexico 

in  1852,  and  associated  judicially  with  the  United  Slates   district 
court   in   the  State  of  New  York. 

Koscoe  Conkling  was  educated  for  the  practice  of  law,  and  soon 
after  entering  upon  the  duties  of  his  profession  became  prominent 
as  an  attorney.  The  political  arena,  however,  presented  a  fine  field 
for  the  exercise  of  his  executive  talents  and  oratory,  and  about  a  year 


Roscoe    Conkling. 

Lawyer,  Statesman  and  Prominent  Public  Speaker. 


after  his  admission  to  the  bar  he  was  appointed  district  attorney  for 
Oneida  county. 

Residing  at  Utica  while  pt^rforming  the  duti(;s  of  his  position,  in 
1858,  he  received  the  nomination  for  mayor  of  that  city,  and  by  his 
popularity  secured  his  election.  Filling  this  office  satisfactorily,  his 
friends  in  the  district  united  their  forces  and  elected  him  a  member 
of  the  thirty-sixth  Congress.  The  able  manner  in  which  he  there 
maintained  the  interests  of  the  nation  and  his  constituency  resulted 
in  his  re-election,  successively,  to  the  thirty-seventh,  thirty-eighth, 
thirty-ninth  and  fortieth  Congresses. 

During  the  war  of  the  Southern  rebellion,  Mr.  Conkling  repre- 
sented in  the  halls  of  Congress  the  patriotism  and  energy  of  the 
people  of  New  York  by  his  cultivated  oratory  and  active  participa- 
tion in  measures  tending  to  preserve  the  integrity  of  the  Union, 
winning  not  only  the  approval  of 
his  personal  and  political  opponents, 
but  the  admiration  of  all  the  loyal 
people  of  the  North. 

The  result  of  his  increased  popularity 
was  shown,  in  1867,  by  Mr.  Conkling's 
election  as  a  United  States  senator  by 
the  legislature  of  his  native  State.  Six 
years  later  he  was  re-elected,  and  at 
the  time  of  his  resignation,  in  May, 
1881,  he  was  serving  his  third  term  in 
that  high  office. 

Whether  Mr.  Conkling  is  considered 
as  a  statesman,  a  political  leader,  or  an 
attorney;  whether  his  ruling  motive  be 
personal  ambition,  political  influence  or 
patriotism,  it  is  evident  that  he  has 
striven  to  excel  in  the  use  of  all  his 
natural  gifts  and  acquired  accomplish- 
ments. All  his  life  he  has  been  a  dig- 
nified, shrewd,  hard-working,  temperate 
man,  bestowing  upon  the  law  cases 
entrusted  to  his  care  great  research, 
thoughtfulness,  and  energy.  Retiring, 
yet  social  in  his  habits,  he  is  possibly 
too  eager  in  following  his  ambition  to 
lead  in  the  political  contests  of  his 
State  and  nation. 
In  his  younger  days  Mr.  Conkling  wedded  a  sister  of  Hon.  Horatio 
Seymour.      Their  only  child,  a  daughter,  was  married  in  1880. 

Mr.  Conkling's  person  is  consistent  with  his  oratorical  and  execu- 
tive talents — tall  and  commanding,  with  a  face  possessing  con- 
siderable manly  beauty.  As  a  public  speaker  he  is  eloquent  and 
effective. 


■Q^ — 


? 


200 


A    DISTINGUISHED    POLITICAL    DEBATER    AND    UKATOK. 


Journalist,  Politician  and  Statesman. 


HE  distinguished  legislator,  James 
Gillespie  Blaine,  is  a  native  of 
Pennsylvania,  having  entered  upon 
the  stage  of  life  in  L^nion  town- 
ship, Washington  county,  January 
31,  1830. 

His  education  was  received 
between  the  ages  of  twelve  and 
seventeen  years,  at  a  Presbyterian 
institution  in  his  native  county, 
known  as  the  college  of  Washing- 
ton and  Jefferson.  Graduating  in  1847, 
he  subsequently  went  to  Kentucky  and 
engaged  himself  as  professor  of  niathc- 
niatics  in  the 
e  s  t  e  r  n 
litary  in- 
tute  at 
Lick 
rings, 
maining 
•re  two 
rs,  he  re- 
\'  e  d  to 
i  ne  in 
not  long 
wards,  he  married 
Harriet  Stanwood. 
tering  upon  the 
profession  of  journalism  about  that 
period,  for  a  time  he  assisted  in 
editing  the  Portland  (Me.)  Daily 
Advertiser,  and  then,  going  to 
Augusta,  the  State  capital,  he  assumed 
editorial  control  of  the  Kennebec 
Journal. 

In  politics,  he  and  his  paper  \vork<'d 
in  the  interest  of  the  Kepnblirau 
party  with  so  much  energy  and  ability 
as  to  insure  his  election  to  the  Maine 

legislature  in  1858,  and  his  re-election  and  participation  in  the 
sessions  of  1859-02.  During  his  last  two  terms  he  was  speaker  of 
the  house. 

In  thi.-^  position  he  had  so  fuiliifully  repre.'^ented  the  interests  of 
bis  State  that,  in  1802,  he  was  elected  to  represent  the  Kennebec 
district  in  the  thirty-eighth  Congress,  and  re-elected  by  the  Repub- 
licans to  the  six  succeeding  terms  of  Congress.  In  1869  he  was 
chosen  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  retaining  this  high 
oHlce  for  about  si.x  years,  when  the  Democrats  came  into  power  and 
he  succumbed  to  partisan  pressure. 

In  1875  the  Maine  legislature  elected  Mr.  Blaine  a  United  States 
-.Mintrir  11-   tin-  snrcrs^or  of  Hon.  Lot  Morrill,  who  had  ln-cii  apiHiiiited 


secretary  of  the  United  States  treasury.  At  the  close  of  the  term 
for  which  he  was  chosen  Mr.  Blaine  was  re-elected  for  the  term 
ending  March  4,  1883. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  presidential  campaign  of  1876,  Mr.  Blaine 
came  prominently  before  the  people  as  the  possible  successor  of 
General  Grant.  His  friends  were  very  sanguine  of  his  nomination 
at  the  Cincinnati  convention,  and  it  was  on  that  occasion  that  Robert 
G.  Ingersoll  advocated  the  claims  of  the  senator  from  Maine  in  one 
of  his  most  forcible  bursts  of  oratory,  from  which  the  following 
is  an  extract: 

''Like  an  armed  warrior,  like  a  plumed  knight,  James  G.  Blaine 
marched  down  the  halls  of  the  American  Congress  and  threw  his 
shining  lance  full  and  fair  against  the  brazen  forehead  of  every 
defaniLT  of  this  country  and  maligner  of  its  honor. 

"■For  the  Republican  party  to  desert  that  gallant  man  now  is  as 
an  army  deserting  their  general  upon 
the  field  of  battle.  James  G.  Blaine 
has  been  for  years  the  bearer  of  the 
sacred  standard  of  the  Republic." 

The  convention,  however,  either 
failed  to  appreciate  the  claims  of 
*'the  plumed  knight"  as  highly  as 
did  Mr.  Ingersoll,  or  political 
"policy  "  required  the  nomination  of 
some  one  else,  so  that  Rutherford  B. 
Hayes,  of  Ohio,  carried  off  the  honors 
and  won  the  chief  magistracy  of  the 
nation. 

In  1R80,  at  the  Chicago  national 
Republican  convention  to  nouiinate 
another  candidate  for  the  presidency, 
Mr.  Blaine's  friends  again  pressed  his 
claims  for  that  office  with  so  much 
vigor  and  determination  as  to  defeat 
the  nomination  of  General  Grant 
without  securing  the  prize  for  their 
favorite,  for  very  unexpectedly  the 
convention  declared  for  the  nomina- 
tion of  General  James  A.  Garfield. 

General  Garfield,  after  his  elec- 
tion, did  not  forget  the  merits  of 
Mr.  Blaine,  but  invited  him  into  his  cabinet  of  counselors  as 
Secretary  of  State.  At  this  writing,  in  these  "piping  times  of 
peace,"  it  is  too  soon  to  declare  his  success  as  one  of  the  highest 
officers  of  the  Union— a  position  which  has  been  honored  by  tlu' 
Adamses,  Webster,  Clay  and  Seward,  and  otlier  statesmen  of  X\\v 
most  brilliant  talent  and  executive  skill. 

Mr.  Blaine  is  not  so  remarkable  for  profound  statesmanship  as  for 
his  thorough  understanding  of  parliamentary  usages  and  tactics,  by 
his  knowledge  of  which  he  is  capable  of  turning  the  tables  upon  his 
opponents  in  the  halls  of  legislation  and  defeating  all  their  arts  and 
designs  against  the  measures  tliat  he  advocates.  Nominated  for  thr 
Presidency,  June  0,  IHHl,  he  was  defeated  by  a  small  majority. 


James  G.  Blaine, 


.1  Number  of  Years  Memlier  of  the  United  States  Senate 
from  .Maine. 


THE    TALKKTKl),     VEKSATILK    LKOTUKEIJ    AND    WlilTEU,   ANNA    DICKINSON. 


WL 


SI 


r^h'>  ?        ■■"'llllk^'*'* '"Ik  AllMllHllllllllHiuHiniiiniiiu'HniiiHUDiiifMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifiii 

'lL-^>-J'.  m.  \  ,'•  j',ll' 


fl':>G|i'*""*   Anna  Dickinson.  ,,,f- 

''iTh's  ■'il:!L™...„-™nu..„,...„ „™„....™.™„. „»>«1;S.£l^ 


--//,',>•  f /jit 

,  _^ __._ ._ ,.,  „  "^^'^^f 


Prominent  Advocate  of  Woman-Suffrage  and  the  Rights  of  the  Oppressed. 


NNA  E.  DICKINSON,  the  remarkable  female 
orator,  is  the  daughter  of   a  merchant  in 
Phihidelphia,  and  was  born  in  1842.      When 
but  two  years  old,  her  father  died,  leaving  a. 
widow  and  fivechildren.    '*  Asababy,"  says 
Mrt;.  Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton,   "Anna  was 
loss,  sleepless,  restless  and  crying  contin- 
;dly  with  a  loud  voice,  thus  preparing  her 
lungs  for  future  action."     As  a  child   she 
'  wayward,  willful,  intensely  earnest  and   imagina- 
tive, causing  herself  and  her   elders   much   trouble   and 
unhappiness. "     At  school, 
under  the  ruling  discipline, 
"she  was   generally  in   a 
state  of    rebellion."     She 
was  educated   in   the  free 
schools   of   the  Society  of 
Friends,  and   the   circum- 
stance of  her  poverty  and 
^  her  love  for  her  care-worn 

'?7J  mother  no  doubt  had  a 
^  strong  influence  in  shaping 
till-  character  of  her  after-life.  The 
iinuiediate  result  was  a  desire  to  do 
something  for  her  own  support.  In 
her  school-days  she  read  the  current 
literature  of  the  times  freely  and 
extensively.  Blessed  with  a  won- 
derful memory,  the  lesson  once  read 
needed  no  study;  she  was  master  of 
it.  When  about  thirteen  years  old 
she  secured  a  job  of  copying,  and 
did  it  so  well  that  she  obtained  more 
W(n-k  of  the  same  kind.  Two  things 
were  uppermost  in  her  mind:  how  to 
improve  her  capabilities,  and  how  to 
aid  her  mother.  Once  she  scrubbed 
a  sidewalk  to  obtain  money  to 
admit  her  to  Wendell  Phillips'  lecture 

on  "  The  Lost  Arts. "  "  She  had  a  passion  for  oratory,"  and  money, 
fairly  earned  by  labor,  paid  her  way  to  the  enjoyment  of  hearing 
Curtis  or  Beecher  lecture.  After  a  while  she  obtained  a  saleswoman's 
place  in  a  store,  but  finding  that  it  required  misrepresentation  to  sell 
poor  goods,  she  quit  at  once.  In  January,  1800,  she  was  present  at 
a  womans-rights-and-wrongs  meeting,  at  which  ladies  were  invited 
to  speak,  aud  she  spoke  for  twenty  minutes,  right  to  the  point.  A 
few  days  afterwards  she  spoke  again,  on  the  same  subject,  at  another 
meeting,  and  made  a  powerful  reply  to  the  objections  of  her  male 
opponent.      Sue  now  began  to  be  in  request  at  piil)]ic  niiM\'  =  jiirs  on  the 


Anna  Di 

Lecturer,  Author,   PulitiL-al  Spi 


subject  of  woman's  rights.  She  also  taught  a  district  school  in  Bucks 
county.  Pa.  At  Kennett  square.  Pa. ,  on  her  eighteenth  birthday,  she 
spoke  in  favor  of  anti-slavery  and  resistance  to  tyranny.  She  aIso 
spoke  that  summer  before  several  large  audiences  in  New  Jersey, 
on  temperance,  woman's  work,  and  anti-slavery,  producing  excellent 
impressions  on  her  auditors  and  winning  distinction  by  her  oratory. 
In  the  following  February  she  addressed  800  persons  for  two  hours 
in  Concert  hall,  Philadelphia.  Her  speech  was  unwritten  and  suc- 
cessful. Some  time  afterwards  she  obtained  employment  in  tbc 
United  States  mint  as  an  adjuster.  Just  after  the  battle  of  Ball's 
Bluff,  Va.,  in  a  public  speech  .she  alleged  that  the  contest  went 
against  the  Unionists  on  account  of 
General  McClellun's  '*  treason,"  In 
1864,  when  McClellan  was  running 
for  president,  she  repeated  the  accu- 
sation of  treason,  and  it  was  ind<)rsed 
by  her  hearers.  But  her  first  utter* 
ancc  of  it,  in  1861,  cost  her  her  situ- 
ation in  the  mint.  After  that  she 
continued  to  lecture  on  the  political 
aspects  of  the  war  with  great  suc- 
cess, reaping  enviable  distinction  by 
her  oratory  and  independence  of 
thought  and  speech.  From  that 
period  dated  her  well-known  success 
as  a  public  lecturer.  Time  was 
spent  in  studying,  reading  and  visit- 
ing soldiers  in  the  government  hos- 
pitals, until  she  could  go  out  and 
tell  the  listening  people  what  she 
knew  of  the  civil  war,  its  causes  and 
progress.  Her  lecture  on  "  Hospital 
Life,"  repeated  in  New  Hampshire 
and  many  places,  resulted,  with 
other  causes,  in  carri'ing  the  State 
for  the  Republicans  in  1862.  New 
Hampshire  safe,  she  traveled  and  lec- 
tured in  Connecticut  amid  great 
enthusiasm,  and  with  the  same  happy 
result.  She  next  spoke  at  the  Cooper  institute,  in  New  York 
city,  on  '*  The  Day — the  Cause,"  and  reaped  honor  and  large 
pecuniary  profits  on  that  occasion.  Then  she  was  called  to 
speak  before  the  Philadelphia  Union  league,  where  she  received 
marked  attention,  and  more  money.  After  that  she  was  in  great 
demand  as  a  lecturer,  and  for  many  years  was  one  of  the  most  popu- 
lar and  successful  speakers  before  the  people.  About  the  year  1875 
she  entered  upon  the  work  of  play-writiug,  and  assumed  the  leading 
characters  in  her  own  dramas  of  "  Mary  Tudor,"  "Anne  Boleyn" 
and  other  plays.      As  a  lecturer  she  hu.s  been  most  successful. 


ckiason, 

aker.  Play  writer  and  Actress, 


I>3: 


2(W 


THE    HL'NGAUIAN    PATRIOT. 


THE    PLYMOUTH     PASTOR. 


Louis  Kossuth.     Henry  Ward  Beecher. 


Liberalists  and  Famous  Orators. 


JV^URING  THE  period  between  the 

years  1640  and  1850,  eminence 

in     statesmanship,    patriotism 

and    oratory  was    achieved  by 

Louis    Kossuth,    the   leader    of    the 

opposition   in   Hungary   to   Austrian 

rule.      Born  of  a  noble   family,    at 

Monok,  Hungary,  April   27,  1802,  he 

enjoyed  the  advantages  of  a  liberal  education,  and 

as  a  journalist  early  distinguished  himself  in  the 

stirring   events  of  ihose  times.      His  talents  as  a 

legislator  and  eloquent  appeals  to  his  countrymen 


soon  made  him  their  leader 
in  the  popular  cause,  and 
also  led  to  his  arrest  and 
imprisonment.  The  history 
of  his  struggles  in  this  con- 
test is  detailed  on  another 
page.  Escaping  to  the  United 
States,  with  a  party  of  his 
co-patriots  in  1851,  he  soon  won  the  sym- 
pathy and  admiration  of  the  Americans  by 
the  eloquence  of  his  public  addresses,  no- 
bility of  character,  and  the  story  of  his 
wrongs.  For  a  while  he  was  the  lion  of  the 
day,  and  left  his  impress  most  emphatically 
upon  the  American  people  through  a  soft, 
black,  slouch,  wool  hat  that  he  wore,  known 
as  the  '*  Kossuth,"  which  style  has  been 
almost  universally  adopted  by  our  people. 
Subsequently  he  returned  to  Europe,  settling 
at  Turin,  greatly  esteemed  by  all  liberal 
people. 


^fe^ 


HENRY  WARD  BEECHER. 

MOXG  fln(juciit  American  pulpit  and  platform  orators  Henry 
Ward  Beecher  occupies  a  conspicuous  place.  His  father,  Lyman 
Beecher,  was  a  sturdy  and  powerful  representative  of  Christian- 
ity in  New  England,  and  at  the  time  of  Henry's  birth,  June  24,  1813, 
was  pastor  of  a  church  at  Litchfield,  Conn.  Henry,  with  all  his 
brothers  and  sisters,  gave  evidence  of  unusual  literary  and  oratorical 
talent.  Receiving  his  education  at  Amherst  college,  Mass.,  where 
he  graduated  in  1834,  he  entered  upon  the  study  of  divinity  at  the 
Lane  Theological  seminary,  at  Cincinnati,  of  which  institution 
bis  father  was  then  president.  Three  years  later,  in  1837,  he  became 
the  pastor  of  a  Presbyterian  church  at  Lawrenceburg,  Ind.,  where 
he  laid  the  foundation  of  his  future  greatness.  In  1839  he  removed 
to  Indianapolis,  engaged  in  pastoral  duties,  until,  in  1847,  he  accepted 
a  call  to  the  pulpit  of  Plymouth  Congregational  church  in  Brooklyn. 
Whatever  the  condition  of  Plymouth  church  may  have  been  at  that 
time,  it  is  certain  that  his  influence  and  oratory  soon  raised  it 
from  obscurity  to  distinction.      While  he  filled  the  saered  desk  and 


Louis  Kossuth. 


ministered  to  the  spiritual  wants  of  his  congregation,  he  did  not 
confine  his  oratory  to  religious  theories,  but  preached  upon  current 
events  and  advocated  popular  political  reforms  and  the  moral  and 
educational  improvement  of  society.  His  strong  expressions  upon 
these  topics  soon  gave  him  celebrity,  and  thousands  of  citizens  and 
strangers  from  all  parts  thronged  the  aisles  and  pews  of  his  church. 
To  his  vocation  of  a  preacher  he  soon  added  that  of  a  public  lecturer, 
in  which  he  achieved  increased  popularity.  His  fame  was  still 
further  augmented  by  his  contributions  to  the  principal  religious 
papers  of  the  Union,  especially  to  the  New  York  Independent^  of 
which  he  becajne  a  leading  spirit.  On  literary  and  social  topics  he 
wrote  and  spoke  eloquently  and  forcibly,  and  exercised  a  wide- 
-i>ooo^.  spread  influence  upon  the  minds  of  the 
people.  At  one  period  of  the  war  of  the 
rebellion  he  visited  England  to  advocate  there 
the  policy  of  the  North,  and  vindicated  the 
cause  of  the  f  nion  successfully.  In  1865, 
after  the  war  had  ended,  he  delivered  an 
oration  at  Fort  Sumter,  on  the  anniversary 
of  its  surrender  in  1861.  In  1867  Mr. 
Beecher  wrote  for  the  columns  of  a  Kew 
York  story-paper  a  serial  novel,  entitled 
**  Norwood,"  which,  while  it  contained  many 
excellent  passages,  really  conferred  more 
honor  upon  the  paper  than  upon  the  writer. 
A  few  years  later  the  country  was  startled 
by  a  report  that  Mr.  Beecher  had  committed 
a  "great  transgression"  with  a  prominent 
lady  member  of  his  church,  the  wife  of  his 
friend  and  business  partner,  Theodore  Tilton. 
As  usual  the  story  grew  in  magnitude  and 
filthiness,  and  brought  about  the  customary 
effect — contumely  upon  the  church  and  all  the 
parties  connected  with  the  affair.  A  tedious 
investigation  of  the  scandal  followed,  and  al- 
thuiigh  the  lady  insisted  it  was  true,  Mr.  Beecher  and  his  friends  as 
stoutly  denied  it.  The  arbitrators  eventually  decided  that  the  lady  had 
cither  willfully  falsified,  or  was  suffering  from  an  unfortunate  delu- 
sion. The  trial  resulted  in  the  dismissal  of  the  lady  from  the  church 
and  the  retention  of  Mr.  Beecher  as  its  pastor.  Mr.  Beecher  is  the 
author  of  several  publications.  The  first  of  these,  printed  in  184J. 
and  since  then  considerably  enlarged,  was  entitled  "Lectures  to 
Young  Men,"  warning  them  against  the  popular  vices  of  the  day.  In 
1865  he  published  "  Star  Papers,"  a  volume  of  his  essays  printed 
originally  in  the  New  York  Independent,  and  so  called  because  the 
articles  in  the  paper  were  signed  with  a  large  star.  A  second  volume 
of  the  same  character  was  subsequently  issued  under  the  caption  of 
"New  Star  Papers.*"  Several  volumes  of  his  sermons,  and  of 
extracts  from  his  discourses,  a  collection  of  his  church  prayers,  a 
compilation  of  articles  contributed  to  the  New  York  Ledger^  entith'd 
"  Eyes  and  Ears,"  and  a  "  Life  of  -lesus  the  Christ,"  arc  among 
his  publications. 


o-oo^ 


;(!)> — 


I'uKTIiAIT    OF    liUWIX    FOKRKST. 


>^^4^m 


Distinguished  in  Tragedy  and  Connedy. 


I) WIN  FORREST,  the  cclebniU-d 
tragedian,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  in  1806,  of 
Scotch-German  parents.  His 
dramatic  talent  was  mani- 
fested in  his  early  years  when 
a  member  of  an  amateur 
club,  and  in  1820  he  made  his 
first  public  appearance  on  the 
stage  as  young  "Douglas"  in 
the  play  of  that  name.  In  a 
traveling  engagement  in  the 
South  and  West,  soon  after- 
wards, he  won  considerable 
ji  r  o  f  e  8  • 
sior.al  repu- 
tation. At 
Cincinnati, 
in  1822,  he 
success- 
fuUy  began 
his  repre- 
sentations 
of  Shaks- 
p  e  a  r  i  a  n 
characters 
as  "Richard 
in.,''  and 
"Othello."  It  was  in  this  last  imper- 
sonation, at  the  Park  theater  in  New 
York,  in  May,  1826,  that  he  achieved  his 
first  great  success  as  a  tragedian,  and 
during  an  ensuing  engagement  at  the 
Bowery,  and  a  later  one  at  the  Park 
theater,  in  1829,  he  established  the  fame 
that  he  sustained  throughout  his  long 
dramatic  career.  Aside  from  his  Shaks- 
pearian  characters  he  won  distinction  as 
"Metamora,"  in  Stone's  tragedy  of  that 

name;  Spartacus,  in  the  "Gladiator,"  and  Aybnere  in  "Jack 
Cade."  He  visited  Europe  in  1835,  playing  with  great  success 
and  reputation.  Before  his  return  to  the  United  States  in  1837 
he  married  Miss  Catharine  Sinclair,  the  daughter  of  a  well- 
known  singer.  With  this  lady  he  lived  until  about  1850,  when 
a  separation  ensued,   which   resulted  in  the  wife  obtaining  a  divorce 


and  an  alimony  of  $3,000  a  year.  Forrest  opposed  this  measure 
through  all  the  courts  without  reversing  the  situation.  Forrest 
returned  to  America  in  1841,  and  was  heartily  welcomed  in  Philadel- 
phia and  New  York.  In  1845  he  sailed  again  for  Europe,  where  he 
remained  two  years.  It  was  during  this  visit  to  England  that  he 
quarreled  with  the  actor  Macready,  with  whom  he  had  been  on  terms 
of  great  friendship,  and  this  quarrel  is  said  to  have  caused,  almost 
directly,  the  disgraceful  not  that  attended  Macready's  subsequent 
engagement  at  one  of  the  New  York  theaters,  in  May,  1849.  Forrest 
was  wealthy,  and  in  1855  purchased  a  residence  near  Philadelphia, 
where  he  lived  during  the  remainder  of  his  career,  except  when  ful- 
filling his  professional  engagements  in  various  portions  of  the  Union. 
He  died  at  Philadelphia  in  1872,  leaving  a  large  part  of  his  fortune, 
more  than  $1,000,000,  for  the  establishment  of  an  asylum  for  aged 
and  destitute  actors.  A  few  weeks  after 
his  death  his  valuable  library  was  almost 
wholly  destroyed  by  fire  in  Philadelphia. 


Edwin  Forrest, 

Eminent  Representative  of  Shakspearian  Characters. 


DION  BOUCICAULT. 

YW"HIS  play-wriler  and  play-actor  was 
born  at  Dublin,  Dec.  31),  1822,  the 
A^  son  of  a  merchant  of  French  birth, 
doing  business  in  thai  city.  He  was 
educated  at  the  London  university,  Eng- 
land, for  the  profession  of  a  civil 
engineer,  but  his  preference  was  for  a 
dramatic  career.  His  first  play  was 
"London  Assurance,"  which  appeared  in 
1841,  and  was  followed  by  numerous 
others,  most  of  which  have  achieved  great 
popularity  both  in  England  and  America. 
Among  the  most  noted  of  these  are  "  The 
Colleen  Bawn,"  "The  Octoroon,"  "The 
Corsican  Brothers,"  "Arrah  ua  Pogue," 
"The  Willow  Copse,"  "The  Long 
Strike,"  "  Hunted  Down,"  and,  in  con- 
nection with  Charles  Reade,  "  Foul  Play. " 
As  an  actor  Mr.  Boucicault  excels  in 
Irish  characters;  in  play-writing  he  is  concise,  pointed  in  dialogue, 
skillful  in  stage  effects,  and  dramatic  in  construction.  His  first 
visit  to  the  United  States  was  made  in  1853,  at  which  time  he 
delivered  several  lectures  in  New  York  and  wrote  two  or  three  of  his 
popular  dramas,  remaining  here  until  1860.  Since  then  he  ha-^ 
visited  Europe  and  America  from  time  to  time. 


w^ 


iQ      26i 


PORTKAIT    OF    CHARLOTTE    CUSHMAN. 


Play-Actors   Distinguished  in  Tragedy. 


nARLOTTE  SAUNDERS  CUSHMAN, 
the  actress,  was  born  at  Boston,  Mass. , 
in  1816.  When  twelve  years  old.  her 
father  having  failed  in  business,  the 
support  of  the  family  required  her  to 
seek  employment.  She  possessed, 
'^^  even  at  this  age,  some  local  distinction 
as  a  singer,  with  a  fine  contralto  voice 
;\,  and  considerable  musical  taste,  and  by 
the  advice  of  Mrs.  Wood,  the  cele- 
vocalist,  she  set  about  cultivating  her 
for  the  stage.  Her  first  appearance  in  a 
resort  {except  in  a  preliminary  concert) 
at  the  Tremont 
_jj-^^,9.,7^J^  temple,  in  Boston,  in 
%^^'cvJ  "/^^  April,  1835,  and  resulted 
in  her  engagement  to 
sing  in  English  opera 
at  New  Orleans.  The 
change  of  climate 
proved  disastrous  to  her 
voice,  in  addition  to  her 
attempt  to  change  it  from  a  contralto  to  a 
soprano.  Relinquishing  music,  she  then 
studied  for  the  stage,  and  fitted  herself  to 
play  the  part  of  Lady  Macbeth,  in  which 
she  succeeded  with  entire  satisfaction. 
Returning  to  New  York,  she  made  a  three- 
years'  engagement  at  the  Bowery  theater. 
A  fit  of  sickness,  after  a  week's  perform- 
ance, confined  her  to  her  apartment,  and 
before  she  -  recovered,  the  theater,  with 
all  her  professional  wardrobe,  was  burned. 
She  next  appeared  at  the  Park  theater  as  a 
stock-actress,  and  for  three  years  performed 
in  various  characters.  Her  sister  Susan, 
also  an  actress,  had  an  engagement  at  the 
same  theater,  and,  together,  they  repre- 
sented male  and  female  personages,  Charlotte  playing,  for  instance, 
Jiomeo  to  Susan's  Juliet,  appearing  in  this  manner  for  several  seasons 
in  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  Prior  to  1844  she  managed  one  of  the 
Philadelphia  theaters,  and  then  accompanied  Mr.  Macready  in  high 
tragic  parts  on  a  successful  tour  through  the  northern  States.  In 
1845  she  visited  England  and  was  received  with  great  enthusiasm, 
appearing  as  lilanca.  Lady  Macbeth,  Julia  (in  the  "Hunchback"), 
Mrs.  Ilaller,  Beatrice,  Lady  Teazle,  etc.,  for  eighty- four  nights  at 
the  Princess'  theater.  Several  years  were  spent,  in  company  with 
her  sister,  in  perfonnances  in  various  parts  of  England.  Upon 
returning  to  the  United  States,  in  1849,  she  won  new  fame  by  her 
vigorous  representation  of  Meg  Merrxlies  in  the  play  of  "Guy 
Mannering,"  dramatized  from  Scott's  novel  of  that  name.  By  her 
dramatic    talent    t*hc    aceuniulatrd  a    fortune,  and   altorimtcd   in  her 


visits  between  the  United  States  and  England,  sometimes  retiring 
from  the  stage,  and  again  playing  or  reading  in  public,  until  her 
death,  which  occurred  in  this  country  in  1876. 


Charlotte  Cushman. 

Distinguished  Actress  and  Elocutionist. 


WILLIAM  C.  MACREADY. 

TRAGEDIAN  of  undoubted  dramatic  genius  was  William  C. 
Macready,  who  was  born  in  London,  England,  in  1793.  At  ten 
years  of  age  his  father,  a  lessee  and  manager  of  country  theaters, 
sent  him  to  school  at  Rugby,  where,  within  the  next  seven  years,  he 
became  noted  for  his  classical  attainments.  His  father  failing  in 
business  in  1810,  the  youth  was  induced  to  become  an  actor.  In  this 
profession  he  soon  began  to  acquire  considerable  reputation  in 
theaters  outside  the  metropolis.  In  1816 
he  made  his  first  appearance  in  London  at 
Covent  garden,  and  gradually  rose  in  popu- 
larity until  his  superiority  as  an  actor  was 
generally  acknowledged.  Not  only  was  he 
successful  in  his  Shakspearian  tragedies, 
but  in  the  marked  characters  of  other 
dramas.  His  first  tour  of  the  United 
States  was  made  in  1826,  and  was  quite 
successful.  From  1837  to  1840,  inclusive, 
he  was  successively  manager  of  Covent 
garden  and  Drury  Lane  theaters  in  London, 
and  endeavored  to  elevate  the  standard  of 
dramatic  representation.  Other  profes- 
sional visits  were  made  to  the  United  States 
in  1843-4  and  1848.  Owing  to  a  quarrel, 
in  England,  with  Edwin  Forrest,  the 
American  tragedian,  the  friends  of  the 
latter  made  violent  war  upon  Mr.  Macready 
and  undertook  to  prevent  his  appearance 
as  an  actor  in  New  York,  on  the  occasion 
of  his  last  engagement,  in  1848.  So  great 
was  the  bitterness  manifested  toward  him 
that  on  the  10th  of  May  the  Astor  Place 
opera  house,  in  which  he  was  performing, 
was  attacked  by  a  mob  of  his  enemies  arnuMl  with  stones  and  other 
missiles.  The  police  were  unable  to  restrain  the  assaulting  party, 
and  the  military  were  called  upon  to  suppress  the  rioters,  which 
was  not  effected  until  twenty-two  persons  had  been  killed  and 
thirty-six  wounded.  Mr.  Macready,  although  assured  of  ample 
protection,  refused  to  act  longer  in  New  York  and  soon  returned 
to  Europe.  He  formally  retired  from  the  stage  in  London,  on  Feb- 
ruary 2G,  1851,  at  the  Drury  Lane  theater.  A  few  days  afterwards  he 
was  given  a  complimentary  dinner,  which  was  largely  attended.  He 
never  afterwards  returned  to  the  stage.  His  success  was  owing  to 
excellent  voice,  a  good  stage  presence,  self-command,  and  diligent 
study.  He  earnestly  strove  to  elevate  the  art,  and  to  him  is  awarded 
the  credit  of  having  done  much  in  that  direction.  He  died  in 
Somersetshire,  England,  in  1873. 


^[:c>~ 


TWU    WELL-KNOWN    CHAKACTKRS    UN    THE    THKATKIGAL    liUAKUS. 


2«o 


? 


Prominent  French  Actress,  a  Popular  Comedian. 


MiAH  BERNHARDT'S  mother  was  of 
Dutch  birth.  Her  father  was  a  French- 
man. It  would  not  be  fair  to  tell  when 
she  was  born,  but  we  may  say  that  she 
received  an  excellent  education  in  a  con- 
vent, where  her  self-will  and  peculiar- 
ities made  her  a  sore  trial  to  her 
teachers,  but  from  which  she  graduated 
with  many  prizes. 
She  was 


Ascending   step  by   step,    she   had   become   the   most  celebrated 
actress  in  France,  when  she  turned  her  attention  to  sculpture  and 
painting,    in    both    of    which    she    has    measurably 


undecided 
when  she 
came  forth  whether  she 
would  be  a  nun  or  an 
actress,  but  receiving  a 
training  afterwards. at  the 
conservatory  fitting  her  for 
the  stage,  she  entered  the 
Theater  Francaise  about  1866. 

A  quarrel  with,  and  the  slapping  of 
a  lady  companion  in  the  face,  caused 
her  to  leave  the  Theater  Francaise, 
when,  after  playing  in  a  spectacular 
piece  at  the  Porte  St.  Martin,  she 
finally  made  an  engagement  at  the 
Odeon  theater.  She  remained  here 
for  five  years,  gradually  taking  parts 
of  importance,  until  she  was  again 
engaged  at  the  Theater  Francaise,  to 
which  she  returned  with  a  reputation 
for  some  ability  and  many  eccentric- 
ities. 

Here  her  reputation  grew  rapidly, 
and  when  she  essayed  to  take  the 
parts  that  had  been  assumed  by  Rachel 
in  the  years  before,  and  acquitted 
herself  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
critics,  her  success  was  assured.  Her 
triumph  was  the  greater  because  her 
health  was  at  this  time  very  frail,  and 
the  effort  was  such  a  trial  of  her 
physical  constitution  as  to  often  cause 
her  to  spit  blood,  fall  and  faint  away 


^ 


afterwards 
succeeded. 

When  not  engaged  in  the  play  or  in  her  studio,  she  i8  very  likely 
inditing  a  correspondence  to  some  publication,  or  else  is  speeding 
across  the  fields  on  horseback. 

Eccentric,    self-willed,    attractive    and    romantic    in   appearance, 
she  Is  a  genius  of  a  very  high  order,  which  will  always  make  her  star 
Tjj)      °'  success  a  brilliaiit  one.  She  married 
Monsieur  Damala,  April  4,  1888. 


-&- 


-*Hr 


gi    f^ 


MLLE. 


W 


at  the  close  of  her  play.      Hers  was  the  triumph  that  came  through 
force  of  will. 

Of  tall  and  very  slender  figure,  she  possesses  the  form  on  which 
elegant  dress  shows  to  fine  advantage,  added  to  which  is  the  vivacity 
and  fire  of  the  great  actress,  coupled  with  a  voice  of  singular 
sweetness. 


BARNEY  WILLIAMS. 

N  THE  year  IH-jy,  ;,l  (.'ork,  Ireland, 
was  born  Bernard  Flaherty,  widely 
known  in  this  country  and  England 
as  the  comedian,  Barney  Williams. 
HeLriiining  theatrical  life  as  a  "super- 
uumerary,"  he  drifted  to  America  at 
an  early  age,  and  in  1836  appeared 
as  an  actor  in  New  York  city,  at  the 
Franklin  theater,  in  the  "Ice  Witch," 
under  the  management  of  William 
E.  Dinneford.  Continuing  his  chosen 
profession,  he  visited  Philadelphia 
in  1845,  where  he  played  at  the  old 
National  theater,  and  the  same  year 
assumed  control  of  Vauxl>all  garden, 
in  the  Bowery,  in  Xew  York.  In 
1850  he  married  II rs.  Mesteyer,  for- 
merly Miss  Maria  Pray,  a  sprightly 
young  ballet-girl.  Four  years  later 
they  \isited  San  Francisco  together 
and  opened  the  Metropolitan  theater. 
In  1855  they  sailed  for  England,  Mr. 
Williams  making  his  first  appearance 
on  the  stage  of  the  Adelphi  theater, 
London,  in  the  character  of  "Rory 
O'More,"  winning  distinction.  He 
afterwards  traveled  through  Europe, 
and  returned  to  New  York  in  1859,  ap- 
pearing on  the  boards  at  Niblo's. 
Some  time  later  he  became  manager  of 
the  Broadway  theater,  but  since  1869  he  has.  with  his  wife,  played 
star  engagements  throughout  the  Union.  Mrs.  Williams  was  born 
in  New  York  in  1828,  and  when  fifteen  years  old  was  a  ballet-girl  on 
the  stage.  Her  marriage  to  Mr.  Williams  was  a  great  advantage  to 
him  in  his  profession.  Her  first  appearance  as  an  actress  occurred 
at  the  French  theater  in  New  York  in  1867.      Both  are  very  popular. 


i 


SARAH -BERNHARDT 


Si^ 


I>3 


h 


^^- 


Widely  Known  and   Popular  Play-Actors. 


5|  LBAXY,  N.  Y. ,  was  the  birthplace  of  the 
J;  American  comedian,  William  J.  Florence, 
in  1831.  He  first  appeared  as  an  actor  at 
the  Richmond  Hill  theater  in  New  York, 
in  December,  1849,  as  Peler,  in  the  play 
of  "  The  Stranger,"  and  was  afterwards 
engaged  at  Niblo's  theater,  first  perform- 
ing there  in  May,  1850.     Subsequently, 


in  the  character  of  .Vacdnff 
at  Providence,  R.  I.,  he  suc- 
cessfully supported  the  elder 
Booth  in  the  tragedy  of  "  Mac- 
beth." A  little  later  he 
connected  himself  with 
Brougham's  theater  in  New 
York  as  the  able  personator 
of  Irish  characters.  In  1853 
he  married  the  divorced  wife 
of  a  Mr.  Littell,  who  was  a 
sisterof  Mrs.  Barney  Williams 
and  had  been  a  dancing-girl 
at  Wallack's  theater.  This 
marriage  was,  professionally, 
a  great  success,  he  appearing 
as  the  Irish  Boy,  and  she 
as  the  Yankee  Gal.  In  these 
respective  characters  both 
evinced  great  versatility,  hu- 
mor and  superior  representa- 
tion, so  that  they  soon  became 
prime  favorites.  A  starring 
journey  to  London  in  1856 
increased  their  eminence,  and 

for  fifty  nights  they  performed 
to  good  houses  at  Drury  Lane 
thculcr,  afterwards  playing  at 

the  principal  places  of  amuse- 
ment in  other  parts  of  Great 

Britain.     Returning  to  .\mer- 

ii:a  the  same  year  they  re- 
sumed their  career  as  favorite 

actors  with  gratifying  success 

and   meeting  with   hearty   re- 

ccpticms  in  all  sections  of  the 

country.       One  of  hie    later 

and  best  plays   has  been  the 

"Mighty   Dollar,"  in   which,    as  the  Hon. 

conu-dian  will  he  i 


W.  J, 

As  UoTl.  Mr.  Slutc,   ir 

Mr.    Slote,    this   popular 
igiiized  In  the  accompanying  engraving. 


"V  LTHOUGH  born  in  Liverpool,  England,  in  1830,  Edward  Askew 
«5),b  Sothern,  owing  to  his  popularity  in  the  United  States,  and 
^jy  the  appreciation  with  which  he  met  in  his  own  play  of  "Our 
American  Cousin,"  may  he  considered  an  American  actor.  It  was 
originally  designed  that  he  should  grace  an  English  pulpit,  but  the 
dramatic  profession  being  much  more  congenial  to  his  inclinations, 
he  went  upon  the  stage.  In  1851  he  came  to  the  United  States, 
appearing  in  Boston  and  New  York.     In  the  latter  city  he  continued 

"""^^^^^^7^    ^^  Pl'iy  leading  characters   for 

^~jl     several  years  with  more  or  less 
W    success,    but    his    reputation 
^  r     rapidly  increased  after  his  first 

appearance  as  Lord  DiLndreavy 
in  "Our  American  Cousin." 
The  play  in  his  hands  was  a 
wonderful  success,  its  repre- 
sentation being  repeated  more 
than  1,100  times  in  this  coun- 
try. Going  to  England  in  1 863 
he  brought  out  his  Lord  Dun- 
dreary  at  the  Haymarket  thea- 
ter, in  London,  where  it  had 
a  wonderful  "run"  of  496 
consecutive  nights.  In  18G4 
he  produced  his  popular  new 
characters  of  David  Garrick 
and  "Brother  Sam,"  and  ap- 
peared in  other  plays.  In 
1867  he  performed  in  Paris, 
afterwards  coming  to  the 
United  States,  and  returning 
to  England  in  1874  for  an 
extended  professional  visit. 
Coming  again  to  the  United 
St.'iles  he  made  "  star"  engage- 
inenls  in  many  of  the  principal 
cities,  ad<ling  to  his  list  of 
jjopular  characters  another 
successful  one,  "The  Crushed 
Tragedian."  In  his  career  as 
an  actor  till  1858,  Sothern  was 
known  as  Douglas  Stewart, 
when  he  commenced  using  his 
own  name.  He  first  appeared 
in  this  country  as  Dr.  Pangloss 
at  the  Boston  National  theater. 
Sothern's  last  visit  to  the  United  States  was  in  1880.  He  died 
England  in  1881. 


l!f 


Florence, 

in     "Mlk'hly  Dollar." 


7?t 


•:(>- — 


8 

■i 


— ^: 


I'OIiTliAIT    OF   JOSEPH    JEFFEKSON. 


HOi 


y 


i 


m^^^^^ 


<-42l^*^ 


Prominent  in  Tragedy.     Distinguished  as  a  Comedian. 


MODERN  family,  two  of  whom  have 
trhed  luster  upon  the  dramatic  pro- 
fession by  their  efficiency  as  actors, 
and  one  of  whom  eternally  dis- 
graced himself  by  becoming  the 
assassin  of  President  Lincoln, 
April  14,  1865,  was  the  Booths. 

Junius  Brutus  Booth,  distin- 
guished as  a  tragedian  of  great 
ability,  was  born  in  London,  Eng- 
land, in  1796.  Before  going  upon 
the  stage,  in  1813,  he  tried  his  hand 
at  seamanship  in  the  navy,  at  print- 
ing, at  studying  law,  and  at  painting 
and  sculpture.  For  about  two  years 
he  played  in  minor  theaters  in  Eng- 
land and  other  parts  of  Europe,  and 
then,  in  1815,  made  his  first  appearance 
at  Covent  Garden  theater,  in  London. 
From  there  he  went  into  country  districts 
and  performed,  and  having  succeeded  in 
playing  Sir  Giles  Overreach  with  dis- 
tinguished effect,  he  was  recalled  to 
Covent  Garden  in  1817,  where  he  per- 
formed "Richard  III.'"  Edmund  Kean 
was  then  playing  in  London,  at  another 
theater,  the  manager  of  which  induced 
Booth  to  leave  Covent  Garden  and  play  for 
him  alternately  with  Kean.  Returning 
shortly  afterwards  to  Covent  Garden, 
Booth  played  "Richard  IXL,"  Sir  Giles 
Oferreach,  and  "King  Lear,"  with  such 
success  as  to  bring  him  into  great  repute. 
In  1821,  after  visiting  Holland  and  the 
island  of  Madeira,  he  sailed  for  the  United 
States,  and  began  a  dramatic  career  which 
lasted  for  thirty  years,  during  which  time 
he  played  in  nearly  every  theater  in  the 

Union,  and  established  a  brilliant  reputation  as  a  tragedian,  but  con- 
fining himself  to  such  effective  parts  as  la  go,  "Othello,"  "Lear," 
"Richard  III.,"  "Hamlet,"  Shylock^  Sir  Giles  Overreach^  and 
Sir  Edward  Mortimer.  His  home,  when  not  professionally 
engaged,  was  on  a  farm,  twenty  miles  from  Baltimore.  He  died 
while  traveling  from  New  Orleans  to  Cincinnati,  December  1,  1852. 

Edwin  Booth,  son  of  Junius  Brutus  Booth,  also  an  actor  who  has 
distinguished  himself  in  representing  prominent  characters  in 
Shakspeare'g  and  other  tragedies,  was  born  at  Belair,  Md. ,  in  1833. 
When  a  boy  he  "supported"  his  father  on  the  stag3,  by  taking 
subordinate  parts  in  plays.  His  first  regular  appearance  was 
announced  and  made  in  Boston  in  1849,  and  in  1851,  when  his  father 
was  sick,  he  took  the  old  tragedian's  place  on  the  stage  in  "  Richard 
III.,"  at  the  Chatham- street  theater,  in  New  York.  In  1852-3,  he 
performed  miscellaneous  stage  duties  {as  "utility  man")  at  San 
Francisco,   Cal.       In   1854   he   went  to   the   Sandwich  islands  and 


Australia,  returning  to  New  York  in  1857.  There  he  appeared  as  a 
leading  tragedian  at  Burton's  theater.  In  1860,  at  the  Winter 
Garden,  he  became  distinguished  for  his  representation  of 
Shakspearian  characters.  In  the  following  year  he  played  in  England, 
and  studied  dramatic  art  on  the  continent  of  Europe.  He  returned 
to  the  United  States  in  1862,  and  entered  upon  his  present  brilliant 
career  as  a  "  star  "  tragedian,  excelling  nearly  all  his  contemporaries 
in  that  department  of  the  legitimate  drama,  and  winning  a  national 
distinction  by  his  careful  personations.  In  1869  he  built  a  theater 
in  New  York  city,  which  bore  his  name,  and  the  cost  of  which  in- 
volved the  loss  of  his  private  fortune.  He  married  Mary,  daughter 
of  J.  H.  McVicker,  Esq.,  of  McVicker's  theater,  Chicago. 
John  Wilkes  Booth,  another  son  of  Junius  Brutus  Booth,  was 
born  at  Belair,  Md.,  in  1839.  He  took 
to  the  stage  as  a  profession  and  appeareii 
with  considerable  success,  but  without 
brilliancy,  in  several  of  Shakspeare's  plays 
as  a  leading  tragedian.  Becoming  an  en- 
thusiast in  the  cause  of  the  South  during 
the  civil  war  in  the  United  States,  he  at- 
tempted to  avenge  the  fancied  wrongs  of 
his  Southern  friends,  and  shot  and  killed 
Abraham  Lincoln  at  Ford's  theater,  Wash- 
ington, during  the  performance  of  "Our 
American  Cousin. "  Having  fired  the  fatal 
shot,  he  escaped  in  the  confusion  and 
terror  of  the  occasion  and  fled  to  Virginia. 
Pursuit  was  made  for  him,  and  April  26, 
1865,  he  was  surrounded,  and  shot  dead  by 
Sergeant  Boston  Corbett,  near  Bowling 
Green,  Va. 


Joseph  Jefferson 


Comedian,  Widely  Known  for  his  Presentations  of 
"  Rip  Van  Winkle." 


JOSEPH  JEFFERSON. 


has  won 
distinction  by  his  perfect  personation 
of  Washington  Irving's  good-natured, 
idle  Dutch  character  of  "  Rip  Van  Winkle," 
dramatized  by  Dion  Boucicault.  His  grand- 
father was  also  a  celebrated  actor,  and  bore  the  same  name.  His 
mother  was  Mrs.  Burke,  a  celebrated  vocalist.  Joseph  was  born  in 
Philadelphia  in  1829,  took  naturally  to  the  stage  when  very  young, 
and  soon  became  a  talented  comedian,  being  recognized  as  such  both 
in  the  United  States  and  England.  He  is  a  versatile  actor,  his  range 
of  personations  extending  to  a  great  number  and  variety  of  charac- 
ters in  comedy  and  farce,  with  great  fidelity  to  nature  and  without 
descending  to  buffoonery.  He  is  best  known  as  "  Rip  Van  Winkle," 
which  he  has  delineated  in  about  every  city  of  the  United  States, 
and  by  this  personation  alone  he  has  won  fame  and  fortune. 
He  has  also  made  professional  visits  to  Australia  and  England.  He 
owns  a  sugar-plantation  in  Louisiana,  and  a  fine  farm  in  New  Jersey, 
near  New  York  city.  A  disease  of  the  eyes  has  recently  interfered 
with  his  stage  performances,  making  them  less  frequent  than  for- 
merly. His  son,  Joseph  Jefferson,  jr.,  has  also  exhibited  consider- 
able talent  as  an  actor. 


=^1X 


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26S 


A.    BRONSON    ALC'OTT    AND    HIS    DAUGHTER    LOUISA    MAY. 


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v^  i»r,.Y-»i-»:-Y-  ly-  '-?'^"?^'^-'  '■^'■vv"'^-"^^''?  'Y  y-"^ 


"SOg© 


■H^Mf^ 


Noted  Literary  Cskbritiss. 


0> 


I" 


People  Well-Known  in  the  World  of  Letters. 


A.  BRONSON  ALCOTT. 

THE  amiable  "philosopher  of  Concord,''  Amos  Bronson  Alcott,  is 
a  welcome  visitant  in  families  where  his  varied  accomplishments 
and  teachings  are  known  and  appreciated.  The  son  of  a  farmer, 
he  came  into  existence  at  Wolcott,  Conn.,  November  29,  1799.  In 
early  life  he  traveled  in  Virginia  from  place  to  place,  carrying  with  him 
a  trunk  of  merchandise  belonging  to  a  merchant  in  the  vicinity  of  his 

home,  which  he 

,     gLOO'" 

sold  here  and  '^ 
there  in  the 
planters'  fami- 
lies. It  was 
here  that  he 
found  oppor- 
tunities in  dif- 
ferent house- 
holds to  borrow 
and  read  books, 
and  so  to  lay  the 
foundation  of 
his  subsequent 
education. 
When  he  re- 
turned home  he 
became  the 
teacher  of  an 
infant  school, 
in  which  voca- 
tion he  was  soon 
remarkably  suc- 
cessful. Going 
to  Boston  in 
1828,  be    again 

attracted  attention  by  his  mild  and  conversational  manner  of  teach- 
ing boj's  and  girls  from  five  to  seven  years  old  in  his  private  school. 
His  system  met  with  so  much  opposition  from  the  press  on  account 
of  its  peculiarities  that  he  closed  his  school,  which  was  held  in  the 
Masonic  temple.  He  now  becnme  a  resident  of  Concord,  Mass., 
pursuing  his  studies  with  reference  to  educational  reforms,  natural 
theology,  the  improvement  of  society  in  important  particulars,  and 
proper  Cict  as  a  source  of  health.  In  1842  he  visited  England,  by 
invitation  of  a  prominent  educator  in  I^ondon,  Mr.  James  P. 
rjreaves,  V  >o  died,  however,  before  Mr.  Alcott  reached  the  British 
metropolis.  The  fame  of  the  Concord  philosopher  had  preceded  him 
and  he  met  with  a  gratifying   reception   from   his  admirers,  wtio  had 


A.  Bronson  Alcott, 

Philosopher,  Teacher  and  Conversational  Lecturer, 


already  given  his  name  to  a  school  near  London.  Messrs.  Lane 
and  Wright,  two  of  his  English  adherents,  came  to  America  with 
Mr.  Alcott  when  he  returned,  and  with  him,  at  Harvard,  Mass.,  they 
founded  a  community  on  a  farm  which  they  called  "Fruitlauds,'" 
but  this  enterprise  soon  failed,  the  Englishmen  went  home,  and  the 
fjirm  passed  into  other  hands.  After  this  episode  Mr.  Alcott  resided 
for  a  time  at  Boston,  and  subsequently  again  at  Concord.    Since  then 

he  has  devoted 
*^  himself  to  de- 
livering his 
conversational 
lectures,  which 
have  become  a 
literary  feature 
in  numerous 
commn  nities. 
They  are  nearly 
always  repeated 
in  series  at  pri- 
vate houses  in 
accordance  with 
special  invita- 
tions, and  the 
su  bj  ccts  are 
usually  an- 
nounced on 
cards.  His  dis- 
courses treat 
principally  of 
physical  health 
and  comfort, 
especially  in 
relation  to  con- 
stitutional peculiarities  and  systems  of  diet,  theology,  ethics 
and  practical  social  training.  He  is  also  the  author  of  several 
noted  magazine  articles  and  a  volume  or  t^vo  of  more  or  less  general 
interest. 


Author  of 


Louisa  May  Alcott, 

'Little  Men,"  "Little  Women,"  Etc. 


LOUISA  MAY  ALCOTT. 

AVERY  popular  American  writer  i)f  Imiilis  for  youth  and  children 
is  Louisa  May  Alcott.  the  daughter  of  the  social  philosopher.  A. 
Bronson  Alcott.    Her  l)irth  occurred  at  Gerntantown,  Pa. ,  in  1833. 
In  her  youth  she  wrote  fairy  tales,  and  published  her  fir.st  book  in 
185.^.     During  the  war  of  the  rebellion  she  served  as  a  hospital  nurse 
in  the  Union  armv.      Since  then  she  ha.s  been  a  contributor  to  the 


.(J. 


T.     S.     AUTIlUli.     UKOKCiE    BANCliUFT,    Till';    lllSTHRIAN. 


Atlanfic  Monthly  and  other  periodicals,  and  is  the  author  of  numtToiiH 


attractive  volume.s. 
'*  Hoj^pilal  Sketches 
Old-Fashionetl  Girl, 


Her  principal  works  arc:  ''Flower  Tables.'" 
"  "Moods  "(a  novt'l),  "  Little  Women, "  "An 
'  "  Little  Men,"  etc. 


AMONG  the  most  proliti. 
domestic  tales,  durinj^  the  first  Iialf 
of  the  present  century,  was  Timothy 
S.  Arthur,  who  was  born  at  Newburgh, 
N.  Y. .  in  1809.  In  bis  youth  he  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  trade  at  Baltimore,  Md.  ; 
then  served  as  a  clerk,  became  a  journalist, 
und  began  the  composition  of  the  host  of 
short  novels,  temperance  and  moral 
stories  that  have  given  him  a  wide  celebrity 
all  over  this  country.  He  also,  for  many 
years,  edited  and  published  a  monthly 
magazine  at  Philadelphia.  His  contri- 
butions to  literature  comprise  hundreds 
of  articles  and  scores  of  volumes.  '  *■  Ten 
Nights  in  ft  Bar- Room"  and  ''The  Wash- 
inglonians"  are  among  his  popular  tem- 
perance tales.     Died  March  6,  1885. 


TIMOTHY  S.  ARTHUR. 

I  |)opiiI;ir  Arncriian  writers  of  social  and 


D" 


T.  S.  ARTHUR, 

Novelist,  Author  of  Temperance  and  Other  Moral  Tales, 


GEORGE  BANCROFT. 

THK  American  historian  George  Ban- 
croft was  born  lU  Worcester,  Mass., 
Oct.  3,  1800.  Receiving  his  educa- 
tion at  Harvard  college,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1817,  he  traveled  in  Europe  and 
studied  history,  philosophy  and  literature 

at  Gottingen  and  Berlin.  It  had  been  his  intenlion  to  become  a 
minister  of  the  gospel,  but  upon  returning  to  America,  in  1822,  he 
relinquished  this  design  and  turned  his  attention  to  literature.  For 
a  time  he  served  as  a  professor  of  the  Greek 
language  in  Harvard  college,  but  in  1823,  in 
company  with  Br.  Coggswell,  he  founded  the 
Round  Hill  school  at  Northampton,  Mass. 
The  first  volume  of  his  great  "  History  of  the 
United  States'"  was  published  in  1834. 
Entering  the  political  arena,  in  1838,  he  was 
appointed  customs-collector  at  Boston,  retain- 
ing that  office  for  about  three  years.  In  1844 
he  was  a  candidate  for  the  Governorship  of 
Massachusetts,  as  a  Democrat,  but  was  de- 
feated. Upon  the  accession  of  President  Polk, 
in  1845,  Mr.  Bancroft  became  a  member  of  his 
Cabinet,  as  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  In  this 
position  he  established  the  national  naval 
academy  at  Annapolis,  Md.  In  184G  he  was 
sent  as  minister  to  Great  Britain,  and  during 
the  period  of  this  office  he  added  largely  to 
his  historical  collections,  and  formed  valuable 
friendships.  Returning  to  the  United  States, 
he    continued  his  labors  upon  his  American  «r«oi%r-  n>>i/»n/^>-T 

btUKub    DANunUri, 

History,  the  tenth  and  last  volume   of  which  Authorof  "BancroffsHistorvof  theUnitedStates,' 
In  1867   he  was  and  Other  Works. 


HANS   CHRISTIAN   ANDERSEN. 

lENMARK  had  the  honor  of  giving  to  the  world  one  of  the  most 
fascinating  writers  of  modern  times,  Hans  Christian  Andersen, 
who  was  born  of  poor  parents  at  Odense.  in  1805.  In  his  youth, 
he  was  charitably  instructed  for  stage  singing  at  Copenhagen,  but  his 
voice  failing  within  six  months,  he  led  a  precarious  existence  for  a 
few  years,  sometimes  studying  and  sometimes  working  in  the  the 
ater.  Some  tragedies  that  he  wrote  at  this 
period  attracted  attention,  but  were  not 
produced  on  the  stage.  Later,  an  inthi- 
ential  citizen  procured  Andersen's  free 
admission  to  a  government  school,  and  be 
was  subsequently  admitted  to  the  Royal 
College  of  Copenhagen.  In  1829  his  first 
work,  *'A  Journey  on  Foot  to  Amok,'" 
was  printed,  and  was  received  with  great 
favor.  Other  books  followed.  In  1833 
he  visited  Italy,  and  in  after-years  he 
traveled  in  Europe,  the  East,  England 
and  America,  his  writings  having  prepared 
the  way  for  his  kind  reception  every- 
where. His  principal  works  are:  *'The 
Improvisatore "  (a  novel).  "■  O.  T. ,'" 
' '  Only  a  Fiddler, "  ' '  Fairy  Tales, "  *  *  Pic- 
ture Book  Without  Pictures."  "Travels 
in  the  Hartz  Mountains,"  "A  Poet's 
Bazaar."  "The  Story  of  My  Life."  an 
autobiography,  and  numerous  volumes 
of  poetry,  dramas,  fairy  comedies,  etc. 
He  died  in  August,  1875. 


was  published  late  ir.   1874. 

appointed   minister    to    Prussia;     in    1868,    to    the    North    German 

Confederation,  and  in  1871  to  the  German  empire,  but  was  recalled 

at  his  own  request  in  1874.     His  principal  works  are  Ms  standard 

"History  of  the    United  States"  and  a  volume  of   "Miscellanies," 

comprising  a  number  of  his  contributions  to  the  North  American 

Jieview. 


MONCURE  D.  CONWAY. 

AMONG  the  prominent  litetary  and  political  reformers  of  the  day, 
Moncure  D.  Conway  holds  a  high  rank.     He  was  bom  in  Stafford 
county,  Va. ,  in  1832,  and  graduated  at  Dickinson  College,  at  Car- 
lisle, Pa.,  in  1849. 

For  awhile  he  studied  law,  but  relinquished 
it  in  order  to  become  a  Methodist  minister, 
entering  the  Baltimore  Conference  in  1850. 
Experiencing  a  change  in  his  political  and 
religious  views,  be  joined  the  divinity  school 
at  Cambridge,  Mass. ,  at  which  he  graduated 
in  1854.  He  attempted  to  reside  in  Virginia, 
but  on  account  of  his  changed  political  opin- 
ions he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  State.  Soon 
afterwards  he  became  the  pastor  of  the  Uni- 
tarian Church  at  Washington,  D.  C.  His  anti- 
slavery  discourses  proving  unpalatable  to 
his  flock,  he  was  dismissed.  In  1857  he  was 
pastor  of  the  Unitarian  Church  at  Cincinnati. 
Subsequently  he  lectured  in  New  England  on 
slavery  and  its  relations  to  the  Southern 
rebellion.  During  the  civil  war  his  father's 
slaves  escaped  from  Virginia,  and  were  col- 
onized by  him  at  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio. 

In  1863  he  went  to  England,  and  wrote  and 
lectured  on  the  anti-slavery  features  of  the 
American  rebellion,  contributing  to  prominent 
English  periodicals.  In  1863  he  began  preaching  in  the  vicinity  of 
London,  and  since  then  has  lectured  before  learned  societies  and 
written  freely  for  English  journals  and  American  periodicals  and 
newspapers.  He  has  also  published  the  following  books:  "The 
Rejected  Stone,"  "The  Golden  Hour,"  "The  Earthward  Pilgrimage," 
"Republican  Superstitions,"  and  "Sacred  Anthology.'* 


:<! 


M 


^ 


t 


270 


GRACE    GREENWOOD        FANNY    FERN. 


s 


MRS.   LIPPINCOTT. 

ARA  .JANE,  daughter  of  Dr.  Thaddeus  Clarke,  was  born  at 
Pompey,  Onondaga  county,  N.  Y. ,  in  1823,  but  much  of  her  child- 
hood was  lived  at  Rochester.  Her  father,  aboui  the  year  1843. 
removed  with  her  to  New  Brighton,  Pa.,  ^ 
and  eleven  years  afterwards  she  became  the  ^. 
wife  of  Leander  K.  Lippincott,  of  Philadel- 
phia. Her  tastes  were  literary,  and  in  1844 
she  contributed  her  first  prose  article  to  the 
New  York  Mirror,  under  the  name  of 
'  ■  Grace  Greenwood. "  Since  then  she  has 
written  and  published  many  adult  and  juve- 
nile books  of  an  excellent  character,  has 
distinguished  herself  as  a  lecturer  on  liter- 
ary topics,  and  has  also  contributed  freely 
to  the  current  periodicals.  Among  her 
most  noted  works  are  "Greenwood  Leaves." 
• '  History  of  My  Pets, "  •  •  Haps  and  Mishaps 
of  a  Tour  in  Europe, "  ' '  Stories  of  Many 
Lands,  "  etc.  Her  domestic  relations  have 
not  been  happy.  Her  only  daughter  mani- 
festing a  dramatic  talent,  Mrs.  Lippincott 
has  trained  her  for  the  stage. 


OAR.' 


0 


"«# 


LYDIA  MARIA  CHILD. 

NE  of  the  most  philaiitbrupic  of  Amer- 
ican authors  was  Lydia  Maria  Child, 
who  was  born  at  Medford,  Mass.,  in 
1802.  She  was  the  daughter  of  David 
Francis,  a  baker,  and  began  a  literary  life  in  her  youth,  publishing 
her  first  book  in  1824,  and  her  second  in  1825,  the  latter  displaying 
unmistakable  genius.  About  1831  she  became  interested  in  the  anti- 
slavery  question,  and  identified  herself  with  the  abolitionists  by  her 
publications.  In  1841  she  removed  to  New  York,  where  for  two  years 
she  edited  the  National  Anti- Slavery  Stand- 
ard (assisted  by  her  husband,  Mr.  David  L. 
Child,  to  whom  she  was  married  in  1828). 
In  1859  she  wrote  a  letter  of  sympathy  to 
.John  Brown,  the  unfortunate  champion  of 
the  slaves,  which  involved  a  correspondence 
with  Governor  Wise,  of  Virginia,  and  Mrs. 
Mason,  of  that  State.  These  letters  were 
collected  and  published  in  a  pamphlet,  and 
no  less  than  300,000  copies  were  circulated. 
Mrs.  Child's  publications  are  as  follows: 
'■  Hobomok,  an  Indian  Story ;"  "  The  Rebels. 
a  Tale  of  the  Revolution;"  The  Juvenile 
Mar/azine^  which  she  conducted  from  1826 
to  18.34;  "The  American  Frugal  House- 
wife;" "The  Girls"  Own  Book;"  "The 
Mothers'  Book;"  "  .\ppeal  in  Behalf  of 
that  class  of  Americans  called  .\fricans;" 
"Philothea,  a  Grecian  Romance;"  "  Letters 
from  New  York,"  "History  of  the  Condi- 
tion of  Women  in  All  Ages  and  Nations," 
'■  Hiograptiies  of  Good  Wives,"  "Life  of 
Isaac  T.  Hopper,"  "Progress  of  Religious 
Idi'iis,"  "Autumnal  Leaves,"  "Looking 
Toward  Sunset,"  "The Freedman's Book. " 

"A  Romance  of  the  Republic,"  and  several  books  of  children's 
stories.  The  publication  on  the  subject  of  slavery  {in  behalf  the 
Africans),  is  one  of  the  largest  and  best  of  her  works,  and  that  on 
domestic  economy,  or  frugal  housewifery,  has  not  been  displaced  by 
any  similar  book.  Her  works  are  among  those  which  have  made  a 
deep  iinpressiiin  on  Ihc'  ]iublic  minil.      She  diid  in  ISSO. 


>  Mrs.  Sara  Jane  Lippincott, 

Widely  and  Favorably  Known  as  an  .\uthoress  over 
the  signature,  Grace  Greenwood. 


"?  Sara  Payson  Parton, 

Known  to  the  world  as  Fanny  Fern.  .Vutlior 
Leaves."  etc. 


SARA  PAYSON. 
A  PAYSON,  better  known  as  "Fanny  Fern,"  a  daughter  of 
timniel  Willitj,  sister  of  Nathaniel  P.  Willig  (the  poet),  and  wif..- 
of  James  Parton,  was  born  in  Portland,  Maine,  in  1811,  and  edu- 
cated in  the  seminary  of  Miss  Catherine  K. 
Beecher,  with  whom  was  then  associated 
Miss  Harriet  Beecher  (Mrs.  Stowe),  at  Hart- 
ford, Conn.  She  appears  to  have  possessed 
remarkable  independence  and  energy  of 
character  from  her  earliest  years,  qualities 
which  gave  spice  in  after-life  to  her  literary 
productions,  '^'with  her  heart  as  full  of 
frolic  as  a  lark's  breast  is  of  singing.'' 
(GraceGreenwood. )  With  her  first  husband, 
Mr.  Eldridge,  of  Boston,  Fanny  Fern  lived 
in  comfort  and  domestic  felicity,  until  death 
robbed  her  of  her  protector  and  her  first- 
born daughter.  Some  time  afterwards  she 
entered  upon  married  life  with  a  Mr.  Har- 
rington, with  whom  she  did  not  find  hajjpi- 
ness,  and  from  whom  the  law  gave  her  a 
release.  Poverty  came  with  her  other 
troubles,  accompanied,  as  usual,  with  neg- 
lect and  suffering;  but  Fanny  was  equal  to 
the  emergency.  She  wrote  a  little  sketch 
in  the  vein  which  afterwards  made  her  so 
popular  as  an  authoress,  and  sold  it  to  a 
Boston  editor  for  "a  half-dollar,  whose 
jingle  was  to  her  like  the  sound  of  Bow-bells 
in  Whittington's  ears,"  a  promise  of  subsistence  and  future  pros- 
perity. Her  little  venture  was  well  received,  and  the  public  called 
for  more  with  the  voracity  of  hungry  Oliver  Twist.  Fanny's  sketches 
were  in  demand,  and  again  competency  and  distinction  came  to  her 
little  household.  She  was  original,  sharp  and  pleasing  in  her  notes 
on  every-day  persons  and  things,  versatile 
in  themes,  and  vigorous  in  expression;  so 
that  whatever  she  wrote  was  attractive,  even 
when  she  scolded  at  the  cherished  follies  of 
social  life.  And  thus  she  succeeded  in 
establishing  a  literary  reputation  that  soon 
became  national.  Again  she  married;  this 
time  an  author  of  celebrity,  Mr.  James 
Parton,  and  her  life  appears  to  have  been 
one  of  medium  happiness.  The  death  of 
her  married  daughter,  however,  clouded  her 
spirit.  She  died  in  Xew  York,  in  1872. 
Of  her  works,  the  first  edition  of  "Fern 
Leaves,"  a  collection  of  her  newspaper 
sketches,  was  probably  the  most  popular, 
its  sales  soon  reaching  70. 000  copies.  Seven 
series  of  these  ("Fern  Leaves,''  **  Fresh 
Leaves,"  "Folly  as  it  Flies,"  "Ginger- 
Snaps."  and  "Caper-Sauce."  with  "Little 
Ferns"  for  children)  were  published.  Her 
other  books  were  two  novels,  ' '  Kuth  Hall  " 
and  "Rose  Clark,"  and  "The  Play-Day 
Book." 


15. 

Fern 


MARY  ELIZABETH  BRADDON. 

THE  above  named  was  born  in  London,  in  1H3".  She  early  displayed 
literary  talent,  and  is  now  well-known  through  her  works,  among 
which  are :  ' '  The  Lover  of  Arcadia.  "  a  comedietta ;  • '  Oaribahli ;" 
'  •  Lady  .\ndley's  Secret.  "  "  Aurora  Floyd. "  ' '  Sir  .Jasper's  Tenants," 
"Only  a  Clod,"  "To  the  Bitter  End,"  etc.  She  is  editor  of  llet- 
grarin,  a  London  miiga7:ine. 


:Ci — 


^: 


CHAKLOTTE    BRONTE,     AUTHOli    OF    "•  JANE    EYKK. 


271 


? 


THE  BRONTE  SISTERS. 

FIVE  (Iflughters  were  born  to  Ruv.  Patrick  Bronte,  curate  of  Thorn- 
toil,  Yorkshire,  England,  ami  afterwards  minister  of  Ilaworth. 
CUnrh)ttL',  the  most  distinguished  of  the  family,  first  saw  the  light 
at  Thornton,  in  1810.  Four  of  the  sinters  were  sent  to  sehool  at 
Cowan's  Bridge,  but  two  died  from  disease  contracted  there. 
Charlotte  and  Emily  left  the  school  in  1835,  and  for  several  years 
lived  at  home  with  Anne,  another  siHter,  the  care  of  the  household 
devolving  on  Charlotte.  Still  she  found  time  for  literary  pursuits, 
lier  mind  and  talents  showing  a  remarkable  development.  In  the 
winter  of  1831,  Charlotte  was  again  sent  to  school,  where  she 
remained  nearly  two  years.  In  1835  she  re-entered  the  school 
as  a  teacher,  but  the  labor  proved  too  severe,  and  she  relinquished  it. 
For  two  or  three  years  she  was  a  governess.  A  year  or  two  were 
spent  at  Brussels  by  Charlotte  and  Anne,  for  the  purpose  of  qualify- 
ing themselves  to  open  a  school  at 
Haworth,  but  on  their  return  the 
scheme  failed  for  want  of  patron- 
age. From  that  time  (1844)  the 
sisters  remained  at  home  together, 
and  in  184(3  (under  the  fictitious 
names  of  Currer,  Ellis,  and  Acton 
Bell)  they  published  a  volume  of 
poems,  which  was  coldly  received. 
Not  discouraged,  they  wrote  each  a 
prose  tale,  proposing  to  have  the 
three  published  together,  under 
their  respective  fictitious  names. 
These  stories  were:  Charlotte's 
'*The  Professor;"  Emily's  ''Wuth- 
ering  Heights;"  and  Anne's  "-Agnes 
Gray."  Only  the  last-named  two 
could  find  a  publisher,  Charlotte's 
not  being  given  to  the  world  until 
her  death,  ^yithout  yielding  to 
her  disappointment,  Charlotte  next 
wrote  ' '  Jane  Eyre, ''  which  was 
published  in  1847,  and  was  greeted 
with  great  favor  by  the  public,  it 
being  translated  into  many  foreign 
tongues,  and  dramatized  in  Eng- 
land and  Germany.  Emily  died  in 
1848.  Anne  lived  to  finish  her 
second  novel,  "The  Tenant  of 
Wildfell  Hall,"  and  died  in  1849. 
Charlotte's  second  book,  "Shir- 
ley," was  published  in  1849.  and 
her    third.    "Villette,"    in    1853, 

meeting  with  success.  Some  months  afterwards  Charlotte  married 
Mr.  Nicholls.  a  curate.  One  complete  novel,  "  The  Professor,"  and 
an  unfinished  one  (or  parts  of  it)  were  published  after  her  death  at 
Haworth,  in  1855. 


THE  CAREY  SISTERS. 

ALICE  and  Phrobe  Carey  were  born  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  the 
former  in  18iI0  and  the  latter  in  1824.  Both  manifested  consid- 
erable literary  talent  in  their  early  years,  and  both  became  con- 
tributors to  periodicals  in  their  youth,  writing  prose  and  poetry  with 
great  facility  and  freshness.  Alice,  however,  wrote  more  of  prose 
than  Ph{el)e,  whose  poems  breathed  a  more  independent  spirit  than 
those  of  her  sister.  Both  wrote  several  volumes  during  their  livi-s. 
which  met  with  much  favor  and  established  their  fame.  Alice  died  in 
New  York,  in  1871,  and  Phoebe  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  the  same  year. 
Jointly  they  published  as  their  first  work,  "Poems  of  Alice  and 
Phcebe  Carey"  (1849).  The  volumes  written  by  Alice  were:  Two 
series  of  " Clovernook  Papers, "  "Clovcrnook  Children,"  '*IIagar. " 
"  Lyra  and  Others  Poems,"  "Married,  not  Mated,"  "Pictures  of 
Country  Life,"  "  Lyrics  and  Hymns, "  "The  Bishop's  Son,"  "The 
Lover's  Diary,"  and  "Snow  Ber- 
ries." Phcebe's  books  were  prin- 
cipally compilations  of  her  own 
fugitive  poetry,  including  "Poems 
and  Parodies,"  "Poems  of  Faith, 
Hope  and  Love, "  and  a  large  por- 
tion of  Rev.  Dr.  Deems'  collection 
of  '-Hymns  for  all  Christians." 


Author  of  ' 


CHARLOTTE 

Jane  Eyre,"  "  V 


BRONTE. 

illette,"  and  Other  Works, 


FREDERIKA  BREMER. 

NEAR  Abo,  Finland,  wa^  born  Frudt-rika  Bremer,  in  1801;  she 
removed,  in  1809,  with  her  wealthy  parents,  to  Sweden,  where 
she  was  carefully  educated,  her  last  school  year  being  passed 
in  Paris.  On  her  return  she  taught  in  Stockholm.  Her  first 
novel,  "The  Neighbors,"  was  published  in  1824,  and  enjoyed  a 
wide  European  translation.  In  1849  she  visited  the  United  States, 
where  she  was  received  with  a  hearty  welcome.  Two  years  were 
spt-nt  in  this  country  and  in  a  short  visit  to  Cuba.  In  1851  she 
visited  England.   Died  in  1865, 


MARY  RUSSELL  ffltTFORD. 

THE  charming  authoress,  Mary 
Russell  Mitford,  was  born  at 
Alresford,  England,  in  178tS, 
the  daughter  of  a  physician  of 
limited  means.  Hereducalicm  was 
mostly  obtained  at  a  Chelsea  school. 
At  an  early  age  she  developed  a 
taste  for  literary  labor,  and  when 
twenty  years  old  published  three 
volumes  of  narrative  and  other 
poems.  About  six  years  later  she 
began  to  contribute  tales  and 
sketches  to  the  periodicals  of  that 
day.  For  more  than  forty  years 
she  resided  in  Berkshire,  in  her 
humble  cottage,  engaged  in  literary 
pursuits.  Her  principal  works  are: 
"Our  Village,"  a  volume  of  at- 
tractive and  rural  sketches  in  five 
series,  "  Country  Stories. "  "Rec- 
ollections of  a  Literary  Life."  and 
the  dramas  of  "Julian,"  "Foscari," 
Charles  the  First. "     She  also  edited  three  volumes 

Her  death. 


"Rienzi,"  and 

of   "  Stories  of  American  Life  by  American  Authors." 

preceded   by  the  paiuful    consequences  of  an  accident  three   years 

previous,  occurred  near  Reading,  England,  in  1855. 


DINAH  MARIA  MULOCK. 

THE  graphic  writer  of  n«ivf.ls,  tales  and  sketches,  Dinah  Maria 
Mulock,  was  the  daughter  of  a  clergyman,  and  was  bom  at  Stoke- 
upon-Trent.  England,  in  1825.  Her  first  novel.  "  The  Ogilvies, " 
was  published  in  1849,  and  was  well  received.  Since  then  she  has 
written  numerous  others,  but  in  "John  Halifax,  Gentleman,"  pub- 
lished in  1857,  her  genius  found  scope  for  such  superior  portraiture 
of  character  as  to  largely  increase  her  reputation  as  a  novelist.  In 
1865  she  became  the  wife  of  Mr.  George  L.  Craik.  Her  books  are 
in  good  demand  in  this  country. 


-ntD; 


? 


9,7-2 


KLIZABKTll    teXUAKX    I'lIEH'S. 


"LiEOliCiE    SAND. 


I 


ELIZABETH  STUART  PHELPS. 

AT  Aiidover.  Mass.,  in  1844,  was  born  the  talented  authoress. 
Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps,  the  daughter  of  literary  parents.  Pre- 
vious to  1868  she  had  written  several  miscellaneous  books,  but 
in  that  year  the  publication  of  "The  Gates  Ajar"  gave  her  renewed 
celebrity  by  its  energetic  and  original 
treatment  of  death  and  bereavement.  It 
passed  to  a  twentieth  edition  within  a  year. 
Tbi.-  was  followed  by  others  of  less  power 
and  popularity,  but  possessing  the  elements 
of  success:  "Men,  Women,  and  Ghosts." 
'  •  Hedged  In.  "  "The  Silent  Partner,  "  and 
"  Poetic  Studies. " 


the  ship  ,was  wrecked  on  Fire  Island,  near  the  latter  port,  and  all 
three  were  drowned,  July  16,  1850.  Her  published  books  are  as 
follows:  "  Woman  in  the  Nineteenth  Century. "  "Letters  of  Gun- 
derode  and  Bettina  "  (a  translation),  "A  Summer  on  the  Lakes, " 
' '  Papers  on  Art  and  Literature. '' 


HANNAH  MORE. 

HANXAH  MORE,  the  thoughtful  Eng- 
lish authoress,  whose  "Shepherd  of 
Salisbury  Plain."  and  "  Ccelebs  in 
Search  of  a  wife,'"  are  well-known  in  Eu- 
rope and  America,  was  born  at  Stapleton, 
England,  in  the  year  174.5.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  she  wrote  a  pastoral  drama.  This 
was  publislied  in  1TT3,  and  fnun  that  time 
until  1779  she  produced  a  succession  of 
secular  plays  and  poems.  Her  tragedy 
of  "Percy"  was  brought  out  by  Garrick 
in  1777.  About  1780  she  became  relig- 
iously inclined,  and  henceforth  turned  her 
attentibn  from  stage-writing  to  other 
literary  work  more  acceptable  to  the  Christian  world.  She  wrote 
much  and  well,  and  her  hooks  are  numbered  among  the  standard 
religious  publications.  The  pecuniary  results  of  her  works  were 
upward  of  $125,000,  one-third  of  which  she  gave  to  charitable 
purposes.  She  died  at  Clifton,  England, 
in  1833. 


ONE  of  the 
elists,    •■( 


Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps. 

Author  of  "Gates  Ajar."  "  The  Silent  Partner, 
and  Other  Works. 


C 


MARGARET    FULLER. 

lAMBRIDGEPORT.  Mass.,  in  1810,  was 
the  birthplace  of  the  brilliant  American 
authoress,  Margaret  Fuller.  She  was 
very  precocious,  reading  Latin  at  six  years 
old,  and  at  eight  she  studied  Shakspeare, 
and  was  partially  educated  at  a  school  in 
Groton.  Mass.  At  fifteen  years  she  began 
educating  herself,  and,  in  1832,  German 
literature  became  her  study.  About  1836 
she  began  teaching  languages  at  Boston 
for  a  livelihood,  and  in  1837  she  became 
principal  of  a  school  at  Providence,  R.  I. 
In  1840,  while  residing  in  the  vicinity  of 
Boston,  she  engaged  in  editing  the  /)iat^ 
a  quarterly  magazine,  in  which  labor  she 
was  assisted  by  lialph  Waldo  Emerson. 
George  Ripley  and  others.  With  this  peri- 
odical she  was  connected  for  two  years.  In 
1843  she  traveled  to  Michigan  and  Lake- 
Superior.  In  1844  she  went  to  New  York 
and  wrote  hook  reviews  for  the  New  York  Tribune.  In  ]84(i-'7 
she  was  in  Europe,  and  in  December,  1847,  was  married,  at  Rome. 
to  the  Martpiis  Ossoli,  a  Roman  nobleman.  When  Rome  was 
besieged  by  the  French,  in  1849.  she  was  appointed  directress  of 
one  of  the  liospitals  for  the  wounded  Italians.  In  Ifl.^O,  with  her 
hu-band  and  infant  son.  she  sailed  from  Leu'horn  for  New  York,  hut 


"GEORGE  SAND." 

most  famous  of  French  nov- 
George  Sand,"  was  born  in 
Paris  in  1804,  and  was  brought  up 
under  the  care  of  her  grandmother,  the 
Countess  de  Horn.  After  spending  about 
two  years  in  a  boarding  school  at  Paris, 
she  was  married  to  Casimir  Dudevant 
in  1822.  They  were  poor  and  did  not  har- 
monize. She  began  to  write  for  the  Paris 
Figaro  in  1831,  hut  was  not  successful  as 
a  journalist.  At  that  time  she  received 
an  allowance  of  1,500  francs  per  annum 
from  her  husband.  In  order  to  visit  theaters 
and  other  resorts  without  observation,  she 
dressed  in  men's  clothing.  In  connection 
with  a  friend  she  wrote  her  first  novel, 
"Rose  and  Blanche  "  (literally  ''■Red  and 
White").  It  was  so  successful  that  her 
publisher  encouraged  her  friend  to  pro- 
duce another.  He  had  none  ready^  but 
Madame  Dudevant  had  ready  "Indiana," 
which  was  published  under  the  name  of 
"  George  Sand. "  This  and  her  next  novel,  "  Valentine,"  were  well 
received.  After  that  she  wrote  novels  for  the  Revue  des  Deux  Sfondes. 
"Leiia"  was  produced  in  1833.  Its  freedom  of  morals  commanded 
attention  and  created  suspicion.  Afterwards  she  became  indoctrin- 
ated with  socialism,  which  was  manifested 
in  several  books.  She  separated  from  her 
husband  and  attended  to  the  education  of 
her  children,  writing  pastorals,  novels, 
several  plays,  and  political  articles.  During 
her  life-time  she  wrote  about  sixty  novels 
and  more  than  twenty  plays,  beside  several 
other  works,  including  the  history  of  her 
life.      She  died  in  1876. 


THE  L-sIeenn-d  aiilhur>,  husband  ai 
William   and  Mary  Howitt.  we 


Madame  Dudevant— "George  Sand." 


Famous  French  No 


WILLIAM  AND  MARY  HOWITT. 

band  and  uife, 
ere  chil- 
dren of  Quaker  families.  William  was 
born  in  Derbyshire,  England,  in  1795; 
Mary,  at  Uttoxeter,  England,  in  1804.  Both 
jiossessed  fine  literary  tastes,  and  have 
made  the  writing  of  books  the  business  of 
their  lives.  Several  of  their  works  are 
joint  productions,  and  botli  have  made 
creditabh;  and  extensive  additions  to  the 
literature  of  England.  Mr.  Howitt.  for 
some  years,  conducted  two  literary  period- 
icals, which  no  longer  exist.  Their 
publicati<ms  also  include  translations  of  the  works  of  foreign  authors, 
both  prose  and  poetry.  William's  principal  works  are:  "Popular 
History  of  Priestcraft,"  "Co]oni/,ati(m  and  Christianity,"  "Stories  of 
English  Life,"  etc.  Mary  wrote  the  novels  "Wood  Leighton"  and 
"The  Heir  of  Wast  Wayland,"  also  "  Biographical  Sketches  of  the 
Queens  of  England,"  "  Birds  and  Their  Nests,"  etc. 


,  Tort  and  I'luy-Writor. 


J5^- 


i>: 


WASIIINOTON    IKVIISU. 


'OKOKGE    ELIOT. 


i 


ONE  of 
ton  In 


WASHINGTON  IRVING. 

the  most  cstccnu'd  authors  in  the  United  States,  Wftshing- 
1  Irving,  was  horn  in  New  Ycirli,  in  1783.  At  the  age  of  about 
sixteen  he  began  the  study  of  law,  and  in  1808  contributed  to  the 
Moriiinij  Chronicle  several  articles  of  a  social  and  dramatic  character, 
under  the  name  of  "Jonathan  Oldstyle." 
On  account  of  ill-health,  he  visited  Europe 
in  18U4-'G.  On  his  return  he  resumed  the 
study  of  law.  In  180",  in  company  with 
his  brother  and  James  K.  Paulding,  he 
started  the  serial  "Salmagundi,  or  the 
Whim-whams  and  Opinions  of  Launcelot 
Langstaff,''  the  humor,  wit  and  social  allu- 
sions of  which  won  a  reputation  for  it. 
Twenty  numbers  were  issued.  In  1809  he 
published  "Knickerbocker's  History  of 
New  York."  In  1813-14  he  edited  the 
Aiialecflc  Magazine  in  Philadelphia.  While 
a  silent  partner  in  tlie  mercantile  business 
with  two  of  his  brothers,  lie  became  aid- 
de-camp  and  military  secretary  to  Governor 
Tompkins,  and  in  1815  sailed  for  Europe, 
rambling  in  England  and  Scotland  and  be- 
coming acquainted  with  Sir  Walter  Scott 
and  other  prominent  literary  men.  The 
failure  of  his  mercantile  firm  obliged 
him  to  live  by  authorship,  and  be  remained  abroad  until  1833. 
During  his  absence  in  Europe  he  published  his  "Sketch  Book,' 
"Bracebridge  Hall,"  "  Tales  of  a  Traveler,"  "Life  and  Voyages 
of  Columbus. "  '  ■  Chronicles  of  the  Conquest  of  Granada, ' 
'  ■  Voyages  of  the  Companions  of  Columbus,  "  and  the  ' '  Alhambra. '' 
In  1889  he  was  appointed  secretary  of 
legation  at  London,  and  in  1831  he 
received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Oxford 
university.  After  his  return  to  America 
he  accompanied  Commissioner  Ellsworth 
in  the  expedition  to  remove  the  Indians 
across  the  Mississippi,  a  voyage  that  re- 
sulted in  his  "Tour  on  the  Prairies," 
which,  with  other  papers,  was  published 
as  the  "  Crayon  Miscellany."  In  1836  he 
published  "Astoria;"  in  1837.  "The 
Adventures  of  Captain  Bonneville;"  in 
1855,  "  Wolfert's  Roost"  (written  in 
1839-'41);  in  1841,  a  life  of  Margaret 
Miller  Davidson.  From  1842  to  Is^u  he 
was  United  States  Minister  to  Spain;  in 
1849  he  published  his  "  Life  of  Oliver 
Goldsmith,"  .and,  in  1850,  his  "Maho- 
met. "  In  1848-"50  he  revised  his  works, 
and  from  1855  to  18.59  he  devoted  himself 
to  the  preparation  and  publication  of  his 
"Life  of  George  Washington,"  in  five 
volumes,  the  last  appearing  al)out  three 
months  before  his  death,  which  occurred 
at  Tarrytown,  N.  Y. ,  in  1859.      During 

his  life-time,  it  is  stated,  300,000  copies  of  his  books  were  sold,  and 
since  his  death  the  sales  are  estimated  at  30,000  annually.  His 
"Spanish  Papers  and  Other  Miscellanies"  were  published  after  his 
death,  by  his  nephew.  Mr.  Pierre  M.  Irving,  who  also  edited  his 
honored  relative's  "  Life  and  Letters.  "  Owing  to  the  early  death  of 
Matilda  Hoffman,  a  young  lady  whom  be  favored,  Irving  was  never 
married.  He  was  a  man  of  tranquil  temperament,  genial  and  char- 
itable, with  delicate  suavity  of  manners  and  conversation. 


M' 


WASHINGTON  IRVING, 

Genial  Esauyist,  Nuvelisl  and  Hi.storian. 


'GEORGE   ELIOT." 

\KIAN  EVANS,  better  known  as  "George  Eliot,"  wae  an  Eng- 
HhIi  authoress  of  an  independent,  philosophical  turn  of  mind, 
who  gave  her  theories  to  the  world  in  the  guise  of  fietion.  She 
was  born  in  Warwickshire,  England,  about  1820.  Possessing  literary 
genius  of  a  high  order,  her  numerous  pub- 
lications have  been  received  with  great  favor 
by  tlitr  public.  Among  the  nioi't  prominent 
of  these  are  "The  Mill  on  the  FIohh," 
"Felix  Holt,"  and  "  Daniel  Deronda;"  and 
she  haw  also  published  several  translations, 
besides  two  or  three  volumes  of  poetry. 
She  excelled  in  delineations  of  the  devel- 
opment of  character,  "in  seizing  and  em- 
bodying thoroughly  human  types  of  mind 
and  tliought,  so  that  each  one  of  her  charac- 
ters becomes  a  living  representative  of 
some  traits  which  every  reader  recognizes, " 
and  in  a  form  of  expression  that  by  its 
terseness  serves  to  retain  a  place  in  the 
mind.  Her  peculiar  independence  in  social 
philosophy  is  well  exemplified  in  her  alli- 
ance with  George  Henry  Lewes,  another 
distinguished  English  author  and  philoso- 
pher, whereby  she  became  to  him  a  wife  in 
everything  but  the  marriage  ceremony, 
which  they  seemed  to  hold  in  contempt  as  regarded  persons  of  their 
own  degree  of  Intellectual  perfection.  After  the  death  of  Mr.  Lewes, 
Miss  Evans  married  John  Walter  Cross,  a  merchant  of  London,  witb 
whom  she  lived  but  a  few  months.  Her  death  occurred  December 
22,  1880.  Her  strong  individuality  of  character  is  well  illu^rated  in 
the  massive  features  of  her  face,  as 
shown  in  the  portrait  herewith  given. 


A 


"GEORGE  ELIOT," 

Distinguished  English  Novelist  and  Poet. 


GEORGE  HENRY   LEWES. 

N  English  author,  of  positivist  opin- 
ions, and  noted  for  his  investigations 
of  mental  phenomena  and  philosoph- 
ical systems,  was  born  in  London,  in 
1817.  After  receiving  his  education,  he 
entered  upon  a  mercantile  life,  which  he 
abandoned  in  order  to  study  medicine, 
and,  subsequently,  leaving  his  medical 
studies,  he  devoted  his  time  and  talents 
to  literature  and  philosophy.  The  years 
of  1838-'9  he  spent  in  Germany,  studying 
his  favorite  subjects,  and  after  his  re- 
turn to  London  he  entered  upon  a  literary 
career.  He  contributed  papers  to  the 
principal  British  magazines,  and  from 
1849  to  1854  wag  literary  editor  of  the 
London  Leader.  In  1865  he  established 
the  London  Fortnightly  Review,  which 
he  edited  until  the  close  of  1866,  when 
he  retired  on  account  of  ill-health.  His 
principal  philosophical  works  are:  *'A 
Biographical  History  of  Philosophy,  from  Thales  to  Comte. "and 
"Problems  of  Life  and  Mind."  His  other  writings  embrace  lives 
of  Goethe  and  Robespierre;  the  tales  of  "Ranthorpe"  and  "Rose, 
Blanche  and  Violet, "  ' '  The  Spanish  Drama, "  * '  The  Xoble  Heart " 
{a  tragedy),  "  Comte' s  Philosophy  of  the  Sciences. "  "  Seaside  Stud- 
ies," "Physiology  of  Common  Life,"  "Studies  in  Animal  Life." 
etc.  He  demanded  certainty  upon  every  subject  of  human  inquiry — 
fact  instead  of  speculation.      He  died  November  30,  18T8. 


/^:(>— 


i 


18 


--no; 


HAWTHOENE    AND   THE   EARL    OF   BEACONSFIELD. 


BENJAMIN  DISRAELI. 

THE  history  of  the  recent  distinguished  first  lord  of  the  English 
treasury,  Benjamin  Disraeli,  earl  of  Beaconslield,  is  two-fold — 
political  and  literary.  The  first  is  connected  with  the  govern- 
ment and  political  prosperity  of  Great  Britain,  while  the  latter  is 
a  part  of  the  history  of  the  world's  literary 
progress  in  the  nineteenth  century.  Of  the 
former  little  need  be  said  in  this  connection ; 
this  is  the  place  only  for  a  sketch  of  his  literary 
labors.  He  was  born  in  London,  in  1805, 
educated  by  his  father  and  private  tutors,  and 
intended  for  the  practice  of  the  law ;  but  at  an 
early  age  he  abandoned  his  law  studies,  and 
began  his  brilliant  career  as  an  author. 
When  nineteen  years  old  he  published  his 
first  novel,  ' '  Vivian  Grey, "  which  stamped 
him  as  an  original,  vivacious  and  witty  writer. 
His  next  book  was  a  satire,  entitled  ' '  The 
Voyage  of  Captain  Popanilla. "  After  an 
extended  tour  in  Europe,  Syria,  Egypt  and 
Nubia,  he  published,  in  1831,  his  novel  of 
"  The  Young  Duke, "  and  between  then  and 
184"  he  gave  the  world  the  following  publica- 
tions: "Contarini  Fleming, "  "The  Wondrous 
Tale  of  Alroy, "  "The  Rise  of  Iskander, " 
"Henrietta  Temple,"  "  Venetia;"  in  1834 
and  1835  several  political  pami>hk*ts ;  in  1839 
alive-act  tragedy,  "Count  Ahircos;"  in  1844 
"Coningsby;"  in  1845  ''Sybil,  or  the  Two  Nations;"  in  1847 
"  Ixion  in  Heaven"  and  other  tales,  and  "Tancred,"  a  novel;  in 
1849  a  biography  of  his  father,  Isaac  Disraeli;  in  1852  a  life  of  Lord 
George  Bentinck;  in  1870  his  remarkable  novel  of  "Lothair," 
which  in  the  L'nited  States  alone  reached 
a  circulation  of  more  than  80.000  copies, 
and  in  1881  "Endymion. "  His  work, 
" Coningsby,  or  the  New  Generation," 
was  one  of  his  most  popular  productions, 
its  success  depending  largely  upon  the 
fact  that  its  leading  characters  were  drawn 
from  real  life,  and  had  special  reference 
to  persons  living  at  the  time  of  its  publi- 
cation. Disraeli  died  in  London,  April 
19,  1881. 


NATHANIEL  HAWTHORNE. 

AMONG  the  sons  of  New  England  who  have  achieved  fine  literary 
reputations  was  Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  who  was  born  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  in  1804,  and  with  the  poet  Longfellow  and  President 
Pierce,  studied  at  Bowdoin  college,  Maine.  He  first  appeared  in 
public,  as  an  anonymous  author,  in  1832. 
In  1837  his  ' '  Twice-told  Talcs  "  were  pub- 
lished. In  1838  he  was  appointed  to  a 
position  in  the  Boston  custom-house,  remain- 
ing there  three  years.  In  1840  he  was  given 
the  office  of  surveyor  in  the  Salem  (Mass.) 
custom-house,  but  retained  it  only  about  a 
year.  In  1853  President  Pierce  appointed 
him  consul  to  Liverpool,  a  post  that  he  held 
until  1857.  After  making  a  tour  in  Europe 
he  returned  to  America  and  settled  at  Con- 
cord. He  was  a  genial  gentleman  and  pos- 
sessed a  superior  faculty  for  writing  interesting 
books.  His  principal  novels  are  ' '  The  Scarlet 
Letter,"  "The  House  of  the  Seven  Gables," 
"The  Blithedale  Romance,  ""  The  Marble 
Faun. "     He  died  at  Plymouth,  N.  H. ,  in  1864. 


EDWARD  GIBBON. 


BENJAMIN   DISRAELI, 

Known  as  the  Earl  of  Bfaconsfield. 


THE  great  English  historian,  Edward 
Gibbon,  was  born  at  Putney,  England,  in 
1737,  and  was    educated    at  Westminster 


ISAAC  DISRAELI. 

ISAAC  DISRAELI,  father  of  the  carl 
of  Beaconslield  (the  late  British  Prime 
Minister)  was  born  near  Enfield,  Eng- 
land, in  1766.  He  was  intended  for 
commercial  pursuits,  but  disgusted  his 
own  father  by  writing  poetry.  He  was 
educated  at  Amsterdam,  after  which  he 
traveled  in  France,  henceforth  devoting 
himself  to  literary  pursuits  with  singular 
assiduity,  and  producing  several  impor-  Author  of 

tant  additions  to    the  literature  of    his 

country.  His  principal  writings,  in  prose  and  poetry,  arc  as  follows: 
"The  Curiosities  of  Literature,  "  "  Calamities  of  Authors, "  "  Quar- 
rels of  Authors, "  "  Illustrations  of  the  I^itcrary  Character, "  "  Amen- 
ities of  Literature,"  "  Life  and  Reign  of  Charles  I.,"  "Miscellanies, 
or  Literary  Recreations,"  "Vaurien,  a  Philosophical  Novel,"  a  vol- 
ume of  "  Romances, "  or  short  tales,  "Narrative  Poems, ""  Despo- 
tism, "  a  novel,  ' '  Flim-FIams,  or  the  Life  and  Errors  of  my  Uncle, 
and  the  Amours  of  my  .-Vunt, "  etc.      He  died  in  1848. 


school,  Magdalen  college,  at  Oxford,  and  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland. 
Having  been  brought  up  a  Protestant,  he  became  a  Papist,  but  was 
reclaimed  from  popery,  and  settled  into  a  confirmed  skeptic.  For  a 
time  he  was  in  the  military  service  of  England,  but  having  read 
and  traveled  extensively,  he  turned  his 
thoughts  to  literature.  His  first  great 
work,  "The  Decline  and  Fall  of  the 
Roman  Empire,"  was  published  between 
1776  and  1778,  and  established  his  fame  as 
a  historian.  He  entered  parliament  in 
1774.  and  for  some  time  was  interested  in 
politics.     He  died  in  England,  in  1794. 


A 


FRANCIS  BRET  HARTE. 

notable  AnuTioan  writur  of  the  hu- 
morous school,  Francis  Bret  Harte, 
was  born  at  Albany,  N.  Y. »  in  1839. 
Going  to  California,  in  1854,  he  engaged 
in  mining,  teaching,  printing  and  editing 
a  newspaper.  From  18()4  to  1870  he  was 
secretary  of  the  Government  mint  at  Sau 
Francisco.  He  also  contributed  articles 
to  current  periodicals,  and  in  1868  became 
editor  of  the  new  Overland  Monthly, 
in  which  he  published  several  of  his 
tales,  sketches,  and  poems.  The  most 
notable  of  the  series  was  "  The  Heathen 
Chinee,"  which  obtained  a  wide  circula- 
tion. Mr.  Harte  came  East  in  1871,  residing  first  in  New  York  and 
then  in  Boston.  In  1878  he  was  appointed  United  StatCH  consul 
at  Crefelt,  Prussia.  His  writings  have  been  mostly  published 
originally  in  magazines  and  then  collected  into  volumes.  Among 
hiH  prominent  books  arc  "The  Luck  of  Roaring  Camp,  and  Other 
Sketches,"  "Poetical  Works,"  "Select  Poems."  and  the  "Story 
of  a  Mine."  Among  his  best  short  poems  are  '  'The  Society  upon  the 
Stanislau"  and  "John  Burns  of  Gettysburg." 


NATHANIEL  HAWTHORNE, 

•Thf  S.Mik-t  Lfttt-r"  iiiMl  Other  Novels. 


:6.^^>- 


-a 


275   '^^^: 


WII.KIE     COLLINS. 


'ETEE    HAKLKY.' 


WILLIAM  WILKIE  COLLINS. 

THE  favorite  English  novulist,  WiWinm  Wilkie  Collins,  is  the  son 
of  William  Collins,  an  Englisli  artist,  and  was  born  in  London,  in 
.January,  1824.  After  receiving  a  private  education  and  sojourn- 
ing witli  his  parents  in  Italy  for  two  years,  he  was  apprenticed  to  a 
tca-honse  for  four  years.  Subsequently  he 
studied  law.  His  first  literary  publication 
was  a  biography  of  his  father,  in  1848. 
Since  then  he  has  devoted  himself  to  the 
production  of  books,  mostly  novels.  His 
principal  works  are — Dramas :  '*  The  Frozen 
Deep,"  "The  Lighthouse,"  and  "Black and 
White."  Novels:  "Antonina,"  "Basil," 
"  Mr.  Wray's  Cash-Box,"  "Hide  and  .Seek," 
"After  Dark,"  "The  Dead  Secret,"  "The 
Queen  of  Hearts,"  "The  Woman  in  White," 
"No  Name,"  "Armadale,"  "The  Moon- 
stone," "Man  and  Wife,"  "Poor  Miss 
Finch,"  and  "The  New  Magdalen. "  Other 
publications:  "Rambles  Beyond  Rail- 
ways" and  "  Miscellanies. "  He  visited  the 
United  States  in  1873,  and  gave  public  read- 
ings from  bis  own  writings.  With  Charles 
Dickens  he  wrote  :  "  The  Lazy  Tour  of  Two 
Idle  Apprentices"  and  "  No  Thoroughfare. " 


CERVANTES. 

1HE  renowned  author  of  "Don  Quixote," 


Peter  Parley's  ifagazine,  "Peter  Parley's  Almanac. "and  Merry's 
Museum  (another  magazine),  the  latter  of  which  was  published  until 
1854.  He  also  edited  "The  Token,"  an  illustrated  annual,  for 
which  he  also  wrote,  from  1828  to  1842.  In  1851  he  was  appointed 
consul  to  Paris,  and  while  there  published  a  book  about  the  United 
States  in  the  French  language.  Besides 
his  other  works  issued  in  this  country  were: 
"The  Outcast,  and  other  Poems,"  "Recol- 
lections of  a  Life-Time"  (his  autobiog- 
raphy), "Fireside  Education,"  "Sketches 
from  a  Student's  Window,"  and  a  *'  Natural 
History  of  Animals."     Hedied  in  1860. 


WILLIAM  WILKIE  COLLINS, 

Eminent  Englihh  Nuvflist.  Author  of  "Basil. 


m: 

I    Saavedra  Miguel  de  Cervantes,  was  born 

at  Alcala  de  Henares,  Spain,  in  1547.  Joining  the  military  ser- 
vice of  his  country  about  the  year  1571,  he  fought  bravely  at  the 
buttle  of  Lepanto,  where  he  was  wounded  and  crippled  for  life;  but 
he  remained  in  the  army  until  1575,  in  which  year,  as  he  was  return- 
ing home,  he  was  captured  by  an  Algerine 
corsair,  taken  to  Algiers,  and  kept  a  prisoner 
for  six  years.  Having  been  ransomed,  he 
returned  to  Spain  in  1581,  aiid,  in  1584, 
published  "Galatea,"  and  was  married. 
Little  is  known  of  his  subsequent  life. 
His  writings,  however,  indicate  literary 
industry  and  talent  of  a  high  order.  Of 
all  his  works,  "Don  Quixote "  is  the 
greatest,  and  has  immortalized  his  name. 
His  other  publications  include  about  thirty 
dramas  and  twelve  tales;  "Filena,"  "Gala- 
tea,"'    and    "A   Journey    to    Parnassus" 

(poetry),  and  "Persiles  and  Sigismunda," 
a  romance.  Cervantes  died  at  Madrid, 
Spain,  in  1616. 


SAMUEL  G.  GOODRICH. 

THE    well    known     "Peter     Parley," 
Samuel   Griswold   Goodrich,    a  prolific 
writer  of  books  for  children  and  youth, 
was  born  at  Ridgefield,  Conn.,  in  1793.      He 
first  established  himself  in  the  publishing         Author  of  ' 
business   at  Hartford,  Conn.       He   visited 

Europe  in  1824,  and  on  his  return  re-established  his  publishing  house 
in  Boston.  Soon  afterwards  he  began  the  publication  of  the  "Peter 
Parley  Books,"  which  admirably  served  the  purpose  of  making 
popular  and  interesting  a  large  amount  of  illustrated  information 
about  geography,  history,  travels,  and  various  arts  and  sciences. 
More  than  100  volumes  of  these  books,  including  stories,  were 
successively  and  successfully  issued.      Mr.  Goodrich  also  established 


CHARLES  ANTHON. 

THE  classical  AniL-rican  author  and  edu- 
cator, Charles  Anthon,  was  born  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  in  1707,  and  educated 
at  Columbia  college,  where  he  graduated  In 
1815.  In  1819  he  was  admitted  to  the  prac- 
tice of  the  law,  and  the  following  year  was 
appointed  adjunct  professor  of  languages 
in  Columbia  college.  In  18.30  he  became 
rector  of  the  college  grammar-school,  and 
rose  to  the  head  of  the  classical  department 
of  the  institution  in  1835.  His  classical 
works  number  about  fifty  volumes,  well 
known  in  America  as  standard  publica- 
tions, and  all  were  republished  in  England; 
they  comprise  Latin  classics  and  helps  to 
fine  Latin  lexicon  and  a  "Dictionary  of  Greek 
and  Roman  Antiquities.  "  He  was  active  and  industrious,  for  many 
years  it  being  his  custom  to  retire  at  ten  o'clock  and  rise  at  four;  thus 
much  of  his  day's  work  was  done  before  the  breakfast  hour.  He 
died  in  New  York,  in  1867. 


classical  study. 


AN    ext 
Mary 


MARY  ABIGAIL  DODGE. 

xtrcnifly  satirical  authoress,  Miss 
y  Abigail  Dodge,  better  known  as 
Gail  Hamilton,"  was  born  at  Ham- 
ilton, Mass.,  about  1830,  the  daughter  of  a 
farmer.  Her  country  living  and  country 
thinking  appear  to  have  established  her 
health  without  reducing  the  natural  caus- 
ticity of  her  disposition.  In  1851  and  for 
a  few  years  afterwards  she  taught  physical 
science  in  the  high-school  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  and  contributed  articles  to  the  New 
York  Independent^  the  National  Era  at 
Washington,  and  the  CoiigregalXonalist. 
Afterwards  she  was  one  of  the  writers  for 
the  Atlantic  Monthly  and  editor  of  Our 
Young  Folks.  Several  volumes  have  been 
compiled  from  her  contributions  to  these 
periodicals,  such  as  "Country  Living  and 
Country  Thinking,"  "  Stumbling-BIocks," 
"  Gala-Days,"  "  Woman's  Wrongs,"  "  A 
New  Atmosphere,"  "  Twelve  Miles  from 
a  Lemon,"  etc.  Of  late  years  she  has  been  the  Washington  corre- 
spondent of  the  New  York  Tribune,  and  her  pen  portraits  of  cele- 
brated men  and  women,  as  they  appear  in  society,  at  the  national 
capital,  are  looked  for  with  interest  and  are  read  with  avidity  by  the 
public  who  study  Washington  gossip.  Her  letters  relating  to  mat- 
ters of  general  interest  are  also  equally  entertaining  and  valuable 
as  exponents  of  the  leading  events  at  the  capital. 


S.  G.  GOODRICH. 

Peter  Parley's  "  Works  for  Young  Folks. 


THE   FRENCH   NOVELIST,   VICTOE   HUGO.       J.    O.    HOLLAND. 


VICTOR   MARIE  HUGO. 

THE  life  of  the  eminent  French  novelist  and  poet,  Victor  Marie  Hugo, 
is  intimately  connected  with  some  of  the  stirring  events  of  French 
history  in  the  nineteenth  century,  and  it  is  stated  that  "  in  a 
certain  degree  he  has  revolutionized  French  literature  by  his  leader- 
ship of  the  romancists  in  their  war  upon 
the  classicists. "  He  was  born  at  Besancon, 
France,  in  1802,  and  as  his  father  was  a 
soldier  his  childhood  was  passed  in  Elba, 
Corsica.  Switzerland,  and  Italy,  going  to 
Paris  in  1809.  His  literary  tastes  were  de- 
veloped in  his  youth,  and  in  1817  he  pre- 
sented to  the  French  academy  a  poem  upon 
"  The  Advantages  of  Study. "  A  volume  of 
"Odes  and  Ballads,"  published  in  1833, 
created  a  sensation ;  the  second  volume 
appeared  in  1826.  In  1833  he  published  a 
novel,  and  in  1825  another.  His  drama  of 
"  Cromwell  "  was  issued  in  1827.  Other 
works  appeared  in  rapid  succession,  and 
his  literai'y  superiority  was  established.  In 
1845  he  was  created  a  peer  of  France  by 
King  Louis  Philippe.  In  the  revolution  of 
1848  he  was  a  conservative  member  of  the 
constituent  assembly,  but  on  his  re-election 
he  exhibited  democratic  and  socialistic  ten- 
dencies, and  denounced  the  secret  policy  of 
Louiy  Napoleon.  Owing  to  his  constitu- 
tional position  in  the  celebrated  violent 
measures  of  December  2,  1851,  Hugo  was 
denounced  and  took  refuge  in  Jersey  Island, 
continuing  his  opposition  to  Napoleon  III. , 
and  performing  literary  work.      In  1853  he 

was  obliged  to  flee  to  the  island  of  Guernsey,  and  in  185D  refused  to 
accept  the  amnesty  offered  to  political  exiles.  After  the  fall  of  Louis 
Napoleon,  he  returned  to  Paris,  and  in  1871  he  was  elected  to  the 
national  assembly  from  the  department 
of  the  Seine.  He  opposed  the  parlia- 
mentary treaty  of  peace  between  France 
and  Germany,  and  was  treated  with  so 
much  violence  that  he  resigned.  In  the 
insurrection  of  the  commune  in  Paris,  he 
protested  in  vain  against  the  destruction 
of  the  column  Vendome.  Going  to 
Brussels,  he  gave  expression  to  senti- 
ments opposing  the  protection  of  the 
communists  by  the  Belgian  government, 
and  was  forced  to  leave  the  country. 
Retiring  to  London  be  remained  there 
until  the  leaders  of  the  commune  had 
been  condemned,  when  he  returned  to 
Paris  and  pleaded  the  cause  of  Rochcfort 
and  others  of  them.  After  that  he 
devoted  himself  principally  to  literary 
work.  His  books  are  numerous.  Among 
the  most  popularof  tin.-m  in  this  country 
are  '  *■  Les  Miserables,  "  '■ '  The  Toilers  of 
the  Sea,"  and  "The  Man  Who  Laughed.  " 
A  history  of  the  famous  coup  Wefat  in 
Parts,  in  1851,  was  among  his  latest  vol- 
umes. "  L'Annee  Terrible, "  a  book  of 
[loelry,  illustrative  of  the  tnisfortunes  of 
I'Vanee,  wivH  published  in  1873.  Some  of  his  novels  were  published 
at  <>m:e  in  eight  or  ten  difEcrcnt  languages.  He  died  May  23,  1885. 
Twij  (Jons  and  a  brother  actiuired  ct-lebrity  in  literature  in  France. 


VICTOR  HUGO. 

Politician,  Novtlist.  Poet  and  Play-Writer. 


THOMAS   HOOD. 

THE  very  genial  and  versatile  writer  of  prose  and  poetry 
(both  humorous  and  sentimental)  Thomas  Hood,  was  born  in 
London,  in  1798.      He  first  attempted  commercial  pursuits,  but  his 

health  failing,  he  abandoned  the  counting-house  and.  after  making 
some  literary  contributions  to  the  Dundee 
Magazine^  undertook  to  learn  the  art  of 
engraving.  His  verses,  meanwhile,  at- 
tracting attention,  he  was,  in  1831,  made 
sulveditor  of  the  London  Magazine^  in 
which  capacity  he  formed  acquaintance  with 
the  prominent  literary  men  of  the  day. 
Among  these  was  Charles  Lamb,  with  whom 
he  became  very  intimate.  Hood's  first  book 
was  in  rhyme  —  "Odes  and  Addresses  to 
Great  People" — to  which  his  brother-in- 
law  (Reynolds)  contributed.  His"  ^\'hims 
and  Oddities"  appeared  in  1826;  "National 
Tales,"  and  a  volume  of  sentimental  poetry, 
in  1837;  "  The  Epping  Hunt,"  in  1829;  the 
"Comic  Annual,"  in  1830,  continuing 
through  eleven  years;  "  Hood's  Own,"  in 
1838-'9;  "Tylney  Hall,"  a  novel,  about 
1831.  From  1837,  for  several  years,  he 
lived  on  the  continent  of  Europe  for  the 
benefit  of  his  health,  and  while  in  Belgium 
published  his  "Up  the  Rhine."  When  he 
returned  to  England  he  edited  the  Xeio 
Monthly  Magazine  until  1843;  in  1844  he 
started  Hood's  Magazine,  which  he  con- 
trolled until  his  death.  To  Punch.in  1844, 
he  contributed  his  famous  "Song  of  a 
Shirt,"  which  was  written  on  a  sick  bed. 

' '  Whimsicalities  "  appeared  in  1843,  and,  like  most  of  his  books. 

was  composed  of  his  periodical  contributions.     Toward  the  close  of 

his  life  he  received  a  pension  from  the  government  of  about  S500 
annually.     He  died  in  London,  in  1845. 


TK 


J.  G.  HOLLAND. 

Lecturer,  Essayist,  Editor  and  Poet. 


JOSIAH  GILBERT  HOLLAND. 

HE  successful  journalist,  essayist, 
novelist,  historian,  biographer,  and 
poet.  Dr.  Josiah  G.  Holland,  was 
born  at  Belchertown,  Mass.,  in  1819. 
He  studied  medicine  and  practiced  it  for 
three  years;  edited  a  literary  journal 
at  Springfield,  Mass.,  for  several 
months,  and  was  superintendent  of  ]>ub- 
lic  schools  for  ayear  at  Vicksburg,  Miss. 
From  May,  1849,  to  1806,  he  was  suc- 
cessively associate  editorand  proprietor 
of  the  Springfield  (Mass. )  Jiepublican, 
and  since  1870  be  has  been  the  editor 
and  part  i)ublisher  of  Scribner's  Monthly 
in  New  York.  For  years  he  has  been 
widely  known  ns  a  public  lecturer  on 
literary  and  other  subjects,  and  as  the 
writer  of  numerous  books.  His  * '  Tim- 
othy Titcomb  Series  "  comprises  ' '  Let- 
ters to  the  Young,"  "Gold  Foil," 
"Lessons  in  Life, "  and  "Letters  to 
the  Joneses. "  He  has  also  written  the 
"  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  "  His  **  Bit- 
ter-Sweet,"  a  poem  written  in  dramatic  form,  has  been  largely  read. 
A  book  entitled  "Garnered  Sheaves, "  containing  his  poems  com- 
plete, was  published  in  New  York  in  1878.  Died  Oct.  12,  1881. 


^ 


— ^^y 

277       i^: 


J.    T.    ilEADLEY    AND    OTHER    WELL-KNOWN    AUTHOKS. 


JOEL  TYLER  HEADLEY. 

THE  well-known  hi^'tcirian,  Joel  T.  Headley,  was  born  nt  Wakon, 
N.  Y. ,  in  1814.  Graduating  at  Union  college,  Schenectady,  he 
f*tudied  theology  at  Auburn  and  preached  two  yearH  at  Stock- 
bridge,  Mass.  His  health  failing,  he  traveled  in  Europe  in  1842-'3, 
and  on  his  return  gave  the  results  of 
his  journey  to  the  public  in  two  volumes 
relating  to  Italy,  the  Alps  and  the  Rhine. 
Since  tlien  Mr.  Headley  has  prepared  nu- 
merous biographical  and  historical  works, 
Ijrominent  among  which  are:  "Napoleon 
and  his  Marshals,"  "Washington  and  his 
(ienerals,"  lives  of  Cromwell,  Generals 
lliivelock,  Scott,  .Jackson  and  Washington, 
a  history  of  the  war  of  1812,  and  another 
of  the  Southern  rebellion ;  ' '  The  Chaplains 
and  Clergy  of  the  Revolution,"  "Sacred 
Mountains ,"  "  Sacred  Scenes  and  Charac- 
ters," "Sacred  Heroes  and  Martyrs." 
Mr.  Headley  was  Secretary  of  State  in 
New  York  in  1856-7. 


EDWARD  EVERETT  HALE. 

AMONG  the  popular  American  Unitarian 
ministers    and    magazine   writers   is 
Edward  E.  Hale,  who  was  born  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,   in    1832.     Graduating    from 
Harvard  college,  in  1839,  he   studied  for 

the  pulpit,  and  has  beeil  the  pastor  of  Unitarian  churches  at  Boston 
and  Worcester,  Mass.  He  has  traveled  as  a  public  lecturer,  and  con- 
tributed to  current  periodicals  for  many  years.  The  most  noted  of 
his  collected  writings  are  the  following;  "The  Ingham  Papers," 
"The  Man  Without  a  Country,"  "  Ups  and  Downs,"  "His  Level 
Best,"  and  "  Workingmen's  Homes." 


admitted  to  the  bar  in  1848,  and  became  queen's  counsel  in  1809. 
He  has  been  a  Liberal  member  of  parliament  for  several  years,  and  is 
distinguished  for  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  laboring  classes  and  the 
interests  of  education.  He  visited  the  United  States  in  18G9  and 
1870,  and  received  a  hearty  welcome.     Since  then  he  has  established 

a  social  and  industrial  colony  in  the  State 

of  Tennessee. 


THE   prolifl 
was  bom 


JOEL  TYLER  HEADLEY. 

Author  of  "Napoleon  and  his  Mar.slials,"  and  Other  Works. 


CAROLINE  LEE. 

A  POPULAR  American  writer  of 
novels  and  tales,  Caroline  Lee, 
daughter  of  General  John  Whit- 
ing, was  born  at  Lancaster,  Mass., 
in  1800.  In  1835  she  married  Mr. 
N.  M.  Hentz,  who  subsequently  be- 
came connected  with  Chapel  Hill 
college,  N.  C.  From  Chapel  Hill 
they  removed  to  Covington,  Ky. ,  and 
afterwards  lived  at  Cincinnati,  Flor- 
ence, Ala.,  and  Tuscaloosa,  Tuske- 
gee  and  Columbus,  Ga.  Among  her 
books  are:  *'De  Lara"  (a  play), 
"Aunt  Patty's  Scrap-Book, "  "The 
Mob -Cap,"  "Linda,"  "  Rena," 
"■Marcus  Marland,"  "Eoline," 
"The  Planter's  Northern  Bride." 
"Ernest  Linwood, "  "Helen  and 
Arthur,  or  Miss  Thusa's  Spinning- 
Wheel."  and  "Wild  Jack."  Mr.s.  Hentz  died  at  Mariana,  Fla, 
in  1856. 


GEORGE  PAYNE  RAINSFORD  JAMES. 

fie  novelist.  G.  P.  R.  James, 
m  in  London,  in  1801.  He  waw 
educated  at  Greenwich,  England,  and 
was  Bent  to  France  when  he  was  fifteen 
years  old.  There  he  remained  for  several 
years.  At  seventeen  he  wrote  a  collec- 
tion of  Eastern  stories,  which  he  pub- 
lished in  1832  as  "A  String  of  Pearls.'' 
In  1822  he  published  (by  the  counsel  of 
Washington  Irving)  a  life  of  Edward,  the 
Black  Prince.  "Richelieu,"  his  first 
novel,  was  written  in  1825,  and  given  to 
the  world  in  1829.  He  died  in  Venice, 
in  1800,  having  publi.>jhed  more  than  eighty 
original  works,  including  his  many  noveln, 
several  volumes  of  poetry,  and  a  number 
of  histories  and  biographies.  He  removed 
to  the  United  States  about  1850,  and  was 
British  consul  at  Norfolk,Va..  from  1852 
to  1858.  He  was  then  appointed  consul  to  Venice.  Two  of  hie 
novels  have  a  basis  in  American  history — ' '  Ticonderoga  "  and  ' '  The 
Old  Dominion."  In  connection  with  Maunscll  B.  Field,  he  wrote 
'  ■  Adrian,  or  the  Clouds  of  the  Mind. "  His  works  embrace  a  history 
of  chivalry,  and  lives  of  Charlemagne,  Richard  Cceur  de  Lion,  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  and  Louis  XIV.  He 
was  for  some  time  official  historian  of 
England,  having  been  appointed  to 
that  position  by  William  IV.  A  com- 
pact edition  of  his  writings  has  been 
published  in  England. 


Residence  of  Joel  T.  Headley,  near  Newburgh,  N.  Y. 


THOMAS  HUGHES. 

AN  author  of  considerable  celebrity  for  his  "Tom  Brown's  School- 
days."  "Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,"  and  "The   Scouring  of  the 
White  Horse, "  Thomas  Hughes,  was  bora  at  Newbury.  England, 
in  1823.      He  was  educated  at  Rugby  and  Oxford,  studied  law.  was 


FLAVIUS  JOSEPHUS. 

THE  widely-known  Jewish  histo- 
rian Flavius  Josephus,  descended, 
on  his  mother's  side,  from  the 
Maccabean  race,  was  born  at  Jeru- 
salem, A.  D.  37,  and  was  early  edu- 
cated in  Hebrew  learning.  He  wrote 
the  '*  History  of  the  Wars  of  the 
Jews,"  "Jewish  Antiquities,"  and 
other  works,  which  have  become  pop- 
ular in  this  country  in  the  English 
translation  by  Rev.  William  Whiston. 
L'Estrange  also  translated  Josephus 
into  English.  When  twenty-six  years 
old  Josephus  was  sent  to  Rome  in 
order  to  defend  the  cause  of  a  number  of  Jewish  priests  held  in 
durance  by  the  governor  Felix,  and  on  his  way  escaped  from  ship- 
wreck. The  results  of  this  mission  were:  An  introduction  to  Popprea 
(Nero's  wife),  the  liberation  of  the  priests,  and  reception  of  many 
presents  from  the  empress.  In  67  he  desperately  resisted  the 
approach  of  Vespasian  in  the  strong  Galilean  city  of  Jotapata.  After 
its  fall  he  was  held  by  the  Romans  until  Vespasian  became  emperor. 
Josephus  is  supposed  to  have  died  about  the  year  100. 


:(!> — 


^<I- 


;^ 


-cj: 


27S  COOPER,    THE    DISTINGUISHED    NOVELIST.       THE    AUTHOR   OF    "ROBINSON    CRUSOE." 


JAMES   FENIMORE  COOPER. 


DANIEL   DE  FOE. 


ONE  of  the  most  celebrated  writers  of  American  fiction  was  James 
Fenimore  Cooper,  a  son  of  Judge  Cooper,  the  founder  of  Coopers- 
town,  Otsego  county,  N.  Y.  James  was  bom  at  Burlington,  in 
1789,  and  his  earliest  education  was  derived  from  a  private  tutor  at 
Burlington.  In  1802  he  entered  Yale  college,  but  left  it  in  1805,  in 
order  to  enter  the  United  States  navy  as  a  midshipman.  He  remained 
in  the  naval  service  six  years  and  then  re- 
signed. Removing  to  Mamaroneck,  N.  Y. , 
soon  after  his  marriage  to  a  sister  of 
Bishop  De  Lancey,  he  entered  upon  his 
literary  career.  His  first  novel  was  pub- 
lished in  1819  at  his  own  expense,  and 
received  but  slight  notice.  His  next  book, 
"The  Spy,"  a  tale  of  the  American  revo- 
lution, became  very  popular  in  the  United 
States  and  Europe,  it  being  translated  into 
several  foreign  languages.  Two  years  after 
he  published  the  first  of  the  famous 
'  'Leatherstocking  tales,"  *  'The  Pioneers," 
on  which  his  fame  as  a  writer  firmly  rests. 
"The  Pilot,"  a  sea-story,  which  appeared 
in  1823,  greatly  increased  his  reputation. 
' '  Lionel  Lincoln "  was  issued  in  1825, 
and  "The  Last  of  the  Mohicans"  in  1826. 
In  1827  he  raade  a  six  years'  visit  to  Europe. 
During  his  absence  he  published  "The 
Red  Rover, "  "  The  Prairie. "  "  Notions  of 
the  Americans,  by  a  Traveling  Bachelor." 
' '  The  Wept  of  the  Wish-ton- Wish, "  '  •  The 
Water- Witch,"  "The Bravo,"  "TheHeid- 

enmauer, "  and  "  The  Headsman  of  Berne."  While  in  Europe  he 
became  interested  in  the  character  of  the  French,  and  the  three  last- 
named  volumes  are  supposed  to  illustrate  his  views  and  impressions 
made  upon  his  mind  by  European  events,  which  also  led  him  into  a 
sharp  political  controversy.  He  returned  to  America  in  1833,  and  in 
1835  published  his  "Monikins"  and  "The 
American  Democrats,"  espressive  of  his 
opinion  of  his  countrymen  and  the  news- 
papers in  America.  His  prejudices  were 
severely  criticised  by  the  American  press 
and  a  series  of  libel  suits  followed.  The 
bitterness  against  Mr.  Cooper  was  increased 
by  the  publication  of  two  more  novels 
entitled  "  Homeward-Bound, "  and  *'Home 
as  Found,"  in  1838.  Other  works  suc- 
ceeded these,  as  follows:  "Sketches  of 
Switzerland,"  "Gleanings  in  Europe," 
"France,"  "Italy,"  "Naval  History  of 
the  United  States,"  "The  Pathfinder." 
•■'  Mercedes  of  Castile, "  "  The  Deerslayer," 
"The  Two  Admirals, "  **  Wiug-aud-Wing," 
"Wyandotte,"  "Autobiography  of  a 
Pocket  -  handkerchief,  '  ' '  Ned  Myers, " 
"  Afioat  and  Ashore,"  "Miles  Walling- 
ford, "  "Satanstoe,"  "The  Chaiubcarer, " 
'  ■  The  Redskins, "  '  *  Lives  of  Distinguished 
American  Naval  Officers."  "The  Crater" 
(a  supernatural  romance),  "Oak  Open- 
ings," "Jack  Tier,"  "The  Sea-Lions," 
and  *'The  Ways  of  the  Hour."  Mr.  Cooper  died  at  Cooperstown, 
N.  Y. ,  in  1851.  His  books  have  passed  through  numerous  editions, 
and  although  not  read  as  much  as  formerly,  about  the  middle  of  the 
century  were  among  the  most  popular  of  the  novels  of  that  time. 


JAMES  F.  COOPER, 

Political  writer,  though  widely  known  as  a  Novelist. 


THE  son  of  a  butcher,  Daniel  Defoe,  the  popular  author,  was  bom  in 
London,  in  1661.  Ho  studied  for  the  pulpit,  but  joined  in  Mon- 
mouth's rebellion,  in  1685.  From  this  he  escaped  without  evil 
consequences.  His  literary  taste  had  already  developed  itself  in  a 
satirical  pamphlet  and  a  treatise  against  the  Turks.  He  now  unsuc- 
cessfully applied  himself  to  business  as  a  hosier,  and  then  as  a  tile 
manufacturer,  but  his  literary  inclinations 
continued.  He  wrote  voluminously  irony 
and  satire,  pointing  Ms  pen  against  living 
persons  and  institutions.  A  pamphlet  of 
his,  "  A  Short  Way  with  the  Dissenters," 
brought  him  before  a  court  of  justice, 
where  he  was  sentenced  to  be  fined,  im- 
prisoned and  put  in  the  pillory.  Even 
this  severity  could  not  stop  his  pen  dur- 
ing his  two  years'  confinement.  In  the 
reign  of  Queen  Anne  he  was  again  Im- 
prisonedN'or  an  offense  similar  to  his  first. 
Meeting  with  another  political  reverse  after 
that,  he  abandoned  politics  and  turned  his 
attention  to  other  subjects.  In  1719  he 
wrote  his  celebrated  ' '  Adventures  of 
Robinson  Crusoe,"  founded  on  the  cast- 
away experiences  of  Alexander  Selkirk, 
a  Scotch  sailor,  on  the  island  of  San  Juan 
Fernandez.  Few  books  ever  attained  a 
more  enviable  and  wide-spread  reputation. 
Other  books  followed,  and  the  mere  cata- 
logue of  his  entire  productions  is  said  to 
cover  sixteen  printed  pages.  He  died  in 
Cripplegate,  London,  in  1731,  in  poverty  and  sorrow  caused  by  the 
misconduct  of  a  son.  Among  his  principal  works,  besides  "Rob- 
inson Crusoe,"  are  "The  Adventures  of  a  Cavalier,"  "  A  Jour- 
nal of  the  Plague  in  1665,"  "The  Political  History  of  the  Devil."' 
and  ' '  A  System  of  Magic. "  He  is  represented  as  a  man  of  unshaken 
probity,  strong  natural  powers,  a  lively 
imagination,  solid  judgment,  and  invincible 
integrity  in  his  political  sphere. 


} 


DANIEL  DE  FOE 


voluminous  writer,  best  known  as  the  author  of 
"Robinson  Crusoo." 


THOMAS  DICK. 

ONCE-FAMOUS  writer  of  scientific- 
religious  books  and  lectures  was 
Thomas  Dick,  born  near  Dundee,  Scot- 
land, in  1774.  He  studied  for  the  pulpit, 
and  was  settled  as  a  minister  at  Stirling,  but 
resigned,  and  for  ten  years  followed  the 
profession  of  a  teacher  at  Perth.  His  first 
book,  "The  Christian  Philosopher,"  proved 
so  successful  that  he  devoted  his  time  to 
the  production  of  other  scientific  books, 
and  to  the  delivery  of  popular  U-ctures  on 
scientific  subjects.  His  literary  labors  were 
not  profitable  in  a  pecuniary  sense,  and 
his  latter  years  were  brightened  by  the 
receipt  of  subscrii)tions  taken  up  in  the 
ITnited  States  for  his  benefit,  and  by  a 
small  pension  from  the  British  government. 
His  works  are  well  known  in  this  country, 
and  comprise,  besides  the  one  previously  mentioned,  "The  Philos- 
ophy of  Religion,"  "The  Improvement  of  Society  by  the  Diffu- 
sion of  Knowledge,"  "The  Philosophy  of  a  Future  State,"  "The 
Sidereal  Heavens,"  ''Telescope  and  Microscope."     He  died  in  1857. 


,(_^)^^— «w 


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— ^ 


MABY  CLEMMEK,   DISTINGUISHED    NEWSPAPER   CORUESPONDENT. 


27J* 


MARY  CLEMMER. 

AN  American  lady  who  is  well  known  to  newppaper  and  periodical 
readers  as  an  intelligent  and  interesting  writer  upon,  current 
events,  is  Mary  Clemmer.  Miss  Clemmer  was  born  at  ULica. 
N.  y.,  about  1840.  When  fourteen  years  old  she  contributed  prose 
and  poetry  to  several  journals.  In  1801 
she  became  the  Washington  correspondent 
of  leading  New  York  papers,  and  has 
followed  this  occupation  with  more  or 
loss  brilliancy  and  assiduity  ever  since. 
She  has  also  written  the  following  novels: 
"Victor,"  "Irene,"  and  '-His  Two 
Wives, "  besides  a  memorial  of  the  Carey 

sisters,  and  a  volume  of  Capital  sketcbea. 

In  1883  she  married  Mr.  W.  H.  Hudson. 

Died  at  Washington,  August  18,  1884. 


GEORGE  WILLIAM  CURTIS. 

THE  well-known  editor  of  Harper's 
Weekly  and  author  of  several  books, 
George  William  Curtis,  was  born  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  in  18::i4.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  a  private  school,  and  was  after- 
wards a  clerk  in  a  store  in  New  York. 
In  1842  he  went  to  Massachusetts,  near 
Roxbury,  where  he  spent  one  and  a  half 
years  in  studying  and  laboring  on  a  farm, 
and  jiassed  another  eighteen  months  in 
tilling  land  for  himself  and  with  his 
brother,  near  Concord,  Mass.      In  1840  he 

visited  Europe,  sojourning  in  Italy  and  Berlin,  and  traveling  in  Egypt 
and  Syria.  Returning  to  the  United  States,  he  published  his  first 
book,  in  1850,  "Nile  Notes  of  a  Howadji. "  Soon  afterwards  he 
became  one  of  the  editors  of  the  New  York  Tribune^  and  in  1852 
published  another  book,  "The  Howadji 
in  Syria. "  The  same  year  he  became  one 
of  the  editors  of  Putnam's  Magazine,  in 
New  York,  continuing  with  it  as  long  as 
it  existed.  Portions  of  his  contiibutions 
to  this  periodical  were  afterwards  pub- 
lished in  a  book,  * '  The  Potiphar  Papers  " 
and  "  Prue  and  I."  Mr.  Curtis  has  also 
been  successful  as  a  public  lecturer  and 
as  a  political  speaker  in  the  interest  of 
the  Republican  party  in  the  Presidential 
contest  of  1850.  Besides  pursuing  his 
editorial  duties,  contributing  papers  to 
periodicals,  occasionally  issuing  a  book, 
and  lecturing,  Mr.  Curtis  has  achieved 
popularity  by  his  orations  and  poems 
delivered  before  literary  societies.  He 
has  also  held  some  honorable  political 
positions,  and  also  the  office  of  a  regent 
of  the  university  of  New  York  State. 


MARY  CLEMMER. 

Poet,  Novelist  and  Newspaper  Correspondent, 


and  Ireland.  From  December,  180.'i,  to  IHOH,  he  was  educated  at 
Oxford.  Visiting  London,  in  1804.  he  was  attacked  with  rheumatism, 
and  in  order  to  relieve  his  pains  he  resorted  to  opium,  with  the  result 
of  becoming  an  opium-eater,  enjoying  all  the  delights  and  suffering 
all  the  misery  that  the  deadly  drug,  under  euch  circumstances,  can 
bestow.  From  1809  to  1810  he  occupied 
a  cottage  atGrassmere,  having  among  his 
associates,  Wordsworth,  Southey  and 
Coleridge.  Later  in  life  he  sojourned 
in  London,  Bath,  and  Edinburgh,  studying 
German  literature  and  philosophy,  and 
making  translations  from  Germanauthors. 
In  1813,  owing  to  a  painful  disease,  he 
resorted  again  to  opium,  and  confirmed 
his  habit  of  using  it  in  large  doses.  He 
attempted  an  important  literary  enter- 
prise, but  the  enervating  drug  had  weak- 
ened his  faculties,  and  he  could  do 
nothing  successfully.  Still  he  had  suffi- 
cient strength  of  mind,  after  one  or  two 
failures,  to  overcome  his  besetting  habit, 
and  then  began  his  literary  labor,  which 
continued  from  1821  until  his  death,  in 
1859.  His  principal  works  are:  "Con- 
fessions of  an  Opium-Eater,  "  and  "The 
Logic  of  Political  Econcmiy,"  several  pa- 
pers in  the  "  Encyclop;edia  Britannica," 
and  numerous  contributions  of  biogra- 
phies, sketches,  and  essays  to  periodicals. 


R 


THE  DAN  A3. 

ICHARD  II.  DANA,  poet  and  essayist,  was  born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  in  1787.  Completing  his  studies  at  Harvard  college, 
Newport,  R.  I.,  Boston  and  Baltimore,  he  entered  upon  the 
^  practice  of  the  law  at  Cambridge,  in  1811, 
and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Massa- 
chussetts  legislature.  In  1814  he  con- 
nected himself  with  the  North  American 
Heview,  ^ud  some  of  his  earliest  literary 
writings  appeared  in  that  magazine,  of 
which  he  became  a  co-editor  in  1818. 
His  principal  publications  arc  "The 
Buccaneer  and  Other  Poems. "  first  issued 
in  1837.  and  ••  Poems  and  Prose  Writings, '' 
in  1850,  the  latter  in  two  volumes,  con- 
taining his  essays  and  reviews  from  the 
Noi'th  American^  and  some  others,  with 
his  former  poems.  In  1839-40  he  deliv- 
ered eight  lectures  on  Shakspeare,  in 
Boston,  New  York,  and  Philadelphia. 
He  died  in  1879. 


GEORGE  WILLIAM  CURTIS, 


Editor  of  Harper's  Weekly.  I.eeturer  and  well-known 
Political  Writer. 


THOMAS    DE    QUINCEY. 

THE  celebrated  man  of  genius  and  a  victim  of  opium-eating. 
Thomas  De  Quincey,  came  into  the  world  near  Manchester,  Eng- 
land, in  1786,  and  was 'educated  in  various  schools,  where  he 
acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  Greek  tongue.  His  guardian  refusing 
to  send  him  to  the  university,  he  ran  away,  and  wandered  about  the 
country  and  to  London,  suffering  from  hunger  and  exposure  to  an 
intense  degree ;  but  after  his  rescue  a  reconciliation  was  effected,  and 
he  went  again  to  school,  traveling,  also,  in  several  parts  of  England 


Rirn.\RD  Hexrt  Dana,  Jr.,  son  of  the 
above-named,  was  born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  in  1815.  Entering  Harvard  col- 
lege, in  1832,  his  eyesight  became  so 
affected  that  in  1834  he  undertook  a  sea 
voyage  around  Cape  Horn  to  California,  a  country  then  little  known. 
On  his  return  he  again  entered  college,  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  Boston,  in  1840.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Free-Soil  party,  and  afterwards  active  in  the  Republican  movement. 
He  has  added  to  the  literature  of  the  United  States  several  important 
works,  including  *'  International  Law,  "  and  '  -  Two  Years  Before  the 
]\Iast, "  '*The  Seaman's  Friend"  (a  treatise  on  seamanship),  and 
'  •  To  Cuba  and  Back,  a  Vacation  Voyage. "  He  died  Jauuarv  8,  18^2. 


? 


-J 


DUMAS    THE    NOVELIST.       THE    FOUNDEE    OF   THE   NEW    YORK    "HERALD 


! 


i 


^ 


J.  G.  BENNETT. 

rpHE  founder  of  the  New  York  Ihrald.  James  Gordon  Bennett,  was 
bom  at  New  Mill.  Scotland,  1795.  In  bis  youth  be  studied  for 
the  Catholic  ministry,  but  abandoned  that  design  and  sailed  for 

America  in  1819.      Arriving  at  Halifax,  N.  S- ,  he  taught  school,  but 

reached  Boston  in  1819,  and  read  proof  for  a  livelihood.   From  thence 

he  went  to  New  York  in  1822.  and  then  to  Charleston,  S.  C. ,  where  he 

performed  editorial  work  on  the  Courier,  of  that  city.     A  few  months 

later  he   returned  to  New  York  and  delivered  a 

course  of  lectures  on  political  economy.     From 

1825  to  1834   he  worked  on  various  newspapers  in 

New   York   and   Philadelphia.      In  May,  1835,  he 

issued  the  first  number  of  the  New  York  Herald, 

which,  notwithstanding  several  adverse  circum- 
stances,   prospered   fairly,  and    the    energy   and 

shrewdness  of    its   editor  soon   brought  it  into 

popularity.     It  was  the  first  paper  that  published 

a  daily  money-article  and  stock-lists.     In  1837  it 

set    up    a     ship-news    establishment,    to    board 

incoming  ships  and  obtain  foreign  intelligence  and 

passenger-lists,    arranging     for    correspondence 

from  all  parts  of  Europe,  and  received  the  first 

speech  that  was  ever  reported  by  telegraph.    The 

Herald  was  Democratic  and  advocated  the  fugitive 

slave  law,  but  came  over  to  the  Republicans  and 

Fremont    in    1856,    and  supported  the  Unionists 

in  the   Southern  rebellion.    It  was  at  that  time  a 

power  in   the  land.      In  1871  Mr.  Bennett  fitted 

ont  an   expedition,  under  Henry  M.  Stanley,  to  explore  Africa  and 

discover  the  whereabouts    of  Dr.  Livingstone,  which   was   entirely 

successful  and  added  to  geographical  science.     A  second  expedition 

under  Stanley  also  produced  important  results.     Mr.  Bennett  died  in 

1872,  in  New  York,  leaving  the  Herald,  —  in  itself  a  large  fortune. 

— to  his  son.  James   Gordon.  Jr.      The  latter  remains  its  editor  and 

proprietor. 


n 


u 


James  Gordon   Bennett, 
Founder  of  the  New  York  Herald, 


THE  ABBOTTS. 

Two  brothers  of  this  name  h;ivL-  mad<_-  numerous  and  valuable  addi- 
tions to  American  literature.  Jacob  Abbott  was  born  at  Hal- 
lowell,  Me.,  in  1803.  He  received  his  education  at  Bowdoin 
college  and  the  Andover  Theological  seminary.  After  graduating  he 
served  four  years  as  professor  of  mathematics  and  natural  philosphy 
at  Amherst  college,  and  subsequently  superintended  the  Mount 
Vernon  girls'  school.  From  1834  to  1838  he  was  a  Congregational 
minister  of  the  gospel,  but  having  retired  from 
the  pulpit,  he  devoted  himself  to  literary  work, 
producing  books  under  more  than  200  titles. 
Most  of  his  writings  took  a  serial  form,  and 
among  these  the  principal  were  the  following: 
"Young  Christian"  series,  four  volumes;  "Rollo 
Books,"  twenty-eight  volumes;  "Franconia 
Stories,"  ten  volumes;  "Harper's  Story-Books, "" 
thirty-six  volumes;  '-Marco  Paul"  series,  six 
volumes,  etc.,  with  numerous  illustrated  histories 
and  historical  school-books  and  a  series  of 
readers. 

John  S.  C.  Abbott  was  born  at  Bruns- 
wick, Me.,  in  1805.  Like  his  brother,  he  was 
educated  at  Bowdoin  and  Andover.  In  1830  he  was 
ordained  a  Congregational  minister,  preaching  the 
gospel  until  1844,  when  he  left  the  pulpit  and 
turned  his  attention  to  literary  pursuits,  after- 
wards resuming  his  pastoral  duties.  As  a 
writer  he  is  peculiarly  attractive  in  the  ele- 
gance and  vigor  of  his  language  and  fine  descriptive  powers.  His 
books  have  had  a  large  sale,  and  several  have  been  translated  into 
foreign  languages.  His  principal  works  embrace  a  florid  "History 
of  Napoleon  Bonaparte, "  "Napoleon  at  St.  Helena,"  History  of 
Napoleon  III. , "  **  History  of  the  Civil  War  in  America, "  *'  Romance 


^ 


Spanish  History,' 


ALEXANDRE  DUMAS. 

THE  favorite  French  play-writer  and  nov- 
elist, Alexandre  Dumas,  the  elder,  was 
bom  at  Villers-Cotterets,  France,  in 
1803.  Before  beginning  his  literary  career 
in  earnest,  while  at  school,  he  became  pro- 
ficient in  several  gentlemanly  accomplish- 
ments. He  was  clerk  for  a  notary,  and  held 
a  small  office  in  the  household  of  Louis 
Philippe,  devoting  his  spare  time  to  the 
perfecting  of  his  education.  From  1825  to 
1830  he  wrote  several  plays  for  the  stage, 
soroe  of  which  were  successful  as  dramas 
and  profitable  to  Dumas.  In  1835  he  pro- 
duced his  first  novel,  **Isabelof  Baviere," 
and  frora  that  time  until  just  before  his 
death,  in  1870,  he  was  a  prolific  writer  of 
fiction,  by  the  publication  of  which  he 
realized  a  large  income  and  great  fame. 
Among  his  principal  novtds,  which  have  been 
widely  translated,  may  be  mentioned  the 
following:      '*  The      Three      Musketeers," 

"Twenty  Ycar«  After,''  "Count  of  Monte  Cristo, "  "Captain 
Paul,"  "Memoirs  of  a  Physician,"  "The  Queen's  Necklace, "  and 
"Forty-five  Guardsmen."  besides  twenty-three  others  and  a  large 
number  of  dramas.  Ilis  natural  son,  Alexandre  D.,  has  also  pro- 
duced numerous  poems,  novels,  and  plays,  which  his  countrymen 
have  stamped  with  their  approval. 


■History  of  Frederick  the  Great,"  "Kings 
and  Queens,"  "Practical  Christianity.'' 
and  ten  volumes  of  illut-trated  histories. 
He  died  in  June,  1877. 


W" 


Alexandre  Dumas, 

Distinguished  I'lay-Wiiter  ainl  Novelist,  Author  of 
"  Twenty  Years  .MtL-r,"  etc. 


THE  ALGERS. 

ILLIAM  R.  ALGER  was  born  at  Free- 
town, Mass..  in  1823,  and  educated  at 
Harvard  college,  where  he  graduated 
in  1847.  He  then  studied  for  the  ministry, 
and  became  pastor  of  the  Unitarian  Church 
at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  but  subsequently  suc- 
ceeded Theodore  Parker  at  Music  Hall, 
Boston.  He  has  written  several  books, 
among  which  are  the  following:  "The 
Poetry  of  the  Orient, "  "  A  Critical  History 
of  the  Doctrine  of  a  Future  Life,"  "The 
Genius  of  Solitude, "  ' '  The  Friendships  of 
Women, "  etc. 

Horatio  Alger,  Jr.  ,  a  cousin  of  William 
K. ,  was  born  at  Revere,  Mass.,  in  1H34. 
He  also  received  his  education  at  Harvard 
college.  Subsequently  he  taught  school, 
and  became  a  journalist  in  Boston.  After 
having  traveled  a  year  in  Europe  he  re- 
turned luune.  resumed  his  business  of  teaching,  and  engaged  in 
literary  pursuits.  Removing  to  Now  York  in  18Cn.  he  became  inter- 
ested in  the  street  boys  of  that  city,  and  in  his  numerous  books  for 
the  young  he  has  shown  up  the  good  and  evil  peculiarities  of  this 
class  of  youth.  His  principal  works  are;  "Ragged  Dick  Series," 
* '  Tattered  Tom  Si-rles,  "  besides  contributions  to  periodicals. 


:(d- — 


-S: 


-CY 


JAMES    TARTUN,    THE    lilOUKAl'lIEK.        OKUliOE    ^[ACIJOXALIJ,     bCUTCII    NOVELIST. 


l^.Si 


JAMES   PARTON. 

TTTE  biographer  and  misccllantjoue  author,  James  Parton,  was  born 
at  Canterbury,  En^'land,  in  1822.  lie  came  to  America  while  a 
child.  About  1841  he  became  a  teacher  at  While  Plainn  (X.  Y.) 
academy,  and  afterwards  taught  in  Xew  York  and  Phihulelphia.  For 
three  years  he  was  connected  editorially 
with  the  Home  Journal,  in  New  York  city, 
and  for  several  years  he  has  been  before  the 
public  as  a  lecturer  and  writer  of  miscel- 
laneous and  biographical  publications.  His 
■'Life  of  Horace  Greeley"  first  appeared 
in  1855,  and  the  revised  edition  in  18G8. 
He  has  also  written  the  lives,  in  separate 
volumes,  of  Franklin,  Aaron  Burr,  and 
JefEerson,  "The  People's  Book  of  Biogra- 
phy," "Famous  Americans  of  Recent 
Times,"  "General  Butler  in  New  Orleans," 
"Smoking  and  Drinking, "  ' '  Caricatures 
in  all  Times  and  Lands,"  "Triumphs  of 
Enterprise,  Ingenuity  and  Public  Spirit," 
and  other  works. 


THE 
wh< 


JULES   MICHELET. 

French  historian,  Jules  Michelet, 
\ho  won  a  good  reputation,  was  born 
at  Paris  in  1798.  He  was  called  to  be 
professor  of  history  in  the  college  of  RolUn 
in  1821,  and  until  1826  he  was  professor  of 
ancient  languages  and  professor  of  philosoj)hy  in  the  same  institution. 
In  1830  he  was  made  chief  of  the  historical  section  of  the  archives 
of  France.  In  1838  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  history  in 
the  college  of  France,  and  elected  a  member  of  the  institute.  His 
academical  lectures  were  remarkable  for 
their  advocacy  of  democratic  ideas  and 
assaults  upon  the  Jesuits,  and  the  govern- 
ment of  Louis  Philippe  suppressed  them. 
After  the  revolution  of  1848  he  resumed  his 
lectures  with  so  much  political  bias  that  the 
government  of  Louis  Napoleon  suspended 
his  course.  In  1851  he  was  removed  from 
his  position  in  the  office  of  the  archives  for 
refusing  to  take  the  necessary  oath.  He 
then  retired  from  public  life  to  literary 
pursuits.  Among  his  published  works  are 
the  following:  "The  History  of  France" 
(sixteen  volumes,  1833-1867),  ' '  History  of 
the  French  Revolution,"  "The  Women  of 
the  Revolution,"  '*  Birds,"  "Insects," 
"Love,"  "Woman,"  "The  Bible  of  Hu- 
manity," "A  History  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century,"  etc.,  several  of  which  have  been 
translated  into  English.  Michelet  died  at 
Hyeres,  France,  in  1874. 


LINDLEY   MURRAY. 

THE  well-known  grammarian,  Lindley  Murray,  was  bom  at  Swatara, 
Pa.,  in  1745.  He  was  educated  at  a  (Quaker  school  in  Philadel- 
phia and  another  school  in  New  York,  and  began  life  in  a  counting- 
house,  but  abandoned  commercial  pursuits  for  the  study  of  the  law. 
After  his  admission  to  the  bar  he  obtained 
a  profitable  practice.  During  the  Revolu- 
tionary war  he  entered  upon  a  mercantile 
business  with  so  much  success  that  he  soon 
acquired  an  ample  fortune,  with  which  be 
retired  to  England  and  turned  his  attention 
to  literature.  Besides  his  "Grammar  of 
the  English  Language."  he  wrote  "The 
Power  of  Religion  on  the  Mind,"  "English 
Exercises, "  a  "  Key  "  to  his  grammar, 
"  The  English  Reader,"  an  '  •  English 
Spclling-Book,"  etc.  He  died  near  York, 
England,  in  1826.  His  autobiography  was 
published  after  his  death. 


A' 


JAMES    PARTON, 

Widely  Renowned  as  an  Tnterfsting  and  Faithiul 
Biographer. 


SAMUEL  AUSTIN  ALLIBONE. 
MONG  American  authors  who  have  dis- 
tinguished themselves  by  the  produc- 
tion of  useful  books  of  reference  and 
instruction,  is  Samuel  Austin  Allibone,  who 
was  born  at  Philadelphia,  in  1816.  His 
principal  works  are:  "A  Critical  Diction- 
ary of  English  Literature  and  British  and 
American  Authors,  Living  and  Deceased,  from  the  Earliest  Accounts 
to  the  Latter  Half  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,"  in  three  volumes,  and 
containing  notices  of  46,499  authors  and  their  writings:  several 
religious  essays,  contributions,  American  periodicals,  and  a  number 
of  tracts. 


JOSEPH  CLAY  NEAL. 

THE  genial  journalist  and  author,  Joseph  C.  Neal,  was  born  at 
(Trt;*enland,  N.  H. ,  in  1807.  In  1831  he  became  the  editor  of  the 
Pennsylvanian,  a  Philadelphia  newspaper.  In  1841  he  went 
abroad,  returning  the  following  year.  In  1844  he  established,  at  Phil- 
adelphia, Neal'^  Saturday  Gazette,  a  literary  paper,  and  in  1846  was 
married  to  Miss  Emily  Bradley,  who  wrote  for  the  press  under  the 
name  of  *  ■  Cousin  Alice. "  NeaVs  hooks  were  popular,  and  bore  the 
titles  of  "Charcoal  Sketches,"  "  Peter  Ploddy,"  etc.    He  died  in  1848. 


GEORGE   MacDONALD 


Favorite  Scotch  Novelist,  and  Formerly  the  Pastor 
of  an  Independent  Church. 


GEORGE  MacDONALD. 

THE  favorite  Scotch  author,  George 
MacDonald,  was  born  at  Huntly.  Scot- 
land, iti  1824,  and  graduated  at  King's 
college  and  university,  at  Aberdeen. 
He  studied  for  the  ministry  in  London, 
and  was  for  a  short  time  in  the  pulpit 
of  an  independent  church,  but  retired 
from  the  ministry  and  became  a  lay 
member  of  the  church  of  England.  Since 
then  he  has  followed  literary  pursuits,  and 
has  written  numerous  poems,  romances, 
novels,  and  books  for  the  young.  Besides 
these  he  is  the  author  of  a  volume  of  '  'Un- 
spoken Sermons,"  and  a  treatise  on  "The 
Miracles  of  Our  Lord.  *'  In  1877  the  English 
government,  in  consideration  of  his  literary 
labors,  bestowed  upon  him  a  pension  of 
about  S500  annually.  For  some  time  he 
was  principal  of  a  young  ladies*  seminary 
in  London,  and  later  traveled  in  Europe 
and  America.  His  "Within  and  Without"  was  published  in  IS.iS. 
"Poems"  in  1856,  followed  by  "  Phantastes,  a  Fa?rie  Romance," 
"David  Elginhrod,"  "The  Portent,"  "Alec  Forbes  of  Howglen," 
"Adela  Cathcart,"  "Dealings  with  the  Fairies,"  "The  Disciples 
and  other  Poems,"  "Annals  of  a  Quiet  Neighborhood,"  "The  Sea- 
board Parish,"  "Robert  Falconer,"  "Guild  Court,"  "England's 
Antiphon,"  "Ranald  Bannerman's  Boyhood,"  "At  the  Back  of  the 
North  Wind,"  and  others. 


;(i — 


^: 


•;cS-" 


282 


THE  AUTHOR  OF  THE  "'AGE  OF  KEASON. 


THOMAS  PAINE. 

THE  English  politician  and  liberalist,  Thomas  Paine,  was  bom  at 
Thetford,  England,  in  1737-  He  was  brought  up  as  a  stay-maker 
and  became  an  exciseman.  Having  offended  the  authorities  and 
left  that  position,  he  came  to  America  and  joined  the  colonists  in  their 
revolution  against  the  mother  country,  and  materially  aided  their 
cause  by  his  writings.  Returning  to  England,  he  excited  considerable 
opposition  by  his  book  on  the  '*  Rights  of  Man,"  a  reply  to  Edmr.nd 
Burke's  "Reflections  on  the  French  Revolution."  In  1792  Paine 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  French  national  convention  by  the  citi- 
zens of  Pas-de-Calais,  and  on  bis  arrival  at  Calais  he  was  received 
with  gratifying  enthusiasm.  In  England  the  second  part  of  his 
*' Rights  of  Man  "  led  to  Paine' s  prosecution,  but  as  he  was  then  in 
France  he  was  beyond  the  reach  of  English  law.  As  a  French  legis- 
lator he  excited  the  auger  of  the  Jacobins,  who  had  him  imprisoned, 
and  their  hatred  nearly  cost  him  his  life.  At  length  he  returned  to 
America,  dying  in  New  York  in  1809.  His  writings  created  a  most 
marked  sensation  in  behalf  of  liberty.  What  he  wrote  in  favor  of 
political  freedom  was  sure  to  make  friends  or  enemies  for  him.  His 
*'  Age  of  Reason  "  ranks  among  the  most 
fearless  and  influential  of  the  liberal 
publications  of  the  world. 


epic  poet,  as  well  as  for  his  writings  in  prose.  In  religion  he  was 
atheist.  Some  of  his  latest  words  were:  '*  I  die  worshiping  God, 
loving  my  friends,  not  hating  my  enemies,  but  detesting  supersti- 
tion." His  collected  works,  in  the  Beaumarchais  edition,  form 
seventy  volumes. 


Author  of  the  ' 


FRANCOIS  M.  AROUET  DE  VOLTAIRE. 

AFKENrll  uuthnv,  referring  to  Fran- 
cois Marie  Arouet  de  Voltaire,  says 
of  him:  "He  was  one  of  the  greatest 
poets — the  most  brilliant,  the  most  ele- 
gant, the  most  fertile,  of  our  prose 
writers."  Born  at  Paris,  France,  in 
1694,  he  was  educated  at  the  Jesuits'  col- 
lege, in  Paris,  where,  in  his  youth,  he  took 
delight  in  studying  charaj:ter  in  the  gay 
society  about  him.  His  father  intended 
to  prepare  him  to  assume  the  functions 
of  a  magistrate,  but  nothing  could  over- 
come the  literary  propensity  of  the 
young  poet.  In  his  twenty-second  year 
he  was  imprisoned  in  the  Bastile  on  an 
unfounded  suspicion  of  being  the  author 
of  a  libel.  While  thus  confined  he 
conceived  the  plan  of  his  "Henriade" 
and  completed  his  tragedy  of  "  (Edipe," 
which  was  put  on  the  stage,  with  dis- 
tinguished success,  in  1718.  Having  been  released,  a  second  charge 
was  preferred  against  him,  and  he  was  again  confined  in  the  Bas- 
tile. This  treatment  induced  him,  upon  regaining  his  liberty,  to 
reside  in  England  for  three  years.  There  he  was  favorably  received 
and  gained  a  large  patronage  for  "The  Henriade. *'  In  1738  he 
returned  to  France,  and  previous  to  1749  he  produced  his  tragedies 
of  "Zaire,"  "Alzirc,"  "Mahomet,"  "  Me  rope,"  and  many  other 
works;  became  a  member  of  the  French  academy,  and  was  appointed 
a  gentleman  of  the  king's  bedchamber  and  historian  of  France.  By 
invitation  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  in  1750,  he  visited  Berlin,  remain- 
ing there  about  three  years  on  the  most  amicable  terms.  Something 
occurring  to  break  their  friendship,  Voltaire  quitted  Prussia.  Not 
caring  to  return  to  Paris  on  account  of  the  intrigues  of  his  enemies, 
he  wandered  to  Geneva,  Switzerland,  and  other  jilaces,  and  finally 
Bcttled  at  Ferncy,  France,  where  he  purchased  an  estate.  He  was 
in  posscflsion  of  a  large  fortune,  surrounded  by  friends,  and  had 
plenty  of  leisure  for  literary  creation.  After  an  absence  of  nearly 
thirty  years,  he  returned  to  Paris  in  1778,  and  was  received  with 
enthusiasm,  and  his  bust  was  crowned  on  the  stage;  but  he  was  near 
his  end,  and  in  May,  1778,  he  died.     Voltaire  became  renowned  as  an 


ALPHONSE  MARIE  LOUIS  DE   LAMARTINE. 

THE  poet,  diplomatist,  historian  and  statesman  of  France,  Alphonse 
M.  L.  de  Lamartine,  was  born  at  Macon,  France,  in  1790,  and 
was  educated  at  home  and  at  Belley.  Leaving  school,  he  visited 
Italy,  and  then  took  up  his  residence  at  Paris,  devoting  himself  to 
literary  pursuits.  In  the  events  that  followed  the  restoration  of 
the  Bourt)ons  he  served  as  a  soldier  for  a  few  months,  and  on  the 
return  of  Louis  XVIII.  resumed  his  pen.  His  first  volume  of 
poems — "  Poetic  Meditations  " — published  in  1820,  although  ;in 
unpretending  book,  met  with  a  rapid  sale  and  firmly  established  bi;^ 
reputation  as  a  poet.  As  one  result  of  this  fame  the  French  govern- 
ment appointed  him  to  a  post  in  the  embassy  at  Florence,  Italy,  and 
afterwards  secretary  of  legation,  first  at  Naples  and  then  at  London. 
While  at  the  latter  post  he  inherited  a 
fortune  from  an  uncle,  and  about  the 
same  time  he  married  a  wealthy  English 
lady,  and  was  soon  afterwards  sent  as 
charge  d'affaires  to  Tuscany.  He  was 
recalled  from,  his  residence  in  Italy, 
where  he  had  written  and  published 
several  new  works,  in  1829,  and  was  then 
elected  a  member  of  the  French  acad- 
emy and  sent  as  a  special  envoy  to  King 
Otho,  of  Greece.  The  revolution  of 
1830,  however,  interfered  with  his  diplo- 
matic duties,  and  he  retired  to  private 
life  in  order  to  write  historical  and  other 
prose  works,  for  the  time  abandoning 
poetry.  Having  failed  to  secure  a  seat 
in  the  chamber  of  deputies,  he  visited 
Jerusalem  and  the  East,  but  was  recalled 
on  account  of  his  subsequent  election, 
and  in  1833-'4  he  took  his  seat  in  the 
legislative  assembly,  entering  actively 
into  public  measures  relating  to  the  East, 
education  and  literature.  After  the  de- 
thronement of  the  Orleans  family,  he 
became  a  member  of  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment and  the  foreign  minister  of  the  republic.  His  popularity 
was  now  world-wide,  especially  among  the  middle  classes,  by  whom 
he  was  almost  worshiped;  but  this  adoration  was  subsequently 
changed  into  indifference  when  their  opinion  of  his  statesmanship 
underwent  an  alteration,  and  he  was  considered  a  mere  puppet  in  the 
hands  of  other  men,  so  that  he  was  with  diflicuUy  elected  again  to  tlic 
chamber  of  deputies.  As  a  candidate  for  the  presidency  of  the  repub- 
lic he  was  far  behind  Louis  Napoleon  or  Cavaignac.  After  the  coup 
d'etat  of  1851  he  retired  from  political  life,  greatly  embarrassed  in 
pecuniary  matters.  Vast  subscriptions  were  afterwards  raised  fur 
him  in  France,  and  the  government  of  Napoleon  III.  bestowed  upon 
him  a  certain  income,  but  he  was  little  bettor  than  a  literary  drudge. 
His  industry,  however,  resulted  in  the  production  of  numer(»ns 
important  books.  He  died  in  1869.  His  principal  works,  aside  from 
his  poems,  embrace  a  "  History  of  the  Girondists,"  "  History  of  the 
Revolution  of  1848,"  "  History  of  Turkey,"  "  The  Great  Men  of  thi- 
East,"  "The  Life  of  Ciesar,"  "The  Men  of  the  Revolution." 
Lamartine  was  lu.\urious  in  his  style  of  living,  and  in  18S2  he  sailed 
from  Marseilles  in  a  vessel  furnished  by  himself,  made  a  tour  of  the 
East,  traveling  like  a  king;  the  Arabs  called  him  the  French  emir. 


THOMAS    PAINE, 

Age  of  Reason,"  "  Rights  of  Man, 


Qx- — 


MOTLEY,    TUK    UlSTOKIAA. 


CAKLYLE,    THE    ESSAYIST. 


JOHN   LOTHROP  MOTLEY. 

TTTE  eminent  Amcricun  historian,  John  Lothmp  Motley,  was  bom 
at  Dorchester,  Mut^s. ,  in  1814.  lie  graduated  at  Harvard  college, 
in  1831,  studying  a  year  at  the  nniverbity  of  Gottingen,  and  another 
at  Berlin,  and  traveled  for  a  time  in  the  south  of  Europe.  Return- 
ing to  the  I'niled  States,  he  studied  law.  and 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  18.36,  but  literary 
pursuits  engrossed  much  of  his  attention. 
In  1840  he  was  appctinted  secretary  of  the 
American  legation  at  St.  Petersburg,  Russia, 
where  he  remained  for  about  eight  months, 
when  he  resigned  and  returned  home.  In 
1846  he  began  to  collect  material  for  his 
history  of  Holland,  but  found  it  necessary, 
in  1851,  to  return  to  Europe  with  his  family 
in  order  to  study  the  national  records,  and 
remained  abroad  five  years.  "The  Rise  of 
the  Dutch  Republic,''  in  three  volumes,  the 
result  of  his  European  investigations,  was 
published  in  London  and  New  York,  in  1856^ 
and  was  translated  into  German,  Dutch, 
French  and  Russian.  In  1860  the  second 
part  of  this  work  appeared — "The  History 
of  the  United  Netherlands,  from  the  Death 
of  William  the  Silent  to  the  Twelve  Years' 
Truce,  in  1609,"  and,  in  1807,  it  was  con- 
cluded in  two  additional  volumes.  lu  1874 
was  published  "The  Life  and  Death  of 
John  Barneveld,  Advocate  of  Holland,  with 
a  View  of  the  Primary  Causes  of  the  Thirty  Years' War. "  Mr. 
Motley  has  been  elected  a  member  of  various  learned  societies  in 
Europe  and  America;  has  received  the  degree  of  D.  C.  L.  from  the 
university  of  Oxford,  and  of  LL.  D.  from  Harvard  college,  and  also 
from  the  university  of  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land. In  1861  he  was  appointed  United 
States  Minister  to  Austria,  a  position  that 
he  resigned  in  1867.  In  1869  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Grant  minister  to 
England,  but  was  recalled  in  1870.  He 
has  written  two  novels,  "  Morton's  Hope  " 
and  "Merry  Mount,"  and  numerous  con- 
tributions to  periodical  literature,  etc. 
Mr.  Motley  died  in  1877. 


John  Lothrop  Motley, 

Historian,  NuveU.st  iiinl  L'nitL-d  States  Minister 
Abroad. 


JOHN  BUNYAN. 

BORN  at  Elstow,  England,  in  1628,  of 
humble  parents,  John  Bunyan  fol- 
lowed the  trade  of  traveling  tinker 
In  his  youth  he  was  dissipated  and  pro- 
fane in  the  utmost  degree,  during  which 
time  he  became  a  soldier,  but  was  con- 
verted and  reformed,  and  became  a  re- 
ligious teacher  at  Bedford.  For  preaching 
as  a  dissenter  from  the  church  of  England, 
he  was  imprisoned  in  the  jail  at  Bedford 
nearly  thirteen  years,  where  he  wrote 
many  of  his  immortal  works.  After  his 
release  he  resumed  his  ministry  at  Bed- 
ford.      His   principal   works,    which    are 

numerous,  are  "The  Pilgrim's  Progress."  "The  Holy  War,"  and 
"Grace  Abounding  to  the  Chief  of  Sinners"  {his  autobiography), 
"Pilgrim's  Progress "  has  probably  been  translated  into  more  lan- 
guages than  any  other  book  except  the  Bible.  He  died  in  London 
in  1688. 


WALTER  SAVAGE  LANDOR. 

AMONG  the  literary  celebrities  of  England  stands  Walter  Savage 
Landor,  who  was  born  at  Ipsley  Court,  England,  in  l"".*),  of  very 
wealthy  parents,  and  was  educated  by  private  teachers,  at  Rugby 
8cho(d  and  at  Oxford.  Instead  of  entering  the  army,  or  of  studying 
law,  as  was  at  first  intended,  Landor  deter- 
mined to  follow  the  profession  of  literature. 
Succeeding  to  his  father's  immense  estate, 
\w  first  improved  it,  and  then  in  a  wayward 
mood  sold  it  all,  and  determined  to  live 
abroad.  At  the  outbreak  of  Spain  against 
Napoleon,  in  1808,  Landor  raised  a  body  of 
troops  at  his  own  expense  and  presented 
them,  with  a  large  sum  of  money,  to  Spain, 
and  was  made  a  colonel  in  the  Spanish  army. 
On  the  restoration  of  King  Ferdinand,  he  re- 
signed his  commission,  and  married  Julia, 
the  daughter  of  Baron  Nieuveville,  in  1811. 
After  that  he  resided  sometimes  in  England 
and  sometimes  in  Italy,  devoting  himself  to 
literary  work.  One  of  his  books,  published 
in  18.58,  libeled  an  English  lady  whom  Landor 
dir^liked,  and  a  suit  and  judgment  against 
him  of  about  $5,000  followed.  He  died  at 
Florence,  Italy,  in  1864.  He  wrote  a  number 
of  publications,  poems,  dramas,  etc.,  but 
his  genius  is  probably  best  manifested  in 
his  "Imaginary  Conversations"  with  dead 
celebrities  of  past  and  present  times,  in 
which  a  variety  of  personal  and  national  peculiarities  and  opinions 
are  presented.  His  "  Pericles  and  Aspasia,"  "  A  Satire  on  Satirists 
and  Admonition  to  Detractors,"  "Pentameron  and  Pentalogia," 
and  the  drama  "Andrea  of  Hungary  and  Giovanna  of  Naples,"  were 
written  in  Italy,  and  later,  at  Bath,  he 
published  the  "Hellenics,"  "Antony  and 
Octaviiis,"  etc. 


0' 


Thomas  Carlyle, 

Scotch  Historian.  Biographer  and  Essayist. 


THOMAS  CARLYLE. 

NE  of  the  stalwart  representatives  of 
modern  pbiloeophy  and  English  liter- 
ature, Thomas  Carlyle,  was  born  at 
Ecclofechan,  Scotland,  in  1795.  His  edu- 
cation was  received  at  Annan  and  Edin- 
burgh. With  a  view  of  becoming  a  min- 
ister of  the  gospel,  he  studied  divinity, 
but,  relinquishing  this  intention,  he  en- 
tered the  sphere  of  letters  as  a  hook- 
writer  at  Edinburgh.  He  has  contributed 
freely  to  British  periodicals  of  the  better 
class,  and  notwithstanding  his  inelegant 
style  of  composition,  he  ranked  high 
among  the  essayists  of  Great  Britain. 
Aside  from  his  translations  of  German 
authors,  he  wrote  and  published  the  fol- 
lowing works,  on  which  his  reputation 
rests:  "Life  of  Schiller,"  biographical 
sketches  incorporated  in  the  ' '  Edin- 
burgh Cyclopsedia. "  "Miscellanies"  (a 
book  of  essays),  "Sartor  Resartns. " 
"The  French  Revolution. "  ■■Chartism."  "Heroes  and  Hero  Wor- 
ship," "Past  and  Present,"  ■•Letters  and  Speeches  of  Crom>vcll." 
"Life  of  John  Sterling,"  ■•  History  of  Frederick  the  Great. "  ctc- 
Carlyle  was  earnest  in  belief,  audacious,  and  untiring  in  his  work. 
He  died  in  March,  1881. 

\ 

j5i- 


:c>= 


284 


PEESCOTT,    THE    HISTORIAN.        DR.    WORCESTER,   AUTHOR    OF    WORCESTER  S    DICTIONAUV. 


WILLIAM    HICKLING  PRESCOTT. 

ONE  of  America'^  most  di!>tinguishe(l  historiiins,  William  H. 
Prescott,  was  born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  in  1T9G.  and  graduatfd  at 
Harvard  college,  in  1814.  By  an  accident  toward  the  close  of  his 
college  career  his  sight  was  permanently 
affected,  greatly  to  his  disadvantage  dar- 
ing the  latter  part  of  his  life.  For  two 
years  he  traveled  and  sojourned  in 
Europe.  Coming  home,  he  married  and 
took  up  his  abode  in  his  father's  family, 
in  Boston.  In  1819  he  began  the  study 
of  ancient  and  modern  literature,  and 
contributed  a  series  of  essays  relating  to 
Moliere  and  Italian  poetry  and  romance 
to  the  North  American  Heview.  About 
1835  Mr.  Prescott  began  collecting  ma- 
terials for  his  "History  of  Ferdinand 
and  Isibella  of  Spain,"'  which  was  pub- 
lished in  Boston  and  London,  in  1837. 
It  met  with  a  highly  favorable  reception, 
and  was  translated  into  German,  Span- 
ish and  French.  His  *'  History  of  the 
Conquest  of  Mexico"  was  published  in 
New  York  and  London  in  1843,  and  his 
*'  Conquest  of  Peru  "'  in  1847.  All  these 
w'orks  were  received  with  much  distinc- 
tion, and  their  author  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  nearly  all  the  literary  societies 
of  Europe.  Columbia  college  bestow-ed 
upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  and  Oxford 
university  (England)  that  of  D.  C.  L. 
Europe.  His  "History  of  Philip  II."  appeared  in  1855  and  1858. 
The  work,  however,  was  never  completed.  A  stroke  of  paralysis 
in  1858,  and  another  eleven  months  afterwards,  caused  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  Boston  in  1859.  Mr. 
Prescott  was  an  illegible  penman,  writing 
with  the  aid  of  a  blind  scholar's  instrument, 
all  his  manuscript  being  copied  by  his 
secretary,  corrected  and  recopied  for  the 
printer.  The  revised  edition  of  his  works 
fill  fifteen  volumes. 


issued  his  "Universal  and  Critical  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language;"  in  1855  a  "Pronouncing,  Explanatory  and  Synonymuus 
Dictionary;"  and  in  1860  his  quarto  "Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language"  (1,854  pages).  Besides  his  dictionaries,  he  published  a 
"  Pronouncing  Spelling-Book  of  the 
English  Language,"  "  Remarks  on  Lon- 
gevity," and  for  twelve  years  edited  the 
"American  Almanac"  (1831  to  1843). 
He  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  in  1865. 


William  H.  Prescott, 


Author  of  the  "Conquest  of  :\Iexi(.'n,"  "Conquest  of  Peru^ 
Other  Histories. 


In   1850  he  acain   visited 


JOSEPH  EMERSON  WORCESTER. 

THE  author  of  a  (piariii  I^fi^lisli  Diction- 
ary and  other  works,  Joseph  E.  Wor- 
cester, was  born  at  Bedford,  N.  H. ,  in 
1784.  In  1811  he  graduated  at  Yale  college, 
and  for  a  number  of  years  taught  scliool 
at  Salem.  At  that  place  he  prepared  most 
of  his  "  Universal  Gazetteer,"  or  geograph- 
ical dictionary,  which  was  published  at 
Andover,  Mass.,  in  1817.  In  the  following 
year  he  issued  his  "Gazetteer  of  the 
United  States."  In  1819  he  removed  to 
Cambridge,  Mass. ,  and  published  a  series  of 
educational  Ijooks,  between  1819  and  1828, 
as  follows:  "Elements  of  Geography, 
Ancient  and  Modern,"  "An  Epitome  of  History,"  "Outlines  of 
Scripture  Geography,"  "Johnson's  English  Dictionary,"  comliiued 
with  Walker's,  and  improved  and  abridged.  He  alno  prepared  an 
abridgment  of  Webster's  "American  Dictionary."  In  1830  he 
published  his  "Comprehensive  Pronouncing  and  Explanatory  Dic- 
tionary."  That  year  and  the  next  he  visited  English  and  Scotch 
universities,   examining  works  relating  to   language.     In   1840   he 


CHARLES  LAMB. 

CHARLES  LAMB,  the  genial  and  witty 
author  and  poet,  was  born  in  London, 
in  1775,  and  was  educated  between 
his  seventh  and  fifteenth  years,  in  the 
school  connected  with  Christ  Church 
hospital.  From  1789  to  1792  he  was 
employed  in  the  South  Sea  house,  and 
as  a  clerk  in  the  accountant's  office  of 
the  East  India  company,  in  London, 
from  1792  until  1825,  when  he  was  retired 
from  service  with  a  pension  of  about 
$2, 250  per  year.  During  this  long 
engagement  he  found  time  to  exercise 
his  tastes  and  talents  in  literary  labors, 
and  to  form  an  intimate  acquaintance 
with  Coleridge,  Southey,  Wordsworth, 
Hazlitt,  Talfourd,  Leigh  Hunt,  Procter 
(Barry  Cornwall),  De  Quincey,  Hood,  and 
other  literary  men.  Lamb  lived  with 
his  sister  Mary,  who  in  a  temporary  fit  of  madness  had  killed  her 
mother,  and  while  rational  she  would  indicate  whenever  a  fit  of  mad- 
ness was  approaching,  and  Lamb  would  take  her  to  the  asylum  to 
remain  until  the  fit  passed  off.  Lamb  was  insane  for  some  six  weeks 
when  about  twenty  years  old,  but  was  no 
more  troubled  with  this  malady.  Together 
the  brother  and  sister  wrote  a  volume  of 
' '  Tales  from  Shakspeare, "  and  a  collection 
of  juvenile  stories.  She  was  remarkable 
for  the  placidity  and  sweetness  of  her  dispo- 
sition. Lamb's  first  published  work  con- 
sisted of  poems.  In  1798  he  produced  his 
prose  tale  of  "Rosamund  Gray,"  and,  with 
Coleridge,  prepared  a  volume  of  fugitive 
poetry,  called  the  "Annual  Anthology." 
"  John  Woodvil,"  a  tragedy,  was  published 
in  1801;  "Specimens  of  English  Dramatic 
Poets,"  in  1808:  the  first  series  of  "Essays 
of  Elia,"  in  1823,  and  the  second  in  1833. 
lie  died  in  1834,    at  Edmonton,    England. 


Joseph 

Author  of  "  W<,iv,st. 
• '  Woret-'htcr'i 


AN    ostLM'nu'd    American  authoress, 
(.'atharini'M.  Sedgwick,  descended 


CATHARINE  MARIA  SEDGWICK. 

Miss 
1  from 
a  distinguished  New  England  family, 
and  was  born  in  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  in  1789. 
"The  New  England  Tale, "  her  first  book,  was  published  anony- 
mously, in  1822,  and  at  once  achieved  popularity.  "  Redwood," 
issued  in  1824,  was  republished  in  England,  and  translated  into  four 
European  languages.  Her  subsequent  works  included  "Hope  Leslie," 
"The  Linwoods,"  "The  Poor  Rich  Man  and  the  Hich  Poor  Man," 
a  life  of  Lucretia  Maria  Davidson,  "  Lett<;rs  from  Abroad,"  after  a 
trip  to  Europe,  etc.     She  died  near  Roxbury,  Mass.,  in  1867. 


-<)} 


TilE    AUTHOR    UF    ^'MAliUO    BOZZAKIb. 


2^.3 


FITZ-GREENE  HALLECK. 

THE  celebnited  American  merchant  and  poet,  Fitz-Greene  Ilalleck, 
war*  born  at  Guilfoni,  Conn.,  in  1700.  In  1813  be  entered  a  bank- 
inj;-bonHi'  in  New  York  city,  and  until  1849  remained  there,  occu- 
pied in  commercial  ])ursuit9.  He  returned  to  Connecticut  in  1849. 
Afterwards  he  was  engaged  by  John  Jacob  Astor  to  assist  him  in  his 
business  affairs,  and  was  one  of  the  first  trustees  of  the  Astor 
library.  In  conjunctitm  with  J.  Rodman  Drake  (author  of  *'The 
American  Flag"),  Ilalleck,  in  1819,  contributed  various  miscella- 
neous iioems  and  odes  of  a  humorous  and  satirical  t)rder  to  the  New 
York  Et'ening  Post,  under  the  f^ii,'nuture  of  "Fanny."  From  1823 
to  1827  Ilalleck  was  in  Europe,  and  on  his  return  published  a  volume 
containing  his  poems  of  "Alnwick  Castle,"  "Burns,"  "Marco  Boz- 
zarie,"  etc.  In  1835  another  volume  of  his  fugitive  poems  was 
issued.  "  Fanny,"  a  satire  on  fashions,  follies  and  public  characters 
of  the  day,  was  first  printed  in  1819.  "  Young  America"  appeared 
in  the  New  York  Ledger  in  1864.  He  died  at  Guilford,  Conn.,  in 
18(57. 


He  was  a  member  of  the  extreme  left  in  the  French  ageembly,  in 
1850,  but  the  famous  coup  d'etat  at  Paris,  in  1851,  drove  him  out  of 
the  city.  In  his  exile  he  continued  his  literary  industry,  dying  at 
Annecy,  France,  in  1857. 


MRS.  EMMA  D.  E.  N.  SOUTHWORTH. 

OXE  of  tliu  most  voluminous  writers  of 
American  romances,  Mrs.  Emma  D. 
E.  N.  Southworth,  was  born  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  in  1818.  In  1841  she  mar- 
ried Mr.  Nevitt,  but  in  order  to  earn  a 
livelihood,  two  years  later,  she  began  to 
write  for  the  press.  "  Retribution,"  her 
first  novel,  was  published  serially  in  the 
National  Era,  at  Washington,  and  then  in 
book  form  in  1849,  Among  the  most 
prominent  of  her  subsequent  romances 
are:  "The  Deserted  Wife,"  "  The  Curse 
of  Clifton,"  "The  Lost  Heiress,"  "A 
Beautiful  Fiend,"  "  The  Specter  Lover," 
"India,"  "  Vivia,"  etc.,  and  about  forty 
others. 


DAVID    H. 
artist  am 


DAVID    H.  STROTHER. 

STROTIIER,     the    genial 


and  author,  was  born  at  Mar- 
'tinsburg,  Va.,  in  1816.  In  his  early 
manhood  be  studied  drawing  and  painting. 
In    1845  he  visited    New   York  and  was 

engaged  in  the  illustration  of  books,  and  returned  to  Virginia  in 
1849.  For  several  years  he  wrote  illustrated  sketches  of  Southern 
peculiarities  for  Harper's  Monthly,  among  which  was  "Virginia 
Illustrated,"  afterwards  published  as  a  book  in  New  Y'ork  and 
London.  When  the  Southern  rebellion  began,  in  1861,  he  entered  the 
United  States  army,  became  a  colonel  of  cavalry,  and  subsequently  a 
brevet  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  During  the  last  ten  or 
fifteen  years  he  has  continued  to  furnish  other  occasional  illustrated 
sketches  of  Southern  characters  and  incidents. 


BAYARD  TAYLOR. 

THE  eminent  traveler,  poet  and  novelist.  Bayard  Taylor,  was 
born  at  Kennett  Square,  Pa.,  in  1825,  and  learned  the  printer's 
trade  at  West  Chester,  in  that  State.  He  began  his  pedestrian 
tour  of  Europe  in  1844-45,  and  in  1846  published,  after  his  return, 
his  "Views  Afoot,  or  Europe  Seen  with  Knapsack  and  Staff."  He 
edited,  for  a  year,  a  newspaper  at  Phceuixviile,  Pa.  Then,  going  to 
New  York,  he  ct)ntributed  to  the  Literary  World.  Not  long  after- 
wards he  was  employed  as  one  of  the  editors  of  the  New  York 
Tribune,  and  to  this  paper  he  for  many  years  contributed  copious 
notes  relating  to  his  subsequent  travels.  He  visited  California  in 
1849,  returning  by  way  of  Mexico.  In  1851-52  he  made  extensive 
tours  in  the  east,  up  the  Nile  and  over  portions  of  Asia  Minor,  .Syria 
and  Europe,  thence  to  Calcutta  and  China; 
other  journeys  succeeded.  In  1862-'G3  he 
was  secretary  of  legation  at  the  court  of 
Russia.  In  1874  he  was  in  Egypt  again, 
and  visited  Iceland  to  participate  in  the 
millennial  celebration  of  that  country. 
He  resided  in  Germany  for  several  years, 
and  afterwards  in  Pennsylvania.  In  1877 
he  was  appointed  Minister  to  Germany, 
where  he  died  in  1878.  Mr.  Taylor  was 
distinguished  as  a  public  lecturer  on 
literary  subjects,  wrote  many  poems  of 
acknowledged  talent,  four  novels  of  a  mod- 
erate reputation,  and  a  number  of  books 
of  travels,  which  must  rank  among  his 
best  and  most  lasting  performances. 


A' 


Fitz-Greene  Halleck. 


Merchant,  Poet,  Author  of  "Marco  Bozzaris" 
Other  Poems. 


HARRIET  ELIZABETH   SPOFFORD. 

T  CALAIS,  Maine,  in  l.s:jr),  was  born 
the  author  of  "The  Amber  Gods" 
and  other  stories,  Harriet  Elizabeth 

(Prescott)  Spofford.  She  was  educated  at 

Newburyport,  Mass. ,  and  married  to  Mr. 

Richard  S.  Spofford,  of  that  place.     Mrs. 

Spofford   is  the  author  of  "  Sir  Rohan's 


MARIE   JOSEPH   EUGENE  SUE. 

SUE,  the  powerful  writer  of  French  romances,  was  born  in  Paris,in 
1804.  Learning  the  profession  of  surgery,  he  was  engaged  as  a 
surgeon  in  both  the  army  and  navy  of  France.  In  1829  he  inher- 
ited a  fortune,  and  henceforth  turned  bis  attention  to  writing  sea- 
novels,  prominent  among  which  was  "The  Salamander."  He  also 
wrote,  under  the  patronage  of  his  government,  a  "History  of  the 
French  Marine  in  the  Seventeenth  Century,"  in  five  volumes.  Prob- 
ably the  best  known  and  most  widely  read  of  all  his  novels  in 
America  are  the  translations  of  "  The  Mysteries  of  Paris,"  and  "  The 
Wandering  Jew,"    which  have   passed  through  numerous  editions. 


Ghost,"  "New  England  Legends,"  etc. 


mi 


JOHN    WALTER. 

THE  founder  of  the  London  Tum^s,  .John  Walter,  was  born  in  Eng- 
land, in  1739;  was  a  printer  by  trade  and  invented  "logographs," 
or  types  representing  words  (as  "  and  "  and  "  the "'),  or  the  begin- 
ning of  more  important  words  in  frequent  use.  In  1785  he  started 
a  paper  in  London  called  the  Universal  Register,  printed  with 
logographs.  The  system  failed,  but  the  paper  survived,  and  in  1788 
its  name  was  changed  to  the  Times.  Mr.  Walter  died  at  Teddington, 
Engkind,  in  1812.  His  son,  John,  succeeded  him  in  the  publication 
of  the  Times.  He  was  bom  in  London,  in  1784;  was  nineteen  years 
old  when  he  became  the  manager  of  the  TimeSy  which  greatly 
increased  its  circulation  in  his  hands,  and  in  1814  he  issued  the 
number  for  November  29  as  the  first  sheet  ever  printed  by  steam. 
Mr.  Walter  was  in  parliament  for  several  terms.  He  died  in 
London  in  1847.  The  present  proprietor  of  the  Times  is  Lis  son, 
who  also  bears  the  name  of  John.  In  1851,  13,000,000  copies  were 
sold.  The  "Walter  press,"  invented  by  Macdonald  &  Calverley, 
prints  about  17,000  an  hour,  perfected,  1862-9. 


i: 


'•O''--'*- 


-<)■: 


286 


THE    VETERAN    JOURNALIST,   THURLOW    WEED. 


THURLOW  WEED. 

ONE  of  the  oldest  American  Journalists,  Thurlow  Weed,  was  born 
at  Cairo,  N.  Y. ,  in  1797,  and  learned  the  printer's  trade  at  Cats- 
kill.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  was  a  private  soldier  and  quartermas- 
ter-sergeant on  the  northern  frontier  of  New  York.  In  early  manhood 
he  began  publishing  the  Agriculturist  at  Norwich,  N.  Y. ,  and  within 
the  succeeding  ten  years  was  connected  editorially  with  various 
journals,  among  which  was  the  Anti-Masonic  Enquirer,  at  Rochester. 
In  the  Masonic- Morgan  excitement  in  Western  New  York,  in  1826- 
'27,  he  opposed  the  Masons,  and  was  twice  elected  to  the  State 
legislature-  In  politics  he  displayed  great  tact,  was  instrumental 
in  securing  the  election  of  De  Witt  Clinton  as  governor  of  the  State 
in  1826,  and  fought  the  "  Albany  Regency,"  a  conclave  who  managed 
the  Democratic  party  of  the  State.  In  1830  he  removed  to  Albany 
and  became  the  editor  of  the  Albany  Evening  Journal.  From  that 
time  until  1862  he  was  acknowledged  leader  in  the  Whig  and  Repub- 
lican political  parties,  was  promi- 
nent in  securing  the  nominations 
of  Harrison,  Taylor  and  Scott  for 
the  presidency,  and  advocated  the 
election  of  Fremont  and  Lincoln  in 
1856  and  1860.  Mr.  Lincoln,  in 
1861,  sent  him  to  Europe  as  a  semi- 
official embassador.  After  a  so- 
journ of  about  six  months  abroad, 
he  returned  to  America,  and  soon 
afterwards  retired  from  the  man- 
agement of  the  Evening  Journal. 
In  1865  he  removed  to  New  York, 
where  he  edited  the  Commercial 
Advertiser  for  a  time.  For  some 
years  ill-health  prevented  his  en- 
gaging in  active  pursuits,  altliough 
he  wrote  more  or  less  for  the  press 
on  current  topics  of  the  day,  besides 
publishing  a  volume  of  "  Letters 
from  Eu/ope  and  the  West  Indies," 
in  1866.  He  died  in  New  York  City 
Nov.  22,  1882,  leaving  a  fortune 
estimated  at  a  large  figtire. 


CHARLES  ROLLtN. 

THE  eminent  historian,  Charles  Rollin,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1661, 
and  studied  languages,  philosophy  and  theology.  He  was  for  about 
ten  years  professor  of  rhetoric  and  eloquence  at  the  college  dc 
Plessis  and  the  Royal  college  of  France.  In  1094  he  was  appointed 
rector  of  the  university,  and  in  1696  coadjutor  of  the  college  de 
Beauvais.  He  held  this  last  office  for  fifteen  years,  but  having  been 
driven  from  it  by  the  hatred  of  the  Jesuits,  he  gave  his  time  wholly 
to  literary  pursuits.  His  principal  works  are  his  "Ancient  His- 
tory,"' '•'Roman  History,"'  etc.     He  died  in  1741. 


THURLOW 

For  Many  Years  Editnr  uf  th. 


In    1750   he   gained    the  prize 
r  his  celebrated  essay  on   the 


JEAN  JACQUES  ROUSSEAU. 

THE  eccentric  Frenchman  and 
popular  writer,  Jean  Jacques 
Rousseau,  was  born  at  Geneva, 
Switzerland,  in  1712.  The  former 
part  of  his  life  was  employed,  prin- 
cipally, under  the  patronage  of  his 
mistress,  Madame  de  Warens,  in 
various  pursuits  and  wanderings, 
offered  by  the  academy  of  Dijon, 
question  "  Whether  the  Progress  of  vne  Arts  and  Sciences  has  Con- 
tributed to  Corrupt  or  Purify  Manners."  by  maintaining  that  their 
effect  was  injurious.  After  that  he  produced  the  words  and  music 
of  "The  Village  Conjurer,"  "A  Letter  on  French  Music,"  "The 
Origin  of  the  Inequality  of  Ranks,"  ''The  Social  Contract,"  "The 
New  Eloisa,"  and  "Emilius. "  This  last  book  gave  great  offense 
to  the  government,  and  he  was  forced  to  flee  from  France.  Hence- 
forth he  wandered  from  place  to  i)lace,  to  escape  real  or  fancied 
persecution.  He  died  in  1778,  afler  having  written  a  remarkable 
book  of  "ConfcHflions."  His  remains  were  finally  deposited  in  the 
Pantheon  at  Paris,  where  a  statue  of  him  was  erected  about  1794,  and 
the  sovereigns  honored  his  memory  by  relieving  the  town  where  he 
died  from  tlu-  duty  of  paying'  war-taxes. 


JOSEPH   ERNEST  RENAN. 

THE  noted  student  of  ancient  lanL,ni;iL:i.>.  JoMi»b  Ernest  Renan,  is 
also  the  author  of  several  works  calculated  to  bring  the  Christian 
scriptures  into  ill-repute.  He  was  born  at  Treguier,  France, 
in  1823.  He  studied  for  the  church,  but  was  too  independent  for  the 
priesthood,  and  devoted  himself  to 
the  literature  of  theology.  He  won 
distinction  by  his  acquaintance  with 
the  Semitic  and  Greek  languages 
and  by  his  subsequent  books. 
Among  these  was  a  "Life  of 
Jesus,"  "Studies  in  Religious 
History,"'  "The  Book  of  Job," 
"The  Song  of  Songs,"  etc.  The 
cross  of  the  legion  of  honor  was 
conferred  upon  him  in  1860. 


CAPTAIN  MAYNE  REID. 

IN  THE  North  of  Ireland,  in  1818, 
was  born  Captain  Mayne  Reid, 
the  widely-known  and  prolific 
writer  of  sensational  books  of  ad- 
venture. In  1838  he  visited  the 
American  prairies,  trading  and 
hunting  with  Indians  along  the  Red 
and  Missouri  rivers,  remaining 
there  five  years.  Afterwards  he 
traveled  extensively  in  the  United 
States,  became  an  officer  with  the 
American  army  during  the  war 
with  Mexico,  fought  gallantly, 
and  was  nearly  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Chapultepec.  When  the  war 
was  over  he  organised  a  body  of 
armed  men  to  assist  the  Hungarians 
in  their  struggle  for  independence, 
but  was  too  late  to  render  them 
any  assistance  before  their  com- 
plete subjection  was  accomplished.  He  then  returned  to  London 
and  engaged  in  the  production  of  his  numerous  works  of  fiction, 
among  which  are  prominent  "The  Boy-Hunters."  "The  Bush 
Boys,"  and  "The  White  Chief."    Died  Oct.  31,  1883. 


WEED. 

Albany  Evening  Journal. 


c 


:(d- — 


CHARLES  READE. 

IIARLES  READE,  the  eccentric  Enslish  novelist  nnd  plny-writcr, 
\v;is  l)orn  at  Ipsden,  England,  in  1814,  and  i^radnated  at  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford,  from  which  he  subsequently  rcceivetl  the  deforce 
of  D.  C.  L. ,  in  1835.  He  was  called  tu  the  bar  in  1843,  but  abandoned 
law  soon  afterwards  and  entered  upon  a  successful  literary  career. 
Of  his  novels  which  have  been  extensively  read  in  America,  are ' '  Peg 
WotlluKfou,"  "It  is  Never  too  Late  to  Mend,"  "Love  Me  Little, 
Love  Me  Long,"  "  (iriltith  (Jaunt,"  etc.      lie  died  April  11,  1884. 


3<5: 


—^ 


NOAU    WEBSTER. 


T.     U.     MACAULAV. 


■J.'ii 


T 


NOAH   WEBSTER. 

HE  great  American  author  of  several  distinguished  works  relating 
to  the  English  language,  Noah  Wehster,  was  born  at  West  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  in  1758.  In  1777  he  served  as  a  soldier  in  his  father's 
ri-giment,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1778,  having  entered  it  in 
1774.  After  teaching  school  for  a  time,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1781.  He  began  the  publication  of  school-books  at  Hartford,  in 
1783,  and  within  three  years  published  as  many  parts  of  his  "  (>ram- 
luatical  Institute  of  the  English  Language;"  also,  about  this  period,  he 
undertook  the  publication  of  "  Governor  Wiutbrop's  Journal," 
and  wrote  political  newspaper  articles.  In  178G  he  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  on  the  English  language  in  several  cities,  after- 
wards printing  them  in  a  book.  In  1788  he  published  the  At/ierican 
Magazine  for  a  year — a  very  unprofitable  venture — in  New  York. 
Returning  to  Hartford,  he  practiced  law  for  several  years.  In  1793 
he  established  a  political  daily  paper  in  New  York,  called  the 
Minerva,  and  a  serai-weekly  paper,  the  Hei-ald,  which  papers  were 
recently  still  published  under  other  titles.  Besides  his  political 
articles,  he  published,  in  1799,  a 
history  of  pestilential  diseases. 
He  resigned  his  editorial  work  in 
1798,  removing  to  New  Haven.  In 
1802  he  published  a  book  relating 
to  the  rights  of  neutral  nations  in 
time  of  war,  and  another  on  bank- 
ing and  insurance.  In  1807,  his 
"Philosophical  and  Practical  Gram- 
mar of  the  English  Language" 
was  published,  and  the  same  year 
he  began  the  preparation  of  his 
"American  Dictionary  of  tlie 
English  Language,"  having  pre- 
viously published  his  "Compen- 
dious Dictionary."  In  order  to 
obtain  a  better  knowledge  of  the 
structure  of  words,  he  spent  ten 
years  in  ascertaining  the  origin  of 
the  English  tongue  and  its  relation 
to  the  languages  of  other  countries, 
and  then  spent  seven  years  more 
in  bringing  his  Dictionary  nearly 
to  completion.  In  1824  he  sailed 
for  Europe,  spent  two  months  ex- 
amining books  in  the  royal  library 
at  Paris,  and  eight  months  more 
in  finishing  his  Dictionary  at 
Cambridge  university.  In  1838  he 
issued  2,500  copies  of  it  in  the 
United  States,  and  3,000  in  Eng- 
land. In  1840  a  second  edition  of 
3,000  copies  appeared,  several  abridged  editions  having  been,  in  the 
meantime,  given  to  the  world.  Mr.  Webster  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  Amherst  college,  and  for  several  years  president  of  its 
board  of  trustees;  he  also  represented  Amherst  township  in  the 
State  legislature  for  several  terms,  having  previously  served  in  the 
same  capacity  when  living  at  New  Haven,  besides  being  a  judge  in 
one  of  the  State  courts.  He  died  at  New  Haven  in  1843,  just  after 
finishing  a  revision  of  the  appendix  to  his  Dictionary.  Since  his 
death  the  Dictionary  has  been  re- issued  several  times  in  revised  and 
improved  editions,  and  for  a  number  of  years  the  annual  sales  of  all 
his  Dictionaries  have  reached  more  than  30,000  copies.  Of  his 
"Elementary  Spelling-Book"  several  million  copies  were  sold  previ- 
ous to  1876.  His  name  goes  down  to  posterity  renowned  for  literary 
excellence,  combined  with  social  worth. 


0 


Author  of ' 


THOMAS  BABINGTON  MACAULAY. 

NE  of  England's  most  celebrated  authors,  Thomas  Babington 
Macaulay,  was  born  at  Rothley,  England,  in  1800.  At  eighteen 
he  entered  Trinity  college.  Cambridge,  and  there  he  soon  exhibited 
the  superior  genius  and  intellect  that  distinguished  him  in  after-life. 
He  received  his  master's  degree  in  1825,  and  was  called  to  the 
London  bar  in  182G.  Previous  to  this  time  he  bad  written  his  poems 
of  "  Pompeii,"  "  Evening,"  "  The  Spanish  Armada,"  "  Moncontour," 
"Ivry, "  etc.,  with  several  essays  and  reviews,  which  appeared 
l)rincipally  in  Knight's  Quarterly  Magazine.  From  1825  until  1845 
he  contributed  largely  to  the  Edinburgh  Review.  He  also  wrote 
poetical  squibs  of  a  political  character  for  the  London  Times  about 
1825.  His  first  public  office  was  that  of  commissioner  of  bankrupts. 
His  first  public  speech,  in  1826,  was  made  at  the  annual  anti-slavery 
meeting  in  London,  and  was  a  brilliaul  effort.  In  1830  he  entered 
parliament,  made  several  speeches,  and  resigned  his  scat  in  1834  in 
order  to  go  to  India  as  a  member  of  the  supreme  council,  the  object 
being   to   prepare   a   new  code  for  the  government  of    the   Indian 

provinces.  His  mission  was  a 
failure,  because  the  code  which  he 
prepared  was  impracticable  for  the 
condition  of  the  people  for  whom 
it  was  designed.  He  returned  to 
England  in  1838,  was  elected  to 
parliament  from  Edinburgh  in 
1839,  and  appointed  secretary  of 
war  under  Lord  Melbourne.  In 
parliament  be  again  made  his  mark 
on  important  public  questions.  On 
the  re-accession  of  the  whigs  to 
power  in  1846,  he  was  made  pay- 
master-general, but  failed,  for 
political  reasons,  in  a  re-election 
to  parliament  in  1847.  He  then 
devoted  himself  to  the  production 
of  his  History  of  England,  which 
he  did  not  live  to  finish.  Five  vol- 
umes  only,  being  the  records  from 
the  time  of  James  II.  down  to  the 
year  1701,  were  completed.  The 
first  and  second  volumes  were 
published  at  the  close  of  1848;  the 
third  and  fourth  volumes  at  the 
close  of  1855,  and  the  fifth  was 
issued  after  his  death,  by  his  sister, 
in  1861.  It  ranks  among  the  most 
brilliant  of  English  histories.  In 
1849  Macaulay  was  elected  lord 
rector  of  the  university  of  Glasgow; 
in  1852  he  was  re-elected  to 
parliament  by  the  people  of  Edinburgh,  and  took  his  seat,  but  his 
health  was  too  much  impaired  to  permit  him  to  enter  into  debates. 
In  1857  he  was  created  a  peer  of  England,  with  the  title  of  Baron 
Macaulay.  and  his  promotion  was  universally  approved.  He  died 
in  Kensington,  England,  in  1859.  As  a  reviewer  of  current  publi- 
cations he  was  usually  just,  but  extremely  candid  and  frequently 
caustic  whenever  the  character  of  a  public  man  or  of  a  book  appeared 
to  demand  severity.  His  own  writings  generally  treated  of  topics  of 
common  interest  to  the  English  people.  As  an  essayist,  he  was 
unsurpassed  by  most  of  his  contemporaries.  His  complete  works, 
ranging  with  remarkable  power  and  elegance  over  a  great  variety 
of  topics,  fill  eight  octavo  volumes.  Macaulay  suffered  from  an 
affection  of  the  heart,  and  the  immediate  cause  of  Ms  death  was  a  fit 
of  coughing.      His  remains  were  buried  in  Westminster  AI)bev. 


NOAH   WEBSTER. 


Webster's  Dictionary,"  "Webster's Grammar,"  "Web- 
ster's Spelling-Book,"  etc. 


-<)/ 


THE  FOUNDEK  OF  TUE  NEW  YORK 


TRIBUNE. 


H' 


HORACE  GREELEY. 

f  GRACE  GREELEY^  the  popular  American  journalist,  author 
and  humanitarian,  was  born  at  Amherst,  N.H. ,  in  1811.  He  served 
an  apprenticeship  at  the  printing  business  at  Vermont,  and  in  1831 
went  to  New  York  city,  the  scene  of  hig  future  dif-tinction,  and  was 
employed  as  a  journeyman  printer  in  various  offices.  In  1834  he 
became  a  co-proprietor  of  the  New  York  Mirror,  a  weekly  literary 
paper,  with  which  he  remained  about  seven  years,  but  as  it  proved 
unprofitable  its  publication  was  relinquished.  In  1841  Mr.  Greeley 
founded  the  New  York  Tribune^  which  prospered  greatly  under  his 
management  as  a  Whig  and  Republican  journal,  and  attained  a 
national  reputation,  which  it  maintained  during  Mr.  Greeley's  life- 
long connection  with  it.  In  1848  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
thirtieth  Congress;  in  1851  he  visited  Europe  and  was  chairman  of 
one  of  the  juries  in  the  London  world's  fair.  As  a  journalist,  he 
was  outspoken  in  the  cause  of  freedom,  justice,  and  the  rights  of 
man.  As  an  author,  he  contributed  to  American  literature  a  history 
of  his  travels  in  Europe,  ''Hints  Toward  Reforms"  (a  series  of 
addresses,  essays,  etc. ),  "  A  History  of  the  Struggle  for  Slavery 
Extension  ■' (1856),  "The  American 
Conflict"  (a  history  of  the  Southern 
Rebellion),  "  What  I  Know  About 
Farming,"  and  his  autobiography, 
under  the  title  of  "Recollections  of 
a  Busy  Life."  In  1872  he  was  in- 
duced to  accept  the  Democratic  nom- 
ination for  the  presidency,  but  was 
beaten  by  General  Grant  who  was  then 
running  for  his  second  term.  This 
defeat,  undoubtedly,  unhinged  Mr. 
Greeley's  mind;  he  became  sleepless, 
and  then  insane,  and  in  November, 
1872,  he  died.  Mr.  Greeley  was  gen- 
erous to  a  fault,  his  philanthropy 
leading  him  to  loan  money  without 
security,  to  become  bail  for  Jefferson 
Davis,  and  to  advocate  the  cause  of 
the  oppressed  and  the  suffering  every- 
where. He  was  a  humanitarian  in  the 
larfiest  sense  of  the  word. 


M'S. 


.6. 


LOUIS  ADOLPHE   THIERS. 

THE  distinguished  French  statesman 
and  author,  Louis  Adolphe  Thiers, 

was  born  at  Marseilles,  France,  in  1797,  and  educated  at  the 
lyceum  of  Marseilles  and  the  law  school  at  Aix.  From  1818  to  1821 
he  practiced  law,  then,  going  to  Paris,  he  wrote  for  several  news- 
papers. In  1823-27,  his  "History  of  the  French  Revolution"  was 
publifihed  in  ten  volumes.  In  1830,  with  two  others,  he  established 
a  journal  called  the  NatiotiaU  which  advocated  the  policy  brought 
about  by  the  revolution  of  July  of  that  year.  He  then  became  a 
public  oflicial  under  Louis  Philippe,  and  he  has  since  been 
prominently  connected  with  the  political  history  of  his  country. 
The  province  of  this  sketch  is  to  indicate  his  relations  to  French 
literature  rather  than  to  follow  him  in  the  intricacies  of  his  public 
career.  In  1840  he  began  his  "History  of  the  Consulate  and  the 
Empire,"  which  filled  twenty  volumes,  and  was  published  between 
18-13  and  1862.  Among  his  other  works  are  a  "  History  of  Law," 
and  "  The  Monarchy  of  1830.  "  He  had  in  contemplation  a  history  of 
art,  for  which  he  had  gathered  u  portion  of  the  material,  but  whicli, 
it  is  understood,  was  never  written.  To  his  other  accomplishments 
he  added  an  effective  oratory,  remarkable  for  its  animation,  legislative 
skill  and  thorough  knowledge  of  current  political  topics,  and  was  a 
forcible  advocate  of  a  republican  form  of  government.  He  died  in  1877. 


THE  TROLLOPES. 

Frances  Milton,  the  most  voluminous  English  author  of 
time,  was  born  at  Heckfield,  England,  about  1780,  and  was 
married  to  Anthony  Trollope,  a  lawyer,  in  1809.  A  three-years' 
visit  to  the  United  States  was  begun  in  1829,  most  of  her  time  being 
spent  at  Cincinnati.  When  she  returned  to  England  she  published 
"  Domestic  Manners  of  the  Americans,"  whose  peculiarities  of 
character  and  habits  were  portrayed  in  rather  a  ridiculous  manner. 
Two  novels  were  also  based  on  her  American  observations.  About 
1844  she  removed  from  England  to  Florence,  Italy,  where  she  resided 
until  her  death,  in  1863.  Besides  a  host  of  other  novels  she  wrote 
travel-books,  as  follows:  "  Belgium  and  Western  Germany  in  1833," 
"Paris  and  the  Parisians  in  1835,"  "Vienna  and  the  Austrians," 
"A  Visit  to  Italy,"  etc.  Anthony  Tbollope,  her  son,  is  also  well 
known  as  a  prolific  novelist.  He  was  born  in  1815.  For  a  number 
of  years  he  was  connected  with  the  British  postal  service,  and  has 
visited  the  United  States,  Australia  and  other  nations.  At  one 
period  he  was  editor  of  St.  Paul's,  London  magazine,  to  which  he 
contributed  several  of  his  stories  as  serials.  His  "OrleyFarm," 
"  Barchester  Towers,"  "  Framley 
Parsonage,"  "  The  Last  Chronicle  of 
Barset,"  "  Phineas  Finn,"  "The  Vicar 
of  Bullhampton,"  and  others  equally 
well  known  are  among  his  numerous 
novels.  Died,  Dec.  6,  1883.  Thomas, 
a  brother  of  Anthony,  was  born  in 
1810,  and  has  written  several  histories, 
books  of  travels  and  a  few  novels, 
some  of  which  have  been  reprinted  in 
the  L'nited  States.  He  has  resided 
many  years  in  Italy. 


Tt-S 


Horace  Greeley, 
Founder  and  for  Many  Years  Editor  of  the  New  York  Tribti 


JUSTIN  McCarthy. 

USTIN  MCCARTHY,  the  London 
journalist  and  author  of  several 
novels  and  other  hooks,  was  bom 
at  Cork,  Ireland,  in  1830,  and  was 
liberally  educated  in  that  city.  In 
1853  he  became  connected  editorially 
with  a  Liverpool  newspaper,  and  in 
I860  with  the  London  Morning  Star,  of 
which  he  became  the  chief  editor  in 
1864.  In  1864  he  resigned  his  posi- 
tion and  for  nearly  three  years  traveled 
in  the  United  States,  visiting  thirty-five  States.  He  has  been  a  con- 
tributor to  several  English  and  American  periodicals;  has  written 
*'Con  Amore, "  a  volume  of  critical  essays,  and  "Prohibitory 
Legislation  in  the  United  States,"  relative  to  the  working  of  temper- 
ance hiws  in  several  States,  together  with  several  novels,  including 
"  Dear  Lady  Disdain,"  and  "Miss  Misanthrope. " 


1 


JOHN  P.  KENNEDY. 

fJlIIE  AUTHOU  of  "  Swalhiw-ilarn,"  "  llurse-Shoe  Robinson"  and 
"  Rob  of  the  Bowl,"  John  P.  Kennedy,  was  born  at  Baltimore, 
Md.,  October  35,  1795;  graduated  at  Baltimore  college  in  1812; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1816;  in  1818-20  published  a  weekly  paper 
called  the  Red-Book;  represented  his  district  in  the  State  legislature 
from  1820  to  1823;  was  elected  to  congress  in  1838,  18-U  and  1843;  in 
1846  was  returned  to  the  legislature,  serving  as  speaker;  was  appoin- 
ted Secretary  of  the  Navy  in  1852;  resigned  in  1853;  afterward  filled 
high  olllces  in  several  educational,  literary  and  scientific  societies; 
was  chairman  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Peabody  academy;  died 
at  Newport,  It.  I.,  August  18,  1870. 


r^ 


THK    AUTIIOU   OF    -"TWENTY    THOUSAND    LEAGUES    UNOEX4   THE    SEA. 


2»y 


JULES  VERNE. 

A  ROMANCE  writer  with  wonderful  powers  of  imii<rination  is  Jules 
\'erue,  whose  works  abound  with  extravagant  incidents  and  scien- 
tilie  application;^,  who  wan  born  at  Nantes,  France,  in  1838.  He 
studied  law,  but  wrote  plays  and  operatic  i>ieces.  His  first  romance, 
"Five  Weeks  in  a  Balloon,"  appeared  in  1863,  and  has  since  been 
followed  by  "A  .Journey  to  the  North  Pole,"  "The  Field  of  Ice,"  *'A 
Journey  to  the  Center  of  the  Earth,"  "Twenty  Thousand  Leagues 
Under  the  Sea,"  "From  the  Earth  to  the  Moon,"  "Dropped  from  the 
Clouds,"  "The  Mysterious  Island,"  "Around  tho  World  in  Eighty 
Pays,"  etc.  The  last  named  met  with  great  success  as  a  play  when 
dramatized  in  1H74.  Verne  has  also,  in  ecunpany  with  M.  Lavellee, 
published  an  illustrated  geography  of  France. 


CONSTANTINE  FRANCIS  VOLNEY. 

COUNT  de  Chaeseboeuf,  an  eminent  French  author,  better  known 
as  Constantine  F.  Volney,  was  born  at  Craon,  in  Brittany,  in  1757. 
He  was  educated  at  Angers,  and  for  three  years  studied  med- 
icine at  Paris.  He  spent  three  more  ^f? 
years  traveling  in  Syria  and  Egypt, 
and  a  volume  of  his  travels,  pub- 
lished after  his  return,  established  his 
literary  reputation.  He  was  then  ap- 
pointed to  an  important  public  office 
in  the  island  of  Corsica.  In  1789  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  national 
legislature  (states-general),  and  in  1791 
returned  to  Corsica.  In  1793-*i)4  he 
was  imprisoned  during  the  reign  of 
terror  for  ten  months  for  being  a  Giron- 
dist, and  in  1794  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  history  in  the  normal  school. 
In  1795  he  visited  the  United  States, 
remaining  about  three  years.  When 
he  returned  t{)  France  Napoleon  made 
him  a  senator,  in  1808  a  count,  and  in 
1814  Louis  XVIII.  created  him  a  peer. 
He  died  at  Paris  in  1820.  His  principal 
works  are  his  "Voyage  to  Egyi)t  and 
Syria,"  "The  Ruins,  or  Meditations 
on  the  Changes  in  Empires,"  "The 
Natural  Law,"  "Lessons  of  History," 
"Views  of  the  Climate  and  Soil  of  the 
United  States  of  America,"  "New 
Researches  in  Ancient  History,"  "The 


York,  London,  Paris  and  Leipsic.  The  series  reached  many  voluracB. 
In  187«  he  establisiied  the  Popular  Science  Monthly  in  New  York, 
and  has  continued,  with  the  help  of  his  sister,  to  make  it  a  valuable 
record  of  scientilie  dist^overies.  His  sister  has  also  published  eev- 
eral  text- books  on  botany,  etc. 


AN  AUTHC 
workingn 


SAMUEL  SMILES. 
THOR  whose  writings  have  been  mainly  in  the  interest  of 
ngmen  and  their  improvement,  Samuel  Smiles  was  horn  at 
Haddington,  Scotland,  in  18IG.  He  was  educated  for  a  surgeon 
and  for  some  time  practiced  his  profession  at  Leeds,  edited  the  Leeds 
Times^  and  subsequently  became  secretary  of  the  Leeds  and  Thirsk 
railway  and,  in  18.52,  secretary  of  the  Southeastern  railway,  a  |>osition 
that  he  retained  until  1806.  His  works  include  a  volume  on  "  Physi- 
cal Education,"  a  "History  of  Ireland  and  the  Irish  People  Under 
the  Government  of  England,"  a  "  Life  of  George  Stephenson," 
"Self- Help"  and  "Character,"  companion  books,  "Workmen's 
Earnings,  Strikes  and  Savings,"  "  Lives  of  the  Engineers"  (tlve 
v(dumes),  "  Industrial  Biography,"  a 
book  relating  to  the  Huguenots 
in  France,  and  another  about  the 
Huguenots  in  England  and  Ireland,  etc. 


CAPTAIN  FREDERICK  MARRYAT. 

lAPTAIN     Frederick    Marryat.     the 


CAPn 
wr 


JULES  VERNE 

Author  of  "  Twenty  Thousand  Leagues  Under  the  Sea, 
the  World  in  Eighty  Days, "' 

European  Alphabet  Applicable  to  the  Languages  of  Asia, 


"  etc. 


'  'Around 


etc. 


EDWARD  LIVINGSTON  YOUMANS. 

THE  thoroughly  scientilie  autlinr,  Edward  I,.  Youmans,  was  born  at 
Coeymans,  N.  Y. ,  in  1H21.  Owing  to  disease  at  the  age  of  thirteen 
years,  his  eyesight  became  seriously  injured,  resulting  in  tempo- 
rary blindness  for  several  years  and  defective  vision  afterwards,  but 
with  the  aid  of  his  sister,  Eliza  Anne,  and  a  writing-machine  of  his 
own  contrivance,  he  was  enabled  to  study  chemistry  and  physics.  His 
"Class-Book  of  Chemistry"  was  first  published  in  1853,  "Alcohol 
and  the  Constitution  of  Man"  in  1853,  "Chemical  Atlas"  in  1855, 
"The  Hand-Book  of  Household  Science  "  in  1857,  " The  Correlation 
and  Conservation  of  Forces"  in  1864,  "The  Culture  Demanded  by 
Modern  Life"  in  1867.  The  last  two  were  compilations,  with 
original  introductions,  and  the  latter  contained  an  original  lecture  on 
"The  Scientific  Study  of  Human  Nature."  He  has  delivered  two 
courses  of  scientific  lectures  in  public,  "  The  Chemistry  of  a  Sun- 
beam" and  "The  Dynamics  of  Life."  In  1871  he  planned  the 
publication  of  an  "International  Scientific  Series"  nf  books  at  New 


riter  of  several  well-known  sea- 
tales,  novels,  and  books  for  youth, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1792.  He 
entered  the  naval  service  as  araidsbip- 
num  about  1806,  and  it  is  said  that  he 
participated  in  no  less  than  fifty  engage- 
ments, being  severely  wounded  in  one. 
He  is  also  credited  with  having  saved 
tlie  lives  of  several  drowning  shipmates 
by  jumping  overboard  and  rescuing 
them,  feats  for  which  the  British 
Humane  society  awarded  him  a  medal. 
During  the  war  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain,  his  ship  was 
stationed  on  the  North  American 
coast,  and  shortly  before  the  hattle  of 
New  Orleans  he  was  engaged  in  a  fight 
with  gunboats  in  Lake  Pontchartrain, 
La.  He  visited  the  United  States  in 
1838,  and  published  the  diary  of  his  tour  in  the  following  year.  His 
first  novel,  "■  Frank  Mildmay. "  was  written  in  1829.  and  is  said  to 
contain  many  of  his  own  personal  adventures.  In  1837  he  published 
a  code  of  marine  signals  for  merchant  vessels,  which  has  been 
adopted  by  several  nations,  and  for  which  King  Louis  Philippe,  of 
France,  bestowed  upon  him  the  cross  of  the  legion  of  honor.  His 
books  have  been  very  popular,  and  are  distinguished  for  their  health- 
ful moral  tone  as  well  as  their  fullness  of  entertaining  incidents 
and  adventures.  He  died  at  Langham.  England,  in  1848.  His 
daughter  Florence  (Mrs.  Ross  Church)  published  his  life  and  corre- 
spondence in  1872,  and  has  herself  written  several  novels.  His  son 
Samuel,  who  was  born  in  1826,  was  also  an  officer  in  the  British 
navy,  but  resigned,  went  to  California  in  1850.  returned  to  England 
in  1853,  and  wrote  a  book  about  California.  "Mountains  and  Mole- 
hills," which  was  published  in  London  in  1855,  the  year  of  his 
death.  Some  of  Marryat's  novels  are:  "The  King's  Own,"  "The 
Pacha  of  Many  Tales,"  "The  Pirate  and  the  Three  Cutters,"  "  Mid- 
shipman Easy,"  "Japhet  in  Search  of  a  Father,"  "Percival  Keene," 
"The  Phantom  Ship."  "  Poor  Jack,"  "  The  Privateersman,"  etc. 


? 


^  :Ca " 


h 


19 


6 


290 


SHERIDAN,    AUTHOR    OF    "  PIZAERO        AND    OTHER   PLAYS. 


i 


^=^ 


«#^ 


,^/rj 


Poet,   Play-Writer   and    Politician. 


^^i^3""®<^ 


'  EREWITH  is  presented  the  sketch 
of  one  who,  though  never  con- 
spicuously distinguished  as  "  a 
poet,  nevertheless  so  favorably 
impressed  the  British  public  with 
his  literary  talent,  as  to  find  a 
place  in  the  poet's  corner  in  West- 
minster Abbey  at  his  death. 

Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan,  a 
prominent  dramatist  and  politician, 
was  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1751.  His  father,  Thomas, 
was  a  son  of  Thomas  Sheridan, 
senior,  an  Irish  clergyman,  while 
his  mother,  Frances,  was  of  English 
extraction. 

Richard's  father  was  an  elocu- 
tionist, for  some  years  manager  of 
the  Dublin  Theater,  and  a  literary 
man  of  note.  His  mother  was  a 
novelist.  Richard  thus  came  into 
the  world  with  a  considerable  in- 
heritance of  genius,  and  was 
destined  to  make  his  mark. 

At  the  age  of  eleven  years  he 
was  sent  to  Harrow,  and  later  went 
to  Bath,  where  his  family  had 
settled.  Here,  with  an  associate, 
he  engaged  in  literary  work. 
Falling  in  love  with  a  beautiful  young  vocalist,  Miss  Linlcy,  of 
that  city,  he  suddenly  left  with  her  and  proceeded  to  Calais.  France, 
in  1772.  where  they  were  secretly  married.  This  movement  was 
made  in  order  to  escape  the  annoyance  of  a  libertine  named  Matthews, 
who  pursued  the  lady.  Subsequently  two  duels  were  fought  with 
Matthews,  Sheridan  being  wounded  in  the  second.  He  became  a 
law-student  in  the  Middle  Temple  in  1773.  and  was  soon  married 
by  license,  when  he  domiciled  himself  in  a  cottage  at  East  Burnham. 
In  1775  his  play  of  "The  Rivals"  was  produced  at  Covent  Garden, 
London;  it  became  a  favorite  and  has  since  remained  so.  This  was 
followed  by  a  fur--.-   nnd    Ihi-   <oniic  npcni  of  *  ■  Thr-  niicnn.i."  which 


had  a  successful  run.  He  became 
interested  in  the  Drury  Lane  theater, 
and  in  1777  brought  out  "School  for 
Scandal,"  which  made  him  famous  in 
the  sphere  T)f  dramatic  literature. 

Later  he  joined  the  whig  party,  and 
connected  himself  with  a  periodical 
called  The  Englishman.  He  was  ^ 
made  a  member  of  parliament  from 
Stafford,  in  1780,  and  afterwards  was 
under-secretary  of  state  during  the 
Rockingham  ministry.  The  latter 
position  was  resigned  and  he  became 
secretary  of  the  treasury.  On  the 
occasion  of  the  impeachment  trial  of 
Warren  Hastings,  he  made  the  great- 
est speech  of  his  life,  four  days  being 
spent  in  its  delivery.  In  1790  he 
was  again  sent  to  parliament  from 
Stafford. 

On  the  death  of  his  wife,  in  1792. 
he  married  Miss  Ogle,  a  daughter  of 
the  dean  of  Winchester.  In  1799  the 
play  of  "Pizarro'"  was  brought  for- 
ward, and  has  ever  since  possessed  a 
charm  over  lovers  of  pure  drama. 

Sheridan's  improvident  habits  in* 
volved  him  in  debt  and  misfortune; 
while  the  loss  by  fire  of  Drury  Lane 
theater,  his   failure  of   re-election  to  / 

office  in  1812.  together  with  drink  and  ( 

waste  of  liealth,  completed  his  ruin.  r^ 

He   died  in  London,   in  July,    1816,  \ 

attended  by  his  medical  adviser  and  J 

three  other  friends,  who  remained 
true  to  him  till  the  end. 

Sheridan  and  his  associate,  at  Bath,  wrote  "A  Translation  of  Aris- 
ta:netus."  His  life  by  Thomas  Moore  was  published  in  1825,  and 
his  speeches  were  edited  and  issued  in  London  in  1816.  His  poems, 
ilraniMs,  mid  olln-r  iiuillcr,  wr-n'  prinli'd  in  1S74. 


m 


A    DISTINGUISHED,    DESUUIl'TI VE,    FK.TIDN    WRlTKi; 


^IJl 


1  ?. -V  .^.>, 't"^/? 


at  work 


a  blacking 


\E  OF  THE  most  popular  and  fascinating  of 
modern  novelists,  was  Charles  Dickuns.  the 
son  of  John  Dickens,  a  clerk  in  the  pay  oflice 
of  the  British  navy.  He  was  born  near  Ports- 
mouth, England,  in  18V2.  In  1816  the 
family  removed  to  Chatham,  where  Charles' 
education  was  begun,  and  so  precocious  was 
his  literary  talent  that  he  wrote  a  tragedy 
when  nine  years  old.  The  father  having 
become  bankrupt,  the  family  suffered  the  in- 
conveniences of  poverty;  Charles  was  set 
manufactory,  and  the  father  found  employ- 
ment as  a  reporter  on  the  London  Morning  Chronicle,  being  helped 
also,  materially,  by  the  receipt  of  a  small  legacy.  After  two  years' 
schooling,  Charles  was  placed  in  an  attorney's  office,  and  read  novels 
and  visited  theaters  when  not  at  work.  He  then  applied  himself 
lo  the  study  of  short-hand  writing  with  so  much  assiduity  that 
;iT  the  age  of  nineteen  was  engaged  as  a  reporter  for  two  London 
newspapers. 

His  first  published  literary  sketch,  '' Mr.  Timms  and  his  Cousin, " 
appeared  in  the  Old  Monthly  Magazine,  in  1834,  and  was  soon 
followed  by  others,  under  the  signature  of  "Boz. "  a  name  that 
originated  in  the  ludicrous  nicknaming  of  a  younger  brother.  Sub- 
sequently these  sketches,  for  which  Dickens  received  two  guineas  a 
week  in  addition  to  his  regular  salary  on  the  Evening  Chronicle^ 
were  published  in  book  form,  in  183(5.  That  year  Dickens  married 
Miss  Kate  Hogarth,  the  eldest  daughter  of  a  newspaper  writer. 
About  this  time  Dickens  began,  as  a  serial,  the  publication  of  the 
•' Pickwick  Pai)ers. "  a  work  which  won  him  fame  and  money,  and 
paved  the  way  for  his  life-long  career  as  a  successful  novelist.  It 
became  exceedingly  popular  in  Europe  and  America.  ' '  Oliver 
Twist"  appeared  in  book  form  in  1838.  having  previously  run 
through  Ben/ley's  Miscellany  as  a  serial — a  magazine  of  which  he  was 
at  one  time  the  editor.  Other-  books  followed,  the  most  noted  of 
which,  "Nicholas  Nickleby, "  was  concluded  in  October.  1839. 
"The  Old  Curiosity  Shop"  and  -'Barnaby  Rudge  "  appeared  in 
numbers  in  1840  and  1841.  and  added  to  his  growing  fame. 


? 


In  1842  Dickens  and  hi?  wife  visited  America  for  a  few  months, 
and  were  received  with  fulsome  enthusiasm  l>y  the  people.  The  result 
of  the  visit  was  two  books — ' '  American  Notes  "  and  ' '  Martin  Chuz- 
zlewit" — in  which  American  institutions  and  character  were  severely 
criticised. 

Continuing  his  literary  labors,  Dickens  went  to  Italy,  in  1844, 
remaining  there  about  a  year.  In  January,  1846,  he  became 
editor  of  the  London  Dailij  Neim,  but  this  ijosition  he  only  held  four 
months.  In  1858  Dickens  and  his  wife  amicably  separated  for 
private  reasons.  In  1859  he  closed  up  Household  Words,  a  weekly 
magazine  which  he  had  started  in  1850,  and  began  another  similar 
periodical.  All  the  Tear  Eoimd.  which  he  conducted  until  his  death, 
bequeathing  it  to  his  oldest  son. 

In  1858  Dickens  begiin  his  career  as  a  public  reader  of  his  own 
writings,  in  which  he  met  with  great  success  in  Great  Britain, 
Ireland,  France  and  America.  On  the  occasion  of  his  second  visit 
to  this  country  in  1867  he  was  received  with  enthusiasm,  the  ani- 
mosities attending  his  assaults  upon  our  institutions  and  people,  in 
1843,  were  forgiven,  and  he  went  home,  after  a  few  months,  better 
pleased  with  the  Americans  and  they  with  him.  His  last  public  read- 
ing was  given  in  England,  in  March,  18T0.  He  was  then  engrossed 
iu  the  production  of  a  new  serial  novel,  "Edwin  Drood, "  which  was 
about  half  finished  at  the  time  when  he  suddenly  died  at  Gadshill, 
near  Rochester,  England,  June  0.  1870. 

Dickens  was  emphatically  the  people's  novelist,  and  his  faculty 
of  teaching  some  wholesome  public  moral  by  his  fictions  did  much 
toward  the  adoption  of  some  important  reforms.  He  was  buried 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  without  pomp.  Shortly  before  his  death 
he  visited  Queen  Victoria  at  her  request,  and  was  offered  the 
honor  of  knighthood;  but  he  declined  it.  His  works,  besides  those 
mentioned  above,  include  the  following:  Eight  "  Christmas  Stories, " 
which  met  with  great  favor  as  they  respectively  appeared;  "Pictures 
from  Italy,  "  "  Dombey  and  Son, "  ■  •  David  Copperfield, "  "  A  Child's 
History  of  England,"  "Hard  Times,"  "  Bleak  House, "  "Little 
Dorrit, "  "A  Tale  of  Two  Cities. "  •  •  Great  Expectations, "  '  •  The 
Uncommercial  Traveler,"  and  "  Our  Mutual  Friend,"  not  to  mention 
farces  and>ome  uncollected  short  stories. 


^ 


292 


THAOKEKAY,    WELL-KNOWN    ENGLISH    NOVELIST. 


^^BBmmi^mm 


Lecturer,  Poet  and  Novelist. 


^HE  AGREEABLE  English  author  of  high  rank, 
William  M.  Tbackeniy,  was  born  at  Calcutta, 
India,  in  1811.  while  his  fatht;r  way  in  the 
service  of  the  East  India  Company,  and  was 
educated  in  London  and  Cambridge  univer- 
sities, England.  Inheriting  about  $100,000 
in  183'^,  he  traveled  in  Europe  and  studied 
art,  remaining  abroad  for  several  years. 
Losing  the  most  of  his  fortune  by  specula- 
tion, he  entered  upon  a  successful  literary 
career,  which  he  continued  until  the  close  of 
his  life. 
He  wrote  for  F/'aser's  Magazine,  under  the 
■Michael  Angelo  Titmarsh  "'  and  "George  Fitz-Iioodle. " 
and  to  the  hondon  Punch,  in  which  appeared  "Jeames' Diary, " 
"The  Fat  Contributor,"  and  "The  Snob  Papers,"  now  found 
among  the  later  editions  of  bis  works.      "  Vanity  Fair, "  a    novel, 


names  of 


published  as  a  serial,  greatly  enhanced  his  reputation,  in  l846-'8. 
In  1845  he  visited  the  East.  In  1848  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
but  did  not  practice.  In  1851  he  delivered  to  London  audiences  his 
popular  lectures  of  the  "English  Humorists  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century;"  in  1852  he  repeated  them  to  American  houses,  and  in 
1855-'G  again  delivered  them  in  this  country,  together  with  his  other 
course  of  lectures  on  "The  Four  Georges."  From  1859  to  1862  he 
edited  the  Cornhill  Magazine,  in  London,  which  gained  a  large  cir- 
culation under  his  management. 

He  died  in  December,  1863.  His  fame  rests  as  much  on  "Vanity 
Fair"  as  on  any  of  his  subsequent  books,  among  which  the  principal 
are  "Pendennis, "  "Henry  Esmond,"  "The  Newcomes. "  "The 
Virginians, "  "Lovel  the  Widower, "  '  ■  Adventures  of  Philip, " 
and  the  "Book  of  Snobs."  His  daughter,  Anne  Isabelhi,  has 
written  and  published  "The  Story  of  Elizabeth,"  "The  Village  on 
the  Cliff,"  and  other  books. 


The  Age  of  Wisdom. 


BY    WILLIAM    MAKEPEACE    TUACKERAT. 


■•.6i 


¥¥0:  PRETTY  page,  with  the  dimpled  chin, 
AA  That  never  has  known  the  barber's  shear. 

All  your  wish  is  woman  to  win; 

This  is  the  way  that  boys  begin^ 
Wait  till  you  come  to  forty  year. 


Sj?(5urly  gold  locks  cover  foolish  brains; 

^^  Billing  and  cooing  is  all  your  cheer — 
Sighing,  and  singing  of  midnight  strains, 
Under  Bonnybell%  window  ])anes — 
Wait  till  you  come  to  forty  year. 

^Cfforty  times  over  let  Mii'haelmas  speed; 

*-    (irizzling  hair  the  brain  doth  ch^ar; 
Then  you  know  a  boy  is  in  need 
Of  much  more  sense,  much  more  indeed— 
ftnee  you  havtr  come  to  forty  year 


[Pledge  me  round;  I  bid  yc  declare, 
''  All  good  fellows  whose  beards  are  gray — 
Did  not  the  fairest  of  the  fair 
Common  grow  and  wearisome  ere 
Ever  a  month  was  past  awayV 

The  reddest  lips  that  ever  have  kissed, 
^'  The  brightest  eyes  that  ever  have  shone, 
May  pray  and  whisper  and  we  not  list, 
Or  look  away  and  never  bo  missed — 
Ere  yet  ever  a  month  is  gone- 


e^ 


illian's  deiidl  God  rest  her  bier — 

How  I  loved  her  twenty  years  syne! 
Marian's  married;  but  I  sit  here. 
Alone  and  merry  at  forty  year, 

l>il>pini:  niv  nnse  in  the  (iasmn  wine. 


:(> 


-nC); 


THE    OELEBItATEU    SCOTCH    NOVEI.ISI'. 


2'.r.i 


Q' 


Author  of  the     Waverley  Novels." 


1792.      Literature, 


tllE  EMINENT  novelist,  poet  and 
historian.  Sir  Walter  Scott,  was 
born  at  Edinburgli,  Scotland,  in 
1771.  He  was  educated  at  the 
high  school  and  university  of 
Edinburgh.  In  1 786  he  entered  his 
father's  law  office,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  practice  of  the  law 
however,  soon  engrossed  his  thoughts.  In 
1797  he  married  Miss  Charlotte  M.  Carpenter,  and  in  1799  he  was 
appointed  to  a  sheriff's  office.  In  1806  he  became  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal clerks  in  the  Scottish  court  of  session,  with  a  good  salary  and 
plenty  of  time  for  literary  pursuits. 

Previous  to  1817  he  had  written  most  of  the  poems,  tales  in 
verse,  ballads,  translations  and  metrical  romances  that  have  made 
him  famous  as  a  poet.  He  also  edited  Dryden's  works  and  wrote 
a  life  of  that  poet.  *' Waverley. "  his  first  distinguished  novel,  was 
published  in  July,  1814,  anonymously,  but  paved  the  way  by  its 
literary  excellence  for  the  extensive  series  of  '■'Waverley  Novels," 
on  which  his  reputation  is  based.  In  the  meantime  he  had  founded 
and  built  his  castellated  mansion  of  "  AJbbotsford, "  to  which  his 
literary  fame  has  given  a  popular  interest.  In  1815  "  Guy  Manner- 
ing"  succeeded  "Waverley."  and  from  that  period  to  I8'25  he  wrote 
his  other  novels  in  rapid  succession.  Besides  these  he  had  written 
some  of  his  dramas,  edited  the  works  of  Swift  and  other  authors, 
contributed  to  the  leading  reviews  and  other  periodicals  of  the  day, 


and  wrote  several  articles  for  the  ' '  Encyclopa-dia  Britannica. '' 
His  wealth  and  popularity  made  Abbotsford  a  great  resort  for  vis- 
itors of  every  degree  and  rank.  In  1820  King  George  r\'.  conferred 
upon  him  a  baronetcy.  In  1826  he  became  pecuniarily  embarrassed 
by  the  failure  of  his  Edinburgh  publishers,  and  another  firm,  by  its 
failure,  also  involved  his  means.  He  owed  the  creditors  of  both 
houses  about  $600,000,  and  at  the  age  of  fifty-five  years  he  set  about 
the  task  of  paying  off  these  demands  by  his  literary  labor.  In  1826 
appeared  his  "Life  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,"  and  other  works  well 
known  to  bis  readers,  hut  it  was  not  until  1827  that  be  acknowledged 
himself  to  be  the  author  of  "Waverley"  and  the  "Waverley  Novels. " 
although  he  had  long  been  credited  with  that  distinction.  He  con- 
tinued to  write  voluminously,  including  two  scries  of  bis  "Tales  of  a 
Grandfather;"  his  "  History  of  Scotland,"  "Letters  on  Demonology 
and  Witchcraft,"  and  reduced  his  indebtedness  materially. 

His  health  began  to  fail  about  1830,  and  a  hereditary  disease  mani- 
fested itself  so  severely  that  literary  labor  was  suspended  by  medical 
advice,  and  he  visited  Italy  in  a  ve.ssel  furnished  by  the  admiralty. 
Finding  himself  failing,  he  desired  to  be  taken  home,  but  was  insen- 
sible when  London  was  reached  in  June,  1832,  and  died  within  a 
short  time  after  his  arrival  at  Abbotsford.  He  was  buried  in  Dry- 
burgh  Abbey,  and  a  noble  Gothic  structure,  erected  at  Edinburgh  in 
l844-'6,  perpetuates  his  memory. 

Before  his  death  he  had  liquidated  about  one-third  of  his  indebted- 
ness, and  the  remainder  was  paid  through  the  sale  of  the  copyrights 
of  the  ' '  Waverley  Novels.  " 


HYMN  OF  THE  HEBREW  MAID. 


BY  SIR  WALTER  SCOTT. 


HKN  Israel,  of  the  Lord  beloved. 

Out.  f  rum  the  land  of  bondnge  came, 
Her  father's  Ood  before  her  moved. 

An  awful  trnitlc  in  '^innke  and  flame, 
liv  dav  :iI"nK  tin-  aslMiiislied  lands 

Tlu-  rl.Mid.v  pillar  M:li<l^-d  slow; 
By  niplit  Aial)iaV  trJm~Mnfd  sands 

Returned  the  Hery  column's  glow. 

There  rose  the  choral  hymn  of  praise. 

And  tiuni|i  and  timbrel  answered  keen; 
And  ZiiinN  .i;iiii.'litfrs  poured  their  lays. 

With  |iii(">l'>  and  warrior's  voice  between. 
No  po^teIl^^  now  our  foes  amaze — 

Forsaken  Israel  wanders  lone; 
Our  fathers  would  not  know  Thy  ways. 
And  Thou  hast  left  them  to  their  own. 


But.  present  still,  thouph  now  unseen. 

When  brightly  shines  the  prosperous  day, 
Be  thoughts  of  Thee  a  cloudy  screen. 

To  temper  the  deceitful  ray. 
And  oh,  when  stoops  on  ,7udah's  path 

In  shade  and  storm  the  frequent  night, 
Be  Tliou,  long-sutfering.  slow  to  wrath, 

A  burning  and  a  shining  light! 

Our  harps  we  left  by  Babel's  streams — 

The  Tyrant's  jest,  the  Gentile's  scorn; 
No  censer  round  our  altar  beams. 

And  mute  are  timbrel,  trump,  and  horn. 
But  Thou  hast  said,  the  blood  of  goats, 

The  flesh  of  rams,  I  will  not  prize— 
A  contrite  heart,  and  humble  thoughts, 

Are  mine  accepted  sacrirtce. 


i: 


-voT^ 


X 


><]  (7 — 


T- 


•2'Ji 


HOME    OF    MRS.    SIGOURJMEY. 


Distinguished  Poets. 


H.  Sigourney,  Swinburne,  Virgil  and  Robert  Pollok. 


Prose  and  \'r 
in  1815;  "Letters  to  Young 
Ladies," in  1833;  "Pocahontas and 
Other  Poems,"  in  1841;  "Pleas- 
ant Memories  of  Pleasant  Lands," 
the  outgrowth  of  her  visit  to 
Europe,  in  1842;  "Past  Meridian,'' 
in  1854,  and  "  The  Man  of  Uz,  and 
Other  Poems,"  in  1862.  She  died 
at  Hartford  in  1865,  and  her  auto- 
hiography  was  published  in  the 
following  year,  under  the  title  of 
"Letters  of  Life.'*' 


TDIA  nrXTLEY  was  born  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
in  1791,  and  during  her  life-time 
seventy-three  years,  contributed 
nearly  sixty  volumes  of  original 
poetry  and  prose  and  selected  writ- 
ings to  the  literature  of  the  United 
States.  At  the  age  of  twenty-three 
>he  taught  a  private  school  at  Hart- 
find,  and  in  1819  she  was  married  to 
Mr.  Charles  Sigourney,  a  merchant 
nf  that  city.  Her  "  Moral  Pieces  in 
was  published 


mB 


A'^^"' 


Home  of  Mrs.  Sigourney, 

Rural  Resilience  which  nvfilouked  the  City  of    Hartfniti 


ALGERNON  SWINBURNE. 

LiiKKNOX  CIIAKLES,  j^on  of 
late  British  Admiral 
Swinburne,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don in  1837.  He  entered  Balliol 
college,  Oxford,  in  1857,  but  left  it 
without  taking  a  degree.  Up  to 
1865  he  had  published  the  follow- 
ing plays:  "The  C^ueen  Mother,"  "Kosamond,"  "  Atalanta  in 
Calydon,"  and  "  Chastelard."  In  1866  he  published  a  volume  of 
"Poems  and  Ballads,"  which  was  bitterly  criticised,  and  inaugu- 
rated a  literary  warfare,  resulting  in  one  volume  by  W.  M. 
Rossctti,  and  a  rejoinder  by  Swinburne.  Since  then  the  latter 
has  published  "  A  Song  of  Italy,"  "  William  Blake,"  "  Siena,"  some 
'*Notesonthe  Koyal  Academy  Exhibition  "  of  1868,  "Ode  on  the 
Proclamation  of  the  French  Republic"  (September  4,  1870),  "Songs 
Before  Sunrise  "  (a  {^lorillcation  of  pantheism  and  reijublicanism), 
"  Bothwell  "  (a  tragedy),  "  Essays  and  Studies,"  "  A  Note  on  Char- 
lotte Bronte,"  "George  Chapman"  (a  critical  essay),  "Erechtheus" 
(a  play).  In  addition  to  his  other  works,  he  edited  "Christabel, 
and  the  Lyrical  and  Imaginative  Poems  of  Samuel  T.  Coleridge,"  the 
works  of  George  Chapman,  and  a  seconti  series  of  "  Poems  and 
Ballads." 


VIRGIL. 

jHE  greatest  of  the  Roman  poets,  Publius  Virgilius  (or  Vergiliue) 
Maro  Virgil,  was  born  at  Andes,  near  Mantua,  Italy,  seventy 
years  before  Christ,  and  was  educated  at  Cremona,  Milan,  and 
Naples.  In  his  thirtieth  year  he  visited  Rome,  seeking  to  obtain  the 
restoration  of  his  lands,  which  the  soldiers  of  Augustus  had  seized 
after  the  battle  of  Philippi.  Augustus  granted  him  the  necessary 
papers  of  restoration,  but  on  bis  return  Virgil  was  compelled  to 
swim  across  the  Mincio  river  in  order  to  save  his  life.  Another 
mandate  was  granted  by  Augustus,  and  with  this  Virgil  accomplished 
his  desire.  The  remainder  of  his 
life  was  devoted  to  literary  labor, 
and  was  cheered  by  the  friendship 
of  Augustus,  Maecenas,  and  all  the 
other  eminent  men  of  the  age. 
His  fame  is  founded  on  his 
"  Eclogues,"  "  The  Georgics."  and 
"  The  ^neid,"  although  he  did  not 
live  to  give  the  latter  the  finishing 
touches.  He  died  at  Brnndusium 
in  the  year  nineteen  before  Christ, 
and  \\as  buried  at  Naples. 


T" 


ROBERT  POLLOK. 

HE  son  of  a  farmer,  Robert 
Pollok  was  born  near  Muir- 
house,  Scotland,  in  1798.  With 
the  view  of  becoming  a  preacher, 
after  some  years  of  labor  on  the 
farm,  he  entered  the  university  of 
tJlasgow  at  the  age  of  nineteen, 
remaining  there  five  years.  Hav- 
ing graduated,  he  began  his  theological  studies  at  Glasgow,  and  in 
1837  became  a  preacher  in  the  United  Secession  church.  In  the 
spring  of  this  year  he  published  his  poem  of  "  The  Course  of 
Time,"  which  became  very  popular  owing  to  its  firm  religious  char- 
acter, as  well  as  its  originality  and  poetic  excellence.  It  has  reached 
a  wide  circulation,  both  in  Europe  and  America.  Pollok  did  not 
long  survive  its  publication,  consumption  causing  his  death  at  South- 
ampton, England,  in  September,  1827,  as  he  was  about  to  embark  on 
a  voyage  to  Italy  for  tlie  benefit  of  his  health.  While  a  student  he 
wrote  three  tales  in  prose,  entitled  "Helen  of  the  Glen,"  "Ralph 
Gemmell,"  and  "The  Persecuted  Family."  These  have  since 
been  collected  and  published  as  "Talcs  of  the  Covenanters." 
Upward  of  twenty  editions  of  his  principal  work  (the  "Course  of 
Time")  have  been  issued  in  this  country,  besides,  as  indicated,  the 
large  number  in  Britain. 


^<5; 


ji,i\i-:ii  WKxmaj.  ]ii)LMi';s,   JMivhiciAiX  AiN1>  pokt. 


29i: 


OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLMES. 

TilK  popular  AnuTinui  i)!iysici;ui,  pout,  essayist  and  novelist, 
Oliver  Wendell  Ilolnics,  war?  bom  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  in  1809. 
He  was  educated  at  Harvard  eollej^e,  where  he  graduated  in  1829. 
He  first  chose  the  ])rofession  of  law,  but  forsook  it  in  order  to  pre- 
pare liimself  for  a  phyf*ieian.  In  pursuit  of  this  plan  he  visited  the 
Purls  and  other  European  hospitals,  and  began  to  praetice  medicine 
in  Boston  in  1835.  In  lH;i8  he  was  elected  professor  of  anatomy  and 
physiology  at  Dartmouth  college,  and  in  1857  he  was  appointed  to 
that  chair  in  Harvard  college.  His  literary  contributions  to  periodi- 
cals date  back  to  1830,  and  his  reputation  us  a  poet  was  enhanced  by 
his  metrical  essay  on  "Poetry,"  which  was  followed  by  numerous 
others  of  superior  merit.  For  years  be  was  a  popular  public  lec- 
turer, and  has  achieved  an  enviable  fame  by  bis  verse-recitations  ut 
class  and  literary  reunions,  and  by  bis  songs,  lyrics  and  poems  for 
festive  occasions.  In  science  he  has  won  distinction  by  bis 
researches  in  the  use  of  the  stethoscope  and  microscope  and  bis 
contributions  to  current  medical  literature.  His  principal  books 
include  "The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table,"  "■  The  Professor  at 
the  Breakfast  Table,"  "Elsie  Vcnner,"  "Songs  in  Many  Keys," 
"Soundings  from  the  Atlantic,"  "The  CJuardiau  Angel," 
"  Mecbitnism  in  Thought  and  Morals,* 
etc. 


papers.  In  185(3  he  conni*cted  himself  editorially  with  the  Jlonie 
Journal  iti  New  York,  retaining  this  ponition  for  three  years.  Since 
then  he  has  written  freely,  both  of  prose  and  poetry.  Ilis  principal 
books  are:  "The  Bells  imd  Other  Poems,"  "  Babie  Bell  and  Other 
Poems, "  "  The  Course  of  True  Love  Never  Did  Run  Smooth,"  *'  Pam- 
pinea  and  Other  Poems,"  "Out  of  His  Head"  (a  prone  romance),  '*The 
Story  of  a  Bad  Boy,"  and  one  or  two  other  books.  He  was  once 
editor  of  Krenj  Saturday,  and  in  1881,  of  the  Atlantic  Monthbj. 


R" 


FELICIA   DOROTHEA  HEMANS. 


FELICIA,  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Browne, 
a  merchant  of  Liverpool,  England, 
WHS  born  in  that  city  in  1794,  but 
her  infant  years  were  passed  in  Wales. 
In  her  childhood  she  wrote  a  number 
of  poems  which  were  collected  and 
printed  in  book-form  while  she  was  in 
her  fourteenth  year.  Another  volume  of 
poems,  on  the  domestic  affections,  pub- 
lished in  1812,  established  her  poetic 
reputation.  Having  been  married  in  1812 
to  Captain  Hemans,  she  became  the 
mother  of  five  sous,  after  which  her  hus- 
band parted  from  her  and  went  to  Italy 
to  recuperate  bis  failing  health,  and  they 
never  met  again.  In  order  to  meet  the 
expense  of  educating  her  children,  she 
wrote  for  periodicals,  in  which  many  of 
her  shorter  poems  appeared.  Between  this  period  and  that  of  her 
death,  near  Dublin,  in  1835,  she  published  "Tales  and  Historic 
Scenes,"  "Modern  Greece,"  "Dartmoor"  (a  prize  poem),  "The 
Skeptic,"  "The  Vespers  of  Palermo,"  a  play,  which  was  successfully 
acted  at  Edinburgh,  although  its  representation  in  London  failed. 
Before  her  death  she  rezuoved  to  Dublin,  where  a  brother  resided. 
Her  last  poem  was  "  A  Sabbath  Sonnet. " 


1  Scutche 
■»"4-     talent,  j 

*  T   nrm       tl 


Author  of  ' 


THE   BROWNINGS. 

OBERT  BROWNING  wat<  born  at  Camberwell,  England,  in  1812, 
and  was  educated  at  the  London  university.      Alwut  1832  he  went 
to  Italy,  and  remained  there  several  years,  studying  the  history  and 
characteristics  of  the  people.      In  1835  was  published  his  dramatic 
poem  of  "Paracelsus,  and  in  1837  his  tragedy  of  "Strafford"   was 
produced  in  a   London   theater,    but   Imlb  met  with  ()nly  moderate 
popularity.      His  poem    of    "Sordello"  appeared  in   1840,  but  was 
condemned  by  the  public  as  an   "unintelligible   rhapsody,   with  no 
meaning."      "Bells  and  Pomegranates,"  a  serial  collection  of  bis 
dramatic  and  lyric  poems,   was  published  between  1842  and  1840. 
Among   its   other  contents    was    his   tragedy   of    "  A    Blot   on    the 
tcheon,"  which  displayed  much  poetic 
and  was  publicly  jdayed  at  Drnry 
Lane   theater   in    1843,   with  indifferent 
success.       In  1846  Mr.   Browning  mar- 
ried  Miss  Elizabeth    Barrett,   a  poetess 
of  acknowledged  genius,  who  died  inl861. 
Browning   especially  cultivated  the  arts 
of  music  and  painting,  becoming  familiar 
with  the    history  of  both.      In  1856   ap- 
peared bis  "  Men  and  Women."     Among 
bis  other  works  the  following  are  noted: 
"  King     Victor      and     King     Charles," 
"Dramatic    Lyrics,"     "Return    of    the 
Druses,"  " The SouTs Errand," and  "The 
Ring  and  the  Book."     Mrs.  Browning's 
literary  reputation  rests  on  lier  "  Aurora 
Leigh,"   "The  Drama  of  E.xile,"  "Iso- 
her?   Child,"     "  Casa  Guidi  Windows," 
The  Cry  of  the  Children,"  "My  Doves," 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  I         "The      Sleep,"      and      several      minor 

and  poems. 


+  :: 


The  Autocrat  uf  the  Breakfast  Table 
Many  Charming  Poems. 


THOMAS  BAILEY  ALDRICH. 

IN  1836,  Portsmoutli,  N.  XL,  had  the  honor  of  being  the  birthplace 
of  Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich.  While  preparing  to  enter  college  he  had 
the  misfortune  to  lose  bis  father,  and  abandoned  his  studies  in  order 
to  work  in  his  uncle's  mercantile  counting-house  in  New  York. 
Achieving  some  success  as  a  contributor  of  verses  to  the  New  York 
papers,  he  forsook  the  counting-house  at  the  end  of  three  years  and 
devoted  himself  to  the  more  genial  pursuits  of  literature.  In  1855  a 
collection  of  his  pbems  was  published,  and  in  185(5  his  reputation 
was  greatly  enhanced  by  the  publication  of  "Babie  Bell,"  which  bad 
an  extensive  "  run  "  through  the  newspapers.  He  became  a  frequent 
contributor  to  Patnain's.  the  Knickerbocker,  and  the  weeklv  literarv 


JOHN    DRYDEN. 

NOTED  among  British  poets  as  a  superior  satirist,  and  the  author  of 
twenty-seven  plays,  John  Dryden  represented  the  age  in  which 
he  lived.  He  was  born  in  Northamptonshire,  England,  in  1631, 
the  eldest  of  fourteen  children  of  one  of  Cromwell's  magistrates,  and, 
while  receiving  his  education,  his  poetical  talent  early  manifested 
Itself.  Although  he  graduated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  in 
1654,  he  remained  there  about  three  years  longer.  Going  to  London 
be  obtained  an  inferior  position  as  a  clerk.  ^\TiiIe  Cromwell  lived, 
Dryden  supported  bis  cause,  and  lamented  his  death  in  heroic  verse. 
Upon  the  restoration  of  the  kingdom,  however,  he  gave  in  his  adher- 
ence to  Charles  II.  in  a  flattering  poem.  At  this  time  be  was  doing 
literary  drudgery  for  the  publishers,  but  adverse  circumstances  could 
not  restrain  his  natural  genius,  and  by  his  plays,  essays  and  verses 
be  rapidly  grew  into  public  favor.  In  1663  be  married  the  daughter 
of  the  earl  of  Berkshire,  and  five  years  later  be  was  appointed  poet 
laureate  of  England.  His  poetry  is  sadly  disfigured  by  personal  and 
political  bitterness,  but  is  vigorous  and  brilliant.  Several  of  his 
plays  were  successful  at  the  time  of  their  first  represention,  but  all 
are  now  nearly  obsolete.  He  died  May  1.  1700,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey.      His  best  fame  is  founded  on  bis  "  Fatdes. "' 


? 


:(>— 


>k|.C>- 


? 


296 


GOETHE,    SCHILLEK,     HUMEK. 


A 


JOHANN  WOLFGANG  VON  GOETHE. 

f~niIE  German  play-writer,  poet  and  statesm-in,  .Tdliaiin  Wolfgang 
von  Goethe,  was  born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main  in  1T49.  He  was 
taught,  at  an  early  age,  the  classics  and  modern  languages  by  his 
father,  an  imperial  councilor.  Goethe  was  handsome,  lively  and 
sensitive  when  a  child.  Before  he  was  ten  years  of  age  he  could 
write  in  several  languages,  meditated  poems,  and  had  a  knowledge 
of  works  of  art.  In  1765  he  was  sent  lo  the  college  at  Leipsic, 
where  he  studied  jurisprudence,  medicine,  logic,  rhetoric,  philoso- 
phy, morals,  drawing,  etc.,  and  wrote  two  dramas.  In  1770  he  was 
transferred  to  the  university  at  Strasburg,  where  he  became 
acquainted  with  English  classical  literature.  He  left  the  university 
in  1771,  and  in  1772  he  went  to  Wetzlar  to  practice  law.  In  1773  he 
published  his  play  of  "■  Gotz  von  Berlichingen,''  which  excited  the 
greatest  enthusiasm  in  the  literary 
world.  In  1774  appeared  *'The 
Sorrows  of  Werther,"  founded  on 
a  love  adventure  of  his  own  and 
the  suicide  of  a  friend  who  had 
an  unhappy  passion  for  another 
friend's  wife.  This  novel  produced 
a  huge  sensation.  *'  Clavigo,"  a 
drama,  was  written  the  same  year. 
Goethe's  fame  as  the  author  of 
"■Werther"  secured  hira  the  notice 
and  friendship  of  Charles  Augustu.'?. 
grand  duke  of  Saso-Wcimar,  who 
invited  the  poet  to  visit  his  court  in 
3775.  Goethe's  reception  at  court 
induced  him  to  make  Weimar  his 
permanent  home,  and  there  he 
made  the  acquaintance  of  many 
distinguished  personages  and  re- 
ceived enthusiastic  homage.  After 
a  long  series  of  enjoyments,  Goethe 
returned  to  literary  labor,  and  in 
177'J  produced  his  "Iphigenie  auf 
Tauris,"  a  prose  drama,  which  he 
afterwards  versified,  and  an  opera 
which  was  inspired  by  a  brief  visit 
to  Switzerland.  He  then  turned 
liis  attention  to  the  study  of  natural 
science,  attaining  great  proficiency. 
Between  1780  and  1783  he  wrote  a 
jiartof  "  Wilhelm  Meister,''  a  novel, 
and  numerous  small  poems.  Nearly 
two  years  {beginning  in  178tj)  were 
paj'sed  in  Italy,  where  lie  studied 
antiquities  *nd  wrote  "  Torquato 
Tasso,"  a  drama  founded  on  the 
court  life  of  the  great  poet,  and 
alt'o  a  narrative  of  his  travels, 
he  published  "  Egmont,"'  a  romantic  drama,  A  love  adventure  with 
an  uneducated  d()mestic  in  his  house,  named  Christiane  Vulpius, 
resulted  in  his  marrying  her  after  the  birth  of  their  child.  In  1792 
hi*  accompanied  the  Prussian  army  and  the  duke  of  Brunswick  in 
tlieir  campaign  into  France,  and  of  this  lit?  wrote  a  narrative.  After 
hif*  return  he  was  appointed  minister  of  state.  He  also  wrote  several 
scientific  works.  He  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  poet  Schiller  at 
Jena,  in  175)4,  and  they  soon  became  fast  friends,  The  first  and 
^'econd  parts  of  "Wilhelm  Meister"  appeared  respectively  in  1795 
and  1818.  In  1805  he  first  gave  his  masterpiece,  "Faust,'"  to  the 
world,  the  second  part  appearing  in  1831.  In  1807  Alexander  of 
Itus^ia  confi-rrt-d  on   liiin   tin-   (trder  of   Si,    Alexander   Xew^^ki,   and 


afterwards  Napoleon  bestowed  upon  him  the  grand  cross  of  the  legion 
of  honor.  Goethe  died  at  Weimar  in  1832.  Besides  the  works  above 
mentioned,  he  wrote  several  others  which  affected  his  previous  fame 
in  a  greater  or  less  degree. 


JOHANN  CHRISTOPH   FRIEDRICH  VON  SCHILLER. 

AN  AUTHOR  of  many  works  with  which  the  public  are  familiar, 
Johann  Christoph  Friedrich  von  Schiller,  was  born  at  Marbach, 
Germany,  in  1759.  In  his  youth  he  studied  medicine  and  became 
a  military  surgeon.  His  drama  of  "The Robbers "  was  published  in 
his  twenty-second  year,  and  so  established  his  reputjition  as  a  man  of 
genius  that  he  decided  to  devote  himself  to  literary  occupations.  In 
1787  he  removed  to  Weimar,  acquired  the  friendship  of  the  prominent 
German  authors,  Goethe,  Wieland  and  Herder,  and  became  aulic 
■;^  counselor  and  professor  of  history 
and  philosophy  at  Jena.  Besides 
"The  Robbers"  he  wrote  the 
tragedies  of  "Fiesco  and  Cabal," 
"Love,"  "Don  Carlos,"  "Wallen- 
-tein,"  "Mary  ^tuart,"  "Joan  of 
Arc,"'  "The  Bride  of  Messina"  and 
"William  Tell."  He  also  wrote 
"  The  History  of  the  Thirty  Years' 
War,"'  and  "The  History  of  the 
Revolt  in  the  Netherlands."  At 
Mannheim  he  translated  "Mac- 
beth," and  wrote  other  tragedies. 
Later,  at  Weimar  he  met  Charlotte 
von  Lengefeld,  who  became  his 
wife.  He  died  in  1805.  Schiller 
held  that  the  cultivation  of  the  in- 
tellectual find  moral  faculties  was  a 
sure  means  to  gain  liberty.  Per- 
?<onally  he  was  tall  and  slender,  with 
high  brow,  pale  complexion,  aqui- 
line nose,  exquisite  mouth,  blue 
eyes  and  brown  hair.  His  remains 
were  finally  deposited  in  the  new 
cemetery  at  Weimar.  Memorial 
cnlumns  have  been  erected  in  honor 
nf  him  in  Berlin  and  in  Vienna,  as 
well  as  at  other  places.  Statues 
by  Thornwaldsen,  in  Stuttgard,  and 
Rietschel,  at  Weimar,  are  said  to  be 
the  finest  made  of  the  celebrated 
author. 


GOETH 

Poet.  I'lay-Wi 


Returning   to  Weimar  in    1788, 


and  Statesman. 


TWO( 
poei 


HOMER. 

of  the  most  remarkable  epic 
poems  that  the  genius  of  man 
has  yet  produced — the  "Iliad" 
and  the  "Odyssey" — had  their  origin  in  Greece,  as  is  supposed, 
about  the  year  900  before  Christ,  and  are  popularly  ascribed  to  one 
Homer,  a  beggar  poet  of  that  country.  Respecting  the  life  of  this 
distinguished  writer,  we  must  be  content  to  remain  in  ignorance,  no 
memorials  of  it  having  been  preserved,  for  the  biography  of  him, 
which  it  is  said  was  prepared  by  Herodotus,  is  denounced  as  fabu- 
lous. In  such  obscurity  is  his  life  shrouded,  that  some  have  even 
doubted  whether  he  cverexisted.  While  Smyrna,  Rhodes,  Colophon, 
Salamis,  Chios,  Argus,  and  Athens  (cities  of  Greece),  contended  for 
the  honor  of  having  been  the  birthplace  of  this  distinguished  poet, 
the  probability  remains  that  he  was  an  Asiatic  Greek.  One  legend 
declares  that  Homer  died  of  vexation  because  he  could  not  solve  a 
riddle  prtniininded  In  hiin  by  soini'  fishermen  at  los. 


? 


~<y. 


DISTINUUISUKU    I'OKTS. 


James  Thomson.     Alexander  Pope. 


ONE  of  the  Briti!?li  pa^^toral  poctB,  James  Thomson,  the  son  of 
;i  Scotch  cicrgymiui,  wiiin  born  at  Ednam,  Scolhmd,  in  1700, 
jiiid  was  educated  at  Jedburgh  and  Edinburgh.  Four  years 
i  i  w  e  r  c  d  c  V  o  t  c  d  t  o 

'-f^*- ■—- — ♦^►■♦^      iircpariiig     for     the 

pulpit,  but  this  de- 
sign wa.s  given  up, 
and  Thomson  went 
to  London,  where 
he  was  for  several 
monlhs  a  tutor  in 
the  family  of  Lord 
Binning.  The  first 
of  his  '■'Seasons," 
a  poem  on  which 
his  fame  chietly 
rests —  "  Winter  " — 
was  published  in 
1720,  and  the  three 
other  seasons  re- 
spectively, in  1728, 
1729  and  1730. 
During  these  years 
he  also  produced 
his  tragedy  of 
"Sophonisba,"  the  poem  of  "Britannia,'*  and  a  poem  on  Sir 
Isaac  Newton.  As  one  result  of  his  literary  success,  Lord 
Chancellor  Talbot  selected  him  in  1731  to  travel  with  his  son  on  the 
continent  of  Europe.  Dur- 
ing the  three  years  thus 
occupied  Thomson  and  his 
companion  visited  most  of 
the  European  courts,  and 
after  their  return  to  Eng- 
land the  lord  chancellor 
retained  Thomson  in  his 
employment  as  secretary  of 
briefs  until  the  death  of  tlie 
former  in  1737,  when  Thom- 
son was  removed  Soon 
afterwards  he  received  a 
pension  of  about  $500  a 
year  from  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  and  was  appointed 
surveyor-general  of  the  Lee- 
ward islands.  The  office 
was  a  sinecure,  the  duties 
being  performed  by  a  dep- 
uty, and  Thomson's  net 
salary  reaching  about  $1,500 
a  year.  Thus  being  placed 
i  n  e  a  s  y  circumstances, 
Thomson  continued  his  lit- 
erary labors  until  his  death, 
near  Richmond,  England,  in 
1748.  Besides  the  works 
enumerated  above,  he  wrote 

the  tragedies  of  "  Agamemnon, "  "  Edward  and  Eleanora,"  "  Tancred 
and  Sigismunda,"  the  poems  of  "  Liberty  "  and  "■  The  Castle  of  Indo- 
lence."' His  play  of  "  Coriolanus,"  published  after  his  death,  was 
jjresented  at  Cbvent  Garden.  He  had  the  reputation  of  a  rough 
exterior  and  a  decided  propensity  for  indolence. 


T 


HE  celebrated  poet,  Alexander  Pope,  the  f>on  of  a  linen-draper, 
was  born  in  London  in  1088.  He  was  a  precociouKchild,  writinga 
play  before  be  was  twelve  years  old,  and  composing  poetry  at  an 


age  no  early  that 
be  tells  us  be 
'*  lisped  in  num- 
bers." His  educa- 
tion was  acquired 
at  two  private 
schools,  from  two 
Roman  Catholic 
priests,  who  were 
e  m  p  1  o  y  e  d  a  8  his 
tutors,  and  from 
his  own  persever- 
ing studies.  He 
wrote  his  "■  Pasto- 
rals "  when  he  was 
sixteen  years  old, 
and  they  secured 
him  the  friendshij) 
of  many  eminent 
persons. 
"  Pastorals 
followed 
publication, 
Messiah," 


The 
'      were 
by    the 
successively,    of 
'The    Rape    of   thi 


Pope's  Residence 


his    "Essay   on    Criticism,"    "The 
Lock,"  "The  Temple  of  Fame," 
Windsor  Forest"  and  "The  Epistle  from  Eloisa,*'  and  by  these  his 

reputation  as  a  poet  was 
permanently  established. 
In  1720  he  completed  his 
translation  of  Homer's 
*'  Iliad,"  by  which  he  gained 
more  than  §25,000.  In  the 
translation  of  Homer's 
"  Odyssey  "  he  was  aided  by 
Broome  and  Fenton.  The 
"  Essay  on  Man"  appeared 
in  1733;  the  first  three 
books  of  "The  Dunciad" 
in  1723,  the  fourth  book  in 
1742.  His  later  literary 
work  was  the  production  of 
satires.  In  1725  he  pub- 
lished a  poor  edition  of 
Shakspeare's  works.  The 
"Ode  on  Solitude"  was 
written  when  Alexander 
was  near  twelve  years; 
from  thirteen  to  fifteen  he 
labored  upon  an  epic  poem 
entitled  "  Alcander,"  of 
which  he  completed  four 
books  and  then  destroyed  it. 
Two  plays,  a  comedy  and 
tragedy,  which  he  had  writ- 
ten, were  similarly  disposed 
of.  He  studied  painting  a  year  and  half,  but  his  poor  physical  body 
and  defective  eyesight  interposed  an  effectual  bar  to  success,  and 
that  pursuit  was  accordingly  abandoned.  He  was  so  deformed  that 
it  was  necessary  to  prop  his  body  in  i)Osition  in  order  to  enable  him 
to  accomplish  his  work.      He  died  at  Twickenham,  in  May,  1744. 


d: 


•■? 


298 


DISTINGUISHED    POETS. 


Ben  Jonson,      Thomas  Moore.      George  P.  Morris, 


EXJAMIN  JONSON,  the  famous  poet  and 
dramatist,  and  contemporary  of  Shaks- 
peare,  was  born  at  Westminster,  England, 
in  1574,  subsequent  to  the  death  of  his 
father,  a  clergjTuan.  His  mother  having 
married  a  bricklayer,  she  took  Benjamin 
from  school  at  Westminster  in  order  to 
have  him  learn  his  step-father's  trade, 
but  the  youth,  preferring  some  other 
employment,  enlisted  as  a  pri^-ate  soldier 
in  the  British  army.  His  regiment  was 
sent  to  Holland,  and  there  he  manifested 
so  much  courage  during  a  campaign  as  to 
gain  the  applause  of  his  officers.  After 
leaving  the  army  he  entered  St.  John's 
college  at  Cambridge,  England,  but  a  lack 
of  the  requisite  funds  did  not  permit  him  to 
remain.  Removing  to  London  at  about  the 
age  of  twenty  years,  he  sought  employment 
as  an  actor  (a  position  that  he  filled  with 
indifferent  success),  and  began  to  write  plays 
for  the  stage,  a 
work  in  which  he 
subsequently  be- 
came eminent. 
In  1598  his  first  play,  "Every  Man  in  His 
Humor/'  was  brought  out  at  the  London 
Globe  theater,  with  Shakspeare  appearing 
in  one  of  its  characters.  About  this  time 
Jonson  was  imprisoned  for  a  season  for 
having  killed  Gabriel  Spenser,  an  actor,  in 
a  duel.  His  nest  play,  "Every  Man  Out 
of  His  Humor,"  was  brought  out,  and  in 
1599  "  Sejanus,"  a  tragedy,  in  which  Shaks- 
peare is  said  to  have  made  his  farewell 
appearance  on  the  stage  in  1603.  Other 
plays  followed,  with  several  poems.  In 
1613  Jonson  traveled  in  Europe  as  the  tutor 
of  the  son  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  In  1619 
he  was  appointed  poet  laureate,  and  about 
that  time  made  a  tour  on  foot  to  Scotland. 
In  1628  he  was  attacked  with  palsy,  and 
compelled  by  poverty  to  write  for  the  stage. 
King  Charles  I.  sent  him  $500  and  raised 
his   salai'y  as  poet   laureate,  but  Jonson's 

improvident  habits  kept  him  poor.  His  later  writings  were  hardly 
up  to  his  former  standard.  He  died  in  1637.  His  works  comprise 
seventeen  plays,  a  number  of  poems,  and  some  prose  writings. 


In  1803  he  accepted  and  was  appointed  to  an  office  under  the 
admiralty  in  the  Bermuda  islands,  but  not  liking  the  position  after 
reaching  the  station,  he  left  a  deputy  in  charge  of  the  business  and 
returned  home,  traveling  for  a  short  season  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada.  His  "Odes  and  Epistles,"  published  in  1806,  contained 
many  references  to  his  American  travels,  and  was  severely  criticised 
by  Jeffrey  in  the  Edinburgh  Review.  Moore  challenged  Jeffrey,  but 
the  duel  never  took  place.  Byron  sarcastically  referred  to  the  affair, 
and  received  a  challenge  from  Moore,  but  the  disagreement  was 
settled,  and  the  poets  became  firm  friends,  as  did,  also,  Moore  and 
Jeffrey.  Moore  married  Miss  Dyke,  an  actress,  in  1811,  and  settled 
down  to  a  literary  life.  Owing  to  the  mismanagement  of  his  Ber- 
muda agent,  Moore,  about  1819,  became  involved  in  pecuniary  liabil- 
ities to  the  amount  of  S30,000,  and  to  avoid  arrest  (although  assistance 
was  offered  to  him),  he  went  to  France  and  Italy,  and  then,  having 
sent  for  his  family,  resided  in  Paris,  and  resumed  his  literary  labors. 
Within  three  years  his  pecuniary  difficulties  were  settled  by  the 
payment  of  the  claim  against  him,  and  he  returned  to  England, 
remaining  there  until  his  death  at  Devizes,  in  1852.  In  addition  to 
his   numerous   poetical  works,    so   widely   known,    he    published   a 


'Life  of  Sheridan," 


Notices  of  the  Life  of  Byron,"  "  Memoirs  of 
Lord  Edward  Fitzgerald,"  "Travels  of  an 
Irish  Gentleman  in  Search  of  a  Religion," 
and  a  "  History  of  Ireland."  Moore  lost 
all  his  children  by  death  before  he  died,  and 
in  his  latter  days  became  imbecile  by  the 
softening  of  his  brain. 


Till 


Ben.  Jonson. 

Pot-'t,  Play-wnter  ami  Omi temporary  uf  Will 
Shakspeare. 


THOMAS  MOORE. 

IIIE  Irish  poet,  Thomas  M ■>-.  w;i~  born  in  Dublin,  in  177!). 


Ilis 


mi 

father  was  a  grocer,  who  brought  him  up  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
faith.  At  school  he  acquired  a  taste  for  music,  declamation  and 
the  drama.  When  about  fourteen  years  old  he  contributed  short  i)ooms 
to  a  Dublin  magazine.  In  1798  he  graduated  at  Trinity  college, 
Dublin,  and  the  following  year  went  to  London  to  study  law.  In 
1800  he  published  his  translation  of  the  "  Odes  of  Anacreon,"  which 
met  with  gratifying  Buccess,  and,  through  the  influence  of  the 
Earl  of  Moira,  he  soon  gained  entrance  into  the  fashionable  circles 
of  London.  In  1801  he  published  "The  Poetical  Works  of 
the  Late   Thomas    Llttb-,"     a    hit    at    his    own    diminutive    form. 


GEORGE  P.  MORRIS. 

E  journalist  and  song-writer,  George 
P.  Morris,  was  born  at  Philadelphia,  in 
1802.  Going  to  New  York  city  at  an 
early  age,  he  wrote  for  two  newspapers,  the 
Gazette  and  the  A77i€rican.  He  was  in  his 
fifteenth  year  when  he  began  to  write  for 
the  Gazette.  In  1823  he  and  Samuel  Wood- 
worth  established  the  Xew  Tori:  Mirror, 
a  weekly  literary  paper,  which  was  kejit 
up  until  1842,  with  the  assistance  of  N.  P. 
Willis  and  Theodore  Fay.  In  1843  Morris 
and  Willis  began  the  publication  of  a  similar 
journal,  called  the  New  Mirror,  and  in  1844 
they  started  a  daily  paper — the  Evening 
Mirror.  In  1845  Morris  established,  alone, 
another  weekly  journal  —  the  National  Presfi.  In  1846  Willis  again 
joined  him,  and  they  changed  the  title  of  the  paper  to  that  of  the 
Home  Journal.  Morris,  either  in  prose  or  poetry,  was  a  genial 
writer,  but  his  fame  rests  principally  on  his  songs,  several  of  which 
became  prime  favorites;  such  were  "Woodman,  Spare  that  Tree," 
"  Long  Time  Ago,"  "  My  Mother's  Bible,"  "  Whip-poor- Will,"  etc. 
He  also  wrote  the  libretto  of  the  opera  of  "The  Maid  of  Saxony,"  a 
drama  entitled  "Briercliff,"  which  made  a  successful  run  on  the 
stage,  and  a  volume  of  prose  sketches — "The  Little  Frenchman  and 
His  Water-lots. "  Some  of  his  other  .^ong-productions  were:  "We 
were  Boys  together,"  "Land,  hoi"  and  "The  Origin  of  Yankee 
Doodle.  "For  a  considerable  time  ho  was  general  of  state  militia. 
It  will  be  observed  that  Morris'  connection  with  the  press  was  quite 
liberal,  and  he  was  therefore  a  prominent  and  valuable  member  uf 
the  newspaper  fratrrnity.  llu  died  iti  New  York  city  on  the  llth  nf 
July,  1864. 


JUbTINGUISHKD    TOETS, 


'Jii 


James   R.   Lowell.      Nathaniel  P.  Willis.      Charles  Wolfe. 


Year's  Life,"  ap- 
1843,  with  Robert 


'<^  EW  England  takes  pride 
in  her  niunerous  poets, 
amoni^  whom  she  num- 
bers James  Russell 
Lowell,  who  was  born  at 
I  ';inibridge,  Mass. ,  in 
1819.  He  was  educated 
at  Harvard  college,  where 
lie  graduated  in  1838,  and 
his  "class  poem"  on  that 
occasion  was  remarkable 
for  its  superiority  as  a 
witty  satire.  In  1840  he 
l)egan  the  practice  of  law 
in  Boston,  but  soon  re- 
linquished it  for  literary 
pursuits.     His  first  vol- 


ume of  poetry,  "A 
l)eared  in  1841.  In 
Carter,  he  began  the  publication  of  a 
monthly  magazine  called  the  Pioneer,  of 
which  only  three  numbers  were  issued, 
although  the  best  talent  of  the  country 
contritiuted  to  its  pages.  '*  A  Legend  of 
Brittany,"  with  other  poems,  was  issued 
in  1844 ;  a  prose  volume,  '*  Conversations 
on  Some'  of  the  Old  Poets,"  in  1845; 
"The  Present  Crisis,"  with  other 
poetry,  in  1848;  "The  Vision  of  Sir 
Launfal,"  inl845;  "The  Biglow Papers" 
(first  series),  a  satire  mainly  directed 
against  slavery  and  the  Mexican  war,  in 
1848;  "A  Fable  for  Critics"  in  1848 
— a  satire  (anonymously  published)  upon 
sundry  eminent  American  authors.  In 
1851  and  1852  he  traveled  in  Europe. 
In  1854  and  1855  he  delivered  his  course 
of  lectures  on  the  British  poets.  In 
1855  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
modern  languages  and  polite  literature 
in  Harvard  college.  Another  year's 
\  isit  to  Europe,  for  study,  followed. 
From  185T  to  1862  he  was  the  editor 
of  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  and  from  18 
uditors  6f  the  North  American  Heview. 
appeared  in  1864;  a  second  series  of  the  ' 


N.  P.  Willis. 

Poet,  Essayist  and  for  Many  Years  Connected  with  the 
New  York  Home  Journal. 


to  1872  he  was  one  of  the 
His  "Fireside  Travels" 

'  Biglow  Papers"  in  1867; 
"  Under  the  Willows,"  with  other  poems,  in  1868;  "  The  Cathedral,'' 
in  1869,  and  two  volumes  of  essays  "Among  my  Books,"  and  "My 
Study  Windows,"  in  1870.  His  "Commemoration  Ode,"  in  honor 
of  the  alumni  of  Harvard  college  who  died  in  the  Southern  rebellion 
armies,  ranks  as  one  of  the  noblest  of  his  poems.  From  1872 
to  1874  he  was  again  in  Europe.  Oxford  university,  England,  in 
1873,  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  D.  C.L. ,  and  in  1874,  Cam- 
bridge university  gave  him  the  title  of  Doctor  of  Laws.  The  United 
States  government,  in  its  liberal  appreciation  of  individual  worth,  as 
well  as  of  the  republican  principles  on  which  it  is  founded,  a  few 
years  since  selected  Mr.  Lowell  to  represent  it  at  the  court  of  Great 
Britain,  and  the  oftice  has  seldom  been  filled  by  a  more  acceptable 
diplomatist.  His  writings  indicate  the  possession  of  a  versatile 
genius,  capable  of  ranging  with  equal  facility  "from  grave  to  gay, 
from  lively  to  severe.  " 


THE  son  of  Nathaniel  WilliH,  11  well-known  Boston  journalist,  and 
brother  of  "  Fanny  Fern,"  Nathaniel  Parker  Willis,  was  born  at 
Portland,  Maine,  in  1806.  He  was  educated  at  Yale  college,  grad- 
uating in  1827.  He  then  became  the  literary  assistant  of  S.  G. 
Goodrich  (Peter  Parley)  for  a  brief  period.  In  1828  he  started  the 
American  Monthly  Magazine,  which,  after  two  years*  existence,  was 
merged  in  the  New  York  Mirror,  a  weekly  literary  paper,  previously 
established  by  George  P.  Morris.  Willis  was  associate  editor  of  the 
Mirror,  and  while  occupying  this  position  and  visiting  Europe,  he 
wrote  letters  to  that  journal,  which  were  collected  in  1835  and  pub- 
lished in  three  volumes  of  "  Pencilings  by  the  Way. "  In  Paris  he 
was  attached  to  the  American  legation.  On  his  return  to  England 
in  1835,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Stace,  the  daughter  of  the  com- 
mandant of  the  Woolwich  arsenal,  near  London.  He  remained  in 
England  until  1837,  and  while  there  published  his  "Melanie  and 
Other  Poems,"  and  "Inklings  of  Adventure,"  a  collection  of  bis 
magazine  tales  and  sketcht^s.  Returning  to  the  United  States  in  1837, 
he  lived  for  two  years  in  retirement  at 
'^Glenmary,"  a  small  estate  which  he 
owned  near  Owego,  N.  Y. ,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Susquehanna  river.  For  a  few 
mouths  in  1839  he  wrote  for  the  Cor- 
sair, an  ephemeral  literary  paper  in 
New  York,  and  then  revisited  England. 
While  there  he  published  two  dramas, 
"  Tortesa,  the  Usurer,"  and  "Bianca 
Visconti,"  "Loiterings  of  Travel," 
"Letters  from  Under  a  Bridge  and 
Poems,"  and  an  illustrated  edition  of 
his  poems.  Coming  again  to  New  York, 
he  started,  in  connection  with  George  P. 
Morris,  a  daily  paper  called  the  Evening 
Mirror,  but  the  death  of  his  wife  and  his 
own  failing  health  induced  him  to  return 
to  England.  There  he  published  another 
collection  of  his  magazine  articles, 
entitled  "Dashes  at  Life  with  a  Free 
Pencil."  In  1846,  again  in  New  Y'ork, 
he  married  the  daughter  of  Hon.  Joseph 
Grinni'll,  of  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  and 
settled  at  "  Idlewild,"  a  seat  on  the 
Huds^on  river.  In  1846,  also,  besides  pub- 
lishing a  complete  edition  of  his  works, 
he  joined  George  P.  Morris  in  establishing  the  Home. Journal,  a  weekly 
paper,  to  which  he  continued  to  contribute  until  his  death,  in  1867. 
Besides  the  books  mentioned  he  published  about  a  dozen  others. 


A- 


CHARLES  WOLFE. 

POET  of   limited  production,  Charles  Wolfe  was  bom  at  Dnb- 

Ireland,    in    1791.       He    was    educated  at  Trinity  college, 

Dublin,  where  he  graduated  in  1814,  but  where  he  remained  for 

some  time  after  in  the  capacity  of  a  tutor.      In  1817  he  took  priests' 

orders,  and  was  curate  of  Ballyclog  and  Donoughmore,  Ireland.     His 

health    failing,    he  visited    the  south  of  France,   but  died,  after  his 

return  to  Cork,  of  consumption,  in  1823.      He  is  best  known  by  his 

celebrated  poem  on  the  "Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore:" 

"  We  buried  him  darkly  at  dead  of  night. 

The  sod  with  our  bayonets  turning. 

By  the  struggling  moonbeams'  misty  light. 

And  our  lanterns  dimly  burninff.  " 


:(> — 


^ 

^^> 


f 


300 


JUUN    G.     SAXE,    TIluMAS    (iEAY    AND    UTllKK    I'OETS. 


I 


Joaquin  Miller.    John  G.  Saxe.    James  Hogg.    Thomas  Gray. 


NDER  the  name  of  "Joaquin  Miller" 
Cincinnatus  Hiner  Miller  is  well- 
knowu.  lie  was  born  in  Indiana  in 
1841.  During  boyhood  he  went  with 
his  father  to  Oregon,  and  when 
about  fourteen  years  old  removed  to 
California.  There,  with  very  little 
knowledge  of  grammar  or  the  art 
of  pDCtry,  he  wrote  verses  and  led 
a  wandering  life  for  seven  years. 
Returning  home,  in  18G0,  he  became 
a  lawyer's  clerk  at  Eugene.  Oregon. 
Next  year  be  was  an  express  mes- 
senger in  the  gold-mining  districts  of 
Idaho,  a  position  that  he  abandoned  in 
order  to  edit  a  Democratic  newspaper 
at  Eugene. 
The  unpa- 
triotic char- 
acter of  the 
paper  during 
the  Southern 
rebellion 
caused  its 
suppression, 
and  Miller, 
in  18  6  3, 
opened  a  law- 
office  at  Ca- 
non city, 
Oregon.  For 
about  four 
years  (1866  to  1870)  he  was  county  judge 
of  (irant  county,  and  while  thus  occupied 
he  wrote  and  published  his  first  collection 
of  poems.  In  1863  he  married  Minnie 
Theresa  Dyer,  who  obtained  a  divorce 
from  him  in  1870,  and  he  went  to  London, 
where,  in  1871,  he  published  his  "Songs 
of  the  Sierras"  and  "Pacific  Poems." 
In  1873  appeared  bis  "Songs  of  the  Sun 
L;tnds  "^  and  a  prose  volume,  "  Life  Among 

tin-  Modocs,  Unwritten  History."  "The  Ship  in  the  Desert"  was 
published  in  1875,  together  with  "First  Fam'lies  in  the  Sierras," 
followed,  from  time  to  time,  by  "The  One  Fair  Woman,"  a  novel, 
and  "Songs  of  Far  Away  Lands.  " 


King  and  Other  Poems,"  "Clever  Stories  of  Many  Nations,"  "The 
Masquerade  and  Other  Poems,"  "Fables  and  Legends  in  liuyme," 
"Leisure  Day  Rhymes,"  etc. 


JAMES  I 
parish 


Joaquin  Miller, 

Author  of  "Sonprs  of    the    Sierras."  "Pacific    Poems 
Songs  of  "Far  Away  Lands,"  etc. 


JOHN   GODFREY   SAXE. 

HI(;1I<;ATE,  Vt.,  in  1816,  was  the  birthplace  of  John  (J.  Saxe,  the 
humorous  American  author  and  lecturer.  He  was  educated  at 
Middlebury  college*,  where  he  graduated  in  1839.  In  1843  he  was 
admitted  to  the  practice  of  the  law,  at  St.  Albans.  In  1850,  and 
f'T  about  five  years  afterwards,  he  was  the  proprietor  and  editor  of 
the  Burlington  Sentinel.  In  1856  he  became  State's  attorney.  In 
185I*-'60  he  was  unsuccessfully  nominated  for  governor  of  the  State 
by  the  Democrats.  He  has  achieved  considerable  celebrity  by  his 
humorous  poetry  and  his  public  literary  lectures.  Among  his  pub- 
lished works  are:  "Progress,"  a  satire,  "The  New  Rape  of  the 
Lock,"  "The  Proud  Miss  McBridc,"  "The  Times,"   "The  Money 


JAMES  HOGG. 
AMES  HOGG,  known  as  "  the  Ettrick  Shepherd,"  was  born  in  the 
of  Ettrick,  in  Selkirkshire,  Scotland,  in  1772.  Like  his 
ancestors,  he  was  a  shepherd,  and  the  probability  is  that  he  had 
but  little  or  no  schooling  in  his  younger  days.  When  twenty-four 
years  old  he  began  to  compose  poetry,  but  his  imperfect  penman- 
ship hindered  his  work  of  composition.  In  1800  his  patriotic  song, 
called  "Donald  MacDonald,"  became  very  popular,  although  the 
name  of  its  author  was  unknown.  From  1790  to  1799,  while  employed 
as  a  shepherd  by  Mr.  Laidlaw,  of  Blackhouse,  he  was  permitted  to 
use  that  gentleman's  library  freely,  so  that  at  the  age  of  thirty  he 
had  read  extensively  and  greatly  improved  his  education.  In  1801, 
w-hile  visiting  Edinburgh  with  sheep  for 
the  market,  he  arranged  for  the  publica- 
tion of  a  small  collection  of  his  songs, 
entitled  "Scottish  Pastorals,  Poems  and 
Songs."  Meeting  soon  afterwards  with 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  who  was  then  searching 
for  material  for  his  "MinstreUy  of  the 
Scottish  Border,"  and  to  whom  Hogg  gave 
some  old  ballads,  Scott  encouraged  him  to 
publish  a  second  collection  of  hvs  poems, 
entitled  "The  Mountain  Bard."  Two 
attempts  to  establish  himself  as  a  farmer 
having  proved  unsuccessful,  Hogg  went  to 
Edinburgh,  iu  1810,  to  follow  the  pro- 
fession of  an  author.  A  connection  as 
editor  for  a  year  with  a  weekly  paper 
called  the  Spy  barely  earned  him  a  liveli- 
hood. In  1813  he  published  his  poem  of 
"The  Queen's  Wake,"  which  made  him 
famous.  Another  attempt  at  farming, 
under  the  patronage  of  the  duke  of 
Buccleuch,  threw  him  into  bankruptcy 
after  a  few  years.  During  this  period 
he  contributed  to  Blackwood's  Magazine. 
In  1831  he  went  to  London  to  superintend 
the  publication  of  some  of  his  works, 
and  was  there  received  with  much  distinction.  He  died  at  Altrive, 
Scotland,  in  1835.  He  wrote  several  volumes  of  prose  and  poetry, 
ijicluding  "Winter  Evening  Tales,"  "  Madoc  of  the  Moor,"  "The 
Pilgrims  of  the  Sun,"  and  "The  Altrive  Tales." 


THOMAS  GRAY. 

THE  widely-known  author  nf  ilu-  "  Elegy  Written  in  a  Country 
Churchyard,"  Tiiomas  (Jray,  was  born  in  London  in  1716,  and  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Peter  House,  Cambridge.  He  accompanied 
Horace  Walpole  on  a  Euro]>ejni  continental  tour,  from  whicli  he 
returned  in  1741.  Several  years  of  literary  retirement  succeedt-ii. 
together  with  visits  to  the  English  lakes  and  Scotland.  The  post  of 
poet  laureate  was  offered  to  him  on  the  death  of  Cibber,  but  he 
refused  it.  In  1768  he  accepted  the  chair  of  modern  history  at 
Cambridge,  and  died  in  1771.  His  poems  are  few  in  number,  but  of 
a  superior  quality.  His  "Elegy"  is  considered  by  many  the  best 
poem  ever  produced  in  the  English  language. 


— <):■ 


h 


iJltjTlNGL'lSHJiU    riJK'l'S. 


yul 


Dante  Alighieri.    William  Wordsworth.     Charles  Mackay.    Edward  R.  B.  Lytton. 


? 


HE  Italian  poet,  Dante 
Alij^hicri,  whose  name 
was  a  contraction  of 
"  Durante,"  was  born  at 
Florence,  Italy,  in  12G5. 
He  was  educated  by  his 
mother,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  Brunetto  Latini, 
the  distini;!;uislied  statesman,  poet  and 
scholar,  completing  his  studies  at  the 
univLTsities  of  Bologna  and  Padua. 
Afterwards  he  studied  theology  at 
Paris.  In  1289  and  1200  he  tooic  an 
active  part  in  the  war  between  his 
country  and  the  Aretines,  and  was 
•also  employed  on  fourteen  occasions 
as  an  envoy.  In  his  twenty-eixth 
year  he  married  Gemma,  one  of  the 
Donati  family,  with  whom  he  lived 
unhappily,  and  from  whom  be  finally 
separated.  In  1300  he  became  one 
of  the  eight  chief  magistrates  of  the 
country.  In  the  subsequent  inter- 
nal dissensions  he  joined  the 
"Bianchi"  (white)  party,  but  their 
opponents,  the  "  Neri  '■  (black),  having 
gained  the  ascendancy,  Dante  was  banished 
from  Florence,  under  the  penalty  of  being 
burned  alive  in  case  he  should  fall  again 
into  their  hands.  After  that  he  became  a 
wanderer  until  he  fonnd  an  asylum  with 
(iuido  Novello,  lord  of  Ravenna,  and  in  this 
retreat  he  died  in  1321.  He  wrote  several 
books  in  Latin,  and  numerous  sonnets, 
lyrics,  etc.,  in  Italian.  His  fame  rests, 
however,  upon  his  "  Divine  Comedy," 
written  while  he  was  a  poor  wandering 
exile.  It  consists  of  three  distinct  acts,  or 
poems,  entitled  (in  English)  "Hell,'' 
"  Purgatory  "  and  "  Heaven.  "  It  was  the 
first  poem  written  in  the  Italian  language,  and  has  been  several  times 
translated  into  English — notably  by  Henry  W.  Longfellow,  and  Cary, 
of  England.  It  is  marked  by  sweetness  and  digniiied  by  grandeur 
and  en(;rgy. 


WILLIAM  WORDSWORTH. 

ONE  of  the  notable  "Lake  Poets'"  of  England,  William  Words- 
worth, was  born  at  Cockermouth,  in  1770.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  and  while  sojourning  there 
spent  his  vacations  in  wandering  about  the  country.  In  1790 
he  made  a  three  months'  tour  in  France,  Switzerland,  to  the  Italian 
lakes  and  the  Rhine.  In  1791  he  quitted  the  college,  having  taken 
his  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts.  His  first  publication  was  "An  Even- 
ing Walk,''  partly  written  at  college,  and  issued  in  1793.  "  Lyrical 
Ballads,"  written  by  himself  and  Coleridge,  appeared  in  1728,  and 
parsed  to  a  second  edition.  By  the  receipt  of  an  inheritance  Words- 
worth was  enabled  to  live  in  literary  retirement,  and  before  1819  had 
published  his  "Sonnets,"  "  Essays  on  Epitaphs,"  "  The  Excursion," 
"The  Prelude,"  "Peter  Bell,"  "The  Wagoner,"  and  other  smaller 
pieces.  In  1813  he  was  appointed  distributor  of  stamps  for  the 
<i>unty  of  Westmoreland,  an  office  worth  about  $2,500  a  year.  In 
1S43  he  was  appointed  poi^t  laureate  of  England,  to  fill  the  vacancy 


caused  by  the  death  of  Southey.     Wordsworth  lived  to  write  much 

poetry  with  whicli  the  world  is  tolerably  familiar,  and  was  a  very 
fair  delineator  of  the  true  and  beautiful  in  nature,  without  rising  to 
"  sparkling"  dencriptions.  He  died  at  Kydal  Mount,  England,  after 
achieving  honor  by  his  publications,  and  receiving  dif-tinguished 
tokens  of  approval  from  the  worthy  and  learned.  In  1802  he  married 
Miss  Mary  Hutchinson,  whom  he  had  known  in  childhood,  and  whcjm 
he  celebrates  in  tt  poem  beginning: 

"She  was  a  pli;iiifniu  of  delight." 

CHARLES  MACKAY. 

THE  journalist,  poet  and  lecturer  of  considerable  celebrity, 
Charles  Mackay,  was  born  at  Perth,  England,  in  1812,  and  was 
educated  in  London,  and  at  Brussels,  Belgium.  In  1834,  and  for 
about  ten  years  afterwards,  he  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  London 
Morning  Chronicle,  and  from  1844  to  1847  he  edited  the  Glasgow 
(Scotland)  Argua.  During  the  S<Hithern  rebellion  in  the  United 
States  he  was  for  about  three  years  the  special  American  correspond- 
ent of  the  Ltmdon  Tunes.  Between  1834  and  1874  he  published  a 
multitude  of  poems,  which  were  collected  and  republirthed  in  numer- 
ous volumes,  besides  a  few  prose  works  of  considerable  merit.  For 
some  time  be  was  engaged  upon  a  book  relating  to  the  Gaelic  etymol- 
ogy of  the  English  language.  In  1877  he  received  from  friends  a 
gift  of  nearly  S4,000  in  money  to  enable  him  to  pursue  his  literary 
labors  with  comfort. 


EDWARD  ROBERT  BULWER-LYTTON. 

OF  THE  poets  and  novelists  of  the  times,  Edward  Robert  Bulwer- 
Lytton  ranks  with  the  most  popular  of  English  men  of  letters. 
He  was  born  in  1831.  His  early  education  was  received  at  the 
Harrow  school  and  from  private  tutors,  and  afterwards  he  studied 
the  modern  languages  at  the  university  of  Bonn,  Germany.  From 
1849  to  1873  he  was  almost  constantly  employed  as  an  attache,  secre- 
tary of  legation  or  charge  d'affaires  in  various  British  embassies:  at 
Washington,  U.  S.  A.  ;  at  Florence,  Italy;  twice  at  Paris,  France; 
at  the  Hague,  Holland;  at  St.  Petersburg,  Russia;  at  Constantinople, 
Turkey;  at  Vienna,  Austria,  four  times;  at  Copenhagen,  Denmark; 
at  Athens,  Greece;  at  Lisbon,  Portugal;  at  Madrid,  Spain;  in  1860. 
for  a  short  time,  he  was  consul-general  at  Belgrade,  and  was  sent  on 
a  special  mission  to  prevent  a  renewal  of  the  hostilities  between  the 
Turks  and  Servians,  and  in  1868  he  successfully  concluded  the  nego- 
tiations for  a  commercial  treaty  between  Great  Britain  and  Austria. 
In  1873,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  he  succeeded  to  the  title  of  Baron 
Lytton.  In  1874  be  was  appointed  embassador  at  Lisbon.  In  1870 
he  was  nominated  for  the  high  office  of  viceroy  of  India,  and  he 
immediately  stjirted  for  Hindostan,  on  his  journey  meeting  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  who  was  then  returning  home  from  India.  At  Calcutta 
Baron  Lytton  was  sworn  in  as  viceroy  and  governor-general,  April 
12,  1876.  January  1,  1877,  he  presided  over  the  gorgeous  ceremonial, 
on  the  plains  of  Delhi,  of  proclaiming  Queen  Victoria  of  England  as 
Empress  of  India.  In  the  same  year  the  queen  conferred  upon  him 
the  grand  cross  of  the  civil  order  of  the  bath.  At  this  writing  he  is 
still  viceroy  of  India.  His  lordship  has  proved  himself  an  eminent 
literary  genius  by  his  poetry.  His  first  work,  "Clytemnestra,"  with 
other  poems,  appeared  in  1855  under  the  nom  de  plume  of  "Owen 
Meredith."  "The  Wanderer,"  another  collection  of  poems,  was 
published  in  1859;"  "Lucile,"  his  well-known  novel  in  sprightly 
verse,  in  1860;  " Tannhauser "  (anonymously),  in  1861;  "National 
Songs  of  Servia"  in  the  same  year;  "The  Ring  of  Amasis,"  a  i)rose 
romance,  in  1863;  "Poetical  Works  of  Owen  Meredith"  in  1867: 
"Chronicles  and  Characters,"  in  1868;  "Orval,"  in  1869.  In  18G4 
he  married  the  niece  of  the  earl  of  Chircndon. 


^^ 


:cr^~ 


:<M 


302 


THE    AUTIIOKS    OF    "THE    VAGABONDS        AND    "'BETSEY    AND    I    ARE    OUT. 


Will.  M.  Carleton.     John  T.  Trowbridge. 


i 


ILLIAM  M.  CARLETOX  holds 
an  enviable  place  in  American 
literature,  in  consequence  of 
a  union  of  common  sense,  a 
ricli  appreciation  of  human 
■  nature  and  the  love  of  the 
beautiful,  which  with  facility  and 
:tptness  characterize  his  poetical 
works.  He  can  boast,  it  is  true, 
of  no  elevated  ancestry,  and  began 
life  on  a  farm  near  Hudson,  in 
Michigan,  October  21,  1845.  The 
family  of  his  forefathers  dwelt  in 
England  and  Scotland,  and  his 
father,  emigrating  from  New 
Hampshire,  was  one  of  the  pioneers 
Michigan.  Farm- work  occu- 
pied the  earlier  years  of  the  lad, 
and  as  he  grew  to  manhood  he 
divided  his  time  between  laboring 
on  his  native  soil  during  the  sum- 
mer and  attending  school — the  old- 
fashioned  district  school  —  when  snow  and 
frost  prevailed.  So  thoroughly  did  he  per-  ^ 
severe  in  his  studies  tliat  when  but  sixteen 
years  old  he  was  qualified  to  teach,  and  alter- 
nately taught  school,  increased  his  own  stock 
of  knowledge,  and  worked  on  the  farm.  About 
this  time,  also,  he  began  to  contribute  articles 
to  several  newspapers  in  his  neighborhood  and 
other  portions  of  Michigan,  both  in  verse 
and  prose,  over  various  signatures.  In  1865 
he  abandoned  the  home-farm  and  entered 
Hillsdale  college,  in  his  native  State,  where 
he  remained  four  years.  Graduating  in 
1869,  he  engaged  in  writing  for  newspapers, 
and  from  time  to  time  produced  those  many 
popular  ballads  by  which  he  has  won  the 
reputation  of  a  most  successful  poet.  These 
labors  he  also  diversified  by  lecturing  upon 
literary  and  kindred  topics,  meeting  with 
flattering  receptions  throughout  the  West. 
The  first  volume  of  his  collected  poetry  was 
printed  for  private  circulation  about  two 
years  after  leaving  college.  '*  Betsey  and  I 
are  Out"  was  first  published  in  the  Toledo  {O.)  Blade ^  in  1872, 
but  soon  afterwards  it  reappeared,  with  several  illustrations  of 
rural  home-life,  in  Harper's  Weekly.  Carleton  subsequently  con- 
tributed other  poems  to  Harper's,  and  his  next  collection  of  poetry, 
a  volume  of  "  Farm  Ballads,"  was  issued  in  1873-  It  contains  many 
favorite  productions  which  have  been  widely  quoted  and  recited, 
and  greatly  .«trengthencd  his  reputation.  This  was  followed  by 
a  volume  of  *' Farm  Legends,"  and  quite  recently  he  has  pub- 
lished another  companion-book,  "  Farm  Festivals,"  in  which  the 
spirit  of  his  former  pictures  of  American  rural  peculiarities  is  per 
petuated.  His  style  of  phraseology  is  well  illustrated  in  the  follow- 
ing fir.st  stanza  of  "Betsey  and  I  are  Out:" 

.^^RAW  up  the  papers,  lawyer,  and  make  'cm  good  and  stout; 

C^r;   For  things  at  home  arc  cross-wny.s,  and  Betsey  and  I  are  out. 
We  v.'ho  have' worked  together  so  long  as  man  and  wife, 
Must  pull  in  single  harnesfi  the  rest  of  our  nat'ral  life. 


OOO-O^- 


AN  EXCELLENT  place  in  the  history  of  American  literature,  both 
as  a  writer  of  prose  and  poetry,  is  occupied  by  John  Townsend 
Trowbridge,  and  his  life  is  a  fine  example  of  successful 
struggles  against  adverse  circumstances  in  the  early  portion  of 
his  career.  His  father  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  the  Genesee 
country,  in  western  New  York,  settling  in  the  vicinity  of  the  present 
city  of  Rochester,  about  1812.  The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born 
on  his  father's  farm,  in  a  log-house,  September  18,  1827,  the  eighth 
child  of  his  parents,  both  of  whom  possessed  distinguishing  traits, 
which  evidently  aided  in  forming  the  character  of  the  young  author. 
His  education  at  a  district  school,  in  the  winters  of  his  childhood, 
alternated  with  his  duties  on  the  farm  at  other  seasons;  but  he  early 
manifested  his  aptness  as  a  scholar,  for  before  he  was  fifteen  years 
old  he  could,  under  self-instruction,  read  and  translate  the  French 
language.  He  also  studied  Latin,  and  read  Scott  and  Byron,  whose 
works  he  found  in  the  public  library.  These  books  aroused  the 
literary  genius  of  the  lad,  and  he  soon  began  to  jdan  romances  and 
think  in  verse,  while  his  hands  were  busy  with  farming  implements. 
At  sixteen  he  wrote  "pieces"  for  country  magazines  and  news- 
papers. Soon  afterwards  he  attended  a  classical  school  at  Lockport, 
N.  Y. ,  taught  school  one  winter,  and  became  a  farmer  in  Illinois,  but 
only  for  one  season.  Going  back  to  Lockport,  he  engaged  as  a  school  - 
teacher  for  one  term,  and  then,  when  nineteen 
years  old,  he  went  to  New  York,  a  total 
stranger  in  that  city,  in  hopes,  by  writing  for 
the  press,  to  earn  a  living  and  gain  reputa- 
tion. There  he  found  a  friend  in  the  distin- 
guished journalist,  Mordocai  M.  Noah,  of  the 
Sunday  Ti?7ies,  who  counseled  him  to  write 
prose  rather  than  verse,  on  account  of  its  being 
more  in  demand  and  bringing  larger  remunera- 
tion. Mr.  Noah  introduced  him  to  several 
publishers,  and  then  began  the  oft-repeated 
struggle  of  a  young  literary  aspirant  to  gain  a 
livelihood  by  his  pen  in  a  great  city.  There 
are  many  such  instances.  Young  Trowbridge 
lived  in  the  traditional  garret,  and  almost 
starved  while  writing  for  bread.  Forced  by 
circumstances,  he  then  engaged  in  ot!ier  work, 
and  when  that  failed  he  fell  into  the  hands 
of  a  charitable  French  family.  With  these 
people  he  remained  until  August,  1848,  when 
he  went  to  Boston  and  obtained  employment 
as  a  writer  of  sketches  and  stories,  under 
the  literary  name  of  "■Paul  Creyton."  A 
newspaper  enterprise  in  which  he  was  interested  failed  in  18-19, 
and  he  then  associated  himself  with  Benjamin  Perley  Poore  for  a 
brief  season,  as  assistant  editor  of  the  Boston  Sen(i?ieL  Trow- 
bridge's first  book,  "Father  Brighthopes,"  was  issued  in  1853, 
and  from  this  time  onward  he  wrote  other  books  of  a  similar  sort, 
gained  reputation  and  made  some  money.  In  1855  and  185tj  he 
traveled  in  Great  Britain  and  Europe,  and  after  his  return  published 
and  dramatized  his  "Neighbor  Jackwood,"  which  became  very 
popular  in  both  forms.  Since  then  Mr.  Trowbridge  has  written 
much  and  well,  both  in  his  i)ublished  hooks  and  as  a  copious  con- 
tributor to  the  Atlantic  Monthly  and  Our  Young  Folks.  His  books, 
several  of  them  made  up  frtun  his  magazine  articles,  probably  number 
thirty  or  more.  He  married,  in  1860,  Miss  Cornelia  Warren,  of 
Lowell,  Mass. ,  but  death  separated  them  about  four  years  afterwards. 
or  his  poetry,  "The  Vagabonds,"  "The  Name  in  the  Bark,"  and 
one  or  two  others  of  a  humorous  character,  arc  considered  his  be?t. 


■oooo* 


Carleton. 


7m^ 


■.(?- 


AUTIIOli    IlK     •     ,MAl'l)    .Mi:i.l,l';ii         AND    o'lllKl;    i'MI'UI.AI;    I'OK.M,--. 


.;ii: 


Y 


-»5^ 


«I  : 


John  G.  i , 

I  ■         -  ™.  .    , . 


■  '^«3*/i'. 


:  yp"    A    A'A    A    A    A~A    \V. 


Whittier. 


,^^  iM    ^££££££*££******,^ 


Birthplace  of  Whittier. 


The  Quaker   Poet  of  New  England^  Anti-Slavery  Agitator  and    Reformer. 


HE  QUAKER  POET,  J.  G.  Whittier, 
first  saw  the  light  at  Haverhill, 
Mass..  December  17,  1807,  or  the 
spot  which  his  ancestors  had  in- 
habited for  four  or  five  generations. 
In  the  district  schools  and  on  the 
farm  he  passed  his  youth  until 
twenty  years  of  age,  when  he  went 
to  Boston,  where  he  soon  became 
the  editor  of  the  American  Manu- 
u,        M      ''f^'\^   iii  V-^  facturer^  a  publication  designed  to 

~l!lL'      I    /^^^L^-^^^^^  assist    the      manufacturers,     and 

~ol^'-,'iy /T  a '^^^^  largely  devoted  to  the  interests  of 

a  protective  tariff. 

In  1830  he  took  charge  of  the 
New  Engla?id  Weekly  Review,  at 
Hartford,  Conn. ,  and  a  year  after- 
wards he  returned  to  Haverhill  to 
engage  again  in  rural  pursuits. 
Here  he  remained  for  the  succeed- 
ing five  years,  and  represented  his 
^  town  in  the  legislature,  in  1835-'6. 

Appointed  secretary  of  the  American  Anti-Slavery  Society,  he 
removed  to  Philadelphia,  where,  in  1838-'9,  he  edited  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Freeman,  the  office  of  which   was   burned   by  u  mi>b.      From 


that  time  forward  he  became  one  of  the  prominent  anti-slavery 
men  of  the  country,  his  pen,  in  prose  and  poetry  being  devoted  to 
the  cause. 

He  took  up  his  residence  at  Amcsbury,  Mass..  in  1840,  where  he 
has  since  continued  to  reside,  although  never  married.  Much  senti- 
ment pervades  many  of  his  poems,  as  illustrated  in  "Maud  Mnller. " 
and  '^School  Days, "  the  latter  of  which  is  devoted  to  showing  the 
regret  of  a  brown-eyed  New  England  girl  at  having  spelled  down 

** the  little  boy 

Her  childish  favor  singled." 

*'I'm  sorry  that  I  spelt  the  word. 
I  hate  to  go  above  you. 
Because  " — the  brown  eyes  lower  fell  — 
"■ '  Because,  you  see,  I  love  you. " 

* '  Still  memory  to  a  gray -haired  man 
That  sweet  child  face  is  showing; 
Dear  girl,  the  grasses  on  her  grave 
Have  forty  years  been  growing. 

•'He  lives  to  learn  in  life's  hard  school 
How  few  who  pass  above  him 
Lament  the  triumph  and  his  loss  \ 

Like  her — because  they  love  him." 

His  poems,  which  date  back  to  1828,  and  all  breathing  the  spirit  of 
freedom  and  hatred  of  oppression,  have  fulfilled  their  mission  and 
done  their  work  in  the  moral  elevation  of  mankind. 


SEED-TIME   AND    HARVEST. 


BY    JOHN    GKEENLEAF    WHITTIP:K. 


S  O'ER  his  furrowed  fields,  which  lie 

Beneath  a  coldly-dropping  sky. 
Yet  chill  with  winter's  melted  sno>w, 
Tiie  husbandman  goes  forth  to  sow: 

Thus,  freedom,  on  the  bitter  blast 
The  ventures  of  thy  seed  we  cast. 
And  trust  to  warmer  sun  and  rain 
To  swell  the  germ,  and  fiJl  the  grain. 

Who  calls  thy  glorious  service  hard? 
Who  deems  it  not  its  own  reward? 
Who,  for  its  trials,  counts  it  less 
A  cause  of  praise  and  thankfulness? 

It  may  not  be  our  lot  to  wield 
The  sickle  in  the  ripened  field; 
Nor  ours  to  hear,  on  summer  eves, 
The  reaper's  song  among  the  sheaves; 


Yet  where  our  duty's  task  is  wrought 
In  unison  with  God's  great  thought. 
The  near  and  future  blend  in  one. 
And  whatsoe'er  is  willed  is  done  ! 

And  ours  the  grateful  service  whence 
Comes,  day  by  day.  the  recompense — 
The  hope,  the  trust,  the  purpose  staid. 
The  fountain,  and  the  noonday  shade. 

And  were  this  life  the  utmost  span. 
The  only  end  and  aim  of  man. 
Better  the  toils  of  fields  like  these 
Than  waking  dream  and  slothful  ease. 

Our  life,  though  falling  like  our  grain. 
Like  that  revives  and  springs  again; 
And  early  called,  how  blest  are  they 
Who  wait  in  heaven  their  harvest-day  I 


/<|:(>-~ 


I 


IHE  AUTHOR  of  this,  onr 

of  the  sweftest  lyrics  ev>,T 

written,     John        Howard 

Payne,  was  born   in   New 

York  City,  Jane  9,   1792. 

His  infancy  was  passed  on 

Long  Island,  N.  Y. ,  and  in 

Boston,  and  his  youthful 
Iiiition  was  derived  principally  from  his  father, 
who  was  at  that  time  professionally  engaged  in  school -teaching. 

At  an  early  age  the  lad  manifested  considerable  talent  in  oratory 
and  an  interest  in  dramatic  literature.  When  about  tw^elve  years 
old  he  was  placed  in  a  store,  in  New  York  City,  as  a  clerk,  and 
while  still  thus  employed  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  he  edited  a  small 
newspaper  called  TTie  Thespian  Mirror.  His  contributions  to  its 
columns  attracted  much  attention  by  their  excellence,  and  induced 
a  Mr.  Seaman  to  send  the  boy  to  Union  college,  at  Schenectady, 
N.  Y. ,  in  order  to  improve  his  talents  by  a  better  education. 

Young  Payne,  however,  with  his  father's  permission,  and  without 
waiting  to  finish  his  collegiate  course,  made  his  first  appearance 
on  the  stage  as  an  actor,  at  the  Park  theater,  in  New  York,  February 
24,  1809,  as  Norval^  in  the  play  of  "Douglas."  In  this  character 
he  was  favorably  received  and  heartily  applauded.  This  recep- 
tion settled  his  destiny,  and  for  several  years  he  played  in  various 
cities  with  marked  success  and  increasing  reputation,  until  he 
ranked  among   the  very  best  American    actors. 

In  1813  he  sailed  for  England,  and,  on  June  4,  made  his  appearance 
at  Drury  Lane  theater,  London,  as  Norval.  His  success  continued, 
and  brought  him  within  the  acquaintance  of  many  distinguished  per- 
sonages. He  also  visited  Paris,  where  he  was  the  room-mate  of 
Washington  Irving. 

For  twenty  years  he  remained  in  Europe,  engaged  in  acting  and  in 
translating  and  adapting  French  dramas  and  operas  for  the  London 
theaters.  Among  his  other  dramatic  productions  were  the  plays  of 
"■Charles  the  Second,"  and  "Therese,  or  the  Orphan  of  Geneva." 
He  also  wrote,  for  Edmund  Kean,  in  1S18,  his  play  of  "Brutus, 
or  the  Fall  of  Tarquin,''  which  met  with  great  favor  and  is  still 
sometimes  put  upon  the  stage.  He  was  then  twenty-seven  years 
old.  Not  long  afterward  he  assumed  the  management  of  Sadlers  Wells 
theater,  in  London,  but  it  proved  a  bad  speculation,  for  he  lost  his 
money,  ran  into  debt,  and  was  thrown  into  a  debtors*  jirison.  In 
This  strait  he  translated  and  adapted  two  of  Victor's  French  plays, 
with  the  proceeds  of  which  he  was  enabled  to  pay  olT  his  indebted- 
ness and  obtain  his  release.  He  then  resumed  his  business  as  a 
playwright,  and  after  playing  three  nights  in  London,  in  "  Richard 
MI,"  he  abandoned  the  stage  and  returned  to  Paris. 

His  celebrated  musical  composition,  tlie  opera  of  "  ('lari,  the 
Maid  of  Milan,"  was  put  upon  the  stage  at  Covent  Garden 
theater,  London,  May  8, 1823,  and  in  this  occurred  the  song  of  "  Home, 
Sweet  Home,"  sung  by  Miss  M.  Tree,  who  sustained  the  part  of 
Clari.     The  song  immediately  became  immensely  popular,  one  hun- 


JOHN  HOWARD  PAYNE, 

Autliur  of  "  Home,  Sweet  Hume. 


Ired   thousand   copies  of  it  having  been   sold 
uring   its   first  year,   although    Payne's   name 
was  omitted  fiom  the  title. 

In  1833  he  returned  to  the  United  States,  and 
on  his  arrival  at  New  York  received  a  brilliant 
ovation  and  a  benefit  at  the  Old  Park  theater, 
his  own  play  of  "Brutus"  being  the  principal 
attraction,  with  Edwin  Forrest  as  Brutus.  The 
tickets  sold  at  five  dollars  each.  "  Home, 
Sweet  Home,"  was  sung,  and  there  was  a  poetic  address  prepared 
for  the  occasion.  Payne's  play  of  "Charles  11."  was  the  after- 
piece, with  Forrest,  Kemble,  J.  W.  Wallack  and  other  first-class 
actors   in  the  cast.      The  receipts  were  more  than  $7,000. 

In  1842  Mr.  Payne  was  appointed  consul  at  Tunis;  was  recalU-d 
in  1845,  and  reappointed  in  1851.  But  in  April,  1852,  he  sickened 
and  died  while  at  his  post,  and  was  buried  at  Tunis.  At  his  grave, 
by  direction  of  the  LTnited  States  government,  a  slab  was  erected, 
bearing  a  suitable  inscription,  to  which  is  added:  "This  stone  is 
placed  here  by  a  grateful  country."  Also  the  following  verse  by 
R.  S.  Chilton: 

■'Sure,  wlien  thy  gentie  spirit  fled 

To  realms  beyond  the  azure  dome. 
With  jiinis  outstretched  God's  angels  said 
'■  Welcome  to  heaven, '  Home,  Sweet  Home.'" 

Mr.  Payne  never  married,  and  never  knew,  except  in  infancy,  the 
joys  of  which  he  so  feelingly  wrote  in  his  undying  song. 

In  1883,  by  the  munificence  of  Mr.  W.  W.  Corcoran,  the  well- 
known  banker  at  Washington,  the  remains  of  John  Howard  Payne 
were  brought  from  Tunis  to  the  United  States  capital  and  re-interred 
on  the  ninth  of  June  with  appropriate  memorial  ceremonies,  it 
being  the  ninety-first  anniversary  of  the  poet's  birth.  The  interest 
of  the  occasion  was  heightened  by  the  recitatitui  of  an  original  i)oem, 
tenderly  commemorative  of  the  dead,  by  the  same  gentleman,  Mr. 
Chilton,  who  inscribed  the  foregoing  touching  verse  upon  his  foreign 
tombstone,  and  the  famous  song  was  sung  at  the  grave.  A  fine  mon- 
ument, surmounted  with  a  bust  of  the  song-writer,  and  properly 
inscribed,  marks  the  spot  where  he  calmly  rests. 

The  following  are  the  words  which  made  immortal  the  subject  of 
our  sketch: 

'Mid  pleasures  and  palaces  though  we  may  roam. 

Be  it  ever  so  humlile,  there's  no  place  like  home. 
A  clinrin  from  the  skies  seems  to  hallow  us  tlu-re, 
Which  seek  through  the  world,  is  not  met  with  elsewhere. 
Home!  home!  sweet,  sweet  home! 

There's  no  place  like  home. 
There's  no  place  like  home. 

An  exile  from  home,  splendor  dazzles  in  vain. 

Oh,  give  me  my  lowly-thatched  cottage  again! 
The  birds  singing  gayly  that  came  at  my  call,^ 

Give  me  them  with  that  peace  of  mind,  dearer  than  all. 
Home!  home!  sweet,  sweet  home! 

There's  no  place  like  home, 
There's  no  place  like  home. 


1 


VILLAGE    of    Eden,  Erie 

county,    N.  Y. ,    was     the 

birthplace  of  the  author  of 

"Sweet       Bye-and-Bye. '' 

re  he  first  saw  the  light  June 

1836.      When  two  years  old 

caiue    with    his   parents   to 


^'^ 


Phiinfield,   111.       After  a  three- 
years'  sojourn  the  family  removed 

to  Lake  Zurich,  111.,  and  there  settled  upon  a  farm. 
Here  the  subject  of  our  sketch  learnt'd  to  labor,  while  he  communed 
with  nature  in  the  summer,  attended  the  district  schools  in  the 
winter  and  read  all  the  books  to  which  he  could  get  access,  in  the  odd 
times  between  bis  other  duties. 

At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  entered  the  academy  at  Waukegan,  111., 
taught  his  first  school  near  Wauconda,  111. ,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  and 
entered  the  university  of  Michigan  in  1858.  At  the  end  of  the  uni- 
versity year  he  look  the  place  of  principal  in  the  Richmond  (III.) 
public  schools,  which  position  he  resigned  in  1861.  to  become 
associate  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Elkborn  (Wis.)  Independent^ 
with  Frank  Lehind,  afterward  United  States  consul  to  Hamilton, 
Canada.  In  1864  he  enlisted  in  Company  D,  40th  Wisconsin  volun- 
teers, was  elected  second  lieutenant,  and  in  that  capacity  served 
during  the  term  of  enlistment. 

Selling  his  newspai)er  interest,  he  opened  a  drug-store  in  Elkhorn 
in  1866,  and  at  the  same  time  began  the  study  of  medicine.  Five 
years  afterward  he  returned,  for  a  year,  to  the  Richmond  high  school, 
as  a  teacher.  In  1874,  having  completed  the  curriculum  of  study  in 
Rush  Medical  college,  Chicago,  he  graduated  as  doctor  of  medicine, 
being  accorded  the  honor  of  class  valedictorian.  Commencing  in 
Richmond  the  practice  of  medicine  soon  after  graduating,  he  yet 
resides  there,  enjoying  a  large  practice,  holding,  at  the  same  lime, 
the  ])osition  of  United  States  pension  surgeon,  to  which  he  was 
appointed  soon  after  graduating. 

Mr.  Bennett  commenced  his  literary  career  when  a  mere  boy,  by 
the  publication  of  his  verse  in  numerous  newspapers,  and  he  has  been 
a  voluminous  writer  from  that  day  on.  As  his  work  in  this  direction 
has  been  done  mostly  for  the  daily  and  weekly  press  of  the  country, 
it  is,  in  the  main,  lost  amid  the  vast  mass  of  similar  work  from  the 
hands  of  tens  of  thousands  of  writers  in  the  same  field. 

During  bis  residence  in  Elkhorn  be  became  associated  with 
J.  P.  Webster,  the  composer,  then  best  known  to  the  world  through 
his  still  famous  song,  "Lorena. "  Together  for  several  years  they 
published  numerous  songs,  in  sheet-music  form,  many  of  which 
became  popular,  but  none  attained  to  the  fixed  place  in  the  heart  of 
the  world  that  the  ''Sweet  Bye-and-Bye"  did.  In  the  time  men- 
tioned they  published  three  musical  works,  "The  Beatitudes,"  a 
Sabbath-school  cantata,  the  "Cantata  of  the  Great  Rebellion,"  and 
the  "Signet  Ring,"  a  book  of  §unday-school  music,  to  which  Mr. 
Bennett  contributed  nearly  one  hundred  original  hymns.  In  the 
"Signet   Ring"    the    "Sweet   Bye-and-Bye"    was   first   published. 


S.  FILLMORE  BENNETT, 

Author  of  "  Swt-et  Bye-aud-Bye." 


We  give  the  history  of  the  song  as  written 
by  Mr.  Bennett  himself  in  a  newspaper 
article : 

"  In  the  year  of  1801,  I  became  a  resident  of 

the  village  of   Elkhorn,  Wis.,  the  home  of  the 

composer,    J.    P.    Webster,    and    shortly   after 

became  associated  with  him  in  the  production  of 

sheet-music  (aongs)  and  other  musical  works. 

In  the  summer  or  fall  of  the  year  1867  we  c<yn- 

menced  work  on   the    'Signet  Ring,'   a   new    Sabbath -school  book, 

afterward   published   by   Messrs.    Lyon   &   Healy,   Chicago.         The 

'  Sweet  Bye  and- Bye  '  was  one  of  the  songs  written  for  that  work. 

"  Mr.  Webster,  like  many  musicians,  was  of  an  exceedingly  nervous 
and  sensitive  nature,  and  subject  to  periods  of  depression,  in  which 
he  looked  upon  the  dark  side  of  all  things  in  life.  I  had  learned  his 
peculiarities  so  well  that  on  meeting  him  I  could  tell  at  a  glance  if  he 
was  in  one  of  his  melancholy  moods,  and  had  found  that  I  could  rouse 
him  from  them  by  giving  him  a  new  song  or  hymn  to  work  on.  On 
such  an  occasion  he  came  into  my  place  of  business,  and,  walking 
down  to  the  stove,  turned  his  back  to  me  without  speaking.  I  was 
at  my  desk  writing.  Presently  I  turned  to  him  and  said: 
"  '  Webster,  what  is  the  matter  now?' 

"  '  It  is  no  matter,'  be  replied,  '  it  will  be  all  right  bye-and-bye. ' 
"  The  idea  of  the  hymn  came  to  me  like  a  flash  of  sunlight,  and  I 
replied:    'The  Sweet  Bye-and-Bye!     Why  would  not  that  make  a 
good  hymn?' 

"  'May  be  it  would,'  said  he,  indifferently. 

"Turning  to  the  desk  I  penned  the  following  words  as  fast  as  I 
could  write: 

"There's  a  land  that  is  fairer  than  day. 
And  by  faith  we  can  see  it  afar. 
For  the  Father  waits  over  the  way. 
To  prepare  us  a  dwelling-place  there: 
In  the  Sweet  Bye-and-Bye, 

We  shall  meet  on  that  beautiful  shore — 
In  the  Sweet  Bye-and-Bye, 
We  shall  meet  on  that  beautiful  shore. 

"We  shall  sing,  on  that  beautiful  shore, 

The  melodious  songs  of  the  blest. 

And  our  spirits  shall  sorrow  no  more — 

Not  a  sigh  for  the  blessing  of  rest! 

In  the  Sweet  Bye-and-Bye, 

We  shall  sing  on  that  beautiful  shore^ 
In  the  Sweet  Bye-and-Bye, 
We  shall  sing  on  that  beautiful  shore. 

"To  onr  bountiful  Father  above. 

We  will  offer  the  tribute  of  praise, 
For  the  glorious  gift  of  His  love. 

And  the  blessings  that  hallow  our  days: 
In  the  Sweet  Bye-and-Bye, 

We  shall  praise  on  that  beautiful  shore — 
In  the  Sweet  Bye-and-Bye, 

Wc  shall  praise  on  thai  beautiful  shore. 
"In  the  meantime  two  friends,  N.  H.  Carswell  and  S.  E.  Bright, 


/<|;C>/~- 


h 


20 


^^m< 


I 


•6 


306 


THE    "■  STAK-SPAKGLED    BANNER,       AND    A    IJISTOKY    OF    ITS    AUTHOKSUIP. 


had  come  in.  I  handed  the  hymn  to  Mr.  Webster.  As  he  read  it 
his  eye  kindled,  and  his  whole  demeanor  changed.  Stepping  to  the 
desk  he  began  writing  the  notes  In  a  moment.  Presently  he  requested 
Mr.  Bright  to  hand  him  his  violin,  and  he  played  the  melody.  In 
a  few  moments  more  he  had  the  notes  for  the  four  parts  of  the  chorus 
jotted  down.  I  think  it  was  not  over  thirty  minutes  from  the  time 
I  took  my  pen  to  write  the  words,  before  the  two  gentlemen  men- 
tioned, myself  and  Mr.  Webster  were  singing  the  hymn,  in  the  same 
form  in  which  it  afterward  appeared  in  the  'Signet  Ring.'  While 
singing  it,  Mr.  R-  R.  Crosby,  now  a  resident  of  Richmond,  111.,  came 
in,  and,  after  listening  awhile,  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  uttered  the  pre- 
diction: *  Thiit  hymn  is  immortal.'  I  think  it  was  sung  in  public 
shortly  after,  for  within  two  weeks  almost  every  child  on  the  streets 
was  singing  it. 


"The  'Sweet  Bye-and-Bye'  was  published  in  the  'Signet  Ring'  in 
1868.  The  publishers  of  the  book,  Messrs.  Lyon  &  Hcaly,  Chicago, 
heralded  its  advent  by  distributing  a  very  large  number  of  circulars, 
upon  which  selections  from  the  work  were  printed;  among  them  the 
'Sweet  Bye-and-Bye.'  These  circulars  first  brought  the  hymn  to 
the  notice  of  the  public,  and  created  the  principal  demand  for  the 
book.  Sometime  toward  the  close  of  the  year  1868, 1  think,  the  hymn 
was  first  published  in  sheet-music  form,  first  by  Messrs.  Lyon  & 
Healy.  Its  publication  passed  from  their  hands  to  0.  Ditson  &  Co., 
Boston.  It  is  now  published  in  numerous  collections  of  vocal 
music  in  America,  and,  as  a  newspaper  account  says,  it  is  trans- 
lated into  various  foreign  languages,  and  'sung  in  every  land  under 
the  sun. '  " 


S.  Key. 


Author  of  the  Song  of  "The  Star-Spangled  Banner." 


'  HE  ORIGIN  of  this  stirring  melody  is  thus  related:  Dr. 
Beans,  of  Upper  Marlborough,  Md. ,  after  the  capture  of 
Washington,  in  August,  1814,  was  taken  prisoner  and 
carried  on  board  the  British  fleet.  Upon  this  fact  be- 
coming known,  Mr.  Francis  S.  Key,  with  a  friend,  visited  the  fleet 
to  arrange,  if  possible,  for  his  release,  and  their  request  was  granted, 
but  all  three,  in  view  of  the  approaching  attack  on  Baltimore,  were 
detained  on  shipboard. 

On  the  12th  of  September  British  troops  were  landed  near  Balti- 
more, and  while  these  advanced  upon  the  city,  the  fleet  furiously 
bombarded  Fort  McHenry,  which  defended  the  port,  for  twenty-five 
hours.  During  the  night  the  fort  did  not  reply  to  the  cannonade, 
and  whether  the  flag  still  waved  above  it,  or  had  been  hauled  down 
in  the  darkness,  could  not  be  ascertained  until  the  dawn, 

Mr.  Key  and  his  friends  passed  an  anxious  and  sleepless  night, 
and  when  morning  came  they  beheld,  with  joy,  the  stars  and  stripes 
gallantly  surmounting  the  ramparts.  It  was  during  this  long  and 
exciting  night  that  Mr.  Key  composed  the  song,  which  during  our 


more  recent  conflicts  has  been  an  inspiration  to  many  a  weary 
soldier  and  his  anxious  friends.  The  fort  was  not  taken  by  the  fleet, 
the  land  force  was  repulsed  by  American  troops,  and  Baltimore  was 
saved. 

Francis  Scott  Key,  the  author  of  "The  Star-Spangled  Banner," 
was  born  in  Frederick  county,  Md. ,  August  1,  1779-  His  education 
was  received  at  St.  John's  college,  Annapolis;  and  after  having 
studied  law  and  secured  admittance  to  the  bar  he  began  to  practice 
his  profession  at  Frederick  City,  Md. 

Afterward  removing  to  Washington,  he  became  district  attorney  of 
the  District  of  Columbia  and  retained  that  ofKce  for  many  years. 

He  wrote  numerous  other  poems,  a  collection  of  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1857,  but  his  fame  rests  chiefly  upon  "The  Star-Spangled 
Banner." 

He  died  at  Baltimore,  January  II,  1843,  and  the  lute  James  Lick, 
of  San  Francisco,  Cal. ,  so  highly  appreciated  his  genius  that  in  his 
will  he  bequeathed  $00,000  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a  suitable 
monument  to  Mr.  Key's  memory. 


STAR-SPANGLED 

^ 


BANNER. 


o 


0 


n  I  say,  can  you  see,  by  the  dawn's  early  light, 

What  so  proudly  we  hailed  at  the  twilight's  last  gleaming? 
Whose  broad  stiipes  and  bright  stars  through  the  perilous  flght, 

O'er  the  ramparts  wc  watched  were  so  gallantly  streaming; 
And  the  rocket's  red  glare,  the  bombs  bursting  in  air. 
Gave  proof  through  the  night  that  our  flag  was  still  there; 
Oh  I  say,  docs  that  star-spangled  baimer  yet  wave 
O'er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave? 

N  the  shore,  dimly  seen  through  the  mists  of  the  deep, 

Whore  the  foe's  haughty  host  in  dread  silence  reposes. 
What  is  that  which  the  breeze,  o'er  the  towering  steep. 

As  it  lltfully  blows,  half  conceals,  half  discloses? 
Now  it  (flitches  the  gleam  of  the  morning's  first  beam. 
In  full  glory  reflected  now  shines  on  the  stream; 

'Tis  the  star-spangh'd  banner!  oh,  long  may  it  wave 
O'er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave  I 


'TT'ND  where  is  that  bund,  who  so  vauntingly  swore 
A^      That  the  havoc  of  war  and  the  battle's  confusion 
A  home  and  a  country  should  leave  us  no  more? 

Their  blood  has  washed  out  their  foul  footsteps'  pollution. 
No  refuge  could  save  the  hireling  and  slave 
From  the  terror  of  death  and  the  gloom  of  the  grave; 
And  the  star-spauglcd  bainu-r  in  triumph  shall  wave 
O'er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave  I 


O 


H !  thus  be  it  ever,  wlu^n  freemen  shall  stand 

Between  flu'ir  loved  homes  and  war's  desolation; 
ItU'f'l  with  victory  and  peace,  may  the  heav'n-rescucd  land 

PraisL-  the  power  timt  has  made  and  preserved  us  a  nation. 
Then  conquer  we  must,  for  our  cause  it  is  just. 
And  this  he  our  motti),  *'  In  God  is  our  trust.  " 

And  the  star-spangled  banner  iu  triumph  shall  wave 
O'er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave. 


-^■'^. 


nUl.WKIi-LYTTO^,     I'OKT    AND    NOVKI.IST. 


auT 


9-- 


Poet,  Novelist  and  Member  of  the  British  Parliament. 


HE  CELEBRATED  English  novelist.  Edward 
George  Earle  Lytton,  Baron,  was  born  in  1805, 
of  an  ancient  family. 
He  was  educated  by  private  tutors  and  at  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  in  I82G.  In  the 
,  meantime  he  had  made  pedestrian  tours  through  Eng- 
.  land  and  Scotland,  and  on  horseback  through  a  large 
portion  of  France.  His  literary  tastes  developed  at  an 
early  age  and  continued  until  his  death  to  be  mani- 
fested in  his  voluminous  writings.  He  succeeded  to  the  Knebworth 
estates  in  1844;  mainly  assisted  in  founding  the  guild  of  literature 
and  art;  became  lord  rector  of  the  University  of  Glasgow  in  1850,  and 
again  in  1858.  He  entered  parliament  in  1831,  and  again  in  1853  and 
1857.  He  was  created  a  baronet  in  1838,  and  in  1858  became  secretary 
of  state  for  the  colonies  in  the  cabinet  of  the  earl  of  Derby,  but  this 


office  he  resigned  in  1859.  In  1866  he  became  Baron  Lytton  and  a 
member  of  the  peerage.  He  died  in  London,  1873.  Among  his  works 
were  the  following: 

Poems:  "Sculpture,"  "Weeds  and  Wild  Flowers,"  "O'Neill, 
or  the  Rebel,"  "  The  New  Timon,  "  "  King  Arthur, "  "  The  Odes 
and  Epodes  of  Horace,"  "The  Siamese  Twins,"  "The  Lost  Tales 
of  Miletus."  Dramas:  "The  Duchess  de  La  Valliere, "  The  Lady 
of  Lyons,"  "Richelieu,"  "Money,"  "Not  so  Bad  as  We  Seem. " 
Other  works:  "Falkland,"  "  Pelham. "  "The  Disowned,"  "  Dev- 
ereux, "  "Paul  Clifford,"  "Eugene  Aram,"  "England  and  the 
English,"  "The  Student,"  "The  Pilgrims  of  the  Rhine, ""  The 
Caxtcms, "  "A  Letter  to  John  Bull,"  "Confessions  of  a  Water 
Patient,"  "My  Novel,"  "What  will  He  Do  with  It?"  "The  Paris- 
ians, "  ' '  Kenelm  Chillingly, "  and  ' '  The  Crisis,  "  a  political  paper. 

Lady  Buhver,  his  wife,  also  wrote  several  novels. 


CLAUDE  MELNOTTE'S  APOLOGY  AND  DEFENSE. 


BY    LORD    EDWARD    BULWER-LYTTON. 


Pauline,  by  pride 
Angels  have  fallen  ere  thy  time;  by  pride, — 
That  sole  alloy  of  thy  most  lovely  mould  — 
The  evil  spirit  of  a  bitter  love 
And  a  revengeful  heart,  had  power  upon  thee. 
From  my  first  years  my  soul  was  filled  with  thee; 
I  saw  thee  midst  the  flowers  the  lowly  boy 
Tended,  unmarked  by  thee, —  a  spirit  of  bloom, 
And  joy  and  freshness,  as  spring  itself 
Were  made  a  living  thing  and  wore  thy  shape! 
I  saw  thee,  and  the  passionate  heart  of  man 
Entered  the  breast  of  the  wild-dreaming  boy; 
And  from  that  hour  I  grew  —  what  to  tlic  last 
I  shall  be  —  thine  adorer!     Well,  this  love, 
Vain,  frantic, —  guilty,  if  thou  writ,  became 
A  fountain  of  ambition  and  bright  hope; 
I  thought  of  tales  that  by  the  winter  hearth 
Old  giissips  tell, —  how  maidens  sprung  from  kings 
Have  stooped  from  their  high  sphere;  how  Love,  like  Death, 
Levels  all  ranks,  and  lays  the  shepherd's  crook 
Beside  the  sceptre.      Thus  I  made  my  home 
In  the  soft  palace  of  a  fairy  Future! 
My  father  died;  and  I,  the  peasant-born. 
Was  my  own  lord.     Then  did  I  seek  to  rise  . 
Out  of  the  prison  of  my  mean  estate; 
And,  with  such  jewels  as  the  exploring  mind 
Brings  from  the  caves  of  Knowledge,  buy  my  ransom 
From  those  twin  jailers  of  the  daring  heart, — 
Low  birth  and  iron  fortune.      Thy  briglit  image, 


Glassed  in  my  soul,  took  all  the  hues  of  glory 

And  lured  me  on  to  those  inspiring  toils 

By  which  man  masters  men !     For  thee,  I  grew 

A  midnight  student  o'er  the  dreams  of  sages! 

For  thee,  I  sought  to  borrow  from  each  Grace 

And  every  Muse  such  attributes  as  lend 

Ideal  charms  to  Love.      I  thought  of  thee, 

And  passion  taught  me  poesy, —  of  thee. 

And  on  the  painter's  canvas  grew  the  life 

Of  beauty!  —  Art  became  the  shadow 

Of  the  dear  starlight  of  thy  haunting  eyes! 

Men  called  me  \'ain, —  some,  mad, —  I  heeded  not; 

But  still  toiled  on,  hoped  on, —  for  it  was  sweet. 

If  not  to  win,  to  feel  more  worthy,  thee  I 

At  last,  in  one  mad  hour,  I  dared  to  pour 

The  thoughts  that  burst  their  channels  into  song. 

And  senr  them  to  thee, —  such  a  tribute,  lady. 

As  beauty  rarely  scorns,  even  from  the  meanest. 

The  name — appended  by  the  burning  heart 

That  longed  to  show  its  idol  what  bright  things 

It  had  created  —  yea,  the  enthusiast's  name. 

That  should  have  been  thy  triumph,  was  thy  scornl 

That  very  hour  —  when  passion,  turned  to  wrath, 

Rfsembled  hatred  most;  when  thy  disdain 

Made  my  whole  soul  a  chaos  —  in  that  hour 

The  tempters  found  me  a  revengeful  tool 

For  their  revenge!     Thou  hadst  trampled  on  the  worm,- 

It  turned,  and  stung  thee! 


G] 


^: 


>kl-^^^^ 


30S 


THE    PHILOSOPHER    AND    PLAY-WRITER,    SHAKSPEARE. 


Life  and   Works  of  the   Distinguished  Dramatist. 


LTHOUGH  no  exact   record  of  the 
date  of  his  birth  exists,  it  is  sup- 
posed that  William  Shakspeare  was 
born  April  26,  1564,   his  birthplace 
being     Stratford-upon-Avon.       He 
was  the  third  of  eight  children.      His 
father  was  a  prominent  man,  at  one 
time,  in  the  town  of  1,500  people, 
being    successively,    a     glover,    a 
butcher,  a  dealer  in  wool,  and  filled 
in    order   the   offices   of    constable,    alderman,    and 
mayor. — all  that,  and  yet  not  able  to  write  his  own 
name,  which   indicated  that  he  was  a  man  of  such 
J^lv^-K  natural  ability  as  to  take  high  rank,  even  with  no 
"*^i  '-■'  \^V'     '  liucation. 
g[    *tV'^       '^^^  mother  came  from  an  aristocratic  family  of 
some  note,  and  with  the  small  estate  that  she  brought 
her  husband,  the  couple  were  in  well-to-do  circum- 
stances, and  amid  these  pleasant  surroundings,  it  is 
supposed  William  attended   the   Stratford   grammar 
school  and  assisted  his  father  at  butchering  and  wool- 
buying,  and  afterwards  as  an  attorney's  clerk  and  schoolmaster. 

In  the  future  poet's  rovings  about  the  neighborhood,  he  met 
Anne  Hathaway,  whom  he  married  at  the  age  of  eighteen.  Anne 
being  at  the  time  twenty-six.  Five  months  afterwards  she  bore  him 
a  daughter,  and  before  he  was  twenty-one,  three  children  were  born 
to  him.  the  la.^t  two  being  twins. 

About  this  time  his  father's  circumstances  became  embarrassed, 
and  William  was  compelled  to  turn  his  attention  to  something  besides 
his  father's  business  with  which  to  get  a  living.  The  tradition  is 
that  having  stolen  a  deer  from  Sir  Thomas  Lucy,  of  Charlecote,  near 
Stratford,  he  received  such  persecution  as  compelled  him  to  leave 
his  native  town  for  the  time.  Be  that  as  it  may,  having  often  wit- 
nessed the  plays  of  traveling  actors  from  London  in  Stratford,  and 
some  of  his  acquaintances  being  in  the  metropolis,  he  engaged  in 
theatrical  work.  He  went  to  London,  and  was  soon  employed  as  an 
assistant  in  general  utility  work,  it  is  claimed,  at  tlie  Bluckfriars 
Theater,  where  he  also  soon  joined  a  theatrical  company. 

At  that  period  there  was  great  demand  for  nrw  play«,  and  he  very 


soon  commenced  rearranging  and  adapting  old  plays  to  the  stage, 
succeeding  which  he  began  to  write  plays  of  his  own,  which  became 
so  popular  as  to  make  him,  in  ten  years  from  the  time  of  his  first 
arrival  in  London,  the  most  distinguished  literary  man  in  Great 
Britain.  For  sixteen  years,  it  is  said,  after  he  commenced  play- 
writing  he  frequently  took  a  part  in  his  own  plays.  He  then  ceased 
to  go  upon  the  stage,  but  continued  his  writing  and  remained 
in  London,  from  the  time  of  his  first  arrival,  a  period  of  twenty-four 
years.  At  the  expiration  of  this  time,  with  an  income  of  $12,000  a 
year  from  his  writings,  he  returned  to  Stratford,  where  he  wrote 
three  more  plays,  one  of  which  was  the  "-Tempest." 

Shakspeare  had,  years  before,  purchased  one  of  the  handsomest 
homes  in  Stratford  for  his  family,  but  rumor  has  it  that  he  was  never 
a  husband  to  his  wife  after  going  to  London,  though  he  visited  Strat- 
ford annually.  Engaged  in  a  drinking  spree  with  Drayton  and  Ben 
Jonson,  Shakspeare  contracted  a  fever,  from  which  he  died,  April 
23,  1616,  aged  fifty-two,  leaving  a  wife  who  survived  him  seven 
years,  and  two  married  daughters.  One  of  these.  Susanna,  the 
eldest,  had  married  a  Dr.  Hall,  of  Stratford,  and  Judith  had  wedded 
Thomas  Quincy.  His  other  child,  a  boy  called  Hammet,  died  at  the 
age  of  eleven. 

Shakspeare's  remains  were  buried  in  the  chancel  of  Trinity 
Chapel,  at  Stratford.  This  church,  which  contains  also  the  remains 
of  his  wife,  the  monument  that  stands  near  it.  upon  which  is  a 
portrait-bust  of  the  poet,  the  grammar  school  in  which  he  was 
educated,  and  tlie  house  where  he  was  born,  purchased  by  the 
national  government  at  a  cost  of  $20,000,  may  lo-day  all  be  seen  by 
the  pilgrim  to  Stratford.  Thousands  of  the  admirers  of  Shakspeare, 
from  all  parts  of  the  world,  come  here  every  year,  and  although 
three  hundred  years  have  gone  by  since  the  jmet's  birth,  the  centuries 
seem  but  to  add  brilliancy  and  a  halo  to  his  memory. 

The  great  dramatist  left  to  posterity  thirty-seven  play-i.  in  which 
were  interblended  poetry,  love,  wit,  religion,  philosophy  and  knowl- 
edge of  human  nature,  in  such  measure  as  no  one  had  ever  written 
before,  and  no  one  will  ever  be  likely  to  surpass. 

On  the  following  page  are  given  some  of  the  well-known  sayings 
from  this  famous  playwright.  It  will  be  seen,  from  their  study, 
that  the  fame  which  Shakspeare  has  enjoyed  for  three  hundred 
years,  was  well  and  justly  merited. 


SKKMONS    IN    A    SINGLE    LINE. 


au'j 


? 


Familiar  Quotations  from  Shakspeare's  Writings. 

S-^-g^! 


WEET  are  the  uses  of  adversity. 


Which,    like  the  toad,    uc;ly  and  venomous, 
Wears  yet  a  precious  jewel  in  his  head. 
And  this   our  life,    exeni])t  from  public  haunt. 
Kinds  tongues  in  trees,  h(»)ks  in  Ilic  running  brooks, 
Sermons  in  stones,  and  good  iu  everything. 

.'Is  You  Like  If.   Act  ii.  Sc.  1. 


As  merry  as  the  day  is  long. 

Much  Ado  About  Nothing. 


Act  ii.  Sc.  1. 


Every  one  can  master  a  grief  but  he  that  has  it. 
Mucfi  Ado  About  Nothing.     Act  iii.  Sc. 

The  man  that  hath  no  music  in  himself, 

Nor  is  not  moved  with  concord  of  sweet  sounds. 

Is  fit  for  treasons,  stratagems,  and  spoils: 

The  motions  of  his  spirit  are  dull  as  night, 

And  his  affections  dark  as  Erebus. 

Let  no  such  man  be  trusted. 

Merchant  of  Venice.     Act  v.  Sc. 


1. 


All  the  world  's  a  stage 
And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players; 
Tbey  have  their  exits  and  their  entrances; 
And  one  man  in  his  time  plays  many  parts, — 
His  Acts  being  seven  ages.      At  first,  the  Infant, 
Mewling  and  puking  in  the  nurse's  arms. 
Then  the  wliining  School -boy,  with  his  satchel 
And  shining  morning  face,  creeping  like  snail 
Unwillingly  to  school.      And  then  the  Lover, 
Sighing  like  furnace,  with  a  woful  ballad 
Made  to  his  mistress'  eyebrow.      Then  a  Soldier, 
Full  of  strange  oaths  and  bearded  like  the  pard; 
Jealous  in  honor,  sudden  and  quick  in  quarrel, 
Seeking  the  bubble  Reputation 

Even  iu  the  cannon's  mouth.     And  then  the  Justice, 
In  fair  round  belly  with  good  capon  lin'd. 
With  eyes  severe  and  beard  of  formal  cut. 
Full  of  wise  saws  and  modern  instances, — 
And  so  he  plays  his  part.     The  sixth  age  shifts 
Iiuo  the  lean  and  slipper'd  pantaloon. 
With  spectacle  on  nose  and  pouch  on  side; 
His  youthful  hose,  well  sav'd,  a  world  too  wide 
For  bis  shrunk  shank;  and  his  big  manly  voice, 
Turning  again  toward  childish  treble,  pipes 
And  wliistles  in  his  sound.      Last  scene  of  all, 
That  ends  this  strange  eventful  history. 
Is  second  childishness  and  mere  oblivion; 
Sans  teeth,  sans  eyes,  sans  taste,  sans — everything. 
As  You  Like  It.     Act  ii.  Sc.  7. 

She  never  told  her  love ; 
But  let  concealment,  like  a  worm  i'  the  bud. 
Feed  on  her  damask  cheek:  she  pined  in  thought; 
And.  with  a  green  and  yellow  melancholy, 
She  sat,  like  Patience  on  a  monument, 
Smiling  at  grief. 

Twelfth  Night.      Act  ii.  Sc.  4. 

Some  are  born  great,  some  achieve  greatness. 
And  some  have  greatness  thrust  upon  them. 

Tivelfth  Night.     Act  ii.  Sc.  5. 

Thus  the  whirligig  of  Time  brings  in  his  revenges. 
Twelfth  Night.     Act  v.  Sc.  1. 

When  Fortune  means  to  men  most  good. 
She  looks  upon  them  with  a  threatening  eye. 

King  John.      Act  iii.  Sc.  4. 

To  gild  refined  gold,  to  paint  the  lily. 

To  throw  a  perfume  on  the  violet. 

To  smooth  the  ice,  or  add  another  hue 

Unto  the  rainbow,  or  with  taper-light 

To  seek  the  beauteous  eye  of  heaven  to  garnish. 

Is  wasteful  and  ridiculous  excess. 

King  John.     Act  iv.  Sc.  3. 

Uneasy  lies  the  head  that  wears  a  crown. 

King  Henry  IV. .   Part  II.      ,4fMii.  Sc.  1. 


Smooth  runs  the  water  where  the  brook  is  deep. 
King  Henry   [7.,  Part  II.      ActWx.  Sc. 

The  smallest  worm  will  turn,  being  trodden  on. 
King  Henry  ['/.,  Part  III     Act  W.  Sc. 

So  wise  ho  young,  they  say,  do  ne'er  live  long. 

King  Richard  III.     Act  iii.  Sc. 


A  horse!  u  horse  I  My  kingdom  for  a  horse! 

King  liichard  III.     Act  v.  Sc.4. 
Farewell,  a  long  farewell  to  all  my  greatness! 
This  is  ihe  statt;  of  man:  to-day  he  puts  forth 
The  tender  leaves  of  hope,  to-morrow  l)lr)ssom.i. 
And  bears  his  Idusbing  honors  thick  u|)om  bim: 
The  third  day  comes  a  frost,  a  killing  frost. 

King  Henry  VIII.     Act  iii.  Sc.  2. 

What  's  in  a  name?  that  which  we  call  a  rose 
By  any  other  name  would  smell  as  sweet. 

liomeo  and  Juliet.      Act  ii.  Sc.  2. 

For  nought  so  vile  that  on  the  earth  doth  live. 
But  to  the  earth  some  special  good  doth  give; 
Nor  aught  so  good,  but,  slrain'd  from  that  fair  use, 
Revolts  from  true  birth,  stumbling  on  abuse: 
Virtue  itself  turns  vice,  being  misapplied. 
And  vice  sometime  's  by  action  dignifred. 

liomeo  and  Juliet.     Act  W.  Sc.  3. 

Romans,    countrymen,    and  lovers!    hear  me  for 
my  cause;  and  be  silent  that  ytm  may  bear. 

Julius  desar.     Act  iii.  Sc.  2. 

Not   that   I   loved   Ctesar  less,    but  that  I  loved 
Rome  more. 

Julius  Ccesar.     Act  iii.  Sc.  2. 

But  yesterday,  the  word  of  CECsar  might 

Ha\e  stood  against  the  world:  now  lies  he  there, 

And  none  so  poor  to  do  bim  reverence. 

Julius  desar.     Act  iii.  Sc.  2. 
There  is  a  tide  in  the  affairs  of  men. 
Which,  taken  at  the  flood.  leads  on  to  fortune: 
Omitted,  all  the  voyage  of  their  life 
Is  bound  in  shallows  and  in  miseries. 

Julius  Voisar.     Act  iv.  Sc.  3. 

His  life  was  gentle;  and  the  elements 

So  mix'd  in  him.  that  Nature  might  stand  up 

And  say  to  all  the  world,    "  This  is  a  man  !" 

Julius  Censor.     Act  v.  Sc.  5. 

To-morrow,  and  to-morrow,  and  to-morrow, 

Creeps  in  this  petty  pace  from  day  to  day. 

To  the  last  syllable  of  recorded  time: 

And  all  our  yesterdays  have  lighted  fools 

The  way  to  dusty  death.      Out,  out.  brief  candle! 

Life  "s  but  a  walking  shadow;  a  poor  player. 

That  struts  and  frets  his  hour  upon  the  stage. 

And  then  is  heard  no  more:  it  is  a  tale 

Told  by  an  idiot,  full  of  sound  and  fury, 

Signifying  nothing. 

Macbeth.     Act  v.  Sc.  5. 
Frailty,  thy  name  is  woman! 

Hamlet.     Act  i.  Sc.  2. 
He  was  a  man,  take  him  for  all  in  all, 
I  shall  not  look  upon  his  like  again. 

Hamlet.     Act  i.  Sc.  2. 
A  countenance  more 
In  sorrow  than  in  anger. 

Hamlet.     Act  i.  Sc.  2. 
Let  the  galled  jade  wince,  our  withers  are  unwrung. 
Ikniilet.     Act  iii.  Sc.  2. 
There  's  a  divinity  that  shapes  our  ends, 
Rough-hew  them  how  we  will. 

Hamlet.     Act  v.  Sc.  2. 

Have  you  not  heard  it  said  full  oft. 
A  woman's  nay  doth  stand  for  naught? 

Ibid.  xiv. 


h 


-— jO: 


i 


a  reckless,  dissipated  captain 
in  the  guards,  whose  first 
prominent  escapade  was  to 
flope,  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
three,  with  the  wife  of  a  mar- 
quis, the  couple  taking  up 
^  _  ,-  ^  their    residence    in    France, 

*^  where  the  wife  died  in  1784, 

leaving  a  daughter — Augusta — who  afterwards  became  Mrs.  Leigh. 
Two  years  later,  the  fortune  of  the  first  wife  being  squandered,  John 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Catherine  Gordon,  a  Scotch  girl,  who  was 
reputed  to  be  worth  $250,000.  Byron  openly  boasted  of  his  inten- 
tion to  marry  her  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  the  money  with  which 
to  pay  his  debts,  and  he  carried  out  his  purpose.  This  marriage  was 
very  satisfactory  to  Byron's  creditors,  who  came  upon  the  estate 
before  the  honeymoon  was  over.  First  went  the  ready  money, 
$15,000;  next,  $5,000  in  bank  and  other  stock;  then  $45,000  worth 
of  timber  was  cut  and  sold  from  the  estate.  Then  the  property 
was  mortgaged  for  $24,000,  and  all  the  money  thus  raised  was  spent 
in  paying  the  debts  of  the  spendthrift. 

First  settling  in  England,  where  the  property  was  squandered,  the 
wife  afterwards  went  to  Aberdeen  to  live  on  the  income  of  $10,000 
that  had  been  settled  upon  her  at  marriage,  which  amount  the 
husband  could  not  obtain.  When  everything  else  had  been  wasted,  to 
even  the  interest  on  this  last  amount,  the  husband  followed  her  from 
England  and  borrowed  all  he  could  get,  and  then  abandoned  her 
and    their   child,  a   hoy  then  three   years  old,  and  started  for  Paris, 


but  died  before  reaching  there.  With  all  the  meanness  of  the  man, 
his  wife  loved  him  devotedly  and  her  shrieks  were  of  the  most  violent 
kind  when  the  news  came  of  his  death. 

Such  was  the  parentage  of  the  poet,  Byron.  The  father  was  a 
wild,  reckless,  passionate  spendthrift.  The  mother  was  irrational 
and  emotional;  sometimes  storming  with  anger,  and  again  over- 
flowing in  her  heart  with  love.  What  wonder  that  the  future  Byron 
should  have  possessed  those  traits  of  character  that  poisoned  his 
morals  and  shadowed  the  purity  of  his  social  existence.  It  was  as 
natural  that  his  domestic  life  should  be  darkened  and  cursed  as  that 
thistles  shall  grow  where  the  seed  of  thistle  is  sown.  It  will  be  seen 
in  these  biographies  of  great  lives  that  while  training  has  done  much, 
a  smoothly,  evenly- rounded,  successful  life  is  almost  invariably 
preceded  by  an  intellectual,  moral,  well  balanced,  superior  parentage. 

George  Gordon  Byron,  the  subject  of  our  sketch,  was  born  in 
London,  January  22.  1788.  It  was  while  living  with  his  mother  in 
Aberdeen,  in  1798,  that  the  news  came  of  the  death  of  his  great 
uncle.  William  Lord  Byron,  of  Rochdale,  and  Newstead  Abbey,  who 
had  died  without  direct  heirs,  and  George  Gordon  succeeded  to  the 
title  and  the  wealth  which  he  left.  The  future  poet  was  then  ten 
years  old.  —  a  bashful,  imaginative  boy,  who  was  very  sensitive 
because  of  lameness.  —  a  trouble  that  had  afflicted  him  from  birth, 
at  which  time  the  bones  of  his.  right  foot  had  been  misplaced. 

The  widow  and  her  son  removed  to  the  Abbey,  and  from  there  \\v 
was  sent  to  a  school  at  Dulwich.  Two  years  afterwards  he  was 
transferred  to  Harrow  school,  where  he  remained  five  years,  proving 
a  careless  student  but  a  great  reader  of  fiction  and  history.  He  was 
ambitions  to  excel  in  athletic  sports,  and  became  an  expert  swimmer 
and  boxer.  His  poetic  temperament  and  amative,  passionate  nature 
predisposed  him  to  fall  in  love,  and  three  times  before  he  was  fifteen, 
it  is  averred,  ho  was  madly  infatuated  with  as  many  girls. 

It  was  during  a  few  weeks'  vacation  when  sixteen  years  old.  that 
he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Mary  Anne  Chaworth,  whom  he  loved 
most  devotedly.  Two  years  his  senior,  she  married  soon  afterwards, 
the  news  of  which  nearly  throw  him  into  ctmvulsions.  Byron  in 
after  years  claimed  that  this  boyish  passion  was  the  turning-point 
of  his  life. 


h 


BYKON  S   TOMU,    NEAR    NEWSTEAI)    ABBEY. 


;iii 


His  yoiitlifiil  training  was  as  nnfortunate  as  wer(i  the  niL'ntal 
chamctoristics  which  he  inherited.  His  mother  wouUl  at  timt-H 
intliil^^o  in  tits  of  rage  toward  him  and  taunt  him  a^  u  "hime  brat;" 
again  she  would  indulge  him  in  any  whim,  caress  and  praise  him  for 
hiK  bright  eyes.  Thus,  with  a  bad  mental  organization  to  commence 
with,  an  unfortunate  training  in  his  youth,  petted  and  humored  for 
the  sake  of  his  title,  the  wonder  is  that  there  was  any  good  left  in 
Iiim. 

He  went  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1805,  and  the  next  year 
appeared  a  small  volume  of  his  poems,  which,  along  with  other 
verses,  were  issued  in  1807  under  the  title,  "Hours  of  Idleness." 
This  volume  was  severely  criticised  by  the  Edinburgh  Jieview,  and 
Byron  retorted  by  a  satire,  published  in  1807,  entitled  "English 
Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers." 

On  coming  of  age,  in 
1809.  Byron  was  in  debt 
$50,000,  to  incur  which  he 
had  run  a  course  of  youth- 
ful dissipation  that  im- 
paired his  health.  This, 
with  the  limited  income 
from  his  estate,  made  him 
resolve  to  leave  England 
for  a  journey  to  the  East, 
where  a  portion  of  his  time 
was  spent  in  Greece.  Here 
be  wrote,  "Hints  from 
Horace,"  "The  Curse  of 
Minerva,"  and  the  first  and 
second  cantos  of  "  Childe 
Harold." 

Returning  to  England, 
Byron  showed  these  poems 
to  a  relative,  who  urged 
their  publication,  many  of 
the  weakest  passages  being 
stricken  from  them,  and  the 
strongest  and  best  being 
added  as  they  were  passing 
through  the  press. 

The    want    of     affection 
between    Byron     and    his 
mother,  was  shown  in  the 
fact  that  though  absent  from 
England   two  years.  Byron 
did  not  go  to  see  her  upon 
his  return,  her  last  impre- 
cation upon  him, when  he  left  home  two  years  before,  being  a  hope 
that  he  would  become  as  deformed  in  mind  as  he  was  in  body.     Soon 
after  his  return,  she  died  from  the  effects  of  a  fit  of  rage,  brought 
on  through  a  quarrel  with  a  tradesman. 

' '  Childe  Harold  "  came  from  the  press,  and  was  at  once  a  success. 
Through  it  he  may  be  said  to  have  attained  the  highest  literary  repu- 
tation of  any  man  of  his  age.  He  had,  in  the  meantime,  also,  made 
two  or  three  speeches  in  the  House  of  Peers,  of  which  he  was  a 
member  by  virtue  of  his  rank.  His  prolific  pen  caused,  to  follow,  in 
rapid  succession,  about  this  time,  the  "Giaour,"  "Bride  of 
Abydos,"  "Corsair"  and,  lastly,  "Lara,"  which  appeared  in  1813. 

In  spite  of  dissipation  and  the  fates  which  had  been  so  terribly 
against  him,  Byron  was  at  this  period,  undoubtedly,  the  most  popular 
literary  man  in  Europe.  He  had  developed  into  a  fine  personal 
appearance,  having  only  a  slight  limp  as  he  walked;  he  was  regarded 
as  a  talented  member  of  the  House  of  Lords,  and  he  was  an  author 
of  acknowledged  superior  genius.  Byron  could,  had  he  chosen, 
have  been  pecuniarily  independent  from  that  time  forward. 


Byron's  Tomb,  at  Hucknall,  England 


His  only  near  relative  was  his  half-sister,  Augusta,  who  had  been 
reared  by  her  grandmother,  the  Countess  of  Holderness,  He  had  no 
dependents  upon  him,  and  yet  his  loves  with  women  of  questionable 
character,  and  his  spendthrift  habits,  kept  him  poor  and  in  debt. 

About  this  time  he  sold  his  estate  for  S700, 000,  of  which  sum 
$100,000  was  paid  at  time  of  purchase,  which  was  to  be  forfeited  if 
the  remainder  was  not  forthcoming.  No  more  was  paid,' and  Byron 
used  the  sum  thus  furnished  in  part  liquidation  of  his  obligations, 
but  after  all  was  exhausted,  he  was  yet  overwhelmed  with  debt. 

His  friends  advised  him  to  marry,  and  he  listened  to  the  suggestion. 
He  had  before  been  impressed  with  the  beauty  and  modesty  of  Miss 
Anne  Isabella  Milhanke.  Her  father  was  a  baronet,  with  large 
estates,  and  she  was  the  prospective  heiress  to  an  estate  of  an  uncle, 
which  yielded  an  income  of  $40,000  a  year.      Byron  proposed  to  her 

and  was  refused.  At  the 
suggestion  of  a  friend  he 
propo.sed  to  another  heiress, 
and  was  rejected;  where- 
upon he  reopened  corre- 
spondence with  Miss  Mil- 
hanke. and  was  finally 
accepted,  the  marriage 
taking  place  January  2, 
1815,  Byron  being  then 
twenty-seven  years  old, 
and  his  wife  four  years 
younger. 

During  the  succeeding 
year  he  wrote  the  '  •  Siege 
of  Corinth,"  "Parisina, " 
and  other  smaller  poems. 
During  the  year,  also,  his 
creditors,  understanding 
that  he  had  married  a  rich 
heiress,  pressed  their 
claims,  and  his  wife's  for- 
tune rapidly  melted  away; 
several  executions  were 
placed  upon  his  house,  and 
he  escaped  personal  arrest 
only  by  virtue  of  being  a 
member  of  the  House  of 
Peers.  At  the  end  of  a 
year,  a  child  was  born  to 
Byron  and  his  wife,  known 
in  his  verse  as  "Ada,  sole 
daughter  of  my  home  and 
heart."  The  mother  had  no  sooner  risen  from  childbed  than  Byron 
insisted  upon  her  returning  to  her  father's  house,  which  she  did,  and 
soon  after  a  formal  separation  took  place,  the  grounds  of  complaint 
being  harshness  and  cruelty  on  the  part  of  the  husband,  though 
flagrant  infidelity  on  his  part  was  suspected,  among  his  amours  being 
incestuous  intercourse  with  his  half-sister,  Mrs.  Leigh,  then  a 
married  woman  and  the  mother  of  four  children. 

Public  sentiment  turned  upon  Byron  as  soon  as  the  separation  from 
his  wife  became  known.  He  was  now  as  unpopular  as  he  had  before 
been  famous,  and  to  escape  the  lashings  of  the  press  and  his  enemies, 
he  left  England,  went  to  Brussels,  and  thence  up  the  Rhine  to 
Switzerland,  traveling  in  state  in  a  carriage  fitted  up  with  bed, 
library,  etc.,  having  with  him  a  physician  and  three  servants. 

At  Geneva  he  met  a  young  woman  by  whom  he  had  a  daughter, 
born  nine  months  afterwards.  This  child  was  seut  to  him,  at  Venice, 
when  it  was  twenty  months  old.  Named  AUegra,  she  died  when  five 
years  of  age. 

In  Switzerland  he  wrote  the  third  canto  of  "Childe  Harold. "' the 


:c>- 


? 


312 


A    Sl'ECIMKN    OF    BYKON  S    VEKSES. 


I 


r 


The  Destruction  of  Sennacherib. 


'■Prisoner  of  Chillon,"  several  smaller  poems,  and  outlined  the 
novel,  subsequently  published,  called  "The  Vampire." 

From  Switzerland  he  went  to  Venice,  where  he  hired  a  palace, 
fitted  up  a  harem,  filled  with  a  low  class  of  Venetian  women,  and 
remained  here  three  years,  during  which  time  he  wrote  '■'■Manfred," 

'■'The  Lament  of  Tasso, "  "Beppo, "  " Ode  on  Venice, "  "Mazep- 
pa, '"  the  fourth  canto  of  "-Childe  Harold,"  and  four  cantos  of  '■^Bon 
Juan,"  with  many  smaller  poems. 

In  1819  he  met  the  Countess  Teresa  Guiccioli,  ayoung  lady  then 
but  sixteen  years  of  age,  who  had  recently  become  the  third  wife  of 
Count  Guiccioli,  a  wealthy  nobleman,  then  sixty  years  old.  Byron 
and  the  countess  fell  in  love  with  each  other  at  first  sight,  and  the 
result  was  that  Byron  disbanded  bis  harem  and  attached  himself  to 
her.  Afterwards,  when  the  husband  took  his  young  wife  to  Ravenna, 
she  fell  sick,  and,  as  a  last  resort,  the  father,  brother,  and  husband 
urged  Byron  to  go  and  visit  her,  which  he  did;  and  taking  up  his 
residence   in  the  husband's 


home,  remained  there  two 
years,  the  openly  recognized 
lover  of  the  countess.  Dur- 
ing this  time  he  wrote 
"Marino  Faliero,"  "Sar- 
danapalus,"  "  The  Two 
Foscari, "  ' '  Cain. "  ' '  The 
Vision  of  Judgment," 
' 'Heaven  and  Earth, "  "The 
Prophecy  of  Dante, "  the 
fifth  canto  of  ' '  Don  Juan, " 
made  some  translations,  and 
commenced  "Werner"  and 
"The  Deformed  Trans- 
formed." 

The  count,  it  appears,  at 
last  objected  to  the  relations 
existing  between  Byron  and 
his  wife,  which  resulted  in 
a  separation  between  the 
countess  and  himself;  but 
after  Byron's  death,  in  1824, 
tbey  became  reconciled,  and 
she  received  an  annuity  from 
his  estate.  In  1851  she 
married  the  French  Marquis 
de  Boissy,  who  used  to  refer 
CO  her  as  "My  wife,  for- 
merly mistress  of  Lord 
Bvron. "     Her  husband  died 


famous,  and  infamous,  and  famous  again;  he  had  wasted  his  health 
with  intemperance,  and  had  partially  recovered  it.  He  had  done  an 
immense  work  as  an  author,  from  which  literary  labor  he  now  con- 
cluded to  rest.  It  was  at  this  period  that  he  began  to  turn  his  atten- 
tion to  political  matters,  feeling  that  the  time  had  come  for  him  to 
verify  the  assertion,  made  years  before,  that  he  would  some  day  do 
something  besides  writing  poetry. 

The  Greeks  had  risen  against  the  Turks.  Byron  resolved  to  cast 
his  fortunes  with  Greece  in  her  struggle  for  independence.  He 
furnished  some  money,  and  in  January,  1824,  he  joined  the  ranks  of 
the  Grecian  soldiery,  and  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  an 
expedition  Intended  to  be  sent  against  Lepanto.  He  left  Genoa 
and  sailed  for  the  Greek  islands,  making  his  headquarters  at 
Missolonghi,  and  on  the  22d  of  January,  1824,  he  wrote  his  last 
poem,  entitled,  *'On  Completing  My  Thirty-sixth  Year."  On 
April  15,   he  was  seized  with  a  convulsive  fit.  from  which  he  died 

four  days  afterwards,  while 


-^^ 


^-==^ 


in  1866.  In  18G8  she  published  in 
French,  afterwards  translated  into  English,  a  work  entitled,  "My 
Recollections  of  Lord  Byron.  " 

In  1821  the  poet  had  become  rich.  His  works  were  having  a  large 
sale.  He  had  sold  his  estates  for  cash,  and  a  portion  of  his  wife's 
inheritance,  settled  upon  him  at  marriage,  had  come  into  his  hands. 

At  this  time  Byron  and  the  Countess  Guiccioli  took  up  their  abode 
for  nine  months  in  Pisa,  Italy,  going  thence  to  Genoa.  In  this 
period  he  finished  "Werner,  "and  "The  Deformed  Transformed," 
wrote  "The  Age  of  Bronze,"  "The  Island."  and  the  hist  cantos  of 
"  Don  Juan  "  that  were  published.  The  countess  claimed  that  he 
wrote  five  more  cantos,  in  which  he  brought  the  poem  to  a  happy 
conclusion.  He  also  wrote  his  memoir,  the  manuscript  of  which 
he  presented  to  Moore,  who  sold  it  to  Murray  for  $10,000,  the 
condition  being  that  It  shouhl  not  be  published  until  afti-r  the 
poet's  death. 

Byron  was  now  thirty-six  years  old.  He  had  been  rich,  and  poor, 
and  rich,  in  turn.      He  had  lived  the  life  of  aprntligate;   had  been 


vainly  endeavoring  to  give 
a  direction,  in  which  were 
articulated  the  names  of  his 
wife,  daughter  and  sister. 
The  countess  was  at  this 
time  in  Genoa. 

His  death  was  most  sin- 
cerely mourned  by  the 
Greeks  for  a  period  of 
twenty-one  days.  His  body 
was  embalmed  and  sent  to 
England,  where  it  was  in- 
terred in  the  tomb  of  his 
ancestors,  at  Hucknall.  near 
Newstead  Abbey. 

By  will  he  left  his  fortune 
to  his  sister,  Mrs.  Leigh. 
Jtuch  of  the  memoir 
which  he  wrote  Moore  de- 
stroyed just  before  the  work 
appeared  in  public  print,  it 
is  said,  at  the  instigation  of 
Lady  Byron;  a  record  of 
what  might  have  been  of 
considerable  interest  to  the 
world,  was  thus  denied  to 
those  who,  through  this 

memoir,     would     doubtless 

have  known  much  more  of 
the  inner  existence  of  this  eccentric  character. 

Such  was  the  short  life  of  the  sensitive,  erratic,  fickle,  weak  and 
talented  Byron.  As  a  poet,  he  is  claimed  by  some  to  stand  at  the 
very  head  in  English  verse;  others  place  him  second  only  to  Homer, 
Shakespeare  and  Dante.  It  is  certain  that  he  occupies  a  place  in  the 
foremost  rank  as  a  descriptive  writer,  as  shown  in  the  third  and 
fourth  cantos  of  "Childe  Harold,"  while  in  "Don  Juan,"  his  blend- 
ing of  pathos,  scorn,  wit,  humor,  gloom  and  vivacity,  is  of  the  very 
highest  order. 

His  powers  of  description  arc  shown  in  the  poem  on  this  pngc 
entitled  "The  Destruction  of  Sennacherib,"  every  line  of  which, 
it  will  be  seen,  so  vividly  illustrates  that  which  is  described  as 
to  enable  the  reader  very  plainly-to  behold  the  scene. 

Owing  to  the  varied  feelings  of  the  people  concerning  the  blame 
attaching  to  him.  when  parentage  and  youthful  training  are  con- 
sidered, the  merits  of  his  writings  have  been  exalted  or  undervalued 
from  time  to  time.  The  opinion  prevails,  however,  that  his  phut- 
in    literary  merit  is  amnn^  the  very  highest  of  the  English  poets. 


BV  LORD  BYRON. 

HE  Assyrian  came  down  like  a  wolf  on  the  fold, 
And  his  cohorts  were  gleaming  in  purple  and  gold; 
And  the  sheen  of  their  spears  was  like  stars  on  the  sea, 
When  the  blue  wave  rolls  nightly  on  deep  Galilee. 

Like  the  leaves  of  the  forest  when  summer  is  green, 
That  host  with  their  banners  at  sunset  were  seen; 
Like  the  leaves  of  the  forest  when  autumn  hath  flown, 
That  host  on  the  morrow  lay  withered  and  strown. 

For  the  angel  of  death  spread  his  wings  on  the  blast. 
And  breathed  in  the  face  of  the  foe  as  he  passed; 
And  the  eyes  of  the  sleepers  waxed  deadly  and  chill. 
And  their  hearts  but  once  heaved  and  forever  grew  still! 

And  there  lay  the  steed  with  his  nostril  all  wide. 
But  through  it  there  rolled  not  the  breath  of  his  pride; 
And  the  foam  of  his  gasping  lay  white  on  the  turf, 
And  cold  as  the  spray  of  the  rock-beating  surf. 

And  there  lay  the  rider  distorted  and  pale, 
With  the  dew  on  his  brow  and  the  rust  on  his  mail; 
And  the  tents  were  all  silent,  the  banners  alone, 
The  lances  uplifted,  the  trumpets  unblown. 

And  the  widows  of  Ashnr  are  loud  in  their  wail; 
And  the  idols  are  broke  in  the  temple  of  Baal; 
And  the  migbt  of  the  Gentile,  unsmote  by  the  sword. 
Hath  melted  like  snow  in  the  glance  of  the  Lord! 


I 


Author  of  "Paradise  Lost"  and  Other  Poems. 


[ONDON  was  the  birthplnce,  in  16U8,  of 
John  Milton,  one  of  the  most  sedate 
of  British  poets.  lie  was  educated 
at  St.  Paul's  school  and  Christ's  col- 
lege at  Cambridge,  and  then  spent 
five  years  in  studious  retirement  in, 
his  father's  house  at  Horton,  Eng- 
land. It  was  during  this  period  that  he 
produced  his  "  Comus,"  "Lycidas," 
and  some  other  poems. 
>Y- /=*'^S5V^io$S*»*j/^J  Going  to  France  in  1638,  he  spent 

"^VpSi^T      ^"^^5Jv*w^    fifteen  months  there  and  in  Italy.    On 
his  return  to  England,  he  opened  an 
academy  in  London,  and  took  part  in  the  current  controversies  of  his 
day.     He  was  married  iu  llj43,  and  within  a  month  his  wife  deserted 


him,  going  home  to  her  parents;  but  a  reconciliation  ensued,  and 
she,  with  her  father  and  brothers,  took  up  her  residence  in  his 
house.  After  her  death  he  married  again,  and  subsequently,  being 
widowed,  he  married  n  third  wife.  His  political  work  on  the  tenure 
of  kings  and  magistrates,  in  which  he  vindicated  the  execution  of 
Charles  I.,  induced  the  council  of  state  to  appoint  him  Latin  secre- 
tary. He  then  published  two  other  political  books,  in  the  writing  of 
which  he  lost  his  eyesight. 

After  the  restoration  of  the  kingly  government  of  England,  he 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  retirement,  during  which  period 
he  composed  his  "Paradise  Lost."  This  was  published  in  1667, 
and  brought  him  as  a  remuneration  about  $25  for  th<!  first  edition, 
with  a  promise  of  about  $50  more  if  two  other  editions  should  be 
sold.  Later  in  life  he  produced  his  ••  Paradise  Regained,  "  *■  Samson 
Agonistes,  "  and  the  '■'•History  of  Britain."     He  died  in  1074. 


Poems    by  Milton. 


i 


To  the  Nightingale. 

"NIGHTINGALE,  that  on  you  bloomy  spray 

Warblest  at  eve,  when  all  the  woods  are  still, 
Thou  with  fresh  hope  the  lover's  heart  dost  fill. 

While  the  jolly  hours  lead  on  propitious  May. 

Thy  liquid  notes  that  close  the  eye  of  day, 
First  heard  before  the  shallow  cuckoo's  bill, 
Portend  success  in  love.      Oh,  if  Jove's  will 
Have  linked  that  amorous  power  to  thy  soft  lay. 

Now  timely  sing,  ere  the  rude  bird  of  hate 

Foretell  my  hopeless  doom  iu  some  grove  nigh; 
As  thou  from  year  to  year  hast  sung  too  late 

For  my  relief,  yet  hadst  no  reason  why. 

Whether  the  Muse  or  Love  call  thee  his  mate, 
Both  them  I  serve,  and  of  their  train  am  I. 

From  *'Comus." 

He  that  has  light  within  his  own  clear  breast 
May  sit  in  the  centre  and  enjoy  bright  day; 
But  be  that  hides  a  dark  soul  aud  foul  thoughts 
Benighted  walks  under  the  middav  sun. 


Eve's   Lament  on   Leaving   Paradise. 

UNEXPECTED  stroke,  worse  than  of  death  1 
Must  I  thus  leave  thee,  Paradise?  thus  leave 
Thee,  native  soil !  these  happy  walks  and  shades. 
Fit  haunt  of  Gods?  where  I  had  hoped  to  spend, 
Quiet  though  sad,  the  respite  of  that  day 
That  must  be  mortal  to  us  both.      O,  flowers 
That  never  will  in  other  climate  grow, 
My  early  visitation  and  my  last  -^ 

At  even,  which  I  bred  up  with  tender  hand 
From  the  first  spriug  bud,  and  gave  ye  names! 
Who  now  shall  rear  thee  to  the  sun,  or  rank 
Your  tribes,  and  water  from  the  ambrosial  fount? 
Thee  lastly,  nuptial  bower,   by  me  adorn"d 
By  what  to  sight  or  smell  was  sweet!  from  thee 
How  shall  I  part,  and  whither  wander  down 
Into  a  lower  world,  to  this  obscure 
And  wild?     How  shall  we  breathe  in  other  ait 
Less  pure,  accustomed  to  immortal  fruits? 

— Paradise  Lo: 


A^^ — 


h. 


-^O: 


POE  S    "'EAVEN. 


Edgar  Allan  Poe 


r^t'-^ ^i-""^  '^^■^:^- ""    ■    ^    '^""  '^snw \'^'"  '^r^ >> -^ 


An  Erratic,  Sensitive  and  Peculiar  Genius. 


HE  AUTHOR  of  "The  Raven,"  E.  A.  Poe, 
was  born  at  Boston.  February  19,  1809. 
His  father  and  mother,  who  belonged  to  the 
theatrical  profession,  botli  died  about  the 
same  time,  leaving  three  children,  one  of 
whom,  Edgar,  the  second  child,  was  adopted 
by  John  Allan,  of  Richmond,  who,  being  in 
wealthy  circumstances,  gave  the  boy  good 
educational  advantages.  At  the  age  of  seven 
he  was  sent  to  a  school  in  England,  near 
London. 

Returning  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  he  pursued 
his    studies  at  home,  under  private  instruc- 
tors, until  he  was  seventeen  years  old,  when 
he    entered    the    University    of    Virginia,  at 
Charlottesville.     He  was  a  bright  student,  but 
his  love  of   gambling  and    dissipation  caused 
him  to  leave  his  school  at   the  end  of  twelve 
months,  after  which  he  remained  at  home  three 
or    four    years.        In     the    meantime,     when 
about  twenty,  he  published  a  volume  of  poems 
at  Baltimore. 

A  short  time  afterwards,  he  was,  through  the  influence  of  Mr. 
Allan,  admitted  to  West  Point  Military  Academy,  but  neglect  of  his 
studies  and  intemperance  caused  his  expulsion  from  this  institution. 
Returning  to  Mr.  Allan's,  his  conduct  was  such  as  to  cause  his 
benefactor  to  turn  him  out  of  doors,  and  the  will  left  by  Mr.  Allan, 
when  he  died  soon  after,  made  no  mention  of  Poe. 

Thrown  upon  his  own  resources,  the  poet  then  turned  to  litera- 
ture, winning  two  prizes,  offered  by  a  Baltimore  publisher,  of  $100 
each — one  for  the  best  poem,  and  the  other  for  the  best  story.  He 
soon  afterwards  took  the  editorship  of  the  Southern  Literary  Mes- 
senger, at  Richmond,  subsequently  the   Gentleman's  Magazine,  and 


afterwards  of  Graham's  Magazuie — the  latter  two  in  Philadelphia — 
with  the  publishers  of  each  of  which  he  quarreled,  and  because  of 
his  irregular  habits  was  dismissed  from  both. 

Two  volumes  of  his  w-ritings,  published  at  Philadelphia,  appeared 
in  1840,  entitled  ''Tales  of  the  Grotesque  and  Arabesque." 

In  1845,  in  the  Am€7'ican  Review,  appeared  * '  The  Raven,  ■"  through 
>vhich  he  became  widely  and  favorably  known. 

About  this  time  he  was  employed  on  the  Mirror,  as  an  assistant 
editor  with  N.  P.  Willis,  which  position  he  abandoned  to  take  the 
editorial  management  of  the  Broadway  Journal,  which  soon  after- 
wards ceased  to  exist. 

Following  this,  Poe  was  so  much  reduced  in  circumstances  as  to 
cause  several  newspapers  to  make  an  appeal  for  aid  in  his  behalf. 

He  was  married  to  his  cousin  about  183G,  and  in  1848  this  wife 
died.  In  1849  he  was  engaged  to  a  lady  of  wealth  and  intelligence  in 
Richmond,  to  whom  he  was  soon  to  have  been  married.  Starting  for 
New  York,  to  make  preparations,  he  fell  in  with  some  of  his  former 
dissolute  companions  in  Baltimore,  and  with  them  spent  a  night  in 
drinking.  He  was  found  in  the  streets  nest  day,  unable  to  care  for 
himself,  and,  being  taken  to  a  hospital,  died  in  a  few  hours. 

Eleven  years  afterwards,  Mrs.  Sarah  Helen  Whitman,  the  lady  to 
whom  Poe  was  said  to  have  been  engaged  previous  to  his  death, 
published  a  volume  in  defense  of  Poe,  entitled  "  Edgar  A.  Poe  and 
his  Critics,"  and  various  other  volumes  have  been  published  in  his 
defense.  He  was  a  versatile  and  strong  writer  in  prose,  and  several 
of  his  poems  arc  among  the  most  beautiful  in  the  language.  Of 
these  are  "The  Bells"  and  "The  Raven." 

Poc'e  remains,  after  his  death,  were  deposited  in  Westminster 
churchyard,  in  Baltimore,  where  they  rested  for  twenty-sis  years 
with  nothing  to  mark  the  place  of  burial.  The  teachers  of  Balti- 
more, whose  recitations  had  so  often  been  enlivened  by  the  gems  of 
the  erratic  poet,  at  last  resolved  to  do  him  an  houor,  and,  in  1875, 
they  erected  a  monument  above  his  grave. 


The    Raven- 


BY  EDGAR  A.    POE. 


['E,  upon  a  midnight  dreary,  while  I  pondered,  weak  niid 

weary. 
Jver  many  a  quaint  and   curious  volume  of   forgotten 

lore — 
While  I  nodded,  nearly  napping,  suddenly  there  came  a 
tapping, 
As  of  pome  one  gently  rapping,  rapping  at  my  chamber  door: 


'Tis  some  visitor."  I  muttered,    "tapping 
Only  this,  and  nothing  more." 


at  my  chamber  door — 


Ah.  distinctly  I  remember!  it  was  in  the  bleak  December. 
And  each  separate  dying  ember  wrought  its  ghost  upon  the  lloor. 
Eagerly  I  wished  the  morrow;  vainly  I  had  tried  to  borrow 
From  my  books  surcease  of  sorrow — sorrow  for  the  lost  Lenore — 


^5^^ 


-vST 


For  the  rare  and  radiant  maiden  whom  the  ungcls  niimc  Leiiore — 
Nameless  here  for  evermore. 

And  the  pilkeii.  yad,  uncertain  ru8tling  of  each  purple  curtain 
Thrilled  nie — filled  me  with  fantastic  terrors  never  felt  hefore; 
So  that  now,  to  still  Ihe  heating  of  my  heart,  I  stood  repealing, 
"'Tis  some  visitor  eiitreatins  entrance  at  my  chamber  door — 
Some  late  visitor  entreating  entrance  at  my  chamber  door; — 
This  it  is,  and  nothinj^  more." 

Presently  my  soul  grew  stronger;  hesitating  then  no  longer, 
"Sir,"  said  I,    "or  madam,  truly  your  forgiveness  I  implore; 
But  the  fact  is  I  was  nappiug,  and  so  gently  you  came  rapping, 
And  so  faintly  you  came  tapping,  tapping  at  my  chamber  lioor. 
That  I  scarce  was  sure  I  heard  you, " — here  I  opened  wide  the  door: 
Darkness  there,  and  nothing  more  I 

Deep  into  that  darkness   peering,   long  I   stood   there   wondering, 

fearing, 
Doubting,  dreaming  dreams  no  mortal  ever  dared  to  dream  before; 
But  the  silence  was  unbroken,  and  the  darkness  gave  no  token. 
And    the    only    word     there    spoken    was     the    whispered    word, 

"  Lenore  V 
This  I  whispered,  and  an  echo  murmured  back  the  word  "Lenore!" 
Merely  this,  and  nothing  more. 

Then  into  the  chamber  turning,  all  my  soul  within  me  burning. 
Soon  I  heard  again  a  tapping,  somewhat  louder  than  before: 
"Surely."  said  I,    "surely  that  is  something  at  my  wintiow  lattice; 
Let  me  see,  then,  wliat  thereat  is,  and  this  mystery  explore — 
Let  my  heart  be  still  a  moment,  and  this  mystery  explore; — 
'Tis  the  wind,  and  nothing  more  V 

Open  here  I  flung  the  shutter,  when,  with  many  a  flirt  and  flutter. 

In  there  stepped  a  stately  raven  of  the  saintly  days  of  yore; 

Not  the  least  obeisance  made  he;  not  an  instant  stopped  or  stayed 

he; 
But.  with  mien  of  lord  or  lady,  perched  above  my  chamber  door — 
Perched  npon  a  bust  of  Pallas,  just  above  my  chamber  door — 
Perched,  and  sat,  and  nothing  more. 

Then  this  ebony  bird  beguiling  my  sad  fancy  into  smiling. 
By  the  grave  and  stern  decorum  of  the  countenance  it  wore; 
"Though  thy  crest  be  shorn  and  shaven,  thou,"  1  said,    "art  sure 

no  craven — 
Ghastly,  grim,  and  ancient  raven,  wandering  from  the  nightly  shore — 
Tell  me  what  thy  lordly  name  is  on  the  night's  Plutonian  shore  1" 
Quoth  the  raven,   "Nevermore." 

Much  I  marvelled  this  ungainly  fowl  to  hear  discourse  so  plainly — 
Though  its  answer  little  meaning,  little  rele\ancy  bore; 
For  we  cannot  help  agreeing  that  no  living  human  being 
Ever  yet  was  blessed  with  seeing  bird  above  his  chamber  door — 
Bird  or  beast  upon  the  sculptured  bust  above  his  chamber  door, 
With  such  name  as  ' '  Nevermore. " 

But  the  raven,  sitting  lonely  on  the  placid  bust,  spoke  only 
That  one  word,  as  if  his  soul  in  that  one  word  he  did  outpour. 
Nothing  farther  then  he  uttered — not  a  feather  then  he  fluttered — 
Till    I   scarcely   more  than  muttered,     "Other  friends   have    flown 

before — 
On  the  morrow  he  will  leave  me,  as  my  hopes  have  flown  before." 
Then  the  bird  said  ' '  Nevermore. " 


Startled  at  the  stillness  broken  by  reply  so  aptly  spoken 
"Doubtless."  said  I,    "  what  it  utters  is  its  only  stock  and  store — 
Caught  from  some  unhappy  master,  whom  unmerciful  disuster 
Followed  fast  and  followed  faster,  till  his  songs  one  burden  bore- 
Till  the  dirges  of  his  hope  the  melancholy  burden  bore 
Of   '  Never — Nevermore. '  " 

But  the  raven  still  beguiling  all  my  sad  soul  into  smiling. 

Straight  I  wheeled  a  cushioned  seat  in  front  of  bird,  and  bust  and 

door; 
Then  ujjon  the  velvet  sinking,  I  betook  myself  to  linking 
Fancy  unto  fancy,  thinking  what  this  ominous  bird  of  yore — 
What  this  grim,  ungainly,  ghastly,  gaunt  and  ominous  bird  of  yore 
Meant  in  croaking  '  *  Nevermore.  " 

Then  I  sat  engaged  in  guessing,  but  no  syllable  expressing 
To  the  fowl,  whose  fiery  eyes  now  burned  into  my  bosom's  core; 
This,  and  more,  I  sat  divining,  with  my  head  at  ease  reclining 
On  the  cushion's  velvet  lining  that  the  hiniplight  gloated  o'er; 
But  whose  velvet  violei  lining,  with  the  lamplight  gloating  o'er. 
She  shall  press — ah,  nevermore! 

Then,  methought,  the  air  grew  denser,  perfumed  from  an  unseen 

censer 
Swung  by  angels,  whose  faint  foot- falls  tinkled  on  the  tufted  floor. 
"Wretch!"  I  cried,    "thy  God  hath  lent  thee,  by  these  angels  he 

hath  sent  thee. 
Respite — respite  and  nepenthe  from  thy  memories  of  Lenore! 
(^uaff,  oil  quaff  this  kind  nepenthe,  and  forget  this  lost  Lenore!" 
Quoth  the  raven,    "Nevermore." 

"Prophetl"  said  I,    "thing  of  evil  I — prophet  still,  if  bird  or  devil! 
Whether  tempter  sent,  or  whether  tempest  tossed  thee  here  ashore — 
Desolate,  yet  all  undaunted,  on  this  desert  land  enchanted, 
On  this  home  by  horror  haunted — tell  me  truly,  I  implore — 
Is  there — is  there  balm  in  Gilead?  tell  me — tell  me,  I  implore!" 
Quoth  the  raven,    * '  Nevermore.  " 

"Prophet!"  said  I,    "thing  of  evil! — prophet  still,  if  bird  or  devil! 
By  that  heaven  that  bends  above  us — by  that  God  we  both  adore — 
Tell  this  soul  with  sorrow  laden  if.  within  the  distant  Aidenn, 
It  shall  clasp  a  sainted  maiden  whom  the  angels  name  Lenore — 
Clasp  a  rare  and  radiant  maiden  whom  the  angels  name  Lenore.  " 
Quoth  the  raven,    •■  ■  Nevermore.  " 

"Be  that  word  our  sign  of  parting,  bird  or  fiend!"  I  shrieked,  up- 
starting— 

"Get  thee  back  into  the  tempest  and  the  night's  Plutonian  shore! 

Leave  no  black  plume  as  a  token  of  that  lie  thy  soul  hath  spoken  I 

Leave  my  loneliness  unbroken! — quit  the  bust  above  my  door! 

Tak^  thy  beak  from  out  ray  heart,  and  take  thy  form  from  off  my 
door  I "' 

Quoth  the  raven,    ' '  Nevermore.  " 

And  the  raven,  never  flitting,  still  is  sitting,  still  is  sitting 

On  the  pallid  bust  of  Pallas  just  above  my  chamber  door; 

And  his  eyes  have  all  the  seeming  of  a  demon's  that  is  dreaming. 

And  the  lamplight,  o'er  him  streaming,  throws  his  shadow  on  the 

floor; 
And  my  soul  from  out  that  shadow  that  lies  floating  on  the  floor 
Shall  be  lifted — nevermore! 


/^.(^ 


A. 


Hero  of  a  Long  and   Eminent  Literary  Career. 


HE  subject  of  this 
sketch  was  born  at 
Cummington, 
Mass.  ,  Nov.  3, 
1794.  Some  of  the 
literary  celebrities 
displayed  their 
talents  very  young  in  years.  Taseo,  when 
nine  years  old,  wrote  verses  to  his  mlither 
that  were  praised.  "The  Tragical  History 
Pyramus  and  Thisbe. "  was  written  by  Cowley 
when  he  was  ten.  At  twelve,  Pope  wrote  his 
''Ode  to  Solitude,"  and  other  poems  of  much 
merit.  But  these  youths  exhibited  no  more  pre- 
cocity than  did  William  C.  Bryant,  who  wrote  good 
'f/fjV^^  '  '^  verse  and  translated  from  Latin  for  the  newspapers 
•  A''^^  at  ten.  and  at  fourteen  wrote  a  political  satire  entitled 
1*4^^  "The  Embargo,"  directed  against  President  Jefferson 
J^^^J  and  the  Democratic  party  at  that  day,  which,  published  in 
book  form,  passed  to  the  second  edition  in  a  brief  time, 
with  other  poems  attached. 
Bryant's  father  was  a  physician,  distinguished  for  his 
scholarly  acquirements,  good  judgment  and  taste,  and  under  his 
supervision  the  boy's  talent  was  carefully  nurtured. 

The  young  poet  entered  an  advanced  class  in  Williams  College,  at 
the  age  of  sixteen,  and  immediately  took  fntnt  rank  as  a  classical 
scholar.  He  retired  from  the  institution,  however,  before  the  com- 
pletion of  his  course,  to  enter  upon  the  study  of  the  law.  Being 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1815,  his  practice  commenced  in  Plainfleld, 
Mass.,  but  he  soon  after  removed  to  Great  Barrington,  Mass., 
where  he  married.     He  was  then  twenty-one  years  old. 

Ten  years  passed  in  successful  practice  in  the  uncongenial  profes- 
sion of  the  law.  which  he  concluded  to  abandon  for  the  i)urpose  of 
devoting  himself  more  exclusively  to  literature.  With  this  object  in 
view  he  reninvcd  ;.o  New  York  in  \H2T).      With  a  friend  lit-  I'stablit^hed 


Young 


the  Neiv  York  Review  and  Atheneum  Magazine,  in  which  appeared 
many  of  his  finest  poems. 

In  1826  he  commenced  editorial  work  upon  the  New  York  Evening 
Post,  and  with  that  journal  he  continued  his  connection  during  life, 
the  Post  being  known  as  a  leading  Democratic  organ,  favorable  to  free 
trade.  He  occasionally  edited  various  annual  publications,  and, 
from  time  to  time,  were  issued  volumes  of  his  own  poetry. 

Intermixed  with  his  editorial  labors  were  travels  in  various  por- 
tions of  Europe  and  America,  an  account  of  which  he  wrote  under 
the  heads  of  * '  Letters  of  a  Traveler  "  and  * '  Letters  from  Spain, "  etc. 

In  the  later  years  of  his  life  he  was  frequently  called  upon  to  pay 
public  tributes  to  the  memory  of  eminent  Americans. 

In  1845  he  purchased  an  old  vine-embowered  mansion,  near 
Roslyn,  on  Long  Island,  where,  amid  the  birds,  the  flowers  and  the 
trees,  he  resided  in  the  declining  years  of  his  life. 

In  18(34  the  Century  Club  of  New  York  celebrated  his  seventieth 
birthday  by  a  festival,  at  which  many  of  the  distinguished  literary 
men  of  the  country  were  present.  While,  at  seventy,  his  work 
might  have  seemed  finished,  considering  how  early  he  commenced 
his  literary  labors,  he  yet  went  forward  with  his  active  employment, 
and  six  years  later  he  issued  the  "Iliad. "and  the  next  year  the 
' '  Odyssey, "  being  translations  of  Homer  into  English  blank  verse. 

Subsequently  he  edited  various  important  publications,  and  made 
various  public  addresses,  prominent  among  them  being  one  on  the 
occasion  of  the  dedication  of  the  statue  of  Professor  Morse,  at  Central 
Park,  New  York,  in  1871,  and  on  a  similar  occasion  on  the  life  and 
services  of  Scott  and  Shakspearc.  in  1873. 

With  a  literary  career  so  long  and  nobly  rounded  out.  Bryant  died 
June  12,  1878,  being  between  eighty-three  and  eighty-four  years 
old  at  the  time  of  his  death:  there  being  in  that  time  seventy-four 
years  in  any  period  of  which  his  pen  could  write  that  which  was 
worthy  of  preservation  for  future  generations  to  read. 

It  is  dilHcult  to  designate  the  best  of  his  poems.  "Thanatopsis, " 
one  of  his  earliest  written,  is  excellent,  and  the  "Snow-Shower," 
is  very  true  to  nature. 


i 


:cr 


-9 


WILLIAM    V.     JiKYANT  S    HOME. 


;iT 


Stanza  from  Thanatopsis. 

So  live,  that  when  thy  puininoiiH  comes  to  join 
The  inniimtTJible  caravan  that  moves 
To  the  pak'  realms  of  shade,    where  each  nhall   take 
His  chaniher  in   the  silent  halls  (jf  deatli. 
Thou  go,  n<Jt   like  the  quarry-.«lave  at   night, 
Scourged  to  his  dungeon,    but.  sustained    and   soothed 
By  an  unfaltering  trust,  approach  thy  grave 
Like  one  wlto  wraps  the  drapery  of  his  couch 
About  him,  and  lies  down  to  pleasant  dreams. 

William  Cttllen  Bryant. 


Residence  of  Bryant,  near  Roslyn,  Long  Island. 


•^^THE    SNOW-SHOWER. 


Xl'^fl^ 


'  TAND  here  by  my  side  and  turn,  I  pray, 
I      On  the  lake  below  thy  gentle  eyes; 
'  The  clouds  hang  over  it,  heavy  and  gray, 
And  dark  and  silent  the  water  lies; 
And  out  of  that  frozen  mist  the  snow 
In  wavering  flakes  begins  to  flow; 

Flake  after  flake 
They  sink  in  the  dark  and  silent  lake. 

See  how  in  a  living  swarm  they  come 
From  the  chambers  beyond  that  misty  veil; 

Some  hover  awhile  in  air.  and  some 
Rush  prone  from  the  sky  like  summer  hail. 

All.  dropping  swiftly  or  settling  slow. 

Meet,  and  are  still  in  the  depths  below; 
Flake  after  flake 

Dissolved  in  the  dark  and  silent  lake. 

Here  delicate  snow-stars,  out  of  the  cloud, 
Come  floating  downward  in  airy  ploy, 

Like  spangles  dropped  from  the  glistening  crowd 
That  whiten  by  night  the  Milky  Way; 

There  broader  and  burlier  masses  fall; 

The  sullen  water  buries  them  all. — 

Flake  after  flake, — 

All  drowned  in  the  dark  and  silent  lake. 

And  some,  as  on  tender  wings  they  glide 

From  their  chilly  birth-cloud,  dim  and  gray, 
Are  joined  in  their  fall,  and,  side  by  side. 
Come  clinging  along  their  unsteady  way; 


As  friend  with  friend,  or  husband  with  wife, 
Makes  hand  in  hand  the  pasf^age  of  life; 

Each  mated  flake 
Soon  sinks  in  the  dark  and  silent  lake. 

Lo!  while  we  are  gazing,  in  swifter  haste 

Stream  down  the  snows,  till    the  air  is  white. 

As,  myriads  by  myriads  madly  chased. 

They  fling  themselves  from  their  shadowy  height. 

The  fair,  frail  creatures  of  middle  sky. 

What  speed  they  make,  with  their  grave  so  nigh; 
Flake  after  flake 

To  lie  in  the  dark  and  silent  lake! 

I  see  in  thy  gentle  eyes  a  tear: 

They  turn  to  me  in  sorrowful  thought: 

Thou  thinkest  of  friends,  the  good  and  dear. 
Who  were  for  a  time,  and  now  are  not; 

Like  these  fair  children  of  cloud  and  frost. 

That  glisten  a  moment  and  then  are  lost, — 
Flake  after  flake,— 

All  lost  in  the  dark  and  silent  lake. 

Yet  look  again,  for  the  clouds  divide; 

A  gleam  of  blue  on  the  water  lies; 
And  far  away,  on  the  mountain- side, 

A  sunbeam  falls  from  the  opening  skies. 
But  the  hurrying  host  that  flew  between 
The  cloud  and  the  water  no  more  is  seen; 

Flake  after  flake 
At  rest  in  the  dark  and  silent  lake. 


imrMmrhfflmfTmrnmffm^^ 


1: 


LONGFELLUW:    A    tjKETCIl    OF    HIS    LIFE    AND    A    VIEW    OF    IlIS    HOME    AT    CAMBKIUGE 


H^^i^K'^KfeK't^K^KKKW 


THE  POET 


Home  of  Longfellow,  Cambridge,  Mass. 


■▼■▼■T'T'T'^'^ 

Longfellow 


;^tr*«<Cli^ 


AND 


HIS  HOME. 


Henry  W,  Longfellow, 


Author  of  '"Hiawatha,"  "Psalm  of  Life/'  "The  Village  Blacksmith,"  etc. 


^HE  POET  Lon^'fellow  w.is  bnrn  February  27. 1807, 
at  Portland,  Me.       He  entered  Bowdoin    college 
at  fourteen,  and  graduated  three  years  afterwards. 

Appointed  to  the  professorship  of  modern  languages 
in  the  college  where  he  was  educated,  he  spent  three 
years  and  a  half  in  visiting  and  residing  in  France, 
Spain.  Italy.  Germany,  Holland  and  England.  Return- 
in  1831,  he  married  and  commenced  his  labors. 
Tendered  the  professorship  of  modern  languages  and  belles-lettres 
in  Harvard  college,  in  1835,  he  again  visited  Europe,  spending  some 
time  in  Denmark,  Sweden  and  Germany,  in  which  latter  country  hie 
wife  died.  He  returned  to  the  United  States,  entered  upon  his 
duties  at  Harvard,  and  took  up  his  residence  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
in  1836,  where  he  has  since  dwelt,  holding  his  professorship  at 
Harvard  for  seventeen  years. 


During  a  visit  to  Europe  in  1868-9  he  was  the  recipient  of  many 
honors,  especially  wherever  the  English  language  is  spoken,  he 
being  one  of  the  best  known  abroad  of  American  poets.  In  England, 
Oxford  University  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  D.  C.  L. ,  that 
of  LL.  D.  having  ten  years  before  been  given  him  by  Harvard 
college,  in  America. 

He  has  edited  several  fine  collections  of  poems;  he  has  performed 
a  great  deal  of  labor  in  translations,  being  singularly  fortunate  in  the 
ability  to  impart  the  spirit  and  idea  of  the  original  into  the  English, 
and  he  is  himself  one  of  the  most  prolific  and  charming  of  the  writers 
of  poetry,  his  effusions  having  frequently  and  numerously  appeared 
since  1825.  Died,  March  24,  1882. 

How  plainly  we  see  the  village  blacksmith  in  tbe  following,  as 
"children  coming  home  from  school,  look  in  at  the  open  door." 


The  Village  Blacksmith. 


BY    HENRY    W.    LONGFELLOW. 


'-t^ 


NDER  a  spreading  chestnut  tree 
The  village  s-mitby  stands: 

The  smith — a  mighty  man  is  he. 
With  large  and  sinewy  hands; 

And  the  muscles  of  his  brawny  arms 
Are  strong  as  iron  bands. 


His  hair  is  crisp,   and  black,   and  long; 
His  face  is  like  the  tan; 

His  brow  is  wet  with  honest  sweat- 
He  earns  whate'er  he  can; 

And  looks  the  whole  world  in  the  face, 
For  he  owes  not  any  man. 

Week  in,    week  out.    from  morn  till  ni-^ht. 

You  can  hear  his  bellows  blow; 
You  can  hear  him  swing  his  heavy  sledge. 

With  measured  beat  and  slow — 
Like  a  sexton  ringing  the  village  bell. 

When  the  evening  sun  is  low. 

And  children,   coming  home  from  school 

Look  in  at  the  open  door; 
They  love  to  see  the  flaming  forge, 

And  hear  the  Ix'Hows  roar. 
And  catch   tlie  burning  sparks,    that  fly 

Like  chalT  frniu  a   Ihn-sliiiii:  llnor. 


He  goes  on  Snnday  to  the  church. 

And  sits  among  his  boys; 
He  hears  the  parson  pray  and  preach— 

He  hears  his  daughter's  voice. 
Singing  in  the  village  choir. 

And  it  makes  his  heart  rejoice. 

It  sounds  to  him  like  her  mother's  voice. 

Singing  in  Paradise! 
He  needs  must  think  of  her  once  more. 

How  in  the  grave  she  lies; 
And  with  his  hard,    rough  hand  he  wipes 

A  tear  out  of  his  eyes. 

Toiling,    rejoicing,    sorrowing — 

Onward  through  life  lie  goes; 
Each  morning  sees  some  task  begin, 

Each  evening  sees  it  close — 
Something  attempted,   something  done. 

Has  earned  a  night's  repose. 

Thanks,    thanks  to  thee,    my  worthy  friend. 
For  the  lesson  thou   hast  tanirht ! 

Thus  at  the  [laming  forge  of  lifr 
Our  fortunes  must   be  wronglit — ■ 

Thus  on  its  soiindini.'  an\il   shajH-d 
Eacli   biirniuL'  dtH-d  and  thoiiirht  ! 


i 


m 


AUTHUli    Of    "qUEKN    UF    TilE    MAY,"    "  ENOCH    AliUE.N  "    AND    UTJIEli    I'OEMS. 


:ji'.) 


ti^f^  4 


Poet  Laureate  of  England. 


JLFRED  TENNYSON,  the  English  poet, 
author  of  "  Enoch  Arden, "  and  other 
poems,  was  born  at  Somersby,  Eng- 
land, in  1809.  His  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  a  vicar,  and  his  father, 
the  Rev.  George  Clayton  Tennyson, 
was  the  rector  of  Somersby  and  the 
vicar  of  Bennington  and  Grimsby. 

With  such  a  parentage,  it  was  very 
natural  that  our  future  poet,  who 
'was  the  third  of  twelve  children, 
should  have  good  schooling  in  his 
childhood,  and  that  he  should  after- 
w'ards  have  the  advantage  of  a  liberal 
education,  which  was  accorded  at 
Trinity  college,  where  he  gained  the  Chancellor's  medal  for  a  poem 
in  blank  verse,  entitled  "Timbuctoo. "  With  his  brother  Charles, 
who  was  also  a  poet,  and  who  became  vicar  at  Grasby,  he  published 
a  small  volume  of  verses  when  he  was  eighteen  years  old,  entitled 


"Poems,   by  Two  Brothers."      Six   years   later,  in  1833,  appeared 
a   volume   of  his   poems,  in  which    were    "The    Lady  of  Shalott, " 

' '  The  May  Queen, "  "  A  Dream  of  Fair  Women, "  and  ' '  The  Lotos- 
Eaters. " 

"English  Idyls,  and  Other  Poems,'"  in  two  volumes,  which 
appeared  in  1842,  brought  the  author  forward  to  the  front  rank  as  a 
poet.  Among  this  collection  were  ' '  Locksley  Hall, "  "  The  Talking 
Oak,"  "The  Day-Dream. "  "The  Two  Voices,"  and  "Ulysses." 
Following  these  came  other  popular  effusions  from  his  pen,  which 
secured  Mm  the  appointment  as  poet  laureate  on  the  death  of 
Wordsworth,  in  1850. 

"Enoch  Arden  and  Other  Poems,"  which  were  issued  in  1864, 
included  "Sea-Dreams,  an  Idyl,"  about  which  there  was  nothing 
noteworthy,  save  that  Tennyson  had  received  S50  a  line  for  it  when 
it  had  originally  appeared  in  Macmlllan's  Magazine.  "Enoch 
Arden,"  which  was  the  principal  article  in  this  volume,  became  one 
of  the  most  popular  of  Tennyson's  later  poems. 

He  lived  many  years  in  London,  but  after  his  marriage,  in  1851,  he 
took  up  his  residence  at  Farringford,  Isle  of  Wight. 


T  COME  from  haunts  of  coot  and  hern; 
■*■     I  make  a  sudden  sally, 
And  sparkle  out  among  the  fern, 
To  bicker  down  a  valley. 

T>Y  thirty  hills  I  hurry  down, 
^    Or  slip  between  the  ridges; 
By  twenty  thorps,  a  little  town, 
And  half  a  hundred  bridges. 

WILL  last  by  Philip's  farm  I  flow 
-^     To  join  the  brimming  river; 
For  men  may  come  and  men  may  go. 
But  I  go  on  for  ever. 

"fjlTITH  many  a  curve  my  banks  I  fret 
**    By  many  a  field  and  fallow, 
And  many  a  fairy  foreland  set 
With  willow-weed  and  mallow. 


SONG   OF  THE   BROOK. 

BY    ALFRED  TENNYSON. 

'  CHATTER,  chatter,  as  I  flow 
'     To  join  the  brimming  river; 
For  men  may  come  and  men  may  go, 
But  I  go  on  for  ever. 

'  WIND  about,  and  in  and  out, 
•     With  here  a  blossom  sailing. 
And  here  and  there  a  lusty*  trout. 
And  here  and  there  a  grayling; 

ND  here  and  there  a  foamy  flake 

Upon  me,  as  I  travel. 
With  many  a  silvery  waterbreak 
Above  the  golden  gravel ; 


% 


n 


ND  draw  them  all  along,  and  flow 

To  join  the  brimming  river; 
For   men    may    come    and    men   may   go. 

But  I  go  on  for  ever. 


r  STEAL  by  lawns  and  grassy  plots; 
L     I  slide  by  hazel  covers; 
I  move  the  sweet  forget-me-nots 
That  grow  for  happy  lovers. 

r  SLIP,  I  slide,  I  gloom,  I  glance, 
>■     Among  my  skimming  swallows; 
I  make  the  netted  sunbeam  dance 
Against  my  sandy  shallows. 

[MURMLTR  under  moon  and  stars 
In  brambly  wildernesses; 
I  linger  by  my  shingly  bars; 
I  loiter  round  my  cresses; 

ND  out  again  I  curve  and  flow 
To  join  the  brimming  river; 

For  men   may   come  and  men  may  go. 
But  I  go  on  for  ever. 


n 


:,L 


aR>~~ 


— «£p.|>^ 


1:. 


•><i-y^ 


Maillii 


NE  OF  THE  sweetest  writers  of  verse 
was  Robert  Burns,  who  was  born 
near  Ayr.  in  Scotland,  January  25, 
1759.  Though  of  humble  birth,  and 
reared  on  a  farm,  he  drank  of  the 
poetic  from  every  bud  and  blossom. 
Genial,  generous  and  loving,  his 
overflow  of  spirits  sought  outlet  in 
tippling,  love-making,  rhyme  and 
metre,  in  the  intervals  as  he  followed 
the  plow. 
In  addition  to  the  rudtments  of  an 
education,  he  had  a  little  library, 
ith  the  Bible,  Mason's  Collection  of  Prose 
.  Shakspeare,  Po[)e,  and  others. 
/  His  first  poetry  began  to  appear  in  his  sixteenth 
*  year,  and  from  that  time  forward  his  verses  found 
,i  favor.  When  nineteen  years  old,  he  had  published 
"The  Dirge  of  Winter,"  "The  Death  of  Poor 
'Maillie's  Elegy,  "  and  "John  Barleycorn."  Two  years 
afterwards,  while  struggling  with  his  brother  Gilbert  on  a  little  farm 
at  Mossgiel  to  support  his  parents,  he  wrote,  "The  Holy  Tailzie," 
"Holy  Willie's  Prayer,"  "The  Ordination,"  "The  Holy  Fair." 
and  other  satires  upon  the  churchmen  of  that  period.  About  this 
time,  also,  appeared,  "To  a  Mountain  Daisy, "  "Man  was  Made  to 
Mourn,  "and  "The  Cotter's  Saturday  Night,"  besides  many  love- 
songs  to  the  country  girls  whom  he  met  from  time  to  time. 

When  twenty-seven  years  old  he  was  a  poet  of  considerai)le 
reputation;  a  most  genial  fellow  with  his  companions,  but  with  no 
money.  In  addition  to  this,  he  had  had  illicit  intercourse  with'Jean 
Armour,  who  had  borne  him  twins,  and  by  her  relatives  he  had  been 
prosecuted  for  their  support.  It  was  at  this  time  that  he  had 
resolved  to  go  to  Jamaica  and  improve,  if  possible,  his  pecuniary 
condition.  To  get  the  means  with  which  to  go,  he  concluded  to  issue 
a  volume  of  his  poems.  Of  these,  GOO  copies  were  published,  and 
from  their  sale  he  realized  $100,  with  which  he  arranged  to  leave  the 
country. 

Ah  he  was  upon  the  verge  of  going,  a  letter  was  received  by  a  friend 
of  Burns,  recommending  that  he  come  to  Edinburgh,  where  the 
people  were  lond  in  their  praise  of  his  poems.  He  accepted 
the  invitation,  and  in  the  metropolis  was  the  literary  lion  of  the  year. 
Twelve  months  afterwards  he  returned  with  S'-i500,  the  proceeds  of 


his  sale  of  books,  with  which  he  stocked  a  farm  at  Ellisland.  and, 
1788.  married  Jean  Armour. 

He  was  appointed  a  collector  of  excise  at  a  salary  of  $350  a  year, 
and  the  hope  was  that  this,  with  the  returns  from  the  farm,  would 
yield  the  family  a  support;  but  the  convivial  habits  of  the  poet  drew 
so  heavily  on  his  revenues  as  to  compel  him  to  relinquish  the  farm. 
Retiring  to  a  small  house  in  Dumfries,  he  meagerly  supported  his 
family  by  his  salary  and  occasional  contributions  to  various  publica- 
tions; but  such  had  been  the  inroads  on  his  health  by  intemperance 
and  exposure,  together  with  disappointment  in  not  getting  better 
office,  as  to  cause  his  death  in  his  thirty-seventh  year.  At  that  time 
the  lofty  sentiment,  the  pathos,  the  hatred  of  cant  and  the  liberty  of 
thought  which  pervaded  the  poems  of  Burns,  had  not  been 
appreciated.  As  the  decades  went  by,  however,  the  world  at  last 
learned  to  do  him  honor. 

Some  time  since,  Robert  G.  Ingersoll,  the  distinguished  orator, 
visited  Scotland  and  the  childhood  home  of  the  poet.  As  he  surveyed 
the  interior  of  the  little  cottage  near  Ayr,  where  Burns  was  born, 
he  indited  the  following  graceful  tribute  to  the  famous  jioet: 

The  Birthplace  of   Burns. 

BY  RORERT  G.    IVGKRSOI.L. 

HOUGH  Scotland  boasts  a  thousand  names 

Of  patriot,  king  and  peer, 
The  noblest,  grandest  of  them  all, 

Was  loved  and  cradled  here. 
Here  lived  the  gentle  peasant- prince. 

The  loving  cotter-king; 
Compared  with  him  the  greatest  lord 

Is  but  a  titled  thing. 
Tis  but  a  cot  roofed  in  with  straw, 

A  hovel  made  of  clay, 
One  door  shuts  out  the  snow  and  storm, 

One  window  greets  the  day. 
And  yet  I  stand  within  this  room 

And  hold  all  thrones  to  scorn, 
For  here,  beneath  this  lowly  thatch, 

Love's  sweetest  bard  was  born. 
Within  this  hallowed  hut  I  feel 

Like  one  who  clasps  a  shrine, 
When  the  ghul  lips  at  last  have  touched 

The  siiniething  seemed  divine. 
And  here  the  world,  through  all  the  years, 

As  long  as  day  retm'ns. 
The-  tribute  of  Its  love  and  tears 

Win  pny  to  Robert  Burns, 


7^ 


(^ — 


^: 


^ 


UIKTHPLACK    OF    KOIJEKT    IIUKNS. 


HIGHLAND    MAKY. 


During  his  last  sickness  the  people  thronged  his  humble  dwelling, 
and  rich  and  ]>oor,  who  hud  learned  to  love  the  gt-niul  i)OL't,  in  a  mul- 
titude attended  hin  funeral.  Seventeen  years  afterwards,  a  monu- 
ment was  erected  to  his  memory  at  Dumfries,  and  at  the  centenary 
of  his  birth-day,  in  1859,  the  people  in  many  parts  of  the  civilized 
world  paid  tribute  to  his  genial  nature  and  his  talent. 

Burns  left  four  sons,  one  of  whom,  William,  a  colonel  in  the 
service,  purchased  the  house  where  hif*   father  died,  and  there  his 


mother  lived  until  her  death,  in  1834.     By  the  provisions  of  William's 

will,  the  house  and  garden  were  left  for  the  use  of  the  Dumfries 
Education  Society,  upon  a  payment  of  an  annuity  to  certain  relatives 
of  the  poet  during  their  life-time,  with  the  further  jirovi^ion  that  the 
house  should  thereafter  be  kept  in  repair. 

The  poetry  of  Burns,  full  of  passion,  pathos,  wit.  and  lldttity  to 
nature,  appeals  directly  to  the  heart,  and  will  ever  hold  a  prominent 
place  among  the  sweet  songs  of  the  English  language. 


i 


BY   ROBERT   BURNS. 


4^^W  E  bonks,  and  braes,  and  streams  around 
X^  The  eastle  o'  Montgomery, 

<^         Green  be  your  woods,  and  fair  your  flowers. 
Your  waters  never  drumlie! 
There  simmer  first  unfald  her  robes 

And  there  she  langest  tarry! 

For  there  I  took  the  last  fareweel 

O'  my  sweet  Highland  Mary. 

How  sweetly  bloomed  the  gay  green  birk! 

How  rich  the  hawthorn's  bIost;oni! 
As  underneath  their  fragrant  shade 

I  clasped  her  to  my  bosom! 
The  golden  hours,  on  angel  wings. 

Flew  o'er  me  and  my  dearie; 
For  dear  to  me  as  light  and  life 

Was  my  sweet  Highland  Mary. 


Wi'  monie  a  vow  and  locked  embrace 

Our  parting  was  fu"  tender; 
And  pledging  aft  to  meet  again, 

We  tore  ourselves  asunder; 
But,  oh!  fell  death's  untimely  frost. 

That  nipt  my  flower  sae  early ! 
Now  green  's  the  sod,  and  cauld  's  the  clay, 

That  wraps  my  Highland  Mary! 

Oh  pale,  pale  now,  those  rosy  lips 

I  aft  hae  kissed  sae  fondly! 
And  closed  for  aye  the  sparkling  glance 

That  dwelt  on  me  sae  kindly! 
-■Vnd  mould'ringnow  in  silent  dust 

That  heart  that  lo'ed  me  dearly! 
But  still  within  my  bosom's  core 

Shall  live  my  Highland  Mary. 


1^1 


AUTHOR    OF    '*  BATTLE    OF    HOHENLINDEN        AND    OTHER    POEMS. 


JIOMAS  CAMPBELL,  a  descendant  of  the 
r  ancient  Scottish  family  of  that  name, 
;  was  born  at  Glasgow,  Scotland,  in 

A  jfi'V^  ^ s^     1777,  and  educated  at  the  Cniver- 

\i&  -'  r  7'^'  ^ity  of  Glasgow,  where  he  became 
'^  Irf/jj^^  very  proficient  in  the  Greek  lan- 
guage. After  leaving  school  he 
spent  a  year  in  Argyleshire,  where  he  wrote 
several  of  his  poems,  and  then  went  to  Edin- 
burgh to  enter  upon  a  literary  career.  Here 
I  he  composed  and  published,  in  1799,  one  of 
his  most  popular  works  —  '^  The  Pleasures  of 
Hope  " — which  soon  won  for  him  fame  and  an 
entrance  into  good  society.  With  the  profits 
of  its  sale  he  was  enabled  to  visit  the  European 
continent.  At  Gottingen,  Germany,  he 
resumed  his  study  of  the  Greek  language,  and 
elsewhere  was  an  eye-witness  of  the  battle  of 
Hohenlinden.  which  forms  the  subject  of  one  of  hi:-  best-known  poems. 
On  his  return  to  Great  Britain  he  found  that  his  foreign  associa- 
tions had  produced  suspicions  against  him  as  a  French  spy.  and  on 
arriving  at  Edinburgh  it  was  difficult  for  him  to  convince  the  authori- 
ties of  his  loyalty.  During  his  travels  he  composed  several  of  his 
well-known  pieces. 


In  1803  ne  removed  to  London,  and  afterwards  to  Sydenham, 
England,  where  he  remained  for  seventeen  years  engaged  in  literary 
employments,  but  at  times  despondent  on  account  of  pecuniary 
embarrassments. 

In  1806  a  literary  pension  of  about  $1,000  annually  was  bestowed 
upon  him,  and  in  1809  he  published  "  Gertrude  of  Wyoming."  with 
other  poems.  Previously  he  had  contributed  a  history  of  Great  Brit- 
ain to  the  *  ■  Edinburgh  Cyclopjedia. "'  a  history  of  the  reign  of  George 
in. ,  etc.  In  1812  he  lectured  on  poetry  at  the  Royal  Institution,  in 
1814  he  visited  Paris,  in  1818  he  traveled  in  Germany,  and  for  ten 
years  afterwards  he  edited  Colburn's  J^'ew  Monthly  Magazine,  occa- 
sionally printing  a  new  poem. 

He  was  the  original  projector  of  the  London  Cniversity.  In  1826 
be  was  elected  lord  rector  of  the  University  of  Glasgow,  and  was 
twice  re-elected  to  that  position.  In  1831  he  started  the  London 
MetropoUtan  Magazine.  In  that  year  he  wrote  this  remarkable 
passage:  "My  wife  is  dead,  my  son  is  mad,  and  my  harp  unstrung," 
and  he  might  have  added  that  his  constitution  was  prematurely 
broken.  Still  he  labored  on  in  literary  work,  and  made  one  or  two 
more  journeys  abroad.  In  1843  he  removed  to  Boulogne,  France, 
where,  after  a  lingering  illness,  he  died  in  1844. 

His  poems  bave  their  place  in  the  standard  libraries  of  famous 
British  poets,  and  are  too  well  known  to  require  even  further  mention 
in  this  sketch. 


THE  SOLDIER'S  DREAM. 


BY   THOMAS    CAMPBELL 


T'H  bugles  sang  truce;  for  the  night  cloud  had  lowered, 
And  the  sentinel  stars  set  tbeir  walch  in  the  sky, 
And  thousands  had  sunk  on  the  ground  overpowered — 
The  weary  to  sleep,  and  the  wounded  to  die. 

'f^HEN  reposing  that  night  on  my  pallet  of  straw, 
•^]  By  the  wolf-scaring  faggot  that  guarded  the  slain. 

At  the  deiul  of  the  night  a  swot^t  vision  I  saw. 
And  thrice  ere  the  nmrning  I  dr(*amt  it  again. 

ETHOUGHT  from  (he  battle-field's  dreadful  array 

Far.  far  I  had  roamed  on  a  des()]ate  track: 

'Twas  autninn — uiui  sunshine  arose  on  tin*  way 

T"  the  liome  of   jnv  fiifhers.    \\vM  wcIcdTued  me  back. 


FLEW  to  the  pleasant  fields,  traversed  so  oft 

In  life's  morning  march,  when  my  bosom  was  young; 
I  heard  my  own  mountain-goats  bleating  aloft. 

And  knew  the  sweet  strain  that  the  corn-reapers  sung. 

HEN  pledged  we  the  wine-cnp.  and  fondly  I  swore 

From  my  home  and  my  weeping  friends  never  to  part; 
My  little  ones  kissed  me  a  thousand  times  oVr, 
And  my  wife  sobbed  aloud  in  her  fullness  of  heart. 

TAY.  stay  with  us! — rest;  thou  art  weary  and  worn! — 
And  fain  was  tbeir  war-broken  soldier  to  stay; 
But  sorrow  returned  with  the  dawning  of  morn. 
And  the  \<>iee  in  my  dreaming  ear  nielted  away. 


Q^ — 


adi)is(jn;  essayist  and  poet. 


323 


? 


Author  of  the  "Spectator"  and  other  Works. 


k 


4NE  OF  THE  most  brilliant  of  English  authors 
and  essayists  was  Joseph  Addison.  Born  at 
Milston,  England,  in  1671:2,  he  was  educated  at 
the  Charterhouse,  London,  and  at  Oxford.  He 
early  manifested  literary  talent,  and  under  the 
facilities  afforded  by  a  liberal  government  pen- 
sion, he  was  enabled  to  travel  in  Italy  for  three 
years,  collecting  literary  material,  and  writing. 
In  1706  he  was  appointed   under-secretary  of  state;  about   1710  he 


4^ 


became  keeper  of  the  public  records  at  Dublin,  and  in  1717  was  Fe| 
made  secretary  of  state.  Ill  health  and  other  circumstances, 
however,  led  him  to  resign  this  position,  and  he  retired  on  an 
annual  pension  of  about  $7, 500.  His  principal  works  are :  ' '  Cato. " 
a  tragedy;  '■'Rosamond,"  an  opera;  **The  Spectator;"  "A 
Treatise  on  the  Christian  Religion, "  and  numerous  poems  and 
contributions  of  essays  to  contemporary  publications.  The  "Spec- 
tator," however,  is  that  on  which  rests  his  undying  fame  as  a  pure 
and  elegant  writer.     He  died  in  England,  iu  1719. 


^-^^-^^ 


HYMN. 


BT   JOSEPH    ADDISON. 


OW  are  Thy  servants  blest,  O  Lord  I 
How  sure  is  their  defence  ! 
Eternal  wisdom  is  their  guide, 
Their  help  omnipotence. 

foreign  realms,  and  lands  remote. 

Supported  by  Thy  care, 
Through  burning  climes  I  passed  unhurt. 
And  breathed  in  tainted  air. 

HY  mercy  sweetened  every  soil. 
Made  every  region  please; 
The  hoary  Alpine  hills  it  warmed. 
And  smoothed  the  Tyrrhene  seas. 

HINK,  O  my  soul,  devoutly  think. 
How  with  affrighted  eyes 
Thou  saw'st  the  wide-extended  deep 
In  all  its  horrors  rise  ! 

ONFUSION  dwelt  in  every  face. 
And  fear  in  every  heart, 
When  waves  on  waves,  and  gulfs  in  gulfs, 
O'ercame  the  pilot's  art. 


TET  then  from  all  my  griefs,  O  Lord, 
Thy  mercy  set  me  free; 
Whilst  in  the  confidence  of  prayer 
My  soul  took  hold  on  Thee. 


'tlOR  though  in  dreadful  whirls  we  hung, 
-^'L         High  on  the  broken  wave; 

I  knew  Thou  wert  not  slow  to  hear. 
Nor  impotent  to  save. 

^HE  storm  was  laid,  the  winds  retired, 
^         Obedient  to  Thy  will ; 

The  sea,  that  roared  at  Thy  command, 
At  Thy  command  was  still. 

■^N  midst  of  dangers,  fears,  and  deaths, 
©         Thy  goodness  I  '11  atlore — 

And  praise  Thee  for  Thy  mercies  past. 
And  humbly  hope  for  more. 

gUJYlife,  if  Thou  preserv'st  my  life, 
^         Thy  sacrifice  shall  be; 

And  death,  if  death  must  be  my  doom. 
Shall  join  my  soul  to  Thee. 


LikJlf-^lt^iit^liJ 


b. 


>4:^ 


T 


32i 


THE  TRAVELING  FLUTE  PLAYER. 


b     .^ 


Author  of  the  "Deserted  Village"  and  Other  Poems. 


LIVER  GOLDSMITH  was  the 
son  of  a  clergyman.  He 
was  born  at  Pallas,  Ireland, 
in  1728,  and  educated  at  the 
■^  universities  of  Dublin, 
Edinburgh,  and  Leyden, 
with  a  view  of  adopting  the 
medical  profession.  In  a 
sudden  freak  he  left  Leyden 
with  a  flute,  a  ginglc  shirt 
in  his  pocket,  and  no  money, 
and  wandered  over  a  consid- 
erable part,  of  Europe,  sometimes  earning  food  and  lodging  by  play- 
ing his  flute  to  the  peasantry.     In  1758  he  returned  to  England  in  a 


penniless  condition,  and  was  employed  as  an  usher  in  a  school  at 
Peckham,  but  this  position  was  soon  resigned  in  order  that  he  might 
devote  his  time  to  literature.  He  appears  to  have  been  industrious, 
producing  various  works,  but  his  want  of  economy  kept  him  em- 
barrassed in  money  matters. 

Between  1759  and  his  death,  in  1774,  he  produced  "  An  Essay  on 
the  Present  State  of  Polite  Learning;"  the  poems  of  ' '  The  Traveler, " 
"The  Deserted  Village, "  and  "Retaliation;"  the  comedies  of  the 
"The  Good-Natured  Man"  and  "She  Stoops  to  Conquer;"  the 
novel  of  "The  Vicar  of  Wakefield;"  his  Histories  of  Greece, 
England  and  Rome;  "Animated  Nature,"  "The  Citizen  of  the 
World, "  and  several  lesser  compositions.  He  numbered  among  his 
friends  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  Garrick,  Burke  and  other  eminent 
characters. 


AN  ELEGY  ON  THE  DEATH  OF  A  MAD  DOC, 


BY   OLIVER   GOLDSMITH. 


OOD  people  all,  of  every  sort. 
Give  ear  unto  my  song. 
And  if  you  find  it  wond'rous  short — 
It  cannot  hold  you  long. 

X  Islington  there  was  a  man. 

Of  whom  the  world  might  say 
That  still  a  godly  race  he  ran — 
Whene'er  he  went  to  pray. 

KIND  and  gentle  heart  he  had. 
To  comfort  friends  and  foes; 
The  naked  every  day  he  clad — 
When  he  put  on  his  clothes. 

ND  in  that  town  a  dog  was  found. 
As  many  dogs  there  be, 
lioth  mongrel,  puppy,  whelp,  and  hound. 
And  curs  of  low  degree. 


f 


n 


ip 


HIS  dog  and  man  at  first  were  friends; 
But  when  a  pique  began, 
This  dog,  to  gain  his  private  ends, 
Went  mad,  and  bit  the  man. 

ROUND  from  all  the  neighboring  streets 
The  wondering  neighbors  ran, 
And  swore  the  dog  had  lost  his  wits. 
To  bite  so  good  a  man. 

HE  wound  it  seemed  both  sore  and  sad 
To  every  Christian  eye; 
And  while  they  swore  the  dog  was  mad, 
They  swore  the  man  would  die. 


B 


^j^Mi^^nd^^ 


UT  soon  a  wonder  came  to  light, 

That  showed  the  rogues  they  lied; 
The  man  recovered  of  the  bite — 
Tbf  dog  it  was  that  died. 


Author  of  "The  Rime  of  the  Ancient  Mariner,"  and  Other  Poems. 


returned  to 
enthusiasts, 
from  a  want 
After  a  visit 


ESIDES  BEING  an  eminent  poel, 
Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  who  was 
born  at  Ottery  St.  Mary,  England, 
in  1772,  was  also  distinguished  as 
a  theologian  and  philosopher.  Edu- 
cated at  Christ's  Hosi)ital.  London, 
and  Jesus  college,  Cambridge,  he 
*"  early  exhibited  a  fondness  for  meta- 

physical studies  and  classical  knowledge. 
During  his  stay  at  Cambridge  he  went  to 
London,  and  enlisted  in  a  cavalry  regiment  under  an 
assumed  name,  but  after  an  absence  of  four  months  was 
his  friends.  With  Southey  and  Lovell,  two  other 
he  projected  a  model  colony  in  the  United  States,  which, 
of  money  and  other  facilities,  was  never  carried  out. 
to  Germany  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the  language. 


Coleridge  settled  in  the  "lake  district"  of  England.  In  1804  he 
visited  Malta,  and,  in  1810,  went  to  London,  but  soon  afterwards 
took  up  his  residence  at  Highgate,  England,  remaining  there  until 
his  death. 

In  politics,  he  changed  from  a  Republican  to  a  Royalist;  in  relig- 
ion, from  a  Unitarian  to  an  Established  Churchman.  He  was  also 
a  confirmed  opiura-eater.  As  a  philosopher  he  was  speculative,  but 
had  no  fully-defined  system.  As  a  writer  he  possessed  a  fine  imagi- 
nation and  an  elegance  of  expression. 

He  died  at  Highgate,  London,  in  1834,  leaving  behind  him  many 
beautiful  poems  and  influential  treatises.  Among  his  principal 
writings  may  be  named  "  Christabel, "  "The  Rime  of  the  Ancient 
Mariner."  "Hymn  Before  Sunrise  in  the  Valley  of  Chamouny.  ■' 
''The  Statesman's  Manual,"  "Literary  Biographies."  "Aids  to 
Reflection,"  "Table  Talk,"  etc.  He  ranks  among  the  standard 
British  poets. 


Poems  by  S.  Taylor  Coleridge. 


t 


Severed  Friendship. 


.& 


AS!  they  had  been  friends  in  youth; 
But  whispering  tongues  can  poison  truth; 
And  constancy  lives  in  realms  above; 
And  life  is  thorny;  and  youth  is  vain; 
And  to  be  wroth  with  one  we  love, 
Doth  work  like  madness  in  the  brain. 
And  thus  it  chanced,  as  I  divine. 
With  Roland  and  Sir  Leoline. 
Each  spake  words  of  high  disdain 
And  insult  to  his  heart's  best  brother: 
They  parted — ne'er  to  meet  again! 
But  never  either  found  another 
To  free  the  hollow  heart  from  paining— 
They  stood  aloof,  the  scars  remaining. 
Like  cliffs  which  had  been  rent  asunder'; 
A  dreary  sea  now  flows  between; 
But  neither  heat,  nor  frost,  nor  thunder, 
Shall  wholly  do  away.  I  ween. 
The  marks  of  that  which  once  hath  been. 


Answer  to  a  Child's  Question. 


z-^- 


^()  YOU  ask  what  the  birds  say?  The  sparrow. 

the  dove. 
/  jL^      The   linnet  and  thrush  say    "I  love,  and  I 
^Wd  love !" 

In   the  winter  they're  silent,   the  wind  is   so 

strong; 
What  it  says  I  don't  know,  but  it  sings  a  loud 

song. 
But  green   leaves,   and  blossoms,    and   sunny 

warm  weather. 
And  singing  and  loving — all  come  back  together. 
But  the  lark  is    so   brimful   of    gladness   and 

love. 
The    green    fields   below    him.    the    blue    sky 

above. 
That  he  sings,  and  he  sings,  and  forever  sings 

he. 
"I  love  my  Love,  and  my  Love  loves  me." 


-^^===- 


•S^ 


:0d. 


vC).' 


3l'6 


AUTIiOK   OF    ''JUDGE   NOT   THE    LORD   BY    FEEBLE    SENSE. 


f 
Author  of  "Light  Shining  Out  of  Darkness,"  and  Other  Beautiful  Poems. 


'WILLIAM  COWPER,  the  son  of  a 
clergyman,  was  bom  at  Berk- 
hampi^tead,  England,  in  1731. 
After  studying  at  the  West- 
minster school,  it  was  intended 
to  fit  him  for  the  legal  profes- 
sion, but  he  seems  to  have 
acquired  but  little  legal  knowl- 
edge. He  was  afflicted  with 
nervous  weakness  and  constitu- 
tional timidity,  which  made  him 
very  retiring  in  his  disposition; 
and  he  was  obliged  to  resign  a  clerkship  in  the  House  of  Lords  owing 
to  an  agitation  of  mind  that  resulted  in  temporary  insanity,  for  which 


he  was  consigned  to  a  private  lunatic  asylum.  After  a  time  he 
recovered  his  reason,  and  went,  in  1765,  to  reside  with  Rev.  Mr. 
Unwin's  family  at  Huntingdon,  and  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Unwin 
Cowper  continued  his  residence  with  the  widow  at  Olney  and  Weston, 
England.      She  also  died  in  1796. 

Insanity  again  attacked  him  in  177.3,  continuing  until  1778;  and 
from  1794  until  his  death,  which  occurred  at  Dereham,  England,  in 
1800,  he  suffered  from  this  terrible  affliction.  In  his  lucid  hours, 
however,  he  established  his  undying  fame  as  a  standard  British 
poet.  Besides  his  own  principal  poems  of  "The  Task,  "Tiro- 
cinium, "and  minor  poetry,  he  translated  Homer  into  blank  verse 
with  great  fidelity,  and  also  some  of  Madame  Guyon's  religious 
poems.  His  letters,  also  published,  are  considered  as  elegant 
specimens  of  epistolary  composition. 


ra| 

q-<-^                        ^-P 

-i 

t            Light  Shining  Out  of  Darkness.         ^ 

"  ill 
>■  'i'lj 

^   ,1 

r, 

-                   BY    WILLIAM    rOWPER. 

«r/>^OD  moves  in  a  mysterious  way 
'7^         His  wonders  to  perform; 
®^      He  plants  His  footsteps  in  the  sea. 

And  rides  upon  the  storm. 

gyJf\EEP  in  unfathomable  mines 
^         Of  never-failing  skill, 
^^     He  treasures  up  His  bright  designs, 

-  1!^ 

y 

And  works  His  sovereign  will. 

y  h 

^WE  fearful  sjunts, fresh  courage  take! 
J*)         The  clouds  ye  so  much  dread 

'■  4 

-  \ 

^      Are  big  with  mercy,  and  shall  break 

-  ■■'! 

■  ■li 

In  blessings  on  your  head. 

i 

•  iin  [j— *-                           -*-- 

J 

rrDGE  not  the  Lord  by  feeble  sense, 
'         But  trust  him  for  His  grace: 
Behind  a  frowning  providence 
He  hides  a  smiling  face. 

jIS  purposes  will  ripen  fast, 
♦         Unfolding  every  hour; 

The  bud  may  have  a  bitter  taste, 
But  sweet  will  be  the  llower. 

)LIND  unbelief  is  sure  to  err, 
T         And  scan  His  work  in  vain: 
God  is  His  own  interpreter. 
And  He  will  make  it  plain. 


H*- 


^^'^^^^'^P*^!  iP^'^P^PfSB^R'S^ 


^  -^ 


,^L.^. 


d, 


A    FKW    OF   THE    WELL-KNOWN    AIITISTS. 


'6-27 


^  ..mm.  ^ 

I  ARTISTS,  I 


^£/4J^V^iH>' 


:»>» 


iv           CELEBRATED  FOR  SKILL  Z 

<«« »-• — « >»» 


F 


Michiiel  AnKt'lo. 


'^»»»»»W»^»^»»T^¥<»>»»^»^»»»»»^y^^^T^»^»^<l^y  T^Ttll^^y^V^T'SV^Vlt 


Individuals  Distinguished  in  Sculpture.  Painting  and  Pen-Drawing. 


^IIE  distinguished  artist,  Raphael, 
was  a  painter  of  whom  it 
has  been  said  that  "  no 
other  artist  ev»r  united  with 
bis  own  peculiar  excellence 
all  the  other  parts  of  the 
art  in  an  equal  degree  with 
him."  He  was  born  at 
Urbino,  Italy,  in  1483,  and 
was  the  son  of  a  painter, 
who  afforded  him  facilities 
for  acquiring  an  art  educa- 
tion, and  Raphael  improved 
his  original  style  of  paint- 
ing by  studying  the  works 
of  Da  Vinci  and  Michael 
Angelo.  ^  At  the  age  of 
twenty-flve  he  was  invited  by  Pope  Julius  II.  to  go  to  Rome  and 
embellish  the  papal  edifice.  Nine  years  were  spent  in  adorning 
three  apartments  with  his  pencil,  and  some  of  his  finest  work  was 
there  performed,  notably  "The  School  of  Athens."  He  was  an 
industrious  artist,  and  produced  many  paintings.  Among  these 
were  numerous  pictures  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  "The  Marriage  of  the 
Virgin,"  "  The  -\gnuy  in  the  Garden,"  "The  Dispute  of  the  Sacra- 
ment," "  Altila  Terrified  by  a  Celestial  Vision,"  "St.  Peter  Delivered 
from  Prison,"  "The  Death  of  .\nanias,"  "The  Conversion  of  St. 
Paul,"  and  many  other  scriptural  scenes.  Raphael  was  also  an  arch- 
itect, superintended  a  part  of  the  works  at  St.  Peter's  church  in 
Rome  and  designed  several  splendid  edifices.  He  was  likewise  a 
sculptor  and  a  poet.  He  died  at  Rome  in  1530.  His  real  name  was 
Sanzio. 

MICHAEL  ANGELO  BUONAROTTI. 

Yy/HE    brilliantly  pre  i.-miiK-iit    puiiilcr,  Michael  Angelo,  was   also 
j      noted   as  a  sculptor,  an  architect,  and  a  poet.      He  was  born  at 
\    Arezzo,  Italy,  in  1474.      His  family  were  poor,  bnt  noble,  and 
he  was  brought  up  in  a  village  that  boasted  many  carvers  and  sculp- 
tors in  stouH.      One  Ghirhindaio  was   his    instructor  in    the    art   of 


painting.  While  amusing  himself  by  modeling  in  clay  the  antique 
statues  in  the  garden  of  Lorenzo  de  Medicis,  one  of  these  attracted 
the  attention  and  procured  him  the  patronage  of  de  Medicis,  who 
received  him  into  his  own  family.  One  of  his  notable  productions 
at  this  time  was  an  admirable  has  relief  of  "  The  Battle  of  the  Cen- 
taurs. "  De  Medicis  dying,  Angelo  continued  his  art-career  at 
Bologna  and  afterwards  at  Florence,  Italy.  In  the  latter  city  he 
sculptured  his  "David  and  Goliath,"  and  painted  a  battle-scene  for 
the  ducal  palace.  His  reputation  was  then  so  great  that  Pope  Julius 
II.  invited  him  to  Rome,  and  it  was  there  he  produced  some  choice 
works  in  sculpture  and  painting,  including  the  statue  of  Moses,  the 
picture  of  the  Holy  Family,  and  his  cartoon  of  the  war  of  Pisa. 
At  a  Inter  date  he  cast  a  statue  of  the  pope  in  bronze,  and  painted 
the  dome  of  the  Sistinc  chapel,  a  work  that  occupied  him  for  twenty 
months;  still  later  he  added  to  the  riches  of  this  chapel  his  compo- 
sition of  the  "Last  Judgment.'"  Under  the  reign  of  Pope  Leo  X. 
he  was  engaged  in  opening  marble  quarries  and  constructing  roads. 
Under  Pope  Adrian  VL  he  was  chiefly  occupied  with  the  monument 
of  Julius  II.  During  their  brief  struggle  for  liberty  the  Florentines 
chose  him  engineer  and  superintendent  of  their  fortifications,  an 
office  in  which  he  achieved  honorable  success.  When  peace  was 
restored,  Pope  Clement  VII.  called  him  again  to  Rome  and  intrusted 
to  him  as  an  architect  the  task  of  carrying  on  the  work  of  building 
St.  Peter's  church.  For  seventeen  years  he  labored  to  make  that 
structure  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world.  Dnring  this  same 
period  he  executed  numerous  other  works,  among  which  was  the 
building  of  the  Farnese  palace;  constructing  another  palace  on  the 
Capitoline  hill  and  adorning  the  hill  with  antique  statues;  making  a 
flight  of  steps  to  the  church  of  the  convent  of  Ara  Coeli ;  rebuilding 
abridge  across  the  river  Tiber,  and  converting  the  baths  of  Diode 
tian  into  the  magnificent  church  of  Sta.  Maria  degli  Angeli.  For  all 
his  care  and  labor  on  St.  Peter's  church  Angelo  would  accept  no 
remuneration.  As  a  poet  his  sonnets  are  considered  among  the 
noblest  of  that  species  of  verse,  and  it  is  stated  that  he  was  familiar 
with  anatomy  and  the  science  of  mechanics.  As  an  artist  it  is 
probable  that  he  has  never  been  surpassed.  In  February,  1563, 
at  Rome,  he  was  attacked  by  a  slow  fever  and  died  in  a  few  days. 
His  remains  were  interred  at  Florence. 


A- 

■  * 


f 


328 


PORTRAITS    OF    ALBERT    BIERSTADT   AND    GEORGE    CRUIKSHANK. 


9 


Bierstadt.    Gilbert  Stuart.    George  Crviikshank.     -^| 


^^^^WS"^^' 


W^- 


^^w 


LTHOUGH  America  claims  the  popular 
artist,  Albert  Bierstadt,  Germany  has 
the  honor  of  his  birth,  for  he  was  wel- 
comed into 
the  world  at 
Dusseldorf  in 
1829,  about 
two  years  bc- 
forehis  family 
TL-movi'd  to  Massachu- 
setts, Albert's  youth 
and  early  manhood  haviug 
been  passed  at  New  Bed- 
ford. At  the  age  of  about 
twenty-two  years  he  began 
to  paint  portraits  in  oil 
colors.  In  1853  he  visited 
Europe  and  studied  art  at 
Dusseldorf  and  Rome,  making 
sketching  tours  into  Germany 
and  Switzerland  during  the 
summer  months.  In  1857  he 
returned  to  America,  and  in 
1858  accompanied  General 
Lander,  of  the  United  Slates  army,  in  an  expedition  to  survey  and 
ctmstruct  a  wagon-road  to  the  Pacific  coast.  During  this  and  later 
visits  to  the  Rocky  mountains  and 
other  romantic  scenery  of  the  ''New 
West,"  he  gathered  the  necessary 
"  inspiration "  for  his  celebrated 
paintings  of  "The  Yosemite," 
"Storm  in  the  Rocky  Mountains," 
"Laramie,"  "Mount  Hood,"  and 
others,  including  "  Lander's  Peak" 
in  the  Rocky  mountains,  which  has 
been  publicly  exhibited  in  the  United 
States  and  Europe.  For  several  of 
his  paintings  he  has  received  highly 
remunerative  prices,  and  in  recog- 
nition of  his  merits  as  an  artist 
tin-  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  at  St. 
Pi'tursburg,  Russia,  in  1871,  con- 
ferred upon  him  a  membership. 


Albert  Bierstadt. 


GILBERT  CHARLES  STUART. 

KSCiaUKl)    as  iiul  oiiiy  nw  of 

I.h(!  first  painters  of   his  time, 

but  alrto  a  very  extraordinary 
man  out  of  his  profession,  iJilbcrt 
('.  Stuart  was  born  at  NarnigansL'tt, 
R.  L ,  in  175G.  When  about  eighteen 
ycarH  of  age  he  accompanietl  his  first 
instructor  in  the  art  of  painting,  a 
Scotchman     named     Alexander,    to     '*^  George 

Edinburgh.       His   master  died,  and 
Stuart  worked  his  passage  home  to  America  as  a  common  sailor,  am 


bfgan  painting  portraits  at  Newport.  Removing  from  that  place  he 
went  first  to  Boston,  then  to  New  York,  and  in  1778  to  London,  where 
for  about  two  years  he  met  with  but  little  success  and  suffered  from 
poverty.  Making  the  acquaintance  of  Ben- 
jamin West,  the  great  painter,  w-ho  took  him 
into  his  family  and  instructed  him  in  his 
art,  Stuart  began  again,  in  1781,  to  practice 
his  profession  on  his  own  account,  and  soon 
rose  to  eminence  as  a  portrait-painter  and 
achieved  a  high  reputation  both  in  England 
and  Ireland.  After  sojourning  in  Dublin  and 
Paris  for  a  time,  he  returned  to  America 
in  1793.  At  Philadelphia  he  painted,  after 
one  ineffectual  attempt,  his  well-known 
portrait  of  Washington,  the  original  study 
of  which,  together  with  the  head  of  Mariba 
Washington,  is  now  in  the  possession  of  the 
Boston  Athenipum.  This  painting  of  Wash- 
ington by  Stuart  has,  from  the  first,  been 
regarded  as  a  standard  likeness  and  has  been 
the  model  for  many  copyists.  Subsequently 
he  practiced  his  art  at  Washington,  and  in 
1806  he  settled  at  Boston,  where  he  re- 
mained until  his  death  in  July,  1828.  As 
a  delineator  of  human  flesh-tints  he  was  unsurpassed,  and  on  the 
whole  rivaled  the  best  of  his  English  contemporaries. 

^  

GEORGE  CRUIKSHANK. 
HE  mind  of  the  educated  reader 
always  reverts  to  the  individual 
bearing  this  name  with  interest 
and  pleasure,  for  few  artists,  includ- 
ing William  Hogarth,  ever  more 
deftly  depicted  the  social  follies  of 
his  times,  or  more  pointedly  excited 
mirthfulness  by  the  creations  of  his 
pencil.  It  is  not  the  events  of  his 
quiet  life  that  awaken  our  admira- 
tion, but  the  display  of  his  genius  in 
seizing  and  illustrating  his  own 
ideas  and  those  of  others,  appealing 
at  once  to  our  better  natures  or  our 
sense  of  the  ludicrous,  as  occasion 
demands.  When  he  burlesqued  the 
monument  to  Napoleon  by  repre- 
senting the  skeleton  of  that  ambi- 
tious warrior  standing  with  folded 
arms  upon  a  hillock  of  hunniu  skulls, 
ghastly  as  the  i)icture  necessarily 
was,  its  appropriateness  and  justice 
instantly  struck  the  beholder.  When 
he  ])ublishcd  his  series  of  cartoons, 
i-ntitled  "Thf  Bottle,"  showing  the 
drunkard's  career  from  the  first  glass 
of  ardent  spirits  to  his  execution  at 
temperance   discourse  more  effective    than 


Cruikshank. 

1    I    Newgate,  he  preached 


A 


ELECTION    FOR    BEADLE;    ONE    OF    GEOKUE    CKUXKSILVNK.  iS    CAUTOONb. 


■  L".) 


the  eloquence  of  Gough.  This  was  his  mission,  to  gmtify  the 
senses  and  reform  the  morals  of  the  public  with  his  pencil,  as 
Dickens  did  with  his  pen,  bringing  deserved  contempt  upon  human 
meanness,  and  elevating  art  to  its  proper  position. 

Cruikshank  was  a  native  of  London,  of  true  English  birth,  and 
entered  upon  the  stage  of  existence  September  27,  1792.  He  came 
legitimately  by  his  talent  for  drawing,  his  father  and  elder  brother 
being  engravers  and  sometimes  designers  of  caricatures.  George 
also  manifested,  at  an  early  age,  a  fondness  for  dramatic  perform- 
ance, and,  it  is  said,  appeared  several  times  upon  the  stage  while  in 
his  youth.  The  talent 
thus  developed  re- 
mained with  him  long 
after  he  had  attained 
eminence  as  an  artist, 
and  was,  on  a  few  oc- 
casions, manifested  in 
notable  amateur  theat- 
ricals under  the  man- 
agement of  Dickens. 
As  a  designer  he  first 
applied  himstdf  to 
illustrating  song-books 
and  books  for  children. 
Owing  to  adverse  cir- 
cumstances he  was  pre- 
vented from  becoming 
a  student  at  the  Royal 
academy,  to  which  he 
afterwards,  however, 
made  several  contribu- 
tions of  his  art  pro- 
ductions.  As  the 
CO -publisher  of  two 
monthly  magazines  — 
the  Meteor  and  the 
Scourge  —  he  found 
ample  scope  as  an 
illustrator  of  current 
political  and  social 
themes,  ardently  em- 
bracing the  principles 
of  the  liberal  party 
of  his  day.  In  this 
field  he  won  consid- 
erable distinction  by 
his  designs.  He  was 
now  busily  engaged, 
and  for  about  thirty 
years  prior  to  1855  he 
worked  industriously 
and  successfully  in  his 
profession,  adding 
greatly  to  the  value  of 
the  publications  of  other  authors  by  his  own  creations.  The  list 
includes  histories,  novels,  poems,  periodicals,  and  almanacs,  besides 
his  own  Omnibus,  a  serial,  for  which  Laman  Blauchard  wrote 
extensively,  Cruikshank  enriching  it  with  his  engravings.  "The 
Bottle  "  was  very  popular,  was  dramatized,  and  occupied  the  stages 
of  no  less  than  eight  theaters  in  the  metropolis  at  the  same  time. 
Cruikshank  also  sketched  other  but  smaller  cartoons,  with  the  signifi- 
cant titles  of  the  "Gin-Shop,"  the  "Gin-Juggernaut."  etc.,  with  a 
moral  bias.  He  was  also  a  temperance  reformer,  an  advocate  of  total 
abstinence  in  his  public  addresses  and  writings.  In  his  later  years 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  production  of  oil-paintings,  with  charac- 


teristic skill  and  success.  He  died  in  1878.  Hih  designs  are  num- 
bered by  thousands,  and  have  ever  been  highly  valued  by  an  appre- 
ciative public.  A  copy  of  his  "Election  for  Beadle"  is  glvt-n  on 
this  page,  illustrating  a  humorous  sketch  by  Dickens  in  one  of  his 
earlier  volumes,  which  very  fairly  indicates  bis  sense  of  the  humor- 
ous, but  not  80  broadly  as  in  many  other  instances.  For  the 
information  of  American  readers  it  may  be  well  to  explain  that  the 
election  of  a  beadle  was  a  local  event  of  considerable  importance  in 
many  parishes  of  England.  The  duties  of  the  beadle,  however,  were 
not  of  a  high  order,   but   various,   embracing   the   preservation  of 

order  during  church 
services,  the  chastise- 
ment of  petty  offend- 
ers, etc. 


Election  for  Beadle. 

By  George  Cruikshank;   from  a  Humorous  Sketch  by  Charles  Dickens. 


PETER   P.  RUBENS. 

HE  artist,  Peter 
Paul  Rubens,  was 
born  at  Siegen, 
Germany,  in  1577. 
Ilis  father  died  in  1587, 
and  the  following  year 
Rubens  went  to  Ant- 
werp, Belgium,  with 
his  mother,  and  became 
the  page  of  the  count- 
ess of  Salalng.  Not 
long  afterwards  he  re- 
linquished this  posi- 
tion in  order  to  study 
art  under  competent 
masters,  and  then  went 
to  Italy  to  obtain  an 
acquaintance  with  the 
works  of  the  great 
artists  who  had  pre- 
ceded him.  Halting  at 
Venice,  he  found  a 
friend  in  the  duke  of 
Mantua,  who  attached 
him  to  his  court,  and 
enabled  him  to  reside 
in  Rome.  After  visit- 
ing Milan  and  Genoa, 
hi?  was  invited  to  return 
to  the  Netherlands  by 
Archduke  Albert  and 
the  Infanta  Isabella, 
who  honored  him  with 
office  and  a  pension. 
Rubens  then  settled  at 
Antwerp,  and  rose  to 
the  highest  eminence 
as  a  painter.  In  1G20, 
at  the  request  of  Mary  of  Medicis,  he  embellished  the  Luxemburg 
gallery  with  a  series  of  pictures,  and  in  1628  Isabella  dispatched  him 
to  Madrid,  Spain,  on  a  political  mission.  Here  he  executed  several 
fine  works,  for  which  he  was  knighted  and  appointed  a  gentleman  of 
the  royal  bed-chamber.  The  following  year  he  was  sent  on  an  embassy 
to  England,  and,  at  Whitehall,  painted  "  The  Apotheosis  of  James 
I."  and  other  pieces,  receiving  a  gold-chain  and  the  title  of  knight 
from  Charles  I.  In  1626  he  lost  his  wife,  whose  portrait  he  fre- 
quently introduced  into  his  paintings.  In  1630  he  married  Helen 
Forman,  at  Antwerp.  In  1633  he  was  sent  again  as  an  embassador  !<> 
Holland.    His  paintings  numbered  1,800.    He  died  at  Antwerp  in  16-10. 


— <);■ 


"<):U< 


330 


PEOMIXENT    PAINTERS    AND    SCULPTORS. 


-|— _,— |-" -Vy\/>^- 


--ve£££/E~^«. 


Hubert  Herkomer.    Phidias.    August  Kiss. 


- -/\£j2j2j2''©^^^ 


HE  father  of  Hubert  Herkomer,  a  painter 
of  scenes  in  social  life,  whom  England 
has  honored  for  his  talents,  and  whom 
art-critics  extol,  was  anative  of  Bavaria, 
in  which  country  Hubert  was  born  in 
1849.  About  two  years  later  the  family 
removed  to  the  United  States,  remaining 
here  six  years.  His  father  was  a  wood- 
carver  by  trade,  and  believing  that  Eng- 
land offered  a  better  field  for  his  talents, 
the  family  emigrated  to  that  country. 
Hubert  was  not  a  rugged  child.      He  was  sent  to  the  art-school  of 

Southampton  at  the  age  of   '/^y-^^^y^ 

thirteen,  where  he  won  a  V"^ 
medal  the  first  year  for  his  y 
improvement.  Then  fol-  { 
lowed  a  five  months' 
sojourn  at  Munich,  where 
the  father  was  temporarily 
employed  in  his  own  art. 
Returning  to  England, 
Hubert  resumed  his  studies 
inartin  South  Kensington, 
and  then  went  to  South- 
ampton. At  the  latter 
place  he  assisted  in  organ- 
izing a  life-school  and  an 
exhibition  of  the  works  of 
young  artists  in  that 
locality,  and  sold  his  first 
painting.  In  1869  he  ex- 
hibited his  pictures  for  the 
first  time  in  London,  in 
which  metropolis  he  estab- 
lished himself  as  an  artist. 
From  that  period  he  con- 
tinued to  paint  pictures, 
win  fame  and  prosper.  In 
18T9  he  became  an  asso- 
ciate of  the  Royal  academy, 
and  is  now  a  member  of 
several  of  the  distin- 
guished art  societies  on  the 
continent  of  Europe.  His 
paintings,  which  are  nu- 
merous, are  studies  of 
human  nature  in  military 
and  social  life,  as  will  be 
observed  by  some  of  their 
titles:  ''Reading  War- 
news,"  "The  Last 
Muster,"  "At  the  Well," 
.ife.  Light  iind  Melody" 
(a  Bavarian  viHage  Hcene),  portraits  of  Richard  Wagner,  Alfred 
Tennyson,  and  other  celebrated  characters.      **  The  Last  Muster  "  ap- 


pears to  have  best  satisfied  the  public  sentiment  and  has  become  very 
popular.  "Eventide,"  on  the  opposite  page,  representing  the  vari- 
ous avocations  in  which  old  ladies  are  wont  to  engage  in  the  decline 
of  life,  is  also  a  fine  illustration  of  his  skill. 

PHIDIAS. 

"HE  ancient  artist  Phidias,  around  whose  life  a  good  deal  of 
obscurity  is  thrown,  was  born  at  Athens,  Greece,  it  is  supposed, 
about  490  or  488  years  before  Christ.  Statements  vary  as  to  his 
instructors,  and  in  this  connection  Hippias,  Eladus  and  Hegesias  are 
mentioned.  Pericles,  it  is  said,  made  him  general  director  of  all  the 
great  art-works  in  Athens.     Among  th^  productions  attributed  to 

him  are  nine  statues  of 
Minerva;  a  bronze  statue, 
fifty  or  sixty  feet  high 
of  Athena  Promachos, 
erected  in  the  Acropolis  at 
Athens;  the  colossal  gold 
and  ivory  statue  of  Athena 
in  the  Parthenon,  the  gold 
in  which  is  estimated  at 
about  $50,000;  the  colossal 
statue  of  Jupiter,  nearly 
sixty  feet  high,  represent- 
ing the  god  as  seated  on  a 
throne  of  cedar- wood,  hold- 
ing in  one  hand  a  statue 
of  Victory  made  of  ivory 
and  gold,  and  in  the  other 
a  scepter,  while  his  feet 
rested  upon  a  foot-stool, 
which  with  the  throne  and 
its  base  was  richly  orna- 
mented with  ivory,  gold 
and  gems,  paintings,  sculp- 
tures of  precious  metals, 
etc.  ;  and  he  also  executed 
statues  for  deities  at  Athens 
and  other  cities  of  Greece. 
He  died  about  433  years 
before  Christ. 


Hubert 

English  Portrait-PaintLT.  I'ist 
of  Muni 


AUGUST  KISS. 

NATIVE  of  Silesia  of 
Prussia,  August  Kiss 
was  born  near  Pless  in 
I H03,  and  was  first  educated 
at  Gleiwitz,  at   the  age  of 
twi'nty  years  becoming  an 
art-pupil  of  Ranch,   at  the 
academy   of   Berlin.       His 
genius  was  first   exercised 
in  the   production  of  bas- 
reliefs  for  churches  and  other  edifices,  and  groups  of  nymphs  and 
tritons  for  gardens,  fountains,  etc.     His  principal  after-works  were 


Herkomer, 

iiit,'ui>lu'(l  for  Superior  Portraiture 
an  Nature. 


? 


QUIET    DAYS    IN    THE    OLD    LADIKb     IJOME. 


the  Htatiiary  of  "The  Amiizoii  ami  the  Tiger,"  "St.  George  ami 
the  I)rag(ni,"  "  Frederick  the  Great,"  "St.  Michael  overthrowing  the 
Driiiioii,"  and  a  tiger's  head  killing  a.  serpent,  done  in  bronze.  KisB 
died  in  18135. 

THOMAS  CRAWFORD. 

niE  sculptor,  Thomas  Crawford,  remarkable  for  the  numlwr  and 
excellence  of  his  works,  incUulinj^  statuary  for  public  edifices  and 
other  resorts,  was  born  in  New  York  in  IHH.  His  first  art-hibor 
was  wood-carving.  When  nineteen  years  old  he  devoted  himself  for 
two  years  to  monumental  design  in  a  studio  in  his  native  city,  and 


married,  and  returned  to  Kome  the  next  year  with  numeroua  orders 
for  the  exerciee  of  hisj,%'nius  and  skill.  Two  other  visits  lo  the 
United  States  were  made  in  1849  and  1856,  At  the  latter  date  a 
painful  disorder  of  the  brain,  originating  In  a  cancerous  tumor, 
incapacitated  him  for  further  work.  Hiw  family  returned  to  Rome, 
and  he  was  removed  to  Paris  and  Uomlou,  unsuccessfully  seeking 
relief  in  medical  treatment.  He  died  in  the  hitter  city  in  1857. 
Among  his  many  prominent  productions  are  the  monument  erected 
to  the  memory  of  Washington  by  the  State  of  Virginia;  the  bronze 
statue  of  Beethoven  in  the  Boston  Music  hall;  the  colossal  equestrian 
statue  of  Washington,  twenty-five  feet  high,  at  Richmond,  Va.  ;  the 


By  H.    Herkomer 


"EVENTIDE." 

From  the  Picture  Exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1878. 


,  enah 

1  crea 

I  reso 

)  stril. 

^  -C^. — 


while  there  produced  busts  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall  and  other  per- 
sons. At  the  end  of  that  time  he  went  to  Italy  and  studied  and  worked 
withThorwaldsen,  the  famous  sculptor,  for  several  years,  barely  being 
able  to  support  himself,  yet  industriously  pursuing  his  art.  The 
fame  of  his  statue  of  "Orpheus"  having  reached  his  native  land,  a 
copy  was  subscribed  for  at  the  instance  of  Charles  Sumner.  Its 
reception  in  Boston  was  an  epoch  in  the  artist's  life.  He  was  now 
enabled  to  fit  up  studios  of  his  own,  and  to  give  attention  to  his  ideal 
creations  as  well  as  the  production  of  busts;  his  numis  were  the 
resort  of  visitors,  and  fortune  followed  the  fame  growing  out  of  the 
striking  originality  of  his  sculpturt-s.      lie  visited  America  in  1844, 


statue  of  "  Armed  Liberty''  for  the  dome  of  the  United  States  capi- 
tol  at  Washington,  the  bronze  doors,  with  other  statuary  and  designs 
for  the  same  editice;  statuary  in  Central  park  at  New  York,  in  the 
Boston  Athemeum,  in  the  chapel  at  Mt.  Auburn,  and  elsewhere; 
statues  of  Henry  Clay,  Channing,  AUston,  Josiah  Quincy,  sr.  :  several 
mythological  sculptures,  and  scriptural  groups  of  statuary.  In  all 
Crawford  finished  over  sixty  works,  many  of  tiiem  being  of  immense 
size,  particularly  the  bronze  statiie  of  Washington,  twenty-five  feet 
in  height,  cast  under  his  supervision  in  Munich,  which  is  noxv  in 
Richmond,  where  it  arrived  in  1858.  He  left,  also,  about  fifty 
designs  of  various  kinds  in  plaster. 


? 


■:c>- 


33l' 


PORTRAIT   OF    BRITON    EEVIERE. 


-e 


Briton  Heviere,  A.  R.  A.  |^ 

...^ 

One  of  a  Family  of  Distinguished  Painters. 


RITON  REVIERE,  who  was  born  in  London,  Augnst  14, 
1840,    is    a    descendant   from    a    race   of    painters,    his 

grand-  ^.l_ 

father, 


:\ 


Mr.  D. 
V.  Re- 
viere, 

being 
an  exhibitor  of  rarL- 
paintings  in  water- 
colors  at  the  Royal 
academy.  William 
Reviere,  father  of 
Mr.  Briton  Reviere, 
was  at  the  head  of 
the  drawing- school 
at  Cheltenham  col- 
lege, and  it  was 
through  his  energy 
and  zeal  that  art 
was  introduced  into 
the  curriculum  at 
Oxford.  Thus  the 
father  was  one  of 
the  best  of  in- 
structors to  his  son 
Briton,  the  subject 
of  this  sketch,  who 
studied  drawing 
and  painting  from 
early  childhood; 
first  for  nine  j'ears 
at  Cheltenham  and 
afterwards  at  Ox- 
ford, from  which 
university  he  grad- 
uated as  a  B  A.  in 
1867,  and  later  as 
M.  A.  in  1873. 
This  possession  of 
a  liberal  education, 
however,  did  not 
wean  him  in  tin* 
least  from  his 
chosen  field  of 
labor,  which  he  had 
prominently 
entered  as  far  back 
as  1858,  when, 
his  eighteenth  year 
he  exhibited  at  the 

Royal    academy  C^i— ♦^— 

pictures      entitled  BRITON 

'*  Ret»t  from  Labor,"  "  Slieep  on  the  C()tHWoldp,"  and  "  On  the  Himd 
to  Gl'mcester  Fair."  In  1800  hi.«  work  began  to  obtain  recognition, 
and  in  the  following  year  bis  painting  entitled  "The  Long  Sleep,* 


hung  at  taeoil  exhibition  of  the  Dudley,  won  for  him  a  large  amount 
of  public  approbation.      This  painting  represented  an  old  man  as 

^    ;q  having  died  sitting 

in  his  chair,  at- 
tended by  bis  two 
faithful  dogs,  who 
evidently  divined, 
as  they  looked  with 
wondering  gaze 
into  the  face  of 
their  dead  master, 
that  all  was  not 
right.  At  the  Royal 
academy,  in  1869, 
the  attention  of 
visitors  was  par- 
ticularly attracted 
to  a  painting  en- 
titled "-Prisoners," 
a  pathetic  scene 
representing  a  dog 
and  his  master 
enduring  misfor- 
tune together,  the 
expression  of  each 
indicating  the  bond 
of  sympathy  be- 
tween them.  At 
the  international 
exhibition  at 
V  i  e  n  n  a»  Mr. 
Reviere  was 
awarded  a  medal 
for  his  painting, 
"Charity,'"  atouch- 
ing  scene  repre- 
senting an  outcast 
child  on  the  street 
door-step  sharing 
her  last  crust  with 
two  outcast  dogs. 
This  artist  has 
painted  several 
other  greatly- 
admired  pictures 
which  pertain  to 
the  pathetic  and 
are  true  to  lifi'. 
This  is  mentioned 
to  show  the  versa- 
t  i  1  i  t y  of  Mr. 
i'C'  Reviere,  whosecms 
equally  at  home  in 


REVIERE. 

other  fields  of  the  art,  as  shown  in  tbi-  engraving  on  the  opposite 
page,  representing  *' A  Stern  Chase  is  Always  a  Long  Chase. "  His 
broad  and  liberal  culture  has  greatly  aided  him  in  his  efforts. 


~?s 


i 


■? 


SKLKISHNKSS   AMONG   THE    DUCKS. 


2^ 


! 


Thomas  Cole.i 


American  Landscape  Painter,  and  Famous  Designer  of  Ideal  Pictures. 


©T^   e? 


<ijii^ 


stein,  resolved   to  become  a  painter. 


IIOMAS   COLE,  the  American  painter, 
■'~-  was  born  at  BoItnn-le-Moors, 

in  England,  February  1,  1801. 
-^-  __-      Aside  from  being  possessed  of 
^^ —      large   love   of  the   poetic  and 
the    romantic   in    scenery,  he 
exhibited  in  hia  youth  an  apti- 
tude  for  making  designs  for  a 
print  factory  and  for  engravers. 
His  father  having  emigrated  to 
America  and  settled  at  Steu- 
benville,    Ohio,   it    was    there 
that    young  Cole,  having  met 
a      portrait  -  painter      named 
After  a  time  of   practice,  in 


York,  the  spring  of  1825  found  him  with  a  studio  in  his  father's 
garret  in  that  city,  from  which  he  sallied  forth  from  time  to 
time  to  paint  various  landscape  views  along  the  Hudson,  promi- 
nent among  which  were  several  paintings  of  the  CatsklUs,  which, 
being  exhibited,  made  him  reputation  and  brought  him  many  com- 
missions. Among  the  sketches  which  he  afterwards  made  were 
views  of  the  Niagara  and  the  White  mountains.  With  a  fair  cer- 
tainty of  success  in  landscape  painting,  he  turned  aside  at  this  point 
and  commenced  representing  scenes  of  imagination.  Of  these  were 
"  The  Garden  of  Eden  "  and  "  The  Expulsion,"  which  were  exhibited 
in  1828.  A  year  later  he  visited  Europe,  painted  two  years  in 
London,  thence  went  to  Florence  and  to  Rome,  in  which  latter  city 
he  remained  some  time  and  painted  various  views  of  Italian  scenery. 
He  returned  to  New  York,  was  married  in  1836,  and  went  to  Europe 
again  a   few   years  afterwards,    but   remained    but    a   short   time. 


*^A  Stern  Chase  is  Always  a   Long   Chase. '^ 

From  the  Picture  by  Briton  Reviere,  A.R.A.,  in  the  Royal  Academy  Exhibition  of  18T6. 


which  he  attempted  landscape  and  portraits,  he  went  in  his 
twenty-first  year  to  Clairsville,  where  he  established  himself  as  a 
portrait-painter,  the  only  result  being  that  he  was  in  debt  for  his 
board  when  he  returned  home  a  few  months  afterwards.  He  studied 
carefully  through  the  summer,  and  in  the  following  winter  established 
himself  as  a  landscape  painter  at  Philadelphia,  where  he  obtained 
a  meager  subsistence,  being  often  compelled  to  ornament  chairs 
and  other   furniture.      His  father's  family  having  removed  to  New 


Though  a  very  superior  landscape  painter,  the  poetic  and  the 
imaginative  in  his  nature  caused  him  to  give  much  time  to  the  pro- 
duction of  ideal  pictures,  among  them  being  *' Departure," 
"Return,"  "Dream  of  Arcadia,"  "The  Voyage  of  Life,"  "The 
Angel  Appearing  to  Shepherds,"  *' Cross  in  the  Wilderness,"  etc. 
With  the  engraved  copies  of  these  the  public  is  familiar,  some  of 
them,  finely  executed  in  steel,  having  had  an  extensive  sale.  He  died 
at  Catskill,  N.  Y.,  in  1848. 


X 


t>- 


f 


334 


POKTKAIT    OF    VIUAT    COLE. 


Hosalie  Bonheur.    The  Beards.    Vicat  Cole. 


AN  ARTIST,  Rosalie  Bonheur  has  become 
famous,  her  skill  being  exercised  in  the 
painting  of  quadrupeds.  She  was  born 
at  Bordeaux,  France,  in  1822.  Her  father 
was  a  painter,  and  instructed  her,  but 
her  success  in  depicting  animals  is  due 
to  her  study  of  living  creatures.  In 
1841  she  sent  two  pictures — '*  Goats  and 
Sheep,"  and  "Two  Rabbits"  —  to  the 
French  exposition.  From  that  time  she 
frequented  stables,  fairs  and  other  places 
where    animals  were    to   be   found,    and 

studied   their  structure  and    habits  under  various   circumstances. 

This   sort  of  study  resulted 

in    a    perfection    of    animal 

portraiture  that  has  estab- 
lished   for   her   an   enviable 

reputation  as  a  painter.    Her 

most  noted  pictures  embrace 

"The    Horse    Fair,"    "The 

Ploughing     in     Nivernais," 

"The  Horse  for  Sale,"    "A 

Drove  on  the  Road,"  "Cows 

and    Sheep    in   a   Hollow 

Road,"  "Horses  in  a  Mead- 
ow,"   etc.      She     has    been 

directress  of  the  Paris  free 

school    of    design,    and    has 

received  several  medals  and 

prizes  for  exhibitions  of  hi-r 

art,    both   as    a   painter   and 

sculptor. 


He  has  produced  several  paintings  of  this  sort,  and  at  least  one  of 
these  was  engraved  in  London.  For  several  years  he  has  been 
painting  domestic  animals  and  composition  pictures,  distinguished 
for  their  correctness,  force  and  humor. 

William  H.  Beard,  a  brother  of  James,  was  born  at  Painesville, 
about  1824.  He  followed  the  business  of  portrait-painting  in  early 
manhood,  opening  a  studio  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  ;  but  abandoning  this 
branch  of  his  art  he,  like  his  brother,  began  painting  animals  and 
scenes  in  ordinary  life.  With  a  fair  American  reputation,  he  spent  a 
year  or  two  abroad  (1858-'60),  and  tlien  returned  to  New  York,  where 
he  opened  a  studio.  The  peculiarity  of  his  art  is  its  fabulous  char- 
acter, the  animals  in  his  pictures  representing  the  foibles  and  dispo- 
sitions of  human  beings,  sometimes  with  considerable   humor  and 

frequently  with  unmistaka- 
ble satire.  "Bears  on  a 
Bender,"  and"A  Bear 
Dance"  are  among  his  best 
productions  in  this  vein. 


THE  BEARDS. 

HE  American  painter, 
James  IL  Beard,  was 
born  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 

1815.      R  e  m  <)  v  i  n  g  t  o 


Painesville,  O.,  in  infancy, 
he  began  to  paint  portraits  at 
the  age  of  fourteen  years, 
after  having  taken  but  a  few 
lessons  in  the  art.  Portrait- 
painting  was  afterwards  fol- 
lowed in  various  portions  of 
Ohio,  but  Ihially  he  drifted 
to  Cincinnati  and  settled. 
It  was  there  that  he  gained 
the  friendship  of  Generals 
Harrison  and  Taylor,  Henry 
Clay  and  other  public  men, 
most  of  whom  sat  to  him  for 
])ortraits,  and  in  this  depart- 
ment   of     art     he    was    an 

acknowledged  leader.  His  first  original  picture,  aside  from  portraits, 
was  painted  in  1840,  entitled  "The  North  Carolina  Emigrunts. "  It 
was  exhibited  and  sold  in  New  York,  and  gave  him  a  lasting  reputa- 
tion as  !i  painter  of  scenes*  illustrating  overy-day  life  and   manners, 


VICAT  COLE, 

Eiifflisli  LundHfiiin-  I'liintL-r,  and  l-'i-lluw  of  tilt'  Royal  A' 


VICAT  COLE. 

ICAT  (.'OLE,  the  spir- 
ited landscape  painter, 
was  born  at  Portsmouth, 
England,  in  1833.  His  father 
was  a  port  rait -painter,  of 
considerable  reputation,  bnt 
subsequently  turned  his  at- 
tention to  painting  land- 
scapes and  animals  with 
equal  success,  becoming 
vice-president  of  the  society 
of  British  artists.  The  father 
instructed  the  son  in  his 
profession,  the  family  re- 
moving during  the  latter's 
boyhood.  For  his  "  studies" 
he  had  the  paintings  of  Tur- 
ner and  two  other  contem- 
porary artists.  At  an  early 
age  he  succeeded  in  getting 
his  pictures  into  the  Pall 
Mall  British  institution,  but 
they  sold  only  at  nominal 
prices  and  were  scarcely  re- 
munerative. In  1853  or  1854 
his  paintings  were  admitted 
to  the  walls  of  the  Royal 
academy,  and  as  his  repiita- 
tion  increased  from  year  to 
year  he  was  elected,  after 
long  waiting,  an  associate 
member  of  that  institution. 
His  pictures  arc  remarkable 
for  their  fidelity  to  nature 
and  consistency  with  genuine  art;  that  is,  while  he  correctly  depiets 
nature  in  his  landscapes,  he  ennobles  the  details  of  the  scenery  by 
the  magic  touches  of  his  pencil.  A  very  fine  specimen  of  his  skill 
in    this    direction,  o?i  the  following  page,  forms  the  subject  of  the 


■/].(;), — 


"SUM.MKK    RAIN,"    A    PAINTING    BY    VICAT    COLK. 


? 


accompanying  engraving  of  his  '*  Summer  Rain,"  in  which  the  char- 
acteristicp  of  his  geniup  are  preserved.  Though  it  does  not  attempt 
to  "  iini>rove "  niiture,  the  heholder  is  led  to  admire  the  g<!iiiu8 
dirtplayed  in  the  distribution  of  liglit,  shade  and  perspective,  and  its 
grarefuhieas  throughout.      While  he  is  evidently  fully  alive  to  Ihe 


the  summer  foliage  sleeping  in  the  evening  shadow,  and  the  animal 
creation  resting  lazily  in  the  drowsy  iiaze  of  dreamy  quiet.  Mr, 
Cole  is  described  as  emphatically  manly  and  kindly  in  his  pernon 
and  life.  The  portrait  which  is  presented  elsewhere  indicates  the 
possession  of  those  sterling  qualities  that  make  men  beloved  ae  well 


''SUMMER     RAIN," 

the  Painting  by  Vicut  Cole,  F.R.A. ,  Exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1873. 


poetic,  wherever  it  may  be   found    in  nature,  his  genius  seems  to 
have  the  fullest  play  when  he  is  engaged  in  painting  smooth  water, 


as  famous.     He  has  painted  many  meritorious  pictures  already,  and 
as  he  is  still  young,  his  fair  fame  promises  to  increase. 


SIR  EDWIN  LANDSEER. 


S  A  PAINTER  of  animals,  Sir  Edwin  Landsecr  was  justly  dis- 
tinguished. He  was  born  in  London,  in  1803.  His  father  was 
an  engraver,  and  Edwin  in  his  childhood  manifested  such  a 
fondness  for  drawing  that  the  parent  encouraged  him  first  to  make 
sketches  from  living  domesticated  animals,  and  then  to  color  them, 
so  that  by  the  time  he  was  fourteen  years  old  the  fidelity  of  his  pro- 
ductions attracted  attention.  About  1819  he  exhibited  his  picture  of 
"Dogs  Fighting,"  which  was  sold  to  Sir  George  Beaumont.  Soon 
afterwards  he  exhibited  his  painting  of  St.  Bernard  dogs  rescuing 
a  traveler.  In  1837  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Royal  academy. 
A  visit  to  the  highlands  of  Scotland,  about  this  time,  furnished  him 
with  materials  and  impressions  that  subsequently  appeared  in  his 
paintings.      In  1847  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Royal  academy 


of  Belgium;  in  1850  he  was  made  a  knight,  and  at  the  Paris  expo- 
sition of  1855  he  was  the  only  English  artist  who  received  a  gold 
medal  for  his  pictures.  In  private  life  he  was  social  and  witty.  He 
never  married.  He  died  in  London  in  1873,  leaving  behind  him  a 
number  of  valuable  paintings  in  his  peculiar  department  of  art, 
all  remarkable  for  character  and  the  lessons  they  conveyed. 
Among  these  maybe  mentioned  "The  Return'  from  Beer-Stalk- 
ing," -'Sir  Walter  Scott  and  his  Bogs,"  "A  Distinguished  Member 
of  the  Humane  Society,"  and  "The  Stag  at  Bay,"  most  of  which 
have  been  reproduced  in  America  in  fine  engravings.  Of  his  other 
productions  are:  "High  Life  and  Low  Life,"  "The  Shepherd's 
Prayer,"  "The  Random  Shot,"  "The  Children  of  the  Mist," 
"  TaminiT  of  the  Shrew,"  "  Windsor  Forest,"  "  The  Sanctuarj',"  etc. 


i: 


? 


33B 


INDIVIDUALS    CELEBKATKU    FOE    SKILL    IN   MODELINU. 


i 


Sculptors. 


'^^^a^m 


y>>y> 


-^!¥^ »— • «l 1*1 — ^ >»» 


^^^^ 


E^  -gu- •:— r^>- 


Hiram  Powers.    Antonio  Canova. 


*^M^^^+' 


^^^V^ 


Prominent  as  Artists  in  Sculpture-Work. 


^ct-  NE  of  the  most  escellent  of  Amer- 
ican sculptors,  Hiram  Powers, 
was  born  near  Woodstock,  Vt. , 
in  1805,  the  eighth  child  of  plain 
country  parents  living  on  a  farm. 
His  resources  of  education  were 
confined  to  the  home  life  and  the 
district  school.  The  family  emi- 
grating to  Ohio,  and  the  father  dy- 
i  n  g 
soon 
afterwards,  Hiram 
went  to  Cincin- 
nati, being  first 
employed  as  a 
clerk  and  then  as 
an  apprentice  to 
a  clockmaker.  Under  the  instruc- 
tions of  a  German  sculptor,  he 
learned  the  art  of  modeling  figures 
in  clay,  making  some  busts  and 
medallions  with  creditable  skill.  For 
seven  years  he  superintended  the 
waxwork  department  of  the  Western 
museum,  at  Cincinnati.  Going  to 
Washington  in  1835,  he  found  employ- 
ment in  modeling  busts  for  eminent 
individuals.  In  1837,  under  the  pat- 
ronage of  Nicholas  Longworth,  the 
Cincinnati  millionaire,  he  was  enabled 
lo  make  a  journey  to  Italy,  and,  settling 
in  Florence,  he  made  that  place  his 
residence  during  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  While  there  he  invented  a  val- 
uable improvement  in  the  formation 
of  plaster-cdsts  for  models,  and  pro- 
duced those  masterpieces  of  his  sculj)- 

tor'a  art  tuni  have  isivvn  him  great  celebrity.  Among  these  the  fol- 
lowing are  prominent.  Statues  of '' Eve,"  the  "Greek  Slave,"  the 
*' Fisher-Boy,"  *' II  Penseroso,''*  "California,"  "America,"  Wash-' 
ington,  Webster,  Calhoun,  and  the  "Indiau  Maiden;"  busts  of 
*' Proserpine,"  Adamn,  Jackson,  Webster,  Calhoun,  Chief  Justice 
Marshall,  Everett  and  Van  Buren.  Of  his  ideal  works  are  "The 
Lust  of  his  Tribe,"  and  a  "Head  of  Jesus  Christ."  His  "Greek 
Slave,"  a  piece  of  sculpture  admired  for  its  exquisite  beauty,  has 
served  to  more  fully  develop  appreciation  in  the  public  mind  ftir  the 
sculptor's  art.      Powers  died  at  Florence,  in  1873. 


Hiram  Powers 


Sculptor,  Distinguished  for  his  Statue  of  the  "Greek  Slave," 
and  Other  Works. 


HE  Italian  sculptor,  Antonio  Canova,  whose  works  are  quite 
numerous  and  were  produced  one  after  another  in  quick  succes- 
sion, was  born  in  1757  at  Possagno,  Italy.  When  twelve  years 
old  he  modeled  a  lion  in  butter  with  such  fidelity  and  skill,  that  the  lora 
of  tlie  village,  Falieri,  took  him  under  his  protection  and  had  him  edu- 
cated in  art.  At  seventeen  years  of  age  he  produced  his  statue  of 
"Eurydice. "  In  1799  he  was  invited  to  Rome,  received  an  ovation, 
and  was  knighted  and  appointed  inspector-general  of  the  fine  arts 
by  Pope  Pius  VII.  In  1802  he  visited  Paris  by  the  desire  of  the 
first  consul,  was  received  with  re- 
spect and  chosen  n  foreign  associate 
of  the  French  institute.  On  his 
return  to  Paris,  in  1815,  as  the  em- 
bassador of  the  Pope,  to  superin- 
tend the  sending  back  to  Italy  the 
works  of  art  which  the  French 
had  carried  away,  he  was  received 
with  ridicule,  anger  and  hatred. 
Proceeding  to  England,  he  had  a  mag- 
nificent reception,  was  treated  as  a 
brother  by  all  art-lovers,  and  was  pre- 
sented by  the  prince  regent  with  a 
valuable  snuff-box.  On  his  return 
to  Rome  the  academy  of  St.  Luke 
went  in  a  body  to  meet  him,  and  the 
Pope  gave  him  a  pension  of  3,000 
crowns,  which  Canova  devoted  en- 
tirely to  the  benefit  of  the  arts  and 
artists.  The  Pope  also  created  him 
marquis  of  Ischia,  and  inscrbed  his 
name  in  the  book  of  the  capital. 
Canova  freely  spent  his  ])rivate  for- 
tune for  the  cause  of  benevolence  and 
the  advancement  of  art,  by  establish- 
ing prizes,  endowing  academies  and 
relieving  the  unfortunate  and  the 
aged.  He  died  at  Venice  in  1822. 
His  sculpture  is  distinguished,  among  other  excellencies,  by 
exquisite  grace.  Besides  several  sepulchral  monuments,  he 
produced  statues  and  groups  of  "Psyche,"  "Cupid  and 
Psyche,"  "Venus  and  Adonis,"  a  "Repentant  Magdalen," 
"Perseus,"  "Hebe,"  "The  Graces/'  several  "Vcnuses"  and 
a  crowned  "Religion"  of  colossal  size.  Among  his  works  was  a 
figure  of  Washington,  of  large  size,  in  a  sitting  position,  which  was 
secured  for  the  state-house  at  Raleigh,  N.  C.  This  piece  was 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1831.  His  last  work  was  a  bust  of  Count 
Cicognara. 


^ 


? 


ARTISTS    IN    MODELING    KIGUKES. 


337 


?• 


s^ 


-—-*-*-***''*- *^-*-^-*- -^^^"*^^-^^^*^^'^^^^^ 


jo 


Harriet  G.  Hosmer. 


John  Rogers. 


Randolph  Rogers.    John  Q.  A.  Ward. 


Artists  Widely  Known  as  Sculptors. 


NCLUDED  among 
the  most  promi- 
nent of  artists  is 
Harriet  G.  Hos- 
mer, the  Amer- 
ican sculptor,  who 
was  born  at  Wa- 
tertown,  Mass. , 
in  1830.  Asearly 
as  her  sixteenth 
year  she  showed  a 
marlied  incUua 
tion  for^her  art, 
and  soon  became 
skillful  in  model- 
ing figures  in  clay 
and  plaster. 
Three  years  she 
attended  school 
at  Lennox,  Mass. 
She  then  entered 
a  studio  in  Bos- 
ton, intending  to 
devote  her  life  to 
sculpture.  In 
order  to  perfect 
herself  in  human 
anatomy  she  went 
to  St.  Louis,  ami  from  the  nu-dicul  college  in  that  city,  where  her 
father  was  a  professor,  she  obtained  the  necessary  facilities.  Her 
first  work  in  marble  was  a  diminished  copy  of  Canova's  bust  of 
Napoleon  Bonaparte,  and  her  next,  "  Hesper,  or  the  Evening  Star," 
an  ideal  study.  Going  to  Rome,  in  1852,  she  became  a  pupil  of 
Gibson,  and  has  mostly  resided  in  that  city  ever  since.  Her  first 
full-length  statue  in  marble,  "  05 none,"  was  completed  in  1855; 
her  second,  "■  Beatrice  Cenci  Sleeping  in  Her  Cell,"  in  1857.  "  Puck  " 
was  modeled  in  1805.  Other  notable  productions  of  her  chisel  are 
busts  of  "Daphne"  and  "Medusa,"  the  "  Will-o'-the-Wisp,"  a 
statue  of  the  Hon.  Thomas  H.  Benton,  the  "Sleeping  Faun,"  the 
"Waking  Faun,"  a  colossal  statue  of  "Zenobia,  Queen  of  Palmyra, 
in  Chains,"  and  the  design  for  a  Lincoln  monumental  memorial. 


JOHN  ROGERS. 


yOHN  ROGERS,  an  American  sculptor,  was  born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  in 
1829,  and  has  made  statuettes  popular  by  clothing  them  with  origi- 
\/   nality  of  conception  and  fidelity  to  nature.      At  first  he  was  a  mer- 
chant's clerk   in  Boston  for  years,  then  a  voyager  to  Spain   for  bis 


health,  a  machinist  for  seven  years  at  Manchester,  N.  H. ,  the 
superintendent  of  a  railroad  machine-shop  at  Hannibal,  Mo. ,  in  1856, 
a  tourist  to  Paris  and  Rome  in  1857,  a  draughtsman  in  Chicago,  and 
a  famous  artist  in  New  York  city  during  the  first  years  of  the 
Southern  rebellion.  Such  is  a  brief  record  of  the  early  career  of 
the  man  whose  quaint  designs  and  happy  execution  make  his  works 
welcome  to  a  thousand  firesides.  Several  of  his  groups  are  founded 
on  scenes  and  incidents  of  the  rebellion,  such  as  "The  Returned 
Volunteer,"  "The  Wounded  Scout,"  "Taking  the  Oath,"  etc. 
There  is  also  a  series  illustrating  the  story  of  "Rip  Van  Winkle," 
while  several  ideal  creations  of  a  pleasing  character,  such  as 
"Coming  to  the  Parson,"  "Courtship  in  Sleepy  Hollow,"  "The 
Favored  Scholar,"  and  "The  Chanty  Patii^nt,"  only  need  mentioning 
to  recall  their  beauties  to  the  minds  of  numerous  readers. 


RANDOLPH  ROGERS. 


'V  NOTHER  American  sculptor  whosL*  giMiius  has  added  much  to  the 
dtb  adornment  of  our  public  edifices  and  other  resorts,  Randolph 
J^y  Rogers,  was  born  in  the  State  of  New  York  about  1835.  He 
studied  art  at  Rome  for  several  years,  and,  coming  home,  he  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  national  rei)utation  by  the  production  of  his  statues 
of  "  Nydia,  the  Blind  Girl  of  Pompeii,"  his  "Boy  and  Dog,"  etc. 
But  he  did  not  remain  long  in  America.  Returning  to  Rome  he  made 
that  city  his  home.  One  of  his  greatest  works  is  the  design  and  model 
of  the  bronze  door  for  the  eastern  entrance  to  the  rotunda  of  the  cap- 
itol  at  Washington,  which  is  seventeen  feet  high  and  nine  feet  wide. 
In  each  of  its  eight  panels  is  represented  a  scene  in  the  life  of  Chris- 
topher Columbus.  He  also  finished  the  uncompleted  designs  for  the 
Washington  monument  at  Richmond,  Va.  ;  made  the  colossal  bronze 
statue  of  Abraham  Lincoln  at  Philadidphia;  a  statue  for  the  Colt 
monument  at  Hartford,  Conn.  ;  memorial  war-monuments  for  the 
States  of  Rhode  Island  and  Michigan,  and  ideal  creations,  in  stone, 
of  "Isaac"  and  "Ruth. " 


JOHN  QUINCY  ADAMS  WARD. 

""HE  American  sculptor,  John  Quiiicy  Adams  Ward,  is  the  author 
of  the  bronze  statues  of  "The  Indian  Hunter,"  "A  Private  of  the 
Seventh  Regiment,"  and  "Shakspeare,"  all  to  be  seen  in  Central 
park,  New  York.  Urbana.O. ,  was  his  birthplace  in  1830.  After  par- 
tially preparing  himself  for  the  medical  profession  he  studied  sculp- 
ture; spent  two  years  in  Washington,  modeling  busts;  settled  in  New 
York  in  1801,  and  became  president  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design  in  1874.  Among  his  other  works  are  "The Good  Samaritan," 
a  statue  of  Commodore  Perry,  "The  Freedman,"  and  several  bas- 
reliefs,  groups,  etc. 


7n>= 


— -O: 


h. 


.tk 


Me^ 


? 


33S 


DISTINGUISHED    SCULPTOKS. 


-? 


HE  sculptor,    Benjamin    Puul   Akers,    was   bom 

at    Saccarappa,  Maine,  in  1825.      Going  to  Port- 

tl  land   when   he   wa*   eighteen   years   old^    after 

^5)  work- 


ing for 
s  u  ni  e 
tinu*  in 
a  print- 
ing office,  he 
turned  his  at- 
tention to  the 
art  of  sciilp- 
t  u  r  e ,  and 
when  about  twenty- 
four  he  began  business 
as  a  sculptor  at  that 
city.  Among  the  re- 
sults of  his  labors  dur- 
ing the  nest  two  years 
was  a  bust  of  the  poet 
Longfellow.  After  a 
visit  to  Italy  in  1851-2, 
he  returned  to  Maine 
and  produced  the  statue 
of  ''Benjamin  in 
Egypt,"  which  was  on 
exhibition  at  the  world's 
fair  in  New  York  in 
1853.  In  1855  he  again 
visited  Europe,  resid- 
ing for  three  years  in 
Home,  where  he  exe- 
cuted his  superior 
statues  of  *'Una  and 
the  Lion,"  ''St.  Eliza- 
be  t  h  o  f  Hungary'" 
(three  copies  in  mar- 
ble), ''The  Dead  Pearl 
Diver,"  and  an  ideal 
head  of  Milton.  Mr. 
Akcrs  revisited  Rome 
in  1859,  returning  to 
America  in  the 
following     year,      and 

resided  during  the  remainder    of    his    life  at    Portland   and    IMiila- 
delphia.      11.-  died  in  the  latter  city  in  18G]. 


Joseph  Edgar  Boehme,  English  Sculptor. 


JOSEPH  EDGAR  BOEHME. 

[UK    English  artist,    JnFejdi     K.  Hodimc,    was   born    at  Vienna, 
Austria,  in  1834.       His  father  was  an  admirer  of  paintings,  and 
possessed,  in  Joseph's  youth,  a  valuable  coMection  of  art-trcas- 
urcH,  Illustrative  of   the  power  of  genius,    ranging  in  great  variety 


from  Egyptian  antiquity  to  the  present  day.  The  father,  who  occu- 
pied a  high  position  under  the  government,  carefully  encouraged 
his  son,   by  proper   schooling,    to   cherish  a  love    for   art,    without 

intending  that  he 
should  adopt  it  as  a 
profession.  The  youth, 
however,  after  receiv- 
ing a  partial  educa- 
tion at  Vienna,  was  sent 
to  one  of  the  seats  of 
learning  in  England, 
where  he  remained 
three  years.  During 
this  period  he  studied 
the  works  of  the  old 
masters  in  the  British 
museum,  and  copied 
designs  from  the  Elgin 
marbles.  Returning  to 
Au  st  ria,  he  was  em  - 
ployed  in  a  government 
office,  but  his  love  of 
art  prevailed,  and, 
abandoning  his  official 
position,  he  went  to 
Paris  to  become  a 
sculptor.  While  this 
change  was  without  his 
father's  approval,  the 
parent  assisted  him  in 
his  early  struggles 
against  the  obstacles 
that  opposed  his  suc- 
cess. Joseph's  genius, 
therefore,  unhindered 
by  the  disadvantages  of 
poverty,  began  soon  to 
manifest  its  superior- 
ity, and  at  the  age  of 
twenty-two  he  received 
the  imperial  prize  at 
Vienna,  and  was  hon- 
ored with  other  favors. 
Since  then  he  has  re- 
reived  a  nu-nib(-rshi|)  iu  the  Fl()rence  art  academy,  an  associate 
membership  of  the  British  Royal  academy,  and  other  tokens  of  the 
high  estimation  that  has  been  placed  upon  his  statuary,  indudinua 
medal  at  the  international  exposition  in  Paris.  All  these  evidences 
of  appreciation  appear  to  be  the  reward  of  untiring  devotion  to  a 
worthy  object,  and  show  a  ready  response  to  true  merit.  Among  his 
works  are  a  full-length  statue  of  Lord  John  Russell,  one  of  Curlyle, 
one  of  St.  (leorge  and  the  Dragon. 


STATUE    OF    LOUD    JOHN    KUfciSELL. 


HE    sculptor,   Jean    Pierre 

Angers,  France,  in  1789. 

of    genius 

for  sculp- 

mru     won 

for  him  a 
J     iiu-dal      of 

iiu'ourngc- 
t  h  c   F  ru  n  c  h 


David,    was    born    at 
His  early  exhibition 


m  0  n  I  fro  in 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts  when 
h(;  was  but  twenty  years  old. 
In  1811,  by  his  bas-relief  of 
"Epaminondas,"  he  carried 
oflf  the  first  prize  for  sculp- 
ture, besides  the  grant  of  :i 
pension  to  enable  him  to 
pursue  his  art  -  studies  in 
Italy.  After  remaining  five 
years  at  Rome  he  visited 
London  and  Paris,  and  in  the 
latter  city  gained  a  reputation 
by  executing  a  statue  of  the 
prince  of  Conde.  In  1836  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the 
French  Academy  of  Fine  Arts, 
and  became  a  professor  in  that 
institution.  His  great  work, 
the  sculptures  of  the  present 
church  of  St.  Genevieve,  in 
Paris,  then  the  Pantheon, 
occupied  the  years  1835  to 
1837.  Among  his  otherwise 
notable  productions  are  bas- 
reliefs  of  the  battles  of 
Fleurus  and  Heliopolis  for  the 
arch  of  Marseilles,  France,  and 
"Epaminondas,"  now  in  the 
museum  of  his  native  town; 
busts  of  Washington  and 
Lafayette,  in  the  capitol  at 
Washington,  of  Beranger, 
Lamartine,  Chateaubriand  and 
Rossini  at  Paris,  of  Goethe 
and  Humboldt.  Of  his  funeral 
monuments  the  one  of  Marco 
Bozzaris,  at  Missolonghi,  pos- 
sesses great  beauty.  lie  died 
at  Paris  in  1856. 


SIR    FRANCIS    CHANTREY. 

/HE  fame  of  the  celebrated 

sculptor,      Sir      Francis 

Chantrey,  rests  not  only 
upon  his  excellent  art-works,  but  also  upon  his  munificent  contri- 
butions of  money  for  the   advancement  and  permanency  of  art  in 
Great  Britain.      He  was  born  at  Norton,  England,  in  1781.     When  old 


Statue  of  Lord  John  Russell. 

Executed  by  J.   E.    Bot'linie.     Exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1880. 


he  was  apprenticed  to  a  carver  at  Sheffield,  but  sometime  after- 
he  began  the  business  of  modeling  busts  and  other 
works  in  clay  succeauively  at 
Dublin,  Edinburgh  and  Lon- 
don. A  popular  sculptor, 
named  Nollekens,  having  seen 
a  specimen  of  Chantrey's  art- 
productions,  became  interested 
in  the  young  artist,  brought 
him  into  public  notice,  and  ere 
long  Chantrey  achieved  fame 
by  his  genius.  In  1818  and 
1810  be  was  made  a  member 
of  the  Royal  academy  of  Great 
Britain  and  of  the  academies 
of  Rome  and  Florence.  So 
mucb  popularity  did  he  derive 
from  the  production  of  monu- 
mental figures  that  he  amassed 
a  fortune.  He  was  knighted 
in  1835.  Although  he  exe- 
cuted numerous  busts  of  liv- 
ing individuals,  his  imagina- 
tive art-works  are  but  few  and 
unimportant.  He  died  in  Lon- 
don in  1841,  and  was  buried  in 
the  family  vault  which  he  had 
constructed  for  himself  in 
the  church  at  Norton.  He 
left  certain  bequests  to  the 
clergymen  and  others  of  the 
place  on  condition  of  his  tomb 
beingkept  in  order.  Among  the 
most  distinguished  of  his  mon- 
umental memorials  are  "  The 
Sleeping  Children,"  in  Lich- 
field cathedral;  several  sculp- 
tures in  Westminster  abbey, 
London,  including  a  fine  statue 
of  Canning;  a  bronze  statue 
of  William  Pitt,  in  Hanover 
square,  London;  the  statue  of 
Washington  in  the  state  house 
at  Boston,  Mass.  ;  the  statue 
of  James  Watt,  in  the  church 
at  Aston,  England,  and  one  of 
Bishop  Heber,  at  Calcutta. 
Dying  without  children  or 
near  relatives,  having  made  a 
suitable  provision  for  the 
support  of  his  widow,  the 
bulk  of  his  fortune  was  left  to 
the  Royal  academy  for  the 
n  painting  and  sculpture.  The 
'50    for  otficial    salaries,   is  about 


promotion   of    British   fine  art 
amount    available,    including  $1, 
$12,500  annually. 


? 


d- 


? 


341) 


POETEAIT    OF    MEISSONIER. 


k©^— ^f^ 


-^s^-H'—lt-^^ 


^.---..^/z^^ls'^-e^ 


Meissonier.    G.  P.  A.  Healy.    Guido  Reni. 


||-^^/i^i^-^ 


-^^•H-^o^l--^ 


-c-J^-^i-l/2^^ 


,IIE  tminent  figure-painter,  Jean  Louis  Ernest 
Meissonier  was  born  about  1813,  at  Lyons, 
France.  Early  in  life  he  began  to  study  art 
as  a  labor  of  love,  and  received  competent 
instruction  at  Paris.  A  picture  which  he 
exhibited  in  1836,  entitled  "The  Little  Mes- 
'  senger,"  drew  attention  to  his  merits  as  a 
painter.  Adopting  a  style  of  art  that  presents 
scenes  illustrative  of  every-day  life  and  manners,  Meissonier 
has  become  one  of  the  most 
popular  and  the  best-  (^S^dJ-L  •tJ'-^ 
remunerated  of  modern 
French  artists.  In  his  work 
he  uses  small  canvas,  which 
seldom  exceeds  twenty 
inches  square,  but  his  style 
of  painting  is  remarkable  for 
its  dflicacy  and  finish,  with 
a  faithful  portraiture.  Sev- 
eral years  ago  he  executed  a 
painting  representing  a 
battle  scene,  containing  Na- 
poleon L  surrounded  by  his 
staff,  and  which  the  artist 
named  "  1807. "  This  paint- 
ing was  purchased  by  the 
late  A.  T.  Stewart,  mer- 
chant-prince of  New  York, 
in  Europe  for  a  sum  ex- 
ceeding $60,000.  Promi- 
nent among  his  other 
paintings  are  ''The  Chess- 
Players,"'  "  A  Game  of 
Piquet,'*  "The  Painter  in 
his  Studio,"  "The  Body- 
Guard,"  "The  Emperor  at 
Solferino,"  "  The  Charge  of 
Cavalry"  (which  brought 
him  about  $30,000),  and  "  A 
Barricade,  June,  1848. "  He 
has  also  prepared  desi^s  for 
several  publicatiouM,  and  has 
been  freely  honored  and 
decorated  by  royalty  and  eminent  institutions.  In  disposition  he  ie 
said  to  be  rude  and  insolent,  and  jealous  of  his  competitors  in  art. 


MEISSONIER. 

The  Famous  KiRure  I^ainter  of  France. 


GEORGE  PETER  ALEXANDER  HEALY. 

"■  EOROE  P.  A.  Healy  stands  in  the  front  rank  of  American  portrait- 
c.  painters,  and  has  transferred  to  canvas,  with  great  ftdelitv,  the 
\^  features  of  King  Louis  Philippe,  of  France,  Marshal  Soiilt,  M'eb- 
Hter,  Calhoun,  General  Sherman,  the  poet  Longfellow,  the  historian 
Prescott,  and  other  distlnguiHhed  characters.  In  Faneuil  hall,  at  Bos- 
ton,  hangs    his    lar^e   hi^-torical    picture   of   "Wcbr^ti-r  Replying  to 


Hayne"  in  the  United  States  senate,  which  he  finished  in  1851,  and 
which  contains  130  portraits.  Another  remarkabk-  picture,  repre- 
.senting  Franklin  advocating  the  claims  of  America  before  Louis  XVL 
of  France,  and  thirteen  portraits  were  exhibited  at  the  Paris  exposi- 
tion in  1855,  and  received  a  medal  of  the  second  class.  Mr.  Healy 
was  born  at  Boston  in  1813.  He  first  went  to  Paris  in  1836,  and 
since  then  has  alternately  resided  in  America  and  Europe.  Chicago 
was  his  home  from  1855  to  186T,  where,  by  his  portraitures  of 
prominent  citizens  and  high  social  position,  he  added  materially  to 

his  fame. 

GUIDO  RENI. 

NE  of  the  most  eminent 
of  Italian  painters, 
Guido  Reni,  was  bom 
near  Bologna  in  1575.  He 
first  studied  art  with  Denys 
Calvaert,  and  then  in  tlie 
school  of  Ludovico  Carracci. 
Going  to  Rome  he  achieved 
a  reputation  by  bis  painting 
of  "  The  Martyrdom  of  St 
Cecilia,"  and  his  splendid 
talents  soon  created  a  de- 
mandfor  his  pictures. 
Popes,  cardinals,  princes  and 
nobles  employed,  honored 
and  caressed  him,  and  he 
practiced  his  art  alternately 
at  Rome,  Bologna  and  Na- 
ples, but  finally  settled  at 
Bologna.  After  having 
greatly  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  works,  he  gave 
way  to  his  passion  for  gam- 
ing, and  in  spite  of  all  that 
nature  and  superior  talents 
had  done  for  him,  he  died 
in  1642  in  a  state  of  poverty 
and  dejection.  His  paint- 
ings are  pre-eminently 
esteemed  for  their  beauty, 
expression  and  grace. 
The  Penitence  of  St.  Peter," 
the  latter  of  which  has  been 


Among  his  masterpieces  are  rated 
and  "Christ  Crowned  with  Thorns, 
copied  in  a  variety  of  forms  until  it  is  one  of  the  most  familiar  of 
the  pictures  representing  the  crucifixion  and  the  death  of  Christ. 
To  the  magic  touch  of  Guide's  pencil  is  the  Christian  world  thus 
indebted  for  the  lesson  it  has  learned  of  Christ's  sufferings  that 
truth  might  be  triumphant.  Of  his  other  pictures  "The  Massa- 
cre of  the  Innocents,"  the  frescoes  of  the  "Aurora,"  *'The  Concert 
of  Angels"  and  "Fortune"  arc  prominently  named,  as  indicating 
the  excellence  of  his  genius,  with  special  reference  to  the  por- 
traiture of  the  highest  type  of  creation. 


i 


PLATT   K.   SPENCKIi,   DISTINGUISHED   TEACIIEK   OF    PENMANSHIP. 


3il 


Piatt  R.  Spencer. 


/ 


^A 


Originator  of  the  Spencerian  System  of  Penmanship. 

'  EREWITII    a  portrait  is  presented  of 
the     famous     pen     artist,    Piatt     R. 
Spencer,  who  was  born  at  Fishkill,  N. 
Y. ,  in  1800.    His  father  emigrated  with 
his  family  to  Windham,  N.  Y. ,  about 
1807,  and  there  died  two  years  after- 
wards.     The   widow    then    removed 
with  her  children  to  the  (at  that  time) 
wilderness  of  Northern  Ohio,  where, 
although  the  school  opportunities  were 
very  limited,  young  Piatt  R.  cultivated 
a  knowledge  of  penmanship  with  such 
success  as  to  be  able  to  teach  the  art 
at  the   age  of    fifteen.     His  boyhood 
was  a  struggle  with  poverty  and  lack 
of    school    advantages,   and    yet,    in 
spite  of    these   adverse   circumstances, 
he  became,  when   quite  young,  a  suc- 
cessful teacher  of  writing-schools  in  the 
smaller  villages  of  the   region  where  ho 
lived. 

As  a  teacher  Mr.  Spencer  was  greatly 
esteemed  and  beloved,  but  it  was  in  his 
creative  genius  as  an  artist  where  lay 
the  power  that  was  to  distinguish  his 
name.  He  made  the  few  fundamental 
principles  of  beauty  in  nature  his  study. 
As  ho  lay  on  his  mother's  hearthstone 
in  their  humble  home  by  the  bright 
firelight,  he  drew  the  curved  lines,  and 
studied  the  nature  and  necessity  of 
shades.  The  artistic  in  his  nature 
resolved  these  into  beautiful  forms,  and  the  result  was  a  new  system 
of  penmanship. 

In  due  time  the  fame  of  Mr.  Spencer  as  a  teacher  had  spread  so 
extensively  as  to  bring  applications  for  insi>truction  from  hundreds  of 
persons,  who  were  desirous  of  improving  their  penmansliip,  in 
various  distant  portions  of  the  Union.      In  obedience  to  this  call,  Ik- 


► 


'T'^'^'^'^'T«V'^'^'T'V"V'T»V^<^ 


Portrait  of  Piatt  R.  Spencer, 

Pen-Artist,  Author  and  Distinj^ished  Teacher. 


erected  at  Geneva,  Ohio,  where  he  lived,  a  log- house,  a  rnde  struc- 
ture, in  exterior  appearance,  in  which  he  arranged  all  the  needed 
conveniences  for  his  writing-classes.  Hither  gathered  pupils  from 
all  the  region  about,  and  many  came  long  distances  from  abroad. 

In  time  this  log-cabin  seminary,  known  as  "Jericho,"  acquired  a 
national  reputation,  many  of  Mr.  Spencer's  pupils  becoming  suc- 
cessful teachers,  all  of  whom  sounded  the  praises  of  the  Spencerian 
penmanship  and  its  author. 

From  the  log-cabin  Mr.  Spencer  was  called  to  teach  penmanship  in 
various  commercial  colleges  of  the  country,  and  in  the  later  years  of 
his  life  he  spent  much  time  in  the  revising  and  perfecting  of  his 
copies  for  publication.     He  died  at  Geneva,  Ohio,  in  1864. 

Through  the  ideal  and  artistic  in  his  nature,  Mr.  Spencer  gave  to 
the  world  a  style  of  writing  that  combined  the  beautiful  with  the 
practical  more  fully  than  any  system  had  done  heretofore.  He  did 
this,  and  he  did  more.  He  reared  a  family  of  sons  an<l  daughters  that 
honored  the  founder  of  the  Spencerian  penmanship,  in  their  ability 
to  dignify  the  work  of  commercial  education  and  perpetuate  the 
system  of  writing  in  all  the  perfection  which  the  father  originated. 

Of  these,  Robert  C.  Spencer,  the  oldest  of  the  sons,  is  at  the  head 
of  a  popular  business  college  at  Milwaukee,  Wis.  Henry  C  is 
successfully  conducting  a  commercial  school  at  Washington,  D.  C. 
Piatt  R.  is  at  the  head  of  a  similar  institution  at  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Harvey  A.  controls  a  commercial  institute  at  Dallas,  Texas,  and 
Lyman  P.,  who  lives  at  Washington,  devotes  his  entire  time  to 
superintending  the  preparation  of  Spencerian  publications. 

Of  the  two  daughters,  Sarah,  with  her  husband,  Mr.  Junius  R. 
Sloan,  a  well-known  artist  of  celebrity,  resides  in  Chicago.  Ellen  is 
the  wife  of  Gen.  R.  D.  Mnssey,  an  able  lawyer  of  Washington,  D.  C. 
Both  were  accomplished  teachers  of  penmanship  in  commercial  col- 
leges before  their  marriage. 

To  gi^e  the  reader  a  knowledge  of  the  Spencerian  style,  specimens 
of  i>enmanship  prepared  for  this  work  by  the  Spencerian  authors  are 
shown  in  the  two  following  pages. 


i 


v> 


^^ 


342 


THE    SEVEN    PRINCIPLES   UPON    WHICH    THE    SPENCEEIAN   PENMAJSSHIP    IS   FOUNDED. 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  SPENCERIAN  PENMANSHIP. 


HS  efforts  of  the  author  of  the  Spencerian  writing  was 
mainly  directed  to  the  achievement  of  Jirst  making 
letters  that  should  bu  isimple  in  form,  easy  of  execution, 
and   at   the 


same  time 
beautiful. 

The  second  step  in 
the  work  was  to  intro- 
duce exercises  the  prac- 
tice of  which  would 
give  freedom  and  ease 
of  movement  while 
writing,  and  at  the  same 
time  train  and  strength- 
en the  muscles  of  the 
hand  and  arm. 

Tlie  third  point  at- 
tained was  the  selection 
of  seven  simple,  ele- 
nu-'ulary  forms,  called 
principles,  from  which 
all  the  letters  of  the 
alphabet  can  be  formed, 
an  understanding  of 
these  enabling  the  stu- 
dent to  much  more 
easily  master  the  con- 
struction of  letters. 
These  principles  and 
their  combination  in  the 
making  of  letters  are 
shown  in  the  diagram 
herewith. 

Semi-angular. 

Mr.  Spencer  accom- 
plished another  impor- 
tant result  in  his  efforts 
to  improve  the  penman- 
ship of  the  country,  and 
that  was  in  striking  the 
golden  mean  between 
the  sharp,  angular  writ- 
ing and  the  old  round 
hand  of  our  forefathers. 
The  angular  hand  could 
be  rapidly  written,  but 
it  was  illegible.  The 
round  hand  was  plain, 
but  it  took  a  long  time 
to  execute  it.  To  com- 
bine the  virtues  of  both 
was  the  object  sought, 
and  that  this  aim  was 
realized  is  very  clearly 
shown  in  the  business 
writing  on  the  succeed- 
ing page,  a  sufficiency 
of  the  round  being  re- 
tained to  give  legibilily, 
give  rapidity  of  execution 


il  oTiceTtsn  jy[edium}feid« 


ScaZe^of 


Slojti' 


PHINCrPLXS 


SHORT   LETTERS 


Z     \Z     Z 12  1  Z     2I2122    3I3I 


3131312      312Z333333Z2    3321Z21Z    23 122  2    1221  12  2 


^y^^y^^rx^/y/M^/yx/rx/y^r.^yyy^yJyJy 


SEMI-EXTENDEO  LETTEHS 


EXTENDED  OR   LOOP  LCTILKS 


w. 


'j/y^Jyyy/^yyy/yy^f^^ 


STANDARD  CAPITAL;  t-ETTERS 


c^ha:y^\ 


;     f9/3.rJ//rrtfj 


COPYRIQBT,   BTlViaOK.  Bl&KEMAN.  TAYLOa&Co. 


Th' 


'^I'ljx',  foriii- 


while  enough  of  the  angular  is  adopted  to 

Principles. 

,  jiroportions  and  analysis  of  the  standard 


medium  hand,  as  taught  in  the  copy-books,  is  illustrated  upon  this 
page,  while  upon  the  next  is  shown  the  style,  as  applied  in  the  writing 
of  a  business  letter.     Having  determined  the  form  of  the  letters  and 

the  principles  from 
which  they  should  be 
made,  the  author  of  the 
systt-m  then  prescribed 
the  following  directions 
in  regard  to  position 
for  sitting  and  move- 
ment of  fingers,  hand 
and  arm  when  writing; 

Position. 

The  Spencerian  sys- 
tem teaches  positions 
while  writing,  either 
standing  or  sitting,  as 
follows:  The  person 
squarely  fronting  the 
desk,  or  either  the 
right  or  left  side  may 
be  turned  angularly  to- 
wards it. 

Movement. 

Ist.  Finger  Move- 
ment—This is  produced 
by  extending  and  uun- 
tracting  the  first  and 
second  fingers  and  the 
thumb,  the  band  restinir 
un  the  nails  of  the  third 
and  fourth  fingers;  it  is 
applied  in  forming  the 
extended  letters. 

a  fl .  P  o  r  e  -  A  t'  ni 
Movement  — This  is  a 
movenientof  the  fore-arm 
and  whole  hand  in  any 
direction,  resting  upon 
the  large,  fleshy  part  of 
the  arm  just  forward  of 
the  elbow,  and  upon  the 
7iaiU  of  the  third  and 
fourth  fingers.  In  this 
movement  the  fingers  and 
thumb  are  in  a  paattiir 
roiKlitini),  having  no  iii- 
tlL-pcndent  motion  of  their 
own,  the  movements  be- 
ing made  entirely  by  the 
musclesof  the  fore-arni;  it 
is  applied  in  forming  tlu- 
short  letters  and  capitals. 

:t(l.  Whole  A.rm 
M  o  V  e  m  e  n  t  —  T  h  i  s  1  s 
made  by  raising  llio  fore- 
arm from  one  to  two  inches 
from  the  desk,  and  sliding 
the  hand  upon  the  nails 
of  the  third  and  fourth 
fingers.  This  is  a  liold 
movement,  and  is  em- 
ployed in  making  large 
capitals,  and  in  Hourish- 
ing. 


^ 


Z 


4th.  Compotinil.  or  Mixed  Movement  — This  is  a  harmonious 
union  of  the  first  twt)  movements,  ami  is  produced  by  simultaneous  action  of 
the  fore-arm,  hand,  and  fingers,  and  is  by  far  the  most  practical  movement 
in  writing.  In  producing  the  Fore-arm  and  Compound  movements,  the  wrist 
shotild  be  elevated  from  the  paper  at  least  one'foiirth  o/  mi  inch. 


m^ 


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A    ISPIJCIMKN    Vf    SPENCEKIAN    llUSliNKbS    VVKlllNU. 


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Copy-rijM  IS79.by  IvisonBlakcmn.Tiyloria 


1: 


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su 


PEN-FLODRISHING,  AND    ONE    OF    ITS    MOST    ORIGINAL    KEPRESENTATIVES. 


i 

;^  Cx — 


AXY  READERS  of  tiiis  page  will 
remember  the  time  when  the 
"Writing-School"  was  an  insti- 
tution that  came  and  went  in  the 
rural  villages  almost  as  regularly 
as  one  season  followed  another. 
These  were  the  days  when  the 
youth  of  the  land  were  dependent 
upon  the  "master"  of  the  dis- 
trict school  for  a  "copy"  to 
follow  in  their  writing.  That 
was  the  time  when  the  goose- 
quill  flourished,  and  the  indi- 
vidual was  held  in  high  esteem 
who  possessed  the  genius  to 
make  a  first-class  pen. 

In  those  years,  the  writing- 
teacher  traveled  from  town  to 
town,  and  secured  excellent 
patronage  from  the  fact  that  the 
writing-school  was  the  only 
place  where  the  student  could 
with  certainty  learn  to  write. 

The  writing-master  was 
usually  a  stranger  in  town,  and, 
upon  his  arrival,  various  were 
the  devices  that  he  was  com- 
pelled to  resort  to  in  order  to 
organize  his  classes.  Prominent  among  these  was  an  elaborate 
display  of  penmanship,  pen-drawing  and  nourishing,  in  the  shape  of 
s])ecimens,  which  were  exhibited  at  the  post-oftice  and  various  public 
places  in  the  village  about  the  time  of  opening  the  school. 

It  was  true  that  most  of  the  students  in  the  writing  class  had  little 
occasion  to  use  this  ()rnainental  flourishing  in  the  business  pursuits 
of  Iffe.      The  tenrhcr  was  justified,  however,  In  this  display  of  his 


Portrait  of  John  D.  Williams, 

Author  of  "Packard  &  Williams'  (irms  of  PL-uinanbhip,"  and  Other 
Works  on  Writing  and  Flourishing. 


-•—i-^ie-i 


talent  in  pen-drawing  from  the  fact  that  its  practice  gave  command 
of  the  hand  and  arm  in  writing,  and  from  the  further  fact  that  it 
demonstrated  to  what  proficiency  in  the  art  of  pen-drawing  the 
skillful  penman  might  attain. 

The  advent  of  the  printed  copy-book  and  the  public  school  has 
made  the  traveling  writing-teacher  less  a  necessity  than  formerly: 
but  while  recollection  lives  in  this  generation,  we  shall  not  forget  the 
awe  inspired  and  the  genuine  admiration  elicited  for  the  professor  of 
l)enmanship,  when  he  drew  with  a  flourish  the  swooping  eagle,  the 
handsome  bird,  and  the  graceful  swan. 

Of  that  time  and  generation  was  John  D.  Williams.  Though  born 
in  Pittsburgh,  in  1839,  he  passed  the  first  eleven  years  of  his  life  at 
Newcastle,  Pa.,  where  he  early  evinced  a  fondness  for  writing  and 
drawing,  a  smooth  board  and  a  piece  of  charcoal  serving  e^'ery 
purpose  for  a  display  of  his  art,  his  excellence  consisting  principally 
in  off-hand  flourishing,  a  few  specimens  of  which  are  shown  on  the 
next  page. 

Mr.  Williams  first  came  prnmiueutly  before  the  country  through 
the  advertising  of  Peter  Duff,  proprietor  of  Duff's  commercial  col- 
lege, at  Pittsburgh,  in  whose  employ  Mr.  Williams  was  for  some  years, 
during  which  time  he  originated  those  off-hand  specimens  of 
flourishing  which  afterwards  appeared  in  "  Packard  and  Williams' 
Gems  of  Penmanship,"  and  other  publications.  From  his  works 
the  penmen  of  the  country  have  copied  their  flourishing,  probably, 
more  generally  than  any  other  books  extant. 

In  the  later  years  of  his  life  he  gave  muchattentinu  to  the  i)repara- 
ti(m  of  his  work  for  the  engravers,  thus  transmitting  to  future 
generations  those  "Gems"  which  will  ever  have  admirers  as  long 
as  the  principles  of  beauty  in  proportion,  shades,  and  curved  lines 
endure.      He  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y. ,  in  January,  1871. 

-sC); 


are: 

First.  The  rules  of  proportion.  The 
birds  and  swans  here  shown  exhibit  the 
forms  we  see  in  life. 

Second.  He  gave  graceful  curve  to 
every  line  he  made  ;  there  are  no 
straight  lines. 

T}urd.  He  made  contrast  by  an  in- 
terblending  of  light  and  heavy  shades. 

Fourth.  Where  lines  extend  in  the 
same  direction  they  run  parallel  with 
each  other. 


Essentials  in  Flourishing. 

.WING  mastered  the  principles  of 
^^  proportion,    cur\'es,    sliades 


?f 


■U.7T,0^  ^ 


^ 


-9^°^ 


parallels,  the  student  must  have: 

First.  Command  of  arm  movement 
to  carry  the  pen  rapidly  to  the  point 
the  mind  determines,  thus  leaving  the 
mark  graceful  in  outline. 

Second.  There  must  be  perfect  con- 
fidence in  the  ability  to  execute  the 
flourish,  else  tremor  and  irregular 
lines  will  show  themselves. 

Tiiird.  The  individual  should  love 
the  beautiful  and  have  a  high  appreci- 
ation of  the  ideal  and  the  artistic,  else 
the  attempt  to  excel  will  be  futile.  i' 


I 

f 


V 


le  Bird- 3  Nest  and  the  Swans. as  Flouiished  witli  a  Pen  by  John  D.  WiUianis. 


l 


>^ 


U.    T.     AMES,    EXPERT    IN    HANUWKITING. 


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iy5J>: 


^  Daniel  T.  Ames.  ^ 


»WM..klH. A'm'B  .k  I   1'  k  v.i.'.TT' 


Commercial  Teacher,  Author  and  Professional  Expert 
In  Penmanship. 


6 


ANIEL    T.      AMES, 
the     chirographic 
artist      of      New 
York,    holds    the 
relation    to    pen- 
drawing    that 
Spencer     did     to 
practical  penman  - 
ship,      and     that 
Williams    did    to 
flourishing.    Both 
of  the  latter  stood 
at    the    head    in 
iln'ir  respective  depart- 
im-nts,  and  so  does  the 
subject  of  this  sketch. 
Both  Spencer  and 
Williams    systematized 
their  work  and  gave  it  to 
the  world   for   a  copy, 
y^^>.^v  '-•    V^i^^^''A   ^^'^  Mr.  Ames  has  done  the  same. 
,^**^^__\&&3    (^^v^        '^^'"  ^^'^'^'^  °^  Vershire,  Vermont,  was 
—  >>«-^^f    iii^  birthidace  in   1835.      Here   he   as- 

>i.'rted  upon  a  farm  in  the  summer,  and 
atti'ndfd  the  district  school  in  the 
winter.  At  the  age  of  sixteen,  when  a 
student  at  Chelsea  academy,  he  attended 
the  writinj^-classes  of  Professor  S.  L. 
Lyman,  soon  after  which  from  teach- 
ing; district  schools,  Mr.  Ames  became 
an  instructor  of  penmanship  and  other 
branches  at  the  Topsfleld  (Mass. )  academy  where  he  remained  four 
years.  After  hia  graduation  at  that  institution  he  entered  the  law 
oflice  of  .Judge  Cobb,  at  Strafford,  Vt.  Atwo  years'  experience  here, 
involving  the  trial  of  various  cases  requiring  a  knowledge  of  book- 
keeping, caused  him  to  enter  the  Oswego   (X.  Y. )   commercial   col- 


Portrait  of  Daniel  T.  Ames, 


Editor  of  the 


PeniiKiiis  Art  Journal."  Designer  and  Skillful 
Artist  in  Pen-Drawing'. 


lege,  of  which  institution  he  became  erelong  a  part  owner  and  sul)?if- 
quently  principal. 

In  1860  he  established  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y. ,  the  "Ames  National 
Business  College,"  which  he  conducted  very  successfully  until  he 
sold  the  same,  in  1868,  to  enter  again  the  practice  of  the  law,  becom- 
ing a  member  of  the  New  York  bar  in  1869. 

By  urgent  solicitation  he  subsequently  became  a  member  of  the 
publishing  house  of  H.  W.  Ellsworth  &  Co. ,  in  New  York,  and  assisted 
in  the  revision  of  the  Ellsworth  system  of  penmanship,  largely  in 
use  in  the  New  York  city  schools.  From  this  copartnership  he 
retired  in  1871,  and  opened  rooms  as  a  publisher  and  general  pen- 
artist. 

Since  that  date,  with  the  aid  of  photo  engraving,  Mr.  Ames  has  done 
more  than  any  person  in  the  United  States  to  systematize  and  utilize 
for  commercial  and  artistic  purposes  the  art  of  ornamental  penman- 
shij),  being  assisted  by  the  Peiwia/is  Art  Journal,  a  monthly  publi- 
cation of  large  circulation,  which  he  established  in  1877,  and  "  Ames' 
Compendium  of  Practical  ami  Ornamental  Penmanship,""  which  he 
issued  in  1878. 

To  the  lover  of  the  artistic  and  the  beautiful,  Mr.  Ames'  studio  on 
Broadway,  nearly  opposite  the  p(»st-oftice,  in  New  York,  is  one  of  the 
most  interesting  places  in  the  city  to  visit.  Here  a  corps  of  pen- 
artists  are  busy  engrossing  in  elegant  style  for  framing,  forms  of 
resolutions,  memorials,  invitations,  cards,  diplomas,  etc.,  the  walls 
in  the  meantime  being  hung  with  elaborate  and  ornate  specimens  of 
p(!n-drawing. 

Possessing  good  command  of  language,  decision  of  purpose,  dear 
judgment,  legal  knowledge,  and  a  keen  discernment  for  determining 
the  authorship  of  different  handwritings,  the  services  of  Mr.  Anu's 
are  much  called  for  of  late  in  the  various  courts  as  an  expert  in  tiand- 
writing. 

Upon  the  two  following  pages  may  be  seen  copies  of  Mr.  Ami;^' 
pen- drawings. 


TKSTIMUNIAL    IN    UONUK    OF    PRESIDENT    UAKKIELD. 


;;4:7 


?■ 


James  A.  Oar  field  was  born  i  Graduated  at  Williams  college, 
in  Oranee  township,  flftet-n  miles  1855;  elected  State  senator  In  Ohio 
from  Muntor.  Ohiu,  Nov.  19.1831.  1     1859;  first  sent  lo  C.m^i:ress.  1862. 


For  braTery  at  battle  of  Chiea- 
mauga.Tenn..  in  1863,  was  made  Mnj. 
Gen.  :  chosen  U.  S.  senator.  Jan.  18S0. 


Elected  President  of  U.  S..  1880: 
wounded  by  an  assassin.  July  2;  died 
at  Lontr  Branch.  >'.  J..  Sept.  19.  ISSl. 


T 


MAERIAGE   CERTIFICATE    AS    EXECUTED    WITH    A    PE.N    JiY    D.  1'.  AMES. 


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fieyJ<ay-aJ<>^r^ A^^icM^cd.. ^a^ti^yir/ .<2^^/i2_ 


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IIUUARIII. 


............v.......v...<.......,...........-..,-....--.,-..-.,..,..v,..,.,v,.,..,..,..,..,.,,..,.,..,.,,..,,,^,^^ 

Hogarth.    The  Peales.    Paul  Rembrandt. 


Ills   painter  of  scenes  in  human   life, 
William  Hogarth,  was  born  in  London, 
ill  lt;97,  and  from  cliildhood  exliihited 
a  fondness  for  drawing.     At  an  early 
age  he  was   apprenticed  tn  a  silver- 
plate  engraver,  and  having  served  out 
his  time,  he  began  life  as  a  copper- 
])late    engraver    for    the    book-pub- 
lishers.    Led  to  try  his  hand  at  painting, 
he  pro-      ';^eo«« 
duced, 
among 

hi!>  firi^t  works,  a  series  of  illustra- 
tions of  Butler's  "Hudibras,"  from 

which  he  engraved  plates.      He  also 

painted   portraits  with  considerable 

success,  and  in  this  manner  earned 

his  subsistence.    In  1T30  he  married, 

without  the  consent  of  her  father,  the 

daughter  of  Sir  James  Thornhill,  and 

a  reconciliation  was  not  effected  be- 
tween them  until  Hogarth's  fame  was 

established    by    his    production    of 

"The   Harlot's  Progress,"  in    1733. 

Hogarth  continued   to   maintain  his 

popularity  by  a  succession  of  those 

admirable    pictures    and   engravings 

which  are  now  so  extensively  known 

as  his  masterpieces.  He  also  pro- 
duced several  pictures  of  a  differ- 
ent    class,    which     were     severely 

criticised,    and    have    not    obtained 

great  celebrity.      These  include   his 

"  Paul     Before     Felix, "     "  Dauie," 

"  The  Pool  of  Bethesda,"  and  "  Sig- 

ismunda    Weeping."      In    1753    he 

produced  his  '*  Analysis  of  Beauty,'' 

:ai    ingenious    work,    in    which    he 

argued  that  a  curved    line,  similar 

to  the  letter  S,   is  the  true   line  of 

beauty.    The  book  was  received  with 

ridicule  by  his  contemporaries.      In 

1757  he  became  a  "  serjeant-painter  " 

to   the   king.       According    to    some 

authorities  his  death  occurred  on  the  26th  of  October,  1764. 


Pennsylvanni  State  legislature.  About  1785  he  founded  the  well- 
known  *'  Peale's  Museum  "  at  Philadelphia,  by  gathering  a  collection 
of  curiosities  and  lecturing  on  natural  history.  He  also  aided  in 
establishing  the  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  He  died  at 
Philadelphia  in  I8Si7. 

The  second  son  of  Charles  W.  Peale,  Rembrandt,  was  bom  in 
Bucks  county,  Penn.,  in  1778.  In  179G  he  began  his  career  as  a 
portrait-painter  at  Charleston,  S.  C.  About  1801  he  went  to  Eng- 
land and  studied  art,  under  West,  for  three  or  four  years,  and  after- 
wards spent  several  years  in  Paris, 
returning  to  Philadelphia  in  1809. 
While  the  painting  of  portraits  en- 
grossed most  of  his  time,  he  found 
opportunities  for  producing  his  two 
historical  pictures  of  "The  Court  of 
Death"  and  "  The  Roman  Daughter," 
which  have  acquired  considerable 
celebrity,  especially  the  former,  cov- 
ering a  canvas  twenty-four  feet  in 
length  by  thirteen  feet  in  width, 
which  was  exhibited  in  many  sec- 
tions of  this  country  and  reproduced 
as  a  colored  lithograph.  Mr.  Peale 
died  at  Philadelphia,  where  he  resided 
after  his  return  from  Europe  in  1860. 


William  Hogarth, 

Author  of  the  Work  Entitled     'The  Aiialysi 


THE  PEALES. 

/SUCCESSIVELY  a  saddler,  harness -maker,  silversmith,  watch- 
\  maker,  carver,  portrait-painter,  naturalist,  machinist,  dentist  and 
j^  showman,  Charles  Wilson  Peale  has  a  place  among  eminent 
Americans.  He  was  born  at  Chesterton,  Md. ,  in  1741;  studied  art 
in  America  and  England,  under  Hesselins,  a  German  painter,  Copley 
and  West,  and  at  Annapolis,  Md.„and  Philadelphia  became  quite 
distinguished  as  a  portrait-painter.  Among  his  art-enterprises  was 
a  series  of  national  portraits,  with  several  of  Washington.  In  the 
revolutionary  battles  of  Trenton  and  Germantown,  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  a  company  of  volunteers.      He  was  also  a  member  of  the 


PAUL  H.  REMBRANDT  VAN  RYN. 

N  ARTIST,  whose  real  luime  was 
Gerretz,  but  who  is  best  known 
as  Paul  Rembrandt,  was  born  in 
a  windmill  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Rhine,  near  Leyden,  Holland,  in  1607, 
and  studied  the  art  of  painting  under 
several  masters.  He  settled  at  Am- 
sterdam, and  so  skillful,  original  and 
successful  did  he  prove  in  his  profes- 
sion and  in  teaching  art,  that  he  be- 
came celebrated  and  acquired  great 
wealth.  His  first  distinguished  work 
was  his  mother's  portrait.  Twice 
he  married,  having  by  his  first  wife 
four  children,  none  of  whom  outlived 
hira.  His  second  marriage  involved 
him  in  pecuniary  difficulties  which  reduced  him  to  poverty.  Per- 
sonally be  is  described  as  indulging  in  low  habits,  and  so  avaricious 
as  to  descend  to  the  meanest  tricks  in  order  to  make  money.  The 
catalogue  of  his  paintings  includes  640,  valued  at  from  $500  to 
$20,000.  Among  the  best  of  his  productions  are  rated  his"Staal- 
meesters,"  "  The  Ship  Builder  and  his  Wife,"  "  The  Jew  Merchant," 
"The  Night  Watch,"  "The  Duke  of  Gueldres  Threatening  his 
Father,"  "Moses  Destroying  the  Tables  of  the  Law,"  '*The  Sacrifice 
of  Abraham,"  "The  Woman  Taken  in  Adultery,"  "The  Descent 
from  the  Cross,"  "The  Nativity,"  "Christ  in  the  Garden  with 
Mary  Magdalene,"  and  'The  Adoration  of  the  Magi."  He  died  at 
Amsterdam  in  1669. 
C.  Vosmaer. 


.  of  Beauty. ' 


An  account  of  his  life  was  given  in  French  by 


A 


k 


?2kGE    AT    WHICH     NOTED    WORK 

— ^-^rirqWAS     D  O  N  E  t^iJ^'^^^ — 

IN  THE  LIVES  OF  PROMINENT  PEOPLE. 


"      ".--''"''     L'.     "      "      "     "      "      "      "      "      "      "      "      "      "      "      "      '»'■      ■'     '■ p= _   ^      ,    ^,-^= 3= 

Early  Brilliancy  with  Some;  Later  Achievement  with  Others. 


Pitman  invented  phonography  at  24. 
Aldrich's  ' '  Babie  Bell  '■  appeared  at  20. 
Pope*8  "'  E&say  on  Man  "  appeared  at  45. 
Bismarck  became  prime  minister  at  56. 
Poe  wrote  ' '  The  Raven  "'  at  tlie  age  of  36. 
Howe  patented  his  sewing-machine  at  26. 
Colt  was  20  when  he  patented  his  revolver. 
Stanley  was  31  when  he  found  Livingstone. 
Hulleck  wrote  his  "  Marco  Bozzaris"  at  37. 
Locke,  as  "  Nasby,"  was  weII-kno\vn  at  27. 
Clemens  issued  "  Innocents  Abroad  "at  32. 
Handel  commenced  musical  education  at  9. 
£<liKon  invented  his  duplex  telegraphy  at  22. 
Miss  Sedgwick's  first  novel  appeared  at  33. 
Mrs.  Sou  til  worth  wrote  her  first  novel  at  25. 
"Victoria  ascended  the  English  throne  at  18. 
Columbus  was  57  when  he  discovered  America. 
Pollok's  "Course  of  Time"  appeared  at  29. 

Dlckeas*  first  volume  of  "  Sketches"  appeared 
at  24. 

^Vaiter  Scott  wrote  his  first  Waverley  novel 
at  43. 

Macaulay  began  his  "History  of  England" 
at  47. 

Worcester  published  his  first  large  dictionary 
at  if,. 

Blaine  was  elected  to  Congress  from  Maine 
at  32. 

Spurgreon  crowded  his  church  with  hearers 
at  18. 

Alexandre  Dumas  wrote  his  first  plays 
at  22. 

Biertttadt  painted  the  "Yosemite"  at  the 
age  uf  31. 

De  Foe  wrote  his  "  Robinson  Crusoe"  at  the 
age  of  58. 

Ciivler  had  become  distinguished,  as  a  natur- 
alist, at  26. 

John  Milton  was  41  when  he  wrote  "Para- 
dise Lost. " 

fj.  Fenimore  Cooper  published  his  llrst 
novel  at  30, 

I,<amnrtine's  first  volume  of  poems  was  pub- 
lished at :«». 

MrH.  HemauH*  first  volume  of  poems  ap- 
Iieared  at  14. 

Stuart  painted  his  famous  picture  of  Wash- 
iiigtftn  at  38. 

Curleton  wrote  "  Betsey  and  I  are  Out"  at 
the  age  uf  26. 

Harvey  at  38  hod  discovLTcd  the  circulation 
of  the  blood. 

Browne,  as  "  Artemus  Ward,"  was  first  cel- 
ebrated at  24. 

Horace  Oreeley    founded    the    New    York 

Trihniu-  ;it  :i(l. 

•lenny  I^lnd  was  29  wIm'H  she  Hang  In  tlie 
United  States. 

Uuvard  Taylor**  first  book  of  travels  wos 

putilis1i.-d  at  21. 


Byron*8  first  volume  of  poerascame  out  when 
he  was  18. 

Darwin  proclaimed  his  theories  on  evolution 
at  the  age  of  50. 

Pullman  was  raising  buildings  in  Chicago  at 
the  age  of  28. 

CanipbelPs  "  Pleasures  of  Hope"  appeared 
wht-n  he  waa  22. 

Webster  was  48  when  he  made  his  celebrated 
reply  to  Hayne. 

Tennyson  was  24  when  his  first  volume  of 
poems  appeared. 

Aristotle  was  called  by  Plato  "the  intellect 
of  his  school "  at  17. 

De  l<esseps  was  64  at  the  time  of  the  build- 
ing of  the  Suez  canal. 

Victor  Hugo's  first  volume  of  poems  ap- 
peared when  he  was  20. 

Charlotte  Bronte  published  "Jane  Eyre." 
her  greatest  fiction,  at  23. 

Orant  was  42  years  old  when  he  achieved  his 
brilliant  military  success. 

Barnum  was  the  proprietor  of  the  American 
museum.  New  York,  at  31. 

Adelina  PattS  sang  in  concerts  at  8,  and 
was  a  leading  singer  at  16. 

Dr.  Gall  announced  the  location  of  the 
phrenological  organs  at  33. 

f  J  ales  "Verne  wrote  his  first  romance,  "  Five 
Weeks  in  a  Balloon."  at  35. 

TVilliam  III.  (King  of  England),  at  22  was 
an  able  general  in  Holland. 

McCormIck  invented  a  grain  cratile  at  15, 
and  produced  his  reajjer  at  22. 

Hoe  gave  the  double  cylinder  printing-presa 
to  the  people  at  the  age  of  25. 

Carl  Linnfcus,  great  Swedish  botanist,  bad 
achieved  high  reputation  at  24. 

Sliakspeare  was  at  the  height  of  his  work 
in  play-writing  at  the  age  of  40. 

Wilkie  Collins*  first  important  literary 
work  appeared  when  he  was  24. 

Morse  was  40  when  he  demonstrated  the 
practicability  of  the  telegraph. 

Bouclcault's  first  play,  "  London  Assur- 
ance," appeared  when  he  was  10. 

Thiirlow  Weed  began  the  publication  of 
the  Albany  Evening  Journal  at  33. 

Mrs.  Stanton  called  the  first  woman's- 
rights  convention  at  the  age  of  32. 

Schiller,  the  famous  German  poet,  attained 
celebrity  at  23  by  his  "  Brigands." 

Xapnlcon  was  made  emperor  of  France  and 
was  at  the  height  of  his  glory  at  36. 

flohn  AditniH,  second  President  of  the  United 
States,  was  active  a-n  a  politician  at  30. 

O.  P.  R.  flames  wrote  the  stories  entitled 
"A  String  of  I'carls  "  when  he  wa.4  1". 

tlamoH  Oonlnn  Bennett  lutran  the  pub- 
lication uf  thy  New  Ynik  Ihrolil  at  40. 


Burns*    first 
lu'  uiis  16.      Mr  V 


h.-gan     til 


Ihtinguislu 
Th4»inaH    Mooi'c    I'lib 


I  at 


ap|K>ar  when 

LlttK''H 


Poems, "  and  found  himself  famous  thereby  at  23. 

Prescott  was  41  when  his  "History  of  Fer- 
dinaiul  and  Isabella  of  Spain  "  appeared. 

Andrew  Jacl^son  Davis  dictated  "Na- 
ture's Divine  Revelations  "  at  the  age  of  23. 

Sir  Robert  Peel,  British  statesman,  began 
his  public  life  in  parliament  as  a  Tory  at  21. 

Goldsmith's  "  Deserted  Village."  and  his 
other  best  works,  appeared  after  he  was  31. 

Alexander  Volta,  an  Italian  electrician, 
at  44  invented  the  voltaic  battery  or  ' '  pile. " 

Bryant  \vrote  poetry  for  the  newspapers  at 
10.  and  was  the  author  of  ' '  Thanatopsis  "  at  19. 

Hogarth  established  his  fame  as  an  artist 
at  36,  when  he  painted  ' '  The  Harlot's  Progress, " 

Charles  I^amb,  an  English  poet  and  essay- 
ist,  published  his  fii-st  collection  of  poems  at  32. 

George  Stephenson,  British  engineer  and 
father  of  railways,  made  his  fii-st  steam-engine  at 
43. 

Beethoven,  the  famous  Prussian  musical 
composer,  began  to  publish  his  own  compositions 
at  13. 

Mozart  displayed  musical  talent  at  3.  was  a 
prodigy  at  6,  and  had  produced  his  first  opera 
at  15. 

<Tames  Parton  came  prominently  before  the 
people  through  his  "Life  of  Horace  Greeley" 
at  33. 

Anna  Dickinson  was  18  when  she  startled 
a  woinan's-rights  convention  with  her  oratorical 
I»ower. 

Ben  Jonson,  the  English  dramatist,  became 
famous  at  24  by  bis  comedy  of  "  Every  Man  in  His 
Humor." 

Rt.  Hon.  Charles  James  Fox,  British 
statesman  and  orator,  at  25  was  distinguished  in 
parliament. 

(John  Dryden,  an  English  poet,  wrote  well 
at  29.  but  was  50  before  recognized  as  a  writer  of 
the  first  order. 

Michael  Angelo  was  near  80  when,  a--  an 
architect,  he  designed  the  grand  dome  of  St. 
Peter's  at  Rome. 

Sir  'William  Herschel  made  his  own  tel- 
escoi>cs  ond  iK'canie  rcnov.ned  for  his  scientitle 
discoveries  at  43. 

Humboldt*8  first  work  on  natural  history 
was  published  at  21;  he  concluded  his  "Cosmos^' 
at  J>2,  and  died  at  'JO. 

Noah  Webster  began  work  upon  hin  great 
dictionary  at  i').  and  brought  it  out  twenty-one 
yeai"s  afterwanis. 

Alexander  Pope  published  bis  "Pastor- 
als" at  Ifi.  and  frunslatod  Homer's  "  Iliad"  when 
butwi-en  25  and  30. 

Sir  Isaac  Newton  had  made  his  three 
grand  discoveries  concerning  light,  fiuxions  and 
gravitations  at  24. 

rJohii  Napier,  a  Scottish  banm.  was  born 
whiM  his  lather  was  only  10;  he  published  his  sys- 
tem of  higarithms  at  64. 

Georice  "W*  Ciirtts  published  )ifs  first  book, 
"  Nile  Notes  of  a  Ilown.ljl,"  the  result  of  a  visit 
to  Egypt  and  Syria,  at  2(1. 


WliKNC'Ji    COLLliGES    ul;TAINl:lJ    ■rillClR    NAMES. 


]^ 


William  <'owi»er,  an  esteenit-rt  BriliHh  poet, 
iliil  nut  ln>:ui  Lu  write  until  past  mitldlc  age,  and 
t,'uiiu'(i  his  llrat  suct-eHs  at  M. 

Wllllilin  Wordsworth,  ono  of  tho  gentlest 
;ui(l  purest  of  liiilish  poets,  did  not  attain  high 
liiiik  a.s  a  writer  until  abuul  40. 

I^urd  tlohn  RiiHNell,  Dritis^h  statesman,  at 
■27  heirari  his  eareer  as  u  jmiliumentary  reformer; 
was  three  times  prune  minister. 

Ilfury  J.  Temple  (Lord  Palmei-ston),  Brit- 
i^h  >tatestnan.  was  luUy  45  before  ho  elearly  dis- 
played liis  powers  as  a  statesman. 

Haunibiil,  the  famous  Carthagenian  war- 
rior, held  a  liigh  military  eommand  al  IH,  and  had 
beeome  eminent  as  a  genei-al  at  20. 

VoUali*e,  while  in  prison  on  suspicion  of 
being  the  author  of  a  libel  against  the  govern- 
ment, wrote  his  lli-st  tragedy  at  22. 

ICt  Hon.  BeiiJnmBn  Dliirucll  (earl  of 
Beaconstleld),  wius  t anions  as  a  novelist  al22;  at  44 
waii  a  political  leader  in  parliament. 

Alcxuiider  the  Great  governed  Macedo- 
nia wisely  at  16,  began  his  career  lus  a  successful 
concpieror  of  nations  at  20,  and  died  at  32. 

William  PMt  (earl  of  Chatham).  British 
statesman,  won  di-tinetion  as  a  debater  in  parlia- 
ment at  32  by  his  reply  to  Horatio  Walpole. 

Bartholdy  MendelsHohii  possessed  at  an 
early  age  a  strong  inclination  i'or  music,  and  his 
Ilrst  musical  compositions  were  published  at  15. 

l.O|>e  de  VcKa,  a  Spanish  poet  of  consider- 
able leputation,  found  time  during  a  life  of  73 
yeai-s  to  wi'ite  4117  plays  and  much  other  matter. 

Maria  Edffewortht  a  British  authoress, 
began  to  write  the  series  of  novels  and  tales  by 
which  she  achieved  a  lasting  literary  fame,  at  34. 

ijames  "Watt,  a  Scotch  mathematical  instru- 
ment maker,  at  14  constructed  an  electrical 
machine,  at  27  invented  the  modern  steam- 
engine. 


Wllllnm  Pitt  (2d),  British  f^tatesman.  son 
of  the  carl  of  Cliatham.  was  an  excellent  scholar 
at  14,  was  chancellor  of  the  excheqiipr  at  24,  and 
prime  ndni.-*ter  at  2u. 

Sir  lliimphry  Uavy,  famous  British  chem- 
ist and  pliilosoijher,  published  his  first  esaayn  at 
21,  and  was  professor  of  chemistry  at  the  Royal 
institution  at  23. 

Sir  l^homaft  More,  Englisli  statesman,  pre- 
cocious in  wjl  iuid  learning,  succcHsfnl  as  a  law- 
yer, was  liTiighted  and  made  secretary  of  the 
exchetpicr  at  41. 

Sir  Robert  Walpole.  English  statesman, 
irt  32  WHS  British  seeietary  of  war  and  leader  of 
the  «higs  in  the  House  of  Commons;  was  prime 
minister  21  years. 

Torqiiato  XaMNOi  noted  Italian  poet,  was 
exceedingly  precocious  in  youth;  at  17  had  written 
his  "  Uinaldo;"  at  31  published  his  famous  "Jeru- 
salem Delivered," 

I^amartlne  pulili-;hi-d  his  "Poetical  Medita- 
tions" at  30.  selliiiK  l.'i.ODi)  copies  in  four  years, 
and  reajjing  coric^pxiHting  fame;  at  &7  appeared 
his  "History  of  the  Girondists." 

W^llllam  W^llberforoe,  British  statesman 
and  philanthropist,  displa-ycd  talent  for  elocution 
at  7 ;  at  21  entered  parliament,  and  had  gained  a 
high  reputation  before  he  was  2&. 

Fraiieis  *Io8ei>h  Haydn*  the  celebrated 
Prussian  composer,  brought  out  six  grand  sym- 
phonies in  London  at  59,  and  produced  his  greatest 
work,  '  *  The  Creation, "  at  67,  at  Vienna. 

liVaHhineton  Irving  oontrihuted  to  the  peri- 
odical press  of  the  United  States  at  19,  published 
his  "  HistoiT  of  Hew  York"  at  26,  his  "Sketch- 
Book"  at  35,  and  his  "  Life  of  Washington"  at 
72-76. 

fjohn  Stiiii-rt  Mill,  an  English  philosopher, 
became  Hist  widely  known  at  37  by  the  publication 
of  his  ■ '  System  of  Logic, "  and  his  second  great 


work,  "Principles  of  Political  Economy,"  ap- 
peared at  42. 

Jay  Gould    was    Iti    when    he    published    a 

history  of  Delaware  county.  New  York.  He  waa 
21  when  he  aufK-'r  in  tended*  the  extensive  tunning 
worka  of  Pratt  &  (Jould  at  Guuldsburough  In 
Pennsylvania,  and  was  diatlnguUhed  on  Wall 
street  before  he  was  30. 

The  I>ukc  of  TTellliiirton,  greatest  of 
modern  iSrltlsh  wari-iors.  subdued  the  Mahratta 
donniiioii  in  India  at  35^  ut  39  commanded  ttie 
allied  liiitish  army  in  Spain,  and  won  the  battle  of 
Waterloo  and  Iini.<<lied  the  dynasty  of  Napoleon  i. 
by  the  time  he  was  46. 

Corretficio,  the  illustrious  Italian  artiat, 
became  a  painter  through  bi^  natural  genius  and 
without  a  technical  education;  at  30  he  began  his 
greatest  wurk.  the  fresco  of  "  The  Assumption  of 
the  Virgin  "  in  the  cathedral  at  Purma,  which  waa 
completed  in  about  four  years, 

Francis  Bacon,  philosopher  and  lord  chan- 
cellor of  England,  distinguished  for  boyish  wit, 
at  11  speculated  on  the  laws  of  the  imagination; 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  21;  ;a  28  was  counsel 
extraordinary  to  Queen  Elizabeth;  entered  parlia- 
ment at  32;  at  57  was  created  lord  higli  chan- 
cellor. 

Rctijamin  Franklin,  American  philosopher 
and  sljitisman.  at  M  founded  the  university 
of  Pennsylvania  and  the  Anieri(;an  Philosophical 
society;  about  46  invented  the  lightning  rod,  and 
about  the  same  time  prodncerj  his  well-known 
"  Franklin"  or  opeii  stove,  at  50  Oxford  and  Edin- 
burgh universities  conferred  upon  him  their  iiigh- 
est  degrees. 

Galileo,  illustrious  as  an  Italian  a.stronomer, 

in  childhood  constructed  mech.inical  toys;  at  19 
discovered  peculiarities  of  the  jjendulnm:  at  25 
was  professor  of  mathemaiii-s  in  the  university  at 
Pisa;  at  46  discovered  the  satellites  of  Jupiter;  at 
56  suiTered  persecution  for  declaring  that  the 
earth  moves  and  the  sun  does  not. 


J^ 


% 


if  4;      ORIGIN  OF  NAMES  OF  WELL-KNOWN  COLLEGES.      -I^^i 


Xo 


ti)*" 


Bates  CoUcKe  — At  Lewiston.  Me.  ;  controlled 
by  the  Free  Baptists;  founded  in  1863,  and  named 
at^er  Benjamin  E.  Bates,  of  Boston,  who  contrib- 
uted «200,0lW  to  its  endowment  fund. 

Bowdoln  Colleffe  — At  Brunswick.  Me.;  con- 
trolled by  the  Congregationalists;  founded  in 
17114,  and  named  after  Hon.  James  Bowdoin,  Gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  in  1785.  His  son,  James 
Bowdoin,  jr. ,  United  States  Minister  to  Spain 
from  1805  to  1808,  bequeathed  to  this  college  an 
extensive  library,  philosophical  apparatus,  a  col- 
lettiori  of  paintings.  6,000  acres  of  land,  and  the 
rtv.  rsiun  of  Naushon,  one  of  the  Elizabeth 
islamls,  in  Buzzards'  bay,  on  the  south  coast  of 
Massachusetts,  which  had  been  his  favorite  resi- 
dence. 

Brown  University  —  At  Providence,  R.  I. ; 
controlled  by  the  Baptists;  founded  in  1765  as  the 
Rhode  Island  university;  changed  its  name  in 
1794)  to  Brown  university,  in  honor  of  Nicholas 
Brown,  a  wealthy  merchant,  who  was  that  year 
elected  its  secretary,  and  remained  such  until 
182r).  At  that  time  he  gave  the  college  85.000  and 
a  good  law-library,  and  in  1823  he  built  a  second 
college  edilice  at  his  own  expense;  his  total  gifts 
to  the  institution  amounted  to  8100.000. 

Cornell  University —  At  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  ;  con- 
trolled by  the  State  educational  department; 
founded  in  186S  by  the  St^te  under  the  authority 
of  Congress  and  named  after  Ezra  Cornell,  a  capi- 
talist of  Ithaca,  who  gave  it  an  endowment  fund 
of  8500.000;  200  acres  of  land  on  which  it  is  situ- 
ated; the  Jewett  college  in  geology  and  paleontol- 
ogy, with  about  810,000,  and  other  donations 
amounting  to  more  than  $100,000. 

Dartmouth  Collepre  —  At  Hanover,  N.  H. ; 
controlled  by  the  Congregationalists;  founded  in 
1770,  originally  for  the  education  of  Indians;  was 
chartered  by  Governor  Wentworth,  of  NewHanipi- 
shire,  under  British  rules  and  regulations,  and 
named  after  Lord  Dartmouth,  of  England,  who 
was  president  of  its  lirst  board  of  trustees.  It 
was  built  and  sustained  by  private  donations  from 
England  and  parties  in  this  country.  It  has  since 
received  many  rich  gifts. 

Harvard  Colleare  —  At  Cambridge,  Mass.; 
controlled  by  no  religious  denomination;  founded 
in  ir,38  by  the  authorities  of  the  commonwealth  of 
Massachusetts,  and  named  after  Rev.  John  Har- 
vard, who  bequeathed  to  the  college  a  small 
library  and  about  83,500,    in   1638.     Mr.   Harvard 


was  a  native  of  England,  who  immigrated  to 
Massachusetts,  where  he  preached  tlie  gospel  at 
Charlestown. 

Howard  University  —  At  Washington,  D. 
C. ;  controlled  by  the  Congregationalists;  founded 
in  1866  under  a  special  act  of  Congress,  and  was 
named  after  one  of  its  founders.  General  Oliver 
O.  Howard,  a  distinguished  American  soldier, 
who  was  its  pi-esident  from  1869  to  1873.  It  admits 
students  without  regard  to  color  or  sex. 

E^oyola  College  —  At  Baltimore.  Md. ;  con- 
trolled by  the  Roman  Catholics;  founded  in  1855, 
named  after  Loyola,  the  founder  of  the  order  of 
Jesuits. 

Hf  cKendree  College— At  Lebanon.  St.  Clair 
county.  111.  ;  controlled  by  the  Methodists  founded 
in  183ri;  probably  named  after  Bishop  McKendree, 
of  the  .\merican  Methodist  cliurch,  and  a  revolu- 
tionary officer. 

Miihlenbers  College  —  At  Allentown,  Pa.  ; 
controlled  by  the  Lutherans;  founded  in  1848; 
named  undoubtedly  after  Peter  John  Gabriel 
Muhlenberg,  the  founder  of  the  German  Lutheran 
chureli  in  America. 

Rutgers  College  —  At  New  Brunswick,  N. 
J.  ;  originally  founded  by  a  royal  charter,  in  1770, 
as  Queen's  college;  in  1825  it  received  its  present 
name  in  lionor  of  Hon.  Henry  Rutgei-s,  who  con- 
tributed 85,000  to  its  fund.  Prior  to  1865  it  was 
controlled  by  the  Protestant  Reformed  Dutch 
church,  but  since  then  it  has  been  an  independent 
literary  institution,  and  in  a  prosperous  condi- 
tion. 

ShiirtlefT  College—At  Upper  Alton,  111.  ;  con- 
trolled by  the  Baptists;  founded  in  1835  as  Alton 
college,  but  in  1S36  its  name  was  changed  to 
Shurtleff  ccdlege,  in  honor  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Shurt- 
leff.  of  Boston,  who  gave  the  institution  810.000; 
both  sexes  are  admitted  to  it. 

Tnfts  College  —  At  College  Hill.  Medford. 
Mass.  ;  controlled  by  the  TniviTsalists;  founded  in 
1853  and  named  alter  ('haih-s  Tufts,  who  gave  it 
70  acres  of  land  for  a  Incatinii.  It  has  now  an 
endowment  of  more  than  SI. 000. 000. 

William  and  Mary  (College  of)  —  Near 
Williamsburg.  Va. ;  controlled  by  the  Episcopa- 
lians; founded  in  1693  and  named  after  the  reign- 
ing king  and  queen  of  England,  who  appropriated 
lands,  money,  a  duty  on  tobacco,  and  the  office  of 
surveyor-general  of  the  colony  for  its  support. 


Its  buildings  have  been  destroyed  by  flre  several 
limes,  and  were  burned  during  the  war  of  the 
rebellion. 

'Williams  College— At  Williamstown,  Mass. ; 
controlled  by  the  Congregationalists;  founded  in 
1793,  and  named  after  Colonel  Ephraira  Williams, 
who  by  his  will,  in  1755,  left  an  estate  for  the 
benefit  of  this  institution,  which  is  now  prosper- 
ous. 

Vassar  College— Near  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.; 
controlled  by  no  religious  denomination;  founded 
by  Matthew  Vassar,  a  native  of  England  and  a 
brewer,  in  1861,  and  named  after  him.  .Mr.  Vassar 
endowed  his  college,  which  was  intended  only  for 
the  education  of  females,  during  his  life  and  by 
his  will,  with  8.i58,000  and  200  acres  of  land  on 
which  the  college  buildings  are  located.  Mr. 
Vassar  died  in  1868,  having  live<i  to  see  the  success 
of  his  enterprise  fairly  established. 

Yale  College  —  At  New  Haven,  Conn. ;  one  of 
the  oldest  and  largest  of  American  educational 
institutions;  fii-st  located  at  Say  brook,  Conn. ; 
removed  to  New  Haven  in  1716;  controlled  by  the 
Congregationalists;  named  in  honor  of  Elihu 
Yale,  who  made  donations  for  its  benefit,  between 
1714  and  1721,  amounting  to  about  82,.t00.  at  a  time 
when  the  money  was  much  needed.  Jlr.  Yale  was 
born  at  New  Haven  in  1618  of  English  parents  who 
came  to  America  in  1638.  In  16.58  the  son  returned 
to  England  with  his  parents  and  never  revisited 
this  country,  going  to  the  East  Indies  and  after- 
wards returning  to  England,  where  he  was  chosen 
govei-nor  of  the  East  India  company,  and  whei-e 
he  died  in  London  in  1721.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
the  first  person  to  cause  a  sale  by  auction  in  Eng- 
land.    The  college  is  highly  prosperous. 

Smithsonian  Institution— At  Washington, 
D.  C. ;  controlled  by  the  United  States  govern- 
ment in  the  interest  of  science;  founded  by  Con- 
gress in  1846.  in  accordance  with  the  will  of  James 
Smithson,  an  English  scientist,  which  bequeathed 
for  its  establishment  property  that  realized 
8515.169  in  gold.  More  than  8500.000  has'  been 
expf-nded  for  the  buildings.  Another  legacy,  the 
residue  of  another  bequest  in  Mr.  Smithson's 
will,  amounting  to  $26,210.  was  received  in  1865. 
Congress,  also,  has  appropriated  freely  for  the 
enlargement,  impruvement  and  support  of  the 
institution,  which  was  named  in  honor  of  its  lib- 
eral piojector.  and  in  January,  1876,  It  had  total 
resources  of  8701.909. 


h 


23 


354 


A    MAN    DKESS-MAKEK. 


4.nr^i^ 


^T7!l!15^^^^5TTTfinnTTt^ 


?  Charles  F.  Worth 


-i:^ 


^ 


*v^  •nA/-  •vA/»   •s^/*      -^  Celebrated  for  Artistic  Designs  in  the  Manufacture  of  Women's  Wearing  Apparel. 


HIS  famous  '*  man-milliner 
of  Paris,"  the  one  man  in 
whom  all  admirers  and 
wearers  of  costly  and 
fashionable  female  ap- 
parel in  foreign  and 
American  social  circles 
have  a  deep  and  undying 
interest,  takes  his  place  in 
this  volume  among  the 
other  distinguished  char- 
acters whose  portraitures  it  endeav- 
ors to  present. 

Charles 
Frederick 
Worth  has 
no  military 
ur  literary 
ach  i  e V  e- 
ments  of 
which  to  boast^ 
and  yet  he 
wields  a  power 
over  society  which  the  bravest  soldier,  the 
wisest  statesman  or  the  most  successful 
writer  might  not  disdain  to  possess. 

Although  France  claims  him  as  the  cyno- 
sure of  fashion,  Mr.  Worth  is  a  native  of 
England,  he  having  been  born  in  Lincoln- 
shire, but  his  age,  like  that  of  the  older 
I)ortion  of  his  lady-patrons,  appears  to  be 
veiled  in  mystery.  Ilis  protrait,  however, 
indicates  that  he  is  still  in  his  prime. 

His  father  was  a  lawyer.  While  Frederick 
and  the  other  children  were  young,  some 
domestic  misfortune  required  them  to  leave 
their  studies  and  engage  in  other  pursuits  to 
enrn  their  support. 

Frederick,  at  twenty,  went  to  Paris  to  seek  employment  and  learn 
the  French  language.  He  first  engaged  himself  as  a  cutter  in  the 
fashionable  dress-making  house  of  Gagelin.  Here  he  found  the 
liidy  whom  he  soon  after  married  employed  as  a  shop-girl.  After 
their  marriage  tliey  begun  to  work  together  for  themselves  and  laid 
the  foundation  of  the  immense  business  which  they  now  Cimtrol. 
Their  estublishmenl    fiiniishes  employment  for  about  a  thousand 


Charles  Frederick  Worth, 

Di.'^tingiiished  for  the  ITnittne  and  th' 
in  Dressmaking. 


persons  in  manufacturing  robes  and  costumes  for  fashionable  people 
in  all  parts  of  the  world.  Their  workshops  are  commodious  and 
numerous,  each  being  assigned  to  some  special  labor  in  the  formation 
of  a  complete  outfit  for  a  lady's  wardrobe. 

So  carefully  is  this  business  conducted  that  Mr.  W^orth  personally 
superintends  the  design  and  construction  of  every  article  made  in  his 
establishment,  so  that  his  own  remarkably  correct  taste  is  exercised 
to  invest  each  garment  with  a  charm  of  which  his  patrons  are  univer- 
sally proud.  That  a  dress  "came  from  Worth's"  is  a  recommenda- 
tion that  no  fashionable  lady  dares  to  scorn. 

In  his  shops  the  models  of  new  designs,  which  Mr.  Worth  himself 
either  originates  or  adopts,  are  first  made  of  a  cheap  material  to 
exhibit  the  effect  of  form  and  arrangement.  If  a  dress  fails  to  please 
him,  after  being  made  up  of  costly  goods, 
he  has  it  taken  to  pieces,  reformed  and 
remade,  and  any  dress  that  will  not  cost 
at  least  SlOO  when  finished  he  will  refuse 
to  make.  In  his  way  he  is  the  autocrat  of 
society. 

That  he  has  amassed  wealth  by  his  perse- 
vering industry,  exquisite  taste  in  his  art, 
and  extensive  patronage,  no  one  can  doubt. 
On  the  Versailles  road,  about  seven  miles 
from  Paris,  in  the  handsome  suburb  of 
Suresnes,  is  his  private  residence,  a  red 
brick  mansion,  with  towers  and  turrets  and 
surrounded  by  a  high  garden  wall.  Inside 
of  this  mansion  the  excellent  taste  of  the 
owner  is  displayed  in  the  furniture  and 
fittings,  a  series  of  apartments  separated 
from  each  other  only  by  drapery  of  curlains, 
filled  with  costly,  remarkable  and  beautiful 
productions  of  art  and  nature  that  captivate 
the  eye  and  arouse  the  admiration  of  the 
visitor.  Here  the  "■man-milliner"  spends 
his  summer  Sundays,  his  only  respite  from 
the  arduous  duties  and  cares  of  the  week. 
He  also  owns  a  winter-garden,  beautifully  laid  out  and  teeming  with 
out-door  flowers  and  vines,  a  conservatory  of  rare  and  elegant  foreign 
plants  and  a  grotto-fountain,  with  rich  tropical  vegetation.  Stables  for 
horses,  extremely  neat  and  tasteful  in  their  arrangements,  with  a 
horse- hospital,  parrots,  dogs,  rare  birds  and  other  delightful  append- 
ages to  a  gentleman's  home-residence,  are  attached  lo  the  man- 
sion, and  Mr.  Worth's  "lines"  seem  indeed  to  "have  fallen  lo  him 
in  pleasant  places. " 


Ariistie 


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NATUEE    AS    'i'lIK    (^'IDK    IN    TilK    A IMIKNMIONT    OK    THK    PERSON. 


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THE    LAW  OF  PROPORTION 

AMI 

PARALLEL  LINES. 


■*-H 


^•^ 


^^^   SCIENCE   ^^ 

BEAUTIFUL  DRESS 


CONTRAST  BETWEEN  STRAIGHT 

ANIJ  — 

CUBVED   LINES. 


*^S4^ 


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c-^*- 


•s^-;* 


As  Shown  in  and  Drawn  from  Original  Illustrations  in  Nature. 


lU:  PURPOSE  of  this  cliaptcT 
is  to  present  tlie  fiindii- 
iiiental  principles  by  wliicli 
dress  on  human  beings  may 


be  made  l)eautit'ul.  To  favorably  iiiijircss  ujion 
the  mind  of  tlie  reader  tiiese  truths,  vai'ious  j)ic- 
torial  illustrations  are  herewith  given,  whieli. 
b}'  the  contrasts,  clearly  convey  the  idt'a. 


Symmetry  and  Proportion. 


To  handsomely  adorn  the  person,  the  firj^t  principle    j    cii!?toraer'ti  peculiarity  of  shoulder 


-i#^ 


to   be    understood    is 
Q  that  of   symmetry,  or 

proportion.  To  understand  these,  an 
examination  of  the  contour  of  the  male 
and  female  human  body  is  necessary. 
In  Figs.  1  and  2  we  show  the 
malf  and  female  form.  The  dotted 
line  reveals  certain  peculiarities  in 
these.  In  the  male  it  will  be  seen  the 
shoulders  are  high  and  extend  consid- 
erably outside  the  line.  The  shoulder 
of  the  female,  it  is  seen,  is  sloping  and 
much  narrower  than  that  of  the  male, 
while  the  lower  portion  of  the  form  is 
shown  to  be  considerably  broader. 
Upon  this  understanding  the  tailor  must 
work,  building  the  coat,  if  he  would 
please  the  eye,  high  and  broad  upon 
the  shoulder  but  narrow  upon  the  hip; 
while  the  dressmaker,  in  order  to 
create  the  mosr.  pleasing  effect,  must 
make  the  lady's  dress  as  small  and 
narrow  as  comfort  will  allow,  while 
at  the  same  time  she  is  permitted  to 
arrange  tuck  and  bow  and  flounce 
without  stint  below  the  waist. 

The  law  is  that  the  dress  of  man 
should  make  him  look  masculine, 
while  the  dress  of  woman  slumld  be 
made  to  make  her  appear  effeminate 
and  be  in  accord  with  her  form. 

What  Tailors  Must  Understand. 


That    the    reader    may    more    fully 
understand  this,  we  present  in  Fig.  3 

the  man  somewhat  naturally  sloping  in  the  shoulder  who  patronized 
at  first,  a  tailor  who  did  not   understand,  and  took  no  note  of   hii 


Fig.  1..MALE  FIGURE. 

Brofld  at  Shoulder. 


Fig.  2-FEMALE  FIGURE, 

Narrow  at  Shoulder. 


The  result  was  that  instead  of 
overcoming  thin  defect  by  thickening 
or  padding  the  cout  upon  the  upper 
part  of  the  body,  as  shown  in  Fig".  4, 
the  gentleman  was  allowed  lo  come 
forth  with  a  coat  that  made  him  look 
woman-like,  with  a  shoulder  round 
and  narrow. 

Not  only  was  the  coat  made  ."^niall 
across  the  shoulders,  but  the  tailor 
allowed  another  error,  and  that  was 
the  making  of  side-pockets  on  the  hips, 
in  which  the  man  placed  his  gloves, 
mittens  and  various  articles  he  had  to 
carry  in  his  pockets.  Added  to  this 
his  pants  were  made  large,  baggy  and 
rather  short.  The  consequence  was 
he  was  made  to  look  entirely  dif- 
erent  from  what  nature  designed  him 
— see  Fig.  5.  Instead  of  appearing 
to  be  the  bold,  broad-breasted,  trim- 
limbed  man  that  he  was.  the  tailor 
turned  him  out  a  short,  broad-hipped, 
narrow -shouldered  individual,  appar- 
ently possessed  of  weak  lungs,  little 
strength,  with  nothing  of  the  strong 
and  masculine   seemingly  about   him. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  tell  the  reader 
Ihat  there  is  an  underlying  principle 
in  this,  entirely  independent  of  the 
spring  or  fall  styles,  to  be  observed  in 
order  to  create  a  pleasing  effect. 

What  Tailors  Cannot  Do. 


Whatever   peculiar   cut    of  garment 
the  tailor  might  invent,  he  could  never 
make  his  customer  look  well  in  the  suit  shown  in  Fig.  5. 

The  gentleman  visits  another  tailor,  who  understands  the  science 


35(3 


PRINCIPLES    THAT    MAKE    BEAUTY    IN    DRESS. 


Fig.  3--Wrong.    Proportion  Bad. 

Shoulders  narrow,  cuat-collar  extends  to  hair 
and  no  relief  from  white. 


ilways  close-fitting 


Mjjon  the  hips, 


I  dr 


of  dress.      The  result  is  the  broad  shoulder,  as  shown  in  Fig.  4,  and    | 

the   trim,   manly   form 

that  we  see  in  Fig.  6, 

with  no  pockets  on  the 

hips,  pants  close-fitting 

and  sufficiently  long  to 

jjive  length  of  appear- 

iince  to  the  figure. 

The  reader  would 
hardly  suppose  that  tin 
pt-rson  shown  in  Figs. 
5  and  6  w^as  the  same 
individual;  yet  such  i^ 
the  fact,  and  that,  too, 
the  result  of  making  the 
garment,  in  Fig.  6,  to 
correspond  with  the 
male  figure,  which, 
naturally,  is  broad  upou 
the  shoulder,  and  from 
that  point  gradually 
sloping  to  the  feet,  the 
lower  portion  of  the  coat  being 

What  Dressmakers  Must  Do. 

If  the  tailor  fiIH.l^^  it  important 
to  understand  these  principles, 
it  will  be  seen  to  be  equally 
necessary  that  the  dressmaker 
should  also  be  informed  upon 
this  subject.  As  shown  in 
the  female  form,  in  Fig.  2, 
while  the  lower  portion  of  the 
body  is  broad,  the  shoulder 
is  narrow,  and  the  dressmaker 
must  make  her  garment  to 
correspond  accordingly,  if  she 
would  produce,  in  the  dress, 
the  best  effect. 

The  violation  of  this  rule  is 
shown  in  Fig.  9.  In  this  we 
see  ornamentation  on  the  drees 
that  has  been  made  to  extend 
over  the  shoulders  in  a  manner 
such  as  to  elevate  and  broaden 
the  shoulders,  at  the  same  time 
the  lower  part  of  the  dress  is 
made  narrow.  The  whole 
effect  is  to  make  the  woman, 
thus  dressed,  look  masculine 
and  unnatural,  assuming,  as  she  does  in  this,  the  form  of  man. 

<  )n  the  contrary,  the  dre.ss  in  Fig.  10  ete-e- 
is  at  once  seen  to  be  made  in  accord 
with  the  natural  form  of  woman.  The 
tnhoulders  slope  and  are  narrow,  the 
dress  being  close-fitting,  though  not 
unduly  so,  upon  the  upper  part  of  the 
body  to  the  lower  part  of  the  waist, 
where  the  robe  widens  by  graceful 
fold  and  flounce  into  pleasing  propor- 
tions. 

No  matter  what  may  be  the  mandates 
of  fashion,  the  first  law  to  follow,  in 
dressing  the  person,  is  that  of  making 
thf  t^armeiitH  in  accord    with  the  generally  recognized 


Fig.  4"Right.     Proportion  Good. 

Shoulders  broad,  suitable  contrast  and  relief 
because  of  white  collar  above  coat. 


Fig.  5— Proportions  Bad. 

Shoulders  sloping  antl  narrow.      Hips 
broad.    Pants  loo  shoi't. 


Fig.  7--Long  Neck, 

Seems  lonjfcr  from  style  of 

dresa. 

standard    of 


physical  perfection  in  the  male  and  female  form.      If  the  tailor  finds 

»ooort.  liis  male  customer  has 
an  exceedingly  round 
or  sloping  shoulder, 
has  one  shoulder  lower 
than  the  other,  or  pos- 
sesses any  other  physi- 
cal defect,  such  peculi- 
arity must,  as  far  as 
possible,  be  overcome 
by  cutting  the  garment 
accordingly.  One 
means  of  remedying  a 
defect  of  the  person  i< 
shown  in  Figs.  7  and 
8.  As  seen  in  the 
illustration.  Fig.  7  pre- 
sents a  very  long  neck, 
and  the  style  in  which 
the  dress  here  shown 
is  cut,  makes  the  neck 
appear  even  longer  than 
To  overcome  this  peculiarity  the  neck  is  dressed  higher,  as 
shown  at  Fig.  8. 

Effect  of  Color  in  Dress. 

The  apparent  size  of  the 
person  is  very  materially  af- 
fected by  stripes  in  clothing, 
by  color,  by  ornaments,  trim- 
ming and  amplitude.  Toillu.s- 
trate:  A  lady  dressed  in  white 
will  appear  larger  than  if 
dressed  in  black.  If  to  white 
be  added  stripes  running  per- 
pendicularly, she  will  appear 
taller,  the  result  of  the  stripes ; 
and  if  bows,  ribbons,  fiounces 
and  breadth  of  skirt  be  added, 
she  will  appear  much  larger  in 
consequence  of  such  trimmings 
and  amplitude  of  skirt. 

On  the  contrary,  the  black 
dress,  with  little  trimming, 
will  make  woman  look  smaller 
in  size,  especially  if  the  dress 
be  cut  somewhat  short  and 
have  a  close-fitting  skirt. 
Length  of  skirt  adds  to  appar- 
kirt  diminishes  apparent  stature,  as  do  also 
any  lines  that  run  horizontally. 

For  this  reason  those  persons  who 
desire  to  add  to  their  apparent  height, 
should  avoid  those  garments  that  ter- 
minate, at  their  lower  edge,  near  the 
middle  of  the  person.  Thus  the  gen- 
tleman, whose  coat  comes  no  lower 
than  his  hips,  looks  shorter  than  he 
does  in  a  coat  that  extends  near  to  the 
knees.  Thus  the  longer  the  coat,  and 
Fig.  8"Neck  Shortened.  ^^"^  ™*''*^  continuous  the  perpendicular 

Apparently,  by  trlmmlnj:   of        l'"'''  the   taller    he    looks.         For    this 
f^i'^^^-  reason       the      man      appears       much 

taller  when  dressed  in  woman's  costume,  and  woman  is  appari'utly 


Fig.  6-Proportions  Correct. 

Shoulders  broad.    Hips  narrow.  Pants 
close-tlttiD^  at  the  bottom. 

ent  height. 


1 


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SViMMKTUV    OK    rivOl'liliTli  IN,    AM)    nil',    IJl'Klil :  1     oK    VAUIKI'V    IN    D14KS.S. 


iM 
^   f 


much  IcfH   in   height    in   inah'  iitliiv,  hecaiise  of  Ih<- horizontal  line 
miuU:  by  the  lower  uilj^i!  of  a  nhoit  garnirnt. 

Ono  of  Uiu  ntasoiis  why  the  hloomor  costumo  never  found  general 
favor  among  the  female  sex  was  becauHe  Us  want  of  long  perpen- 
dicular lines  made  woman  Heem  to  be  much  smaller  than  she  appeared 
to  he  when  robed  in  a  longer  ^qooq 
dresn. 

Relief  and  Variety. 

Tin- re  is  iinniliiT  \  cry  im- 
portant prineiple  to  be  applied 
in  the  manufacture  of  wearing 
apparel,  in  order  to  secure  the 
best  effect,  and  that  is  the  ap- 
plication of  that  which  will 
give  such  relief  to  the  garment 
a*  will  lireak  a  monotony  of 
appearance.  This  is  done  by 
a  variety  of  trimming  on  a 
dresf  and  a  suitable  interbleud- 
ing  of  harmc)niouM  colors.  The 
jirinciplf  aj)plies  in  household 
decoration,  architecture  and 
landscape  gardening.  There 
should  be  a  sufficient  variety 
of  object,  shape  and  color  as  to 
iilTord     pleasant     relief    to    the 


leads  up  to  the  mountain,  that  clearly  outlines  itself  agnlnnt  the  Bky, 
which  is  delightfully  relieved  by  the  fleecy  cloudu  uh  they  float,  jn 
their  while,  fantastic  forms,  through  the  azure  blue. 

This  whole  scene  is  a  most  charming  one  to  gaze   npon,  and  that, 
too,  because  of  the  continual  variety  which  meets  the  eye. 


Fig.  9--Wrong.     Lack  of  Symmetry. 

Shoulders  made  to  appear  too  high 

and  broad,  and  dress  narrow 

below  the  waist. 


Nature  ttie  Teacher. 

As  we  went  to  nature  to  con 
suit  symmetry  and  proportion 
so  we  will  study  the  principle  of  relief  as  shown  in  landscape  scenes. 

To  illustrate  this  we  present  two  marine  views,  one  representing 
but  little  variety,  the  other  considerable.  Thus  in  Fig.  11  we  see 
an  exceedingly  dull  and  dreary  scene,  the  result  of  lack  of  relief  in 
the  view.  Examination  shows  that  the  sandy  shore  exhibits  but 
little  differ-  ^^e-e- 
ence  from  the 
water,  which 
seems  to  be 
merged  in  the 
horizon,  with 
little  contrast 
between  the 
water  and  the 
sky.  In  fact 
were  it  not  for 
the  two  or 
three  objects 
in  the  shape 
of  man,  vessel 
and  rock, 
which  are 
shown  in  the 
vieu ,  ihiTe 
w  o  u  Id  be 
scarcely  any 
variety  with  which  to  relieve  the  monotony  of  this  cheerless  scene. 

We  turn  to  another  view  shown  in  Fig".  12,  which  is  a  most  agree- 
able one  to  behold  because  of  the  pleasant  variety  which  gives  relief. 
A  brief  study  of  the  picture  shows  in  the  foreground  a  man  and 
horse,  the  winding  roadway  and  the  woody  ledge.  A  little  farther 
away  is  a  sheet  of  water  broken  by  a  miniature  island  and  the  white 
sail  of  a  boat.      Beyond  is  the  grove,  and  further  yet  is  the  hill  which 


Fig.  10--Right.    Well  Proportioned 

Dress  trininied  at  neck,  made  narrow 

at  shoulders:  broad  and  ample 

below  the  waisl. 


Fig.  11"Lonely,  Cheerless  Scene. 

of   no  contrast   and   ni'v;iin-ty       Sin 


in  water,  water  into  sky,  with  no  relt^'f  between. 


j  merged 


As  music  is  beautiful  from 
variety  of  tone — as  the  bouquet 
is  more  charming  from  varied 
color — as  oratory  is  more  pleas- 
ing from  the  relief  which  comes 
from  a  sometimes  higher,  suc- 
ceeded by  a  lower  tone  of  voice, 
interspersed  with  changing 
gesture;  an  the  landscape, 
shown  in  the  picture,  is  more 
delightful  to  the  eye  when 
varied  by  tree,  shrub,  water, 
island,  hill,  mountain  and 
cloud,  so  dress  is  more  pleas- 
ing to  the  eye  when  relieved 
by  varied  color,  suitable  trim- 
mings and  appropriate  orna- 
Mi.-nl- 

Dress  for  Men. 

The  severe  taste  of  the  more 
highly  cultured  does  not,  at  the 
(present  time,  admit  of  ex- 
tended variety  on  the  dress  of 
gentlemen,  yet  good  taste 
positively  demands  that  there 
be  some  relief.  This  is  shown 
in  tlie  contrasting  pictures 
of  Figs.  3  and  4.  In  Fig.  3  the  coat-collar,  it  will  be  seen,  rises 
into  the  liair,  as  does  the  water  into  the  blue  horizon,  without  relief, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  11.  As  the  view  is  improved  by  woodland  and 
mountain  coming  between  water  and  sky,  as  seen  in  Fig.  12,  ^'* 
the  back  of  man's  head  is  materially  im])roved  by  the  contrast  of  a 

white  collar 
coming  be- 
tween coat 
and  hair,  as 
represented 
i  n  Fig.  4. 

If  the  nj)- 
|nr  [)art  of 
the  coat  is 
improved  by  a 
strip  of  white 
above  it,  mak- 
ing a  clear 
division  be- 
t  w  e  e  n  the 
hair  and  the 
coat,  so  the 
coat- sleeve  is 
equally  bene- 
fited, in  ap- 
pearance,   by 

the  white  cuff  which  clearly  determines  the  length  of  the  sleeve  and 
gives  relief  between  hand  and  coat,  or  coat  and  glove,  should  the 
latter  be  worn.  The  proof  of  this  is  seen  in  Fig.  13,  in  contrast 
with  Fig.  14,  the  one  showing  no  cuff,  consequently  no  relief,  the 
other  being  greatly  improved  in  consequence  of  clear  white  project- 
ing beyond  the  sleeve  for  the  space  of  an  inch  or  less. 

Care  must  be  exercised  that  the  cuff  and  collar  do  not  extend  too 


Fig.  12--Charming  Scene  in  Nature. 

Because  of  contrast  and  %-ariety.     The  view  being  inter- 
spersed with  trees,  water,  island,  mountain  and  cloud. 


:Cd. 


f- 


358 


TlIK    EFFECrr    OF    PAKALLEI,    LINKS    ILLUSTRATED. 


Fig.  13--Hand  With  No  White  Cufl. 

Consequemly  no    relief    between    hand 
and  coat. 

a   portion   of  the  shirt-bbsoni,  wliich  may,  ami 
for  a  short  sjjace,  depending  sonunvhal  npnn  tlie 


far  from  beneath  and  the  coat  thus  show  too  much  white.    As  a  rnle 
the  projection  of  each  should  not  exceed,  in  space,  an  inch. 

For  the  reason 
that  the  standing, 
white  collar  will 
usually  show  itself 
distinctly  above  the 
coat,  it  gives,  when 
worn  by  gentlemen, 
a  better  appearance 
than  does  the  turn- 
down collar,  which 
usually  sits  so  low 
upon  the  neck  as  to 
be  hidden  from 
view  under  the  coat- 
colUir  as  shown  in 
Fig.  3. 

A^^ide  from  the 
cuff  and  collar  but 
little  else  of  white 
can  be  shown  upon 
the  gentleman's 
dress,  unless  it  be 
really  should,  show, 
fashion,  be-  ^^e^* 
low  t  h  (■ 
crevat. 

Relief. 

As  a  land- 
scape sceni! 
is  improved 
by  unnum- 
bered varia- 
tion s,  so 
the  attire  of 
woman  ad- 
mits of  al- 
most end- 
less variety 
of  relief- 
work,  care 
being  duly 
observed  to 
secure  colors  suitable  for  the  various  complexions  and  seasons. 

As  with  the  ffentlcman,  the  upper  portion  of  the  lady's  dress  is 
seen  to  better  advantage  when 
it  terminates  with  a  white  col- 
lar as  shown  in  Fig.  10,  and  a 
very  clear  illu?-tr;ition  of  this 
is  shown  at  Fig.  24,  iu  con- 
trast with  Fig.  23,  Itif  latter 
of  which  reveals  the  sanie  lady 
!n  a  dress  that  shows  no  relief 
at  collar  or  wristbands. 

As  before  remarked,  the 
lady's  dress  admits  of  endless 
opportunity  for  relief  of  vari- 
ous kinds,  but  very  much  care 
has  to  be  observed  that  tliere 
be  not  too  much  trimming,  as 

a  confu^-ion  of  ornamentalion,  or  an  excess  of  variety,  resemble 
yard  t<^»n  full  of  trees,  nlirubbiTv  and  llowers. 


Our  purpose  in  ibis  is  to  -show  that  certain  fundamental  principles 
underlie  the  matter  of  handsomely  decorating  the  person.     To  prop- 

perly  apply  these 
principles  is  largely 
a  matter  of  experi- 
ence and  cultivated 
taste. 

Law  of  Parallels. 

Among  the  laws  of 
nature  which  tend 
to  produce  beauty 
is  that  of  parallel 
lines.  An  exem- 
plification of  the 
beauty  which  comes 
from  parallels  *  is 
shown  in  a  forest 
in  which  the  trunk 
of  every  tree  is 
perfectly  straight 
from  the  ground 
upward.  A  grove 
every  one  of  which  is  straight  and 
a  beautiful  sight  which  is 
ni  a  r  r  e  d 


Fig.  14--Contrast  From  the  White  Cuff, 

White  givint'  clear  contrast  between  coat 
and  hand. 

of  ten    thousand    such   tiee; 
consequently  parallel   to  every  other,  i 


Fig.  15— Lines  Irregular. 

Objects  all    leaning    in   various    directions,   consequently 
disorder  and  confusion  characterize  the  scene. 


Fig.  17--Disordtred   Appearance. 
Hair  irrcg-ular  in  direction  and  there- 
fore In  disorder. 


Objects  all  point  perpt-niiirularly  ot-  ictrularly  with  others 
certain  directions.     The  i>-suit  is  appjirent  (Jrood  order. 

Thus  a 
field  of  grain,  every  stalk  of  which  stands  upright,  is  a  l)eautifut 
sight.    If  a  breeze  sweeps  across  and  all  the  heads  sway  together  il  i-^ 

then  just  as  charming,  becausi- 
all  the  stalks  bend  in  the  same 
direction  and  each  is  i)arallel 
with  all  the  others.  But  how 
quickly  this  beauty  is  dissi- 
pated when  the  grain,  through 
storm  or  other  cause,  is 
trampled  into  irregularity! 

A  field  of  corn,  or  an  orchard 
of  trees,  each  row  of  which  is 
straight,  presents  a  pleasing 
effect  because  of  regularity. 
So  do  we  look  with  pleasure 
upon  parallel  rows  ()r  lines, 
wherever  we  find  them. 
For  the  purpose  of  fully  illustrating  this  idea  we  present,  in  Fig.  15, 
a  rniidway  .and  a  L'oodly  number  of  Ims  In  the  scene.      Examinaticin 


Fig.  18— Hairs  Parallel. 

Combed,  each  hair  in  same  direction. 
the  eflTect  ly  pleasing. 


■nil':     BKATTV    UV    TlIK    ClIRVI';!)     I, INK    IN     LANDSCATK,    ARCIIII  KCTl!  RK    AND     HUKSK. 


:5.V.t 


i 


til  roil  ;,'li()iit,  evi<U-nIly    Ihi- 
OOoo 


rtliowsi  Ilml  vvvy  inurli  di^-irdor  n 
result  of  Bt'rious  ncjiU'i-i,.  Look- 
ing closely  we  see  the  uprij^lit  lini?H 
of  the  house  out  of  plumb,  the 
cornice  i^  irregular,  the  window- 
framea  show  want  of  uniformity, 
the  trellis-lines  of  the  grapery  are 
not  straight,  the  pickets  in  the 
fence  slant  in  various  ways  and 
the  trees  lean  in  all  directions. 

The  scene  represents  disorder, 
and  is  painful  to  behold.  If  asked 
tlie  cause  of  the  ill-look  which  the 
neighborhood  presents,  the  reader 
would  attribute  it,  probably,  to 
neglect,  which  doubtless  may  be  true;  but  the  actual  reason  for  the  | 
unpleasant 
appearance 


yoooo- 

Fig.  19"Lines  Irregular. 

Cinisequfiitly  drt-ss  and    hai 
aiipear  in  ilisotflei". 


I  uijon  hi;-  ri'turn.  and  whyV  Because  the  wash  ban  rumoved 
the  dirt  that  marred  one  aide  of 
Ills  face,  making  both  of  hin  cheekB 
look  alike;  and  further,  in  the 
act  of  combing,  each  separate  hair 
has  been  made  to  run  in  the  name 
direction  with  otliers;  and  thus  we 
have  a  clear  expOHition  of  the 
benefit  of  paralhd  lines  as  an  aid  to 
beauty. 

This  law  is  yet  more  fully  showii 
in  the  succeeding  illustration.  Fig. 
19,  showing  not  only  disheveled 
tiair,  but  a  badly  deranged  dress, 
the    result    of   neglect   to   observe 


Fig.  20--Lrnes  Parallel 

The  result  is  order,  nt- 
buauty  in  tlie  dr 


IS   :iiuJ 


this  law;  the  whole  exhibiting  lack  of  neatness  and  order. 


varietj-T   of 
direction^ 

In  Fig. 
16  we  see 
tin-  scene 
materially 
changedand 
all  is  much 
more  :igreeJil)]e  to  the  eye 


Fig.  2I--Plam.     Lines  Straight. 

Home  neat  and  in  urtlt-r.  Imt  lacking'  in  i.-iiivi-il  Uni 
gives  the  highest  order  of  beaut  \. 

Uniformity,  regularity  and  parallel  lines    |    ally  upon  tlie  dres 


characterize  all  parts  of  the 
dwelling;  the  trees  stand  per- 
pendicular and  all  point  the 
same  way.  The  rows  of  straw- 
berry plants  are  all  straight,  the 
timbers  of  the  grapery  all  run 
in  parallel  lines,  as  also  do  the 
fence-pickets.  And        thus 

throughout,  all  the  lines, 
whether  horizontal,  perpendic- 
ular or  otherwise,  that  are  de- 
signed to  correspond  in  shape 
and  form  with  others,  take  the 
same  uniform  direction. 

Johnny's  Uncombed  Hair. 

.A  clear  ilhistrntion  of  the 
bad  appearance  resulting  frora 
irregularity  of  lines  is  pre- 
sented in  Johnny's  head.  Fig". 
17,  as  he  appears  at  break- 
fast. Being  reminded  of  the 
importance  of  arranging  his 
toilet  before  coming  to  the 
table,  the  lad  retires,  makes 
use  of  water  and  comb,  ami  soon 
afterward  comes  back  exhibiting  the  face  we  see  in  Fig.  18. 

Examination  reveals  that  Johnny's  appearance  is  very  considerably 


Fig.  23--Straight  Lines. 

Lady's  hail"    and    dress    mostly  in 
slraigrht  line. 


Fig.  24"Curved  Lines. 

Hair  and   dress  exhibiting  an  abtind- 
ance  of  cufved  line. 


on   the  porch,  nothing 
paths  run  straight,  the 


The  effect  conveys  the  impression  o 

'^-  Curved  Lines. 

There  is  yet  another  huv 
that  constitutes  an  element  of 
beauty  in  all  nature,  and  as  we 
have  used  it  elsewhere,  in  this 
volume,  when  illustrating  the 
science  of  beauty  in  landscape 
gardening,  in  penmanship  and 
household  decoration,  so  we 
will  make  use  of  it  here  In  the 
construction  ^  of  handsome 
dress.  We  have  reference  to 
the  curvi'd  line. 

House  With  Straight  Lines. 

There  is  no  object  in  art  that 
is  not  improved  by  the  appli- 
cation of  curving  outline.  To 
represent  this  principle  clear- 
ly, we  give  a  pictorial  view  of 
a  home,  located  on  the  level 
prairie,  in  which  the  builder 
evidentlj'  had  no  thought  other 
than  the  straight-line:  see 
Fig.  21.  Examination,  shows 
no  curve  in  the  windows,  none 
kind  upon  or  about  the  house.      The 


>f   the 

same  applies  to  the  fence,  the  woman's  dress 


^ 


^ 


at>o 


^ 


DIFFERENT    STYLES    OF    DRESS    COMPARED. 


hangs  straight,  the  road  shows  no  curve,  the  clouds  extend  straight- 
wise  across  the  horizon,  and  even  the  old  horse,  with  its  projecting 
angles,  exhibits  very  little  of  the  curve.  The  whole  scene  is 
inclined  to  the  severely  straight. 

House  With  Curved  Lines. 

We  turn  the  reader's  attention  now  to  Fig.  22,  where  we  behold  a 
similar  house,  in  size  and  expense  of  erection,  located  on  a 
slight  elevation  which,  of  itself,  makes  a  curving  surface  of  the 
ground.  Tn  a  study  of  the  picture  we  find  the  windows  all  rounded 
at  the  top.  The  curved  line  is  abundant  on  the  porch,  in  balustrade, 
in  cresting  on  the  top  of  the  house,  on  the  summer-house  in  the  dis- 
tance, and  on  the  bridge  that  leads  to  it.  The  lady's  dress  shows 
graceful  curve;  so  do  flower-vase,  roadway,  horses,  the  hill-top  in 
the  distance,  and  the  clouds  beyond. 

It  needs  no  admonition  to  induce  the  reader  to  appreciate  the 
curved  line  in  this.  The  whole  scene  portrays  its  presence  and  its 
beauty. 
The  two 
homes — the 
one  no  more 
expensive 
than  the 
other  — 
plainly 
show  how 
the  hand  of 
taste  and  an 
understand 
ing  of  this 
principle 
will  change 
a  solemnly 
straight  mo- 
notonous, 
unattrac  - 
tive  home 
intoa  bower 
of  beauty 
and  a  most 
cha  rming 
place  of 
jibodu. 

Dress. 

How  does 
this  apply 
in  dress? 
Let  us  see. 
In  Fig.  23 
wc  have  a 
ladydressed 
in  a  cos- 
tume composed  largely  of  the  straight  line.  The  hair  is  combed 
straight:  the  dregs,  cut  low  in  the  neck,  has  straight  lines  and  right 
anglcH;  square  buttons  adorn  the  front.  A  straight  band  across  the 
waist  and  others  at  her  wrists  exhibit  the  same  absence  of  curve. 
Although  exceedingly  prim  in  this  dress  the  whole  is  severely  plain 
and  certainly  not  very  attractive. 

In  Fig.  24  we  have  the  siime  lady  dressed  in  a  different  garb,  and, 
the  reader  will  admit,  much  more  handsomely.  Why?  Because  of 
the  large  predominance  of  the  curve.  Let  us  study  the  picture  and 
^'ee.  The  Saratoga  wave  and  curving  folds  of  hair,  in  the  beginning, 
very  handsomely  become  and  relieve  the  face.  The  oval  ear-ring, 
L'raccful  lace-work  alwut  the  neck,  bouquet,  curving  outline  of  form, 


Fig.  25— Very  Precise. 

The  dress  beintr  neat,  stiff  find 
rich. 


Fig.  26--Very  Plain. 

The  dress  beini;  without  any  quality 
that  gives  chami. 


curved  trimming  on  the  front  of  the  dress,  round  buttons,  curved 
relief-work  about  the  wrist,  and  arching  line  at  the  lower  part  of 
the  basque — all  create  a  most  lovely  and  beautiful  effect.  As  the 
curved  line  was  the  principal  element  of  beauty  in  the  residence, 
with  its  winding  pathways,  so  the  same  law  has  wrought  the  charm 
which  we  find  in  the  lady  thus  elegantly  dressrd 

Three  Ladies.    The  Dress  of  Each  Described. 

In  Fig.  25  we  give  the  full-length  view  of  a  ladydressed  very 
fashionably  and  expensively  in  a  costume  severely  stiff,  cold  and 
formal  in  its  precision  and  straight  line.  This  dress  is  relieved  con- 
siderably by  trimming,  and  it  exhibits  order  upon  the  part  of  the 
wearer,  in  the  due  observance  of  parallel  lines,  but  symmetry  is 
largely  lacking  because  of  the  high  shoulders,  and  grace  is  also  want- 
ing because  of  lack  of  curved  line. 

Fig.  26  shows  a  costume  which  is  certainly  not  very  attractive  be- 
cause of  lack  of  nearly  all  those  requisites  that  make  beauty  in  dress. 

We  have  but 
to  study  it 
to  discover 
its  deficien- 
cies, which 
may  be 
enumerated 
as  follows : 
First.  The 
woman  in 
this  cos- 
tume ap- 
pears badly 
proportion- 
ed. The 
shoulders 
are  broad 
and  high, 
while  cloak, 
being  close- 
fitting  at  the 
lower  part, 
gives  too 
narrow  an 
appearance 
to  the  form 
below  the 
waist. 

Second. 
The     cos- 
tume exhib- 
its toomuch 
straight 
line.      This 
is    seen    in 
the  hat,  the 
edge  of  the  cloak  in  front,  with  its  straight  lower  edge,  in  the  liipgls 
of  the  pockets,  in  the  straight  fall  of  the  dress-skirt,  with  straight 
edge  at  the  ankles,  square  buttons,  etc. 

Third.  The  dress  presents  loo  much  irregularity.  The  trimming 
about  the  neck  is  irregular.  The  buttons  are  at  irregular  distances 
apart;  ear-rings  are  unmatched,  and  the  lapels  on  the  cloak  are  not 
alike  in  appearance. 

Fourth.  There  is  too  little  relief  on  the  dress  throughout.  It  is 
too  plain  to  be  attractive.  The  relief  about  the  neck  is  not  sufficient. 
The  cloak  is  without  any  trimming  whieh  gives  variety.  No  white 
cuff  at  the  wrist  gives  contrast  at  the  hand,  and  the  skirt  possesses 
no  ornamentation  calculated  to  attract  or  charm  the  eye. 


Fig.  27--Very  Graceful. 

The  dress  conibininff  those  principles 
that  make  beauty. 


=<f  5 


^5^- 


\l 


?! 


BLONDES. 


BRUNETTES, 


"tr®\9®^ 


y' 


rilK     lOi'FKCr    ii\     Al'I'lvAKA.NI-K    i\V     HANDSOMELY     ITirl.Mi    Cl.irni  l.\(.. 


;iGi 


Tho  costume  Hrcii  al  Fig.  27  prcscntH  a  pl(-asini;  cnmhiiiatioii  uf 
the  various  principles  wu.  have  cuuincrali-d,  hciiiK  h11  unibodied  In 
tliis  dresB.  The  hat  gracefully  curving,',  surmounted  by  a  bimdin^' 
plume,  is  well  balanced  upon  a  head  rich  in  abundant,  waving  hair. 
The  white  colhir,  cull,  liaudkerchief  and  trimmiujL;  of  drees,  give  a 
fair  amount  of  relief.  The  garment  is  bo  fashioned  as  to  give 
feminine  appearance  and  eyrametry  to  the  form;  and  throughout  the 
(  urving  line  gives  a  delicate  grace  which  renders  the  lady  pleasingly 
attractive. 

Two  Men.     How  to  Dress  Most  Handsomely. 

The  application  of  thi'  laws,  ur  rather  lack  nf  upjjlication.  relating 
to  dress,  which  we  have  considered,  is  very  clearly  presented  in  Fig. 
28.  The  person  here  shown  is  evidently  a  gentleman  of  fine  manners 
who  only  needs  a  skillful  tailor  in  order  to  appear  to  advantage.  As 
lie  is  now  dressed  it  is  very  evident,  he  has  been  imposed  upon  by  a 
dealer  in  ready-made  clothing,  and  the  fact  is  further  clearly  proven 
that  he  himself  lacks  iiBw^i^. 
an  understanding  of  T? 
what  constitutes 
handsome  attire,  as 
shown  by  the  suit 
in  which  he  here  pre- 
sents himself. 

From  the  study  we 
have  thus  far  given 
of  the  principles  that 
make  beauty  in  cloth- 
ing, we  now  readily 
enumerate  the  faults 
revealed  here,  and 
among  them  we  may 
designate  first  lack  of 
relief.  The  face, 
without  beard,  mus- 
tache or  whisker,  is 
too  smooth  for  the 
highest  form  of 
beauty.  The  coat- 
coUar  is  too  high, 
allowing,  conse- 
quently, no  relief 
from  the  white  which 
should  be  shown  be- 
tween coat  and  hair. 
There  is  not  enough 
white  shown  about 
the  cravat,  which  has 
but  a  small,  turn- 
down collar.  Added 
to  this  deficiency  the 
white  cuffs  are  also 
lacking.    And  second, 

in  this  suit  of  clothes  the  form  lacks  symmetry,  for  the  following 
reasons:  The  shoulders  are  made  to  appear  very  narrow  and  very 
sharp  in  slope.  The  pockets  are  placed  at  the  side  of  the  hips,  and 
with  lapels  and  contents,  give  a  width  to  this  portion  of  the  body 
which  makes  the  person  look  ungraceful. 

The  pants  are  too  large  and  too  short.  The  consequence  is  the 
various  horizontal  lines,  those  made  by  the  pockets  and  by  the  lower 
edge  of  the  coat  at  the  hips,  the  other  by  the  pants  at  the  ankles, 
lessens  the  apparent  stature,  so  that  the  gent  seems  to  be  considerably 
shorter  than  he  is,  or  than  he  would  appear  if  clothed  in  a  longer 
garment  with  no  horizontal  lines.  Apparently  he  is  not  as  tall  as  the 
gentleman  in  the  next  illustration,  hut   measurement  will   find  the 


Fig.  28--Badly  Proportioned, 

Shoulders  made  to  appear  too  narrow  anil  too  slop- 
ing.   Coat  too  broad  at  hip  and  too  short, 
too  large  and  too  short.     No  relief  at  v 


Pants 
A'rist. 


height  In  be  the  same.  Arul  thin),  the  pockets  at  the  side  of  tin; 
hips  causes  the  lower  portion  of  the  coat  to  stand  out  In  u  position 
exhibiting  straight  line  so  that,  as  a  whole,  the  figure  in  this  suit  of 
clothing  is  far  from  eleu'ant  and  L'riicr-ful  in  appearance. 

Gent  Elegantly  Dressed. 

We  turn  now  to  Fig.  29  and  study  it  with  a  view  to  ascertaining 
what  may  l»e  the  law  in  gentleman's  dress  that  gives  handsome  ap- 
pearance to  the  form  as  a  whole.  Examination  shows  that  this  figure 
possesses  all  the  favorable  points  that  we  have  considered  in  this 
chapter,  as  essential  to  excellence.  Of  these  we  find  here  perfect 
symmetry,  shoulders  liigh  and  broad,  hips  somewhat  tuirrower  than 
the  shoulders,  no  horizontal  lines  at  the  hips,  made  by  pockets  or  a 
short  coat,  and  pants  gradually  lessening  in  size  until  they  reach  the 
feet.  The  length  of  coat  and  pants  gives  dignity  to  the  form,  and 
the  contour  of  the  dress,  as  a  whole,  in  symmetry  and  curving  line 
is  very  pleasing  to  contemplate.     To  this  is  given,  also,  parallel  line, 

shown  in  regularity 
of  cuflfs  wiiich  are  of 
even  size,  buttons  at 
regular  distanceB 
apart,  each  side  of 
collar  of  even  height, 
etc.  To  this  is  added 
all  the  relief  that  this 
style  of  dress  on  the 
gent  will  admit.  The 
mustache  and  side- 
whiskers  give  variety 
on  the  face,  the  white 
collar  and  shirt- 
bosom  give  pleasant 
contrast  at  the  upper 
part  of  the  body, 
while  the  cuffs  make 
a  clear  distinction 
between  gloves  and 
coat. 

Though  styles  may 
change  somewhat,  the 
coat  being  longer  or 
j      shorter,  pants  larger 
or  smaller,   etc. ,  yet 
in  all  this,  whatever 
be    the    style,    those 
principles    we    have 
:     presented      in      this 
sf/    chapter  must  be  ap- 
plied if  the  individual 
would     dress     hand- 
somely.      For    proof 
of    this    we    present 
the    illustrations    in 
contrast,  thus  giving  our  readers  the  opportunity  to  study  and  deter- 
mine for  themselves. 

From  the  foregoing  it  will  be  seen  that,  in  order  to  dress  hand- 
somely always  with  certainty,  it  will  be  necessary  to  apply  the  follow- 
ing: First.  The  dress  must  bring  out  the  most  perfect  natural  form. 
Second.  Wherever  there  is  opportunity  for  parallel  lines,  such  must 
be  used.  TJiii'd.  A  certain  amount  of  variety  «hould  pervade  the  dress 
in  order  to  prevent  a  monotony  of  appearance.  Fourth.  Care  must 
be  taken  to  have  every  part  of  the  garment  present  a  curving  outline. 
When  thus  a  dress  is  made,  which  presents  the  person  in  fine  pro- 
portion, curving  in  outline,  orderly  in  appearance,  with  relief  sufficient 
to  please  the  eye.  the  wearer  is  certainly  handsomely  dresj^cd. 


Fig.  29--Elegant  Appearance. 

Shoulders  broad  and  hi^h.     Coat  slim  and  narrow 

at  hip.     Pants  gracefully  long.     White  collar 

and  cuff  handsomely  relieve  neck  and  wrist. 


Y 


362 


SHOKTEE    HOUKS    WILL    BKINLi    BErfEK    TIMES.     WHY  < 


•fe 


.^  ^'-w~w*0-V- ~.-'-\-^~^'> 


LESS  HOURS  FOU  A  DAY'S  LABOR, 


A  Personal  Sketch  of  a  Prominent  Labor-Reformer. 


i 
t 

T 


ABOE  agitation  in  an  honorable  direction,  and  an  earnest- 
ness that  carried  with  it  convictions  of  the  truth, 
distinguished  the  life-work  of  Ira  Steward,  who 
was  born  March  10,  1831,  at  No.  35  Truman  street. 
New  London,  Conn.  In  his  career,  also,  was  dis- 
tinctly exemplified  the  science  of  life  in  the  direct 
inheritance  of  parental  character  and  peculiarities. 
*  ^  His  father,  a  contractor  and  builder,  was  extremely 

radical  in  his  opposition  to  intemperance  and  negro- slavery,  and  so 
outspolien  in  defense  of  his  views  that 
on  one  occasion  he  excited  the  anger 
of  a  mob  for  his  freedom  of  expression. 
On  his  father's  side  he  was  a  lineal  de- 
scendant of  the  famous  old  English 
martyr,  John  Rogers,  who  was  burned 
at  the  stake  at  Smithfleld,  England,  in 
1555,  for  his  persistent  adherence  to 
the  Protestant  religion.  Indeed,  the 
old  martyr's  Bible  was  long  kept  as  a 
highly  prized  heir-loom  in  his  grand- 
father's family. 

At  an  early  age  he  found  employ- 
ment in  a  machinist's  shop  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I. ,.  and  there  laid  additional 
foundations  for  the  structure  of  the 
philosophy  and  philanthropy  of  his 
life,  by  his  experience  as  a  laborer. 
At  nineteen  we  find  him  giving  utter- 
ance to  this  sentiment  in  the  columns 
of  the  Providence  Mirror,  to  which  he 
had  then  already  become  a  contributor: 
■'  I  make  the  statement  boldly,  for  it 
can  be  proved,  that  this  one  feature  in 
society— that  of  the  long  hours  for  the 
masses  lo  work  — does  more  to  de- 
TMuralize  than  all  other  causes  com- 
bined." 

It  was  thus,  while  still  an  apprentjce 
and  working  fourteen  hours  a  day,  that 
he  employed  his  leisure  moments  in 
writing  about  and  advocating  his  views 
iif  the  labor  question ;  a  favorite  saying 

of  his  being,  relative  to  the  political  writing  of  the  time,  that  "The 
political  economy  of  to-day  is  written  to  save  the  blushes  of  the  rich 
wlien  they  look  into  the  faces  of  the  poor." 

At  that  period  a  strong  movement  was  in  progress  to  shorten  the 
hours  of  work  in  the  Rhode  Island  factories  lo  ten  hours  per  day, 
and  Mr.  Steward  became  enth\isiastic  in  favor  of  the  i)roposed  law. 
Although  only  a  mere  lad,  he  availed  himself  of  such  opportunities 
as  were  presented  to  him  to  advance  the  measure,  and  at  his  solici- 
tation live  and  ten-cent  contributions  were  collected  from  the  work- 
men sumcient  to  defray  the  expenses  of   sending  a  special  agent  to 


IRA  STEWARD 

Dlslinguished  ''  Eight  Hour  ' 


all  the  factories  to  secure  signatures  to  a  monstrous  petition  urging 
the  justice  of  the  contemplated  act.  The  result  was  the  passage  of 
a  ten-hour  law,  which,  however,  was  not  in  its  effects  all  that  had 
been  anticipated. 

Mr.  Steward's  labors  in  the  machine-shop  having  been  brought  to  a 
close  with  his  apprenticeship,  he  united  with  Alvin  Flanders  and 
other  citizens  of  Boston  in  the  publication,  in  that  city,  of  a  labor- 
journal  called  the  A'etr  Era,  then  recently  established.  In  the  channel 
thus  afforded  for  the  promulgation  of  his  principles,  he  labored  faith- 
fully for  the  recognition  of  the  rights  of 
the  workingmen  by  State  legislatures, 
but  with  indifferent  success. 

Among  other  events  of  his  life,  was 
his  visit  to  Kansas  in  the  interest  of 
humanity  and  the  labor- reform.  The 
East,  in  185G,  became  deeply  interested 
in  the  border-warfare  in  Kansas — the 
bloody  struggle  for  the  introduction  of 
slavery,  and  the  fight  to  keep  it  out, 
and  colonies  from  other  States  were 
flocking  to  the  fertile  prairies  of  that 
Territory.  Mr.  Steward  was  one  of 
those  who  accompanied  the  "  Second 
Massachusetts  colony,"  which  left  New 
England  in  June  of  that  year,  and  his 
advent  in  Kansas,  if  not  productive  of 
great  results,  was  instrumental  in 
spreading  the  doctrines  which  he  ad- 
vocated. 

In  1863  Mr.  Steward  again  actively 
began  his  agitation  of  the  labor  ques- 
tion, and  fitted  up,  largely  at  his  own 
expense,  an  office  in. Boston,  where, 
for  some  years,  was  located  the  Bos- 
ton Labor-Reform  association.  This 
organization,  however,  was  afterward 
overshadowed  by  the  Massachusetts 
Eight  Hour  league,  and  this  was,  also, 
succeeded,  in  1869,  by  the  Boston 
Eight  -  Hour  league,  of  which  Mr. 
Steward  was  chosen  president.  For 
thirteen  years  this  last-named  soci- 
ety was  actively  engaged,  by  conventions,  resolutions  and  ad- 
dresses, in  forwarding  the  interests  of  the  workingmen,  advocating 
less  hours  of  labor  per  day  with  undiminished  remuneration,  and 
prob'ibly  contributed  more  to  advance  sterling  ideas  upon  the  subject 
than  all  other  existing  associations  combined.  Mr.  Steward  was  also 
chosen  president  of  the  National  Ten-Hour  league. 

The  mission  of  the  AV«'  Era  having  been,  comparatively,  kept  in 
the  background  by  other  aiul  more  gem^ral  topics  of  discussion,  Mr. 
Steward  for  a  season  laid  aside  his  armor  and  retired  from  the  paper. 
Turning  his  attention  to  business  as  a  machinist,  he  opened  a  small 


h 


,o 


How     INK    <'oNlH'ri()N    (»K     i'l  [  Iv     WoUKINU    (JI.AnSKS    MAV     UK     IMlMioVKU. 


j-hop  at  Ciiml)rid,t,'e.  lu^iir  Hostim,  i?i  whicli,  cinployiiit^  only  two  or 
thrrc  men,  be  was  actively  vw^agvd  in  workini^  for  the  celebrated 
"  liiverside  Prey's"'  establishment.  Thi:*  occupation  he  followed 
until  the  great  fire  of  187^  swept  awiiy  a  valuable  portion  of  the  city. 

After  this  Mr.  Steward  aj^ain  relinquished  the  anvil  ami  forge  and 
rctnriu'd  to  liis  labors  in  behalf  of  the  principles  of  labor-reform, 
wriliiiii  and  speaking  extensively  under  the  auspices  of  the  Boston 
Eiglit-IIour  league.  Perhaps  the  most  important  service  that  he 
rendered  to  the  movement  was  the  effort  expended  in  i^stahlishing  the 
Massachusetts  Bureau  of  statistics  of  labor.  Tn  the  establishment 
of  this  department  a  Mr.  Kufus  Wyniim  was  the  originator,  in  18(14, 
()f  the  idea  which  resulted,  in  lH(i9,  in  the  Massachusetts  Bureau 
of  labor. 

Hitherto  Mr.  Stewards  Held  of  etTort  had  been  principally  confined 
to  the  Kasteru  States;  but  in  1S80  he  removed  to  Piano,  Kendall  County, 


111.,  where  he  resided  wJIIi  his  wife  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
March  13,  1883. 

Through  a  very  refined,  courteous,  and  scholarly  manner,  .Mr. 
Steward  won  friends  to  his  teachings,  which,  in  the  main,  were  that 
labor-reform  should  and  would  elevate  the  individual  physically, 
mentally,  morally  and  hocially.  Low  wages  he  considered  as  the 
natural  outcome  of  low  conditions  and  proposed  to  raise  wages  by 
elevating  the  wage-workers,  and  by  increasing  among  them  the 
demand  for  more  of  the  comforts  and  even  the  luxuries  of  life,  (bus 
enabling  them  to  become  larger  consumers  of  their  own  industry. 

That  our  readers  may  understand,  in  brief,  the  purpose  of  Mr. 
Steward,  the  object  he  proposed  to  accomplisli,  and  his  reasons 
for  the  faith  which  he  entertained,  we  condense  herewith  the  prin- 
cipal arguments  which  may  be  adduced  in  behalf  <»r  shortening  the 
hours  of  factory  labor. 


Benefits  Resulting  from  Shortening  the  Daily  Time  of  Factory  Labor. 


In  the  early  ages  man  was  compelled  to  labor  continually  during 
his  waking  hours  to  supply  the  barest  necessities  of  life.  Man's  un- 
developed intellect,  at  that  time,  had  invented  no  labor-saving  devices. 
He  picked  the  fruit,  gathered  the  nuts,  and  dug  the  roots  with  his 
bare  hands,  having  no  tool  to  aid  him. 

Gradually,  as  civilization  progressed,  he  invented  appliances  to  aid 
himself.  The  hoe  came  as  an  assistant  in  loosening  the  earth,  and 
closely  followed  by  the  plow.  Then  came  the  axe,  the  shovel,  the 
sickle  and  the  scythe.  Steadily  the  labor-savers  were  brought  for 
war<l  until  man  was  able  to  respectably  feed,  clfjthe  and  keep  himself 
warm,  and  that  too  while  working  fourteen  hours  a  day. 

Invention  yet  went  forward.  The  fanning-mill,  the  threshing- 
machine,  the  power-loom,  the  carding-machine,  the  power-printing 
press,  and  other  improvements,  made  it  possible  for  mankind  to  rest, 
and  the  time  of  labor  in  the  factories  came  down,  after  a  severe  dis- 
cussion, to  twelve  hours. 

Still  the  world  advanced  in  methods  of  lessening  physical  labor. 
The  sewing-machine  made  its  appearance.  The  mower,  the  planing- 
macbine,  the  horse-rake — the  multiplied  facilities  for  doing  work 
through  the  agency  of  steam — all  these  came  to  man's  assistance  and 
made  it  possible  to  shorten  the  time  of  daily  toil  to  ten  hours. 

Ten  hours  was  not  reached,  however,  without  a  hard  fought  com- 
bat. Capitalists  opposed  it.  Business  men  tiid  not  approve  tlie  idea. 
Manufacturers  almost  universally  objected  to  it,  and  a  large  number 
of  all  classes  argued  against  it,  on  the  ground  that  if  the  factory 
classes  were  given  the  extra  hours  of  freedom  from  daily  toil  they 
would  spend  that  time  in  getting  drunk.  The  labor-reformers,  how- 
ever, ftiugbt  vigorously,  and  finally  ten  hours  became  the  recognized 
period  of  daily  labor,  with  most  favorable  results,  among  them  being 
that  the  masses  rapidly  became  more  intelligent  through  the  extra 
time  thus  gained  for  study,  wages  became  higher,  and  times  grew 
better  for  all  classes. 

The  Chang-es  of  Thirty  Years. 

Since  the  time  of  factory  labor  \\as  shortened  to  ten  hours,  the  ap- 
plication of  steam  to  the  industries  has  multiplied  three  or  four  fold. 
The  use  of  the  sewing-machine  has  become  universal;  the  reaper  and 
binder  have  been  jjerfected;  and  the  facility  of  production  in  every 
department  of  manufacture  has  immensely  increased,  until  the  power 
to  supply  vastly  exceeds  the  ability  to  consume.  The  result  is  that 
when  the  full  power  to  produce  is  turned  on,  there  is  very  soon  a 
vast  over-production,  which  is  followed  by  a  stoppage  of  manufac- 
turing and  conseq\ient  distress  of  the  working  classes,  accompanied 
by  general  bankruptcy. 


What  Less  Hours  of  Labor  will  Accomplish. 

That  the  shortening  of  the  daily  period  of  general  labor  to  eight 
hours  will  improve  the  condition  of  the  employer,  as  well  as  the 
laborer,  the  manufacturer,  the  merchanl  and  all  classes,  is  shown  in 
the  following,  whicii  would  result  from  shorter  hours: 

To  illustrate:  The  stove  manufacturers  meet  in  convention  and 
resolve  that  instead  of  frequently  discharging  their  workmen,  they 
will  run  their  foundries  henceforth  but  eight  hours  per  day,  paying 
their  men  $1.  liO  for  a  day's  labor  instead  of  $a  for  ten  hours. 

The  first  argument  in  behalf  of  this  measure  is  that  it  is  better  to 
pay  workmen  SO.  ()0  every  Saturday  night  regularly  the  year  round, 
than  to  pay  them  $12  per  week  a  portion  of  the  twelve  months, while 
they  are  entirely  idle  another  large  part  of  the  year.  Another  argu- 
ment in  behalf  of  this  course  is  in  the  fact  that  shortening  the  supply 
of  stoves  by  shortening  the  hours  will  make  a  brisk  demand  which 
will  result  to  the  benefit  of  stove-makers. 

Let  us  suppose  that  all  manufacturers  shorten  working  time  to 
eight  hours,  and  we  note  the  result  in  a  single  industr}-,  that  of  stove 
making.  The  stock  lessened,  and  demand  coming  forward,  it  is  not 
long  before  the  stove  manufacturer  is  in  need  of  more  men  to  assist 
in  tilling  orders.  To  find  these  the  superintendent  goes  ton  boot  and 
shoe  factory  where  there  could  be  heretofore  idle  men  found. 

No  men  are  to  be  obtained  here.  Instead  of  discharging  workmen, 
in  consequence  of  working  less  hours,  they  are  employing  more.  An 
application  at  the  furniture-factory,  the  reaper-works  and  the  sugar- 
factory  reveals  in  each  case  the  same  state  of  affairs.  They  are  all 
working  shorter  hours,  and  consequently  are  obliged  to  employ  mote 
men. 

The  stove-maker  returns  to  his  office,  to  find  orders  increasing 
much  beyond  his  power  to  supply  with  his  present  force  of  assistants. 
He  takes  a  little  time  for  reflection  and  resolves  to  increase  the  price 
of  stoves  to  offset  the  extra  wages  he  will  have  to  pay  to  a  greater 
number  of  workmen,  and  then  advertises  for  more  men,  agreeino'  to 
pay  the  same  price  for  eight  hours  that  he  formerly  paid  for  ten.  He 
will  in  due  time  obtain  sufficient  help  to  fill  bis  orders. 

How  all  Classes  will  be  Benefited. 

By  a  little  examination  we  see  how  all  the  different  grades  of  peo- 
ple are  assisted  by  thus  lessening  the  number  of  the  hours  of  labor. 
As  we  show,  the  stove-maker,  probably  for  the  first  time  in  years, 
experiences  an  active  demand  for  his  stoves,  so  much  so  that  he  can 
raise  the  price.  The  same  is  true  of  all  the  different  factories.  Or- 
ders for  goods  come  in  faster  than  they  can    be  filled  with  the  old 


7?  -6- — 


A 


f 


1 


t>: 


;3tii 


AN    IMPORTANT   ESSENTIAL   TO    FINANCIAL    PROSFERITV. 


force  of  workmen;  the  manufacturers  increase  the  price  of  their 
productions,  and  realize  an  active  demand  for  goods  at  a  profit. 

The  manufacturer  is  compelled  to  compete  for  laborers,  and  in 
doing  so  is  obliged  to  pay  his  men  a  higher  price,  which  he  can 
afford,    having  advanced  the  price  of  his  wares. 

From  the  manufacturer  and  the  workmen  we  turn  now  to  the  mer- 
chant, whom  we  find  enjoying  a  new  experience  and  busily  engaged  in 
the  distribution  of  goods  at  a  profit,  the  prices  of  all  articles  he  sells 
having  advanced. 

How  stands  now  the  condition  of  things  in  consequence  of  working 
a  less  number  of  hours? 

The  factories  overflow  with  orders,  possibly  running  sixteen  or 
twenty-four  hours  with  two  or  three  sets  of  hands.  The  idle  men 
now  all  have  employment  at  better  wages  than  before.  The  merchants 
are  rejoicing  in  better  profits,  because  the  laboring  classes  all  have 
steady  employment  and  are  consequently  able  to  buy  freely  and  sur- 
round themselves  with  the  comforts  of  life. 

All  the  idle  having  gone  to  work,  and  thus  enabled  to  buy,  causes 
an  immense  increase  of  consumption,  results  in  an  era  of  active  man- 
ufacturing and  a  period  of  general  financial  prosperity  which  is  most 
beneficial  to  all  classes  of  the  community. 

But  even  did  prices  of  goods  not  rise  materially,  the  profit  to  the 
manufacturer  would  be  greater  than  now.  because  of  an  immensely 
greater  business  being  done  in  consequence  of  the  laboring  people  all 
having  steady  employment.  This  would  give  the  working  classes 
the  ability  to  buy  and  consume  in  such  quantity  as  to  drive  all  fac- 
tories to  their  fullest  capacity  in  supplying  the  demand.  Thus,  at  even 
less  prices  than  now,  manufacturers  would  be  greatly  the  gainers. 

The  People  become  more  Intellig-ent. 

Another  great  point  gained  in  the  fewer  hours  of  labor  is  the  oppor- 
tunity whereby  the  hard-worked  laborer  thus  obtains  time  for  reading 
and  study,  through  which  he  elevates  his  condition  into  intelligent 
citizenship.  At  the  same  time  the  inventive  genius  of  the  people, 
with  opportunity  for  investigation,  rapidly  devises  other  and  greater 
labor-saving  contrivances,  so  that  the  general  time  of  physical  toil 
may  be  yet  further  lessened. 

Power  of  Consumption  must  Balance  Power  of  Production. 

A  point  claimed  by  the  short  hour  advocates  is,  that  the  power  to 
consume  must  be  kept  continually  up  to  the  capacity  to  produce;  that 
if  the  balance  is  not  preserved,  great  distress  is  the  result,  as  shown 
when  there  is  a  large  over-production  of  goods  in  the  market,  and 
general  discharge  and  idleness  of  workmen  ensue. 

This  may  be  illustraied  by  a  colony  of  ten  thousand  people  on  an 
island  where,  through  steady  labor,  at  ten  hours  per  day,  there  is 
produced  nearly  exactly  what  is  consumed. 

In  due  time  labor-saving  machines  and  foreign  laborers  are  intro- 
duced in  such  numbers  as  to  permit  of  all  the  manual  labor  being 
performed  in  one-third  less  time  than  heretofore.  If,  with  the  aid  of 
the  machinery  and  more  laborers,  factories  continue  to  run  ten  hours  a 
day,  it  is  clearly  evident  there  will  soon  be  a  surplus  of  goods  that 
cannot  be  consumed  as  fast  as  they  are  made.  The  consequence  is, 
manufacturers  and  merchants  find  themselves  with  stocks  of  goods 
on  band  that  they  cannot  sell.  Business  will  then  become  dull. 
Times  will  be  "  hard.  "  Men  are  discharged.  The  power  to  buy  and 
consume  is  then  destroyed  with  them.  Then  the  stocks  of  unsold 
goods  accumulate  faster  than  ever.  More  workmen  are  discharged, 
and  they  and  their  families  swell  the  list  of  those  who  cannot  buy. 
And  so  derangement  goes  forward,  the  manufacturer  struggling  to 
keep  up  for  n  time  by  reducing  the  wages  of  his  remaining  workmen 
and  the  laborers  striking  against  the  reduction.    In  the  moan  time,  of 


the  men  who  are  idle,  some  resort  to  burglary  and  some  to  beggary, 
while  others,  driven  by  hunger  to  desperation,  are  ready  to  participate 
in  riot.  At  last  the  whole  support  of  the  idle  falling  upon  a  cert&in 
few  who  have  property  to  be  taxed,  those  few,  if  they  survive  bank- 
ruptcy, pass  through  a  severe  ordeal  in  their  attempt  to  support  the 
dependent  until  better  times  return. 

It  is  seen  that  during  this  stagnation  in  business,  the  poor,  when 
they  are  thus  kept  idle,  are  compelled  to  part  with  their  little  homes 
and  all  their  possessions  for  what  they  can  get,  and  usually  at  a  great 
loss.  Thus,  by  long  working-hours,  which  create  a  surplus,  and  re- 
sult in  a  cessation  of  trade,  and  in  the  discharge  of  the  laborer,  the 
poor  are  oppressed,  while  the  capitalist,  standing  ready  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  poor  when  they  are  compelled  to  sell,  buys  at  his  own 
price  and  thus  rapidly  enriches  himself.  It  is  therefore  plain  that 
long  hours  of  labor,  when  there  exists  no  demand  for  the  same,  will 
fast  make  a  few  of  the  rich  richer  and  the  poor  poorer. 

In  the  light  of  these  facts,  what  was  the  course  to  have  pursued  in 
that  island  colony  of  ten  thousand  people?  Simply  this,  to  have  re- 
duced the  time  of  general  labor  to  correspond  with  the  power  of  the 
labor-saving  machine  and  the  extra  laborers  to  produce.  In  that 
colony  they  should  have  reduced  the  period  of  labor  one-third  the 
time,  in  which  event  no  discharge  of  laborers  would  have  been  neces- 
sary. All  would  have  continued  in  steady  employment,  would  have 
had  regular  wages,  and  this  would  have  bestowed  upon  the  entire 
colony  continued  prosperity. 

All  Countries  should  Join  in  the  Movement. 

But,  says  the  objector,  suppose  manufacturers  of  the  United  States 
lessen  the  time  of  a  day's  labor  and  raise  the  price  of  all  productions 
thereby,  will  not  foreign  countries,  having  a  surplus  of  goods  pro- 
duced by  long  hours  and  cheap  wages,  send  in  their  productions  here 
and  ruin  our  manufacturers? 

The  reply  of  the  eight-hour  men  is  "not  if  the  tariff  rate  is  kept 
sutficiently  high  to  protect  us."  No  danger  need  be  apprehended 
from  this  source,  liowever,  for  another  reason.  Bettering  the  condi- 
tii)n  of  the  laboring  classes,  making  increased  consumption,  will  be 
followed  by  increased  production  at  lower  prices,  ultimately,  whereby 
nothing  need  be  feared  from  foreign  competition. 

But,  better  yet,  all  the  managers  of  great  industries  should  meet  in 
convention  and  there  consider  this  question  and  the  benefit  resulting 
from  shorteningthe  hours.  This  should  be  followed  by  an  international 
convention  of  the  civilized  nations,  which  might  secure  nearer  uni- 
formity in  working-time  throughout  the  more  enlightened  world. 

The  need  of  international  action  is  shown  in  the  fact  that  it  is  as 
essential  that  the  poorer  people  of  Europe  be  relieved  from  poverty, 
idleness  and  bard  toil,  the  result  of  over-production,  as  that  the 
laboring  classes  in  America  he  benefited  by  shorter  hours. 

With  the  shortening  of  the  hours  there  need  be  no  further  dread  of 
the  labor-saving  machine  or  the  incoming  of  the  foreign  laborer. 
Let  them  come.  Even  the  Chinaman,  who  is  a  labor-saver  whi-n 
properly  utilized — let  him  come.      He  can  do  us  no  injury. 

Lastly,  the  paramount  duty  of  the  hour,  on  the  part  of  Congress,  is 
the  appointment  of  a  Labor- Bureau,  the  purpose  of  which  shall  be  to 
gather  facts  and  statistics  relative  to  the  number  of  hours  it  is  now 
necessary  to  labor  in  factories,  with  the  labor-saving  appliances  in 
use,  in  order  to  produce  all  that  may  he  consumed.  The  report  of  this 
committee,  from  time  to  time,  would  determine  what  the  best  inter- 
ests of  the  country  require  in  regard  to  the  h<iurs  necessary  for  ;i 
day's  labor. 

In  any  event  our  nation  and  all  nations  can  only  permanently  pros- 
per when  they  give  the  people  the  facilities  for  moral  and  intellectual 
advancement  and  an  opportunity  to  suiround  themselves,  in  fair  pro 
portion,  with  the  luxuries  and  the  comforts  of  life. 


liOSTON    AND    SOMK    <IV    HIJI    (  ITI/.KNS. 


.•}(;, 


BOSTONIANS, 


Sketches  of  a  few  Men,  Past  and  Present,  prominently  identified  with  the 
Interests  of  Boston  and  its  Suburbs. 


HE  CAPITAL  city  of  Massachusetts,  Bo^^ton, 
had  an  honorable  history  prior  to  thi-  Revo- 
lutionary War  and  during  that  struggle, 
and  in  the  century  which  has  passed  jiway 
since  the  colonies  became  free  and  indepen- 
dent States,  has  maintained  its  reputation 
\  as  a  seat  of  social  and  mental  culture  un- 
rivaled by  any  of  its  sister  cities.  Litera- 
ture, art,  music  and  science  have  been  prom- 
inent in  the  pursuits  of  its  people,  and  the 
list  of  men  and  women  who  have  been  born 
and  lived  within  its  precincts,  and  have 
shone  conspicuously  in  the  annals  of  the 
nation,  is  verylarge.  The  first  settlemenlof 
Boston  was  made  in  1630,  by  a  party  of  colonists  who 
came  from  England  with  Governor  John  Winthrop.  As 
a  town  it  began  a  corporate  existence  about  1634,  and  in  1822  it  first 
became  a  city.  All  its  early  records,  as  well  as  its  later  ones,  are 
filled  with  important  and  interesting  events.  On  several  occasions 
it  has  been  ravaged  by  destructive  fires,  an  earthquake  and  pest- 
ilence, and  *Mn  the  good  old  colony  times,"  its  streets  and  harbor 
were  the  scenes  of  earnest  patriotism  and  bloodshed  in  the  defense  of 
local  and  national  liberty.  In  1790  its  populatitm  numbered  18,038 
souls;  in  1840  ('  half  acentury  later;.  93,383,  and  in  1880,  369,832. 
Arcfong  those  whose  business  enterprises,  eloquence  and  literary  gen- 
ius have  added  lustre  to  Boston,  are  the  persons  whose  life-sketches 
and  portraits  are  here  presented. 


JOHN  WINTHROP, 

Oue  of  the  Eurly  OoTernorfl  of  Mnssachunettft. 

LITERARY  talent  and  executive  skill  formed  leading  characteris- 
tics in  the  life  of  John  Winthrop,  who  was  born  at  Groton, 
Suffolk  county,  England,  January  11,  1588.  In  his  youth  he 
adopted  the  law  for  his  profession.  A  charter  f<jr  a  corporation  for 
establishing  a  colony  in  America  having  been  obtained  in  1629 — 
known  as  '*  The  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  in 
New  England" — Mr.  Winthrop,  April  7,  1630,  sailed  from  Yarmouth, 
Eng.,  withacompany  of  nearlya  thousand  persons,  arrivingat  Salem, 
Mass.,  June  12.  Upon  his  arrival,  the  former  executive,  Endicott, 
transferred  to  him  the  control  of  the  colony,  and  for  three  successive 
years  he  was  re-elected  governor.  When  Sir  Henry  Vane  became 
tjovernor,  in  1636,  Mr.  Winthrop  was  chosen  deputy-governor.  In 
1637  Winthrop  was  again  elected    governor,  and  was    re-elected  in 


1638,  1639,  1642  and  1643.  Two  years  he  served  as  deputy-governor 
— 1644-1645 — but  in  1646  was  once  more  elected  governor,  and  was 
continuously  re-elected  antil  1649.  On  his  voyage  to  America,  in 
1630,  he  wrote  "A  Modell  of  Christian  Charity,  "  which  is  still  pre- 
served in  the  archives  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  society,  and 
during  his  stay  in  America  he  kept  a  journal  of  events  occurring  in 
the  Massachusetts  colony,  which  has  been  printed  at  Boston.  In 
politics  he  was  the  friend  of  civil  liberty,  and  the  people  whom  he 
brought  with  him  from  England  were  mostly  of  a  wealthy  and  edu- 
cated class,  whose  presence  in  Massachusetts  tended  to  improve  the 
general  character  of  the  commonwealth.  He  died  at  Boston,  March 
36,  1649. 


JOHN  HANCOCK, 

Slstlneulshed  Promoter  of  Amerlcun  Independence. 

ONE  OF  the  most  famous  patriots  of  Massachusetts,  John  Hancock, 
was  born  at  Quincy,  in  that  State,  January  12,  1737,  under  cir- 
cumstances that  permitted  him  to  advance  his  education  at  Har- 
vard university.  From  that  institution  he  graduated  at  the  age  of 
seventeen,  and  soon  afterward  began  a  commercial  life  in  the  count- 
ing-house of  a  favorite  uncle.  About  ten  years  afterward,  his  uncle 
dying,  the  nephew  inherited  a  large  portion  of  his  fortune,  and  became 
a  prominent  merchant  and  a  provincial  legislator.  In  the  troublous 
times  previous  to  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  the  seizure  of  his  sloop 
in  1768,  by  the  government  custom  officers,  created  a  riot,  in  which 
the  officials  were  severely  handled.  What  is  known  as  the  "  Boston 
massacre"  occurred  1770,  and  Mr.  Hancock  was  one  of  the  committee 
appointed  to  demand  the  removal  of  the  soldiers  from  the  city.  At 
the  funeral  of  the  citizens  who  were  slain  in  the  afifray,  he  publicly 
and  eloquently  denounced  the  conduct  of  the  troops  and  their  comman- 
ders, and  thus  seriously  incensed  the  governor  against  him.  In  1774, 
he  represented  the  city  of  Boston  in  the  provincial  congress  and  the 
commonwealth  of  Boston  in  the  continental  congress,  and  in  1755  was 
chosen  president  of  the  latter.  In  1776  he  distinguished  himself  by 
affixing  his  bold  signature  to  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  remark- 
ing that  the  members  of  the  British  parliament  could  "  read  that  with- 
out spectacles.  "  Owing  to  ill-health,  he  resigned  his  seat  in  congress 
in  1777,  but  assisted  in  framing  the  new  constitution  for  Massachu- 
setts, and  under  it,  in  1780,  was  chosen  the  first  federal  governor. 
From  that  time  until  his  death,  with  the  exception  of  two  years,  he 
was  annually  re-elected.  In  all  his  official  duties,  as  well  as  in  pri- 
vate life,  he  commanded  the  respect  of  his  fellow  citizens.  He  died 
at  Boston  October  8.  1793. 


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DIVINE,    GOVERNOES    A2*D    AMERICAN'    I'ATIIIdTIS. 


INCREASE  MATHER, 

Distingrnishetl  Siviue  and  Aulhor  in  MuBsachusetts. 

RICH  ARD,  Ihe  father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  an  English  cler- 
gyman, immigrated  to  Massachusetts  in  1635.  The  son  was 
bora  at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  June  21,1639.  A  portion  of  his 
classical  studies  was  pursued  at  Harvard  college,  where  he  gradua- 
ted in  1656.  He  then  sailed  for  Ireland,  entered  Trinity  college,  Dub- 
lin, graduating  in  1658,  and  followed  the  profession  of  a  clergyman, 
preaching  in  England  and  the  island  of  Guernsey.  Returning  to 
Massachusetts  in  1661,  he  was  "  called"  as  pastor  of  the  North  Church, 
in  Boston,  and  this  relation  he  sustained  during  the  remainder  of  his 
life,  a  period  of  sixty-two  years.  In  the  synod  of  1679,  he  bore  a 
conspicuous  part  by  his  views  of  baptism.  He  was  elected  president 
of  Harvard  college,  in  1681,  but  declined  the  oflice  because  it  would 
separate  him  from  his  church  and  people.  Four  years  later  be  ac- 
cepted the  position,  with  the  proviso  that  it  should  not  sever  his  rela- 
tions in  the  pastorate,  and  his  proposition  was  accepted.  A  rule  re- 
quiting the  president  of  the  college  to  reside  at  Cambridge  was  adopt- 
ed, in  1701,  by  the  legislature,  and  Mr.  Mather  resigned  rather  than 
leave  Boston.  Among  his  other  work  as  college  president  he  obtain- 
ed State  authority  for  the  faculty  to  grant  degrees  of  bachelors  of  divin- 
ity and  doctors  of  divinity,  and  was  himself,  in  1692,  the  first  in  America 
upon  whom  the  latter  degree  was  conferred.  In  1684  he  visited 
England  iif  behalf  of  the  colony  charter.  In  1688  he  obtained  a  new 
charter,  which  gave  him  control  of  the  appointive  offices  in  the  colony. 
Upon  his  return  home,  in  1693,  the  authorities  set  apart  a  day  of  pub- 
lic thanksgiving  for  the  success  of  his  mission.  He  was  studious, 
and  possessed  a  retentive  memory,  which  greatly  aided  him  in  the 
preparation  and  delivery  of  hi  s  sermons.  The  daughter  of  John  Cotton 
became  his  wife,  and  from  this  union  sprang  the  noted  Cotton  Mather, 
also  a  clergyman.  Mr.  Mather's  charitable  disposition  led  him  to 
give  away  to  worthy  objects  one-tenth  of  all  his  income.  He  wrote 
ninety  books  in  English,  and  two  in  Latin,  but  few  of  which  survive. 
He  died  August  23,  1723. 


NATHANIEL  P.  BANKS, 

statesman,  Soldier  and  Governor  of  MaseachusettB. 

FROM  the  ranks  of  the  common  people  came  the  distinguished  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch,  who  was  born  at  Waltham,  Mass. ,  January 
30,  1816.  At  an  early  age  he  was  employed  in  a  cotton  factory 
in  which  his  father  was  overseer,  studying  during  his  leisure  hours, 
and  even  in  his  youth  becoming  a  public  lecturer  at  temperance, 
political  and  other  meetings.  The  transition  to  the  editorial  control 
of  the  village  newspaper  was  an  easy  one,  and,  by  apiiointment  from 
President  Polk,  he  was  next  elevated  to  an  oflice  in  the  Boston 
custom  bouse.  Fitting  himself  for  the  practice  of  law,  he  obtained 
admission  to  the  bar.  In  1849  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  lower 
branch  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature,  and  in  1851  was  elected 
speaker  of  the  house.  His  advocacy  of  a  union  between  the  Demo- 
crats and  Frec-Soilers,  as  against  the  Whigs,  resulted  in  his  re-elec- 
tion to  the  legislature  and  also  his  first  election  as  a  member  of 
Congress.  This  was  in  1852,  and  the  following  year  he  was  called  to 
preside  over  the  State  Constitutional  convention.  In  1854  he  was  re- 
elected a  member  of  Congress,  where,  in  1856,  he  was  elected  speaker 
of  the  house.  In  1856  he  was  also  re-elected  a  member  of  Congress. 
In  1857,  1858  and  1859 — for  three  successive  terms — he  was  chosen 
governor  of  the  State,  and  in  1860  became  president  of  the  Illinois 
Central  railroad.  In  the  early  days  of  the  war  of  th(^  Rebellion,  in 
1861,  he  was  appointed  a  major-general  of  volunteers  in  the  army  of 
the  Potomac,  and  assigned  to  the  fifth  corps.  His  flelil  of  operations 
was  at  first  on  the  upper  Potomac,  and  then  in  the  Slienumloah  valley. 
Part  of  his  command  gallantly  participated  in  the  fight  at  Winchester, 
Va. ,  March  23,  1802.      Under  (ieneral  Pope,  he  fought  the  battle  of 


Cedar  Mountain,  August  9,  1862,  and  in  the  following  month  took 
command  of  the  troops  at  Wasliingtou,  D.  C.  He  succeeded  General 
Butler  as  commander  of  the  di-partment  of  the  Gulf,  with  headquar- 
ters at  New  Orleans,  in  December,  I.S62;  in  April,  1863,  captured 
Opclousas,  and  in  July,  1863,  occupied  Port  Hudson,  and  opened  the 
Mississippi  river  to  the  Union  war-vessels.  After  an  unsuccessful 
expedition  up  the  Red  river,  in  the  spring  of  1864,  he  was  retired 
from  his  command.  Returning  to  Massachusetts,  he  was  succes- 
sively re-elected  a  member  of  Congress  in  1866,  1868  and  1870. 


P' 


PAUL  REVERE, 

An  Amt^rican  Patriot  of  Revolutionary  Fame. 

jAUL  REV'EKE,  whost.-  patriotic  night-ride  from  Boston  to  Con- 
cord, Longfellow  has  immortalized  in  one  of  his  poemt-,  was 
born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  January  1,  1735.  His  father  was  a 
goldsmith  by  trade  and  taught  the  boy  the  mysteries  of  the  business, 
which  he  turned  to  good  account  later  in  ii."'^.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
one,  in  the  Anglo-French  war.  he  entered  in  colonial  army  as  a 
lieutenant  of  artillery.  Upon  being  mustered  out  he  returned  to 
Boston,  began  his  business  career  as  a  goldsmith,  and  acquired  a 
know^ledge  of  copper-plate  printing,  an  art  in  which  he  achieved  con- 
siderable reputation  by  publishing  prints  of  iuterebting  local  events. 
In  1773  he  formed  one  of  the  celebrated  "  Boston  Tea-Party,"  in 
Boston  harbor.  In  1775  he  engraved  the  plates,  made  the  press  and 
printed  the  colonial  paper-money  which  is  now  so  highly  prized  as 
relics.  The  Continental  congress  also  authorized  him  to  build  and 
operate  a  powder-mill  for  the  benefit  of  the  colonies.  He  appears, 
also,  to  have  been,  on  several  occasions,  emploj'ed  ae  a  messenger  for 
conveying  important  information  from  place  to  place  for  the  provin- 
cial government.  In  April,  1775,  when  the  British  General  Gage 
designed  to  destroy  the  military  stores  of  the  citizens  at  Concord, 
Mass.,  General  Warren,  of  the  Continental  army,  on  the  night  of  the 
eighteenth,  sent  a  mounted  messenger  to  Lexington  by  one  route, 
and  Revere  by  another,  to  rouse  the  people  to  resist  the  assault. 
Fortunately  he  met  with  no  hindrances,  butnvas  enabled  to  awaken 
all  the  inhabitants  along  his  route  and  arouse  their  patriotism.  Both 
messengers  arrived  at  Lexington  soon  after  midnight,  apprised  John 
Hancock  and  Samuel  Adams  of  the  proposed  attack,  and  proceeded 
to  Concord.  Both  were  taken  prisoners  at  Concord,  but  were  soon 
afterward  released.  During  the  war  of  the  Revolution  he  served  in 
defense  of  his  native  colony,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  and 
upon  the  return  of  peace  engaged  in  manufacturing  cannons  and 
church-bells,  building  copper  rolling-mills  at  Canton,  Mass.,  which 
were,  in  1875,  still  operated  by  a  company  bearing  his  name.  He 
died  at  Boston,  May  10,  1818. 


M 


JOHN  A.  ANDREW, 

War-OoTernor  of  MaMsachusetts. 

](  MASSACHUSETTS  justly  reveres  the  memory  of  her  eminent 
war-governor,  John  Albiou  Andrew,  who  was  born  at  Wind- 
ham, Me.,  May  31,  1818.  In  bis  youth  he  was  enabled  to 
receive  a  liberal  education,  and  before  he  was  twenty  years  old  had 
graduated  at  Bowdoin  (Me.)  college.  A  course  of  law-studies,  in 
Boston,  followed,  and  in  1840  he  was  admitted  to  the  Massachusetts 
bar.  Opening  his  oflice  in  Boston,  he  i)racticcd  his  profession  for 
many  years,  and  was  distinguished  for  his  connection  with  suits 
uri.^ing  under  the  fugitive-slave  law.  In  1858,  as  a  member  of  the 
Anti-Slavery  party  in  Massachusetts,  he  was  called  to  represent  his 
district  in  the  State  legislature,  and  in  1860  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Republican  Nati(mal  convention,  at  Chicago,  that  nominated  Mr. 
Lincoln  for  president.  In  the  autumn  of  that  year  he  was  chosen 
governor  of  Massachusetts  by  an  Immense  majority,  indicative  of  hie 
great  popularity  with  the  people.      Active  in  duty,  and  foreseeing 


^9 


JUUKNALIST,     UNITED    STATES    SENATOK    AND    PIANO    MANL'FACTL'KEli. 


the  coniini;  conlUct  with  thu  South,  hu  prepared  for  the  outbreak,  and 
when  the  first  call  for  volunteers  was  istsued,  in  tlie  cprin^  of  IHOl, 
he  sent  five  regiments  of  infantry,  one  battery  and  a.  battalion  of 
riflemen  promptly  to  the  front.  Nor  did  his  patriotism  end  with 
this  important  addition  to  the  Union  army,  for  during  the  war  he 
continued  to  aid  the  government,  in  eeveral  ways,  in  suppreSHing  the 
Rebellion.  Five  times,  successively,  he  was  chosen  governor,  and 
niiglit  have  been  again,  but  he  declined,  retiring  to  private  life  and 
resuming  his  law-business  in  January,  18tJC.  He  died  at  Boston, 
October  30,  1807,  greatly  lamented. 


JAMES  REDPATH, 

A-CtlTe  tjournallstt  Author  uiid  Philanthropist. 

THE  NATIVE  talent  of  James  Keilpath— who  waa  boni  at  Berwick- 
on-Tweed,  in  the  south  of  Scotland,  August  38,  1833 — and  the 
advantages  derived  from  a  roving  acquaintance  with  men,  hooks 
and  newspapers,  have  bestowed  upon  him  a  reputation  as  a  writer 
and  reformer  that  is  almost  universal.  The  father,  who  immigrated, 
with  his  family,  to  the  United  States  in  1848,  settling  on  a  farm  in 
Allegan,.  Slicb. ,  was  also  a  noted  writer  and  teacher  in  his  own 
Scotch  country.  How  the  early  education  of  James  was  effected  is 
left  obscure,  but  the  probability  is  that  home-training  had  much  to 
do  with  his  development.  Drifting  into  a  printing  office  he  acquired 
the  rudiments  of  "the  art  preservative  of  all  arts,"  and  became  a 
traveling  journeyman,  working  for  two  or  three  years  at  offices  in 
Kalamazoo,  Detroit  and  Chicago.  Leaving  the  West  and  reaching 
New  York,  he  engaged  in  the  work  of  a  journalist,  writing  for  sever- 
al papers  in  that  city,  and  within  a  short  time  gained  an  editorial  chair 
in  the  office  of  the  New  York  Tribune.  In  1854,  as  a  health- restora- 
tive, he  journeyed  through  the  Southern  Slates  on  foot,  writing  up  his 
observations  of  the  people  and  negro-slavery  for  the  columns  of  the 
Anti-Slavery  Standard,  in  New  York  city.  Journeying  as  far  as 
St.  Louis,  he  was  for  a  short  season  employed  as  a  reporter  on  the 
Democrat,  and  then,  in  1855,  went  to  Kansas,  where  the  border-war 
between  slavery  and  freedom  in  the  new  Territories  was  bitterly  rag- 
ing. His  sympathies  being  with  the  "Free-State"  people,  and  op- 
posed to  the  extension  of  slavery,  he  soon  became  actively  engaged  in 
the  contest,  wielding  his  pen  and  influence  in  behalf  of  his  principles 
At  this  time,  when  "  Bleeding  Kansas"  occupied  universal  attention, 
his  frequent  and  pungent  letters  to  the  press  of  St.  Louis  and  Chicago 
and  the  New  Y'ork  Tribune  earned  him  a  national  reputation.  After 
particii)ation  in  this  stirring  border-life  for  two  years,  he  left  the  West 
in  1857  for  Boston,  where  he  married  Mrs.  Mary  A.  Kidder  and  be- 
came a  resident.  With  his  roving  proclivities,  however,  he  could  not 
be  content  to  remain  long  at  the  East,  and  in  the  autumn  of  1857  he 
returned  to  Kansas.  At  Doniphan,  in  that  State,  December  15.  he  is- 
sued the  first  number  of  a  radical,  anti-slavery  newspaper  called 
The  Crusader  of  Freedom,  It.s  publication,  owing  to  the  failure  of 
its  friends  to  properly  support  it,  ended  early  in  the  following  spring, 
and  Mr  Redpatb  returned  to  his  home  at  Boston.  In  1859  and  18C0 
hdi  visited  the  republic  of  Hayti,  wrote  a  book  descriptive  of  the 
country,  and  established,  with  the  authority  of  the  Haytian  govern- 
ment, a  bureau  for  the  emigration  of  negroes  from  the  United  States 
to  that  island.  Upon  his  return  from  Hayti,  in  1859,  he  espoused 
the  cause  of  "  Old  John  Brown  of  Osawatamie,"  and  with  his  pen  ad- 
vocated the  justice  of  the  Harper's  Ferry  raid,  wrote  a  life  of  the  old 
man  and  one  or  two  other  publications  in  the  same  interest.  After 
a  third  visit  to  Hayti,  Mr.  Kedpath  devoted  himself  to  the  work,  for 
two  years,  of  colonizing  negro  emigrants  for  Hayti  but  the  manage- 
ment on  the  island  was  not  equal  to  the  enthusiasm  of  the  colonizer, 
and  the  work  proved  to  be  a  failure,  and  he  resigned.  In  tbe  mean- 
time he  had  been  appointed  a  Haytian  Commissioner  to  work  for  the 
recognition  of  the  Dark  Republic  by  the  United  States,  a  measure 


that  was  eventually  crowned  with  success.  His  next  enterprise  was 
a  book-puhlishing  house,  but  this  was  soon  abandoned  for  some  cause 
not  well  defined.  In  1804,  going  South,  he  became  a  war-corre- 
spondent and  witnessed  some  stirring  events  of  the  national  contest. 
At  Charleston,  then  held  by  the  Union  provincial  governor,  be  was 
appointed  superintendent  of  schools,  and  day  and  night  schools  were 
numerously  organized,  with  a  reading-room  and  library  for  freedmcn 
and  a  colored  orphan  asylum,  and  established  the  custom  of  decorating 
the  graves  of  soldiers  with  flowers  on  a  special  holiday,  accompanied 
by  civic  and  military  ceremonies.  The  Hrst  celcbralion  of  Uccora- 
tion-day  occurred  May  1,  1805,  in  South  Carolina,  and  was  attended 
by  a  concourse  of  more  than  ten  thousand  citizens,  besides  a  full  bat- 
talion of  soldiers.  Shortly  afterward  Mr.  Rcdpalh  was  appointed 
general  superintendent  of  education  of  frecdmen  for  the  department 
of  the  South;  but  business  affairs  compelled  him  to  decline  this  oflice. 
Coming  North  again,  he  devoted  his  time  and  talents  to  writing,  ed- 
itorially and  otherwise,  for  the  leading  newspapers  of  Boston  and 
New  York.  In  1868,  with  a  friend,  he  established  the  "  Boston  Ly- 
ceum ( lecture )  bureau,"  and  has  since  then  been  instrumental  in 
bringing  into  celebrity  the  best  talent  of  the  country  for  jilatform  ex- 
ercises. Mr.  Redpath  has  been  elected  an  honorary  member  of  sev- 
eral distinguished  foreign  reformatory  societies,  and  has  published 
a  number  of  interesting  books  of  a  descriptive  character. 


ROBERT  C.  WINTHROP, 

Webster's  Sucveni-ur  in  the   I  nited  Stated  Senate. 

THIS  GENTLEMAN,  cotemix.rary  with  Daniel  Webster,  and  a 
student  in  his  office,  was  born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  May  12,  1809, 
a  lineal  descendant  of  the  sturdy  pilgrim-governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts. Pursuing  the  regular  course  at  Harvard  university,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1828,  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  study  of 
the  law  under  Mr.  Webster,  and  was  licensed  to  practice  the  legal 
profession  in  1831,  but  soon  afterward  withdrew  from  it.  Entering 
the  political  arena,  he  represented  his  district  in  the  Massachusetts 
legislature  in  1835,  1836,  1837,  18.38,  1839  and  1840,  during  two 
sessions  occupying  the  speaker's  chair.  From  1840  to  1850  he  was, 
by  successive  elections,  continuously  a  member  of  Congress,  and 
speaker  of  the  house  during  the  sessions  of  1847-48.  When  Daniel 
Webster  was  called  to  a  seat  in  President  Fillmore's  cabinet  as  Sec- 
retary of  State,  in  1850,  Mr.  Winthrop  was  chosen  his  successor  in 
the  United  States  senate,  but  failed  of  a  re-election  by  the  Massachu- 
setts legislature  in  1851.  In  1851,  also,  he  was  nominated  by  the 
Whigs  of  Massachusetts  for  governor  of  the  State,  but  was  defeated 
in  the  election.  Afterward,  pursuing  literary,  archajological  and 
charitable  employments,  he  became,  in  lime,  president  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  society,  .and  was  influentially  connected  with 
other  institutions.  His  publications  include  the  ■'  Life  and  Letters 
of  John  Winthrop,"  a  "  Memoir. of  Nathan  Appleton,"  two  volumes 
of  his  own  orations,  addresses,  lectures  and  congressional  speeches, 
and  a  volume  entitled  "  Washington,  Bowdoin  and  Franklin,  with  a 
Few  Brief  Pieces  on  Kindred  Topics. " 


JONAS  CHICKERING, 

One  of  the  Eiirliewt  .Vniei-ican  Piano-SIal&ers. 

THE  WORD  "Chickcriug,  "  emblazoned  above  the  key-board  of  a 
■piano,  conveys  to  the  mind  the  impression  of  a  most  melodious 
instrument.     The  magic  of  the  name  is  derived  from  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch,  who  was  born  at  JIason  Village,  N.  H. ,  April  5, 
Whatever  advantages  he  enjoyed,  or  losses  he  suffered    i:i 


17 


obtaining  his  early  education,  his  youthful  energies  were  expended 
as  an  apprentice  in  a  cabinet-makers'  shop.  While  thus  employed, 
and  possessing  a  natural  love  for  music,  he  undertook  to  readjust 


? 


24 


^^m 


— iij: 


370 


NOVELIST,    EXPEKSS    FtlUNDER    AND    IIOTEL-KEEPEli. 


and  tunc  an  old  worn-out  piano-forte  wliicli  came  iu  liis  way,  and  his 
labor  upon  it  proved  so  highly  satisfactory  that  when  about  twenty 
years  of  age  he  changed  his  vocation  and  went  to  work  in  a  piano- 
forte factory  at  Boston.  In  1823  he  had  obtained  sufficient  means  to 
establish  a  factory  of  his  own  in  that  city.  After  some  years  he 
increased  his  pecuniary  ability  by  taking  a  partner:  but  the  partner 
dying,  in  1841,  Mr.  Chickering,  having  acquired  the  necessary 
capital,  continued  the  business  alone  until  his  manufactory  had 
become  one  of  the  most  extensive  in  the  Union,  giving  employment 
to  nearly  five  hundred  workmen  and  making  over  fifteen  hundred 
pianos  a  year.  In  1S53  he  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  his  factory  by 
fire,  involving  the  destruction  of  property  estimated  at  more  than 
$200,000,  but  he  at  once  rallied  and  began  the  erection  of  another 
larger  and  finer  one.  He  died,  however,  December  8,  1853,  before 
the  factory  was  finished,  and  his  sons  succeeded  him  in  the  business, 
with  eminent  prosperity. 


WILLIAM  D.  HOWELLS, 

An  American  Poet,  Novelist  and  Play-Writer. 

LITERATURE  has  a  graceful  exponent  in  William  Dean  Howells, 
whose  versatility  of  talent  is  only  equaled  by  the  freshness  and 
elegance  of  his  productions.  His  father  was  a  printer  at 
Martinsville,  Belmont  county,  Ohio,  where  the  son  was  born  March  1, 
1837.  The  educational  facilities  which  he  enjoyed  in  his  infancy  are 
veiled  in  obscurity,  but  in  his  youth  he  learned  the  printing  trade  in 
his  father's  oflice,  devoting  twelve  years  to  his  occupation.  Going 
to  Columbus,  the  capital  of  his  native  State,  he  obtained  employment 
as  assistant-editor  in  the  office  of  the  Ohio  State  Journal,  in  that 
city.  Naturally  gifted  with  a  genius  for  writing  verse,  he  con- 
tributed poems  to  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  and  before  he  was  twenty- 
four  years  old  he  had  published  a  life  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  and  in 
conjunction  with  John  J.  Piatt — another  young  poet — a  volume  of 
miscellaneous  verses,  entitled  "Poems  of  Two  Friends."  When 
Mr.  Lincoln  became  president,  he  appointed  Mr.  Howells  consul  to 
Venice,  Italy,  a  post  that  he  retained  until  1865.  Upon  his  return 
ho  was  engaged  as  a  writer  on  the  Nation,  a  New  York  periodical, 
and  soon  afterward  became  assistant- editor  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly. 
Of  this  last-named  magazine  he  subsequently  became  the  chief 
editor,  efficiently  maintaining  its  excellent  reputation.  Since  then, 
both  before  and  after  he  relinquished  his  editorial  chair,  he  has  pub- 
lished a  variety  of  entertaining  volumes,  which  have  greatly  aug- 
mented his  literary  fame.  The  following  is  a  list  of  his  various 
publications,  not  previously  mentioned:  ''Venetian  Life."  "Italian 
Journeys,"  "Their  Wedding  Journey,"  "Suburban  Sketches,"  "A 
Chance  Acquaintance,"  "A  Foregone  Conclusion,"  "The  Lady  of 
the  Aroostook,"  "The  Undiscovered  Country,"  "Poems,"  "The 
Parlor-Car,"  a  farce;  "Out  of  the  Question,"  a  comedy;  "A  Coun- 
terfeit Presentment,"  a  comedy;  "A  Day's  Pleasure,"  with  other 
sketches;  "Dr.  Breem's  Practice,"  .and  "A  Woman's  Reason;"  be- 
sides several  serial  volumes  of  "  Choice  Autobiography."  which  he 
edited  and  enriched  with  critical  and  biographical  essays. 


ALVIN  ADAMS, 

Founder  of  the  .\«l;im*.  Kxi»rei*»>  Company. 

THE  NAME  of  Alvin  Adams  stands  prominently  among  the  self- 
made  men  of  New  England,  and  they  number  very  many  of  her 
most  eminent  representatives  in  nearly  all  departments  of  science, 
literature  and  art.  His  father  was  a  farmer,  residing  at  Andover, 
Mass. ,  where  Alvin  was  born,  June  10, 1804.  His  parents  dying  when 
he  was  eight  years  old,  and  both  within  the  samS  week,  he,  with  his 
brothers  and  sisters,  remained  on  the  farm  for  about  eight  years  long- 
er, under  the  care  of  the  eldest  son.  Tiring  of  this  mode  of  living, 
when  sixteen  years  old,  he  obtained  permission  to  (piit  the  farm  and 
seek  other  employment.      At    Woodstock,   Vt. ,  soon  after    leaving 


home,  he  hired  out  to  a  village  hotel-keeper,  Robert  Barker,  who 
also  owned  several  lines  of  stages.  With  him  Alvin  remained  four 
years.  Going  to  Boston,  he  found  employment  in  one  or  two  hotels 
for  a  brief  season,  anil  then  engaged  iu  business  as  a  merchant.  For 
twelve  years  he  sold  goods  in  Boston,  and  then  removed  to  New  York, 
continuing  in  the  same  business,  but  with  little  success.  At  last, 
after  a  struggle  of  two  years  in  the  metropolis,  he  returned  to  Boston, 
in  1840,  subdued  but  not  discouraged.  In  the  mean  time  Harnden's, 
Express  had  been  established  between  New  York  and  Boston,  and  a 
new  transportation  route  having  been  established  between  the  same 
two  cities,  Mr.  Adams  also  started  an  express  line,  similar  to  Harnden's, 
putting  it  into  effective  operation  in  May,  1840.  This  was  the  begin- 
ning of  the  now  well-known  and  popular  Adams  Express,  and  the 
freight-money  received  on  the  first  trip  from  Boston  was  $2.  75.  The 
business  did  not  rapidly  increase  for  a  few  weeks,  and  his  capital  was 
small,  so  that  he  had  not  means  to  hire  all  the  assistance  that  he  re- 
quired. This  embarrassment,  however,  ended  within  a  few  months, 
when  the  business  began  to  enlarge  and  prove  self-sustaining.  Grad- 
ually it  extended  South  and  West,  until  the  discovery  of  gold  in  Cali- 
fornia, when  the  consequent  increase  of  merchandise  for  transporta- 
tion crowned  the  enterprise  of  Mr.  Adams  with  complete  success. 
In  1852  he  and  his  assistants  carried  his  express  facilities  into  Aus- 
tralia. Money  flowed  in  and  the  company  prospered.  Five  years 
afterward  the  express  lines  were  withdrawn  from  .\ustralia  and  Cali- 
fornia and  the  business  was  concentrated  in  the  eastern,  central  and 
southern  States.  In  1804  Mr.  Adams  retired  from  active  business 
to  his  homestead  at  Watertown,  six  miles  from  Boston,  whidi  nature 
and  art  have  combined  to  render  every  way  elegant  and  desirable. 
Here,  amid  choice  paintings,  statuary  and  engravings,  highly  cultiva- 
ted grounds, and  charming  surroundings,  he  passes  life's  evening. 


HARVEY  D.  PARKER, 

Bniltler  of  the  Pnrker  House,  Boston. 

TN  the  town  of  TempU",  Keimebcck  county.  Maine,  May  10,  1805, 
I  was  born  Harvey  D.  Parker,  the  founder  and  proprietor  of  one  of 
■*■  the  most  noted  and  excellent  hotels  of  New  England — the  "  Parker 
House,"  in  Boston.  His  early  tuition  appears  to  have  been  received 
from  the  local  schools  of  Paris,  Oxford  county,  Ale. ,  to  which  place 
the  family  removed  in  Mr.  Parker's  childhood.  In  1825,  before  com- 
pleting his  twentieth  year,  he  set  out  from  home  to  seek  his  fortune 
in  Boston,  with  a  cash  capital  of  four  dollars  in  his  pocket.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  found  employment  in  various  occupations  in  the  city, 
and  in  February,  1833,  he  established  a  restaurant,  known  as  "  The 
Tremont,"  in  rather  humble  circumstances.  The  business,  however, 
under  his  watchful  care,  continued  to  prosper,  notwithstanding  the 
competition  and  disadvantages  of  location  against  which  il  had  1o 
struggle,  and  within  ten  years  his  restaurant  became  the  most  popular 
one  in  New  England.  Having  accumulated  means  lo  jnirchaso  a 
more  favorable  site  for  his  business,  in  1854  he  erected  a  commodious 
building  in  School  street,  having  in  iiddilimi  to  its  dining-room,  one 
hundred  lodging- rooms  for  transient  guests.  This  hotel  was  opened 
in  October,  1855.  as  the  "■  Parker  House,"'  and  proved  to  be  a  success- 
ful enterprise.  As  business  demanded  it,  the  house,  four  years  later, 
was  enlarged  by  the  additions  of  ground  and  buildings,  the  new  ap- 
artments being  thrown  open  for  accommodation  of  guests  in  January, 
I860.  Two  years  later  another  enbirgement  became  necessary,  and 
was  c<mipleted  in  February,  1863.  The  present  structure,  comprising 
the  original  hotel  and  the  later  additions,  with  two  hundred  and  fifty 
guest-rooms,  stands  oppo.site  the  City  Hall,  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  first  houses  erected  in  the  Boston  colony,  at  the  old  "North 
End."  Mr.  Parker's  success  was  ever  due  as  much  to  the  energy 
of  >iis  character  and  skillful  management  ns  to  the  location  of  his 
business.  He  struggled  for  years  against  depressing  circumstances, 
reaping  the  reward  of  his  untiring  perseverance.     Died  May  31,  1884. 


=;s 


?r 


^p^ 


:2<^ 


STATESMAN,     IIUMANITAUJAN    AND    I'UIiLISHKli. 


:i71 


9-- 


CHARLES  SUMNER, 

An  KliMiiieiii  0|>poMt_>i*  »(' .Southern  Mlitvcry. 

TAlilXCIPAI,  aiMi-'iii;  tin- rhnnipioiis  of  th(.' anti-slavery  inovcnicnt 
1  which  preceded  tlie  war  of  the  Southern  liebclUoii,  stands 
-^  Charles  Sunuier,  who  was  born  in  Boston,  Jamiiiry  G,  1811. 
UU  t'tlucation  was  derived  from  the  Boston  I^atiii  school  and  Harvard 
university,  from  the  hitter  of  which  he  graduated  in  1830.  lie  then  en- 
^'ajied  as  reporter  of  cases  in  the  circuit  court  of  the  United  States, 
which  were  published,  and  was  editor  of  The  American  Jurist,  a  legal 
periodical  of  considcrabh;  celebrity.  He  also  assisted  Judge  Story, 
in  the  Harvard  university  law-school,  by  lecturing  on  conslitutional 
and  international  law.  From  1837  to  1K40  he  traveled  in  Kuroi)e,  and 
resided  in  England  for  nearly  a  year,  receiving  many  parliautentary  and 
judicial  favors  from  eminent  personages.  Keturning  home,  he  pub- 
lished an  annotated  edition  of  Vesey's  law  reports,  in  twenty  volumes. 
Iu]S4.')hemadchis  remarkable  oration,  before  the  municipal  authorities 
of  Boston,  in  opposition  to  war  as  an  arbiter  in  national  differences, 
which  attracted  much  attention,  gained  a  wide  circulation,  and 
created  much  controversy.  He  also  opposed  the  admission  of  Texas 
into  the  Union  on  the  ground  that  it  would  add"  another  slave  State, 
and  the  war  with  Mexico  in  the  interests  of  peace.  Upon  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Free-Soil  party,  Mr.  Sumner  abandoned  the  Whigs  and 
supported  Van  Buren  for  president,  in  1848.  In  1851  be  was  chosen 
as  Daniel  Webster's  successor  in  the  United  States  senate,  and  con- 
tinued his  membership  in  that  body  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
His  course  in  the  senate  was  marked  by  his  radical  opposition  to 
slavery  and  the  legislation  that  favored  its  perpetuation  and  control, 
and  for  his  sentiments  in  this  direction.  May  23,  1856,  he  was 
assaulted  by  Senator  Preston  S.  Brooks,  with  a  cane,  while  writing 
at  his  desk  in  the  senate  chamber.  In  this  encounter  he  received 
injuries  from  which  he  did  not  recover  for  several  years.  In  1857, 
and  again  in  1858,  he  went  to  Europe  for  medical  aid  and  the  benefit 
of  travel.  Returning  in  1859  be  resumed  his  powerful  attacks  upon 
the  evils  of  slavery;  in  1860,  supported  Mr.  Lincoln  for  the  presi- 
dency, and  during  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  earnestly  opposed  all 
compromise  or  concessions  to  slavery,  advocated  negro  emancipation, 
and  opposed  the  informal  seizure  of  Mason  and  Slidell,  the  Confed- 
erate commissioners,  in  a  British  vessel,  while  on  their  voyage  to 
Europe.  In  1872  he  supported  Horace  Greeley  for  president,  in 
opposition  to  General  Grant's  renomination,  and  again  visited 
Europe.  In  the  senate  he  w^is  one  of  the  strongest  supporters  of  the 
present  civil-rights  law.     He  died  at  Washington,  March  11,  1874. 


GEORGE  T.  ANGELL, 

The  Earnest  Advocate  of  Humanity. 

THE  SUPPRESSION  of  cruelty  to  iinimals  and  the  csercise  of 
humanity  in  all  the  relations  of  life  finds  one  of  its  most 
earnest  advocates  in  George  T.  Angell,  the  son  of  a  clergyman, 
who  was  born  at  Southbridge,  Mass.,  June  5,  1823.  He  advanced 
his  academical  education  by  a  course  of  study  at  Dartmouth  (Mass. ) 
college,  at  which  he  graduated  in  1846.  Turning  his  attention  to  the 
study  of  the  law  in  the  otiico  of  a  leading  counselor  at  Boston,  and 
in  the  law-school  of  Harvard  university,  he  obtained  admission  to 
the  bar  in  1851,  and  entered  upon  a  large  and  lucrative  practice  in 
Boston,  in  company  with  one  of  the  eminent  attorneys  of  the  State. 
While  tlius  engaged  he  became  interested  in  the  suppression  of  cruelty 
to  dumb  beasts,  several  extreme  cases  of  which  came  under  his  notice, 
and  he  decided  to  devote  his  personal  efforts  and  property  to  the  work 
of  circulating  in  schools  and  elsewhere  such  intelligence  as  would 
tend  to  secure  a  more  perfect  protection  to  domestic  animals.  In 
ISOSlie,  with  others,  founded  the  Massachusetts  Society  for  the  Preven- 
tion of  cruelty  to  animals,  of  which  he  was  for  many  years  after- 
ward the  honored  president.  A  visit  to  Europe,  in  1860,  in  search  of 
health  and  to  promote  the  cause  in  which  be  was  engaged,  resulted 


beneficially.  Tlie  lirirish  Royal  Society  for  Prevention  of  cruelty  to 
animals  gave  him  a  covilial  greeting,  and  listened  with  interest  to  the 
history  of  the  work  in  the  United  Slates  and  his  plans  for  its  future 
develoi>ment.  Among  those  who  encouraged  him  in  England  was  the 
celebrated  philanthropist.  Baroness  Burdett-Coutls.  Ills  labors  were 
now  strongly  directed  to  the  education  of  the  peojile  in  the  exercise 
of  humanity  towards  their  speechless  servants.  For  this  purpose  he 
established  u  journal  called  Oitr  numb  Animats,  the  first  one  ever 
started  with  this  design.  Two  hundred  thousand  copies  of  its  first 
number  were  ordered  by  the  Massachusetts  society  for  distribution. 
Through  liis  influence,  also,  the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts  was  led  to 
form  the  Ladies'  Humane  Educational  committee  of  England,  and  the 
publication  of  The  Aiiimal  World  by  the  Royal  society  of  England 
was  also  another  result  of  his  suggestions.  A  congress  of  the  humane 
societies  throughout  the  world  was  he'd  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  in 
1870,  and  in  this  Mr.  Angell  was  a  zealous  participant.  Nor  is  it 
alone  in  this  great  work  of  humanity  that  the  influence  of  Mr.  Angell 
is  beneflcially  exerted.  As  a  director  of  Ihe  American  Social  Science 
association  he  has  devoted  much  time  to  investigating  the  growth  and 
increase  of  crime  and  the  means  of  its  prevention,  and  has  lectured 
and  written  extensively  upon  this  topic,  lie  also  has  connection 
with  various  institutions  established  for  the  relief  of  the  needy  and 
suffering.  But  the  great  object  of  his  life— to  secure  the  comfort  and 
safety  of  the  lower  creation— furnishes  almost  constant  employment 
for  his  tongue  and  pen,  and  he  has  written  numerous  tracts,  lectures 
and  essays  on  the  subject  in  which  his  being  is  absorbed.  As  an 
instance  of  the  success  of  his  publications  it  is  stated  that  his  tracts 
have  had  a  wide  circulation  wherever  the  claims  of  animals  have 
received  attention,  and  .liave  made  his  name  as  familiar  as  a  house- 
hold word  in  tbat  large  field  of  humane  labor.  Translations  of  some 
of  them  have  been  made  in  the  French,  German,  Italian  and  Danish 
languages,  and  probably  others.  They  have  also  been  reprinted  in 
India,  Australia  and  South  Africa. 


HENRY  0.  HOUGHTON, 

X  Boston  Publisher  who  in   Widely  Knoipn. 

THE  BIRTH  of  Henry  O.  Houghton  occurred  on  the  summit  of  one 
of  the  Green  Mountains  of  Vermont,  inthe  village  of  Sutton,  April 
30,  1823.  When  the  lad  was  ten  years  old,  with  his  parents,  he 
was  removed  to  Bradford,  Vt.  His  education,  which  began  in  the 
local  schools  at  Sutton,  was  continued  at  the  Bradford  academy.  At 
the  age  of  thirteen  ho  went  to  Burlington,  Vt.,  to  learn  the  art  of 
printing  in  the  office  of  the  Burlington  Free  Press,  and  while  thus 
employed  he  found  time,  during  his  evening  hours,  to  master  the 
Latin  language.  His  family  having  removed  to  Portage,  N.  T. ,  Mr. 
Houghton  followed  them  to  that  place  in  1839,  and  engaged  in  the 
work  of  preparing  himself  to  enter  college,  at  the  same  time  laboring 
with  his  hands  to  procure  the  means  to  defray  the  cost  of  his  educa- 
tion, but  lost  his  money  by  the  failure  of  his  employer.  At  nineteen 
he  was  mentally  prepared  to  enter  the  university  of  Vermont,  at 
Burlington,  and  did  so  with  a  cash  capital  of  twelve  and  one-half 
cents.  He  remained  in  the  college,  however,  during  the  whole  four 
years'  course,  working  hard,  studying  assiduously,  and  graduating  as 
a  bachelor  of  arts.  At  this  time  he  owed  for  college  expenses  cbout 
$300,  and  to  pay  this  amount  he  proposed  to  teach  school  until  he 
could  save  enough  to  cancel  the  obligation.  Failing,  however,  to  ob- 
tain a  school,  he  journeyed  to  Boston,  where  he  found  employment, 
at  $5  a  week,  in  the  oftice  of  the  Boston  Daiti/  Keening  Traveler. 
Another  firm  of  printers,  soon  afterward,  offering  him  a  more  ad- 
vantageous position,  he  left  the  newspaper  ofHce,  and  it  was  not 
long  before  he  found  himself  a  partner  in  the  printing-house  of 
Bolles  &  Houghton,  at  Cambridge,  Mass.  In  1852,  Mr.  Bolles  re- 
tired, and  the  office  was  removed  to  a  more  eligible  site,  the   burden 


-<);• 


S: 


Y'    372 


I'lUiLISIlEKS    AND    AUTHOR    WELL    KNOWN    IN    THE    LITERAEY    WORLD. 


and  responsibility  of  tlie  bnsiness  resting  principally  upon  Mr. 
Houghton.  In  18li4,  he  associated  with  him  Mr.  M.  M.  Kurd,  of 
New  York,  and  thus  began  the  career  of  the  famous  publishing  house 
of  "Hurd  &  Houghton— The  Riverside  Press."  The  firm-name  has 
since  then  changed  several  times,  but  Sir.  Houghton  has  always  re- 
mained in  the  business  which  he  so  successfully  established — a  busi- 
ness remarkable  for  the  extent  and  beauty  of  "the  art  preservative 
of  all  arts  "'  which  it  has  exhibited  in  so  many  different  publications. 
All  the  improvements  in  printing  necessary  to  maintain  the  character 
of  the  house  he  represents  for  fine  work  have  from  time  to  time 
been  pressed  into  its  service,  and  its  patronage  includes  many  of  the 
most  distinguished  publishing  firms  in  Boston,  New  York,  Philadel- 
phia, and  other  cities,  and  numbers  among  its  productions  some  of 
the  choicest  works  in  American  and  English  literature.  A  thousand 
tons  of  Webster's  Dictionary,  the  public.ition%  of  the  American  Social 
Science  Association,  the  American  Tract  Society,  and  numerous 
others,  bear  their  honored  imprint. 


WILLIAM  LEE, 

Piibliataer  and  Partner  in  the  Firm  of  I.ee  A  Staepard. 

THE  ORIGINAL  town  of  Boston,  or  that  portion  known  as  North 
End,  was  the  infantile  home  of  William  Lee,  who  was  born 
there  April  17,  1826.  The  family  were  in  moderate  circum- 
stances, but  the  boy  at  an  early  age  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  a  public 
school  education.  Before  he  was  eleven  years  old  his  father  died, 
and  he  and  his  five  brothers  and  sisters— all  younger  than  himself — 
were  thrown  upon  their  own  poor  resources  to  battle  with  the  world. 
Under  these  circumstances  William,  who  had  a  hopeful  disposition, 
abandoned  his  educational  advantages  and  hired  out  as  clerk  in  the 
book  store  of  Samuel  G.  Drake,  with  whom  he  remained  three  years. 
Two  years  were  then  passed  amid  country  scenes,  where  his  young 
life  was  divided  between  physical  labor  and  mental  improvement. 
Returning  to  Boston  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  he  again  found  employ- 
ment in  a  bookstore,  and  when  eighteen  was  engaged  as  clerk  in  the 
publishing  house  of  Phillips  &  Sampson,  whose  imprint  was  in  those 
days  found  upon  the  title  pages  of  many  valuable  books.  Here  his 
natural  activity  and  shrewdness  found  opportunity  to  manifest  them- 
selves in  his  duties  as  auctioneer  at  the  evening  book  sales  of  the 
house,  and  with  the  other  departments  of  its  business  he  soon  be- 
came familiar,  so  that  he  became  extremely  useful  to  his  employers 
and  won  their  lasting  esteem.  When  abont  twenty-one,  he  was  by 
them  allowed  a  share  in  the  profits  of  the  business,  and  three  years 
afterward  he  was  admitted  an  equal  partner.  For  seven  years  longer 
the  business  of  the  house  greatly  prospered,  and  at  the  end  of  that 
period  he  sold  his  interest  in  it  to  his  partners  for  §65,000  and  re- 
tired from  the  firm.  Having  now  the  means,  and  requiring  a  season 
of  relaxation  from  business  cares,  Mr.  Lee  spent  a  large  portion  of 
the  years  1857  and  1858  traveling  in  the  United  States  and  Europe. 
In  Paris,  France,  on  one  occasion,  he  was  arrested  as  a  "Red  Repnl)- 
lican,''  owing  to  the  peculiar  color  of  his  hat  and  "  sandy  whiskers. " 
In  1859  both  Phillips  and  Samp.«on  died,  leaving  their  business  bank- 
rupt, and  indebted  to  Mr.  Lee  in  a  very  large  sum  of  money.  With 
the  remnants  of  this  financial  catastrophe  Mr.  Lee,  in  February,  1860, 
became  a  partner  in  the  publishing  house  of  Crosby  &  Nichols.  Bos- 
ton, who  had  secured  a  valuable  portion  of  the  stock  in  trade  of 
Phillips  »fc  Sampson.  Tlu^  new  firm  hud  large  sums  due  them  from 
parties  living  in  the  Southern  States,  and  when  the  war  of  the  Rebel- 
lion came,  the  business  hopelessly  collapsed,  involving  the  partners, 
and  leaving  Mr.  Lee  penniless.  But  his  energy  and  talent  soon  in- 
spired him  to  retrieve  his  lost  fortunes,  and  in  Febriniry,  1862,  with 
Mr.  Charles  A.  B.  Shepard,  he  founded  the  present  prosperous  imd 
influential  publishing  house  of  Lcc  &  Shepard.  The  new  firm  did  a 
very  modest  business  at  first  in  a  small,  old   wooden   building  on 


Washington  street,  Boston,  opposite  the  "Old  South  Church."  Here 
they  obtained  a  foothold,  however,  and  when  their  business  demanded 
more  room,  they  found  more  suitable  accommodations  in  the  edifice 
which  they  now  (1883)  occupy,  and  where  they  have  amassed  a  for- 
tune by  their  industry  and  commercial  integrity.  The  number  and 
variety  of  their  publications  are  very  great,  comprising  whole  libra- 
ries of  the  choicest  literature  in  all  departments,  and  their  sales,  in 
connection  with  their  New  York  branch,  figure  up  into  the  millions. 


CHARLES  A.  B.  SHEPARD, 

Of  the  Booli-Fubllshine  Firm  of  L.ee  *  Shepard. 

HAVING  BRIEFLY  glanced  at  the  life-history  and  struggles  of 
Mr.  William  Lee,  interest  naturally  attaches  to  the  career  of 
his  business  partner  and  friend,  Charles  A.  B.  Shepard,  who 
was  born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  October  18,  1829.  His  education  was  lim- 
ited to  the  instruction  dispensed  in  the  public  schools  of  that  day, 
but  in  later  years  acquaintance  with  current  literature  and  its  authors 
took  the  i>lace  of  systematic  tuition  of  the  schools  and  involved  the 
innate  talent  of  the  youth  for  literary  and  business  pursuits.  At  fif- 
teen he  became  clerk  in  the  bookstore  of  John  P.  Jewett,  at  Salem, 
Mass. ,  retaining  his  position  during  the  following  eleven  years,  ex- 
hibiting those  traits  of  industry,  endurance  and  faithfulness  that 
made  his  services  invaluable  to  his  employers.  In  1855,  Mr.  Shep- 
ard, going  into  business  on  his  own  account,  became  a  member  of  the 
bookselling  firm  of  Shepard,  Clark  &  Co. ,  which  carried  a  successful 
trade  until  the  financial  panic  of  1859 brought  its  operations  to  a  close 
with  heavy  losses.  In  1862,  in  company  with  Mr.  William  Lee,  he 
founded  the  prosperous  book-publishing  and  book- selling  house  of 
Lee  &>  Shepard.  In  his  department  of  the  business  and  in  whatever 
concerns  the  interest  of  the  firm  he  exhibits  the  same  careful  com- 
prehension of  its  details  that  marked  his  experience  as  a  clerk,  while 
his  social  and  literary  titstes  and  familiarity  with  the  noblest  ideas  of 
the  greatest  authors  make  him  an  agreeable  companion  when  the 
cares  of  business  are  laid  aside. 


WILLIAM  T.  ADAMS, 

Kiioivn  In  ]L.iterature  as   "Oliver  Optic.** 

OLIVER  OPTIC,  a  name  familiar  to  most  lads  in  tht-ir  teen?,  is^  the 
literary  name  of  William  T.  Adams,  who  was  born  at  Medwuy, 
Mass.,  July  30,  1822.  Ilis  family  immigrated  from  England  in 
1630.  His  father  was  a  hotel-keeper,  both  at  Mcdfield,  Mass. ,  and  at 
Boston,  and  the  early  years  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  were  passed 
amid  the  surroundings  of  public  houses.  His  education  was  acquired 
at  various  local  public  schools.  The  family ,  removed  to  a  farm  in 
West  Roxbury,  Mass.,  when  William  was  sixteen,  and  in  that  retire- 
ment, during  the  succeeding  two  years,  the  lad  began  to  display  his 
ajjtitude  for  writing  for  publication.  His  first  printed  magazine  arti- 
cle, however,  did  not  appear  until  1841,  but  was  quickly  followed  by 
others.  In  1842  he  taught  school  at  Dorchester,  Mass. ,  and  in  the 
spring  of  1843  lie  was  selected  for  i)rinci])al  of  w!uit  was  then  known 
as  "  the  lower  road  school,"  but  is  now  the  Harris  School,  in  Boston. 
After  applying  himself  to  this  vocation  for  more  than  three  years, 
with  the  most  complete  success,  he  engaged  with  his  father  in  the 
management  of  the  well-known  Adams  House  (hotel),  in  Boston. 
The  father  soon  retired,  leaving  William  and  one  of  his  brothers  tn 
continue  the  business,  but  the  enterprise  failed,  and  William  went  to 
New  Orleans.  Keturning  to  Boston,  in  1847,  he  resumed  his  pro- 
fession as  a  teacher  in  the-  Boylston  and  Bowditch  schools,  until  ISOrj. 
He  then  resigned  and  made  an  extensive  tour  in  Europe,  during 
which  he  collected  material  for  books  which  he  afterward  published. 
In  the  mean  time  his  pen  had  not  been  idle,  for  he  wrote  several 
stories  for  newspapers,  only  one  of  which  was  ''declined."     One  of 


«^-,^.-^xC).' 


\r(?^ 


MUSICAL    MANAGElt    AND    PliOMINENT    I'ROMOTKR   OK   THE    U.NK^.N     I'A(  UK      JiAIIJ:oAl) 


ItiiiM  was  publislifd  in  hook  form,  under  an  :ihsuiiu*(1  name.  It,  wax 
ciiIUmI  *'  IInLrhie,  the  Uiiurdiun  Slave;  or,  Tlic  Heiress  of  BcUeviic," 
and  proved  to  be  quite  popular.  A  story  that  he  wrote  in  six  hours, 
for  a  Uoston  newspaper,  brought  him  in  $11.00 — the  first  cash  received 
for  simihir  work.  He  then  began  to  write  others,  of  a  similar  sort, 
for  the  papers,  at  the  rate  of  a  dollar  a  column.  Most  of  these  were 
very  well  received  by  the  public,  and  as  the  demand  for  them  in- 
creased, he  began  to  reap  larger  profits  for  his  brain-work.  The 
numlierof  his  stories,  mostly  short  and  of  a  domestic  character, 
written  for  periodicals,  exceeded  eight  hundred,  and  nearly  all  were 
published  under  his  assumed  name  of  "  Oliver  Optic.  "  Nor  did  he 
write  stories  alone,  but  poems,  poetic  addresses  for  various  societies, 
and  odes  and  hymns  for  public  gatherings.  In  1854  be  began  the  com- 
piling of  his  former  writings  into  volumes  for  a  Boston  house,  and 
then  the  creation  of  the  serial  books  that  have  made  him  a  favorite 
with  the  children  and  youth  of  the  United  States,  which  aggregated, 
between  1854  and  1871,  sixty  volumes,  of  which  a  million  eopies  were 
sold.  These  books  are  less  instructive  than  entertaining,  but  they 
enter  into  such  a  variety  of  familiar  things  and  incidents,  with  a 
spice  of  romance  running  through  all,  as  to  quickly  create  an  interest 
in  the  mind  of  any  active  or  intelligent  lad.  At  one  time  he  also 
edited  and  wrote  Oliver  Optic's  Magazine  for  boys,  in  which  his 
stories  were  published  as  serials  before  appearing  aa  books.  Amid 
all  his  literary  labor,  Mr.  Adams  found  time  to  serve  upon  local  school 
(timmittees,  and  make  a  second  visit  to  Europe  in  search  of  more  lit- 
erary material. 


EBEN  TOURJEE, 

Prominent  in  Boston  Mtuftlcitl  Affaira. 

AS  AN  example  of  what  natural  talent  combined  with  fair  oppor- 
tunity and  the  will  to  perform  may  effect,  the  life-history  of 
Eben  Tourjee,  the  director  of  the  New  England  Conservatory  of 
Music,  is  full  of  interest.  His  parents  were  of  French  descent  and 
living  at  Warwick,  R.  I.,  in  humble  circumstances,  when  their  son 
was  born,  June  1,  1834.  When  only  eight  years  old,  Eben  was  em- 
ployed in  a  cotton  print  manufactory  at  East  Greenwich,  R.  I., work- 
ing fourteen  hours  a  day,  for  one  dollar  a  week,  and  at  a  little  later 
period  he  worked  in  a  woolen  factory,  without  a  material  increase  in 
his  wages.  He  was  ambitious,  however,  to  gain  an  education  and 
saved  up  something  from  his  earnings  for  that  purpose;  and  at  length 
effected  an  arrangement  to  do  cliores  at  an  East  Greenwich  school  for 
his  tuition.  This  opportunity  was  improved  during  several  terms, 
and  as  he  was  a  shrewd,  earnest  student,  he  made  considerable 
progress  in  learning.  When  thirteen  years  old,  he  went  to  work  in 
the  cotlon  mills  of  Hon.  Elisha  Harris,  and  in  his  employer  soon 
found  a  substantial  friend,  ready  to  advise  and  assist  him.  Under 
this  influence  the  lad  became  a  regular  church-goer  and  Sunday- 
scholar.  About  this  time  the  sweetness  of  his  voice  as  be  sang  in 
the  village  choir  attracted  much  attention,  and  his  love  for  music  was 
rapidly  developed.  Encouraged  by  his  employer,  he  quickly  mas- 
tered the  church  organ,  which  was  then  placed  under  his  control. 
Fr(mi  that  period  dates  his  growth  and  success  as  a  musician.  With 
his  limited  means  he  employed  a  music-teacher  at  Providence,  and 
often  walked  the  thirteen  miles  between  his  residence  and  that  city 
as  a  matter  of  economy.  To  aid  him  in  his  purpose,  he  afterward 
obtained  a  situation  as  clerk  in  a  music-store  at  Providence,  and  gave 
all  his  otherwise  unoccupied  time  to  his  favorite  study.  Before  he 
was  eighteen  years  old,  he  was  the  proprietor  of  a  music-store  at 
Fall  River,  Mass.  ;  was  employed  as  a  teacher  of  mnsic  in  the  public 
schools,  and  conducted  a  paper,  called  The  Key-Xote^  in  which  he 
endeavored  with  considerable  ability  to  promote  the  interests  of  his 
cliosen  profession — the  advancement  of  musical  culture.  In  1855 
this  paper   consolidated   with   the    Mas.^achnseffs    ^f>fsical  Journal^ 


which  was  published  under  his  editorial  supervision.  Removing  to 
Newport,  R.  I.,  he  continued  to  leach  music  in  the  public  schools, 
play  a  church  organ  and  superintend  numerous  musical  conventions. 
In  1859  he  founded  and  conducted  a  muHical  institute  at  his  old  home 
in  East  Greenwich,  meeting  with  eminent  success  in  this  undertjik- 
ing,  and  constantly  adding  to  his  own  musical  knowledge  through 
the  medium  op  the  best  foreign  and  domestic  authorities.  Finding 
his  field  of  labor  loo  contracted,  he  removed  to  Providence  and  es- 
tablished a  music-school  upon  the  same  elevated  principles.  His 
reputation  becoming  greater,  year  by  year,  he  removed  to  Boston, 
and  there,  in  18ti",  founded  the  celebrated  New  England  Conservatory 
of  Music,  with  which  he  long  retained  an  active  and  prosperous  con- 
nection. In  1875  it  employed  nearly  forty  accomplished  music  in- 
structors and  enjoyed  the  largest  patronage  of  any  similar  institution 
in  America.  At  the  suggestion  of  P.  S.  Gilmore,  in  1809,  he  organ- 
ized and  drilled,  most  effectually,  the  monster  chorus  for  the  World's 
Peace  Jubilee.  He  also  paid  much  attention  to  the  improvement  of 
church  music,  instrumental  and  vocal,  with  such  succeBS  as  to  win, 
in  1869,  the  degree  of  doctor  of  music  from  the  Wesleyan  university. 
Personally  he  possesses  a  slight,  graceful  figure,  pleasing  manners,  a 
most  amiable  disposition,  and  a  philanthropic  spirit.  In  1871  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  of  Boston. 


OAKES  AMES. 

ManuTacturer  and  Promoter  of  the  Pacific  Railroad. 

THIS  eminent  manufacturer  of  steel  implements  of  labor,  legis- 
lator and  patron  of  the  principal  trans-continental  railroad  of 
America,  was  born  at  Easton,  Mass. ,  January  10,  1804.  For 
two  years  he  represented  his  district  in  the  executive  council  of 
Massachusetts.  In  1862  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Thirty- 
eighth  Congress;  was  re-elected  to  the  Thirty-ninth  and  Fortieth  Con- 
gresses, and  in  all  distinguished  himself  by  hie  outspoken  opinions 
relating  to  the  interests  of  American  manufacturers  and  kindred 
political  topics.  He  was  also  a  delegate  to  the  "  Loyalists*  conven- 
tion" at  Philadelphia,  in  1860.  He  is  principally  noted,  however, 
for  his  energetic  promotion  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  to  which 
he  freely  devoted  his  influence  and  money.  In  18G3  a  wealthy  cor- 
poration was  organized,  ostensibly  to  do  a  banking  business,  under 
the  name  of  "The  Credit-Mobilier  of  America,"  having  a  capital  of 
$3,500,000.  Tn  January,  1867,  when  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  was 
about  being  built,  the  company  which  proposed  to  engage  in  that 
work  purchased  the  charter  of  the  Credit-Mobilier  and  increased  its 
stock  to  $3,750,000.  In  February,  1873,  a  report  was  made  by  the 
committee  appointed  by  Congress  to  investigate  the  acts  of  the 
Credit-Mobilier,  about  which  a  great  scandal  had  arisen  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Union  Pacific  railroad.  The  first  revelation  of  the 
alleged  bribery  was  made  in  a  law-suit  instituted  in  Pennsylvania, 
in  1873,  in  which  it  appeared  that  the  stock  of  the  Union  Pacific  rail- 
road had  been  distributed  among  prominent  officials  of  the  United 
States  government,  in  order  to  secure  their  favor  in  the  projects  of 
the  corporation.  The  country  was  astonished,  and  an  investigation, 
prolonged  and  deep,  was  instituted.  In  this  examination  Oakes 
Ames  was  the  principal  witness,  who  refreshed  his  memory,  en- 
lightened Congress,  and  verified  his  transactions  in  managing  the 
stock  of  the  Credit-Mobilier,  by  his  "little  memorandum-book." 
The  exposure  damaged  the  characters  of  some  persons  high  in  public 
life.  Mr.  Ames  and  Congressman  Brooks,  of  New  York,  were  cen- 
sured by  the  House.  Yet  his  friends  believe  that  Mr.  Ames  only  in- 
tended to  insure,  in  a  manner  that  seemed  to  him  perfectly  legitimate, 
the  completion  of  the  great  enterprise  that  he  had  undertaken,  and 
later  history  regard?  him  as  a  real  benefactor.      He  died  May  8,  1873. 


d. 


15^ 


^■: 


><j:G'' — 


37i 


EMI.NEM'    MKN    OF    .MASSA(_  HUbETTb. 


EDWARD    EVERETT, 

Stiite»iiuan,  diplomat  au*l  Eloquent  Orator. 

THE   birth   of   this  favorite   American   orator  occurred    at  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  April  U,  1794,  and  his  education  was  received 
at  Harvard  college,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1811.    Not  long 
afterward  he  was  employed  as  a  tutor  in  that  institution  while  pursuing 
theological  studies.     In  1813  he  became  pastor  of   the  Brattle-street 
church  and  soon  established  a  line  reputation  for  oratory  and  power- 
ful preaching.     In  1814  he  published  a  "  Defense  of  Christianity.  ■' 
and  was  chosen  Eliot  professor  of  Greek    in  Harvard  college,  but 
preparatory  to  taking  this  chair,  he  visited  Europe  for  a  wide  range 
of  study  and  acquaintance  with  learned  men,  remaining  abroad  from 
the  spring  of  1815  until  1819,  and  sojourning  two  years  at  the  univer- 
sity of  Gottingen,  in  Germany.     On  his  return  he  entered  upon  the 
duties  of  his  professorship,  lecturing  before  the  students  and  Boston 
citizens   on  Greek  literature  and  ancient  art.     He  also  edited  the 
North  American  Review  until  1834,  contributing  liberally  to  its  pages 
during  those  years  and  afterward.     In  1824  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  Congress,  and  by  successive  re-elections  retained  his  seat  for  ten 
years,  serving  all  that  time  on  the  foreign  relations  committee,  and  on 
various  others  from  time  to  time.   In  1827  he  wrote  a  series  of  letters 
to  Hon.  George  Canning,  of  England,  on  colonial  trade,  with  several 
other  able  papers  for  the  press  on  current  topics.     Declining  a  re- 
election  to   Congress   in    1834,  his   friends,    in   1835,  elected   him 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  he   holding  the   office,  by   re-elections, 
four  years.     In  1840  Piesident  Harrison   appointed   him  minister- 
plenipotentiary  to  England,  and  during  this  mission  he  secured  for 
American  tishermen  the  long-controverted  right  to  take  flsh  in  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  and  procured  the  release  of  sixty  or  more  .\merican 
citizens  who  had  been  sent  as  prisoners  to  Van  Dieraan's  Land  for 
making  war  on  Canada  in  1839.     In  1844  he  declined  an  appointment 
as  government  commissioner  to  China  to  establish  commercial  rela- 
tions.    In  1845,  on  his  return  from  England,  he  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  Harvard  college;  but  in  1848,  owing  to  ill-health,  he  resigned 
this  position.     Turning  to  literary  pursuits,  he  prepared  a  collection 
of  his  own  orations  and  addresses  in  two  octavo  volumes,  and  super- 
intended a   new   edition   of   Webster's   works,  adding  an  elaborate 
memoir  of  the   great  statesman.     When  Webster  died,  in  October, 
1852,  Mr.  Everett  was  appointed  Secretary  of   State  to  fill  a  four- 
months'  vacancy  toward  the  close  of  President  Fillmore's  adminis- 
tration, transacting  considerable  important  international  business  in 
that  brief  space.     In  1853,  having  been  elected  by  the  Massachusetts 
legislature,  he  took  his  seat  in  the  special  executive  session  of  the 
United  States  senate,  and  in  1854  he  ably  opposed  the  passage  of  the 
famous  "Kansas-Nebraska  bill"   for  the  propagation  of  slavery  in 
new   Northern   Territories    when  coming   into  the  Union.     Having 
become  interested  in  the  project  of  purchasing  Mount  'Vernon  as  a 
Washington  memorial,  he  pronounced  an  oration  on  Washington,  for 
tlie  benefit  of  the  enterprise,  to  an  immense  audience  in  Boston,  Feb- 
ruary 22,  1856,  repeating  it  in  other  places  nearly   150  times,  and 
devoting  most  of  the  proceeds  to  the  same   purposes;   in  1858,  in 
consideration  of  $10,000  being  paid  in  advance  to  the  same  fund,  he 
engaged  to  contribute  one  article  a  week  to  the  New  York  Ledger  for 
one  year,   and  these  papers  were  subsequently  published  in  book- 
form  in  the  same  interest;  so  that  Mr.  Everett's  labors  in  behalf  of 
the  Mount  'Vernon  fund  brought  to  it  more  than  $160,000.     In  1860, 
on  the  "Union  ticket"  with  John  Bell,  he  was   defeated  as  a  candi- 
date for  the  vice-presidency  of  the  United  States,  and  in  1864  he  was 
chosen  as  elector  on  the  presidential  ticki't  of  Lincoln  and  .Johnson, 
.lanuary  9,  1865,  he  addressed  the  citizens  of   Boston  in   behalf  of 
ihe  suffering  people  of  Savannah,  Ga. ,  and  died  on  the  15th  of  the 
same  month.     As  a  writer,  orator,  and  statesman  his  reputalicm  is 
unsurpassed. 


JOSIAH  QUINCY. 

statesman,  tJiiriMt  and  t'oUege  President. 

HONORED  among  the  eminent  citizens  of  Boston,  in  the  jiast,  is 
found  Josiah  Quincy,  who  was  born  in  that  city  February 
4,1773.  His  educational  training  was  received  at  the  Phillips 
academy,  at  Andover,  Mass.,  and  Harvard  university,  from  the  latter 
of  which  he  graduated  in  1790.  Three  years  later  he  began  to  prac- 
tice law  in  his  native  city,  and  in  1804  was  elected  a  State  senator. 
From  1805  to  1813  he  served  as  a  member  of  congress  as  a  Federalist, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  opposition  to  the  embargo  on  trade 
along  the  Atlantic  coast,  the  war  with  Great  Britain  in  1812,  the  ad- 
mission of  Louisiana  into  the  Union,  and  the  continuance  of  negro- 
slavery  in  the  South.  At  the  termination  of  his  last  term  in  congress 
he  was  immediately  elected  a  member  of  the  State  senate,  in  which 
he  remained  until  the  close  of  the  year  1820,  and  was  then  elected 
a  member  of  the  lower  house,  of  which  he  was  chosen  speaker.  In 
1822  he  was  made  judge  of  the  municipal  court  of  Boston,  and.  the 
following  year,  was  elected  mayor  of  the  city.  After  filling  that  office 
for  about  five  years,  he  was,  in  1828,  chosen  president  of  Harvard 
college,  a  post  which  he  resigned,  however,  in  1839,  and  retired  to 
private  life.  In  1856  he  advocated  the  election  of  Fremont  to  the 
presidency.  During  his  long  and  eventful  career  he  found  time 
to  write  and  publish  several  historical  and  biographical  books  of  con- 
siderable importance.     He  died  at  Quincy,  Mass.,  .July  1.  1864. 


ALEXANDER  H.  RICE, 

Pormerly  tioveriior  ol"  M»!sN:ieliUMettBf 

AMONG  THE  distiuguisbfd  statesmen  of  Massachusetts,  spring- 
ing from  humble  parentage,  and  winning  success  by  his  talent? 
flnd  industry,  was  Alexander  H,  Rice,  whose  birth  occurred  at 
Newton,  Mass. ,  August  30,  181S.  His  limited  education  was  confined 
to  the  incomplete  common -schools  of  that  period,  and  while  still  a 
small  boy  he  began  a  commercial  life  as  a  clerk  in  his  father's  paper- 
mill.  Afterward  he  was  enabled  to  enter  Union  college  at  Schenectady^ 
N.Y. ,  at  which  he  graduated  in  1844.  Going  into  business  on  his 
ov^n  account,  at  Boston,  he  achieved  so  excellent  a  reputation  that  in 
1853  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  municipal  common  council,  of 
which  he  was  chosen  president;  and  in  1856  and  1S57  was  the  success- 
ful candidate  for  mayor  of  that  city.  In  1858  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  congress,  and  re-elected  in  1860,  1862,  1864,  and  186G,  serving 
on  the  House  committee  on  expenditures  in  the  treasury  department, 
and  chairman  of  the  committee  on  naval  affairs.  After  his  retire- 
ment from  congress  ho  was  nominated  and  flccled  Governor  of  Mass- 
achusetts, serving  from  1876  to  18"8. 

HENRY  L.  DAWES, 

£iniiieiit  Stati'Miii:iii  I'l-uni  (lie  Old  Bay  Stiite. 

FEW  Mt;N  in  public  life  have  enjoyed  so  continuous  an  apprecia- 
tion of  their  worth  and  talents  as  Henry  L.  Bawes,  tlie  able 
representative  of  Massachusetts  in  the  national  halls  of  legisla- 
tion. The  record  of  his  earlier  years  may  be  brielly  sketched:  but 
the  history  of  his  labors  in  congress  would  fill  a  bulky  volume.  Born 
at  Cumminglon,  Mass.,  October  30,  1816,  he  received  his  education  a! 
Yale  college,  Xew  Haven;  taught  school,  edited  two  local  newspapers, 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  law,  and  represented  his  district  in  the 
Massachusetts  legislature  in  I81H  and  18i0;  in  1850  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  State  senate,  and  in  185*2  was  returned  to  the  lower 
house.  He  was  also  a  delegate  to  the  State  Conslitulional  convention 
of  1853,  and  from  1853  to  1857  was  district  attorney.  In  1857  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  Ihe  Thirty-fifth  congress,  and  successfully  re- 
elected to  the  Thirty-sixth,  Thirty-seventh,  Thirty-eighth,  Thirty- 
ninth,  Fortieth,  Forty-first,  Forty-second  and  Forty-third  congresses, 
declining  a  re-election  to  the  Forty-fourth.  March  4,  1875,  he  took 
his  seat  in  the  t'nited  States  senate  as  the  successor  of  Cluirles  Sum- 
ner, and  when  his  term  expired,  March  3,  1881,  he  was  re-elected. 
His  present  term  will  expire  March  3,  1887. 


■^^' 


EMIJJKNT    MEN    UF    TIIIO    l..MI'I]JIO    CITY. 


•^■i 


I'oliticiiiiis, 


T-j-  5    Successful 

Financiers. 


Men  of  Letters. 


DISTINGUISHED 

Rssidsnts  of  HswYork, 

Past  and  Present. 


I'romfnent  ?  _i/J 

JuurnalistK. 

Well-KnuHH 

Statesmen. 

Brnitani  OratorH. 


W&^\ 


Men  Widely  Known  in  Oratory,  Journalism,  Legislation  and  Finance. 


]  RANK  LESLIE,  the  father  of  illue- 
trated  journalism  in  America,  was 
born  at  Ipswich,  Suffolk  county, 
England,  March  23,  1821.  After 
receiving  a  fair  education,  he  en- 
tered hie  father's  glove  manufac- 
tory, but  the  employment  was  not 
to  his  taste  and  he  relinquished  it, 
at  his  earliest  opportunity,  to  pur- 
sue artistic  work.  His  father  sent 
him  to  London,  where  a  relative 
was  engaged  in  the  wholesale  dry- 
goods  trade,  but  Frank  was  born 
with  a  taste  for  art,  and  when  the 
Illustrated  London  News  was 
started,  Frank  Leslie  (a  nom  de 
crayon — his  rt-al  name  was  Henry  Carter)  began  to  send  sketches 
to  it,  and  of  course  he  was  greatly  gratified  to  find  that  they 
were  promptly  accepted,  and  he  soon  became  a  regular  contributor  to 
its  pages.  Cutting  loose  from  commercial  pursuits,  he  attached 
himself  to  the  engraving  department  of  the  Newfi,  and  there  he 
prepared  for  his  life-work,  mastering  all  the  details  of  the  busi- 
ness before  him.  In  1848  Mr.  Carter  came  to  New  York,  and  was 
surprised  to  find  that  the  reputation  of  "  Frank  Leslie,"  as  an  artist, 
had  i>reced('d  him,  and  by  act  of  the  legislature  he  had  his  name 
changed  to  that  of  Frank  Leslie.  His  first  work  was  done  for  Glea- 
so/Vs  Pictorial,  in  Boston,  one  of  the  first  illustrated  papers  issued  in 
America,  by  Frederick  Gleason.  Coming  to  New  York  in  1854  he 
first  iippeared  as  a  publisher  on  his  own  responsibility.  His  paper 
was  called  the  Gazette  of  Fashion,  afterward  merged  in  Frank 
Leslie's  Lady's  Magazine.  For  a  time  he  published  the  Xen:  York 
Journal.  In  1855  he  issued  the  first  number  of  Frank  Leslie's  Illus- 
trated Newspaper.  In  1865  appeared  the  Chimney  Corner.  After- 
ward, he  published  in  quick  succession  Boys  and  Girls'  Weekly., 
Pleasant  Hours.,  the  Lady's  Journal,  the  Popular  Monthly,  the 
Sunday  Magazine,  the  Budget,  and  the  Illustrated  Zeitung.  To 
this  list  of  publications  may  he  added  almanacs,  holiday  books 
and  various  other  publications.  He  was  a  man  of  fine  physique 
and  handsome  presence,  and  nature  had  endowed  him  with  immense 
energy.  He  was  hardly  sixty  years  of  age  when  a  tumor  devel- 
oped in  his  neck,  and  after  a  short  illness  he  died  on  the  10th  of 


January,  1880.  His  success  was  due  to  a  determination  to  follow  the 
bent  of  his  artistic  taste,  and  then  with  painstaking  perseverance 
mastering  the  details  of  his  art.  Spurring  hira  on  was  ambition  to 
excel,  and  courage  to  undertake  new  projects. 

WILLIAM  H.  VANDERBILT. 

Distinguished  Kuilroad  Msignate  and  Capltalittt. 

WILLIAM  U.  VANUEKBILT,  who  wa^  born  on  Stateu  Island, 
in  the  State  of  New  York,  in  the  year  1S21,  was  the  favorite 
son  of  Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  the  eminent  capitalist,  who 
bequeathed  to  him  the  most  of  his  immense  fortune,  amounting,  it 
was  estimated,  at  from  $45,000  000  to  $85,000,000.  With  this  ciipital 
under  his  control,  William  invested  largely  in  railroad  stocks  of  the 
better  class,  and  assumed  a  ruling  position  in  Wall  street,  contin- 
ually adding  to  his  immense  wealth  by  successful  speculations,  until, 
at  the  date  of  his  death,  December  8,  1885,  he  had  amassed  about 
$200,000,000  and  ivas  counted  among  the  richest  men  in  the  world. 
In  his  early  days,  like  many  other  American  lads,  he  lived  on  his 
father's  farm  ;  then  occupied  a  subordinate  position  in  a  railroad 
office  ;  then  became  a  manager  of  business  affairs,  and  by  his  indus- 
try and  prudence  won  tlie  confidence  of  his  father,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  the  management  of  the  growing  estate.  By  his  wealth  he  became 
the  controlling  spirit  in  the  Hudson  River,  the  Michigan  Central,  the 
North- Western  and  other  great  railway  enterprises.  With  his 
unlimited  means  he  employed  an  army  of  workmen,  built  palaces  for 
himself  and  his  children,  filled  them  with  elegant  furniture  and  costly 
art-works,  and  drove  the  beat  blooded  horses.  In  person  he  was 
stout  and  tall,  possessing  a  large  head  balanced  npou  broad  shoulders, 
a  high  forehead,  and  a  full  round  face,  free  from  any  indications  of 
the  false  pride  or  scorn  that  sometimes  disfigures  the  features  of 
men  arduous  iu  the  strife  for  riches.  Up  to  the  moment  of  his  death, 
which  was  very  sudden,  he  retained  all  his  faculties,  and  the 
shrewdness  and  prudence  that  marked  his  great  financial  career. 
And  still  the  railroads  that  he  fostered  and  controlled  are  iron  bells 
that  extend  across  many  States,  and  aid  to  bind  tuem  iu  closer  union 
and  harmony  ;  and  his  locomotives  are  shuttles  that  pass  the  golden 
thread  of  commerce  over  the  continent,  entwining  the  warp  of  »-he 
West  with  the  woof  of  the  East  so  firmly  that  no  disaster  is  likely  to 
mar  the  pattern  of  prosperity  that  he  began  to  weave,  and  which 
remains  to  illustrate  the  tact  and  energy  of  the  great  capitalist. 


BUSINESS    AND    I'ROFESSIONAL    MEN    OP"    NEW    YORK    CITY. 


GEORGE  LAW, 

Successful  Contractor  uud  Fiiia.iioler. 

QEORGE  LAW,  the  contractor,  business  man  and  successful  finan- 
cier, was  bom  in  Jackson,  Washington  county,  N.  Y. ,  October 
25,  1806,  and  died  in  the  city  of  New  Yorlt  in  1881.  His  father 
was  a  farmer  in  moderate  circumstances,  and  George  had  little  oppor- 
tunity to  obtain  even  a  common-school  education.  Thurlow  Weed, 
speaking  of  Mr.  Law,  said,  in  substance,  that  although  he  handled 
millions  of  dollars  he  could  not  spell  correctly  a  word  of  three 
syllables.  When  eighteen  years  of  age  he  had  saved  $40.  With  that 
amount  of  money  in  his  pocket  he  walked  to  Troy,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
worked  a  month  at  hod-carrying.  Afterward  he  tried  his  hand  at 
mason  work,  but  his  master  failed,  and  he  lost  his  summer's  labor. 
His  nest  venture  was  as  a  sub-contractor,  then  as  a  contractor-in- 
chief,  and  before  he  was  thirty  years  of  age  he  had  made  a  fortune, 
was  married  and  had  "olive  plants"  about  his  table.  He  then  left 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  had  made  his  money,  and  returned  to  his 
native  State,  where  he  bid  for  and  secured  a  contract  for  some  sec- 
tions of  the  Croton  aqueduct.  The  contract  for  building  High 
Bridge  was  also  awarded  to  him,  and  the  profits  on  these  jobs  made 
him  a  millionaire.  Afterward  he  engaged  in  ocean  steam  navigation, 
and  at  one  time  he  owned  half  a  score  of  steam-ships.  He  put  a 
good  deal  of  capital  and  energy  into  the  Panama  railroad  enterprise, 
and  he  invested  largely  in  several  of  the  ferries  between  New  York 
and  Brooklyn.  About  1855  he  was  talked  of  as  the  "■know-nothing" 
candidate  for  the  presidency.  Mr.  Law  was  a  giant  in  stature,  being 
six  feet  four  inches,  or  thereabouts,  and  he  had  a  mind  to  match  his 
physical  frame,  for  if  he  could  not  spell  he  could  think.  He  studied 
Daboll's  arithmetic  so  closely  that  he  knew  most  of  its  contents  by 
heart,  and  this  knowledge  was  of  vast  help  to  him  in  making  calcula- 
tions for  his  contracts.  Another  source  of  his  success  was  his 
ability  and  willingness  to  work,  to  which  may  be  added  the  fact  that 
his  habits  were  good  and  his  tastes  inexpensive,  until  he  could 
afford  the  luxuries  of  an  elegant  home  on  Fifth  avenue.  He  walked 
until  he  could  afford  to  ride,  and  he  carried  the  hod  until  he  found 
better  work;  he  studied  his  plans  before  he  made  his  contracts,  and 
when  he  was  able  he  purchased  the  farm  on  which  his  father  lived 
and  gave  it  to  him. 


HORACE  B.   CLAFLIN, 

Prominent  WholeNule  Mei*chant,  IVew  York  City. 

HORACE  B.  CLAFLIN  stood  at  the  front  with  the  millionaire 
merchants  of  New  York.  His  dry-goods  house  rankeil  with 
the  largest  in  the  country;  indeed,  his  annual  wales  exceeded 
those  of  any  other  wholesale  establishment  in  the  city  of  New  York. 
He  was  born  at  Milford,  Mass.,  in  1812.  After  leaving  school  he 
was  employed  as  a  clerk  in  his  father's  store.  When  he  became  of 
age  he  bought  his  father's  business,  and,  associated  with  a  friend, 
began  to  trade  with  his  neighbors.  Bnt  the  place  was  too  narrow, 
80  he  and  his  partner  sought  broader  fields  "and  pastures  new"  in 
Worcester,  Mass.  By  liberal  and  judicious  advertising  he  built  up  a 
large  trade.  In  1843  he  disposed  of  his  interest  in  the  business  at 
Worcester  and  went  to  New  York  City  and  joined  Mr.  Buckley  in 
the  wholesale  dry-goods  trade  in  Cedar  street.  In  six  years  the 
business  increased  to  such  an  extent  that  the  firm  sought  better 
and  greater  accommodations  at  57  Broadway.  At  the  end  of  two 
years  this  j)rosperous  concern  had  to  move  again  to  larger  quarters, 
which  the  firm  found  in  Trinity  building.  But  the  tide  of  trade 
flowed  deeper  and  broader  than  ever  before,  amounting  in  1860  to 
more  than  thirteen  millions  of  dollars  a  year.  Having  to  arrange 
for  larger  accommodation.'*,  an  immense  dry-goods  palace  was  erected 
for  Mr.  Claflln  and  his  partners  on  the  site  fronting  West  Broadway, 
Worth   and   Church  streets.     This  commercial  structure  threw  its 


shadow  upon  the  low  haunts  of  vice  and  sin  in  the  vicinity,  and  they 
soon  disappeared,  for  progress  tramples  the  dens  of  iniquity  in  the 
dust.  In  1863,  the  goods  sold  amounted  to  thirty-eight  millions; 
in  1865,  to  sixty-eight  millions,  and  in  1866  to  seventy-two  millions. 
More  than  700  men  were  employed  in  and  about  the  establishment. 
Mr.Claflin  was  aquiet,  modest  gentleman,  of  medium  stature.  His 
success  was  due,  in  the  main,  to  his  sagacity,  industry,  quickness  of 
perception  and  self-control.  A  large  head,  bald  on  the  top,  a  face 
smoothly  shaved  and  round  and  full,  lighted  up  with  earnest  eyes, 
and  lips  closely  pressed,  completed  the  picture  of  the  great  merchant. 
He  was  an  active  member  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beecher's  church. 
Died  November  14,  1885. 


EDWIN  D.  MORGAN. 

Ex-GoTcrnor,   Ks-lTnitecI  States  Senator. 

THE  subject  of  this  sketch  was  a  marvel  of  success  in  busi- 
ness and  in  politics.  He  was  a  native  of  Washington,  Berk- 
shire county,  Mass.,  and  born  February  8,  1811.  He 
followed  the  plow  on  his  father's  farm  until  he  was  seventeen  years 
of  age,  when  he  obtained  a  clerkship  in  Hartford,  Conn.  By  his 
diligence  and  discretion  he  soon  won  the  confidence  of  his  employer, 
who  doubled  his  salary  before  the  expiration  of  his  third  year. 
Having  been  sent  to  New  York  to  buy  two  or  three  hundred  bushels 
of  corn,  his  "  boss  "  was  surprised  and  alarmed  when  informed  that 
young  Morgan  had  bought  two  cargoes  of  corn,  but  was  greatly 
relieved  when  told  that  the  purchaser  of  it  had  sold  most  of  it  at  a 
handsome  profit  on  his  way  home.  The  next  morning,  when  Mr. 
Morgan  commenced  sweeping  the  store  as  usual,  he  was  told  that 
somebody  else  would  do  the  chores  and  that  he  conld  have  a  partner- 
ship in  the  concern.  Soon  after  he  attained  his  majority  he  was 
honored  with  a  seat  in  the  Hartford  City  common  council.  About 
1843,  wishing  for  a  wider  field  for  the  exercise  of  his  commer- 
cial taste  and  skill,  he  began  business  as  a  wholesale  grocer  in  the 
city  of  New  York.  He  earned  a  great  fortune,  and  gave  like 
a  prince  to  sustain  educational  and  religious  institutions.  As 
governor  of  New  York  and  as  United  States  senator  he  distinguished 
himself  by  his  foresight,  his  great  ability,  discretion  and  valor.  He 
was  tan,  being  fully  six  feet  in  height,  and  well  formed.  His  face  and 
head  would  distinguish  him  anywhere  as  a  superior  man — a  born 
commander  of  men.  Look  at  his  strongly  marked  features,  and  you 
see  a  face  showing  firmness  of  purpose  and  a  courage  that  never 
fails  in  the  time  of  peril.  He  well  deserved  the  title  of  "  War 
Governor.*'  There  is  no  position  in  the  State  nor  in  the  nation  that 
he  was  not  fitted  to  adorn,  and,  perhaps  it  may  be  added,  none  that 
he  might  not  have  filled  had  he  accepted  the  honor  of  office  and 
relinquished  the  ease  of  private  life.     He  died  February  14,  1883. 


JOHN  T.  HOFFMAN, 

Ex-Mayor  and  Cx-Gotcimioi*  of  Xew  Tork. 

IT  was  at  Sing  Sing,  Westchester  county,  N.  Y. ,  that  cx-Governor 
John  T.  Hoffman  first  saw  the  light,  January  10,  1828.  He 
entered  Union  College  in  1843,  and  graduated  in  1846;  thin 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar  in  1849.  After 
a  few  years'  practice  he  assumed  the  ermine.  In  1860  the  democrats 
elected  him  to  the  recordcrship,  when  he  distinguished  himself  in  the 
riot  cases  as  a  brave  and  impartial  administrator  of  justice.  In  1863 
he  was  elected  mayor;  from  the  mayor's  ollice  he  was  elccled  to  the 
gubernatorial  chair,  and  in  both  positions  his  constituents  seemed  lo 
be  prou<l  of  his  management  of  affairs.  Helms  traveled  extensively 
at  home  and  abroad.  He  is  a  man  of  elegant  carriage  and  striking 
appearance.  His  dark  hair  and  eyes,  thick  moustache  and  heavy 
chin,  give  him  the  appearance  of  a  French  nobleman. 


^^<m: 


ritoMIMlON'T    l-Klll-LK    Ol''    TIIK    KMl'IRK    IJITV. 


CARL  SCHURZ, 

Edittii-  <it'  lli4T  IVfW    ^'4»rk   **  I'^eiiliiu   PoNt." 

THIS  journalist,  orator  and  ex-cahinet  minister  was  horn  at 
Liblay,  Prussia,  March  2,  1839.  lie  was  uducated  at  Cologne 
and  the  university  of  Bonn.  In  1848  he  joined  Gottfried 
Kinkel  in  the  puhlication  of  a  liberal  newspaper.  In  1849  he  tied, 
with  his  literary  associate,  to  the  Palatinate  to  avoid  arrest,  entered 
the  revolutionary  army  us  an  adjutant,  and  was  engaged  in  the 
defense  of  Kastudt.  On  the  surrender  of  the  fort,  he,  after  many 
adventures,  escaped  to  Switzerland,  secretly  returned  to  Germany, 
and,  ut  the  risk  of  his  own  life,  secured  the  freedom  of  his  friend 
Kinkel,  who  hud  been  condemned  to  twenty  years'  imprisonment. 
In  1851  he  was  employed  as  a  Parisian  correspondent  for  (Jcrman 
newspapers.  Afterward  he  spent  a  year  as  a  teacher  in  London. 
In  1852  he  came  to  this  countiy,  residing  three  years  in  Philadelphia, 
and  then  settled  in  Wisconsin.  In  185G  he  •■' took  the  stumii,"  and 
made  speeches  in  German  for  the  Uepuldican  party.  In  the  contro- 
versy between  Douglas  and  Lincoln,  he  made  his  first  public  speech 
in  English,  in  favor  of  the  latter.  His  next  move  was  to  Milwaukee, 
where  he  practiced  law.  President  Lincoln,  in  1861,  appointed  him 
minister  to  Spain,  but  he  resigned  the  mission  to  enter  the  American 
army  in  18G2,  when  he  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers, and  took  part  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run.  He  was  mude 
general  in  1863,  and  ut  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville  commanded  a 
division  of  General  Howard's  corps.  He  was  also  at  the  battles  of 
Gettysburg  and  Chattanooga.  In  1865  he  was  the  Washington  corre- 
spondent of  the  New  York  Tnbune.  In  1866  he  founded  the  Detroit 
Posi^  and  the  year  following  took  charge  of  a  German  paper  in 
St.  Louis.  In  1869  he  was  chosen  United  States  senator  from  Mis- 
souri. He  presided  over  the  convention  which  nominated  Iloraee 
Greeley  for  the  presidency.  He  was  appointed  a  cabinet  minister  by 
President  Hayes.  He  is  now  the  editor  of  the  New  York  Evening 
Post.  He  is  an  educated  gentleman  of  refined  taste,  a  vigorous 
writer  and  eloquent  speaker.  He  is  tall  and  slender,  graceful  in  his 
manner,  and  of  winning  address,  and  his  face,  so  often  caricatured, 
is  that  of  a  refined  scholar  of  assthetic  taste  and  culture. 


WILLIAM  L.  MARCY, 

tVurist,  St:tteftitiiiii  stud  Governor. 

WILLIAM  L.  IMAKCYwiiB  Ijorii  at  Soiilbl)iiilt;L-,  Mass.,  December 
13,  178(i,  and  pursued  his  studies  at  Brown  university,  Prov- 
idence, R.  I.,  graduating  in  1808.  Choosing  the  profession 
of  the  law,  he  began  to  practice  it  at  Troy,  N.  Y. ,  but  when  the 
United  States  declared  war  with  England,  in  1812,  betook  the  lield 
as  a  lieutenant  of  militia  and  served  throughout  the  conllict.  In  the 
fight  at  St.  Regis,  N.  Y. ,  in  October,  1812,  with  his  own  hands  he  cap- 
tured the  first  British  standard  taken  during  the  conflict.  Returning 
lo  private  life,  he  served  us  Recorder  at  Troy  from  181(1  to  1818,  and 
then  assumed  the  editorship  of  the  Troy  Budget,  a  Democratic  news- 
paper. In  1821  he  was  chosen  Adjutant-General  of  the  State  niililiii, 
and  in  1823  was  elected  Comptroller  of  the  State,  which  required  his 
removal  to  Albany,  N.  Y.  In  1829  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  Supreme  court  of  the  State,  and  in  1831  was  chosen 
United  States  senator.  In  the  senate  he  served  as  chairman  of  the 
judiciary  committee;  but  his  term  was  ended  in  1832  by  his  resigning 
in  order  to  accept  the  nomination  for  Governor  of  the  State.  The 
canvass  resulted  in  his  election  to  that  oftice,  in  which  he  continued, 
by  two  re-elections,  until  1838.  From  1839  to  1842  he  was  one  of 
the  commissioners  to  investigate  the  claims  of  Mexico  against  the 
United  States.  In  1845  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War  in  the 
Cabinet  of  President  Polk,  in  which  position  he  was  brought  into  in- 
timate relations  with  the  war  with  Me.\ieo,      In    18.13  he  was   invited 


into  the  cabinet  of  President  Pierce  a«  Secretary  of  State.  This 
olTlco  be  helrl  until  the  inauguration  of  President  Buchanan,  March  4. 
18.'>T.  Four  months  later,  while  reading  in  bed  at  Hallston  Sjui,  N.  Y. , 
he  suddenly  expired,  having  exceeded  the  allotted  three-score  and 
ten  years  of  human  life. 


JAMES  K.  PAULDING. 

American  Author  anil  <'ahlnet  Officer. 

THE  FRIEND  anil  cotemporary  of  Washington  Irving,  .JanicH 
Kirke  Paulding,  a  genial  writer  of  miscellaneous  literature, 
was  born  at  a  place  called  "Nine  Partners,"  in  Dutchess 
county,  N.  Y. ,  August  32,  17T9.  His  educational  advantages  were 
confined  to  a  local  school,  but  the  lad  was  studious,  and,  in  a  great 
degree,  self-instructed.  When  about  twenty-one  years  of  age  he 
went  to  New  York  City  to  reside  with  his  brother-in-law,  William 
Irving,  with  whom,  and  Washington  Irving,  in  1807,  he  entered  upon 
a  prosperous  literary  career,  in  the  publication  of  a  series  of  satirical 
essays,  printed  periodically,  under  the  name  of  Salmagundi.  This 
magazine  was  discontinued  after  the  appearance  of  its  twentieth  num- 
ber. All  three  of  the  friends  contributed  to  its  pages,  which  are  re- 
printed entire  in  the  works  of  Washington  Irving.  In  1813  he  wrote 
a  humorous  poem,  called  "The  Lay  of  a  Scotch  Fiddle,"  a  parody  on 
Scott's  "  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel.  "  In  1814  he  became  secretary  of  the 
Board  of  Naval  cominissioncrs,  afterwards  receiving  the  apiiointment 
of  Navy  agent  at  the  ]>ori  of  New  York.  In  1818  he  published  his  poem 
of  "  The  Backwoodsman,"  and  in  the  following  year  a  new  series  of 
Salmagundi  from  his  own  pen.  Between  that  time  and  1837  he  wrote 
"  A  Sketch  of  Old  England  by  a  New  England  Man,"  "  The  Book  of  St. 
Nicholas,"  "Tales  of  the  Good  Woman,  '  "The  Dutchman's  Fire- 
side," and  other  works.  Upon  the  accession  of  President  Van  Buren, 
in  1837,  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  which  office  he  held 
until  1841.  Up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  in  his  native 
county,  April  6,  18li0,  he  continued  to  write  extensively. 


DR.  WM.  A.  HAMMOND, 

Prominent  .Vnthur  of  >f  edical  Works. 

■^R.  IL-^MMONU,  the  famous  physician  and  autlior  of  medical 
^  works,  was  born  at  Annapolis,  Md. ,  August  28,  1828.  .\fter  the 
usual  course  of  study  he  graduated  with  honor  in  the  meilical 
department  of  the  New  York  university  in  1843.  From  1840  to 
1850  he  was  emj)loyed  as  assistant-surgeon  in  the  army.  In  1860  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  physiology  and  anatomy  in  the  university 
of  Maryland.  Serving  in  the  army  again  in  18(51  as  assistant- 
surgeon,  the  next  year  he  was  made  surgeon-general,  but  in  -August, 
18()4,  he  was,  after  a  trial,  dismissed  from  the  service  by  the  sentence 
of  a  court-martial.  He  then  took  up  his  residence  in  the  city  of 
N(!w  York,  where  he  has  been  engaged  in  various  hospitals.  He  has 
a  large  private  practice  and  is  the  recipient  of  a  handsome  revenue, 
lie  is  a  resolute  and  combative  man,  and  strikes  out  right  and  left, 
hitting  whoever  and  whatever  comes  within  his  reach.  His  reputa- 
tion rests  chiefly  on  his  works,  among  which  may  be  named  '*.\ 
Treatise  on  Hygiene,"  "  Physiological  Memoirs,"  "  On  Wakefulness," 
"  Insanity  in  its  Medico-Legal  Relations,"  "  Sleep  and  its  Derange- 
ments," "Physics  and  Physiology  of  Spiritualism."  He  has  also 
edited  "Medical  and  Surgical  Essays."  He  is  large  and  tall,  well- 
formed,  and  his  pleasant,  good-natured  face  does  not  foreshadow  the 
intellectual-fighting  qualities  of  the  man.  His  portrait  shows  an 
agreeable  face,  a  lofty  dome  of  brow,  made  more  conspicuous  by 
incipient  baldness;  mild,  not  to  say  smiling,  eyes;  nicely-chiseled 
nostrils,  and  a  full  beard,  gently  touched  with  white.  He  looks  like 
a  very  amiable  man,  but  he  can  arouse  with  earnest  opposition  ^vlH■Il 
his  views  or  his  rights  are  assailed. 


:Gv— 


-^w 


PKUMINENT    CLKKGYMAN,   LAWYER    AND    TEACHER. 


REV.  ROBERT  COLLYER, 

Eloquent  UDit;triaii  Clergyman,  New  Tork  City. 

THE  Kcv.  Robert  CoIIyer  was  born  December  8,  1833,  at  Keighley, 
a  village  in  Yorkt^hire,  England.  His  father  was  a  black- 
smitb,  one  of  the  best  in  the  county.  In  1844  his  father, 
while  at  \vork,  fell  dead  in  his  shop.  Robert  was  sent  to  school  in 
his  childhood  and  remained  at  his  studies  four  years,  and  that  was  all 
:he  schooling  he  had.  At  his  home  he  read  "The  Young  Man's 
Companion,"  "Pilgrim's  Progress,"  "Robinson  Crusoe''  and  the 
Bible.  At  this  time  he  was  living  in  Fewstone  Parish,  where  the 
children  of  the  poor  worked  in  the  linen  factories,  and  from  the  age  of 
nine  to  fourteen  Robert's  life  was  spent  in  that  way  as  a  little  laborer 
in  a  factory.  He  was  afterward  apprenticed  to  a  blacksmith  at 
Ilkley,  where  he  mastered  his  trade,  and  doubtless  won  the  physical 
strength  and  robust  health  which  he  still  enjoys.  All  the  money  he 
could  spare  at  this  time  was  invested  in  books,  which  he  kept  on  a 
shelf  in  the  smithy.  On  Sundays  he  attended  the  Methodist  chapels 
in  the  neighborhood,  and  aired  his  rude  eloquence  by  relating  his 
experience,  afterward  as  an  exhorter,  then  as  a  local  preacher,  and 
in  that  way  he  prepared  himself  for  his  life-work  as  a  clergyman. 
In  1850  he  concluded  to  visit  America,  and  landed  in  this  country  on 
the  11th  of  May,  accompanied  by  his  wife.  Having  provided  him- 
self with  letters  to  the  Philadelphia  conference,  he  was  granted  a 
local  preacher's  license,  and  a  week  later  he  found  employment  at 
Shoemakertown,  Pa.  There  he  pounded  iron  on  week-days  and 
expounded  the  scriptures  on  Sundays.  For  ten  years  he  worked  at 
the  forge  and  in  the  pulpit,  winning  honest  bread  by  the  sweat  of  his 
brow.  His  salary  from  the  conference  for  ten  years'  service  con- 
sisted of  an  almanac,  a  few  household  necessaries  and  ten  dollars  in 
money.  During  the  latter  part  of  his  career  as  a  blacksmith  he 
became  acquainted  with  Lucretia  Mott  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Furness; 
with  the  latter  he  exchanged  pulpits,  and,  by  so  doing,  incurred  the 
displeasure  of  the  conference  and  a  renewal  of  his  license  was 
refused.  This  was  in  1859.  In  February  of  tlie  same  year  he  was 
commended  by  Dr.  Furness  to  the  First  Unitarian  Society  of  Chi- 
cago. There  he  met  with  great  favor,  and  under  his  ministry  the 
church  became  one  of  the  largest  and  most  flourishing  in  the  West. 
He  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  lions  of  the  city  and  Unity  church,  a 
noted  landmark  in  the  great  city  of  the  lakes.  After  twenty  years 
of  labor,  under  the  auspices  of  his  progressive  church,  he  reluctantly 
consented  to  accept  the  pastorate  of  the  Church  of  the  Messiah  in  the 
city  of  New  Y'ork,  where  he  ranks  with  the  highest  as  a  pulpit 
orator.  Mr.  Collyer  (he  does  not  care  much  for  titles)  is  stout  of 
build,  and  his  broad  chest  is  surmounted  by  a  large,  well-ordered 
head,  covered  with  a  vigorous  growth  of  hair,  flecked  with  silver. 
His  face  shows  purity,  sincerity  and  sympathetic  kindness,  lighted 
with  intelligence  and  culture. 


HON.  WILLIAM  M.  EVARTS, 

Prominent  I^awyer  and  Ex-Secretary  of  State. 

PROMINENT  in  public  life  and  possessinu  a  wide  scope- nf  legal 
lure,  Mr.  Evarts  stands  high  in  the  estimation  of  the  people. 
He  first  saw  light  in  Boston,  February  (i,  1818,  and  early 
displayed  a  wealth  of  inherited  literary  taste  and  aptitude  for  learn- 
ing. He  studied  the  classics  at  Yale  college,  read  law  at  Harvard 
law  school,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  New  York  in  1841. 
Union  college  honored  him  with  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  185T.  Yale 
duplicated  the  ciimpliment  in  1805,  and  Harvard  crowned  him  with 
a  ^'imilar  distinction  in  1870.  During  Ihesc;  years  he  was  industri- 
ously at  work  in  his  ofllce,  in  the  courts,  and  on  the  platform,  and 
an  a  public  speaker  at  lyccums  and  universities.  He  has  won  great 
renown  by  his  wit  and  eloquence  at  the  bar  and  wherever  he  has 
-pnken.     He  was  the  leading  counsel  In  Prc-'ldent  Andrew  Johnson's 


trial  in  the  spring  of  1868.  From  July  15  of  that  year  to  the  close 
of  Johnson's  administration  he  was  attorney -general  for  the  United 
States.  In  1872  he  was  counsel  for  the  United  States  in  the  tribunal 
of  arbitration  on  the  Alabama  cUiinis  at  Geneva,  and  he  was  Secretary 
of  State  during  the  administration  of  President  Hayes.  As  chief 
counsel  in  the  Beecher-Tilton  trial,  he  won  great  distinction  by  his 
legal  acumen  and  skillful  management.  Mr.  Evarts'  sentences  are 
remarkable  for  their  great  length.  His  varied  reading  and  njarvelous 
memory  have  made  him,  in  the  language  of  Lord  Bacon,  a  full  man. 
He  is  familiar  with  questions  of  political  economy,  the  abstract 
principles  of  government,  the  policy  of  parties,  the  details  of  modern 
history,  and  the  personal  biography  of  leading  men.  He  is  tall,  thin, 
erect  and  wiry,  and  can  perform  an  astonishing  amount  of  labor  in 
a  given  time  and  with  apparent  ease.  His  wonderful  success  is  due 
to  habits  of  persevering  industry.  Having  been  endowed  by  nature 
with  a  finely  balanced  intellect,  he  availed  himself  of  his  opportunities 
to  turn  his  talents  to  the  best  account.  The  portrait  of  Mr.  Evarts 
shows  a  large  and  evenly-developed  brain.  The  brow  is  a  dome  of 
thought  that  would  distinguish  him  as  a  man  of  mark  in  any  audience. 
The  nose,  long  and  hooked  like  an  eagle's  bill,  is  an  unmistakable 
proof  of  power,  and  the  closed  mouth  seems  as  firm  as  carved  granite, 
while  the  eyes  penetrate  to  the  thought  and  emotion  of  the  witnesses 
and  the  jury.     He  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  in  1885. 


S.  S.  PACKARD, 

Author  and  Founder  of  Packard's  Commercial  College. 

MR.  S.  S.  PACKARD,  as  editor,  author  and  teacher,  has  made  a 
favorable  impression  upon  a  large  constituency  of  men  of 
influence  in  every  State  in  the  Union.  Born  in  Curaming- 
tou,  Mass.,  April  38,  1836;  he  was  seven  years  of  age  when  he 
moved  with  his  parents  and  four  brothers  to  Ohio.  At  fourteen  he 
attended  a  boys'  academy  at  Granville,  Ohio,  doing  "chores"  as 
payment  for  his  board,  paying  the  bill  for  his  tuition  in  after- 
days.  At  that  time,  and  ever  since,  he  excelled  in  penmanship. 
When  sixteen  years  of  age  he  opened  a  writing-school,  giving  a 
course  of  lessons  at  fifty  cents  a  head,  payable  in  wheat,  which  he 
afterward  sold  for  $4.75,  the  price  for  six  weeks'  work.  After  ten 
months'  experience  as  a  teacher,  at  S7  per  month,  in  the  fall  of  1845, 
he  went  to  Kentucky,  where  he  remained  three  years.  While 
there  he  became  acquainted  with  Henry  Clay,  and  also  heard  Cassias 
M.  Clay,  pistol  in  hand,  speak  against  slavery.  In  January,  1848, 
he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  spent  two  years  in  the  service 
of  Bartlett's  commercial  college,  going  next  to  Adrian,  Mich.,  and 
subsequently,  in  1851,  to  Lockport,  N.  Y'.,  where  he  remained  two 
years,  and  then  halted  at  Tonawanda  to  take  the  editorial  charge  of 
a  village  newspaper  called  the  Niagara  liiver  Pilot.  There  he 
was  not  only  editor,  but  agent  for  a  land  company,  village  clerk, 
chorister  of  a  village  church,  superintendent  of  a  Sabbath-school,  and 
mastered  the  art  of  telegraphy  and  filled  the  duties  of  telegraph 
operator.  Being  defeated  by  a  man  who  had  more  money  than  he 
possessed,  as  a  candidate  for  canal  collector,  he  left  the  place  in  dis- 
gust, and  in  the  fall  of  185G  he  joined  Messrs.  Bryant  &  Stratton,  in 
their  t-fforts  to  oi)en  a  commercial  college  in  every  important 
city  in  the  United  States.  In  1858  he  established  in  New  Ytirk 
the  well-known  Packard's  commercial  college,  which  he  has  in  charge 
at  this  writing;  and  at  various  times  he  has  prepared  for  publication 
three  separate  works  on  bookkeeping,  besides  founding,  in  May, 
18G8,  Packard's  Monthhj,  which  was  a  brilliant  meteor  in  the  literaiy 
firmament  while  it  lived.  He  is  a  pleasant,  genial  genllenuni,  of 
fine  literary  taste,  ordiiuiry  stature,  and  hair  somewhat  frosted,  with 
a  beardless  face  of  thoughtful  cast.  As  a  public  speaker  he  is  clear, 
distinct  and  effective;  as  a  debater  he  is  ready  an<i  brilliant,  and  as 
an  instructor  he  is,  at  tlii-;  writing,  in  the  very  front  rank  of  the  com- 
mercial  educators. 


riio.MINKN'i'    MKN    UF    NKW    VUUK    CITY. 


:;>[ 


F.  A.   p.   BARNARD, 

Pi-cKldcnt  of  <'oltiiiilil:i  Colli-Ki',  New   Vufk. 

PliEDEKIC  AUGUSTUS  POKTEK  ItARNARD,  LL.I).,  President 
of  Cnliunbia  eoUegu,  New  York,  is  wv]]  and  widely  known  in 
l)nlii  hcniisi)licrcri  us  a  k'lirncd  and  ri'tlned  teacher  and  gentle- 
nuiu.  He  was  born  May  5,  1809,  in  Sliefliehl,  Mass.  At  tlie  aye  of 
fifteen,  having  passed  a  rigid  examination,  he  was  admitted  into  Y'ale 
college,  and  four  years  later  lie  graduated,  taking  the  highest  hon- 
ors. He  at  once  began  his  life-task  in  a  grammar-school  at  Hartford. 
In  1830  he  became  a  tutor  at  Yale,  but  withdrew  after  serving  one 
year,  to  take  charge  of  a  department  in  the  AmiTican  asylum  for 
deaf  mutes.  Twelve  months  later  he  was  calle<l  to  the  deaf  and 
dumb  institute  in  New  York,  where  he  remained  live  years,  going 
afterward  to  Alabama,  to  lake  a  professorship  in  the  university  at 
Tuscaloosa.  After  six  years'  service  there,  he  took  the  chair  of 
mathematics,  natural  philosophy  and  civil  engineering  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Mississippi.  Iii  18G2-3  he  made  observations  at  Santiago, 
Chili,  under  the  direction  of  the  United  States  coast  survey.  In 
May,  1863,  he  was  elected  president  of  Columbia  college.  New  York, 
which  honorable  and  important  post  he  still  occupies,  showing  in  this 
position  excellent  administrative  ability.  He  is  the  author  of  sev- 
eral text-books,  which  are  considered  of  great  value  in  many  of  our 
schools  and  colleges,  besides  being  a  copious  contributor  to  the 
Journal  of  Educalion  and  the  American  Journal  of  Science.  In 
1867  he  was  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  one  of 
the  commissioners  to  look  after  American  interests  at  the  interna- 
tional exposition  at  Paris.  An  active  man,  he  has  accomplished  a 
vast  amount  of  intellectual  labor.  v 


MOSES  TAYLOR, 

Eminent  Merchant  of  Xe\%'  "Work  City. 

MOSES  TAYLOR  was  a  practical  man.  His  motto  was  bus- 
iness before  amusement.  He  cared  less  for  art  and  the  cul- 
ture that  comes  of  the  study  of  science  and  belles-lettres  than 
he  did  for  business.  With  him  the  love  of  trade  and  commerce 
dominated  the  love  of  money.  He  came  of  English  stock,  but  was 
born  in  the  city  of  New  York,  January  11,  1808,  and  died  on  the  23d 
of  May,  1883,  leaving  to  his  heirs  an  estate  valued  at  $40,000,000. 
After  the  advantages  secured  by  hard  study  at  school,  he  obtained  a 
clerkship,  first,  and  for  a  short  time  only,  in  the  house  of  J.  D. 
Brown,  then  with  the  firm  of  the  Rowlands,  where  he  remained  ten 
years,  W.  H.  Aspinwall  being  a  fellow  clerk  with  him.  Mr.  Taylor 
began  business  on  his  own  account  when  he  was  twenty-six  years  of 
age,  with  a  capitpa!  of  Sirj.OOO.  At  that  time  the  cholera  was  preva- 
lent in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  Mr.  Taylor,  with  his  brother  mer- 
chants, suffered  under  its  shadow,  and  in  1835,  when  he  was  making 
headway,  the  disastrous  fire  of  December  in  that  year  swept  away  his 
store.  While  the  building  was  in  brands  at  his  feet,  he  bargained 
for  the  erection  of  another  upon  the  same  spot  of  land,  and  the  day 
following  the  memorable  fire  he  was  found  doing  business  in  the 
basement  of  his  dwelling-house.  His  new  store  was  one  of  the  first 
to  rise,  like  the  fabled  Phcenix,  from  its  ashes.  He  was  prompt, 
faithful,  honest  and  industrious,  and  prospered.  In  1855  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  city  bank,  and  held  that  office  till  he  died. 
He  was  a  "  war  Democrat,"  and  favored  loans  for  the  support  of  the 
government  during  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war.  He  never  specu- 
lated in  stocks,  but  was  ever  ready  to  lend  a  helping  hand  to  aid  great 
schemes  for  the  advancement  of  the  nation,  and  in  such  worthy 
enterprises  be  found  immense  wealth  for  himself  and  his  associates. 
He  was  one  of  the  company  of  five  who  assumed  the  responsibility  of 
laying  the  Atlantic  cable.  He  was  interested  in  the  Manhattan  Light 
company,  and  he  was  mainly  instrumental  in  developing  some  of  our 
coal  mines.  He  was  a  strong  man,  physically  and  intellectually. 
His  magnetic  countenance  beamed  with  hope  and  courage. 


SAMUEL  SULLIVAN  COX, 

£<uwyer,  Eilltoi-,  ..luthur  uiid  (-^uiiicreNiiniun. 

THIS  gentleman  is  recognized  as  an  eminent  author,  scholar  and 
politician.  By  profession  he  is  a  lawyer.  He  was  born  at 
Zanesville,  Ohio,  September  30,  1824.  He  is  a  graduate  of 
Brown  university.  Later  in  life  he  became  a  lawyer  and  editor, 
traveled  in  Europe,  wrote  an  account  of  his  journeyings,  and,  in 
1855,  was  appointed  secretary  of  legation  to  Peru.  The  next  year 
he  was  elected  to  Congress  from  Ohio,  and  re-eiected  in  1858,  18G0 
and  1862.  During  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  he  was  conspicuous  in 
his  opposition  to  the  policy  of  the  administration.  In  IStJfi  he  look 
up  his  abode  in  New  Y'ork  City,  where  he  found  sympathizers  whr* 
sent  him  to  Congress  in  1868,  and  who  re-elected  him  in  1870.  In 
1872  he  was  defeated  au  candidate-at-large  for  the  State.  Was  again 
in  Congress,  and  in  1885  went  as  minister  to  Turkey.  He  is  ambitious 
of  leadership,  shrewd  and  witty,  and  his  speeches  sparkle  with  puns 
and  stories,  quotations  and  quaint  allusions.  He  has  published  "The 
Buckeye  Abroad,"  "Eight  Years  in  Ccmgress,"  "Search  for  Winter 
Sunbeams,''  "Why  Do  We  Laugh?"  and  other  readable  books.  He  is 
of  short  stature,  but  well  built,  quick  in  his  movements,  and  over- 
flowing with  magnetic  force.  He  wears  a  pleasant  face  and  never 
forgets  (save,  perhaps,  in  the  heat  of  debate)  to  play  the  part  of  a 
gentleman.  Especially  is  he  desirous  to  seek  the  welfare  of  his 
friends,  not  ignoring  the  humblest  who  ask  for  his  advice  and  assist- 
ance. A  glance  at  his  portrait  will  convince  any  observant  mind  that 
it  represents  an  intellectual  man  of  superior  force  of  brain.  The 
broad  and  towering  forehead,  the  clear  and  penetrating  eyes,  and  the 
indefinable  lines  of  culture  in  the  countenance,  show  that  the 
prototype  of  the  picture  is  a  man  of  a-sthetic  taste  and  fine  dis- 
crimination. He  has  risen  into  notice  because  he  had  the  courage 
to  gratify  his  ambition  for  distinction,  and  because  he  had  the 
plication  which  fitted  him  for  political  leadership. 


ap- 


WILLIAM  H.  ASPINWALL, 

Prominent  Merchant  and  Steam-Boat  Otvner. 

WILLIAM  H.  ASPINWALL  deservedly  won  an  enviable  reputa- 
tion as  one  of  the  most  enterprising  American  merchants. 
The  son  of  a  staunch  business  man,  he  did  honor  to  his 
class.  He  was  born  in  New  York  in  1807;  began  his  career  as  a 
commercial  man  in  the  counting-hou.'Je  of  G.  &  S.  Howland,  as  a 
clerk,  and  when  be  was  twenty-five  years  of  age  he  became  a  member 
of  the  firm.  The  trade  prospered  beyond  precedent,  and  iu  1850  Mr. 
Aspinwall  retired  from  an  active  supervisorship  of  the  business  and 
devoted  his  skill  and  energy  to  the  Panama  Railroad  and  the  Pacific 
Steamship  companies,  and  with  these  vast  enterprises  his  name  is 
honorably  associated.  At  the  close  of  the  Mexican  war,  Congress 
authorized  contracts  for  the  establishment  of  two  lines  of  steamers, 
to  render  California  easier  of  access — one  from  New  York  and  New 
Orleans  to  Chagres;  the  other  from  Panama  to  California.  Mr. 
Aspinwall  secured  the  line  on  the  Pacific  side  and  George  Law  that 
on  the  Atlantic  sea-board.  In  1849  a  contract  was  made  by  him  for 
the  construction  of  a  road  across  the  isthmus,  and  the  work  was 
completed  amid  many  discouragements.  The  settlement  at  the  ter- 
minus at  Navy  Bay  was  named  Aspinwall,  in  honor  of  the  leading 
spirit  of  the  enterprise  that  sent  the  iron  horse  with  mane  of  smoke 
and  lungs  of  flame  over  the  iron  track.  In  1856  Mr.  Aspinwall. 
founder,  principal  director  and  president  of  the  company,  retired. 
He  was  a  brave  operator  and  not  afraid  of  the  vast  ventures  that 
would  liave  intimidated  ordinary  men.  He  traveled  considerably  in 
foreign  lands,  and  in  the  administration  of  his  great  wealth  he  did 
not  neglect  the  duties  of  charity.  He  died  in  1875.  His  portrait 
shows  a  soul  of  honesty,  earnestness  and  benevolence,  and  the  liigb- 
toned  character  of  the  man  and  merchant-prince  that  he  was. 
"  Only  the  actions  of  the  just 
Smell  sweet  and  blossom  in  the  dust." 


><|;(p. — 


— s£L).- 


f- 


3S2 


DISTINGL'lSIIEl)    JOUKNALIbTS    OF    NEW    VOKK. 


CHARLES  A.  DANA, 

Encyfloi»?ediKt  and  Editor  of  Xew  York  "Sun." 

LITERATIKE  and  journalism  owe  much  lo  Charles  A.  Duna,  the 
noted  uewspiiper  writer,  who  is  a  native  of  New  Hampshire, 
he  having  heen  born  at  Hinsdale,  in  that  State,  August  8,  1819. 
He  entered  Harvard  college  in  1839,  but  remained  there  only  two 
years,  owing  to  a  disease  of  the  eyes.  In  1842  he  became  a  member 
of  the  famous  and  historical  Brook  Farm  community,  in  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  whose  record  may  be  found  in  Hawthorne's  story  of  "■  Blythe- 
dale. "  He  remained  there  two  years,  and  then,  in  partnership  with 
Messrs.  Ripley,  Dwight  and  others,  edited  TJie  Harbinger^  a  weekly 
sheet  devoted  to  social  reform  and  general  literature.  During  a 
part  of  this  time  he  wrote  articles  for  the  Boston  Clironotype,  edited 
by  filizur  Wright.  In  1847  he  became  associated  with  Horace  Greeley 
in  the  conduct  of  the  Xew  York  Tribune,  as  its  managing  editor,  and 
continued  his  connection  with  that  paper  until  1861.  His  literary 
labors  were  not  confined  to  the  Tribune^  for  in  1855  he  joined  with 
the  well-known  critic  and  scholar,  George  Ripley,  in  the  project  of 
compiling  and  publishing  the  "New  American  Encyclop:vdla,"'  which 
was  completed  in  1803.  In  1858  he  published  a  bulky  volume  of 
lyric  poetry.  From  1862  to  1866  he  was  in  the  service  of  the  war 
department  of  the  government,  and  a  part  of  the  time  he  was  Assist- 
ant Secretary  of  War.  In  186G  he  became  editor  in-chief  of  the 
Chicago  Bepttbtican.  In  1808  he  bought  an  interest  in  the  New  York 
Sun,  and  became  its  editor.  He  has  a  strong  mind  and  a  sound 
healthy  physical  organization.  His  head  is  large,  with  a  fine  devel- 
opment of  the  intellectual  faculties;  his  forehead  is  high  and  liroad; 
his  eyes  are  deeply  set  and  piercing,  and  his  nose  is  indicative  of 
commanding  power. 


ROBERT  BONNER, 

Editor  and  Proprictoi-  oTllie  Xew  York.  *'Ijedger." 

POLITE  literature  and  social  journalism  have  found  a  popular 
(■.\]>anent  in  Robert  Bonner,  printer,  founder  and  editor  of  the 
New  York  Ledger,  who  entered  life  in  the  vicinity  of  Lon- 
donderry, Ireland,  April  28,  1824.  When  fifteen  years  of  age  he 
came  to  Hartfonl,  Conn.,  to  visit  his  uncle,  a  wide-awake  and  pros- 
perous farmer  in  that  neighborhood.  But  our  hero,  instead  of 
tilling  the  fields,  turned  his  attention  to  type-setting,  and  entered 
the  oflice  of  the  Hartford  Cotirant  as  an  apprentice.  There  he  mas- 
tered the  *'art  preservative  of  all  arts,"  and  laid  in  the  solid  granite 
of  industry  and  accuracy  the  foundation  of  his  fortune.  Re  removed 
to  New  York  in  1844,  and  was  employed  on  the  Evening  Mirror, 
writing  occasional  letters  for  the  Hartford  Courant.  In  1851  he 
founded  the  New  York  Ledger.  His  skill  in  the  conduct  of  the 
paper  and  his  generous  outlay  in  advertising  gave  it  an  immense 
circulation,  at  times  reaching  to  400,000  copies.  Among  his  contri- 
butors are  many  writers  of  national  fame.  He  has  the  finest  stable 
of  trotting  horses  in  this  country,  which  he,  under  no  consideration, 
will  allow  to  appear  as  competitors  at  public  races.  He  is 
recognized  as  a  millionaire.  In  person  he  is  stout,  compact 
and  of  common  stature.  His  head  is  large,  his  hair  brown, 
his  forehead  full  and  projecting  over  bright  hazel  eyes;  hie 
face  is  florid,  and  he  *' cultivates "  a  full  beard.  He  has  the 
exact  liabits  of  a  careful,  punctual  business  man,  and  is  not  disposed 
to  waste  words  on  trivial  topics.  He  is  a  leading  man  in  Dr.  John 
Hall's  church,  and  give?  generously  to  sustain  educiUional  and 
Christian  institutions.  He  pays  the  best  prices  for  Ihc  contributions 
he  accepts  for  (he  Ledger.  On  his  list  of  writers  are  such  names  as 
Dr.  John  Hall,  Bishop  Clark  and  Dr.  English.  Longfellow  received 
from  Mr.  Bonner  about  four  dollars  per  line  for  writing  *'The  Hang- 
ing of  the  Crane.''  and  he  has  paid  Tennyson  higher  prices  for  verse 
for  hiw  favorite  Ij'dgcr. 


HENRY  JARVIS  RAYMOND, 

Founder  ol' tlie  New  York  "Time*.** 

JOURNALISM  in  New  York  was,  in  his  day,  brilliantly  rcprcsi-nted 
by  Henry  J.  Raymond,  who  was  born  January  24,  1820,  in  Lima, 
Livingston  county,  N.  Y. ,  and  died  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
June  18,  1869.  In  his  boyhood  he  worked  on  his  father's  farm.  Al 
the  age  of  sixteen  he  taught  a  country  school  and  at  twenty  graduated 
at  the  university  of  Vermont.  This  was  in  1840,  and  after  studying 
law  for  one  year,  he  became  associate-editor  of  the  Tribune,  under 
the  supervision  of  Horace  Greeley,  having  previously  contributed  lo 
the  columns  of  Ihc  Neiv  Yorker,  edited  by  the  same  distinguished 
journalist.  In  1843  he  joined  the  staff  of  the  CouHer  and  Inquirer^ 
in  which  journal  he  had  adiscussion  with  Mr.  Greeley  on  Fourierism. 
Six  years  later  he  was  elected  by  the  whigs  lo  a  scat  in  the  State 
legislature,  and  was  re-elected  the  following  year,  1850,  when  he 
became  speaker  of  the  house.  .^  September  18,  1851,  he  founded 
the  New  York  Times.  In. the  whig  national  convention  at  Baltimore 
(to  which  he  was  a  delegate),  in  1852,  he  made  a  speech  of  great  force 
against  slavery,  and  he  did  it  in  the  storm  of  angry  opposition.  Two 
years  afterward  he  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  the  State  of 
New  York.  He  was  also  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Republican 
party,  and  wrote  its  brilliant  "  Address  to  the  People."  During  the 
war  of  the  Rebellion  he  was  an  ardent  and  able  supporter  of  the 
government,  and  in  1864  was  elected  to  Congress.  While  there  he 
sustained  the  policy  of  Andrew  Johnson.  He  wrote  the  "'  History  of 
the  Administration  of  President  Lincoln,"  and  other  works.  He 
excelled  as  a  rapid  writer,  was  an  eloquent  speaker,  a  model  parlia 
raentarian  and  a  natural  leader  of  men.  He  was  a  little  below  the 
ordinary  stature,  compact  and  wiry.  His  face  glowed  with  emotion 
when  on  the  rostrum,  and  his  voice  rang  out  like  a  cornet  in  his 
public  speech. 


WHITELAW  REID, 

Editor  of  the  New  York  ••  Tribune." 

FEW  metropolitan  editors  are  better  known  or  carry  more  influ- 
ence than  Mr.  Whitelaw  Reid,  who  was  born  in  Xenia,  Ohio, 
a  town  settled  and,  it  is  thought,  named  by  his  father,  who  was 
a  Cameronian  covenanter  and  an  elder  in  the  church.  The  son  pre- 
pared for  college  in  the  town  of  his  birth,  and  matriculated  at  Miami 
university  in  1850,  with  high-class  honors.  His  first  literary  venture 
was  the  editorship  of  the  Xenia  News,  which  he  owned  and  conducted 
with  so  much  skill  and  vigor  that  he  won  golden  opinions  from 
many  of  his  contemporaries,  and  was  invited  to  a  place  on  the  staflr 
of  the  Cincinnati  Gazette.  His  letters  from  Columbus  to  that  paper, 
bearing  the  signature  of  "Agate,"  were  brilliant  gems  of  corre- 
spondence. At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  he  joined 
the  staff  of  General  Morris.  In  the  field  he  witnessed  a  number  of 
battles,  of  which  he  afterward  gave  vivid  descriptions  in  his  two 
war-books,  entitled  "  After  the  War"  and  "  Ohio  in  the  War."  We 
next  hear  of  him  as  the  Washington  writer  for  the  Cincinnati 
Gazette,  where  he  shone  with  marked  brilliancy  as  a  writer  and 
critic.  Leaving  the  capital,  he  tried  his  hand  at  cotton-planting  in 
Louisiana,  on  a  farm  of  2,500  acres.  Not  succeeding  in  accordance 
with  his  expectations  he  returned  to  journalism.  In  1608  he  went  to 
New  York,  having  been  invited  by  Horace  Greeley  to  take  a  position 
on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Tribune,  of  which  he  is  now  chief 
editor  and  part  proprietor.  Few  men  of  his  age  can  point  to 
such  a  record  of  usefulness  and  honor  as  can  Mr.  Reid.  He 
is  one  of  the  acutest  political  controversialists  of  the  time.  Person- 
ally amvable  and  generous,  he  commands  a  caustic  pen.  He  is  tall, 
being  fully  six  feet  high,  square-shouldcrod  and  symmetrical.  His 
face  shows  refinement  and  culture.  He  is  fastidiously  particular  in 
matters  of  dress  and  polite  in  his  address.  He  married  a  daughter 
of  D.  O.  Mills,  Esq.,  the  millionaire. 


:(>- 


SKISICII    OF    MO\V>il'AI'KK    OW.SKK,    ]<JNAN<J1KJ4,   AND    CKLICBKATEU    JJl\'l.NE. 


asa 


JAMES  GORDON  BENNETT, 

Ownei-ol'the  »\*'  "I'oi-k   "Hei-ald." 

Till'-  I)iitlipIaciM)f  Jaiiieii  (iordoii  Ik'iiiictI,  stuond,  tin-  .-^on  and  heir 
of  Ibc  founder  of  the  New  York  Herald^  whose  name  he  bears, 
was  New  York  City.  Ilis  birth  occurred  in  1838.  Having 
received  the  advantages  of  education  which  American  and  European 
teachers  conld  give  him,  he  was  well  fitted  for  a  life  of  literary  labor. 
His  distinguished  father,  who  married  rather  late  in  life,  pub- 
lished half  a  column  of  enthusiastic  rhetoric  in  honor  of  his  son  at 
the  time  of  his  birth.  Mr.  Bennett,  though  absent  most  of  his  time 
in  Europe,  is  all  the  time  the  editor-in-chief  of  the  New  York 
Heraldy  communicating  with  his  subordinates  through  the  tele- 
graph when  out  of  town.  In  1809  he  sent  H.  M.  Stanley  to  Africa  in 
search  of  the  missionary,  Livingstone.  Mr.  Stanley  found  the  good 
man  on  the  10th  of  November,  1870.  In  1873  Mr.  Bennett,  in  con- 
junction with  the  proprietors  of  the  London  Telegraphy  sent  Mr. 
Stanley  to  Africa  on  a  second  expedition.  About  two  years  later  Mr. 
Bennett  sent  out  the  steam-ship  Jeannette  in  search,  of  the  North 
Pole.  It  proved  to  be  a  disastrous  failure.  The  enterprise  and  liber- 
ality of  Mr.  Bennett  cannot  be  questioned.  His  Herald  is  a  marvel 
of  success  as  a  newspaper.  Its  correspondence  comes  from  every 
point  of  the  compass  and  from  every  civilized  land.  No  cost  is 
spired  in  the  procurement  of  the  earliest  news;  no  task  is  too  diffi- 
cult for  ite  editorial  and  reportorial  force  to  undertake.  Locomotives 
and  steam-ships  are  chartered,  if  need  be,  to  obtain  important  facts 
for  the  Herald.  Mr.  Bennett  is  the  controlling  spirit  of  the  vast 
concern,  and  he  never  drops  the  lines  nor  allows  another  man  to  drive, 
whether  he  be  for  the  time  resident  in  Paris  or  at  his  home  in  the 
city  of  New  York. 


RUFUS  HATCH, 

]>ealer  in  Stocks  and  Steam-Boat  Owner. 

RUFUS,  or  "  Uncle  Kufus,"  as  he  is  frequently  culled  by  those 
who  know  him  best,  came  into  the  world  at  Wells,  York 
county,  Maine,  in  1832.  The  son  of  a  farmer,  he  worked  on  a 
farm  in  his  boyhood;  then  in  a  saw-mill;  then  at  a  trade;  then 
as  clerk  in  a  store,  turning  to  the  best  account  the  little  education 
that  he  had  picked  up  in  a  country  common  school.  Being  a  keen 
observer  he  constantly  added  to  his  stock  of  knowledge  a  good  deal 
of  practical  wisdom,  which  has  been  of  vast  value  to  him  in  his 
remarkable  career.  Before  Horace  Greeley  bad  given  his  advice  to 
"go  west/'  Mr.  Hatch  was  at  work  as  an  employe  on  the  Galena  rail- 
way, assisting  the  engineer.  We  next  hear  of  him  at  Rockford,  111., 
at  which  place  he  arrived  on  a  Sunday  morning  in  a  destitute  condi- 
tion, looking  like  a  tramp.  He  strayed  into  the  village  chnrch,  and 
the  organist  being  absent  he  volunteered  to  preside  at  that  instru- 
ment, and  played  it  so  well  that  be  won  the  admiration  of  the  wor- 
shipers and  found  employment  forthwith.  He  had  occupied  his 
leisure  at  home  in  the  study  of  music,  and  his  passion  for  sweet 
sounds  even  now  surpasses  the  love  of  the  clinking  of  coins.  In  a 
short  time  he  assumed  the  management  of  a  provision  warehouse, 
and  in  1858  he  entered  into  a  partnership  in  the  grocery  business  in 
Chicago,  where  he  prospered  well  for  a  time,  but  afterward  failed. 
In  1862  he  came  to  New  York  and  began  to  try  his  luck  with  the 
"bulls  "  and  "bears  "  in  Wall-street.  Again  he  was  overtaken  with 
disaster  and  failed.  But  the  time  came  when  the  wheel  of  fortune 
turned  in  his  favor,  and  he  paid  every  dollar  of  his  indebtedness.  His 
operations  in  stocks  and  shares,  in  steam-boat  and  railroad  enter- 
prises, in  grain  and  beef  speculations,  are  immense.  His  cattle 
ranches  in  the  far  west  are  the  largest  and  perhaps  the  most  profitable 
on  the  continent.  His  trade  in  wheat,  flour  and  beef  is  enormous. 
In  the  measurement  of  values  he  has  no  superior,  and  he  has  the 
foresight  and  vision  of  a  prophet  in  discovering  approaching  panics. 
He  is  the  most  formidable  fighter  that  the  New  York  Central  rail- 


road has  had  to  encounter.  While  he  ie  a  generous  friend  and  a  true 
one,  he  is  a  hard  hitter  in  a  figbt.  He  is  a  good-natured  and  a 
charitable  man,  an  early  riser,  and  very  industrious.  There  is  a 
vein  of  humor  running  through  bis  writings,  sayings  and  speeches, 
like  a  seam  of  gold  in  granite.  His  side-splitting  burlesques  would 
fill  a  volume,  and  he  is  not  afraid  to  laugh  at  the  railway  and  money 
magnates  of  Gotham.  He  is  a  man  of  taste,  and  enjoys  the  contents 
of  his  large  library.  liis  many  millions  do  not  oppress  him  with  a 
sense  of  self-importance.  He  is  easy  of  access,  sociable,  charitable 
and  humane.  In  person  he  is  short  and  stout,  and  is  partially  bald; 
has  a  full  face,  lit  with  a  pair  of  penetrating  grayish-blue  eyes.  H*- 
has  been  twice  married,  and  has  three  children — two  boys  in  their 
teens  and  an  infant  at  this  writing.  The  success  of  this  entcrpri.-ing 
man  is  due  to  his  willingness  to  work,  his  integrity,  his  courage,  his 
hopeful  temper,  and  his  inexhaustible  stock  of  good  nature  and 
mother-wit.  He  made  himself  so  useful  to  his  employers  they  could 
not  get  on  without  him.  When  fifteen  years  of  age  his  salary  was 
$30  per  annum.  A  little  after  that  he  received  SI4  per  month  as  a 
clerk  in  Kennebunk.  When  twenty  years  of  age,  with  $02  in  his 
pocket,  he  tried  his  fortune  at  Rockford,  111.  Afterward,  in  Chicago, 
he  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  open  board  of  brokers.  He 
failed,  as  before  stated,  in  1856;  borrowed  SlOO  on  his  watch  and 
came  to  New  York,  and  in  less  than  five  years  paid  all  his  debts  aiid 
was  a  power  in  the  New  York  stock  markets.  Soon  he  became  the 
manager  of  the  Pacific  Mail  Steam-ship  company,  the  originator  of 
the  Iron  Steam-boat  company,  and  he  is  now  the  owner  of  an 
immense  ranch  In  the  southwest,  stocked  with  30,000  head  of  cattle. 
He  is  one  of  the  busiest  of  busy  men. 


REV.  JOHN  HALL, 

DIstinenished  PreMbyteiian    llivine.  Xew  York  City. 

AMERICAN  Presbyterian  theology  has  one  of  its  most  able 
representatives  and  expounders  in  Rev.  Dr.  John  Hall,  pastor 
of  the  Fifth  Avenue  Presbyterian  church.  New  York,  who  was 
born  in  Ireland,  July  31,  1829.  His  ancestors  removed  from  Scot- 
land to  the  North  of  Ireland  many  years  ago,  and  settled  in  the 
county  of  Ulster.  His  father  was  a  man  of  means  and  good  social 
standing.  When  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  thirteen  years  of 
age  he  was  prepared  to  enter  Belfast  college,  where  he  won  prizes 
for  his  attainments  in  Hebrew.  After  his  graduation  he  began  to 
study  for  the  ministry,  and  in  June,  1849,  he  was  licensed  to  preach. 
Having  done  missionary  work  in  the  West  of  Ireland,  he  was  called 
to  a  church  at  Armagh,  where  he  was  installed  in  June,  1852.  Six 
years  later  he  was  called  to  the  church  of  Mary's  Abbey,  now  Rut- 
land Square,  in  Dublin.  There  he  was  honored  as  one  of  the  ablest 
and  best  edncated  of  the  preachers  in  that  city  of  schools  and 
churches.  From  Queen  Victoria  he  received  the  complimentary 
appointment  of  Commissioner  of  Education  for  Ireland.  In  1867  he 
was  a  delegate  of  the  Irish  general  assembly  to  the  United  States. 
In  this  country  he  was  cordially  received,  and  his  speeches  and  ser- 
mons were  noticeable  for  their  logic  and  simple  eloquence.  About 
the  time  of  his  visit  here  the  church  whose  pastorate  he  holds  was 
seeking  a  minister.  A  unanimous  and  hearty  call  was  presented  to 
him,  which  be  accepted.  He  was  installed  November  3,  1867.  Dr. 
Hall  is  an  easy  and  graceful  extemporaneous  speaker,  and  usually 
l)reaches  from  a  meagre  skeleton  of  notes.  His  discourses  are  clear, 
concise  and  philosophical,  and  his  contributions  to  the  press  are  fine 
specimens  of  excellent  English.  In  person  he  is  tall,  and  of  com- 
manding, yet  pleasant,  presence.  His  smoothly-shaved  face  is  the 
inde.x  of  a  charitable  and  generous  nature,  and  beams  with  intelli- 
gence. It  shows  that  he  is  an  earnest  man,  endowed  with  that 
courteous  decision  which  never  falters,  and  that  Christian  heroism 
which  is  not  afraid  of  responsibilities  that  may  arise  in  the  path  of 
dutv. 


::73^ 


r 


8S-1: 


FINANCIEKS    ANli    I'OLITICIANS    OF    NEW     VuKK    I'lTV. 


JOHN  KELLY. 

]>i8tf oguistaed  Xiimmaiiy  r.euder,  Xe^v  T'ork. 

SELF-MADE  iiu-n  are  always  held  in  esteem  by  public  opinion, 
and  in  this  respect  John  Kelly,  ex-alderman,  ex-sheriff,  ex- 
CoDgreseman  and  popular  political  leader,  has  achieved  con- 
siderable reputation.  New  York  was  his  birthplace,  about  the  year 
1824.  His  father  came  from  Ireland,  and  kept  a  small  store  in  the 
fourteenth  ward  of  his  son's  native  city.  In  his  boyhood  John 
attended  the  parochial  school  attached  to  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  and 
was  office  hoy  in  the  Herald  office  when  the  paper  was  published  in 
Ann  street.  Afterward  he  learned  the  grate-setting  and  stone-cutting 
trade:  then  started  business  on  his  own  account,  and  prospered. 
He  continued  to  study  hard,  reading  law  and  political  economy,  and 
acquiring  a  knowledge  of  French  and  German.  In  his  young  man- 
hood he  joined  the  volunteer  fire  department,  also  the  Emmet  Guards, 
becoming  captain  of  the  latter.  Being  an  authority  in  politics  in  his 
ward,  in  1853  he  was  elected  alderman,  and  the  year  following  he  was 
elected  to  Congress,  defeating  Mike  Walsh.  In  1856  he  was  re- 
elected to  Congress,  where  he  fought  the  Know-Nothing  sentiment 
and  advocated  the  homestead  laws.  Before  the  close  of  his  second 
term  he  was  elected  sheriff  of  New  York,  and  at  the  expiration  of  the 
three  years  after  the  close  of  his  first  term  in  1865,  he  was  re-elected 
sheriff.  In  1871  he  began  his  work  of  reform  in  Tammany.  He  has 
a  wife  and  two  children — a  son  and  a  daughter.  He  is  a  tall  man,  of 
powerful  build,  and  by  no  means  such  a  man  as  the  caricaturists 
represent  him  Lo  be.  He  speaks  in  public  with  power,  and  is  noted 
for  his  mugnetic  influence  over  his  auditors.  His  habits  are  unex- 
ceptionable, and  no  one  questions  his  personal  integrity. 


SAMUEL  JONES  TILDEN, 

Prominent  Lnwyei'  and  Ex-Ooveruor  of  Xew  York.. 

WIDELY  known  by  his  political  and  financial  operations,  Samuel 
J.  Tilden  has  a  prominent  place  among  the  notabilities  of  the 
American  metropolis,  and  is  conspicuous  for  his  ability  as  a 
writer  and  speaker.  He  was  born  in  New  Lebanon,  Columbia 
county,  N.  Y. ,  February  9,  1814,  In  the  course  of  his  educational 
training  he  entered  Yale  college  in  1833,  but  completed  his  studies 
at  the  New  York  university.  He  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  where  he  distinguished  himself  as  an  acute  and  logical 
pleader.  As  a  lawyer  he  was  employed  in  many  important  cases. 
Among  those  most  worthy  of  mention  are  the  Flagg  contested  elec- 
tion for  the  comptrollership  of  New  York  City,  in  1855;  the  Burdell 
heirs  against  Mrs.  Cunningham,  in  1857;  the  Cumberland  coal  case, 
in  1858,  and  the  Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  company,  in  1863.  He 
has  been  very  prominent  in  politics;  was  a  member  of  the  State 
constitutional  convention  in  1846,  and  of  the  State  Assembly,  where 
he  exerted  the  utmost  of  his  endeavors  to  shape  the  canal  policy.  In 
1855  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  office  of  State  Attorney-General,  but 
was  defeated.  In  1866  he  was  honored  with  the  chairmanship  of  the 
Democratic  State  committee.  In  1867  be  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
stitutional convention.  In  1870-71  he  was  active  in  ferreting  out 
frauds  in  the  New  York  City  government.  In  1872  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Assembly,  and  in  1874  was  elected  Governor  of  New  York. 
He  was  the  nominee  of  the  Democratic  parly  for  the  presidency,  but 
was  defeated.  He  is  a  scholarly  and  cultivated  man,  and  polite  and 
pleasant  in  his  address,  combining  the  discretion  of  the  lawyer  with 
the  shrewdness  of  the  politician.     He  is  a  bachelor  and  a  millionaire. 


RUSSELL  SAGE, 

Ex-Memlicr  of  (ottui't'oo  :in<l   Fln:inci<*r. 

ONE  of  the  beet-known  men  in  VVuli-strect  is   Russell   Sage,  the 
possessor  of  immense  wealth,  and  one  of  the  few  who  have 
remained  solvent  amid  the  changes  in  the  money-market.     He 
never  fails  to  honor  bis  contracts,  however  great  the  pecuniary  sacri- 


fice, and  he  has  won  the  name  of  "■  Old  Integrity."  He  was  born  in 
Verona,  Oneida  county,  N.  Y.,  August  15,  1816.  The  child  of  poor 
parents,  he  had  only  a  common  education.  In  early  life  he  deter- 
mined to  earn  all  he  could  and  spend  less  than  he  earned.  When 
fifteen  years  of  age,  in  1831,  he  was  employed  by  bis  brother  Henry, 
a  grocer,  in  Troy,  N.  Y.  When  eighteen  he  engaged  in  business 
with  his  brother  Elisha,  also  a  grocer,  in  Troy.  The  firm 
prospered  and  the  business  increased.  Mr.  Sage  dissolved  partner- 
ship with  his  brother,  and  then,  a  part  of  the  time  alone  and  a  part 
of  the  time  with  other  firms,  he  engaged  extensively  in  grain,  flour 
and  beef  and  porl;-packing  in  the  west.  Some  of  his  ventures  were 
heavy  and  generally  fortunate.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
commercial  bank  of  Troy;  was  deeply  interested  in  railroad 
speculations,  and  with  some  of  his  associates  he  has  fought 
many  railroad  battles  in  the  courts.  He  was  an  alderman  in  Troy 
from  1843  to  1850.  In  1846  he  was  treasurer  of  the  county  of 
Rensselaer  and  held  the  office  till  1851.  He  was  a  Whig,  and  often  a 
delegate  to  State  and  national  conventions.  In  1850  he  was  a  candi- 
date for  Congress  and  was  beaten  by  a  small  adverse  majority. 
Two  years  later  he  was  elected  and  made  his  mark  as  a  member  of 
the  thirty-third  Congress.  He  was  re-elected  by  an  increased 
majority  in  1854,  and  was  a  member  of  the  committee  of  ways  and 
means.  He  was  in  favor  of  the  expulsion  of  Brooks  for  his  assault 
on  Charles  Sumner.  His  speech  ou  the  Kansas  slavery  question  was 
considered  able  and  effective.  He  also  spoke  on  the  purchase  of 
Mount  Vernon,  the  deficiency  and  homestead  bills,  the  military 
academy  bill,  the  river  and  harbor  bill,  etc.  In  1860  he  plunged  into 
the  vortex  of  Wall-street.  He  was  then  worth  about  $200,000.  He 
sold  no  privileges  at  that  time  and  loaned  no  money  without  the  best 
security.  He  is  now  worth  many  millions.  He  is  a  close,  shrewd, 
far-seeing  calculator;  and  he  has  great  self-reliance,  not  to  say 
assurance,  and  that  is  not  a  matter  of  surprise,  since  the  genial  dame 
Good  Fortune  seems  to  have  been  always  on  his  side  to  shield  him 
in  the  time  of  trial  and  to  crown  him  with  success  in  all  his  under- 
takings. . 


CYRUS  W.  FIELD, 

Founder  of  the  Athtntic  Submarine  Teleirrnpli. 

CYRUS  W.  FIELD  belongs  to  a  distinguished  family.  One  of  his 
brothers  is  a  judge,  another  stands  at  the  head  of  the  New  York 
bar,  and  another  is  the  editor  and  owner  of  the  New  York 
Evangelist.  Cyrus  has  linked  the  old  world  with  the  new,  and 
*' gathered  the  nations  in  a  group'"  with  the  submarine  telegraph. 
He  has  won  wide  celebrity  and  fortune,  and  is  a  millionaire. 
He  was  born  in  1820,  in  the  town  of  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  where  be 
was  educated  and  had  for  his  school  companions  the  Scdgwicks  and 
others  who  became  noted  in  the  world  of  letters  and  politics.  When 
eighteen  years  of  age,  he  was  employed  in  New  York,  in  A.  T. 
Stewart's  dry-goods  store,  whence  after  one  year  of  service  he  went 
to  Lee,  Mass.,  and  engaged  as  a  clerk  in  the  office  of  his  brother, 
Mathew  Field.  Eighteen  months  later  he  went  to  Westfield,  Mass., 
and  became  the  junior  partner  of  E.  Root  &  Go's  paper  firm,  which 
failed  a  few  years  afterward  and  left  Mr.  Field  deeply  in  debt.  His 
next  venture  wag  the  opening  of  a  paper  commis.'*ion  house  in  New 
Yorlv.  at  which  time  he  was  his  own  porter,  clerk,  cashier  and  boss. 
He  was  very  exact,  methodical  and  prompt.  At  noon,  no  matter 
who  was  i)rcscnt,  he  would  spread  a  napkin  on  his  desk,  and  partake 
of  his  lunch  from  a  tin  pail.  In  ten  years  he  built  up  an 
immense  business,  paid  his  Westfield  creditors,  principal  and  inter- 
est, bought  the  homestead  on  which  his  father  lived  as  a  tenant,  and 
presented  it  to  him.  The  greatest  event  of  his  life,  however,  was 
the  laying  of  the  Atlantic  cable,  to  construct  which  he  crossed  the 
ocean  almost  as  many  limes  as  the  weaver-spider  passes  from  point 
to  point  when  building  its  bridge  of  gossamer.    Thurlow  Weed,  when 


WELL-KNOWN    MEN    OK    NEW    VOKK. 


iS.> 


ur;::ing  Prt'sidciit  Pierce  to  tiign  "The  Field  Bill,'"  tlutt  had  pat-eed 
Congress,  said  to  the  preaideiit:  "Mr.  Field  in  one  of  the  kindest  and 
best  of  men,  but  he  is  so  nervous  and  bo  much  exciteil,  you  will  kill 
him  liy  withholding  your  signature.'"  The  bill  was  signed  at  once. 
Mr.  Field  is  tall  and  **  spare. "  He  has  a  fine  head,  a  broad,  high  fore- 
head, full  electric  eyes,  eagle  nose,  and  thin,  compressed  lips  that  are 
]):u'tly  concealed  under  a  light  growth  of  beard.  His  face  indicates 
llnnneas,  courage  and  intellectual  superiority. 


SAMUEL  R.  WELLS, 

PhrenoloKiNt  iiiid  l*iil>llNher,  Xew  Tork  City. 

SAMUEL  R.  WELLS  was  widely  known  as  an  authority  on  the 
subject  of  phrenology  and  as  a  promoter  cf  all  the  phases 
of  reform  that  tend  to  advance  the  best  interests  of 
humanity.  He  was  born  in  West  Hartford,  Conn.,  April  4,  1820. 
In  his  childhood  he  removed  with  his  parents  to  Sodus  Bay,  N.  Y. 
There  he  spent  his  early  years,  working  on  the  farm,  boating,  hunt, 
ing,  fishing,  and  in  various  other  occupations  and  amusements 
incident  to  rural  life.  When  he  attained  to  young  manhood  he 
learned  the  tanner's  trade,  seeking  the  best  instruction,  until  he 
became  a  complete  master  of  the  business  and  commanded  its  highest 
wages.  Being  industrious,  temperate  and  skillful,  he  easily  found 
plenty  of  good  work  to  do  and  good  men  to  work  for.  After  saving 
a  few  hundred  dollars,  he  determined  to  study  the  medical  profession, 
and  he  was  making  considerable  progress  in  that  direction  when  be 
attended  a  course  of  lectures  delivered  by  the  Fowlers  in  the  city  of 
Boston.  He  was  deeply  impressed  with  the  interesting  theme  and 
resolved  to  investigate  it.  When  a  boy,  his  first  ideas  of  phrenology 
were  obtained  from  a  chart  which  had  been  marked  by  Miss  Char- 
lotte Fowler,  an  accomplished  young  lady,  then  in  her  teens,  who 
afterward  became  his  wife.  In  1844  he  formed  a  copartnership  with 
the  Fowlers,  and  entered  their  office,  then  in  Nassau  street.  New 
York.  He  organized  the  book  business  and  gave  a  new  spring  to  the 
fimums  Phrenological  Journal.  In  1860  Mr.  Wells  and  Mr.  L.  N. 
Fowler  made  the  tour  of  the  United  States  and  the  British  provinces, 
and  afterward  extended  their  journey  to  England,  Scotland  and 
Ireland.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Wedlock,  or  the  Right  Relations  of 
the  Sexes,"  and  "New  Physiognomy,  or  Signs  of  Character."  He 
died  on  the  morning  of  April  13,  1875,  aged  fifty-five  years.  He  was 
an  amiable  and  benevolent  gentleman,  of  attractive  presence  and 
graceful  address,  and  tall,  slender  and  symmetrical,  with  a  face  indi- 
cating high  intelligence  and  refinement.  A  vigorous  growth  of  dark 
hair  covered  a  finely  formed  head.  His  eyes,  weakened,  probably, 
by  bard  study,  were  helped  by  the  use  of  spectacles.  The  contour  of 
his  face  showed  sensitiveness  and  delicate  sympathy,  combined  with 
a  singular  power  of  analysis  and  decision  of  character. 


STEPHEN  VAN  RENSSELAER, 

Extensive  Land-Owner,  Public  Officer"  nnd  Scientist. 

THIS  gentleman,  well  known  as  "the  patroon,"  or  owner  of  ex- 
tensive land-grants  rented  out  to  numerous  tenants,  was  a 
lineal  descendant  of  Kilian  Van  Rensselaer,  the  original  "  pat- 
roon "  of  1630,  and  was  born  in  New  York  City,  November  1,  17G4. 
He  was  educated  at  Harvard  college,  graduating  in  1782,  and  in  1783 
married  a  daughter  of  General  Philip  Schuyler.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Slate  assembly  in  1789,  and  a  State  senator  from  1790  to  1795. 
In  1795  he  became  lieutenant-governor  of  the  State,  holding  the  office 
for  six  years.  In  1801  he  was  chosen  chairman  of  the  State  con- 
stitutional convention,  and  was  appointed  commander  of  the  mounted 
State  militia,  with  the  rank  of  general.  In  1810-11,  he  was  appointed 
a  commissioner  to  explore  the  route  for  a  canal  to  Western  New 
York.  During  the  war  of  1812,  with  his  cavalry,  he  captured 
Queenstown,  Canada,  but  could  not  retain  it,  owing  to  his  men 
refusing  to  leave  their  own  State,  and  on  this  account  he  resigned  his 


command.  From  1810  until  his  death  he  was  one  of  the  Erie  canal 
commissioners,  and  president  of  the  board  for  fifteen  yeurs.  He  was 
again  elected  to  the  State  legi-nlature  in  1810.  He  wa«  choHen  regent 
of  the  State  university  in  1819,  and  was  also  its  chancellor.  In  1820 
he  was  president  of  the  State  board  of  agriculture.  In  1821  he  was  a 
member  of  the  State  constitutional  convention.  From  1821  to  1823 
he  superintended  geological  surveys  al(»ng  the  line  of  the  Erie  canal 
and  elsewhere.  In  1824  he  established  a  scientific  school  at  Troy, 
N.  Y. ,  afterward  known  as  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  institute. 
From  1822  to  1829  he  was  a  member  of  Congress,  and  directly  instru- 
mental in  electing  John  Quincy  Adams  Prei^tdent  by  his  vote  in  the 
House.  In  1825  Yule  college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.      He  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  January  20,  1839. 


ALEXANDER  HAMILTON. 

Patriot,   Ntntesmun  and  Financier. 

ALEXANDER  HAMILTON  was  born  in  the  Isle  of  Xevis  (West 
Indies),  in  1757.  At  sixteen,  with  his  mother,  he  removed  to 
New  York,  where  he  was  educated  at  Columbia  college.  At 
nineteen  he  entered  the  revolutionary  army,  and,  in  1777,  was  aide 
to  General  Washington,  with  whom  he  fought  at  the  siege  of  York- 
town  with  great  bravery.  He  studied  law  on  the  return  of  peace, 
began  practice  in'  New  York,  and  soon  rose  to  distinction.  His 
election  as  a  member  of  Congress  occurred  in  1782.  In  1787  he 
aided  in  framing  the  constitution  of  the  United  States.  He  assisted 
in  writing  The  Federalist  in  1787  and  1788,  and  was  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  the  National  Treasury  by  President  Washington  in  1789,  In 
this  ofiice  he  established  a  system  of  finance  that  greatly  benefited 
the  country.  He  returned  to  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  1795. 
In  1798,  when  France  threatened  to  invade  the  republic,  he  was 
chosen  second  in  command  of  the  government  forces,  subsequently 
returning  to  his  law  practice  and  achieving  new  success  and  emin- 
ence. In  a  duel  with  Aaron  Burr,  in  1804,  he  lost  bis  life,  greatly 
loved  and  lamented.  His  labors  and  essays  are  still  highly  appre- 
ciated. 


WILLIAM  M.  TWEED, 

Knon'u  as  the  **  Boss**  of  a  Disreputable  **  Rlngr.** 

THIS  remarkable  personage  was  born  in  New  York  City,  April  3, 
1823,  and  learned  the  trade  of  a  chair-raaker,  but  subsequently 
became  a  lawyer.  From  1852  to  1871  he  successively  filled 
the  offices  of  alderman,  member  of  Congress,  city  supervisor  and 
chairman  of  the  board  of  supervisors,  school  commissioner.  State 
senator,  and  commissioner  of  the  city  department  of  public  works. 
It  was  in  this  last  position  that  he,  with  others,  formed  a  "ring," 
and  converted  large  sums  of  public  money  to  their  private  use,  one 
medium  of  their  ill-gotten  gains  being  the  building  and  furnishing  of 
the  new  city  court  house.  In  1871  he  was  arrested  in  a  civil  suit  for 
malfeasance  in  office,  and  held  for  trial  in  bonds  of  $1,000,000:  and 
later  in  the  year  he  was  arrested  on  a  criminal  charge  of  frand,  but 
was  released  on  bail  of  $5,000.  Early  in  1873  both  suits  were  tried, 
but  the  jury  disagreed.  Toward  the  close  of  that  year,  however,  he 
Wits  convicted  of  fraud,  and  sentenced  to  twelve  years'  imprisonment, 
fined  $12,550,  and  incarcerated  on  Blackwell's  Island,  in  New  York 
harbor.  In  1875  a  civil  suit  to  recover  $6,000,000  from  him  was 
begun  in  the  supreme  court  of  the  State,  with  several  other  actions, 
civil  and  criminal.  Later  that  year,  the  court  of  appeals  decided  that 
his  imprisonment  was  illegal,  and  ordered  his  discharge:  but  he  was 
required  to  furnish  bail-lxmds  to  the  amount  of  $3,000,000  in  the 
pending  civil  suits,  and  failing  to  do  so,  was  confined  in  the  Lndlow 
street  jail.  On  the  4th  of  December,  1875,  he  escaped  from  custody, 
and  fled  to  Europe;  but  after  an  absence  of  several  months  he  wa^ 
recaptured  in  Spain,  and  again  placed  in  jail,  in  New  York,  where  he 
died  in  1878. 


2^ 


:<3^ 


>(l:(7 — 


1 


386 


DISTINGUISHED    MEN    OF   THK    "  QUAKEK    CITY. 


PHILADELPHIA, 


-i* 


^ 


SKETCHES  OF  SOME  OF  HER  PEOPLE, 


^- 


a- 


Past  and  Present. 


-^i--*-- 


-•-•■^ 


A  Few  Men  who  are  Widely  and  Favorably  Known. 


HILADELPHIA  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most 
renowned  of  American  cities^  and  its 
origin  and  history  are  full  of  interest. 
William  Penn,  having  received  from  Charles 
II.,  King  of  England,  a  charter  for  all  the 
land  west  of  the  Delaware  river,  visited  the 
present  site  of  Philadelphia  in  1682,  and 
there  concluded  bis    celebrated    treaty    of 

peace  with  the  Indians,  whereby  he  acquired 

~S)  absolute  possession  of  the  territory  desig- 
nated in  the  royal  grant.  At  this  time  he 
founded  the  city  and  gave  it  the  name  that 
it  now  bears.  The  peaceful  relations 
between  the  colonists  and  Indians  contin- 
ued uninterrupted  for  sixty  years,  during 
which  the  city  prospered.  While  the  war 
of  the  Revolution  still  raged,  in  1774,  the  first  Continental  Congress 
was  held  in  Philadelphia;  it  was  there,  in  1776,  that  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  was  Mgned,  and  it  was  the  established  seat  of  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  from  1790  until  1800,  when  the  city  of 
Washington  became  the  permanent  national  capital.  Philadelphia 
ranks  as  the  second  seaport  of  the  Union  in  point  of  size  and  import- 
ance. It  has  been  the  theatre  of  many  great  and  good  enterprises  in 
commerce,  literature  and  science,  and  has  produced  some  of  the 
finest  intellects  in  the  world.  Among  its  most  eminent  citizena  have 
been  Franklin,  Girard,  and  the  many  other  brilliant  and  honored  men 
whose  life-sketcbee  are  herewith  given. 


WILLIAM  PENN, 

Fonuder  ol"  rhe  Stat**  of  renn*tylvanla. 

5[j|^S|IR  WILLIAM  PENN  was  an  admiral  in  the  British  navy. 
-^^^  His  son,  the  siTt)ject  of  this  sketch,  was  born  in  London,  Eng- 
\  )  land,  October  14,  1644.  His  education  was  commenced  in  a 
J-'  country  school  when  he  was  still  of  very  tender  age;  at 
twelve,  in  London,  he  studied  under  a  private  tutor,  and  at  fifteen 
entered  Oxford  university.  There  he  was  converted  to  the  tenets  of 
the  (Quakers,  and  this  change  in  his  religious  views  led  to  his  expul- 
sion from  the  institution.  Retiring  to  Paris,  he  remained  there  two 
years,  engaged  in  study.  Upon  his  return,  having  many  advantages 
of  a  social  character,  with  his  mind  highly  cultivated,  and  possessing 
native  talent  and  wit,  he  stepped  aside  from  the  follies  and  pleasures 
of  his  position  and  tenaciously  clung  to  the  sober  habits  and  simple 
methods  of  living  adopted  by  the  (iuakers.  This  course  led,  in  1667, 
to  his  arrest,  and  exposed  him  to  public  derision;  and  his  continued 
religious  profession  afterward  caused  him  to  be  taken  into  custody 
several  limes.  At  the  age  of  twenty-four,  in  1668,  he  entered  upon 
the  ministry  of  the  gospel,  and  traveled  and  preached  and  wrote  in 
support  of  the  faith  to  which  his  life  was  now  devoted.  Ry  order  of 
the  Bishop  of  London  he  was  thrown  into  prison,  where  he  languished 
for  several  monthf*.      Royal  intluence,  however,  was  interposed  in 


his  behalf,  and  he  was  released.  Going  to  Ireland  to  look  after  his 
father's  estate,  he  remained  about  a  year,  and  then  returned  to 
London.  While  preaching  there  he  fell  under  the  displeasure  of  the  ^ 
mayor  of  Loudon,  w^ho  had  him  again  imprisoned.  Upon  his  release 
he  traveled  in  Holland  and  Germany,  and  soon  afterward  was  married 
to  the  daughter  of  Sir  William  Springett.  In  1681,  King  Charles 
n.  gave  him  a  charter  for  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  in  America, 
as  is  supposed,  to  pay  a  debt  owing  by  his  majesty  to  Admiral  Penn. 
Probably  the  younger  Penn  had  the  province  in  view  as  an  asylum 
for  his  persecuted  brethren  in  the  Quaker  faith,  and  as  a  field  for  the 
promotion  of  civil  and  religious  freedom.  And,  although  he  had 
received  the  territory  by  a  royal  grant,  he  deemed  it  his  duty  to 
pu  rchase  it  from  the  original  owners,  the  Indians.  Sailing  to 
America  in  1682,  he  landed  at  Newcastle,  August  24,  and  proceeded 
to  Chester,  where  he  called  an  assemblage  of  the  settlers,  the  result 
of  which  was  the  adoption  of  mild  and  satisfactory  laws  for  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  province.  The  same  year  he  concluded  his  celebrated 
treaty  with  the  Indians  at  what  is  now  known  as  Kensington,  in  the 
northern  part  of  Philadelphia.  For  two  years,  during  which  he  laid 
the  foundations  of  the  "Quaker  City,"'  he  devoted  himself  to  the 
affairs  of  the  province,  returning  to  England  in  1684.  There  trouble, 
imprisonment  and  persecution  attended  him,  and  fifteen  years 
elapsed  before  he  was  permitted  to  revisit  Pennsylvania.  This  was 
his  last  return  to  his  possessions,  and  after  presenting  the  city  of 
Philadelphia  with  a  charter,  he  sailed  for  home  in  1701.  Soon  after- 
ward the  province  was  taken  from  his  control  by  the  government,  upon 
the  pretext  that  he  had  changed  the  administration  of  it  from  a  colonial 
to  a  regal  character.  Lingering  in  feeble  health  for  several  years,  he 
died  July  30,  1718. 


BENJ.   H.  BREWSTER, 

Eminent  tliirlst  and  Attorney-General. 

If'HE  legal  profession  takes  just  pride  in  the  career  of  Hon. 
I'i^  Benjamin  Harris  Brewster,  who  was  born  in  Salem  county, 
'f^  N.  J.,  October  13,  1816.  The  father  of  Mr.  Brewster 
^^  ranked  high  as  a  member  of  the  Philadelphia  bar.  When 
eighteen  years  of  age  young  Brewster  had  so  assiduously  applied 
himself  to  study  that  he  graduated  at  Princeton  (N.  J.)  college.  In 
1838  he  was  admitted  as  a  member  of  the  bar  at  Philadelphia,  and  at 
once  rose  to  prouiinencc  in  his  profession.  His  first  appointment  as 
a  public  oflicer  came  from  President  Polk,  who  selected  him  for  a 
commissioner  to  adjudicate  the  claims  of  the  Cherokee  Indians 
against  the  United  States.  In  1866  Governor  Geary  appointed  him 
attorn<?y-general  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  and  on  December  16, 
1881,  President  Arthur  promoted  him  to  his  Cabinet  as  Attorney- 
General  to  the  United  States.  Not  only  does  he  rank  liigh  as  a  legal 
authority,  but  he  is  esteemed  as  a  gentleman  of  rare  culture  and 
literary  talent,  liaving  an  enviable  reputation  as  a  platform  orator  and 
lecturer. 


i 


(>^ 


MEN    IN    I'lIILADEI.rillA. 


GEORGE  W.  CHILDS. 

Pro|>rletur  of  ihe  l*lilludel|»hiii.  "Public  l^etlKer.'* 

fr^ALTIMOUE.  Md.,  was  the  birthpliice  of  George  W.  €hilds, 
^  May  la,  1829.  When  fourteen  years  old,  a  poor  lad,  he  ob- 
i    j)    tained  employment  in  a  bookstore  as   8hop-boy.     After  re- 

--1^"  maininp  there  four  years,  be  opened  a  small  store  on  his  own 
account.  Subsequently  the  firm  became  Childs  &  Peterson  and 
engaged  in  the  publication  of  books.  The  business  proved  profitable, 
and  on  December  3,  18G4,  he  became  proprietor  of  the  Pbihidelphia 
Pufdic  Ledger.  In  this  purchase  was  realized  ttie  object  of  his  early 
ambition  to  own  and  control  a  daily  newspaper  in  some  metropolitan 
city.  Success  crowned  his  efforts  in  this  as  in  his  former  enterprises. 
Before  the  paper  came  into  his  hands  it  had  been  published  at  a  loss, 
but  he  conducted  it  with  such  rare  tact  and  discernment  as  to  increase 
its  circulation,  within  a  few  years,  to  more  than  90,000  copies  daily, 
and  his  fame  as  a  publisher,  as  well  as  a  genial  gentleman,  is  world- 
wide. A  patron  of  all  worthy  charities,  he  gives  generously  to  many 
needy  institutions,  and  liberally  aids  every  public  enterprise  for  the 
improvement  of  his  adopted  city.  In  the  spirit  of  genuine  hospi- 
tality he  has,  perhaps,  entertained  more  distinguished  personages  of 
this  and  other  countries  than  any  other  living  man,  thus  producing 
in  the  minds  of  influential  strangers  the  best  impressions  of  America 
and  Philadelphia. 


WALT.  WHITMAN, 

Poet,  Lecturei*  aud  Public  Reader. 

i;>7""]jCCENTRICTTY  in  verbal  expression  and  a  genius  of  unusual 

,  _l       character  have  made  this  poet  famous.     Of  English  and  IIol- 

'     'll     land  Dutch  descent,  he  came  upon  the  stage  of  action  at  West 

^-V"^  Hills,  Long  Island,  N.  Y. ,  May  31,  1819,  and  his  childhood, 
youth  and  early  manhood  were  spent  upon  the  Island  and  in  New 
York  City  and  Brooklyn.  The  public  schools  chiefly  furnished  him 
with  what  education  he  received  during  his  tender  years,  and  with 
such  good  effect  that  from  the  time  he  was  fifteen  until  he  was  twenty 
he  taught  school  and  educated  others.  After  he  was  twenty  he  was 
successively  a  jjrinter,  carpenter,  magazine-writer,  traveling  corre- 
spondent for  the  press,  and  editor.  Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war  of  the  Rebellion  he  joined  the  Union  army  as  volunteer  nurse  on 
the  field  and  iji  the  hospitals,  and  this  was  his  occupation  for  three 
years.  When  the  war  was  ended  he  temporarily  resided  in  the  south- 
west and  in  Canada,  but  his  home  has  been  for  several  years  at  Cam- 
den, N.  J.  Two  volumes  of  his  writings  have  been  published — ■ 
'^  Specimen  Days  and  Collect,"'  an  autobiographical  and  prose  compi- 
lation, and  '*  Leaves  of  Grass,"  a  collection  of  poems.  Latterly  he 
has  been  engaged  in  reading  his  poems  and  lecturing  from  the  plat- 
form. In  person  Mr.  Whitman  is  tall,  erect  and  stout,  and  moves 
about  with  the  aid  of  a  large  cane.  His  white  hair,  thrown  straight 
back  from  his  brow,  and  full  white  beard,  give  him  a  striking  and 
patriarchal  appearance.  His  cheeks  are  fresh  and  ruddy,  his  fore- 
head is  deeply  furrowed  with  horizontal  lines  ;  in  conversation  his 
blue-gray  eyes  seem  prone  to  hide  themselves  under  the  falling  eye- 
lids, which  are  presently  suddenly  lifted  as  if  by  a  thought.  His 
voice  is  clear  and  firm,  his  manner  free  from  all  affectation  or  eccen- 
tricity, and  eminently  natural  and  social. 


I 


WILLIAM  H.  ALLEN, 

Educator  and  PreNitleiit  ol'Oii'ard  College. 

,W~i^HE  cause  of  education  has  seldom  been  more  honorably  or 
'^  ,V  efficiently  represented  than  in  the  person  of  this  venerable 
,.Hj  i^Y  man,  who  entered  upon  his  career  on  a  farm  near  Augusta, 
^''  Maine,  March  27,  1808.  He  received  his  preparatory  edu- 
cation at  the  Maine  Wesleyan  seminary,  afterward  entering  Bowdoin 
college,  at  which  he  graduated.     Later  in  life  he  was  appointed  pro- 


fessor of  chemistry  and  natural  philosophy,  and  also  of  Engli>>l] 
literature  in  Dickenson  college,  Pennsylvania,  retaining  these  chairs 
for  thirteen  consecutive  years.  In  1850  he  was  chosen  president  of 
Girard  college,  Philadelphia.  This  position  he  resigned  in  18(i2, 
desiring  to  retire  from  active  duty  lo  the  privacy  of  his  farm  on  the 
banks  of  the  Delaware  river.  After  u  rest  of  two  years  he  was 
apjiciinted  president  of  the  Pennsylvania  Agricultural  college.  In 
181)7  he  was  recalled  to  the  control  of  Girard  college,  and  remained 
its  president  until  his  death.  Prom  1872  until  1881  he  was  also 
president  of  the  American  Bible  society,  performing  his  duties  elfl- 
ciently  until  his  advanced  age  compelled  him  to  relinquish  them. 
He  was  a  ripe  scholar  and  a  liberal  contributor  to  the  leading  period- 
icals of  the  day.     His  death  occurred  August  29,  1882. 


FREDERICK  FRALEY, 

Pabllc-8|>lrlted  <'ai>ilalli.t  and  Financier. 

ITCCESS  in  business,  with  scicntillc  and  philosophical  attain- 
ments, distinguish  the  life-work  of  Frederick  Fraley,  who 
entered  upon  life  in  Philadelphia,  July  28,  1804.  In  his 
youth  he  was  liberally  educated  in  private  schools,  and 
afterward  trained  for  commercial  pursuits.  In  1834  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  city  council,  and  from  that  time  onward  he  filled 
many  private  and  public  positions  of  honor.  In  1837  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  State  senate;  in  1840,  chief  executive  officer  of  the 
American  Fire  Insurance  company;  in  1847,  president  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill Navigation  company;  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Centennial 
Board  of  Finance  for  the  international  exhibition  of  1870,  and,  in  1878, 
president  of  the  Western  Savings-Fund  society  of  Philadelphia.  In 
addition  to  these  he  has  filled  the  following:  Member,  secretary, 
vice-president  and  president  of  the  American  Philosophical  society; 
president  of  the  National  Board  of  Trade;  trustee  of  the  university 
of  Pennsylvania  for  thirty  years,  receiving  from  it  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Laws,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Franklin  institute  in  1824. 
But  while  his  life  has  been  largely  devoted  to  business,  he  has  given 
much  time  to  philosophical  and  scientilic  studies,  and  enjoys  an 
enviable  place  in  the  confidence  of  the  public. 


,  DR.  D.  HAYES  AGNEW, 

Proficient  in  Medical  and  Siirgrical  Science. 

|HE  shooting  of  President  Garfield,  by  an  assassin,  in  1881, 
iv*  prominently  brought  before  the  people  the  name  of  this 
if     gentleman,  who  was  the  first  of   the  consulting 


'-^■J      called  lo   the   White   House 


surgeons 
Dr.  Agnew,  the  son  of  an 
eminent  physician  in  Lancaster  county.  Pa. ,  was  born  in  1818.  Pur- 
suing the  study  of  his  father's  profession  he  enjoyed  competent 
educational  facilities,  graduating  at  Newark  college,  X.  J.,  and 
receiving  his  medical  degree  at  the  university  of  Pennsylvania.  At 
first  he  practiced  medicine  in  a  country  town,  but  after  a  few  years 
he  removed  to  Philadelphia,  and  was  chosen  lecturer  in  the  Philadel- 
phia School  of  anatomy.  At  the  same  time  he  established  the  School 
of  Operative  surgery.  In  1854  he  was  elected  surgeon  of  the  Phila- 
delphia hospital,  and  founded  the  Pathological  museum.  Nine  years 
later  (1863)  he  was  appointed  demonstrator  of  anatomy  and  lecturer 
on  clinical  surgery  in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  and  also  surgeon 
of  Wills'  Ophthalmic  hospital.  In  1865  he  was  further  honored  by  his 
election  as  surgeon  of  the  Pennsylvania  hospital  and  likewise  of  the 
Orthopedic  hospital.  In  1870  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  operative 
surgery  in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1871  became  pro- 
fessor of  the  principles  and  practice  of  surgery  in  the  same  institu- 
tion. While  filling  the  position  of  professor  and  lecturer  in  the 
university,  he  is  also  a  distinguished  physician  and  surgeon,  with  a 
very  large  private  practice. 


^ 


390 


SOME  FACTS  ABOUT  PHILADELPHIA  PEOPLE. 


-m 


HENRY  C.  CAREY, 

Earnest  and  Intelligent  Political  Economist. 

I  TANDIXG  high  in  the  list  of  hUelligent  and  active  political 
economists  is  blazoned  the  name  of  Henry  Charles  Carey,  a 
native  of  Philadelphia,  who  was  born  December  15,  1793, 
'and  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  the  educational  institutions 
of  that  city.  At  the  age  of  twenty-six  he  became  associated  with 
his  father  in  a  publishing  house,  and  at  the  end  of  three  years,  his 
father  retiring,  he  assumed  the  business  of  the  firm.  The  thorough 
study  of  political  economy  had  made  him  proficient  in  that  science, 
and  in  1835  he  published  his  first  work,  entitled,  "Essay  on  the 
Rate  of  Wages,  with  an  Examination  of  the  Differences  in  the  Condi- 
tion of  the  Laboring  Population  throughout  the  World.*"  From  time 
to  time,  afterward,  he  gave  to  the  world  other  volumes  of  a  similar 
character,  among  the  most  noted  of  which  are  the  following:  "Prin- 
ciples of  Political  Economy,''  in  three  octavo  volumes;  *'  The  Law  of 
Distribution,"  and  "The  Credit  System  in  France,  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States."  In  his  treatment  of  the  tariff  question  he  was 
distinguished  for  the  zeal  with  which  he  advocated  the  principle  of 
protection  of  American  industry  and  opposed  the  doctrines  of  free 
trade.  His  writings  retain  their  influence  and  are  esteemed  as 
authorities  in  discussion  of  the  topics  upon  which  they  treat.  His 
death  occurred  October  13,  1879. 


DANIEL  DOUGHERTY. 

I^a^vyer,  Lecturer  and  Political  Orator. 

)jS  a  profession,  law  is  an  excellent  stepping-stone  to  public 
reputation,  especially  when  combined  with  a  gift  of  oratory 
and  political  aspirations.  This  is  demonstrated  in  the  life- 
"-^^  work  of  Mr.  Daniel  Dougherty,  who  came  upon  the  stage  of 
action  in  Philadelphia,  October  15,  1826.  Being  a  lad  dependent 
upon  his  own  exertions  to  obtain  a  livelihood,  his  early  education  was 
of  necessity  neglected.  His  desire  for  knowledge,  however,  made 
him  anxious  to  enter  upon  a  course  of  professional  training.  This 
ambition  and  the  early  development  of  his  oratorical  powers,  with  his 
fondness  for  speaking  in  public,  led  him  to  study  law,  and  his  admis- 
sion to  the  bar  was  effected  in  1849.  His  first  case  was  the  defense 
of  a  man  on  trial  for  his  life,  and  he  won  it.  Success  and  the 
ability  and  promise  of  greatness  thus  developed  at  once  placed 
him  among  the  noted  members  of  Ms  profession,  and  this 
honor  his  subsequent  career  maintained,  so  that  his  practice  has 
become  extensive  and  valuable.  Although  mingling  but  little  in 
political  contests,  his  fame  as  an  orator  on  the  platform,  especially 
during  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  is  wide-spread.  In  1880  he  attended 
the  national  democratic  convention  at  Cincinnati,  and  there,  with 
much  eloquence,  he  nominated  General  Winfiold  S.  Hancock  for  the 
Presidency.  As  a  lecturer  on  general  topics  he  is  also  much 
esteemed,  and  complimented  with  the  title  of  '*  the  eilver-tongued 
orator. " 


MATTHEW  SIMPSON. 

Fl<i«]uent  Prelatf  <ir  the   MelhttUiMt   KpiNCopal  Church. 

.  1  ADIZ,  Ohio,  gave  the  eloquent  Bishop  Simpson  to  the  world, 
June  21,  J811.  At  twenty-one  he  graduated  at  Alleghany 
college,  Meadville,  Pa.  A  course  of  medical  studies  was 
~^t  then  pursued  for  about  a  year,  and  in  1833  he  started  in 
busln(!ss  as  a  physician.  Soon,  however,  he  found  himself  strongly 
influenced  to  abandon  medicine  and  enter  the  pulpit,  and  the  same 
year  obtained  license  to  preach  in  Methodist  churches.  In  1837  he 
was  elected  vice-president  and  professor  of  natural  sciences  in  AlU'- 
ghany  college;  in  1839.  became  president  of  the  Asbury  university, 
in  Indiana;  in  1848,  was  appointed  editor  of  the  iVestern  ChriMian 
Advocafe,  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  in  1852  was  chosen  a  bishop  of 
the  Methodi.Ht  Episcopal  church.  At  death  he  was  senior  bishop, 
and  was  regarded   as  one  of   the   finest   pulpit  orators  and   erudite 


divines  in  his  denomination.  As  an  author  he  has  prepared  several 
books — "A  Hundred  Years  of  Methodism,"  in  1876,  and  "  Lectures 
on  Preaching,*'  and  was  principal  editor  of  '*The  Cyclopaedia  of 
Methodism. "     He   died  at  his  home  in  Philadelphia,  June  18,  1884. 


ALBION  W.  TOURGEE, 

Soldier,  Lawyer,  BecuuMtructiouiMt,  JBditor  and  Xovellst. 

^M^  DESCENDANT  of  the  French  Huguenots,  Mr.  Tourgee  was 
fflSfi?     *^*^™  ^*  Williamsfield,  Ashtabula  county,  Ohio,  May  2,  1838, 

and  acquired  his  preparatory  tuition  at  the  village  academy. 

When  twenty  years  old,  in  1858,  he  enlarged  his  field  of  study 
by  entering  Rochester  (N.  Y. )  university;  but  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  in  1861,  he  withdrew  from  the  college  and 
enlisted  as  a  private  soldier.  Unfortunately  he  was  so  seriously 
wounded  in  the  service  that  he  had  to  be  discharged  soon  after  reach- 
ing the  front.  In  1862  be  was  admitted  to  the  practice  of  the  law  in 
Ohio;  but,  instead  of  following  his  profession,  he  re-entered  the 
army  and  remained  with  it  until  the  war  ended.  Taking  up  his 
residence  in  North  Carolina,  he  began  to  practice  law,  and  was  called 
to  assist  in  the  work  of  federal  reconstruction.  He  next  established 
the  Union  Register^  a  weekly  newspaper,  at  Greensboro,  N.  C. ,  and 
devoted  his  pen  mainly  to  the  advocacy  of  the  equality  of  political 
rights.  In  1866  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  convention  of  Southern 
loyalists  which  met  in  June  at  Philadelphia.  There,  as  the  principal 
champion  of  negro-suffrage,  he  met  with  violent  opposition  from  the 
border  States.  His  popularity  in  North  Carolina,  however,  led  to  his 
election  as  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  that  State  in  April,  1868. 
In  1875  he  retired  from  the  bench  and  resumed  the  practice  of  law. 
Not  long  after  this  he  began  his  literary  career.  He  had  already 
printed  a  novel,  issued  in  1874,  and  since  republished  under  the  title 
of  ''A  Royal  Gentleman."  In  1877  appeared  a  legal  compilation 
entitled  "The  Code,  and  Decisions  in  1876."  His  most  popular 
work,  '*  A  Fool's  Errand,"  challenged  the  admiration  of  the  public  in 
1879,  followed  by  "Figs  and  Thistles;"  in  1880  came  *' Bricks 
Without  Straw. "  Within  three  years  the  sales  of  his  novels  reached 
500,000  copies.  In  1881  he  began  the  publication,  at  Philadelphia,  of 
Our  C'onfinenf,  a  weekly  magazine,  of  which  he  is  chief  editor  and 
proprietor.  It  has  proved  to  be  quite  a  successful  venture.  One  of 
his  recent  publications  in  book-form  is  styled  "  Some  Other  Fools. " 
He  has  also  become  a  platform  lecturer  of  considerable  celebrity. 


CHARLES  G.  LELANO. 


ind  VerNiitile  Author. 

literature   in   the    United   States   owes 


«IoiirnaliN(  and  Oen 

I^CELLANEOUS 

mufh  to  the  genius  of  Charles  Godfrey  Leland,  who  was 
'jil[iy(-]W  born  in  Philadelphia,  August  15,  1824.  Most  of  his 
^^^^Yi^-B^^"  early  tuition  was  received  in  the  school  of  the  "Concord 
philosopher,"  Bronson  A.  Alcott,  who  was  then  teaching  in  the 
"  Quaker  City."  At  sixteen  the  lad  entered  Princeton  (N.  J.)  col- 
lege, at  which  he  graduated  in  1844.  Going  to  Europe,  he  pursued 
t*pi'cial  studies  in  the  universities  of  Heidelberg  (Germany),  Munich 
(Bavaria)  and  Paris.  Returning  to  Philadelphia,  he  began  to  study 
law,  and  after  two  years  was  admitted  to  the  bar;  but  preferring 
literary  labor,  he  relinquished  the  practice  of  his  profession  and 
became  a  writer  for  the  press.  In  this  pursuit  he  soon  became  well- 
known  as  a  contributor  to  the  journals  and  serials  of  the  day.  In 
1848  he  was  engaged  as  foreign  editor  of  the  International  ^fagazine; 
from  1853  to  1855  he  edited  the  New  York  Illmtrated  News,  and  in 
May,  1866,  he  became  managing  editor  of  the  Philadelphia  Prem,  and 
established  the  Weekly  Press.  His  fame,  however,  rests  principally 
upon  his  books,  in  which  his  genial  humor  and  erudition  have  found 
appreciative  admirers.  Among  his  most  esteemed  published  writ- 
ings arc  the  "Hans  Breitman  Ballads,"  "Egyptian  Skctoli-Book." 
"Minor  Arts"  and  "Red  Indians."     His  borne  is  in  hi<  mitivc  city. 


=vSl 


I'KOMINENT    PKOI'LK    OF   TllJi    '^i^UAKEU   CITY. 


3t>l 


JOSHUA  B.  LIPPINCOTT, 

SiicceAHt'iil  l&ooUitcllei'  anil  PiibllHlier. 

;^f^/^'^''.<)ST  uf  IIr'  iiiihlishiiifi-lKHiscs  in  riiiladclphia  appear  to 
b»v('  btn*n  siicccpsfiilly  manam-d,  iiiid  the  lonjj-ei^lablishc'd 
iiiul  widely-known  firm  of  J.  H.  Lippincott&  Co.  i^ancx- 
"^^^Co  -~"  ample  of  what  combined  energy  and  intelligence  can  effect 
in  an  honorable  business.  The  senior  partner,  Jonhna  IJ.  Lippincott, 
was  a  native  of  New  Jersey,  having  first  seen  the  light  in  Burlington 
county.  At  an  early  age  he  went  to  Phnadeli)hia  and  obtained  n  Kitua- 
tion  in  a  small  bookHtore.  At  eighteen  years  old  ho  fonnd  himself  in 
pole  charge  of  a  considerable  book  business,  which  he  conducted  to 
the  entire  satisfaction  of  his  employers.  In  183t)  he  founded  the  busi- 
ness of  which  hebecamethe  honored  head.  At  first  the  publishing  of 
tiooks,and  that  in  a  limited  manner,  engrossed  his  attention,  but  he  soon 
branched  out  and  increased  bis  stock  with  a  greater  variety,  including 
periodicals,  stationery  and  miscellaneous  goods.  His  prosperity 
continuing,  in  1850  he  determined  to  enlarge  bis  business,  and  at  the 
outset  be  purchased  the  stock-in-trade  and  good-will  of  Grigg  & 
Elliot,  then  the  most  extensive  book- publishers  in  Philadelphia. 
This  purchase  placed  Mr.  Lippincott  and  his  partner  in  a  position  to 
enter  the  field  successfully  as  booksellers,  and  their  next  step  was  to 
enlarge  their  sphere  as  publishers.  The  immense  success  that  they 
have  achieved  in  this  direction  is  indicated  by  the  departments  of 
literature  covered  by  their  publications,  which  embrace  history,  biog- 
raphy, religion,  fiction,  ]KK-try.  meilicine,  science,  law  and  miscellany, 
numbering  about  .3,000  different  titles,  and  increasing  from  year  to 
year.  The  buililing  in  which  their  business  was  carried  on  was  erected 
in  1865,  and  their  growing  trade  also  demanded  the  construction  of 
another  great  edifice  in  order  to  meet  their  requirements  as  book 
manufacturers.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  establishments  of  the  kind 
n  the  world,  and  its  business  connections  extend  to  all  parts  of  the 
globe.  Its  founder  was  esteemed  for  his  powers  of  discrimination, 
perseverance  and  enterprise.      He  died  January  5,  1886.  ♦- 


WAYNE  MacVEAGH, 

Kx-MlnUter  to  Turkey  and  Formerly  Attorney-General. 

p^  TATESMANSHIP  fiourishcs  in  Pennsylvania,  and  there  meets 

;  ^^  ■     with    reward,   as    illustrated   in   the   life   of     Hon.    Wayne 

V    j!     MacVeagh,  who  honored  Chester  county  by  his  coming  into 

vj^''  the  world  at  Phcenixville,  April  19,  1833.  Twenty  years 
afterward  he  graduated  at  Yale  college,  and  in  1856,  having  been 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  State,  he  began  a  professional  and  political 
career  of  great  brilliancy.  In  1868  he  was  chairman  of  the  State 
Republican  committee;  in  April,  1870,he  was  appointed  Minister'to 
Turkey,  resigning  that  office  in  September,  1871 :  was  appointed  one 
of  the  commission  to  allay  the  local  political  excitement  in  Louisiana, 
the  result  being  the  confirmation  of  the  Nichols  dynasty,  and  in 
March,  1881,  President  Garfield  called  him  to  his  cabinet  as  Attorney- 
General  of  the  United  States.  Upon  the  accession  of  President 
Arthur,  he  determined  to  leave  the  cabinet,  and  resigned  his  ntHcc 
November  12, 1881.  He  then  resumed  the  practice  of  law,  in  which 
he  has  exceedingly  prospered,  frequently  being  employed  by  large 
corporations  as  counsel.  To  his  legal  attainments  and  Influence 
as  a  statesman  he  adds  high  literary  and  social  culture,  and  enjoys 
the  esteem  and  respect  of  his  Jellow-citizens. 


JOHN  WANAMAKER, 

Merchant  and  Active  Philanthropist. 

>MONG  the  self-made  men  uf  Philadelphia  is  numbered  John 
Wanamaker,  who  was  born  in  that  city  in  July,  1837.  His 
//V,\.i  father  was  a  brickmaker  in  moderate  circumstances.  The 
'^^^^  son  derived  his  education  only  from  the  public  schools,  and 
was  first  employed  in  a  lawyer's  office.      Afterward  he  was  engaijed 


Y 


in  n  clothiiiK-storc  as  clurk.  Rut  liig  native  energy,  ability  an<l 
amiiitinn  |)rc'ventcd  liis  reniuining  for  any  great  length  of  time  in  a 
Biibonlinate  |)o«lti(,n.  In  April,  1801,  he  started  in  the  clothing 
l)M8iiiesH  in  a  small  way,  on  liis  own  account,  at  Sixth  and  Marl<et 
streets,  under  the  flrm-name  of  Wanamaker  &  Brown.  The  business 
prospered  and  increased,  until,  to-day,  he  ie  at  the  head  of  the 
largest  clothing  and  dry-goods  house  in  his  native  city.  The  Chestnut 
street  store  was  opened  in  1809:  in  March,  1876,  the  Grand  Depot  at 
Thirteenth  street  was  occupied  as  u  clothing-store.  From  time  to 
time  afterward  other  merchandise,  such  as  ie  usually  kept  at  large 
retail  establishments,  was  added,  especially  in  the  line  of  hats,  caps 
and  dry-goods.  The  result  was  a  necessity  for  the  erection  of 
ailjoining  structures  until  the  store  covered  an  entire  block,  fronting 
on  Chestnut  and  Market  streets.  This  one  store  employs  2,500  per- 
sons, and  his  two  otlier  establishments  about  3,500  more — an  army  of 
6,000  whom  he  controls.  For  8i.\  years  Mr.  Wanamaker  was  corre- 
sponding secretary  of  the  Philadelphia  Young  Men's  Christian  asso- 
ciation, and  since  IHTl  he  has  been  its  president.  With  his  large  anil 
increasing  wealth  he  is  public-spirited,  materially  aiding  churches, 
Sunday-schools  and  benevolent  enterprises  with  a  liberal  hand,  an<l 
doing  much  to  improve  the  moral  and  physical  character  of  tlie 
people.  He  was  the  founder  and  principal  contributor  of  the 
Bethany  Presbyterian  church,  and  is  the  popular  superintendent  of 
its  Sunday  school,  the  largest  in  the  city.  He  has  built  in  its 
vicinity  about  four  hundred  houses  in  order  to  elevate  the  moral 
and  social  status  of  the  iieople  in  that  neighborhood.  His  success  is 
due,  principally,  to  his  great  energy  and  executive  skill. 


HENRY   DISSTON, 

The  Great  Saw  Maiiiii'aetlli  er  of  the  X'nited  States. 

^^I^^'ERICA  affords  a  line  tleld  fur  inventive  genius  and  skillful 
)fVhl  artisans.  Such  was  the  experience  of  the  late  Henry  Disston, 
'"//.v  "'ho  died  a  citizen  of  Philadelphia,  March  16,  1878.  His 
''^'\  ^^  father  was  a  manufacturer  of  lace-making  machines  in  Eng- 
land, and  Henry  was  born  at  Tewksbury,  in  that  country,  in  1819.  At 
fourteen,  accompanied  by  his  father,  he  came  to  Philadelphia;  but 
three  days  after  reaching  there  the  lad  was  deprived  of  his  father  by 
death,  and  found  himself  a  stranger  in  a  strange  land.  Being  only  a 
poor  boy,  his  first  step  was  to  apprentice  himself  to  a  saw-maker, 
learning  the  business  with  such  rapidity  that  at  eighteen  years  of 
age  he  became  foreman  of  the  shop.  When  he  was  twenty-one,  and 
his  own  master,  his  employer  owed  him  8125,  which  amount  the 
young  mechanic  arranged  to  receive  in  shop-tools.  With  these  he 
started  in  business  on  his  own  account,  having  his  shop  in  a  cellar. 
.\fter  struggling  for  several  years  to  overcome  the  great  prejudice 
that  existed  against  American-made  saws,  he  rented  a  room,  in  1846 
(where  the  business  in  1883  was  still  carried  on),  introduced  stram- 
power  to  aid  him,  and  thus  set  up  the  first  factory  in  this  country  for 
the  production  of  hand-saws.  His  little  workshop  of  only  twenty 
feet  square  gradually  grew  under  the  success  of  his  business  until  it 
now  embraces  a  score  of  mammoth  structures,  covering  hundreds  of 
acres  of  land,  in  which  sixteen  hundred  men  are  employed,  and  in 
which  sixteen  engines,  with  more  than  the  power  of  two  thousand 
horses,  are  required  to  run  the  several  immense  factories  that  com- 
prise the  works.  Here  are  manufactured  saws,  files,  and  other  steel 
tools  of  various  kinds.  Two  hundred  and  fifty  houses,  three 
churches,  two  school-bouses  and  a  hospital  have  been  erected  for  the 
workmen  of  this  establishment  and  their  families — a  population  of 
3.000  souls.  The  company  now  consists  of  Mr.  Disston's  four  sons, 
who  ship  their  goods  to  all  the  principal  ports  of  commerce  in  the 
world.  The  founder  enjoyed  the  reputation  of  having  been  a  popular 
employer  and  a  philanthropist,  giving  liberally  to  benevolent  and 
relisious  institutions. 


W^ 


K 


392 


PEOPLE    OF    PHILADELPHIA. 


LOUIS  A.  GODEY, 

Forty-Seven  Xears  Publisher  of  '*The  Lady's  BooU.** 

jWn  the  birth  of  Louis  Antoine  Godey,  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
June  6,  1804,  the  progress  of  light  literature  in  the  United 
Stales  reached  a  new  era.  The  aim  of  his  early  instruction  was 
^^  to  fit  hira  for  the  profession  of  journalism,  and  his  studies 
were  pursued  and  finished  in  his  native  metropolis.  In  1830  he 
removed  to  Philadelphia,  and  then  and  there  established  Godey's 
Lady's  Book^  which  he  continued  to  publish  until  1877.  This  was 
the  first  periodical  produced  in  this  country  specially  for  ladies. 
Mr.  Godey  was  a  careful  and  generous  publisher,  and  his  conduct  of 
his  magazine,  with  its  brilliant  array  of  writers,  tended  to  make  it 
extremely  popular,  so  that  in  1864  it  numbered  one  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  subscribers.  In  1877  he  disposed  of  it  to  a  stock  company, 
and  retired  to  private  life  with  a  fortune  exceeding  a  million  of 
dollars,  the  result  of  his  one  great  enterprise.  In  his  profession  he 
was  conservative,  energetic,  honorable,  and  watchful  in  the  extreme 
as  to  the  purity  of  his  publication.  By  these  qualities  he  secured 
the  confidence  of  his  patrons.  Frequent  acts  of  charity  in  behalf  of 
the  unfortunate,  the  poor  and  the  aged,  distinguished  his  prosperous 
career.  He  did  not  long  survive  his  retirement  from  active  life,  for 
he  died  at  his  home  in  Philadelphia,  November  29,  1878. 


JOHN  F.  HARTRANFT, 

Siiceessful  Soldier  an<l  Governor  of  Pennsylvania. 

"lLUSTRIOUS  among  the  sons  of  Pennsylvania  stands  John 
Frederick  Hartranft,  who  was  born  in  Montgomery  county,  in 
yi[  that  State,  December  16,  1830.  The  facilities  afforded  for  his 
■^^  education  were  so  ample  that  in  1853  he  graduated  from  Union 
college,  Schenectady,  N.  Y.  At  first  he  engaged  in  business  as  a 
civil  engineer;  but  after  a  time  he  abandoned  this  occupation,  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  State  in  1800.  Upon  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Southern  Rebellion,  in  1801,  he  entered  the  Union 
army  as  the  colonel  of  a  volunteer  regiment.  After  considerable 
service  he  was,  in  the  spring  of  18G4,  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general,  and  in  March,  1865,  to  that  of  brevet  major- 
general.  The  war  closed  soon  afterward  and  he  retired  from  mili- 
tary service.  The  same  year  he  was  elected  auditor-general  of 
Pennsylvania,  receiving  a  re-election  to  that  office  in  1868.  His 
popularity  increasing,  he  was  elected  Governor  of  the  State  in  1872, 
and  again  in  1875.  In  1879  President  Hayes  appointed  him  post- 
master at  Philadelphia,  and  in  1880  he  was  transferred  to  the  coUec- 
torship  of  that  port.  Both  as  a  soldier  and  a  civilian,  the  honors  and 
emoluments  which  he  has  received  appear  to  have  been  justly 
bestowed. 


GEORGE  H.  BOKER, 

Poet,  and  Prewldent  of  the  Union  I^eaeue. 

"^  ^jr   I XSTRELS  and  minstrelsy  have  ever  possessed  an  interest 

/  \  /  \        in  the  minds  of  the  people.      "  Tell  me,"  said  a  notable 

/  _/    \      authority,  "■  who  writes  the  songs  of  a  people,  and  I  care 

■- ■■  :-,i^     not  who  makes  their  laws."     And  there  is,  indeed,  an 

intimate  relation  between  lyric  verse  and  patriotism  that  gives  a  charm 

to  both.      In  the  case  of  George  H.  Boker,  who  was  born   in  1824,  in 

Philadelphia,  the  patriotic  and   poetic   principles  arc  conspicuously 

combined.     Educated  at  Princeton  (N.  J. )  college,  he  graduated  in 

1847,  and  in  the  following  year  he  first  appeared  before  the  public  as 

an  author,  bringing  out  a  volume  of  poems  entitled  "  The  Lesson  of 

Life."     Ilis  second  volume,    "The  Podesta's  Daughter,  and  Other 

Poems"— which  had  the  honor  of  being  translated  into  (Jerman  and 

reprintcil  in  an  American  anthology — was  issued  in  1851.    Prominent 

among  hif  writings  lirc  several  fine  tragedies,  including  '*  (Jalaynos," 

"Anne  Boleyn,"  and  "All  the  World  a  Mawk,"  which  have  attained 


great  popularity.  During  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  he  wrote  numer- 
ous patriotic  lyrics  which  intensified  the  loyalty  of  the  people  and 
encouraged  their  hearts.  These  were  collected  and  printed,  in 
1864,  in  a  volume — "  Poems  of  War."  In  1869  was  issued  "  Konigs- 
marke,  the  Legend  of  the  Hound,  and  Other  Poems. "  Since  then  he 
has  not  pubhshed  any  other  volume  of  poetry.  In  1871  President 
(irant  tendered  him  the  office  of  Minister  to  the  Turkish  empire,  and 
in  1875  he  was  appointed  United  States  envoy  to  St.  Petersburg, 
Russia.  He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the  celebrated  "■  Union 
League,"  and  is  now  (1883)  its  honored  president.  As  one  of  the 
sterling  patriots  of  his  times  he  deserves  a  place  in  the  hearts  and 
history  of  his  countrymen. 


JOHN  WELSH, 

merchant  and  £x-Minlitter  to  England. 

Philadelphia  had  the  honor  of  being  his  birth-place,  Nov- 
ember 9,  1805.  His  educational  training  was  received  in 
jfii;,  his  native  city,  where,  early  in  life,  he  entered  upon  a  busi- 
^  ness  career  that  continued  successful  and  placed  him  among 
the  prosperous  and  prominent  merchants  of  the  "  Quaker  City. "  In 
addition  to  this  success,  his  public  spirit  has  caused  him  to  be 
identified  with  most  of  the  institutions  of  the  city,  such  as  its  parks, 
university,  hospital,  libraries  and  other  charities.  In  great  move- 
ments his  fellow-citizens  have  often  appealed  to  him  to  lead  them, 
and  his  capacity  and  good  judgment  were  signally  manifested  in  the 
brilliant  triumph  of  the  great  sanitary  fair  in  1864,  and  the  centennial 
exhibition  in  1876,  of  whose  finance  committee  he  was  president. 
For  many  years  Mr.  Welsh  has  been  president  of  the  Phil-adelphia 
Board  of  Trade  and  other  commercial  institutions.  In  politics  he 
was  a  Whig,  but  promptly  took  his  place  with  the  Republican  party 
on  its  organization.  In  1877  President  Hayes  appointed  him  minister 
to  England,  a  position  that  he  held  two  years,  when,  because  of 
family  bereavements,  he  tendered  his  resignation,  which  the  president 
accepted  with  expressions  of  strong  reluctance  and  warm  personal 
sympathy.  Since  then  he  has  declined  to  re-enter  public  life,  and  is 
still  (1883)  engaged  in  very  extensive  business  relations.  His  writ- 
ings have  been  chiefly  on  economic  subjects. 


JOHN  W.   FORNEY, 

^\.  Brilliant  ami  Pi-oNpci-oiiN  \e\vKpaper  £ditor. 

^F  humble  parentage,  beginning  life  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Sep- 
tember 30,  1817,  and  left  an  orphan  in  his  infancy,  John 
Weiu  Forney  early  displayed  the  sterling  qualities  that  dis- 
"Wd  tinguishcd  his  after-life.  Having  an  opportunity  he  learned 
the  printing  business  in  all  its  branches.  At  sixteen  he  was  engaged 
as  special  contributor  to  the  Lancaster  Journal^  and  four  years  later 
he  became  its  editor.  In  1845  he  was  appointed  deputy-surveyor  of 
the  port  at  Philadelphia,  and  at  the  same  time  was  also  chosen  for 
editor  of  The  Penttaylvaniany  the  leading  State  organ  of  the  Democratic 
jjarty,  in  which  position  he  secured  a  national  reputatiou.  In 
December,  1851,  he  was  elected  clerk  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives in  Congress,  serving  during  two  terms.  On  the  first  day  of 
August,  1857,  he  founded  the  Philadelphia  Press,  which  in  his  hands 
gained  a  wide  influence.  In  1861  he  was  elected  Secretary  of  the 
United  States  scnuUe.  In  November,  1871,  he  was  appointed  collector 
of  customs  at  Phihididphia.  In  1875  he  was  chosen  commissioner  to 
represent  the  centennial  exposition  in  foreign  countries.  In  1878  he 
established  The  Progress,  a  weekly  paper,  carefully  conducted, 
which  achieved  a  fine  reputation.  Unfortunately  he  died  while  only 
in  his  sixty-fifth  year,  December  9,  188],  after  having  filled,  for  more 
than  forty  years,  a  high  position  in  Ihe  journalism  and  politics  of  his 
count  rv. 


(JLEliUYMAN,   MAGICIAN    AND    SHOWMAN. 


■di):i 


ALBERT  BARNES, 

.PreHbyterlnn  nivliie  Hiitl  llthllciil  <'oninientator. 

fLOSELY  liiiki'il  Willi  tlif  name-  iif  Albi-rl  Itanics  iiri-'  some  of 
the  most  popular  theological  treatisuf^  that  America  has 
.;  produced.  A  farmer"?  son,  he  began  his  earthly  career  near 
'^^i  Kome,  Oneida  county,  N.  Y. ,  December  1,  1798.  Whatever 
lii:-  early  educational  advantages  may  have  been  in  those  primitive 
daysof  the  republic  it  is  certain  that  in  1880  he  graduated  at  Hamilton 
college,  at  CliiiUm,  N.  Y.;  three  years  afterwards  he  also  gradu- 
ated at  the  Princeton  (N.  J.)  Theological  seminary,  and  the  same  year 
was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel.  He  diti  not,  however,  assume  the 
duties  of  his  profession  until  in  1825,  when  he  became  the  pastor  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  church  at  Morristown,  N.  J.  In  18;i0  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  Philadelphia,  taking  pastoral  charge  of  the  First  Presby- 
terian church  in  that  city.  This  office  he  filled  without  change  for 
about  thirty-seven  years,  when,  his  health  failing,  he  resigned  his 
active  participation  in  church  work,  but  maintained  his  connection 
with  his  flock  until  his  death,  which  occurred  December  84,  IB70. 
As  a  preacher  and  theological  expounder  he  was  very  popular,  and  as 
a  writer  upon  religious  topics  his  fame  is  world-wide.  His  most 
cherished  work,  probably,  is  his  "Notes,  Critical,  Explanatory  and 
Practical,"  on  all  the  books  of  the  New  Testament,  the  prophecies  of 
Isaiah  and  Daniel,  the  book  of  Job  and  the  Psalms  of  David,  in  the 
Old  Testament.  These  have  been  extensively  circulated,  not  only 
in  this  country,  but  also  in  other  lands  by  translation  into  the  French, 
German  and  Welsh  languages  and  some  of  the  eastern  dialects.  It  is 
stated  that  before  his  death  more  than  a  million  copies  of  his  com- 
mentaries had  been  sold  and  circulated  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and 
are,  since  then,  selling  more  rapidly  than  before.  Between  1857  and 
the  time  of  his  death,  he  also  published  "  Church  and  Slavery,"  "  The 
Way  of  Salvation,"  "The  Atonement,"  "The  Claims  of  Episcopacy 
Refuted,"  "The  Church  Manual,"  "Prayers  for  Family  Worship," 
several  volumes  of  his  sermons,  and  a  course  of  "  Lectures  on  the 
Evidences  of  Christianity  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,"  delivered 
before  the  students  of  Union  Theological  seminary.  New  Y'ork,  in 
1866.  Upon  the  division  of  the  Presbyterian  church,  in  1837,  he 
became  a  supporter  of  the  New  School  branch,  and  one  of  its  leading 
divines.  His  career  is  another  indication  of  what  one  man  can 
accomplish  by  systematic  habits,  resolution  and  untiring  energy. 


"SIGNOR  BLITZ," 

£xpert  Magiciuu  ami  Veutrjloquist. 

S[n  his  day  few  showmen  were  greater  favorites  with  the  public, 
5;!  young  and  old,  than  the  prestidigitator  whom  everybody 
y  I  knew  as  "Signor  Blitz,"  and  very  few  were  aware  that  he  had 
■^  any  other  name.  He  appears  to  have  been  born  on  the  coast  of 
France,  opposite  to  Dover,  England,  June  21,  1810,  his  father  being 
a  merchant  in  fair  circumstances.  At  the  inn  in  his  native 
town  young  Blitz  frequently  exhibited  numerous  tricks  of  magic, 
which  he  had  learned  from  time  to  time  of  wandering  gypsies,  and 
there  laid  the  foundation  of  his  after-career  by  astonishing  the 
towns-people.  Such  was  his  adroitness  that  he  soon  gained  a 
diabolical  reputation  for  bewitching  animate  and  inanimate  things 
in  the  village.  Very  little  of  his  youth  was  devoted  to  obtaining  a 
school  education,  for  the  advantages  offered  for  his  tuition  were 
decidedly  poor.  When  nearly  thirteen  years  of  age  he  was  taken 
from  school  by  his  father,  who,  in  September,  1823,  sent  him,  with 
an  attendant,  to  Hamburg,  Germany,  to  exhibit  his  magical  powers 
in  public.  On  the  stage  he  soon  became  a  wonder  and  a  favorite 
with  the  high  and  middle  classes,  who  kindly  received  and  petted 
him  while  he  remained  there.  From  Hamburg  he  went  to  all  the 
principal  cities  of  Northern  Europe,  creating  in  each  as  much  excite- 


ment and  attention  as  in  the  German  metropolis;  and  after  two  yeari- 
of  successful  exhibition  he  returned  home  in  time  to  receive  his 
mother's  dying  blessing.  In  the  autumn  of  the  year  182ft  he  vlnited 
Elngland^  performing  first  in  provincial  towns,  and,  in  1828,  at  the 
Coburg  theatre  in  London.  After  a  number  of  udventureh  in  ttiat 
city  he  visited  Ireland  and  Scotland,  and  wuh  well  received.  At 
Glasgow  he  first  met  his  wife  and  married  her.  Remaining  in  Great 
Britain  until  1833,  and  meeting  with  continuous  success  in  business, 
he  sailed  in  September  of  that  year  for  New  York,  where,  after 
a  few  weeks'  visit  he  made  his  first  appearance  ut  Niblo's  garden 
in  a  varied  magical  and  musical  performance.  Then  began  his 
professional  lour  of  the  United  States,  taking  in  Boston,  Philadelphia, 
Washington,  Southern  cities  and  British  America,  acquiring  fame 
and  fortune  by  his  skill  and  pleasantry.  Thence  he  journeyed  to 
Antigua,  Jamaica  and  Cuba,  meeting  with  his  usual  success.  Upon 
his  return  he  permanently  resided  in  Philadelphia,  occasionally 
giving  exhibitions  at  other  places.  During  the  war  of  the  Uebellion 
he  performed  at  1.32  entertainnients  for  the  benefit  and  amusement  of 
the  63,000  soldiers  who  attended  tliem. 


ADAM  FOREPAUGH, 

Dealer  In  Horseif  uiiil  i'atllc,  iiimI  SucceHHful  Showman. 

,yir,I^HE  acquisition  of  wealth  is  not  confined  to  any  one  class  of 
vf  W  -  industry,  but  attends  almost  any  occupation  that  is  carefully 
■*''9u;/'  ^O'i  persistently  followed.  This  is  the  experience  of 
'^^  thousands,  and  some  of  the  results  from  engaging  in  untried 
business  under  such  circumstances  are  indeed  startling.  Accident 
made  the  subject  of  this  sketch  a  showman,  but  by  his  energy  and 
perseverance  he  now  stands  at  the  head  of  his  profession.  Begin- 
ning life  at  Philadelphia,  February  28,  1831,  in  humble  circumstances, 
and  with  but  littleopportunity  for  obtaining  an  education,  Adam  Fore- 
paugh  commenced  his  active  career  as  a  butcher-boy.  Tiring  of  home 
when  sixteen  years  old,  he  ran  away,  and  obtained  employment  at 
Cincinnati  in  a  butcher's  shop.  His  stay  there  was  prolonged  for 
several  years,  and  then  he  returned  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  opened 
a  meat-shop  on  his  own  account.  This  business  he  continued  until 
1848,  when  he  changed  his  vocation  and  embarked  in  running 
stage-coaches.  The  buying  and  selling  of  horses  and  cattle  also 
occupied  his  attention,  and  within  a  year  he  bought  and  sold  ten 
thousand  horses.  John  O'Brien,  the  proprietor  of  a  wagon-show, 
having  become  indebted  to  Mr.  Forepaugh  for  horses  furnished,  to 
the  amount  of  §9,000,  in  1801  admitted  him  as  partner  in  the  con- 
cern, and  so  Adam  first  became  a  showman,  hut  without  the  intention 
of  permanently  making  it  his  business.  But  the  idea  of  forming  a 
grand  combination  of  amusements  came  into  his  mind,  and  he  bought 
Mabie's  menagerie,  which  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  present 
immense  Forepaugh  show  that  makes  a  sensation  wherever  it 
exhibits.  For  eight  years  the  earnings  of  the  combined  circus  and 
menagerie  were  devoted  to  its  enlargement.  Up  to  1876  the  **  Aggre- 
gation "  had  moved  from  place  to  place  in  wagons:  but  he  then 
constructed  his  own  railroad  trains — sleeping-coach,  flat,  box  and 
stock  cars — with  which  he  has  since  transported  his  show  throughout 
the  country  over  iron  tracks.  With  these  facilities  and  the  spirit  of 
enterprise  which  distinguishes  him,  it  is  not  incredible  that,  as  he 
says,  he  "owns,  controls  and  exhibits  more  wild  animals,  and  indi- 
vidually possesses  more  show  property,  than  any  other  single  person 
or  firm  in  the  world.  "  Among  his  accumulations  are  large  real-estate 
purchases  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ,  Chicago  and  Philadelphia.  In  the 
latter  city,  where  he  resides,  he  owns  nearly  one  hundred  houses, 
worth  half  a  million  dollars.  His  is  only  another  example  of  how  a 
poor  boy,  working  for  S4  a  month,  may  by  industry  and  perse- 
verance overcome  poverty  and  count  his  fortune  by  hundreds  of 
thousands  before  he  is  past  the  prime  of  life. 


39i 


KESIDENTS    OF    PHILADELl'H  J  A. 


JOSEPH  LEIDY, 

Physician,  Naturalist  and  Doctor  ori^aws. 

'^<,>R  copious  and  esteemed  additions  to  mr^dical  and  scientific 
,  |_[  literature  the  whole  world  is  indebted  to  the  subject  of 
I  ""  this  notice,  whose  birth  occurred  in  Philudelphia,  September 
\J^^'  9,  1823-  His  education  was  completed  at  the  university  of 
Pennsylvania,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1844.  Then  began  his 
successful  career  as  a  physician  and  surgeon,  professions  so  assidu- 
ously followed  that,  in  1853,  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  anatomy  in 
the  institution  where  he  received  his  degrees.  Seven  years  previous 
to  this  promotion,  however,  he  had  been  elected  chairman  of  the 
curators  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  sciences.  The  value  and  scope 
of  his  scientific  researches  have  resulted  in  giving  him  a  world  wide 
celebrity.  The  Royal  Society  of  London  (England)  has  compiled  a 
list  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  of  his  pn'blished  contributions  to 
his  favorite  sciences,  and  these  are  regarded  by  men  of  learning  as 
invaluable,  embracing,  as  they  do,  a  wide  range  of  subjects — anatomy, 
physiology,  paleontology,  entomology,  helminthology,  etc.  All  the 
learned  societies  of  note,  at  home  and  abroad,  have  honored  him  with 
memberships,  and  fame  concedes  to  him  the  highest  place  in  the  list 
of  American  naturalists. 


ALEXANDER  K.  McCLURE. 

«IonrnaIi8t,  State  Officer  and  £loi|tient  Speaker. 

§IVERSIFIED  talent  as  a  means  to  success  in  life  is  exempli- 
1  fied  in  Alexander  Kelly  McClure,  editor  of  The  Times,  in 
Philadelphia,  who  came  into  existence  in  Perry  county.  Pa., 
'i^  January  9,  18*28.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  was  apprenticed 
to  a  tanner.  When  eighteen,  in  1840.  he  established  a  country  news- 
paper and  made  himself  familiar  with  the  printing  business.  Six 
years  later  he  became  the  owner  and  publisher  of  the  Franklin 
Repository,  printed  at  Chambersburg,  Pa.,  then  one  of  the  leading 
country  newspapers  in  the  State.  In  1857  he  was  elected  member  of 
the  legislature.  In  1858  he  was  appointed  superintendent  of  public 
printing  and  admitted  to  the  practice  of  law.  In  1859  he  was  elected 
to  the  State  senate.  In  1862  he  was  appointed  assistant-adjutant- 
general  of  the  United  States  army.  In  1864  he  was  re-elected  mem- 
ber of  the  legislature.  In  1873,  after  years  of  legal  experience,  be 
became  one  of  the  leaders  of  "independent  reform"  in  Philadelphia, 
and  was  re-elected  to  a  seat  in  the  State  senate.  In  1875  he -was  a 
candidate  for  mayor  of  Philadelphia.  And  in  1878  he,  at  the  head  of 
a  company,  founded  The  Times,  an  independent,  influential  daily 
newspaper  in  Philadelphia,  of  which  he  is  still  (in  1883)  the  editor. 
His  reputation  as  a  journalist  is  very  extensive,  but  he  also  possesses 
acknowledged  merit  as  a  public  speaker. 


T^HE    1 


JAMES  L.  CLAGHORN, 

Merchant,  Bunker  and  ]*atron  iif  Flue  Arts. 

love  of  fine  art  is  not  always  incompatible  with  the 
pursuit  of  wealth  or  the  details  of  business.  This  is 
M  i^Y  quite  clearly  demonstrated  in  the  life  of  James  Lawrence 
^i^'^  Claghorn,  the  well-known  banker,  who  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  July  5,  1817.  In  childhood  he  received  a  common- 
school  training,  and  at  fourteen  years  of  age  he  entered  upini 
a  mercantile  career  in  his  father's  store,  a  large  commissitm- 
houHC  in  the  city.  In  1840  he  became  a  member  of  the 
firm,  continuing  in  the  business  until  the  last  day  of  December 
1801,  when  he  retired.  During  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  he  was  a 
strong  supporter  of  the  Uni(m  cause.  In  1867  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Commercial  National  bank  of  Pliiladelphia,  of  which  he 
had  Ijcen  for  many  years  a  director.  Previous  to  that  time  he  had 
been  a  zealous  member  and  patron  of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  and 
he  was  the  same  year  chosen  to  preside  over  its  operations.  In  this 
position,  by  personal  effort  and  liberality,  he  was  largely  instrumental 


in  securing  for  the  society  the  commodious  and  elegant  building  that 
it  now  occupies.  Of  him  it  is  said  that  no  one  has  given  a  greater 
impetus  to  the  cultivation  of  fine  art  in  his  native  city,  and  in  his 
own  home,  it  is  believed,  he  has  the  finest  collection  of  steel- 
engravings  in  the  world.  For  this  branch  of  art  he  seems  to  have  a 
decided  partiality,  and  has  purchased  the  works  of  the  most  eminent 
engravers  in  Europe  and  America. 


WILLIAM   D.  KELLEY, 

The  Veteran  tJurist*  Statcsmaa  and   Protectionist. 

^OT  many  of  the  nation's  counselors  can  show  so  fair  and  con- 
tinuous a  record  of  public  duties  performed  as  can  William 
Darrah  Kelley,  whose  birth  occurred  in  Philadelphia,  April 
1,  1814.  Having  been  deprived  of  a  father's  care  at  an  early 
age,  he  was  left  to  struggle  with  adverse  circumstances,  and  com- 
pleted his  studies  in  the  local  school  when  eleven  years  old.  There 
were  three  other  children  to  support  besides  himself,  and  it  was  his 
ambition  to  labor  for  the  sake  of  his  poor  mother  and  lighten  her 
cares.  At  thirteen  he  was  engaged  as  an  errand-boy,  and  afterward 
apprenticed  himself  to  a  jewelry-house  At  twenty  he  had 
mastered  the  trade,  and  in  1835  worked  as  a  journeyman  at  Boston, 
Mass.  Later,  in  Philadelphia,  he  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  April  17,  1841.  His  talents  soon  attracted  attention,  and  he 
rose  to  the  office  of  prosecutor  in  the  court  of  common  pleas  for 
Philadelphia.  March  23,  1847,  Governor  Shunk  appointed  him  a 
judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  court  of  oyer  and  terminer, 
and  court  of  quarter  sessions,  which  oflice  he  held  for  ten  years.  In 
I860  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  and  has  since  then  been  continu- 
ously re-elected,  now  (in  1883)  serving  his  twelfth  term  in  the 
councils  of  the  nation.  Not  only  does  he  rank  as  the  leading  advo- 
cate of  the  protection  of  American  products  as  against  free  trade,  but 
is  distinguished  as  a  forcible  speaker  and  debater. 


JAY  COOKE, 

UnterprSsing  Financier  With  Varied  Fortunes. 

I^^RANCIS  COOKE,  ancestor  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was 
<|^M[  one  of  the  pilgrim  fathers  who  landed  at  Plymouth,  Mass., 
_J^J|-  from  the  Mayflower,  in  1620.  Jay  was  born  at  Portland, 
~iji^  Ohio,  August  10,  1817,  and  was  chiefly  educated  at  home  by 
his  parents.  At  thirteen  he  obtained  employment  in  a  store  at  San- 
dusky, Ohio,  and  at  seventeen  entered  the  banking-house  of  E.  W. 
Clarke  &  Co.,  in  Philadelphia,  as  a  clerk.  There  he  received  the 
training  for  his  future  career,  and  at  twenty-five  he  was  admitted  as 
a  partner  in  the  firm.  This  was  in  1842,  and  the  connection  con- 
tinued unbroken  until  1858.  Early  in  1861  he  formed  a  partnership 
witli  W.  G.  Moorhead,  and  established  a  new  banking-house  under 
the  name  of  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.  ;  and  when,  a  few  months  later,  the 
government  issued  the  first  of  its  war-loans,  this  house,  despite  the 
great  financial  and  commercial  depression  then  existing  throughout 
the  country,  succeeded  in  placing  a  large  part  of  the  par-loan  of 
Pennsylvania.  Afterward,  when  the  exigencies  of  the  war  required 
the  issue  of  other  heavy  loans  by  authority  of  Congress,  from  time  to 
time,  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.  were  influential  in  disposing;  of  the  bonds, 
and  gained  much  prominence  in  the  history  of  those  times  as  energetic 
and  patriotic  financiers.  At  the  organization  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad  company,  the  house  of  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.  became  the  bankers 
and  fiscal  agents  of  that  corporation,  and  made  heavy  advances  upon 
its  operations,  hoping  to  be  re-imbursed  by  the  sale  of  its  bonds;  but 
a  financial  storm  which  the  firm  could  not  withstand  s\vcj)t  over  the 
land  and  compelled  the  bankers  to  close  their  doors  September  18, 
1873.  Their  creditors  then  forced  them  into  legal  bankruptcy  The 
settlement  of  the  estate,  however,  was  so  shrewdly  managed  that  the 
principal  and  interest  of  the  claimn  against  tlie  estate  were  liquidated 
in  full,  and  Mr.  Cooke  has  accumulated  another  fortune. 


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I'KOMINENT    liESIDENTS    01'"    TUB    GAKDKN   CITY. 


195 


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BIOGRAPHIES 

DISTINGUISHED 
IIIVINES, 

CAPITALISTS, 
OKATOUS 

.I0UK1VALISTS. 


■'  ^  'mi'  '^rfv' 'fwv  ' ' 

EMINENT  MEN  OF  CHICAGO, 

Past  and  Present. 


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W"  A"  A  "A  "a "a"/"  a"  "M 


I3XElISDaXX 


|<"  See  Index  lor  Portraits.  i*)! 


113 


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BIOGRAPHIES 

M        DISTINGUISHED       t 
.AWYEKS, 

STATESMEN,     F 
A    tlEIU  HANTS, 

I'OLITltLlNS, 


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Biographical  Sketches,  Giving  Leading  Incidents  in  Their  Lives. 


ILLIAM  H.  WELLS  was  born  at 
Tolland,  Conn.,  February  27, 
1812,  and  worked  upon  the 
farm  summers  and  attended 
district  school  winters  until 
seventeen  years  old,  when  he 
entered  Vernon  academy, 
studying  and  teaching  alter- 
nately. Weakness  of  the  eyes 
prevented  his  going  to  college, 
but  he  prepared  for  the  pro- 
fession of  teaching  at  the  Teachers' 
academy,  at  Andover.  Mass.,  where 
he  remained  as  a  student  for  eight 
months.  Within  two  years  after 
leaving  he  returned  to  the  academy 
as  a  teacher,  retaining  that  position  for  eleven  years.  In  1845  he  was 
created  a  master  of  arts  by  Dartqiouth  college,  and  in  1846  he 
published  his  popular  ''School  Grammar."  In  1847  he  was  elected 
principal  of  the  Putnam  free  school,  at  Newburyport,  Mass. ,  laboring 
there  for  six  years  with  great  success,  delivering  scientific  and  edu- 
cational lectures,  holding  teachers'  institutes,  organizing  teachers' 
associations,  and  editing  the  Massachusetts  Teacher.  In  1854  he  be- 
came principal  of  the  Westfield,  Mass.,  State  normal  school,  main- 
taining hia  usual  success.  In  1856  he  was  appointed  superintendent 
of  schools  in  Chicago,  and  during  the  next  eight  years  he  labored 
successfully  for  the  cause  of  education  in  Illinois,  as  a  member  of 
the  State  hoard  of  education,  a  member  of  the  State  teachers'  associa- 
tion, a  lecturer  at  institutes  and  a  writer  for  the  press.  In  1856  he 
organized  the  first  Chicago  high  school,  and  the  excellent  "graded 
course  "  of  study  in  the  Chicago  schools  owes  its  origin  to  bim.  In 
1803  he  was  chosen  president  of  the  national  teachers'  association, 
and  at  another  period  the  effective  president  of  Chicago  board  of 
education.  During  his  last  years  he  lived  in  comparative  retirement, 
and  died  January  22,  1885. 


JOSEPH   MEDILL, 

Ex-Mayor  and  Editor  *'('liieaso  Xrlbune.'* 

THIS  successful  journalist  was  born  April  6,  1823,  near  the  north- 
ern boundary  of  Maine,  the  family  removing,  in  1832,  to  a  farm 
in  Stark  county,  Ohio.      He  attended  public  schools  for  several 
years;  at  sixteen  received  private  tuition  at  Canton,  Ohio;  taught 
school  occasionally,  and  studied  the  higher  branches  at  the  Massilon 
(Ohio)  academy.      At  twenty-one  he  be<;an  to  study  law,  and  was  ad- 


mitted to  the  Ohio  bar  in  1846,  subsequently,  in  1847,  oi)ening  a  law 
office  at  New  Philadelphia,  Ohio,  where  he  continued  the  practice  of 
his  profession  until  1849.  In  the  fall  of  that  year  he  established  the 
Coshocton  Republican,  a  "free-soil"  paper,  and  published  it  for 
about  two  years,  followed,  in  1852,  by  removal  to  Cleveland,  where 
he  founded  the  Daily  Forest  City,  supporting  General  Scott  for  presi- 
dent. In  1853  he  consolidated  his  paper  with  another,  and  thus  founded 
the  well-known  Cleveland  Leader.  In  the  winter  of  1853^  he  wa*^ 
influential  in  organizing  the  republican  party  in  Ohio.  A  year  later 
he  sold  his  newspaper  interest  in  Cleveland  and  removed  to  Chicago, 
and,  with  others,  purchased  the  Chicago  Tribune,  then  quite  an 
inferior  journal.  Ten  years  he  was  its  managing  editor,  and  much 
of  its  subsequent  prosperity  and  influence  resulted  from  his  tact, 
talent  and  energy  in  its  editorial  and  business  departments.  In  1869 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Illinois  State  constitutional  conven- 
tion; in  1871  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  national  civil-service 
commission,  and  elected  mayor  of  Chicago,  proving  himself  an 
efficient  municipal  officer  on  the  occasion  of  the  great  Chicago  fire. 
In  1873-4  he  visited  Europe,  and  on  hi.s  return  became  editor-in- 
chief  of  the  Tribune,  in  which  he  had  purchased  a  large  interest,  and 
he  still  retains  it. 


JONATHAN  Y.  SCAMMON, 

Attorney  and  Banker,  of  Chicagro. 

THE  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  at  Whitefield,  Me.,  in  1812. 
He  was  educated  in  local  institutions,  including  Waterville  col- 
lego;  studied  law,  and  after  having  been  admitted  to  practice, 
began  traveling.  Landing  at  Chicago  in  1835,  he  was  soon  afterward 
appointed  deputy  clerk  of  the  local  courts.  In  1836  he  formed  a  law 
partnership  with  B.  S.  Morris,  but  most  of  his  time  was  devoted  to 
his  interests  in  the  Chicago  &  Galena  Union  railroad.  In  1837  he 
was  appointed  attorney  of  the  State  bank  of  Illinois,  and  in  1839 
reporter  of  the  Illinois  supreme  court:  also  a  chief  promoter  of 
Chicago's  excellent  public-school  system,  of  which,  in  1839,  he 
became  an  inspector.  In  1845  he  was  elected  alderman  of  his  ward; 
was  defeated  as  a  candidate  for  member  of  Congress,  in  1848,  and 
in  1849  was  chosen  president  of  the  Chicago  Marine  and  Fire  insur- 
ance company,  which  subsequently  failed  through  defalcations. 
Twice  he  was  elected  member  of  the  State  legislature.  Beginning  as 
a  private  banker,  he  became,  in  time,  president  of  the  Mechanics' 
National  bank,  and  also  of  the  Marine  Company's  bank.  At  an 
early  date  he  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Swedenborgian  church 
in  Chicago,  and  afterwards  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Chicago  academy 
of  science,  and  of  the  Chicago  Astronomical  society.  In  honor  of 
his  wife  he  erected  Dearborn  observatorv  at  the  Chicago  uuiver:?itv. 


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KMINENT    LITKBAKY,    PROFESSIONAL    AND    BUSINESS    MEN    OF   CHICAGO. 


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EMIXEXT    MKX    OF    CHICAGO. 


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CARTER  H.  HARRISON, 

Ex-Member  of  CouBress  aud  Mayor  ofChicsiKO. 

CARTER  H.  HARRISON  was  born  near  Lexington,  Ky.,  February 
15,  1825.  In  his  infancy  his  father  died,  and  the  care  of  the 
future  mayor  of  Chicago  devolved  on  his  mother  until  he  reached 
manhood,  receiving  his  education  at  her  knee  and  in  the  common 
schools.  Entering  Yale  college,  he  graduated  in  1845,  and  immedi- 
ately began  to  study  law.  In  1851  he  traveled  in  Europe,  Egypt, 
Syria  and  Turkey  in  Asia.  In  1855  he  became  a  resident  and  land 
owner  in  Chicago,  and  here  the  real  estate  business  soon  superseded 
his  law  practice.  In  1860  he  supported  Douglas  for  president,  and 
has  since  then  voted  with  the  Democrats.  Being  elected  a  commis- 
sioner of  Cook  county,  he  held  the  office  about  three  years.  In  1872 
he  ran  for  member  of  Congress  and  was  defeated;  but  in  1874  he 
was  chosen  to  represent  his  district  at  Washington.  After  serving 
one  term  as  a  representative,  he  was  elected  mayor  of  Chicago,  and 
was  re-elected  to  that  office  in  1880.  In  1874-5  he  and  his  family 
traveled  in  Europe,  where,  in  1873,  he  had  sent  his  wife  aud  children 
to  study  foreign  languages.  One  of  his  daughters  was  born  in 
Germany.  He  is  himself  noted  as  a  linguist,  and  an  orator  in  good 
demand  on  public  occasions.  His  first  wife  liuviug  died,  he  was 
remarried  to  a  Chicago  lady  in  1882. 


JAMES    H.  McVICKER, 

Proprietor  and    Manager   MtViekei-'s  Theater. 

THE  city  of  New  York,  February  14,  1822,  was  the  birthplace  of 
James  H.  McVicker.  His  father  died  the  same  year,  leaving 
the  family  in  straitened  circumstances,  and  James'  education 
was  confined  to  common  schools.  At  ten  years  old  he  worked  in  a 
printing  office,  subsequently  removing  to  Haverstraw,  N.  Y. ,  and 
laboring  in  wire  and  calico  factories.  In  1837  he  went  to  St.  Louis, 
where  he  worked  in  a  printing  office  for  three  years,  devoting  his 
leisure  hours  to  the  culture  of  his  mind.  Going  to  New  Orleans,  he 
began  his  career  as  an  actor,  studying  hard  in  his  profession,  per- 
forming in  various  parts  of  the  United  States  and  making  some 
reputation.  In  1848  he  came  to  Chicago,  and  was  engaged  as  prin- 
cipal comedian  at  Rice's  theater,  then  the  only  one  in  the  city.  In 
1851,  with  the  humorous  plays  formerly  owned  by  Dan  Jlarble,  he 
made  a  successful  staning  tour  of  the  Union,  increasing  his  wealth 
and  reputation  during  the  four  years  in  which  he  thus  performed. 
Succeeding  this  he  went  to  Lcmdon,  playing  his  Yankee  characters 
in  that  city  with  great  success.  In  1856  he  ably  managed  the 
People's  theater,  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.  In  1857  he  returned  to  Chicago 
and  began  the  building  of  a  theater,  but  his  finances  failed,  tempo- 
rarily hindering  the  enterprise,  but  the  theater  was  completed  and 
opened  in  November  of  the  same  j'ear,  he  holding  the  property*  by 
lease  (mly  until  1861,  when  he  repurchased  it  and  prospered.  In 
1871  the  theater  was  remodeled  at  great  cost,  but  was  destroyed  in 
the  fire  of  that  year.  Nothing  was  left  but  the  land;  the  insurance 
was  worthless,  and  it  required  energy  to  replace  the  theater,  but  he 
was  competent  to  overcome  all  obstacles,  and  in  August,  1872,  the 
new  house  was  opened  to  the  public.  Since  then  his  fortunes  have 
prospered,  and  his  career  as  a  successful  business  man  has  been 
firmly  established. 


MARSHALL  FIELD, 

CapltallHl  aixl  \\'i*)l-K.ii4>\\  It  Merchant. 

CONWAY,  Mass.,  was  the  birthplace  of  this  cmini-nt  Chicago  mcr- 
i-hant,  who  was  born  in  August,  1835,  his  childhood  being  spent 
in  that  village,  where  he  received  his  education  at  the  local 
schools  of  the  town.     When  seventeen  years  old  he  began  his  suc- 
cessful   mercantile   career  as  clerk  in  a  retail  dry-goods   store  lit 
Plttsfleld,  MaB8.,  where  he  remained  for  three  years.     In  January, 


1856,  he  removed  to  Chicago,  entering,  as  an  employe,  the  wholesale 
dry-goods  store  of  Cooley,  Wadsworth  &  Co.  South  Water  street 
was  then  the  center  of  the  wholesa*le  trade  of  the  city,  the  house  of 
Cooley,  Wadsworth  &  Co.  being  the  largest  on  the  street,  transacting 
business  amounting  to  about  $500,000  annually.  In  January,  1860, 
Mr.  Cooley  retiring,  the  firm  became  Farwell,  Field  &  Co.,  and  five 
years  later,  by  another  change,  it  was  reconstructed  as  Field,  Palmer 
&  Leiter.  In  January,  1867,  Mr.  Palmer  retired  from  the  house,  his 
partners  purchasing  his  interest  in  it  in  order  to  obtain  control  of 
his  prosperous  retail  business.  The  firm  was  then,  and  for  many 
years  afterward,  widely  known  as  Field,  Leiter  &  Co.,  and  con- 
trolled an  immense  trade.  Mr.  Leiter  retired  from  the  firm  in 
January,  1881,  and  since  then  the  house  has  done  business  as  Mar- 
shall Field  &  Co.  Its  transactions  in  Chicago,  and  through  its 
branches  in  New  York  City,  Paris  France,  and  Manchester,  Eng. , 
amount,  at  this  writing,  to  over  $30,000,000  annually. 


JOHN    H.   KINZIE, 

Early  and  Prumiiieitt  Settler  of  Chicago. 

THIS  early  resident  of  Chicago  was  born  at  Sandwich,  Canada 
West,  July  7,  1803,  although  his  parents  were  citizens  of  the 
United  States.  While  in  his  infancy  the  family  removed  to 
what  is  now  known  as  Bartram,  on  the  St.  Joseph  river,  in  Michigan. 
On  the  journey  thither  the  child  was  severely  burned  by  an  accident, 
the  marks  of  which  he  carried  to  the  grave.  The  following  year  the 
family  settled  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago  river,  where  the  father 
did  business  as  an  Indian  trader.  Here  Mr.  Kinzie  passed  his  child- 
hood, enjoying  none  but  the  most  limited  facilities  for  receiving  an 
education.  At  the  time  of  the  massacre  of  the  soldiers  and  citizens 
at  Fort  Dearborn,  he  was  only  nine  years  old,  and,  with  his  mother 
and  his  brothers  and  sisters,  was  conveyed  by  boat  to  a  place  of 
safety  by  friendly  Indians.  Soon  afterward  they  were  removed  to 
Detroit  as  prisoners  of  war,  in  charge  of  the  British  commander. 
The  father  was,  however,  detained  as  a  prisoner  in  Canada  for  several 
months.  At  this  period  the  paieuls  were  in  circumstances  unpropi- 
tious  for  educating  the  children.  In  1816  they  returned  to  Chicago  to 
reside,  and  two  years  later  the  lad  was  indentured  for  five  years  to  the 
American  fur  company,  at  Mackinac,  and  during  those  years  he 
remained  on  the  island,  laboring  as  a  clerk  and  porter  in  the  com- 
pany's service,  and  learning  the  art  of  trapping  game  in  his  leisure 
moments.  In  1824  he  was  transferred  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  in  Wis- 
consin, on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  river,  having  already  coasted 
the  western  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  in  a  small  boat.  While  at 
Prairie  du  Chien  he  compiled  an  Indian  grammar.  Soon  afterward 
he  became  private  secretary  to  Governor  Cass,  of  the  Territory  of 
Michigan;  in  1826  escorted  a  party  of  Winnebago  Indians  to  Wash- 
ington, and  participated  freely  in  the  stirring  events  of  that  period 
of  western  history.  In  the  meantime  he  compiled  another  grammar 
in  the  Wyandot  language.  In  1829  he  was  appointed  government 
agent  for  a  portion  of  the  Winnebago  tribe.  In  1830  he  married  his 
esteemed  wife,  Mrs.  Juliette  H.  Kinzie.  In  1833  he  returned  to 
Chicago  and  renewed  his  claim  to  the  land  pre-empted  by  his  father 
thirty  years  before,  and,  with  his  brother-in-law,  laid  out  that  part 
of  Chicago  village,  known  as  "Kinzie's  addition,"  and  the  following 
year  the  family  took  up  their  residence  here.  He  was  chosen  the 
first  president  of  the  village,  and  appointed  collector  of  canal  tolls 
when  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal  was  completed,  in  1837.  In 
IHil  President  Harris<m  made  him  registrar  of  public  lands,  and  in 
1849  President  Taylor  appointed  him  receiver  of  public  moneys  and 
depositary  at  Chicago.  In  1861  he  became  a  paymjistcr  in  the  Union 
army,  serving  four  years,  losing  his  health,  and  dying  in  a  railway 
car  while  on  his  way  to  the  east  for  the  recuperation  of  his  wasted 
energies.  This  was  in  1865.  His  widow,  two  sons  and  a  daughter 
survived  liiin. 


:(>— 


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W  KLI.-K.\i»VVN    KliSIUENTW    UK    ClliCAUU. 


RICHARD  M.  HOOLEY, 

Proprietor  itiid  Miiiiiiuer  lliioJey^M  Theater. 

THIS  well-known  tliuiUrical  niaim^'cr  vvus  born  in  Ii'L-laml,  in 
1826.  Ills  fiUher  was  a  mLTchunt,  who  removed  to  Eng- 
land when  Richard  was  about  three  months  old.  The  youth 
received  his  education  at  the  Hyde  academy,  near  Manchester, 
England,  and  when  eighteen  years  of  age,  in  1844,  emigrated  to  New 
York  City,  and  followed  the  profession  of  a  musician,  both  in  that 
city  and  in  many  States  of  the  Union.  His  first  great  success  as  a 
theatrical  manager  was  in  California,  and  afterwards  he  estab- 
]i.«hed  theatrical  enterprises  in  Brooklyn  and  New  York.  Later  he 
came  west  and  remodeled  and  successfully  operated  a  theater  at 
Madison,  Wis  Coming  to  Chicago,  his  usual  success  attended  him, 
and  his  present  theater  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  city.  Altogether 
he  has  probably  built  and  remodeled  more  theaters  in  the  United 
States  than  any  other  man  in  either  hemisphere.  Among  these  were 
one  in  San  Francisco,  one  in  Brooklyn,  (me  in  Philadelphia,  one  in 
Williamsburgh,  N.  Y. ,  two  in  New  Y'ork  City,  and  tw-o  in  Chicago. 
Mr.  Hooley  eminently  maintains  the  dignity  of  the  theatrical  profes- 
sion, both  in  the  selection  and  presentation  of  dramas,  and  also  in 
tljp  employment  of  a  high  order  of  mimetic  talent. 


HIRAM   W.  THOMAS, 

Former  Methodist  I>tvliie,  Latterly  uu  ladepeiident. 

HAMPSHIRE  county,  Va. ,  April  29,  1832,  was  the  birthplace  of 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Thomas.  His  early  years  were  passed  at  home 
on  a  farm,  country  schools  affording  him  a  limited  education. 
Later  he  left  home,  laboring  for  his  board,  in  order  to  attend  a  better 
class  of  schools.  At  eighteen  his  religious  feelings  prompted  him 
to  preach,  and  he  began  to  prepare  for  the  Methodist  pulpit,  under  a 
private  tutor,  with  whom  he  studied  two  years,  occasionally  holding 
religious  meetings  and  speaking  in  public.  Subsequently  he  studied 
at  two  local  seminaries,  and  preached  on  Methodist  circuits  in  Penn- 
sylvania. In  1854  he  removed  to  Iowa,  sometimes  preaching,  and 
one  year  afterwards  united  with  the  Iowa  Methodist  conference,  con- 
tinuing his  studies  in  private,  and  preaching  at  various  places  in 
that  State  for  ten  or  twelve  years.  He  then  became  pastor  of  the 
Park  Avenue  church,  Chicago,  for  three  years;  then  of  the  First 
church,  on  Clark  street;  then  of  the  Centenary  church,  serving  his 
itinerant  term  in  each;  then  went  to  Aurora,  111.,  preaching  there 
and  writing  a  *'  liberal  "  theological  work,  which  subsequently,  with 
other  ''liberal"  discourses,  led,  in  1881,  to  his  expulsion  from  the 
pulpits  and  communion  of  the  Methodist  church.  Since  then  he  has 
been  preaching  to  an  independent  religious  organization  called  the 
People's  church,  at  Chicago  with,  great  popularity. 


CHARLES  B.  FARWELL, 

Ex-Afember  of  Congress  Jtiid  Prominent  Merchant. 

THE  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  July  1,  1823,  at  Painted  Post, 
N.  Y.  He  received  his  education  at  the  Elmira  (N.  Y. )  academy, 
but  removed  to  Illinois  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  working  on  a  farm 
and  assisting  in  the  survey  of  the  public  lands.  Coming  to  Chicago, 
in  1844,  he  embarked  in  banking  and  real  estate  transactions.  He  was 
elected  county  clerk  of  Cook  county,  in  1853,  and  again  in  1857.  He 
next  engaged  in  the  mercantile  business.  In  1867  he  was  appointed 
a  member  of  the  Illinois  State  board  for  the  equalization  of  taxes;  in 
1868  was  chairman  of  board  of  supervisors  of  Cook  county;  in  1869 
was  appointed  a  national  bank  examiner;  in  1870  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  Congress,  and  re-elected  in  1872.  In  Congress  he  occupied 
places  on  the  committees  of  public  buildings  and  grounds,  banking 
and  currency,  and  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  manufactures. 
He  is  at  this  writing  a  member  of  the  well-known  wholesale  dry- 
goods  house  of  John  V.  Farwell  &  Co. ,  in  Chicago,  his  residence 
being  at  Lake  Forest,  111. 


JOHN  V.  FARWELL, 

CapltallMt  iinti  NucevNurul  Merchant. 

AVERY  prominent  nn-rchiinl  in  Chicagf)  Iiuh  heen,  for  years, 
John  V.  Farwell,  who  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Steuben  county, 
New  Y'ork,  July  29,  1825,  where  he  remained,  working  Hum- 
mers and  attending  the  district  Hchool  until  twelve  years  old.  In  1838 
he  removed  with  his  parents  to  Ogle  county,  Illinois,  and  reMumed 
farm-life  on  the  prairie.  At  fourteen  he  united  with  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  church,  and  at  sixteen  h<:  entered  Mount  Morris  (III.) 
seminary,  devoting  himself  to  earnest  Htudy.  In  1845  he  came  to 
Chicago  with  a  capital  of  S3. 25,  and  was  first  employed  in  the  city 
clerk's  oflice,  at  a  salary  of  $12  a  month,  reporting  the  proceedings 
of  the  common  council  at  S2  a  session.  Giving  offense  to  the  dignity 
of  the  councillors  by  his  humorous  descriptions,  he  was  ousted  and 
became  book-keeper  in  a  dry-goods  store,  at  $8  a  month;  then  into 
another  store  at  $250  a  year,  and  then  into  a  third  at  $600  a  year. 
Half  of  his  first  year's  salary  he  gave  to  the  church  to  which  he 
belcmged.  In  1851  he  became  a  partner  in  the  dry-goods  store  of 
Wadsworth  &  Phelps,  and  began  to  be  a  leader  in  that  trade,  with 
gratifying  prosperity.  A  wholesale  house  was  built  on  Wabash 
avenue,  and  wealth  accumulated.  In  1865  the  firm  became  John  V. 
Farwell  &  Co.,  and  kept  a  leading  position.  Mr.  Farwell  used  hie 
wealth  in  Christian  benevolence,  in  establishing  missions  which 
prospered  and  effected  good  in  various  portions  of  the  city,  aiding 
materially  in  establishing  the  Chicago  Young  Men's  Christian  associa- 
tion, and  in  building  the  old  and  new  Farwell  halls.  The  great  fire 
destroyed  his  buildings,  but  his  energy  and  benevolence  suffered  no 
diminution,  and  he  soon  erected  new  structures  that  surpassed  the 
old.  Mr.  Farwell  is  not  yet  old,  and  is  still  engaged  in  transacting 
a  large  and  prosperous  business. 


WILLIAM  BROSS, 

(Tonrnalifnt  and  £x-L.ieut. -Governor  or  Illinois. 

W1LLL\:M  BROSS  was  born  November  4.  1813,  near  Port 
Jervis,  N.  J.  In  1822  he  removed  to  Milford,  Pa. ,  his  father 
becoming  a  lumberman.  He  was  educated  at  Milford  academy 
and  Williams  college,  graduating  from  the  latter  in  1838.  Passed  ten 
years  in  teaching  school  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  and  removed 
to  Chicago  in  1848,  engaging  in  the  book  business.  Fifteen  months 
afterward  he  retired  from  the  book  trade,  and,  with  Rev.  J.  A.  Wight, 
published  the  Pi'air'ie  Herald^  a  religious  newspaper,  for  two  years. 
In  1852,  with  John  L.  Scripps,  he  established  the  Chicago  Democratic 
Press,  a  daily  newspaper,  and  discussed  politics  vigorously.  Becom- 
ing noted  as  a  political  orator,  he  canvassed  Illinois,  in  1856,  in 
favor  of  Fremont  for  president.  He  is  said  to  have  printed  in  the 
Press  the  first  financial  article  ever  written  for  a  Chicago  newspaper. 
In  1858  the  paper  was  merged  in  the  Chicago  Tribune,  withMr.  Bross 
as  financial  editor.  In  the  war  of  the  rebellion  he  was  an  active 
patriot,  and  in  1804  was  popularly  elected  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  State.  For  several  years  he  has  lived  in  retirement,  but  retaining 
an  interest  in  the  THbime. 


EMORY  A.  STORRS, 

Eminent  and  Eloquent    l^un'yer, 

EMORY  A.  STORRS,  who  achieved  an  enviable  reputation  by 
his  legal  acumen  and  stirring  oratory,  was  born  in  Cattaraugus 
county,  N.  Y. ,  in  1834.  In  his  youth  he  turned  his  attention 
to  the  study  of  the  law ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  at  Buffalo, 
N.  Y. ,  in  1855,  and  for  four  years  practiced  in  the  city  of  New  Y'ork. 
In  1869  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  became  eminent  by  his 
skill  in  various  important  lawsuits.  His  oratorical  freedom,  menial 
power,  legal  knowledge  and  literary  attainments  made  him  a  favorite 
on  public  occasions,  when  his  eloquence  was  brilliant  with  sarcasm, 
ridicule  and  good  sense.     He  died  at  Ottawa,  HI.,  Sept.  12,  1885. 


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WELL-KNOWN   MEN    IN    THE    WEST. 


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JOHN  A.  LOGAN, 

XTnlted  States  Senator  Troni  Illinois. 

JACKSON  county,  111.,  February  9,  182B,  was  the  birthplace  of 
John  A.  Logan,  United  States  Senator  and  military  commander. 
His  early  education  was  derived  from  home  teaching,  such  local 
schools  as  those  pioneer  days  provided,  and  a  course  of  study  at  the 
Louisville  (Ky. )  university.  When  the  war  with  Mexico  began,  in 
1845,  he  enlisted  in  the  1st  111.  Vol.  Inf.,  serving  acceptably  as  a 
private,  lieutenant,  quartermaster  and  adjutant.  Returning  home  he 
studied  law,  in  1848,  and  a  year  later  was  elected  county  clerk  of 
Jackson  county.  In  18.52,  still  pursuing  his  studies,  he  was  chosen 
prosecuting  attorney  in  the  third  district,  and  the  same  year  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  legislature.  To  this  latter  position  he  was 
three  times  successively  re-elected.  In  1856  he  was  chosen  presi- 
dential elector,  and  the  following  year  he  entered  upon  the  practice 
of  law  with  A.  M.  Jenkins,  his  uncle.  In  1858  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  Congress,  and  in  1860  he  was  re-elected.  In  July,  1861, 
he  joined  the  Union  army,  and  fought  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run. 
Later  in  that  year  he  became  colonel  of  the  31st  Reg.  111.  Inf.,  fought 
at  Belmont,  Fort  Henry  and  Fort  Donelson,  being  temporarily  dis- 
abled in  the  latter  fight.  Returning  to  duty,  he  joined  General 
Grant  at  Pittsburg  Landing,  and  in  1862  was  appointed  a  brigadier- 
general.  'WTiile  holding  this  command  in  the  seventeenth  army  corps, 
he  distinguished  himself  at  Corinth,  Miss. ,  and  other  points,  and 
within  a  few  months  was  promoted  to  major-general.  In  the  subse- 
quent progress  of  the  war,  he  achieved  new  distinction  at  Port 
Gibson,  Raymond,  Jackson  and  Champion  Hill,  and  participated  in 
Grant's  siege  of  Vicksburg.  At  the  latter  place  his  troops  were  the 
first  to  enter  the  surrendered  city,  and  he  was  chosen  its  military 
governor.  In  1863  he  succeeded  General  Sherman  in  the  command 
of  the  fifteenth  army  corps,  leading  the  advance  at  Resaca,  and  prom- 
inently serving  at  Dallas  and  Kenesaw  Mountain.  In  this  last 
contest  General  McPherson  fell,  and  General  Logan  found  himself  in 
command  of  the  great  army  of  the  Tennessee.  All  through  the  sub- 
sequent struggles  of  the  war  he  maintained  his  high  military  fame  by 
his  skill  and  gallantry.  In  1865  he  declined  an  appointment  as 
minister  to  Me.Kico,  but  was  elected  a  member  of  the  fortieth  Con- 
gress, and  also  re-elected  to  the  forty-first  and  forty-second.  In 
1871  he  succeeded  Governor  Yates  as  United  States  senator,  a  posi- 
tion that  he  still  retains,  with  much  popularity.  In  the  session  of 
1881-82  he  became  prominent  by  introducing  a  measure  to  devote  the 
revenue  derived  by  the  government  from  the  tax  on  ardent  spirits  to 
the  support  of  the  educational  institutions  of  the  country.  Nominated 
for  Vice-President,  June  6,  1884.     Re-elected  to  the  Senate  in  1885. 


ANSON  STAGER, 

Snpei'InCendent  of  Telegraph  Lines. 

THIS  able  representative  and  promoter  of  electric  telegraphy  was 
born  in  Ontario  county,  N.  Y. ,  April  20,  1825.  The  father 
was  a  manufacturer  of  edge  tools,  at  Rochester,  in  that  State. 
Little  is  known  of  the  lad's  earliest  life  and  educational  facilities, 
but  when  sixteen  years  old  he  embarked  in  the  printing  business. 
Three  years  later  he  was  employed  as  a  telegraph  operator  in  Phila- 
delphia, removing  after  short  intervals  to  Lancaster  and  Pittsburgh, 
Pa. ,  beiu!.'  tlie  first  operator  to  work  in  the  last-named  city.  In  1848 
he  became  the  chief  operator  of  the  system  of  national  lines,  at  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  and  in  1862  superintendent  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 
Printing  Telegraph  c<mipany,  his  supervision  of  which  soon  extended 
over  the  entire  State.  When,  by  a  consolidation  of  electric  lines, 
the  Western  Union  Telegraph  company  became  a  powerful  organiza- 
tion, Mr.  Stager  was  chosen  its  general  supeVintcnilent,  and  still 
retains  that  position.  During  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  when  the 
State  govcrnracnls  of  Ohio,  Illinois  and  Indiana  pressed  the  telegraph 
lines  of  those  States  into  the  military  service,  Mr.  Stager  was  selected 
to  control  their  work.     In  Virginia  he  established  a  system  of  field 


telegraphs,  and  later  organized  the  general  military  telegraph  con- 
solidation, which  did  much  elficient  labor  for  the  government  during 
the  war.  Of  this  he  was  appointed  chief,  with  the  military  titles  of 
captain  and  assistant  quartermaster,  and  afterward  colonel  and  aid- 
de-camp,  having  charge  of  the  cypher  correspondence  of  the  army,  in 
the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  at  Washington.  Until  peace  came 
lie  remained  in  charge  of  this  service,  and  received  the  title  of  brevet 
brigadier-general  for  valuable  and  meritorious  benefits  conferred 
during  his  administration.  When  the  war  ended  he  was  selected  for 
general  superintendent  of  the  re-organized  Western  Union  Telegraph 
company,  but  declined  to  serve,  preferring  to  retain  his  connection 
with  the  western  interests  of  the  enterprise.  He  was  then  made 
superintendent  of  the  central  division,  with  his  oflice  at  Cleveland, 
Ohio.  Four  years  later,  the  increase  of  business  on  his  lines 
required  him  to  transfer  his  office  to  Chicago.  Under  his  supervision 
the  corporation  has  grown  immensely  in  enterprise,  extent  and 
influence,  and  much  of  this  prosperity  is  due  to  his  very  superior 
executive  ability.  His  taients  are  not  confined,  however,  to  the 
Western  Union  Telegraph  company.  He  has  been  president  of  two 
important  electrical  companies,  vice-president  of  the  Babcock  manu- 
facturing company,  and  bank  director.     Died  March  26,  1885. 


GEORGE  BUCHANAN  ARMSTRONG, 

FoiiikKt  of  the   Railwny  Mail  Service. 

GEORGE  B.  ARMSTRONG,  founder  of  the  railway  mail  service, 
was  born  in  Armagh,  Ireland,  October  27,  1822,  of  Scotch 
parents,  who,  soon  after  his  birth,  came  to  this  country,  settling 
in  Baltimore,  Md. ,  where  young  Armstrong's  youth  was  passed.  In 
1854  he  identified  himself  with  the  west,  locating  in  Chicago  and 
engaging  for  some  years  in  mercantile  pursuits.  At  the  breaking 
out  of  the  war  he  was  called  to  the  position  of  assistant  postmaster, 
and  thus  commenced  the  germ  of  the  railway  mail  service.  Mr. 
Armstrong,  being  a  splendid  organizer  and  disciplinarian,  was  called, 
in  1862,  by  President  Lincoln,  to  go  to  Cairo  and  devise  a  manner  to 
forward  avast  accumulation  of  war  mail  matter,  amounting  to  hun- 
dreds of  tons.  This  was  accomplished  in  an  incredibly  short  space 
of  time,  and  his  work  and  services  were  publicly  acknowledged.  On 
his  return  to  Chicago,  Governor  Oglesby,  on  behalf  of  the  soldiers  of 
the  United  States  in  general,  and  of  Illinois  in  particular,  for  his 
usefulness  in  providing  facilities  for  communication  between  the 
front  and  home,  appointed  him  colonel  of  infantry  of  Illinois  volun- 
teers. While  at  Cairo  Colonel  Armstrong  conceived  the  idea  that  a 
letter  should  travel  with  the  same  speed  as  an  individual,  and  the 
clew  having  been  taken  it  was  followed  up  with  assiduity.  For  two 
years  he  revolved  the  scheme  in  his  mind  before  venturing  to  put  it 
to  a  practical  test.  In  1864  he  obtained  permission  from  the  g'overn- 
ment  to  equip  a  car  and  try  the  experiment,  but  as  no  appropriation 
was  made  by  Congress,  nor  by  the  government,  to  defray  the  cost, 
rather  than  abandon  his  project  Colonel  Armstrong  fitted  up  and 
equipped  a  car  at  his  own  expense.  The  service  proved  successful, 
and  from  this  small  beginning  the  system  hiis  grown  to  be  of  vast 
magnitude,  extending  from  ocean  to  ocean,  covering  all  lines  of  rail- 
way running  north  and  south,  east  and  west,  embracing  120,0t)0  miles 
of  service,  employing  3,800  postal  clerks,  who  distribute  daily  thou- 
sands of  tons  of  mail  matter,  in  cars  running  twenty  to  forty  miles 
an  hour,  night  and  day,  securing  to  all  mail  matter  the  same  rapidity 
of  transit  that  can  be  attained  by  the  individual;  and  all  this  vast 
iuiprovement  over  the  old  slow,  tedious  system  of  distributing  post 
oftices  was  the  work  of  on  unceasing,  tireless  mind.  Colonel  Arm- 
strong lived  long  enough  to  see  the  realization  of  bis  fondest  dream. 
He  died  May  5,  1871,  of  overwork  in  his  too  close  application  to  the 
wants  of  the  public,  and  the  service  which  was  his  foremost  thought 
and  the  personal  pride  of  bis  useful  life.  In  May,  1H81,  the  postal 
clerks  erected  to  his  memory  a  bronze  bust  in  the  custom  house 
squiirc  in  Chicago. 


IlISTIiXGUISIIED    KKI'KKSKNTATIVE    MEN    OF    CHIUAGn. 


9 


ISAAC  N.  ARNOLD. 

Kx-Mt*iul»4'l*  i»r  <'oiiKi-fNM  :iii«l    lliotoi'liill. 

ISAAC  N.  AKNOLD  wut^  born  at  Iliirtwifh,  Otsego  county,  N.  Y. » 
November  30,  1815.  At  fifteen  he  whs  thrown  upon  his  own 
resources,  anil  for  nearly  five  years  pursued  general  wtudieB, 
taught  school  and  reud  law,  in  his  native  county.  At  twenty  lu;  was 
jidinitted  to  practice  in  the  supreme  court  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
and  won  success  as  a  criminal  lawyer.  Removing  to  Chicago  in  ISIiG, 
he,  with  Mahlon  D.  Ogden,  practiced  law.  A  year  later  he  was  city 
clerk,  but  soon  resumed  his  profession,  in  which  he  prospered.  In 
184S  he  was  elected  a  member  of  tlic  legislature.  Eight  years  later  he 
took  an  active  part  in  the  presidential  campaign,  for  the  free  soil 
ticket,  and  also  pursued  the  practice  of  law.  lie  wan  re-elected  to  the 
legislature  in  185.5,  and  in  18(50  was  elected  a  member  of  Congress. 
In  18tJ5  President  Johnson  appointed  him  an  auditor  of  the  post  office 
department  at  Washington,  an  oftice  that  he  soon  resigned.  Return- 
ing to  Chicago,  he  afterward  f<dlowed  his  profession  and  wrote  a 
history  of  Abraham  Lincoln  and  a  biography  of  Aaron  Burr.  In  the 
meantime  he  was  for  many  years  president  of  the  Chicago  Historical 
society,  which  office  he  retained  until  his  death,  April  24,  1884. 


WILLIAM  B.  OGDEN, 

Railroad  Capitalist  and  Fli'Ht  Mayor  ofCliicagro. 

ONE  OF  the  early  prominent  re.^idents  of  Chicago  was  William  B. 
Ogden,  who  was  born  at  Walton,  N.  Y. ,  June  15,  1805.  At 
that  period  his  father  was  a  pioneer  in  the  wilderness  of  the 
"  Upper  Delaware  country,"  and  it  was  amid  these  rude  surround- 
ings that  the  boy  was  reared,  thus  laying  the  foundation  of  a  vigorous 
manhood.  Choosing  the  profession  of  the  law,  at  sixteen  years  of  age 
he  began  a  course  of  preparatory  study,  which  was  interrupted  by  the 
death  of  his  father,  and  he  was  called  home  to  manage  family  affairs. 
It  was  while  thus  employed  that  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
business  talents.  In  1834,  in  the  interest  of  the  proposed  Erie 
railroad,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  New  York  State  legis- 
lature. A  year  later,  turning  his  attention  toward  the  growing  west, 
he  came  to  Chicago,  which  was  then  beginning  to  attract  the  atten- 
tion of  many  young  men.  Before  leaving  New  York  he  had 
been  inspector  general  of  the  State  militia,  and  postmaster  in  his 
native  town.  In  the  western  metropolis  he  became  the  head  of  a 
large  real  estate  house,  which  eventually  amassed  fortunes.  In  1837 
he  was  elected  first  mayor  of  Chicago,  and  between  that  time  and 
1866  held  the  following  offices:  president  of  Rush  Medical  college; 
president  of  the  Chicago  &  Galena  Union  railroad,  and  of  several 
other  railroad  corporations  in  the  west;  president  of  the  National 
Pacific  railroad  convention  of  1850;  president  of  the  Chicago  branch 
of  the  State  bank  of  Illinois;  first  president  of  the  Union  Pacific  rail- 
road; (^irector  of  the  Pittsburgh,  Ft.  Wayne  &  Chicago  railroad; 
president  of  the  Chicago  board  of  sewerage  commissioners;  principal 
in  the  Peshtigo,  Wis. ,  lumber  company,  and  organizer  of  the  Brady's 
Bend  (Pa.)  iron  comj)any.  About  1866  he  left  Chicago,  and  until 
his  death  resided  on  his  homestead  in  Westchester  county,  N.  Y. , 
having  large  Investments  in  eastern  real  estate.     He  died  in  1877. 


POTTER  PALMER. 

Alerchnnt  and  Builder  oC  the  Palmer  House. 

YERY  widely  known  is  the  Palmer  house  at  Chicago.  Its  owner, 
Potter  Palmer,  was  born  in  Albany  county.  New  York,  where  he 
worked  about  home  and  attended  the  local  schools  during  his 
youth.  At  eighteen  he  became  clerk  in  Piatt  Adams'  store  and  bank- 
ing office,  at  Durham,  N.  Y. ,  of  which,  within  three  years,  he  be- 
came manager.  On  arriving  at  manhood  he  opened  a  store  at 
Oneida,  N.  Y. ,  but  remained  there  less  than  three  years,  thence 
going  to  Lockport,  N.  Y. ,  where  he  continued  in  business  a  year. 


Coming  to  Chicago  about  1852,  he  entered  upon  a  prosperous,  and 
at  that  time  an  extensive  dry  good«  trade,  in  which  he  becumu  popu- 
lar and  wealthy.  In  1865  he  retired  from  business,  having  in  thir- 
teen years  accumulated  an  immense  fortune.  During  the  war  of  the 
rebellion  he  materially  assisted  the  government  at  Washington  by 
heavy  loans  of  money.  After  his  retirement  from  business  he 
invested  largely  in  Chicago  real  estate,  erecting  u  hotel  of  consider- 
able magnitude  on  State  street,  which,  with  several  large  business 
blocks  owned  by  him,  was  burned  in  the  great  fire.  The  present 
Palmer  house  had  been  begun  previous  to  the  fire,  and  to  the  con- 
struction and  ornamentation  of  this  noble  hotel,  after  that  event,  he 
devoted  most  of  his  means,  and  successfully  finished  it  without  fail- 
ure financially.  The  widening  of  State  street  was  also  a  favorite 
measure  of  his,  and  to  him,  mainly,  is  the  city  indebted  for  this  as 
well  as  many  other  extensive  improvements. 


JOHN  H.  HAVERLY, 

Enterprising  and  SiitcfKNtuI  AmiiMement  Manager. 

HUNDREDS  of  thousands  of  play-goers  in  various  parts  of  the 
country  have  been  indebted  to  J.  II.  Ilaverly  for  amusement  and 
superior  entertainment  in  tlie  past  few  years,  a  feature  of  Mr. 
Haverly's  efforts  being  that  his  work  was  not  confined  to  one 
locality,  but  extended  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  ocean.  Natur- 
ally the  reader  is  desirous  of  knowing  the  career  of  one  who  can 
conduct  so  many  enterprises,  and  that,  too,  so  successfully.  John 
H.  Haverly  was  born  at  Curtin's  Furnace,  Boggs  Township,  in 
Center  County,  Pa.,  in  1841.  He  received  a  very  limited  training  in 
the  ordinary  branches  of  schooling,  but,  early  thrown  upon  his  own 
resources,  he  developed  that  readiness  and  decision  of  purpose 
which  has  been  a  distinguishing  characteristic  in  his  later  years.  In 
his  youth  he  was  apprenticed  to  William  McClellan,  a  tailor  at  Bel- 
foute,  Pa.,  which  employment  not  suiting  his  youthful  aspirations, 
he  severed  his  engagement  with  his  employer  and  entered  upon 
the  work  of  news-selling  on  the  railway  trains.  Settling 
in  Toledo,  Ohio,  with  a  little  money  saved,  he  invested  in  a  horse 
and  cart,  and,  for  a  time,  supplied  the  people  with  fresh  fish.  Leav- 
ing others,  however,  to  furnish  brain  food  to  the  Toledoans,  he  soon 
afterward  became  the  assistant  manager  of  a  music  hall  in  Toledo, 
known  as  the  Adelpbi.  This  place  of  amusement  did  not  stand  very 
high  in  the  esteem  of  the  better  class  of  people,  neither  was  thacon- 
ductor  very  successful  financially ;  but  these  were  the  first  steps  in 
paving  the  way  for  greater  work  beyond.  Ultimately  he  secured  a 
position  with  the  Cal.  Wagner  Minstrels,  and  in  due  time  he  became 
the  sole  manager  of  that  troupe,  which  finally  became  known  as 
Haverly's  Mastodon  Minstrels,  "Forty — Count 'em,"  and  proved  a 
most  marked  and  signal  success.  With  the  financial  prosperity  of 
this  show  he  launched  forth  into  greater  enterprises,  having  already 
established  the  Adelpbi  theater,  in  Chicago,  some  two  years  previous- 
ly, where  now  stands  the  first  National  bank.  He  secured  a  theater 
in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  In  New  York  he  controlled  the  14th  Street 
theater,  Niblo's,  and  the  Fifth  avenue.  He  leased  a  theater  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  controlled  the  California  theater  in  San  Francisco.  He 
owned  half  a  dozen  troupes  on  the  road — minstrel,  comic,  opera, 
spectacular,  and,  indeed,  nearly  every  form  of  amusement.  In 
addition  to  these  several  and  varied  enterprises,  which,  to  make  them 
a  success,  was  enough  to  employ  the  mind  and  skill  of  a  dozen 
managers,  he  engaged  largely  in  mining  in  Colorado.  During  an 
absence  in  Europe,  in  1882,  he  materially  reduced  the  number  of  his 
shows,  but  at  this  writing,  in  the  early  part  of  1883,  he  is  suc- 
cessfully conducting  the  principal  ones  that  he  has  established. 
Mr.  Haverly  is  endowed  with  very  clear  perceptive  talent  and  remark- 
able executive  power.  In  ability  to  curry  forward  many  varied 
enterprises,  located  widely  apart  from  each  other,  he  is  one  of  the 
most  marked  and  famous  men  of  the  age. 


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rK(lMIXp:NT    EESIDENTS    i  IF    THE    GARDEN    (.'ITY. 


JOHN  WENTWORTH, 

vIonrualiHt  and  Ex-Member  of  Congrresft. 

AVERY  prominent  character  for  many  years  in  the  public  affairs 
of  Chicago  has  been  John  Wentworth,  who  was  born  at  Sand- 
wich, N.  H. ,  March  5,  1815.  From  1827  to  1832  he  was  educated 
in  local  institutions,  and  taught  school.  He  then  entered  Dartmouth 
college,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1836.  In  the  meantime  he 
wrote  for  the  newspapers  quite  frequently.  Soon  after  graduating 
he  started,  with  moderate  means,  for  the  west.  Stopping  briefly  in 
Michigan,  he  reached  Chicago  October  25,  183G,  and  soon  afterward 
he  became  the  manager  of  the  Weekly  Chicago  Democrat,  devoting 
his  leisure  hours  to  the  study  of  law.  In  July,  1837,  he  became  pro- 
prietor of  the  paper  by  purchase,  issued  daily,  as  soon  as  circum- 
stances warranted,  made  it  successful  as  the  organ  of  the  Democratic 
party,  and  profitable  to  himself,  retaining  control  of  it  until  18G1. 
At  the  time  of  his  retirement  he  owned  a  farm,  near  Chicago,  of 
2,500  acres,  which  he  has  made  a  source  of  wealth.  While  he  was 
controlling  the  J)e7Jiorrat  he  was  sent  to  Congress  live  terms,  and 
twice  (in  1857  and  18t50)  was  elected  mayor  of  Chicago,  and  his 
record  as  an  efficient  mayor  has  seldom  been  disputed.  In  1861  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  convention  to  revise  the  State  constitu- 
tion of  Illinois,  and  in  1863  was  appointed  one  of  the  board  of  police 
commissioners,  in  which  otSce  he  did  good  service  in  breaking  up  the 
famous  conspiracy  at  Camp  Douglas.  Since  his  retirement  from 
public  life  he  has  distinguished  himself  as  an  agriculturist  and  stock 
raiser. 


■6. 

7 


STEPHEN  A.  DOUGLAS, 

United  States  Senator  and  £minent  Statesman. 

ON  April  23,  1813,  at  Brandon,  Vt. ,  was  born  Stephen  A.  Douglas. 
Losing  his  father  in  his  infancy,  he  worked  alternately  on  a 
farm  and  in  a  cabinet  shop,  attending  school  nearly  four  months 
in  each  year.  About  1831  the  family  removed  to  Canandaigua,  N.  Y. , 
where  he  attended  the  academy  for  two  years.  In  1833  he  removed 
to  Illinois,  where  he  taught  school  and  studied  law.  In  1834  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  opened  an  office  at  Jacksonville,  and  manifested 
so  much  legal  ability  that  in  1835  he  was  elected  attorney-general  of 
the  State.  Soon  afterward  he  resigned  his  office  and  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  legislature,  resuming  his  law  practice  at  the  close  of 
his  term.  In  1837  President  Van  Buren  appointed  him  registrar  of 
the  public  land  office,  at  Springfield,  111.  He  held  this  position  for 
two  years.  In  1840  he  was  elected  Secretary  of  State,  and  in  1841 
the  legislature  made  him  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court.  Some  two 
years  later  he  was  elected  a  member  of  Congress,  and  in  1845  he  was 
re-elected  to  the  same  office.  In  1847  he  was  chosen  United  States 
senator  for  six  years,  was  re-elected  in  1853  and  again  in  1859,  hold- 
ing the  position  until  his  death,  June  3,  1861.  He  was  candidate  for 
the  presidency  of  the  United  States  in  1852,  1856  and  1860.  In  his 
last  illness  he  displayed  the  wisdom  and  patriotism  that  have 
rendered  his  sayings  as  immortal  as  the  marble  cenotaph  which 
covers  his  remains.     He  died  at  the  Tremont  house  in  Chicago. 


DAVID  SWING, 

I^atln  and  <2reek  ProreNHiir  and  Iiide|ientlent  i'lergryman. 

DAVID  SWING  was  born  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  August  18,  1830. 
His  father  dying  in  1832,  his  mother  married  again  and  removed 
to  Keadsburg,  Ohio,  when  David  was  seven  years  old,  and 
three  years  later  to  a  farm  near  Williamsburg,  Ohio.  EiRht  years 
were  passed  on  this  farm  in  rural  occupaticms,  his  education  being 
derived  from  the  district  school.  When  eighteen  he  entered  Miami 
university,  at  Oxford,  Ohio,  graduating  in  1852.  lie  then  began  the 
Btudy  of  theology,  at  Cincinnati,  and  within  a  year  was  appointed  a 
l)rof('>*f»or  of  (Ircek  and  Latin  at  the  Miami  university.      In  this  chair 


he  remained  thirteen  years,  occasionally  preaching,  until,  in  1866,  he 
was  called  as  pastor  to  the  New  School  Westraintter  church  of 
Chicago,  which  prospered  and  soon  united  with  another  (old  school) 
Presbyterian  church,  retaining  him  as  its  popular  pastor.  The 
great  fire  of  1871  destroyed  the  church  and  the  homes  of  its 
members,  with  his  own  possessions.  Until  the  church  was  rebuilt 
he  preached  in  McVicker's  theater.  In  1873  and  1874  Professor 
Patton  strongly  obj  ected  to  Mr.  Swing' s  theology,  and  had  him 
arraigned  before  the  Chicago  Presbytery  for  heresy.  After  a 
long  trial,  during  which  the  case  went  to  a  higher  church  tribunal, 
Mr.  Swing  withdrew  from  the  Presbyterian  church,  and  as  an  inde- 
pendent Christian,  with  many  admirers,  betook  himself  to  McVicker's 
theater,  in  which  he  held  religious  services  until  the  completion  of 
Central  music  hall,  where  the  society  over  which  he  presides  now 
worship. 


ROBERT  TODD  LINCOLN, 

Tta^ryer  and  Vniled  StateN  Secretary  of  "War. 

THE  eldest  son  of  Pren^ident  Abraham  Lincoln,  Robert  T.  Lincoln, 
was  born  at  Springfield,  111.,  in  1844,  and  is  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  (Mass. )  university.  During  the  latter  years  of  the 
war  of  the  rebellion  he  served  as  a  member  of  General  Grant's  mili- 
tary staff.  Two  years  after  the  war  closed  he  was  admitted  to  the 
profession  of  the  law,  beginning  its  practice  in  Chicago.  In  1868  he 
was  united  in  marriage  to  the  daughter  of  Hon.  James  Harlan,  Sec- 
retary of  the  Interior  of  the  United  Slates,  As  a  lawyer  his  business 
was  successfully  but  quietly  pursued.  Politically  his  record  was 
distinguished  by  his  efforts,  triumphantly  crowned,  to  break  up  the 
machinations  of  a  corrupt  organization  in  one  of  the  towns  embraced 
in  the  city,  who  were  plundering  the  tax-payers.  As  a  town  super- 
visor he  and  his  fellow  officers  succeeded  in  effecting  a  radical  reform 
in  the  affairs  entrusted  to  them.  In  1880  he  was  chosen  a  presi- 
dential elector  on  the  Garfield  and  Arthur  ticket,  and  when  President 
Garfield  assumed  the  duties  of  his  office  he  bestowed  upon  Mr. 
Lincoln  a  seat  in  his  cabinet  as  Secretary  of  War,  which,  at  this 
writing,  notwithstanding  all  the  saddening  changes  of  the  adminis- 
tration, he  still  retains.  Mr.  Lincoln  is  the  youngest  cabinet 
officer  ever  appointed  by  this  government,  but  ably  maintains  the 
reputation  achieved  by  his  father  for  wisdom  and  executive  ability. 


DWIGHT  L.  MOODY, 
Sunday  School  Ortrunizer  and  Noted  ReviTnltst* 

THIS  noted  Evangelist  was  born  at  Northfield,  Mass.,  February  5, 
1837.  His  education  was  extremely  limited.  At  eighteen  he 
went  to  Boston  as  an  employe  in  the  business  establishment 
of  an  uncle.  While  there  he  was  religiously  converted,  and  began 
that  enthusiastic  Christian  career  that  still  distinguishes  him.  In 
1856  he  came  to  Chicago,  engaged  in  the  shoe  business,  and  became  an 
active  Sunday-school  worker.  For  six  years  he  carried  on  the  North 
Market  Hall  Mission,  afterward  holding  his  religious  meetings  in  a 
saloon.  When  the  Young  Men's  Christian  association  was  organised 
in  1858-9,  he  was  a  working  member,  and  bis  religious  enterprises 
greatly  prospered,  so  that  he  gave  up  secular  business  to  attend  to 
them,  preaching,  visiting,  exhorting,  and  praying  like  a  true  evangelist. 
In  1865  he  was  President  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  association. 
The  great  fire  of  1871  destroyed  liis  church  and  home.  But  a  tempo- 
rary chapel  soon  rose  upon  the  ashes  of  the  burned  church,  and  then 
began  the  enterprise  which  resulted  in  constructing  the  present 
beautiful  church  edifice  at  the  corner  of  Chicago  avenue  and  La  Salic 
street.  With  Mr.  Sankey  he  went  to  England  and  began  those  evan- 
gelical labors  with  which  the  world  is  familiar,  and  which  have 
extended  throughout  Great  Britain  and  America.  His  home  is  at 
Northfield,  Mass.,  whither  be  repairs  at  times  to  recuperate  his 
energies. 


.(^ 


EMINKMT    MKN    OF    (JIIK.'ACX 


4:u:; 


? 


JOHN  D.  CATON, 

Supreme  Court  «Iiid{ce,  AiiIImii-  jiimI  Triiveler. 

PriiLIC  i-etimalion  accords  a  high  phicc  to  lloii.  John  D.  Caton,  of 
Chicago,  for  his  many  and  varied  accomplisihincnts.  Monroe, 
Orange  county,  N.  Y. ,  had  the  honor  of  his  birth,  March  19, 
IHlii.  The  father,  once  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  and  afterward  a 
preacher  in  the  society  of  Friends,  died  when  Judge  Caton  was  but 
three  years  old,  and  goon  afterward  the  mother  with  her  growing 
family  removed  to  Paris,  Oneida  county,  N.  Y.  When  five  years  old 
he  began  to  attend  the  district  school,  and  at  nine  he  was  working  on 
a  farm  during  the  warm  seasons,  and  pursuing  his  studies  during  the 
winter.  Entering  the  Utica  academy  at  sixteen,  remaining  there 
one  year,  we  find  him,  at  seventeen,  teaching  school.  In  1831  he 
entered  the  high  school  at  Rome,  N.  Y. ,  studiously  increasing  his 
knowledge,  especially  in  the  art  of  surveying  land.  He  emigrated, 
in  1833,  through  Michigan  to  Chicago,  which,  at  that  time  waa  a  mere 
hamlet,  with  a  population  of  perhaps  two  hundred  persons.  Here,  in 
a  very  primitive  manner,  he  began  to  practice  law,  being  the  second 
lawyer  to  bring  suit  in  a  Cook  county  court.  To  perfect  his  legal 
standing,  he  made  a  desolate  and  tedious  journey  of  three  hundred 
miles  on  horseback  to  Mt.  Vernon,  HI.,  which  resulted  in  a  long 
and  severe  sickness.  In  1835  he  returned  to  New  Y'ork,  and  married; 
and  in  1836,  at  Chicago,  formed  a  law  partnership  with  Hon.  Norman 
B.  Judd,  whom  he  had  known  in  youth.  His  health  beginning  to 
fail.  Judge  Caton  retired  from  his  business  in  Chicago  in  1839, 
removing  to  a  fine  farm  of  fifteen  hundred  acres,  near  Plainfield,  111. , 
where  he  remained  for  several  years  engaged  in  farming  and  prac- 
ticing law.  In  1842  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Carlin  one  of 
the  justices  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  State,  to  fill  a  brief  vacancy; 
but  as  he  was  then  only  thirty  years  old,  he  failed  in  the  subsequent 
election  to  retain  his  seat  on  the  supreme  bench.  Soon  after  his 
defeat,  however,  Governor  Ford  re-appointed  him  a  justice  of  that 
court  to  fill  another  vacancy.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term  he  was 
re-elected  to  the  same  honorable  office.  In  1849,  under  the  new 
State  constitution,  he  was  again  chosen  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court, 
and  held  that  positiou  until  1864,  having  presided  over  its  delibera- 
tions as  chief-justice  for  more  than  six  years.  Turning  his  attention, 
about  1866,  to  the  science  of  telegraphy,  he  constructed  the  Illinois 
and  Mississippi  lines.  He  was  also  chosen  president  of  the  Ottawa 
(111.)  Starch  Manufacturing  company,  and  at  one  time  had  an  interest 
In  a  glass  factory  at  the  same  place.  At  Ottawa  he  possesses  a 
beautiful  deer  park,  well  stocked,  and  at  Plainfield,  111.,  he  still 
retains  his  farm,  giving  it  his  personal  supervision.  Judge  Caton 
has  been  an  extensive  traveler  in  Cuba,  the  Sandwich  Islands  and 
elsewhere,  and  has  found  time  to  write  several  entertaining  books 
relating  to  the  "Origin  of  the  Prairies,''  "The  Last  of  the  Illinois 
Indians,"  and  '*  American  Deer,"  besides  political  newspaper  articles 
of  a  vigorous  character. 


NATHAN  S.  DAVIS, 

£xpert  Physiciun  and  Scieutiae  Aledical  Essayist. 

ONE  of  Chicago's  most  eminent  medical  representatives.  Dr. 
Nathan  S.  Davis,  first  saw  light  January  9,  1817,  on  a  farm 
in  Chenango  county,  New  York.  His  early  years  were  passed 
at  the  parental  home,  doing  a  boy's  work  on  the  farm  and  receiving 
such  an  education,  from  time  to  time,  as  the  district  school  afforded. 
Naturally  studious  in  his  habits,  he  entered  the  seminary  at  Caz- 
enovia,  N.  Y. ,  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  During  his  stay  there,  about 
six  months,  he  attained  coiisiderable  insight  into  chemistry,  natural 
philosophy,  mathematics  and  Latin,  and  these  studies  were  followed 
with  a  view  to  adopting  the  profession  of  medicine.  In  1834  he 
began  his  medical  career  by  studying  with  a  physician  at  Smithville 
Flats,  in  his  native  county,  working  for  his  board.  In  the  fall  uf  the 
same  year  he  became  a  student  in  a  medical  and  surgical  college  at 


Fairfield,  N.  Y.  Following  the  first  course  of  lectures  at  that  iuHti- 
tution  he  associated  himBclf  as  a  student  with  the  leading  physician 
in  Kinghamton,  N.  Y. ,  and  with  him  he  remained,  when  not  in  the 
college,  until  he  graduated  in  1837.  An  original  thinker  and  careful 
student  of  his  favorite  science,  he  began,  before  he  became  of  age.  to 
distinguish  himself  as  a  writer  upon  professional  topics.  Soon  after 
leaving  the  college  he  commenced  the  practice  of  medicine,  as  the 
assistant  of  a  prominent  doctor  at  Vienna,  N.  Y. ,  but  ere  long  he 
opened  an  office  on  his  own  account  at  Hinghamton.  Prosperity 
attended  his  practice.  Industry  and  study  served  to  develop  his 
latent  talent,  and  he  soon  became  efficient  in  both  surgery  and  medi- 
cine, practicing  and  lecturing,  and  writing  for  the  preHs  upon  subjects 
relating  to  the  profession,  and  winning  numeroun  prizeri  for  his  con- 
tributions to  professional  literature  from  medical  associations.  Of 
several  of  these  societies  he  was  an  active  member,  and  frequently 
an  efficient  officer.  About  1848  he  removed  to  Chicago  and  began 
one  of  the  most  enviable  careers  ever  enjoyed  by  a  physician. 
Besides  building  up  a  large  practice,  he  filled  important  positions  as 
professor  in  Rush  Medical  college  for  about  ten  years;  was  largely 
instrumental  in  organizing  the  Illinois  State  medical  society  in  1850, 
and  the  Chicago  Medical  society  in  1851 ;  was  twelve  years  secretary, 
and  one  year  president,  of  the  State  society;  contributed  extensively 
to  medical  journals;  was  one  of  the  projectors  of  the  first  public 
hospital  in  the  city;  was  an  early  member  of  the  Chicago  Historical 
society;  aided  in  founding  the  Northwestern  university,  the  Chicago 
academy  of  sciences,  and  the  Washingtonian  Home  for  inebriates, 
and  has  participated  in  several  other  less  important  institutions  and 
reformatory  measures  in  the  interests  of  medical  science  and  progress. 
The  great  fire  of  1871  destroyed  most  of  his  property,  but  his 
skill,  energy  and  popularity  paved  the  way  for  the  restoration  of 
bis  estate.      His  home  is  at  Evanston,  111. 


PHILIP  HENRY  SHERIDAN, 

Successful  United  Stales  Military  Commander. 

THE  Lieutenant-General  of  the  United  Slates,  a  distinguished 
example  of  the  brave,  energetic  and  intelligent  American 
soldier,  was  born  at  Somerset,  Perry  county,  in  Ohio  (then  a 
new  Western  State),  March  6,  1831.  In  1849,  entering  on  a  four  years' 
course  of  study  and  drill  at  the  West  Point  (N.  Y. )  National  Mili- 
tary academy,  he  graduated  with  honor  in  1853.  He  was  a  subor- 
dinate offier  in  Texas  in  1854  and  1855,  and  afterward  on  the 
Pacific  coast.  About  a  month  after  the  surrender  of  Fort  Sumter,  in 
the  spring  of  1861,  he  returned  to  Missouri,  joined  the  Thirteenth 
United  States  infantry  as  a  captain,  became  chief  quartermaster  of 
the  army  in  Southwestern  Missouri,  and  about  a  year  later  was 
appointed  quartermaster  of  General  Halleck's  division  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi campaign.  In  the  spring  of  1862  he  was  colonel  of  the 
2d  Mich.  Vol.  Cav.  In  July  of  that  year  he  was  appointed  a  brig- 
adier-general of  volunteers.  After  arduous  duty  in  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland,  he  was  promoted  to  a  major-generalship,  in  September, 
1863.  In  August,  1864,  he  took  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Shenan- 
doah, and  defeated  General  Early  in  the  next  month,  at  which  time, 
September  19th,  through  his  dashing  horseback  ride  to  Winchester  to 
the  seat  of  engagement,  his  presence  turned  defeat  into  victory  which 
is  graphically  described  in  T.  Buchanan  Read's  Poem  of  "  Sheridan's 
Ride.  ■'  In  the  following  June  he  was  assigned  to  the  command  of 
the  military  division  of  the  southwest,  afterward  to  the  department 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  in  March,  1867,  to  the  district  of  Louisiana 
and  Texas,  and  within  a  few  months  was  transferred  to  th^  depart- 
ment of  the  Missouri.  In  March,  1809,  he  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  L'nited  States,  and  assumed  command  of  western  and 
southwestern  military  divisions,  having  his  headqaarters  at  Chicago. 
In  1883  he  became  commander-in-chief,  and  removed  to  Washington. 


-^?K 


i 


f- 


404 


MEN    PROMINENT    IN    LEGISLATION,   THEOLOGY    AND    JOURNALISM. 


GEORGE  C.  LORIMER, 

Polished  Orator  untl  £niineiil    Baittist  Clergyman. 

AMONG  the  eminent  clergymen  of  Chicago,  the  Rev.  George  C. 
Lorimer  stands  conspicuously  prominent.  He  was  born  June 
4,  1837,  was  reared  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  and  came  to  the 
United  States  in  1855.  He  received  both  an  A.M.  and  a  D.D.  in 
Kentucky,  iu  which  State  he  attended  college,  being  afterward 
ordained  to  the  ministry  at  Harrodsburg,  Ky. ,  iu  1859.  He  subse- 
quently served  as  pastor  of  the  Walnut  street  Baptist  church  in 
Louisville,  Ky. ,  and  projected  the  present  Broadway  Baptist  church, 
and  the  orphanage  in  that  city.  Uis  fame  as  an  eminent  religious 
worker  and  brilliant  speaker  extended  eastward,  and  resulted  in  his 
receiving  a  call,  which  he  accepted,  to  become  the  pastor  of  Treraont 
Temple,  Boston,  and  to  that  city  he  removed  in  1868,  where  he 
retained  his  pastorate  for  nearly  seven  years.  In  1879  he  accepted 
an  invitation  to  become  the  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  church  of 
Chicago,  and,  with  the  consent  and  co-operation  of  this  society, 
to  rescue  a  church  property  jeopardized  by  debt  and  to  build  up  a 
society  in  the  center  of  the  city,  in  1881  he  founded  and  erected  what 
is  known  as  the  Immanuel  Baptist  church,  on  Michigan  avenue, 
Chicago,  which  at  this  writing,  under  his  ministration,  has  a  mem- 
bership of  over  iive  hundred  communicants  and  a  very  large  congre- 
gation. 


WILBUR  F.  STOREY, 

Merchant,  Editor  and  Publisher  '*  Chicago  Times." 

THIS  well-known  newspaper  manager  first  saw  light  at  Salisbury, 
Vt. ,  December  19,  1819.  When  eleven  years  old  he  began  work 
in  a  printing  office,  at  Middlebury,  Vt.  Until  his  seventeenth 
year  he  attended  school  only  one  winter.  With  $27  he  left  home,  at 
that  age,  to  seek  his  fortune.  In  New  York  City  he  set  type  in  the 
Journal  of  Commerce  office  for  eighteen  months,  and  laid  by  $250. 
Going  to  Laporte,  Ind. ,  in  1838,  he  connected  himself  as  foreman 
with  a  local  Democratic  paper,soon  becoming  its  proprietor.  A  year 
later  he  sold  the  paper,  bought  a  drug-store,  and  failed  in  business. 
He  then  went  to  Mishawaka,  Ind.,  and  edited  the  Democratic  Tocsin. 
Eighteen  months  afterward  he  removed  to  Jackson,  Mich.,  where  he 
started  the  Patriot  newspaper.  Leisure  time  had  been  previously, 
and  was  then,  spent  in  studying  law.  President  Polk  appointed  him 
postmaster  at  Jackson.  President  Taylor  removed  him.  In  the  mean- 
time, he  had  sold  his  paper,  and  in  18-18  he  was  proprietor  of  a  drug, 
grocery  and  book-store  combined.  In  1853  was  elected  delegate  to 
the  Michigan  State  constitutional  convention,  became  a  State  prison 
inspector,  and  afterward  bought  an  interest  in  the  Detroit  Free 
Press.  In  1853  he  gave  up  store-keeping,  removed  to  Detroit,  and 
devoted  his  time  to  his  paper,  which  he  made  a  conspicuous  success. 
In  1861  he  purchased  the  Chicago  Times,  making  it  popular  and  profit- 
able.     He  died  at  Chicago,  Oct.  27,  1884. 


ANDREW  SHUMAN. 

Ex-Lieiit.-Gov.  aiitl  Editor  "  KveninK  •Journal.'* 

TTTEAR  Lancaster,  Pa.,  November  8,  1H30,  .\ndrew  Shiiman  was 
IM  born  and  educated  until  fourteen  years  of  age,  attending  in  the 
meantime  the  district  schools  of  that  locality.  When  about 
fourteen  he  entered  a  newspaper  office  at  Lancaster.  In  1846  he 
worked  as  a  printer  on  the  Auburn  {N.  Y. )  Daily  Advertiser,  and  at 
eighteen  he  started  a  weekly  newspaper,  the  Auburnian,  which  he 
mostly  edited  and  printed  himself,  but  which  failed  within  a  year. 
He  then  became  a  partner  in  the  Cayuga  Chief,  at  Auburn,  (Thurlow 


Weed  Brown's  temperance  paper),  but  soon  afterward  withdrew. 
In  1851  he  entered  Hamilton  college,  at  Clinton,  N.  Y. ,  earning  his 
tuition  by  working  at  his  trade  during  the  vacations.  Twice  he  won 
the  first  prizes  for  English  literary  composition.  Three  and  a  half 
years  he  edited  the  Syracuse,  N.  Y. ,  Daily  Journal.  In  1856  he 
became  assistant  editor  of  the  Chicago  Evening  Journal,  and  in  1861 
he  succeeded  to  the  managing  editorship  of  that  paper,  which  position 
he  yet  retains.  In  1864  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  Illinois  State 
prison  commissioners,  filling  that  office  for  five  years.  In  1874  he 
was  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  Illinois,  which  office  be  very 
acceptably  filled.  Mr  Shuman  has  attained  considerable  reputation 
as  an  essayist  and  public  speaker.     His  home  is  at  Evanston,  III. 


ELIHUB.  WASHBURNE, 

Sx-Member  or  Congress  and  Minister  Abroad. 

THIS  eminent  statesman  was  born  at  Livermore,  Me.,  September 
23,  1816.  In  early  life  he  learned  the  printers"  trade,  as  an  ap- 
prentice, subsequently  studying  law  in  Harvard  university. 
In  1840  he  settled  at  Galena,  111. ,  where  he  practiced  law  successfully. 
In  1852  he  was  elected  a  member  of  Congress,  from  the  first  district, 
by  the  Whigs,  and  was  re-elected  to  every  subsequent  Congress  until 
1869,  acting  influentially  with  the  Republicans  on  all  questions  of 
national  policy,  and  serving  on  numerous  important  committees.  In 
1864-6  he  was  defeated  in  the  canvass  for  United  States  senator,  by 
Governor  Yates.  In  1869  President  Grant  appointed  him  Secretary 
of  State,  but,  owing  to  ill-health,  he  soon  resigned  that  position, 
and  was  then  appointed  minister  to  France,  where,  during  the 
German-French  war,  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  persistent 
fidelity  to  his  official  duties  and  his  personal  influence  in  aiding  the 
afflicted  in  Paris.  In  1877  he  resigned  and  returned  to  the  United 
States,  making  Chicago  his  home,  and  living  in  retirement  from 
public  duties,  but  engaged  in  literary  pursuits. 


IRA  D.  SANKEY, 

The  'Well-Known  Singer  and  Evungrellst. 

CLOSELY  associated  with  the  name  and  labors  of  Dwight  L.  Moody 
in  evangelical  christian  work,  are  those  of  Ira  D.  Sankey,  the 
popular  singer  of  religious  melodies.  The  birth  of  Mr  Sankey 
occurred  at  Edinburgh,  Penn. ,  in  1840,  and  at  an  early  age  he  was 
religiously  trained,  developing  a  love  of  music,  a  fine  capacity  for' 
teaching  it,  and  leading  the  choir-singing  iu  the  church.  He  was  also 
chosen  the  superintendent  of  a  Sunday-school,  a  position  that  afforded 
him  further  opportunity  for  musical  advancement.  His  talent  for 
singing  likewise  led  him  to  attend  many  musical  conventions  and  pub- 
lic religious  meetings,  where  he  made  a  good  impression  upon  the 
people.  Mr.  Moody,  the  evangelist,  first  heard  Mr  Sankey  sing  at  a 
national  convention  of  young  men's  christian  associations  at  Indianap- 
olis, Ind. ,  and  the  acquaintance  thus  begun  soon  ripened  into  friend- 
ship aud  harmonious  co-operation  in  religious  nu-etings.  For  two  or 
three  years  they  worked  together  in  Chicago,  visiting  other  American 
cities  also,  and  in  their  gatherings  Mr.  Moody's  plain  preaching  and 
Mr.  Sankey's  excellent  singing  wrought  gratifying  results.  With  his 
family,  Mr  Sankey  accompanied  his  co-laborer  to  Great  Britain,  and 
there,  by  their  efforts  to  evangelize  the  people,  they  both  won  enviable 
distinction.  They  were  abroad  for  many  months,  and  then  returned 
to  the  United  States  and  made  a  very  successful  and  prolonged  gospel 
tour  among  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union.  Two  more  voyages  and 
seasons  of  religion*  labor  in  Great  Britain  and  part  of  Europe  for  two 
or  three  years  were  productive  of  the  best  results. 


SuMK    UF    'I'lIE    PROMINENT    MKN    ON    TIIK    PA(;iHI(;    COAST. 


40.-, 


"'a 


ARTISTS, 


A  FEW  MEN  OF 

SAN  FRANCISCO, 

Past  and  Present. 


-^i-^ a-S^' 


AUTHORS, 


m, 


POLITICIANS, 
FINANCIERS. 


■V'.^ 


•$S>o ^^-<« 


Californians  who,  Through  Fortunate  Investment  or  Industry,  Have  Become  Well-Known. 


AN  FRANCISCO,  the  principal  city  of  Cal- 
ifornia, was  first  founded  by  Franciscan 
monlis,  October  8,  1776,  but  never 
attained  to  any  especial  degree  of  reputa- 
tion or  importance  until  the  discovery  of 
gold  in  California,  in  1847,  gave  a  great 
impetus  to  immigration.  Since  then  the 
dull,  native  element  has  given  place  to 
the  intellect,  refinement  and  luxury  of 
nearly  all  nations  on  the  globe,  and  from 
'^^^n/^   '     ^  /  ^  Mexican  hamlet  it  has  risen  to  a  large 

^Wv^JU^.j^^'^^^v  and    magnificent   American   city,  having, 

.     >c- >*^ir  jjj   jggQ^  ^   population   of   233,956  souls, 

with  elegant  edifices,  fine  business  facili- 
ties and  commercial  relations  of  a  high 
order  and  great  extent.  It  is  here  that 
many  active  men  have  developed  their 
energies,  exhibiting  wonderful  enterprise 
in  the  development  of  the  resources  of  the 
State  and  nation,  amassing  fortunes  and  building  up  lasting  reputa- 
tions. In  the  following  sketches  the  history  of  several  of  these 
successful  careers  is  carefully  related. 


JAMES  T.  FARLEY, 

Liaivyer  a.iid  Vulted  States  Senator. 

^NERGY  and  enterprise,  self-reliance  and  trustworthiness, 
thrift  and  sagacity,  distinguishing  characteristics  of  the 
Scottish  people,  are  illustrated  in  the  career  of  Hon.  James 
T.  Farley,  United  States  senator  from  California,  who  was  born  in 
Albemarle  county,  Va. ,  in  1829,  his  father  being  a  worthy  man  of 
Scotch  parentage  and  his  grandfather  one  of  the  Revolutionary  heroes. 
Receiving  a  common-school  education,  James  began  the  business  of 
life  as  clerk  in  his  uncle's  dry-goods  store,  in  West  Virginia;  but  he 
had  aspirations  for  a  higher  life  than  measuring  calico  and  selling 
pins,  and  his  ambition  soon  pointed  the  way  to  the  legal  profession, 
and  he  commenced  to  study  law  in  the  leisure  moments  of  his  mer- 
cantile duties.  He  made  the  most  of  bis  opportunities  until  the 
year  1845,  when  he  removed  to  Missouri,  still  continuing  his  law- 
studies.  In  1850  he  caught  the  "gold  fever,"  and  joined  the 
stampede  to  California,  arriving  in  that  State  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
same  year.  He,  of  course,  like  his  companions,  began  gold-mining, 
but  soon  found  that  his  forte  was  not  in  "  scratching  gravel  '"  for  a 
living,  but  in  more  intellectual  pursuits.  He  therefore  commenced 
the  practice  of  law  in  1852,  locating  in  Amador  county,  Cal.  Quickly 
acquiring  a  large  practice,  he  also  became  the  leading  politician  in 
the  old  Whig  party.  In  1854  he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature,  and 
served  until  1856,  when  he  retired  from  political  life  to  devote  him- 
self to  his  profession.  He  then  located  himself  permanently  at 
Jackson,  Amador  county,  where  he  built  up  a  large  and   lucrative 


practice.  When  the  "Know-Nothing''  or  "American"  party  was 
instituted,  he  took  ^n  active  part  in  its  organization,  but  soon  left  it 
and  joined  the  Democratic  party,  which  gladly  received  him.  His 
peculiar  fitness  as  a  political  manager,  and  his  personal  magnetism, 
which  gave  him  unusual  control  over  party  conventionn,  would  not 
allow  him  to  remain  long  out  of  active  politics,  and  he  again  entered 
the  arena  as  a  Democratic  candidate.  In  1869  he  was  elected  State 
senator,  and  in  1873  he  was  candidate  for  the  United  States  senate, 
but  was  defeated  by  Governor  Booth.  In  1877  his  popularity  had  so 
increased,  and  his  political  ability  was  so  generally  recognized  by  his 
party  that  he  was  elected  United  States  senator  and  took  his  seat 
in  1879  for  the  six  years'  term.  Mr.  Farley  was  a  fearless,  indepen- 
dent politician,  and  his  political  course  was  one  of  unusual  success, 
and  in  some  respects  remarkable.  He  died  at  his  home  in  Jackson, 
Cal.,  January  22,  1886. 


ALBERT  L.  BANCROFT, 

Extensive  Bookseller  and  Publisher. 

^wRANVILLE,  Ohio,  May  15,  1841,  was  the  place  and  date  of 
:'ii^  birth  of  Albert  L.  Bancroft.  His  parents  were  from  Massa- 
c^^^  chusetts  and  Vermont,  respectively.  At  an  early  age  he 
manifested  those  qualities  upon  which,  in  later  years,  his  business 
success  was  based.  His  father,  in  pursuit  of  fortune,  made  several 
changes  of  location — from  Ohio  to  Missouri,  and  then  to  Illinois. 
The  boy  Albert  was  the  one  depended  upon  for  assistance  in  these 
movements,  and  his  practical  common- sense  and  business  talents, 
manifested  at  that  early  age,  were  nsefully  employed  in  promoting 
the  general  welfare  of  the  family.  His  brother,  H.  H.  Bancroft, 
founded  the  mercantile  house  in  San  Francisco  of  which  A.  L. 
Bancroft  is  now  the  head,  in  1856,  locating  at  151  Montgomery  street. 
In  1858  A.  L.  Bancroft,  upon  his  brother's  invitation,  entered  the 
establishment  at  the  age  of  seventeen.  He  was  at  once  installed  as 
book-keeper,  and  from  the  first  exhibited  those  traits  which,  in  con- 
nection with  the  executive  ability  of  the  founder  of  the  house,  have 
carried  this  establishment  up  to  its  present  greatness  and  prospective 
immensity  as  a  mercantile  and  manufacturing  institution.  Two  years 
after  his  entrance  into  the  business,  a  branch  store,  with  its  specialty 
in  blank-books  and  commercial  stationery,  was  opened  in  the  same 
city,  and  with  Mr.  Bancroft  as  its  manager,  he  then  being  only  nine- 
teen years  old,  under  the  firm-name  of  A.  L.  Bancroft  &  Co.  In  1861 
the  two  stores  were  consolidated  under  the  firm*name  of  H.  H.  Ban- 
croft &  Co. ,  which  was  continued  until  1870,  when  H.  H.  Bancroft 
withdrew  from  the  active  management  to  engage  in  the  great  literary 
work  to  which  he  has  devoted  his  life  and  fortune.  The  firm  then 
became  known  under  its  present  appellation  of  A.  L.  Bancroft  &  Co. , 
and  its  business  began  to  expand  by  rapid  growth  to  its  present 
extensive  proportions. 


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CALIFORNIA    EAILKOAn    MANAGER.        UNITED    STATES    SENATOR 


•A 


ALBAN  NELSON  TOWNE, 

Railway  Snperinteudent  :ind  Oeneral  Manager  of  the 
Central  Pacific. 

?IIE  enormous  extension  of  the  railway  systems  of  the  United 
st;ites,  with  rumificatione  in  every  direction  throughout  the 
continent  from  ocean  to  ocean,  necessitating  new  methods  of 
business,  novel  machinery,  and  wondrous  engineering,  has  developed 
a  class  of  men  of  rare  energy,  indomitable  perseverance  and  extra- 
ordinary administrative  ability^  with  peculiar  adaptation  of  these 
faculties  to  their  special  work  of  keeping  in  perfect  running  order 
the  thousand-and-one  details  of  the  daily  transactions  necessary  for 
the  economic,  profitable  and  safe  transportation  of  freight  and  pas- 
cengers  over  thousands  of  miles  of  railways.  Prominent  among  this 
useful  class  of  men — the  railway  superintendents  of  the  United 
States — and  one  of  the  most  able  railroad  managers  in  the  country,  is 
Mr.  Alban  Nelson  Towne,  who  was  born  in  Worcester  county,  Mass., 
May  25,  1829,  and  singular  enough  is  the  fact  that  on  the  very  day  of 
his  birth  there  arrived  in  New  York  the  first  locomotive-engine  used 
in  the  United  States.  This  was  the  locomotive — "  The  Stourbridge 
Lion" — which  was  constructed  in  England,  to  be  used  on  the 
railway  of  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  company  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  coal  from  their  collieries  to  Honesdale,  Penn. 
There  was  certainly  a  striking  fitness  in  the  coincidence  of  the  birth 
on  the  same  day  of  one  who  was  to  be  so  prominently  connected  with 
the  future  use  of  the  new  power  and  the  introduction  of  the  locomo- 
tive itself  upon  this  continent.  Mr.  Towne's  father  died  when 
Alban  was  quite  young,  leaving  a  large  family  of  small  children,  to 
whose  support  the  boy  contributed  a  large  share  of  his  earnings.  At 
seventeen  he  entered  the  service  of  his  uncle  in  the  house  and  sign- 
painting  business.  Three  years  later  he  engaged  in  merchandising 
in  Danvers,  Mass.,  where  he  remained  only  about  eighteen  months, 
and  removed  to  Galesburg,  111.  There  he  had  two  brothers  employed 
by  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quiucy  Railroad  company,  into  whose 
service  he  at  once  entered  in  the  capacity  of  brakeman.  The 
marked  ability  he  exhibited  in  railway  matters,  and  the  faithfulness 
with  which  he  filled  his  humble,  although  responsible,  position,  soon 
promoted  him  to  the  situation  of  train-master  at  the  main  depot  in 
Chicago.  The  next  step  was  assistant-superintendent.  The  Chicago 
&  Great  Eastern  Railroad  company,  appreciating  his  talent,  gave 
him  the  position  of  general-superintendent.  A  year  was  spent  in 
their  service,  when  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  company, 
finding  that  his  services  to  them  were  too  valuable  to  be  dispensed 
with,  called  him  back  into  their  employ  as  assistant-general-super- 
intendent. He  remained  in  that  capacity  until  1869,  when  the 
Central  Pacific  Railway  company,  having  completed  their  great  road, 
desired  just  such  a  competent  man,  and  made  him  their  general- 
superintendent,  with  the  liberal  but  well-deserved  salary  of  Sl5,000 
a  year.  He  continued  in  this  important  ofiice  until  1882,  wlien  he 
was  made  general-manager  of  the  Central  Pacific  and  its  leased  lines, 
comprising  nearly  5,000  miles  of  railway.  He  now  (1883)  enjoys 
this  office  with  a  salary  of  $25,000  annually,  and  this  position 
places  him  at  the  head  of  railway  managers  in  the  United  States. 
The  honor  is  well  deserved,  for  his  ability  is  not  surpassed  by  any, 
and  his  modesty  and  gentlemanly  bearing  in  all  his  business  relations 
render  him  a  general  favorite.  He  resides  with  his  family  at  the 
Palace  Hotel  in  San  Francisco,  and  has  his  business  head-quarters  at 
the  general  oflices  of  the  railroad  company. 


JOHN    FRANKLIN  MILLER, 

I>iftwyvr,  Solillcr  mid  I'ltUctI  Htatefi  Senator. 

^HIS  gctitlenian,  fanKHis  as  one  uf  the  bravest  generals  in  the 
l.'nion  army,  and  an  illustrious  senator  of  the  United  States, 
was  born  in  Union  county,  Indiana,  in  1831.     The  (ieneral 
was  a  man  of  mark,  a  born  Boldicr  and  statesman,  and  hie  life,  from 


his  youth,  was  ever  one  of  success  in  every  field  of  human  effort  in 
which  he  has  labored.  His  entrance  into  public  life  was  aw  a  lawyer 
in  1852.  in  Indiana,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one.  The  year  following  he 
removed  to  California  and  practiced  in  Napa  county.  In  1855  he  re- 
turned to  Indiana,  and  in  1850  entered  the  field  of  politics  as  an  effective 
stump-speaker  in  the  then  newly  formed  Republican  party,  and  was 
elected  to  the  State  senate  of  Indiana  in  the  same  year.  At  the 
firing  of  the  first  gun  of  the  Rebellion  he  was  called  to  the  staff  of 
Governor  Morton,  with  the  rank  of  colonel.  February,  1862,  found 
Colonel  Miller  in  command  of  a  brigade  of  Union  troops,  intrusted 
with  the  defense  of  Nashville,  Tenn.  Only  a  remnant  of  General 
Buell's  army  had  been  left  at  Nashville,  while  two  full  divisions  of 
cavalry,  under  the  rebel  Generals  Morgan  and  Forrest,  completeJy 
surrounded  the  city,  preparing  for  an  attack  upon  its  handful  of 
defenders.  Colonel  Miller  fully  realized  the  exigencies  of  the  situa- 
tion and  the  immediate  necessity  of  fortifications,  but  not  a  man  of 
his  forces  could  bo  detailed  for  that  purpose.  Thousands  of  slaves, 
however,  were  within  call,  available  and  efficient  laborers.  At  once 
he  issued  a  notice  to  holders  of  slaves  requiring  from  each  so  many 
men — about  one-third  of  the  number  of  his  male  negroes — they  to 
report  at  a  specified  time,  and  if  not  on  hand  a  squad  of  soldiers  was 
sent  after  them.  These  negroee  were  entered  on  the  pay-roll  of  the 
army,  not  as  slaves,  but  in  their  own  proper  names,  and  an  account 
was  kept  of  their  time.  Thus  Colonel  Miller  took  the  first  great 
step  toward  crushing  the  Rebellion,  by  taking  away  its  corner-stone 
(slave  labor)  and  using  it  in  the  service  of  the  Union.  And  to  him 
undoubtedly  belongs  the  honor  of  practically  inaugurating  those  "■  war 
measures  "  regarding  the  treatment  of  slaves  which  eventuated  in  the 
Emancipation  Proclamation.  Both  Generals  Hunter  and  Fremont 
had  previously  favored  the  plan  of  enlisting  slaves  in  the  Union 
armies,  and  thereby  freeing  them.  General  Butler  had  also  declined 
to  deliver  up  slaves  escaping  into  the  Union  lines,  upon  the  ground 
of  their  being  property,  and  therefore  contraband  of  war;  but  Colonel 
Miller  was  the  first  government  officer  to  boldly  demonstrate  the 
theory  that  slaves  were  not  property,  but  men,  and  needing  men  for 
government  service  he  took  them  from  their  masters;  and  when  once 
enlisted  by  him  in  the  Union  service  they  were  never  returned  to 
slavery.  In  May,  1865,  General  Miller  was  breveted  as  major- 
general.  At  the  end  of  the  war  he  resigned  his  commission, 
returned  with  his  family  to  San  Francisco,  and  was  appointed  col- 
lector of  that  port  by  President  Johnson.  In  1870  he  resigned  his 
position  to  take  the  management  of  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
profitable  commercial  enterprises  in  the  country,  in  which  his  execu- 
tive talent  was  of  the  utmost  value  to  the  company.  In  January, 
1881,  he  was  elected  United  States  senator  from  California  for  the 
term  of  six  years,  and  during  the  early  part  of  his  term  introduced 
and  secured  the  passage  of  the  famous  "Chinese  bill."  General 
Miller  realized  an  ample  fortune  from  his  commercial  pursuits, 
and  was  long  actively  engaged  in  business  with  the  Alaska  Fur  com- 
pany. He  resided  in  California,  on  a  beautiful  rancbein  Napa  county. 
His  death  occurred  at  Washington,  D.  C. ,  March  8.  1886. 


BENJAMIN  BARNARD  REDDING, 

General  tiaiul-.lnt'nt  oriln-  <'fiilr:il  Pacific  Raili-oad. 

Mf^XG  the  early  pioneers  of  i_'alifornia  ("  The  Forty-niners  " 
:i-  they  are  called)  none  was  better  known  and  more  univers- 
ally esteemed  for  all  the  good  qualities  of  the  citizen  than 
B.  B.  Redding,  land-agent  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  company.  Ho 
was  of  New  England  stock,  although  born  in  Yarmouth,  Nova  Scotia, 
in  January,  1824.  Ilis  ancestor,  Joseph  Redding,  came  from  Eng- 
land to  Massachusetts  in  lO.'JO,  with  the  rteet  that  brought  Governor 
John  Winlhrop.  Mr.  Redding  received  a  first-rate  education  at  the 
Yarmouth  academy,  and  wlien  sixteen  years  old  went  to  Boston,  and 
commenced  his  business-life  in  a  wholesale  drug-store.     After  a  few 


(^ 


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■-<):■  X 


]^ 


SuMK    OK    THE    PKOMINENT   MEN    ON   THE    PACIFIC    COAST. 


4U7 


years'  experience,  he  opened  the  sJiip-chandlery  business  in  Ronton 
with  some  good  partners.  In  1849  he,  with  others*,  orKfuiized  a 
company  for  n  voyage  to  California.  Purchasing  the  brig  Mary  Jane, 
and  loading  her  with  lumber,  they  f*tarted  for  the  new  "El  Dorado," 
via  Cape  Horn.  The  company  were  the  crew,  with  no  idlers  among 
them.  Arriving  at  San  Francisco  in  May,  1850,  all  the  party  left  at 
once  for  the  mines,  excepting  Mr.  Redding,  who  remained  in  San 
Francisco  to  sell  the  cargo  and  vessel,  which  he  did  to  the 
benefit  and  satis^faction  of  all  concerned.  He  then  tried  mining,  and 
after  a  year  or  two  of  non-succcBS  in  that  direction  he  began  to 
realize  that  his  sphere  in  life  was  not  in  '■'digging  dirt,"  and  he  ctni- 
nected  himself  with  the  newspaper  press — first  as  editor,  and  then 
as  proprietor  of  the  ^fate  Journal.  In  1855  he  was  chosen  State 
printer.  Up  to  18G1  Mr.  Redding  had  been  a  Democrat,  acting  with 
the  Northern  wing  of  the  Democracy:  but  the  first  gun  fired  at  Fort 
Sumter  landed  him  In  the  ranks  of  the  Republican  party,  by  whom 
he  was,  in  1861,  elected  Secretary  of  State  of  California.  In  18G8  he 
was  appointed  general  land-agent  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad 
comjiany,  and  gave  the  utmost  satisfaction  to  the  com]>any  and  to 
purchasers  in  the  management  of  this  responsible  trust.  lie  was  also 
an  active  and  influential  member  of  the  California  Academy  of  sciences, 
and  his  scientific  papers  were  always  read  with  great  interest  and 
profit;  also  California  State  fish  commissioner,  to  which  office  he 
gave  a  great  deal  of  time  and  profitable  attention,  with  much  benefit 
to  the  State.  He  died  quite  suddenly  in  Han  Francisco  in  1883, 
greatly  lamented  by  his  fellow-citizens,  for  few  men  on  "  the  coast" 
have  won  such  a  full  measure  of  respect  for  real  virtues  as  that 
accorded  to  B.  B.  Redding  for  his  blameless  life  and  spotless 
integrity. 


DAVID  C.  BRODERICK, 

Prominent  Politfcli&n  aiiid  United  States  Senator. 

^^pfiS^T  THE  period  of  the  admission  of  California  as  a  St;ite  into 
the  American  Union,  the  political  contest  between  the 
*' Free-Soil"  advocates  and  Pro-slavery  adherents  in  both 
the  great  dominant  parties  of  the  day  raged  fiercely;  and  the 
bitterness  which  so  disgraced  the  arena  of  politics  in  the 
Eastern  States  was  also  exhibited  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  resulted 
in  the  same  violent  action  and  bloodshed,  although  in  a  minor  degree. 
David  C.  Broderick,  as  a  *' Free-Soil"  Democrat  of  the  Stephen  A. 
Douglas  school,  was  an  active  participant  in  these  contests, 
and  ultimately  received  his  death-wound  in  a  duel  between  himself 
and  a  representative  of  the  Pro-slavery  or  so-called  "Chivalry" 
faction  of  the  Democracy.  He  was  born  in  the  city  of  Washinrrton 
about  the  year  1820,  and  at  an  early  age  removed  to  New  York  City, 
where,  upon  arriving  at  manhood,  he  opened  an  ale-house,  which  soon 
became  a  resort  of  the  firemen  and  ward  politicians.  Naturally 
shrewd,  and  a  born  intriguer,  he  entered  the  field  as  a  Democrat,  and 
soon  learned  the  art  of  acquiring  popularity  among  his  class  and  of 
manipulating  the  votes  of  his  district.  Aspiring  to  a  seat  in  Con- 
gress, he  gained  his  nomination  through  his  influence  with  the  "  fire- 
boys,"  who  at  that  time  controlled  the  primaries;  but  at  the  election 
he  was  badly  defeated  by  a  heavy  majority  against  him,  in  a  district 
largely  Democratic.  This  defeat  so  disgusted  him  with  New  York 
politics  that  he  determined  to  try  a  new  field,  and  went  to  California 
in  1849.  Arriving  in  San  Francisco,  he  at  once  entered  the  political 
arena  through  the  same  gateway — the  fire-department.  He  had  the 
shrewdness  to  see  that  his  opportunity  was  in  the  espousal  of  the 
"Free-Soil"  faction  of  his  party  (Democratic),  and  therefore  bent 
all  his  energies  to  gaining  the  control  of  his  party  through  that 
means.     Being  successful  in  his  political  manipulations,  he  thereby 


gained  the  bitter  enmity  of  the  Pro-slavery  wing  or  "Chivalry" 
faction.  Mr.  Broderick,  although  not  an  orator  or  a  ftatewman,  wan 
a  man  of  mental  strength  and  much  personal  mugiietiKm;  and  being 
unp<crupnloU8  in  the  use  of  his  means  to  obtain  power,  he  held  his  party 
followers  subject  to  his  will  and  dictation.  His  political  ambition  was 
for  a  seat  in  the  United  States  senate,  and  after  a  long  and  bitterly 
contested  struggle  for  this  honor,  for  which  he  worked  persistently 
for  seven  years,  commencing  in  1851,  he  triumphed  over  his 
opponents  and  was  elected  senator  from  California  by  the  Demo- 
cratic legislature  in  January,  1857.  After  serving  two  years  in  the 
Senate,  his  enemies  succeeded  in  inducing  him  to  accept  a  challenge 
to  a  duel  with  pistols,  at  ten  yards,  from  David  S.  Terry,  then  the 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  California,  and  one  of  the 
prominent  leaders  of  the  Pro-slavery  party,  who  resigned  his  high 
oirice  for  the  declared  purpose  of  killing  Senator  Broderick,  which  he 
did.  The  duel  was  fought  in  San  Mateo  county,  September  13,  1859, 
when  Broderick  was  niorLidly  wounded,  and  died  five  days  after- 
ward. After  his  death,  he  was  converted  into  a  hero;  and  in 
the  city  wherein  during  his  life-time  he  was  generally  regarded  as 
an  nnacrnpulous  politician,  when  dead  he  was  praised  as  one  of  the 
greatest  of  her  citizens.  His  splendid  monument  in  Lone  Mountain 
cemetery  was  built  by  pul)lic  and  i)rivate  contributions,  and  the 
demonstration  at  his  funeral  was  the  most  imposing  ever  seen  in 
San  Francisco.  It  was  not,  however,  to  the  man  that  the  homage 
was  paid,  but  to  the  principles  of  Republican  liberty  and  opposition 
to  the  extension  of  slavery  which  he,  as  a  legislator,  represented. 


LOYD   TEVIS, 

Ija\«'yer,  BiiHliieM«i>Maii  and  Millionulre. 

jROMINENT  among  those  who,  in  modern  times,  have  been  the 
most  successful  in  the  exhibition  of  great  business  talent  is 
5^::;^^  Loyd  Tevis,  of  San  Francisco,  who  was  born  in  Shelbyville, 
Ky. ,  in  1824,  his  father  being  an  able  lawyer  of  that  place.  He 
received  a  good  education  at  Shelby  college,  and  at  eighteen  entered 
his  father's  office  to  read  law.  Four  years  after,  desiring  a  more 
active  life,  he  took  a  position  as  salesman  in  a  large  dry-goods  house 
in  Louisville,  Ky. ,  hut  finding  that  his  forte  lay  in  "figures,"  he  was 
promoted  to  the  counting-room,  where  he  at  once  displayed  that 
extraordinary  facility  for  mastering  accounts  and  managing  money 
transactions  which  has  so  signally  characterized  his  whole  business- 
life.  Removing  afterward  to  St.  Louis,  in  May,  1849,  he  joined  a 
party  crossing  the  plains  to  the  gold-fields  of  California,  and  arrived 
at  the  "  diggings  "  in  El  Dorado  county  the  same  year.  After  a  few 
months'  experience  as  a  miner,  he  went  to  Sacramento,  and,  in  1850, 
formed  the  well-known  partnership  with  James  B.  Haggin  for  the 
purpose  of  operating  in  real  estate  and  loaning  money.  His  own 
quota  of  cash  capital  was  only  $250;  but  he  had  more  than  his  share 
of  extraordinary  business  talent,  and  for  over  thirty  years  the 
celebrated  firm  of  Haggin  &  Tevis  has  been  growing  in  wealth  and 
influence,  until  at  present  it  is  the  foremost  private  business  associa- 
tion on  the  Pacific  coast.  In  1853  this  firm  removed  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  since  that  time  Mr.  Tevis  has  been  forming  business 
connections  in  all  directions,  and  has  been  at  the  head  of  some  of  the 
most  important  enterprises  in  the  city  and  State,  including  trans- 
portation, telegraph,  railroad,  express,  public  markets,  gas,  water, 
insurance  and  mining  companies,  and  is  also  owner  of  immense 
quantities  of  real  estate.  Eor  some  j-ears  past  he  has  been  the 
president  of  the  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co. 's  Express  and  Banking  corpora- 
tion, and  under  his  wise  management  the  business  has  been  very 
greatly  extended.  His  enterprises  are  all  remarkably  successful. 
He  resides  in  San  Francisco,  actively  engaged  in  business,  and  uis 
fortune  is  many  millions. 


d: 


NtiTEIJ    MEN    OF    CALIFOKNIA 


jr^;i<«il^^f?i>^c  .    __^,^,^^ 


■|i'!;#  I'll 


II  ?^v"\:-^"  ^      t^x /r-  ^;^ 


— ^: 


410 


AUTllilli    AND    ARTIST. 


! 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT, 

merchant,  v%-Uthor  stud  Historian. 

HE  record  of  this  eminent  gL^ntlemau's  life  is  interesting, 
instructive  and  elevating.  Born  in  Granville,  Ohio,  in  1832, 
we  find  him  at  the  age  of  fifteen  starting  oat  in  his  business 
career  with  all  the  energy  and  vim  of  maturity,  selling  books  and 
notions  in  his  native  State.  Successful  in  his  first  ventures,  he  then 
accepted  a  pot-ition  in  the  book-store  of  his  brother-in-law,  George 
H.  Derby,  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Giving  evidence  of  talent,  integrity 
and  industry,  his  employer  sent  him,  in  1852,  with  a  stock  of  books 
and  stationery  to  the  then  newly  found  El  Dorado  of  the  Pacific 
coast.  Arriving  in  San  Francisco,  he  satisfactorily  fulfilled  his 
trust,  and  upon  the  death  of  his  brother-in-law,  his  sister,  Mrs. 
Derby,  loaned  Mr.  Bancroft  the  amount  realized  by  the  California 
transaction  to  establish  the  book  and  stationery  house  of  H.  H. 
Bancroft  &  Co. ,  which  was  opened,  in  1856,  at  151  Montgomery 
street  in  that  city.  By  the  exercise  of  his  eminent  business  ability 
he  rose  rapidly  to  the  position  of  the  heaviest  bookseller  and  pub- 
lisher west  of  the  Ohio  river.  In  the  very  height  of  his  prosperity 
and  financial  success,  in  1870,  he  took  a  step  upward,  the  contempla- 
tion of  which  gives  pleasure  to  all  good  men  who  have  faith  in  their 
kind,  and  who  also  believe  that  in  this  age  of  reckless,  rushing, 
ruthless  racing  after  gold  there  are  some  men  among  us  who,  while 
they  may  be  immersed  in  the  whirl  and  rush  of  American  business- 
life,  may  yet  have  their  souls  filled  with  the  aspirations  which  raise 
the  man  above  the  sordid  strivings  of  the  mere  trader  into  the  higher 
life  of  intellectual  inspiration  and  literary  ambition  for  the  creation 
of  works  of  usefulness  to  their  fellows.  At  the  time  above  men- 
tioned, when  his  commercial  prospects  were  the  brightest,  Mr. 
Bancroft  retired  from  the  active  management  of  his  large  establish- 
ment, giving  the  charge  and  title  of  the  house  to  his  brother,  A.  L. 
Bancroft,  and  devoted  his  life  and  fortune  to  the  creation  of  a  literary 
production,  which,  considering  its  extent,  cost  and  historical  import- 
ance, is  one  of  the  greatest  of  the  age.  This  great  work  of  Mr. 
Bancroft's  consists  of  a  complete  history  of  the  countries  and  States 
bordering  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America  from  the  Isthmus  of 
Darien  to  Alaska,  and  with  the  collateral  volumes  incidental  to  the 
subject  is  comprised,  in  thirty-nine  octavo  volumes,  a  series  of  his- 
tories of  the  Pacific  States  from  the  time  of  the  aboriginal  races  of 
the  various  countries  down  tlirough  the  European  domination  and 
colonization  to  the  present  time.  Seven  volumes  at  this  date  (in 
1883)  have  been  published,  five  of  which  are  entitled  "  The  Native 
Races  of  the  Pacific  Coast,"  the  fi,rst  volume  of  the  history  of 
Central  America,  and  the  first  volume  of  a  history  of  Mexico.  The 
remaining  volumes  are  ready  for  the  printer,  and  some  are  already  in 
press.  As  a  history  it  is  exhaustive,  reliable  and  scholarly.  In  his 
manner  of  writing  history,  Mr.  Bancroft  combines  the  genius  of  the 
author  with  the  mentally  economic  and  systematized  methods  of  the 
business-man.  This  gigantic  literary  undertaking  would  be  beyond 
the  power  of  one  man  to  accomplish  in  his  life-time  without  some 
system  by  which  the  tedious  and  laborious  collection  and  collation  of 
facts  could  be  laid  before  the  author's  mental  gaze  and  intellectual 
scrutiny  preparatory  to  hia  elaborate  writing  of  the  history  itself. 
He  has,  therefore,  devised  a  model  system  by  which,  with  the  aid  of 
twenty  able  secretaries,  he  has  been  able  to  perform  in  ten  years  the 
literary  labor  equivalent  to  one  man's  work  for  200  years.  Such 
work,  however,  is  cofltly,  Mr.  Bancroft  having  expended  a  fortune  of 
from  $300,000  to  8400,000  upon  the  mere  preparation  and  writing  of 
these  histories,  it  being  a  work  of  literary  love,  and  written 
without  any  reference  to  its  commercial  value.  Mr.  Bancroft  resides 
in  Sitn  Francisco  with  his  family,  and  has  erected  a  fine,  large  fire- 
jiroof  building  to  contain  his  library  of  books,  pamphlets  and  papers 
upon  subjects  relating  solely  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  the  number  in  the 
lil>rary  being  now  about  30,000.      To  persons  of  culture  visiting  San 


Francisco,  the  Bancroft  Library  is  an  object  of  great  interest  and 
resort.  The  publications  of  Mr.  Bancroft,  in  thirty-nine  volumes 
octavo,  with  maps  and  illustrations,  are  as  follow:  "The  Native 
Races  of  the  Pacific  States,"  "History  of  Central  America,"'  "  His- 
tory of  Mexico,"  "History  of  the  North  Mexican  States,"  "History 
of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,"  "  History  of  California,"  "  History  of 
Nevada,"  "History  of  Utah,"  "History  of  the  Northwest  Coast," 
"  History  of  Oregon,"  "  History  of  Washington,  Idaho  and  Montana," 
"History  of  British  Columbia,"  "History  of  Alaska,"  "California 
Pastoral,"  "  California  Inter  Pocula,"  "  Popular  Tribunals,"  "Essays 
and  Miscellany"  and  *'  Literary  Industries." 


THOMAS  HILL, 

The  Callforniun  r.anU»ca|»e-Palnter. 

|£pg'ROMINENT  among  the  artists  of  the  United  States  is  Thomas 
^J^^  Hill,  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  who  was  born  in  Birmingham, 
5«y^  England,  in  September,  1829.  He  came  to  America  with  his 
father's  family  in  1842,  making  their  home  in  Taunton,  Mass.  Mr. 
Hill's  ancestors  are  notables,  one  of  them  being  the  Rowland  Hill  of 
penny-postage  fame,  and  an  uncle,  William  Hill,  the  celebrated 
artist  in  wood-carving.  On  his  mother's  side,  the  family  are  the 
silversmiths  of  Birmingham,  noted  for  the  artistic  beauty  and 
superior  workmanship  of  their  wares.  Thomas  Hill  has  the  genius 
of  a  born-artist,  and  the  fact  is  more  apparent  when  it  is  realized 
that  while  he  has  no  superior  in  the  United  States  in  the  requisite 
coloring  and  delicate  shadings  of  his  landscapes,  and  in  the  truthful 
ness  and  anatomical  accuracy  of  his  figures,  he  has  never  had  an 
hour's  instruction  from  a  master  in  the  art  of  drawing  or  coloring, 
not  even  having  been  taught  how  to  hold  a  brush.  All  his  skill  has 
been  derived  from  the  intuitive  promptings  of  genius.  After 
receiving  only  a  common-school  education,  at  the  age  of  fifteen  he 
took  up  the  business  of  decorative  painting  in  Boston,  Mass.,  and, 
although  without  teacher  or  experience,  he  at  once  gained  the  first 
rank,  receiving  medals  and  prizes  in  competitive  work.  In  1849 
he  married  and  went  to  Philadelphia,  pursuing  the  same  busi- 
ness, and  also  painting  fruits  and  flowers,  in  which  he  excels.  He 
was  made  a  member  of  the  old  "Graphic  Association"  of  that  city. 
In  1853  he  gained  the  first  medal  in  Baltimore  for  fruit  and 
flowers.  Removing  to  San  Francisco,  in  1861,  owing  to  his  health 
having  failed  and  a  milder  climate  being  necessary  for  his  recovery, 
he  began  as  a  portrait  and  figure  painter.  In  which  he  achieved  suc- 
cess. His  first  large  painting,  from  The  Merchant  of  Venice,  was 
purchased  by  the  Art  Union  for  its  first  prize.  Making  wonderful 
progress,  his  friends  advised  him  to  go  to  Europe  to  take  lessons  in 
his  art.  Arriving  in  Paris  in  1866,  he  entered  the  studio  of  Paul 
Meyerheim,  a  celebrated  figure-painter.  The  California  sketches  of 
Mr.  Hill  so  pleased  Meyerheim  that  he  not  only  procured  him  a  sale 
for  all  his  works  at  Hill's  own  price,  but,  instead  of  teaching  him,  at 
once  advised  him  to  become  a  landscape-painter,  recognizing  the 
extraordinary  ability  of  Mr.  Hill  as  a  colorist.  He  then  returned  to 
Boston,  where  the  great  picture  of  the  "Yosemite"  was  painted. 
This  made  him  a  national  reputation,  it  having  been  exhibited  in  the 
principal  cities.  It  was  soon  followed  by  more  great  pictures: 
"White  Mountain  Notch,"  "Great  Canon  of  the  Sierras,"  and 
others.  The  latest  large  work  from  his  pencil  is  the  celebrated  so- 
called  "Spike  Picture,"  painted  for  Governor  Leland  Stanford, 
representing  the  driving  of  the  last  spike  in  the  completion  of  the 
Union  CenthU  Pacific  and  Union  Pacific  railroads  at  Ogden,  Utah. 
This,  undoubtedly,  is  the  greatest  of  Mr.  IliU's  efforts,  and  a  wonder- 
ful production.  It  was  completed  in  1881»  is  12  by  18  feet  broad,  and 
contains  300  figures,  75  of  which  are  portraits  from  life;  the  price 
paid  was  $25,000.  Mr.  Hill  returned  to  California  in  1871,  and 
now  resides  in  Oakland  with  his  family,  having  a  studio  in  San 
Francisco. 


^ 


SAN    FUANCISCU   BUSINliSS   MEN. 


Ill 


? 


COLLIS  POTTER  HUNTINGTON, 

Merchant^  Finiincivr  atul  *'  Kallu-ay  I4.liiff.** 

^IIE  buiUliiig  of  the  Ctntrul  I'ucilic  r;iilroiid  over  the  Sierra 
Ncvathi  inoiintains  waH  u  murvcl  in  the  triumph  of  human 
skill  ovcT  natural  obstacles.  The  great  financier  of  this 
enteritrise  was  CoIHs  P.  Huntington,  who  performed  the  hibors  of  tt 
financial  Titan  at  Washington  and  New  York  among  legifflators, 
bankers  and  capitalists,  in  inspiring  confidence  at  the  money-centers 
of  the  world  by  which  government  aid  was  secured,  bonds  sold,  and 
the  cash  procured  to  supply  with  working  material  the  busy  hands  of 
road-builders  at  the  front.  The  unparalleled  i^uccess  of  this  great 
railway  corporation,  in  its  legislative  and  financial  operations,  is 
undoubtedly  due  to  the  extraordinary  ability  displayed  by  Mr.  Hunt- 
ington as  a  financier  and  controller  of  legislative  opinions  and 
measures.  He  was  indefatigable  in  promoting  the  interests 
of  his  company  among  those  who  held  the  money-purses  of  the 
great  centers,  and  when  work  was  once  commenced  in  the 
construction  of  the  road  it  never  ceased  until  the  locomotive  ran 
from  ocean  to  ocean  and  one  of  the  great  engineering  and  commercial 
events  of  the  nineteenth  century  was  accomplished.  Born  at  Har- 
winton.  Conn.,  in  October,  1821,  as  a  boy  and  youth  Mr.  Huntington 
exercised  the  same  quick  perception  of  business  opportunities  and 
sagacity  in  availing  himself  of  their  practical  value  that  has  since  so 
distinguished  him  as  a  railway  magnate  in  the  management  of  the 
several  corporations  with  which  he  is  connected.  At  fourteen  he 
began  his  business-life  as  a  trader  in  small  wares  in  his  native  State; 
at  twenty-four  he  was  a  partner  with  his  brother  in  successful  mer- 
chandising at  Oneatta,  N.  Y.  ;  at  twenty-eight  he  was  one  of  the  wide- 
awake, thriving  merchants  in  the  new  country  of  golden  opportuni- 
ties, California;  and  at  the  age  of  thirty-five,  in  185G,  we  find  the 
rich  firm  of  Huntington  &  Hopkins,  hardware  merchants,  of  Sacra- 
mento City,  Cal.,  holding  meetings  in  their  counting-room  with  their 
immediate  friends  and  business  neighbors,  consulting  as  to  the 
feasibility  of  a  railroad  over  the  mountains  to  the  Missouri  river. 
When  Mr.  Huntington  was  crossing  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  on  his 
first  trip  to  California,  he,  with  many  hundred  other  passengers, 
was  detained  from  ten  to  twelve  weeks  by  waiting  for  the  steamers 
on  the  Pacific  side.  The  other  passengers  spent  their  time  in  idly 
grumbling  and  swearing  at  their  "ill-luck"  and  bad  treatment  by 
the  steam-ship  company.  Not  so,  however,  with  our  wide-awake 
New  Englander,  who  saw  a  business  opportunity  and  took  it.  There 
was  a  lack  of  transportation  facility  for  baggage  and  passengers 
across  the  Isthmus;  he  organized  a  "donkey-train " — first  one 
donkey,  then  a  dozen  or  more — and  while  his  companions  were 
waiting  under  heavy  expense,  consuming  their  substance,  he  was 
making  money  rapidly  and  went  into  San  Francisco  with  a  handsome 
fund  with  which  he  could  embrace  the  next  business  chance. 
This  energetic  promptness,  sagacity  and  industry  is  the  secret  of  his 
wonderful  success  as  a  railroad  business  manager,  and  of  the  enter- 
prises which  he  controls.  Hi^  wealth  is  immense,  counting  up 
towards  fifty  million  dollars,  with  a  prospect  of  a  large  addition 
before  he  retires  from  active  business  life.  He  has  his  family  resi- 
dence in  New  York  City,  but  generally  spends  his  winters  in  W^ash- 
ington,  overlooking  the  interests  of  the  several  corporations  with  the 
control  of  which  he  is  still  as^ociated — the  (jjentral  Pacific,  Southern 
Pacific,  and  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  railroads. 


WILLIAM  T.  COLEMAN, 

Pioneer  aod  Successful  Merchant. 

iffiaafl^DAPTABILITY  to  overcome  difliculties  and  to  act  promptly 
I  J\/l^  and  wisely  in  an  emergency  is  a  distinguishing  feature  in 
^AyiKg  the  character  of  the  average  American  business-man;  and 
this  admirable  trait  is  signally  illustrated  in  the  life  of  William  T. 
Coleman,  one  of  the  foremost  merchants  of  San  Francisco.    His  birth 


occurred  in  Kentucky,  in  February,  J824.  At  the  age  of  fifteen 
years  he  began  an  active  business  career  as  a  civil  engineer,  In  which 
capacity  he  then  proved  to  be  quite  proficient.  A  few  years  later  he 
entered  the  St.  Louis  university  and  pursued  a  course  of  commercial 
and  classical  study.  His  health  failing,  he  gave  up  his  college 
course  and  went  overland  to  California,  in  1840,  and  recommenced 
business  as  a  merchant  in  the  mining  town  of  Placervilk-.  From 
that  place  he  went  to  San  Francisco,  where,  as  a  shipping  and  com- 
mission merchant,  he  ban  been  remarkably  successful  and  has  accu- 
mulated a  large  fortune,  the  income  of  which  he  spends  generously 
and  freely.  His  name  is  also  well-known  throughout  the  United 
States  as  having  been  honorably  connected  with  the  famous  "Citizens' 
Protective  Committee,"  otherwise  called  the  **  Vigilantes,"  or 
"  Citizens' Vigilance  Committee  of  San  Francisco,"  %vhich,  in  the 
years  1851  and  1856,  performed  prodigious  work  in  the  aid  of  good 
government  by  freeing  San  Francisco  from  a  horde  of  roughs  and 
criminals  who  terrified  the  peaceful  citizens,  and  who  defied  all  the 
power  of  the  municipal  ofticers  to  suppress  them.  The  city  goveni- 
ment  was  at  that  time  in  the  hands  of  corrupt  politicians,  who  were 
too  much  engaged  in  their  own  schemes  of  plundering  the  treasury 
to  relieve  the  citizens  from  the  evils  which  oppressed  them.  As  the 
legally  constituted  authorities  were  incompetent  to  bring  thieves  and 
murderers  to  justice,  an  association  of  the  best  men  of  the  city  was 
organized  under  the  above  name,  to  mete  out  the  proper  punishment 
to  the  criminals  who,  with  impunity,  were  robbing  and  murdering 
the  inhabitants.  Mr.  Coleman,  being  well-known  as  a  merchant  who 
possessed  the  highest  qualities  of  honesty,  integrity  and  courage, 
and  also  a  judicial  ability  of  rare  order,  was  chosen  as  chief  executive 
officer.  Under  his  wise  counsel,  assisted  by  his  associates,  the 
committee  soon  purified  the  municipality,  banished  the  rogues,  and 
restored  to  the  city  the  blessings  of  peace  and  personal  safety.  They 
then  set  the  world  an  example  for  all  time  by  quietly  disbanding 
their  organization,  without  the  least  attempt  on  the  part  of  any 
officer  or  member  to  use  their  great  power  for  any  personal  or  selfish 
ends.  This  remarkable  fact  was  undoubtedly  due  to  the  wisdom, 
patriotism,  and  purity  of  purpose  of  Mr.  Coleman  and  his  associate 
officers,  who,  having  earnestly  undertaken  the  duty  of  restoring 
good  government  to  the  city,  when  that  object  was  accomplished, 
would  not  permit  any  selfish  aims  to  mar  the  purity  of  their  inten- 
tions. Mr.  Coleman  is  still  at  the  head  of  the  large  and  prosperous 
mercantile  establishment  of  William  T.  Coleman  &  Co.,  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  enjoys  the  esteem  and  honor  of  his  fellow-citizens.  The 
highest  gift  in  the  commonwealth  of  California  is  within  his  reach: 
but  he  has  always,  with  characteristic  modesty,  refused  all  civic 
honors,  which  have  been  repeatedly  offered  to  him.  He  has  a  beau- 
tiful home  on  the  shores  of  ihe  bay,  a  few  miles  from  San  Francisco, 
where,  with  his  family  and  chosen  friends,  he  enjoys  the  reward  of 
an  honorable  life. 


CLAUS  SPRECKLES, 

Proprietor  ofOreat  Susar  Refineries. 

?UG.\R-REFINING  houses  in  San  Francisco  are,  in  size 
and  appointment,  and  in  the  quantity  and  quality  of  their  pro- 
ducts, not  excelled  in  the  world.  The  founder  and  principal 
factor  in  building  up  this  important  business  is  Mr.  Claus  Spreckles, 
whose  success  in  this  enterprise  has  been  so  marked  that  his  name 
is  favorably  known  throughout  all  countries  wherever  sugar  is  dealt 
in  as  an  article  of  commerce.  He  was  born  in  Lamstedt,  Kingdom 
of  Hanover,  in  July,  1828,  and  came  to  America  in  1848,  arriving  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  where  he  began  business  as  clerk  in  a  grocery- store. 
His  executive  ability  was  so  great  that  within  two  years  be  had 
become  owner  of  the  establishment,  paying  for  it  from  the  piofits, 
and  he  so  increased  the  trade  that  he  became  a  large  importer.  In 
1855  he  removed  to  New  York  City,  purchasing  a  wholesale  grocery- 
store  at  the  corner  of  West  Broadway  and  Anthony  streets.     Here 


~-<).l>v 


i 


■il^ 


KMIi^ENT    CALIFORNIANS. 


his  success  was  even  greater  than  in  Charleston.  His  brother 
Bernard  having  already  established  a  grocery  business  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  and  being  willing  to  sell,  Glaus  sold  out  his  New  York 
house  and  purchased  that  of  his  brother,  and,  arriving  in  California  iu 
1856,  he  at  once  started  on  a  career  of  great  prosperity.  In  1857  be 
opened  the  Albany  Brewery  of  San  Francisco,  which  was  so  success- 
ful that  he  soon  disposed  of  his  grocery  business  and  enlarged  the 
brewery.  In  18G3,  desiring  a  still  larger  field  of  business,  he  sold 
bis  brewery,  and,  with  others,  founded  the  "Bay  Sugar  Refinery"  at 
the  corner  of  Battery  and  Union  streets.  In  order  to  acquire  a  com- 
plete knowledge  of  the  sugar  business  in  all  its  details,  he  went  to 
Europe  to  master  the  process  of  manufacturing  beet-root  sugar,  and 
for  this  purpose  actually  entered  tbe  great  refinery  at  Magdeburg  as  a 
workman.  Returning  to  San  Francisco  with  enlarged  ideas  and  in- 
creased energy,  he  built  anotherand  still  larger  refinery  at  Eighth  and 
Brannan  streets,  and,  in  1867,  organized  the  present  great  corpora- 
tion of  the  "  California  Sugar  Refinery,''  of  which  he  is  president  and 
principal  owner.  The  success  of  this  company  was  so  great  that 
they  were  compelled  to  enlarge  their  capacity  four  times  successively, 
and,  in  1880,  erected  an  enormous  building  at  a  cost  of  Si, 000,000, 
which  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  complete  sugar  refineries  in  the 
world,  and  has  a  capacity  for  the  refining  of  nearly  80,000,000  pounds 
annually.  At  present  they  employ  300  men  and  refine  50,000,000 
pounds  of  sugar  every  year.  Mr.  Spreckles  is  also  extensively 
engaged  in  sugar-planting  in  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Having  obtained 
a  grant  of  40,000  acres  of  cane  land,  he  organized  a  company  for  the 
purpose  of  cultivating  the  sugar-cane  on  an  enormous  scale.  They 
have  already  expended  some  seven  hundred  thousand  dollars  for 
machinery  and  irrigating  ditches,  and  the  annual  production  from  their 
sugar  crop  is  expected  to  reach  the  enormous  amount  of  fifty  thousand 
tons  or  one  hundred  million  pounds  of  sugar,  and  when  in  full  operation 
they  will  employ  thirty-five  hundred  workmen.  California  sugar  now 
supplies  the  whole  Western  slope  of  the  continent,  and  threatens  the 
trade  of  the  Eastern  refineries.  Mr.  Spreckles'  fortune  is  up  among 
the  millions,  and  is  increasing  rapidly  through  legitimate  and  suc- 
cessful trade.  He  resides  at  San  Francisco,  and  is  highly  esteemed 
as  a  merchant  and  manufacturer. 


GEORGE  DAVIDSON, 

An  ^Eminent  American  Scientist. 

I'ROF.  GEORGE  DAVIDSON,  A.M.,  P. D. ,  assistant  in  the 
United  States  coast  and  geodetic  survey,  and  one  of  the  first 
of  American  scientists,  has  been  a  resident  upon  the  Pacific 
coast  during  the  greater  part  of  twenty-eight  years.  In  pursuance 
of  his  official  duties  he  has  been  intimately  connected  with  almost 
every  material  development  of  the  Pacific  slope.  He  was  born  in 
Nottingham,  England^  in  May,  1825,  and  with  his  father's  entire 
family  came  to  the  United  States,  settling  in  Philadelphia. 
Entering  the  excellent  public  schools  of  that  city  at  the  age  of  eight 
years,  at  ."iixteen  he  commenced  the  high-school  course,  and  graduated 
in  1845  with  all  the  honors  that  the  faculty  could  confer.  During 
this  last  four  years  of  study  he  also  worked  four  or  five  hours  daily, 
assisting  Professor  Bache,  who  at  that  time  was  professor  of  chem- 
istry and  natural  philosophy  in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  in  the 
preparation  of  his  lectures,  computing  the  tables  and  making  the 
necessary  drawings  for  illustrating  the  subject  under  consideration. 
During  the  last  three  years  of  his  student-life  he  did  not  obtain  more 
than  three  hours'  sleep  in  the  twenty-four,  and  yet  was  absent  from 
duty  only  three  days  on  account  of  illness  or  fatigue.  This  is  a  fair 
measure  of  the  persistent  energy  and  conscientious  faithfulness  with 
which  he  has  ever  performed  every  duty  entrusted  to  him.  His 
capacity  for  work  is  remarkable,  and  seems  exhaustless;  upon  an 
emergency  in  his  oflkial  duties  he  has  directed  special  labor  for  ten 
consecutive  days  and  nights  with  less  than  one  hour's  sleep  or  rest 
in  each  twenty- four.     He  entered  the  service  of  tbe  United  States  in 


the  coast  survey  in  1845,  since  which  time  he  has  been  in  continual 
active  scientific  service  of  every  grade  connected  with  the  responsible 
office  as  first  assistant  of  the  United  States  coast  survey.  He  has 
been  employed  in  all  the  important  astronomical,  geodetic  and 
engineering  duties  connected  with  the  United  States  government  on 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts,  from  Maine  to  Alaska.  His  serv- 
ices have  been  particularly  valuable  in  developing  the  resources  of 
the  Pacific  coast,  and  his  opinion  is  always  sotight  for  upon  any 
question  of  physics  or  engineering  affecting  the  Pacific  slope.  It 
would  be  impossible  to  enumerate  the  many  notable  works  which 
this  remarkable  man  has  accomplished,  and  everything  which  he  has 
personally  undertaken  has  been  carried  to  completion  without  sign  of 
failure.  He  has  made  improvements  of  the  utmost  importance  in  all 
instruments  connected  with  geodetic  works;  and  in  everything  con- 
nected with  the  coast  survey  service  he  is  a  thorough  master.  He 
resides  with  his  family  in  San  Francisco.  He  is  president  of  the 
California  Academy  of  sciences,  and  a  member  of  the  various  scien- 
tific societies  of  the  United  States. 


DARIUS  OGDEN  MILLS, 

Founder  of  the  Bank  of  California. 

QjS|^™PUMBERED  among  the  clear-headed,  shrewd  and  sagacious 
^Mfi\I^  business-men  who  have  given  San  Francisco  a  financial 
^^H^l^  reputation,  none  are  more  distinguished  for  sound  monetary 
views  and  practical  business  sense  than  the  well-known  banker  and 
founder  of  the  California  bank,  D.  O.  Mills,  who  was  born  in  West- 
chester county,  N.  Y. ,  in  September,  1825.  Mr.  Mills'  father  was  a 
prosperous  business-man,  and  gave  his  sons  a  first-rate  education. 
At  eighteen  Darius  went  to  New  York  City  and  began  his  business 
career.  His  talent  for  money-making  was  so  marked  that  at  twenty- 
one  he  was  cashier  and  part  owner  of  the  Merchants'  Bank  of 
Buffalo.  At  twenty-three  he  went  to  California  to '■'look  around," 
and  with  that  sound  discrimination  that  has  ever  characterized  him, 
he  soon  saw  his  opportunity.  In  1849  he  located  in  Sacramento  and 
opened  trade  with  the  mines.  He  rapidly  accumulated  money,  and 
his  next  step  was  to  remove  to  San  Francisco,  where,  after  a  few  years 
of  successful  merchandising,  he  organized  the  Bank  of  California,  with 
a  capital  of  two  million  dollars,  of  which  he  was  one-tenth  owner  and 
president.  So  well  did  he  conduct  its  affairs  that  in  a  short  time  its 
capital  was  increased  to  five  million  dollars,  and  it  became  the 
largest  bank  of  the  country  and  a  great  po'ver  in  the  financial  world. 
He  retained  his  position  of  president  for  nine  years.  During  all 
this  period  his  fortune  steadily  increased  and  grew  into  the  millions; 
but  his  private  estate  became  so  large  that  it  demanded  his  entire 
attention,  and  he  withdrew  from  the  presidency  of  tbe  bank  in  1873. 
In  1875,  through  unfortunate  speculations  of  one  of  the  chief  officers, 
the  bank  failed.  Mr.  Mills  being  the  only  man  who  could  restore 
confidence,  the  stockholders  called  upon  him  to  resume  the  control  of 
its  affairs.  Consenting,  he  soon  brought  the  business  up  to  its 
former  safe  condition,  and,  after  serving  three  years  as  president, 
again  retired  to  manage  his  own  fortune,  which  had  now  increased 
enormously.  Mr.  Mills'  particular  talent  is  that  of  a  financier,  to 
make  money  with  money,  and  he  can  probably  do  this  with  greater 
safety,  larger  profit  and  less  loss  than  any  of  his  contemporary  capi- 
talists. In  1880  he  turned  his  attention  to  New  York  City  and 
eastern  investments,  and  began  operating  in  New  York  City  jjroperty. 
He  purchased  a  handsome  residence  in  that  city,  and  his  business 
block  "  down  town,"  ten  stories  high,  is  one  of  the  finest  of  the 
neighborhood.  Mr.  Mills,  however,  still  retains  his  interest  in  his 
old  California  home,  and  resides  a  part  of  the  year  with  his  family  at 
his  beautiful  country-seat  at  Millbrae,  in  San  Mateo  county,  about 
twenty  miles  from  San  Francisco.  He  is  largely  interested  in  rail- 
roads in  the  State  of  Nevada,  and  also  in  other  States.  His  wealth 
is  very  great,  being  variously  estinniietl  at  from  ten  to  twenty  mil- 
lions. 


-a 


><I:(?^ 


T- 


LAWYER,  JUUKNALIST    AND    SUCCESSFUL    FINANCIEK. 


u:i 


WILLIAM  MORRIS  STEWART, 

I^a^vyei*  mid  United  !iitiiteN  Nfiiiitor. 

fj^^S^yiONG  tlw-  many  iibl('  men  wliich  the-  pc-ciilitirly  active,  social 
jind  industrial  clomunts  of  the  Pacific  count  liavu  developed 
into  State  and  national  promin(:;nce,  William  M.  Stewart 
stands  in  tlie  front  rank.  He  was  born  in  Wayne  county,  N.  Y. ,  in 
Auf^asl,  1827.  At  the  age  of  six  years,  his  parents  removed  to 
Trumbull  county,  Ohio,  and  the  boy's  early  educatiim  was  limited  by 
the  racaj,'ni  facilities  allorded  at  that  early  datu  in  that  remote  locality. 
At  the  ii^e  of  thirtnen,  aspiring  to  a  better  education,  he  left  home 
and  found  employment  upon  various  farms  until  he  had  earned 
enough  money  to  enable  him  to  enter  the  Trumbull  Academy, 
where  he  spent  three  years  in  diligent  and  successful  study. 
Revisiting  his  old  home  in  Wayne  county,  N.  Y. ,  he  engaged  as  a 
teacher  for  several  years,  and  thus  acquired  means  to  pay  his  way 
into  Yale  college,  which  he  entered  in  1848.  After  a  two-years' 
course  of  protitable  study  he  was  attracted  to  California,  where  he 
arrived  in  April,  1850,  and  engaged  in  gold-mining  in  Nevada  county. 
Accumulating  from  eight  to  ten  thousand  dollars,  he  began  the  study 
of  law,  and  in  1853  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Nevada  city,  where 
his  marked  ability  was  at  once  recognized,  and  he  was  elected  dis- 
trict-attorney. Removing  to  San  Francisco  in  1854,  he  successfully 
practiced  law  there  for  some  years,  ami  then  returned  to  Nevada 
City,  and  from  there  to  Virginia  City,  Nevada,  in  1860.  Mr.  Stewart 
now  entered  upon  that  career  of  professional  and  legislative  useful- 
ness to  the  mining  interests  of  the  Pacific  slope  which  has  rendered 
his  name  familiar  to  the  people  of  the  United  States,  and  lionored  by 
the  citizens  of  the  Pacific  coast  States;  to  him  they  owe,  more  than  to 
any  other  person,  the  liberal  and  wise  local  laws  which  promote  the 
mining  industry  in  all  its  branches.  Mr.  Stewart  had  devoted  his 
professional  attention  to  mining  law  and  mining  interests;  conse- 
quently, when  Nevada  came  to  be  admitted  as  a  State,  his  ability, 
knowledge  and  experience  were  of  the  utmost  value  to  the  new  State. 
He  was  instrumental  in  framing  her  constitution,  and  in  gaining  her 
admission  into  the  Union  in  18G3,  and,  in  1864,  Nevada  showed  her 
appreciation  of  his  talent  and  eminent  services  by  electing  him  as 
her  first  United  States  senator.  He  was  re-elected  and  served  from 
1864  to  1875,  with  honor  to  himself  and  advantage  to  his  constitu- 
ents. His  life  in  the  Senate  was  one  of  constant  and  intense  activity, 
and  no  senator  during  that  period  has  left  a  larger  personal  impress 
of  practical  usefulness  upon  the  proceedings  and  legislation  of  Con- 
gress. From  the  time  of  his  arrival  in  California  to  the  present 
time  Mr.  Stewart  has  been  largely  engaged  in  mining,  and,  while  he 
still  very  successfully  practices  law,  holds  large  interests  in  mines. 
He  married,  in  1855,  a  daughter  of  ex-Governor  Henry  S.  Foote,  of 
Mississippi,  and  resides  with  his  family  in  San  Francisco,  having  a 
very  lucrative  patronage  in  his  profession. 


I 


FRANK  MORRISON  PIXLEY, 

Jourlinlist  and  Political  "^^riter. 

--^^Si^i^MONG  the  most  able  journalists  and  political  writers  on  the 
Pacific  coast  is  Frank  M.  Pixley,  proprietor  and  editor  of 
Tke  Argonaut,  of  San  Francisco,  Cal. ,  who  was  born  in 
Oneida  county,  N.  Y. ,  in  January,  1H25.  Receiving  a  good  educa- 
tion at  select  schools  and  under  a  private  tutor,  he  studied  law  in 
Rochester,  N.  Y.  ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Michigan  in  1848,  and 
in  1849  started  overland  on  muleback  to  California,  arriving  in  the 
mining  regions  of  that  State  the  same  year.  After  some  experience  in 
mining  he  went  to  San  Francisco  in  1851,  where  his  eloquence  and 
ability  soon  placed  him  in  the  front  rank  of  political  speakers  and 
legislators.  Soon  after  his  arrival  he  was  elected  city  attorney,  and 
filled  the  post  with  honor  to  himself  and  advantage  to  the  city.  In 
1858  he  was  elected  to  the  California  legislature,  in   1861  was  made 


attorney-general,  and  since  that  time  has  been  an  active,  independent 
politician,  speaker  and  writer;  acting  with  the  Republican  or 
national  party  generally,  but  governed  by  his  own  convictions  of 
what  is  right  rather  tlian  by  any  party  edicts  or  prejudices.  Mr. 
Pixley  is  one  of  the  most  lluent  writers  and  sharpest  political  crIticB 
in  the  United  States.  He  is  too  intense  and  emotional  In  his  feel- 
ings and  in  the  independent  expression  of  them  to  be  considered  or 
ranked  as  a  statesman,  for  he  is  always  with  the  "  under  dog  in  the 
fight"  in  partisan  conflicts.  Nevertheless  his  political  utterances  arc 
often  fnll  of  wisdom  and  worthy  the  most  professed  thinkers  of  the 
age.  It  is  generally  understood  in  the  polilical  circles  of  the  Pacific 
coast  that  Mr.  Pixley  has  made  more  speeches,  given  more  brain- 
work,  and  spent  more  money  in  politics,  and  had  less  party  advantage 
or  reward  in  proportion  to  his  work,  than  any  man  in  the  Republican 
party.  He  still  resides  in  San  Francisco  and  devotes  himself  to  the 
able  direction  of  his  paper,  which  becomes  more  popular  with  every 
issue. 


CHARLES  CROCKER, 

Merchant,  Raili-uad-ltiiilder  and  Millionaire. 

f^jnf^,  MAN  of  rare  energy,  perseverance  and  determination  is  one 
of  the  four  great  railway-builders  and  financiers  who  amazed 
engineers  and  astounded  capitalists  by  constructing  the  Cen- 
tral Pacific  railway  over  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains.  Bom  in  Albany, 
N.  Y'. ,  September  16,  1822,  he  began  his  business  career  at  the  age 
of  nine  years,  selling  new.spapers  in  the  streets  of  Albany:  at  twelve 
years  he  had  a  news-agency  in  the  city  of  Troy;  at  nineteen  he  was 
an  efficient  workman  in  an  iron  forge  in  Indiana,  making  bar-iron. 
At  thirty  years  we  find  him  a  successful  merchant  in  Sacramento 
City,  Cal.  ;  at  forty  he  relinquished  merchandizing  and  joined  his 
energies,  experience  and  fortune  with  four  others  of  equal  .sagacity 
and  business  sense,  and  started  on  the  fulfillment  of  the  engineer's 
dream  of  building  a  railroad  over  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains  and 
across  the  American  continent.  A  charter  was  obtained  in  February, 
1863,  and  Mr.  Crocker  was  made  superintendent  of  construction. 
Amid  the  lowering  storm  of  civil  war,  with  national  finances  and 
credit  at  the  lowest  ebb,  and  private  capital  unusually  timid,  cautious 
and  distrustful,  these  men  of  wonderful  energy  and  unparalleled 
daring  pushed  the  road  to  completion,  and  on  May  10,  1869,  the  last 
tie  was  laid,  the  last  spike  driven,  and  the  great  iron  highway  of  the 
nations  across  the  continent  was  an  accomplished  fact.  During  the 
construction  of  the  road  he  governed  a  force  of  ten  thousand  laborers, 
teamsters,  carpenters  and  engineers.  For  six  years  he  remained  at 
the  front  with  his  men;  sleeping  sometimes  in  the  sand,  sometimes 
in  the  snow:  shrinking  from  no  hardship;  shirking  no  duty  as  the 
commander-in-chief  of  the  railway  array.  A  day's  delay  in  receiving 
material  would  have  caused  immense  loss  to  his  company,  yet  such 
were  his  forethought  and  his  power  of  calculation  that  the  supplies 
always  came  at  the  proper  time,  and  the  great  work  never  stopped. 
Though  self-educated,  Mr.  Crocker  is  not  unlearned:  he  enjoys  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  our  best  authors,  and  is  well-informed  on  all 
the  important  topics  and  issues  of  the  day.  It  is  Mr.  Crocker's 
pardonable  pride  that  he  is  a  self-made  man,  and  truly  may  he  be 
proud  of  his  remarkable  record  as  a  man  of  wondroos  energy,  inflex- 
ible determination  and  unfaltering  courage.  Mr.  Crocker  is  still 
engaged  (1883),  together  with  his  old  associates,  in  the  management 
of  the  great  railroad  corporations  which  he  and  they  have  organized. 
His  latest  enterprise  is  the  building  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad 
through  Arizona,  New  Mexico  and  Texas,  with  branches  into  Slexico. 
He  resides  with  his  family  in  San  Francisco,  in  a  magnificent  man- 
sion which  is  filled  with  art-treasures  gathered  from  Europe  and 
America,  and  enjoys  the  reward  of  his  active  and  industrious  life. 


■.Q-- 


t 


414 


WELL-KNOWN   MEN    IN   COLORADO. 


nCN  ENRICHED 


SPECULATION. 


MINING 


COLORADOANS. 


F" 


/TV 


INCIDENTS 

IS   THE 

PERSONAL   HISTORY 


Sketches  of  Successful  Men  in  Rocky  Mountain  Regicn. 


EXVER,  the  principal  city  and  State  capital  of 
Colorado,  elevated  5,267  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea,  fifteen  miles  east  of  the  chain  of  Rocky 
Mountains,  is  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  South 
Platte  river.  Its  first  bouse,  a  mere  cabin,  was 
erected  in  1858,  and  its  growth  from  that  time 
onward,  under  the  impetus  of  important  discov- 
eries of  gold  in  Pike's  Peak  mountain  and  other 
_  points  in  that  immediate  vicinity,  has  been  gradual 

'^  and  permanent,  so  that  in  18T0  it  had  a  population 

f  of  4,T59,  which,  in  1880,  had  increased  to  35,630. 

The  city  is  distinguished  for  its  substantial  brick  structures,  its 
immense  railroad  facilities  for  the  transportation  of  freights  to  the 
far-west,  its  assaying  of  precious  ores  and  the  accumulation  and  ship- 
ment of  other  products  of  the  surrounding  country,  and  for  its  educa- 
tional, hygienic  and  social  advantages,  which  make  it  a  pleasant  resort 
for  invalids  from  other  States.  The  enterprise  and  struggles  of  the 
men  who  built  up  the  State  and  city  form  an  interesting  chapter  in 
American  history  and  are  recorded  in  the  following  sketches. 


JOHN  W.  ILIFF, 

Knovrn  as  "The  <':ittIt--Kiii(;  of  the  Plains." 

fjry  ^  A  GRAZING  field  for  cattle,  Colorado  has  developed  herself 
/)\  grandly,  and  highest  among  her  most  successful  cattle- 
tf^  "^  raisers  for  many  years  was  John  W.  Iliff,  who  was  born  on 
a  farm  near  Zanesville,  Ohio,  December  18,  1831.  His  parents, 
prosperous,  Christian  people,  attended  to  his  early  education,  which 
was  completed  at  Delaware  college.  A  promise  from  his  father  to 
purchase  a  farm  for  the  young  man  at  a  coat  of  ST, 500,  it  be  would 
agree  to  remain  upon  it,  was  rejected,  with  the  exclamation,  "No, 
give  me  the  $500  and  let  me  go  West!''  His  first  removal  was  to 
Kansas,  where  he  engaged  In  enterprises  that  offered  themselves 
within  his  means,  and  when,  in  1859,  the  discovery  of  gold  at  Pike's 
Peak  was  announced  he  was  one  of  the  earliest  seekers  for  it  in  that 
vicinity.  Hut  not  as  a  digger  for  it.  Supplies  of  food  were  in 
demand  by  the  miners,  and  Mr.  Iliff  invested  his  capital  in  a  stock  of 
grocerie«  and  provisions  at  Denver.  A  few  months  later  he  turned 
his  asHets  into  a  small  herd  of  cattle,  and  with  this  he  began  the 
career  that  made  him  immensely  wealthy.  Almos^t  all  his  attention  was 
given  to  the  promotion  of  his  business,  and  the  result  was  what  might 
have  been  expected.  His  cattle  trade  extended  to  the  eastern  cities 
of  the  Union  and  his  cattle-ranges  from  Montana  to  Texas,  number- 
ing 50,000  head.  His  negotiations  also  included  contracts  with  the 
L'overnment,  and  his  sales  averaged  about  13,000  cattle  every  year. 
For  a  brief  period  he  was  engaged  in  banking  in  Wyoming  Territory, 
but  aside  from  this  his  life  and  energies  were  devoted  to  his  live- 
stock inI<-rc-tM.      Tic  died  Fi-bruary  9,  1R78,  leaving  a  large  fortune 


and  a  widow  with  four  children.       This  rady,  since  her  husband's 
death,  has  successfully  continued  his  business  in  her  own  name. 


r 


JEROME  B.CHAFFEE, 

£iiere;etic  Miner  and  United  States  Senator. 

'NTIMATELY  connected  with  the  history  and  prosperity  of 
Colorado  stands  the  name  of  this  gentleman,  who  was  born  in 
Niagara  county,  N.  Y. ,  April  17,  1825.  In  his  childhood  he 
enjoyed  the  advantages  of  an  academic  education,  but  while  still  very 
young  became  a  resident  of  Michigan.  From  that  State  he  removed 
to  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  where  he  engaged  in  the  banking  business.  In 
1857  he  was  the  organizer  of  the  Elmwood  Town  company,  in  Kansas, 
of  which  he  became  the  secretary  and  manager.  His  advent  into 
Colorado  occurred  in  1860,  and  his  first  enterprise  was  the  develop- 
ment of  some  gold  lodes  in  what  is  now  Gilpin  county.  With  Mr. 
Eben  Smith,  he  also  erected  a  stamp-mill,  and  these  energetic  opera- 
tions did  much  to  encourage  the  mining  industries  in  that  region. 
From  1863  to  1869  he  worked,  with  others,  the  celebrated  "  Bob-Tail 
Lode. "  In  the  latter  year  the  various  interests  in  this  lode  were 
consolidated,  and  he  became  the  heaviest  stockholder  in  this  corpora- 
tion, which  owned  the  best-paying  mine,  the  most  extensive  tunnels 
and  a  most  complete  stamp-mill.  The  annual  production  ranged  from 
$300,000  to  $500,000.  At  a  recent  date  it  was  estimated  that  Mr. 
Chaffee  had  larger  investments  in  the  mining  interests  of  Colorado 
than  any  other  man,  owning  about  a  hundred  gold  and  silver  lodes. 
In  1865  he  established  the  First  National  Bank  of  Denver,  of  which 
he  was  elected  president,  holding  that  office  until  January,  1880. 
Aside  from  his  financial  enterprises,  Mr.  Chaffee  found  time  to  enter 
the  political  arena  of  Colorado,  and  was  elected  to  several  important 
public  offices.  In  1861  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Territorial 
legislature  from  Gilpin  county,  and  there  exercised  considerable 
influence.  After  his  re-election  to  that  body,  in  1863,  he  was  chosen 
speaker  of  the  lower  house.  In  1805  he  was  elected  United  State8 
senator  and  distinguished  himself  at  the  capital  by  his  persistent 
efforts  to  overcome  tlie  oj>position  of  President  Andrew  Johnson  to 
the  admission  of  Colorado  into  the  Union — .Johnson  having  twice 
vetoed  bills  passed  by  Congress  for  that  purpose.  Before  the  ques- 
tion of  admission  was  settled,  Mr.  Chaffee's  term  as  senator  expired, 
but  in  1870  he  was  sent  by  his  constituents  as  Territorial  delegate  to 
Congress.  In  this  position  he  strenuously  labored  for  the  admission 
of  the  Territory  as  a  State  until  success  crowned  his  efforts  in 
August,  1870.  Other  measures  of  considerable  importance  to  the 
country  also  received  his  careful  attention  and  influence  while  he 
remained  in  Congress.  Upon  the  entrance  of  Colorado  into  the  Union 
he  was  re-elected  United  States  senator  for  the  short  term  (about 
three  years),  and  declined  a  re-election  when  it  ended.  After  that 
he  did  not  again  aspire  to  political  preferment,  although  he  was  a 


A 


EMINENT   MEN    IN   COLOEADO. 


415 


(lelt'g:ate  in  pvfry  presidentiiil  nominating  convention,  ns  an  aboli- 
tionist and  Kfiiuljlican,  after  1844.  Hiw  vast  wealth  and  energies 
were  largely  employed  in  developing  the  resources  and  promoting 
the  interests  of  the  State.      He  died  March  9,  1886. 


WILLIAM  GILPIN, 

Explorer  and  FIrMt  Ooveriior  or  Colorado. 

^IIIS  TALENTED  gcntlt'iuau  was  born  on  tin-  IJrnndywiiie 
batllu-field,  several  miles  from  Wilmington,  Delaware, 
October  4,  1818,  the  scion  of  an  ancient  Quaker  family.  At 
ten  years  of  age  he  wae  sent  lo  England  and  there  educated  for  three 
years,  and  upon  bis  return  passed  two  years  at  the  university  of 
Pennsylvania.  Soon  after  his  graduation  at  this  institution  he  was 
appointed  a  cadet  at  the  United  States  Military  academy,  at  West 
Point,  N.  Y. ,  graduating  from  it  in  I83G.  He  was  then  commissioned 
a  lieutenant  in  the  second  regiment  of  United  States  cavalry,  and 
ordered  to  St.  Louia  under  General  Harney.  With  this  command  he 
went  to  Florida,  remaining  there  and  participating  in  the  Seminole 
Indian  war  as  an  escort  to  General  Jessup.  When  the  war  ended  he 
resigned  his  commission  in  the  army  and  located  Jn  St.  Louis,  in 
1839,  preparing  for  a  proposed  exploring  expedition  across  the  con- 
tinent to  the  Pacific  coast.  In  1841  he  removed  to  Independence, 
Mo. ,  and  served  two  years  as  secretary  to  the  general  assembly  of  the 
State.  He  had  previously  found  time  to  study  law,  and  made  that 
profession  a  source  of  livelihood  until  1843,  when  he  set  out  upon 
his  overland  journey  to  Oregon.  The  expedition  had  for  its  object 
an  examination  of  the  character  and  resources  of  the  country — then 
almost  unknown — through  which  he  traveled.  The  route  included 
the  Kansas  river,  the  Republican  fork,  the  present  vicinity  of  Denver, 
Col.,  etc.,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river.  In  1844  he  assisted, 
influentially,  in  organizing  the  Territorial  government  of  Oregon,  and 
was  the  founder  of  the  city  of  Portland  in  that  region.  Upon  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Mexican  war  he  joined  the  Missouri  volunteer 
soldiery,  and  at  the  head  of  1,200  fighting  men,  in  1847,  he  set  out  to 
subdue  the  nine  tribes  of  savage  Indians  who  were  allies  of  the 
Mexican  government,  and  were  powerful  enemies  to  the  Americans. 
That  winter  he  encamped  at  Pike's  Peak,  and  before  the  war  ended 
had  subjugated,  most  effectually,  the  warlike  hordes  whom  he  en- 
countered. From  1848  to  1861  he  lived  retired  at  his  home,  in 
Missouri,  writing  and  lecturing  upon  the  resources  and  mineral 
w^ealth  of  the  territory  that  accrued  to  the  United  States  as  the  result 
of  the  Mexican  war.  He  was,  also,  a  strong  advocate  of  the  proposed 
Pacific  railroad,  and  strove  to  stimulate  the  growth  and  development 
of  the  great  West.  In  1861,  when  the  Territory  of  Colorado  was 
organized,  President  Lincoln  api)ointed  bim  the  first  Territorial  gov- 
ernor, with  his  residence  at  Denver.  His  administration,  however, 
was  harassed  by  the  rebellious  sentiments  and  acts  of  the  Texans 
and  other  southern  people  in  his  vicinity,  and,  raising  a  force  of 
volunteer  soldiers,  he  took  the  field  against  the  marauders  in  New 
Mexico,  and  did  excellent  service,  completely  driving  them  from  the 
Territory.  His  energy  and  watchful  patriotism,  however,  led  to  his 
removal  from  office  after  holding  it  about  a  year.  When  the  first  bill 
admitting  Colorado  to  the  Union  was  passed  in  Congress,  Mr.  Gilpin 
was  chosen  by  the  people  to  be  its  first  governor,  but  President 
Johnson  vetoed  the  bill,  and  the  governor  remained  in  private  life. 
He  still  resides  in  Denver  and  is  deservedly  popular. 


NATHANIEL  P.  HILL, 

C-hemiiit.  Mliiiue  Expert  itnd  Senator. 

iNCE  owes  much  to  Nathaniel  P.  Hill,  a  native 
he  having  been  born  in  Orange  county,  in 
father,  a  representative  at  one  time  in  the 
New  York  general   assembly,  and  for  several   years  county  judge. 


'-^  ir^INlNG  SCIENCI 

/Y V        of  ^'ew  York,  1 

**-Y-*4     1832.      His   fat 


owned  a  large  farm  on  which  the  son  wan  reared,  evincing,  at  an  early 
age,  a  natural  taste  for  the  study  of  chemistry  and  the  natural 
sciences.  Was  professor  of  chemistry  in  Brown  university,  at  Prov- 
idence, R.  I.,  from  18G0  to  1884.  Knowing  his  ability  as  a  scientist, 
he  was  selected  by  a  company  in  Providence  and  Boston  lo  examine 
the  mines  in  Gilpin  county,  Colorado.  The  visit  to  the  State  revealed 
the  fact  that  this  mining  region  was  without  the  means  of  properly 
extracting  metal  from  ores.  To  acquire  u  knowledge  of  smelting  he 
went  to  Swansea,  Wales,  in  18C!),  to  study  the  methods  of  reduction, 
and  afterward  took  over  some  seventy  tons  of  Colorado  ore  for  exper- 
imental treatment.  Following  this  he  organized  the  Boston  and 
Colorado  Smelting  company,  now  located  at  Argo,  near  Denver,  which 
has  been  a  great  success  from  the  first,  principally  owing  to  his 
energy  and  scientific  achievements.  A  highly-cultured  gentleman, 
rich  and  influential,  the  people  of  Colorado  deemed  him  a  fit  person 
to  represent  the  interests  of  the  Stale  in  the  United  States  eenate, 
and  to  that  position  he  was  chosen  in  1879. 


THOMAS  B.  BRYAN, 

EnterprlHllIU  Miner  at    l(l:lhn  SprlnsTH, 

^T  ▼'IRGINIA  gave  birth  to  Thomas  1).  Bryan,  who  was  bom  in 
\  /  1828,  his  father  being  an  advocate  of  the  abolition  of 
•  •  slavery,  in  the  senate  of  that  State,  as  far  back  as  1833. 
The  subject  of  this  sketch  studied  law  and  graduated  at  Harvard  law- 
school,  and  while  yet  young  removed  lo  Cincinnati,  where,  with 
Judge  Hart,  in  that  city,  he  became  a  partner.  Later  he  removed  to 
Chicago,  where  for  twenty-five  years  he  was  very  prominently  known, 
among  his  other  work  being  the  establishment  of  the  Fidelity  Safety 
Deposit  Vaults,  in  that  city,  that  brought  millions  of  dollars  safely 
through  the  great  fire.  During  the  war  he  was  the  president  of  the 
niinois  Soldiers'  Home,  and  subsequently  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners in  the  government  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  a  position 
similar  to  the  governor  of  a  Territory.  In  1873  Mr  Bryan  moved  to 
Colorado,  and  settled  at  Idaho  S|)rings,  where,  in  the  care  of  his  own 
and  the  mining  interests  of  others,  he  was  for  some  years  succees- 
fully  engaged.      He  returued  to  Chicago  in  1883. 


seeretury  ui   ine   XIII 

Y  I  VllE   Secretary  of 
^  I  \     Arthur,  Henry  1 
•         *     the  political  an( 


HENRY  M.  TELLER, 

Seeretary  of  the  Interior  l>e|»artinent,  at  T^atthinston. 

the  Interior  Department  under  President 
M.  Teller,  a  gentleman  who  ranks  high  in 
political  and  social  circles  of  Colorado,  was  horn  in 
Alleghany  county,  N.  Y.,  May  23,  18.30.  In  search  of  an  education 
he  alternately  studied  and  taught  in  the  Rushford  academy  and 
Alfred  university,  in  his  native  State.  After  a  season  of  teaching 
exclusively  for  a  brief  terra,  he  began  to  study  law  at  Angelica, 
N.  Y. ,  in  1850,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  January,  1858.  Re- 
moving to  Whiteside  county.  111.,  he  opened  a  law  office.  In  the 
spring  of  1861  he  was  induced  to  emigrate  to  Colorado,  and  there 
began  to  practice  his  profession  at  Central  City.  From  1863  to  1865, 
by  the  appointment  of  Governor  Evans,  he  served  as  major-general 
of  the  State  militia,  and  then,  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  ending,  he 
resigned.  His  next  step  was  to  organize  the  Colorado  Central  Rail- 
road company,  in  1865,  draw  up  its  charter  and  become  its  president, 
which  position  he  held  for  the  next  five  years.  This  office  did  not, 
however,  occupy  all  his  time  and  attention,  for  he  also  engaged  in 
other  enterprises,  including  more  or  less  operations  in  Colorado 
mines.  In  November,  1876,  he  was  chosen  United  States  senator 
for  six  years,  and  during  his  terra  he  performed  active  duties  on 
several  important  committees,  and  left  behind  him  a  creditable  record. 
With  his  brother,  Willard,  who  has  been  his  partner  for  years,  he 
has  built  up  a  lucrative  law  business  in  the  city  of  Denver.  Upon 
the  accession  of  President  Arthur,  Sir.  Teller  was  appointed  to  a 
cabinet  position  as  Secretary  of  the  Interior  Department. 


4-16 


ENTEEPEISING,   SUCCESSFUL   AJSTD   PROMINENT   MEN. 


JOHN  EVANS, 

ExGoveraor  of  C'oloruilo  Xerrltory. 

Y  I  VHE  FOUNDER  of  Evanston,  Cook  county.  111.,  and  ex-gov- 
,A  1  A,  ernor  of  Colorado,  John  Evans,  has  a  history  which  cannot 
•  •  be  compressed  into  this  small  sketch.  He  was  born  in 
Warren  county,  Ohio,  March  9,  1814,  graduated  at  the  Cincinnati 
Medical  college,  as  a  physician,  in  1838.  Located  in  practice  near 
Ottawa,  111.,  and  afterward  practiced  six  years  in  Attica,  Ind. ,  where 
he  advocated  the  measure  which  resulted  in  the  State  erecting  an 
asylum  and  caring  for  the  insane.  Was  elected  to  a  chair  in  Rush 
Medical  college,  and  delivered  his  first  medical  lectures  in  that  insti- 
tution in  the  winter  of  1845-6.  ^Was  afterward  for  several  years 
editor  of  the  Northwestern  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal^  and  was 
for  eleven  years  connected  with  Rush  college.  While  in  the  Chicago 
city  council,  was  active  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  schools, 
appointing,  through  ordinance,  the  first  school  superintendent,  and 
erecting  the  high  school.  Donated  $25,000  for  the  founding  of  the 
Northwestern  university,  at  Evanston,  which  town  was  named  in  his 
honor,  and  to  that  place  he  removed  his  family  in  1855,  and  there  lived 
until  he  came  to  Colorado  in  1862,  having  been  appointed  Territorial 
governor  of  the  State  by  President  Lincoln.  Did  much  after  his 
arrival  in  furnishing  troops  from  the  Territory  during  the  war,  and 
was  largely  instrumental  in  securing  peaceful  relations  with  the 
Indians.  Was  selected  by  the  legislature  of  Colorado  as  United 
States  senator,  in  1865,  Colorado  having  been  admitted  as  a  State  by 
Congress,  but  vetoed  by  President  Johnson.  Was  a  member  of  the 
national  convention  which  nominated  Grant  to  the  presidency,  and  in 
1868  was  chosen  president  of  the  Denver  Pacific  Railway  and  Tele- 
graph company,  and,  during  the  session  of  Congress  in  1SG9,  he  pro- 
cured the  passage  of  the  Denver  Pacific  land-grant  bill,  and  secured 
the  completion  of  a  railway  from  Cheyenne  to  Denver,  a  matter  of 
great  consequence  to  Denver.  Organized,  with  others,  the  Denver, 
South  Park  &  Pacific  Railroad  company,  of  which  he  was  made  pres- 
ident, and  more  recently  labored  in  the  construction  of  a  railway 
to  Texas  and  New  Orleans  which  assisted  greatly  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  State.  Was  rich  in  Chicago,  through  the  rise  of  real 
estate  in  that  city  considerable  of  which  he  yet  holds,  and  has  added 
immensely  to  his  fortune  by  his  enterprises  farther  west.  He  has 
done,  and  is  yet  doing,  grand  work  for  the  pecuniary,  educational 
and  moral  benefit  of  Colorado. 


JAMES  M.  BELFORD, 

ConBrressnimi  :tnd  Siipi'eine  Court  «Juflge. 

aENTRAL  CITY,  as  well  as  the  entire  State  of  Colorado,  has 
been  ably  represented  in  Congress  by  James  M.  Belford,  who 
wag  elected  to  that  body  when  the  Territory  became  a  State, 
in  1876.  He  was  born  at  Lewiston,  Pa.,  September  28,  1837,  and 
subsequently  graduated  at  Dickinson  college.  Came  to  Colorado 
early,  and  was  one  of  the  Colorado  supreme  court  judges  from  1870 
to  1875. 


MARK  M.  POWEROY, 
Prominent  tJouriiuliHt  iiutl  Colorado  Mluer. 

rj\\  CONSPICUOUS  individuality  attaches  to  the  well-known 
/A  journalist  and  politician,  Mark  M.  Pomeroy,  in  the  Rocky 
•  '■*  Mountain  region,  through  Ids  nuning  enterprises  and  hia 
till! -aiid-out,  plain-spoken  paper.  The  Great  West.  For  the  inform- 
ation of  those  who  may  wish  an  outline  sketch  of  his  history,  it  may 
be  said  that  he  was  born  in  Lawrcnceville,  Pa.,  Decemlier  25,  1833, 
and  reared  upon  a  farm  until  the  age  of  sixteen,  when  he  entered  the 
office  of  the  Corning  (N.  Y. )  Journal.,  and  in  1854  he  edited  his  first 
paper,  the  Corning  Sun.  His  next  i  erprise  was  the  publication  of 
the  Gazette,  at  Athens,  Pa.,  in  1855,  following  which  he  established 


the  Argm,  at  Horicon,  Wis.  It  was  during  his  stay  there  that  he 
published  a  burlesque  article  on  an  editor  at  Beaver  Dam,  Wis., 
which  went  the  rounds  and  was  copied  into  the  Louisville  Journal 
by  Prentice,  who  prefaced  the  article  with  some  laudatory  remarks, 
in  which  he  pronounced  the  author  a  perfect  Brick.  Hence  the 
name  "Brick"  Pomeroy.  He  was  United  Stales  marshal  in  Wis- 
consin, under  President  Buchanan,  and  became  city  editor  of  the 
Milwaukee  Daily  News.,  in  1858.  In  1860  he  established,  at 
LaCrosse,  Wis.,  the  LaCrosse  Democrat^  which  attained  a  very  large 
circulation  during  the  war,  mainly  through  its  peculiar  and  out- 
spoken abuse  of  the  administration.  In  18G8,  seeking  a  wider  field 
for  his  enterprise,  he  started  Pomeroy's  Democrat,  in  New  York, 
which  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  it  was  published  until  his 
removal  to  Denver,  Col.,  in  1880.  At  Denver  he  engaged  in  various 
mining  enterprises,  the  last  being  the  building  of  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  tunnel  into  the  sides  of  Kelso  mountain,  about  eight  miles 
from  Georgetown.  Among  his  various  side-issues  has  been,  at  one 
time,  the  espousal  of  the  greenback  cause,  courses  of  lectures  upon 
various  topics,  and,  more  recently,  the  publication  of  Pomeroy's 
Great  West,  which  has  attained  a  large  circulation.  Mr.  Pomeroy 
has  seen  nearly  every  vicissitude  of  life;  has  been  wealthy  and  poor 
by  turns;  has  had  his  office  mobbed,  and  in  turn  had  his  efforts  eulo- 
gized. He  has  been  three  times  married,  has  recently  built  a  fine 
house  in  the  suburbs  of  Denver;  is  in  the  prime  of  life,  and  is  a  tireless 
worker  with  a  large  brain.  That  he  will  always  make  his  "Mark" 
is  certain,  and  that  his  future  will  be  eventful  there  is  not  the  least 
shadow  of  doubt. 


HORACE  A.  W.  TABOR, 

Capitaliftt  siiid  XJiiited  States  Senator. 

FOM  THE  rugged  hills  of  Vermont  came  Horace  A.  W.  Tabor, 
whose  birth  occurred  in  Orleans  county,  November  26,  1830. 
He  came  to  Kansas  in  1855;  engaged  in  farming  during  the 
stirring  days  prior  to  the  war;  did  active  and  efficient  service  in  the 
Free-Soil  party,  which  he  represented  in  the  Kansas  legislature,  in 
1857.  He  went  to  Colorado  in  1859,  then  to  Clear  Creek  county,  and 
thence  back  to  Denver;  following  which  he  located,  in  the  spring  of 
1860,  in  California  Gulch,  in  the  vicinity  of  Leadville,  and  continued 
there  in  mining  during  the  succeeding  five  years;  after  which  he 
turned  his  attention  to  merchandizing,  followed  that  vocation,  in 
connection  with  mining,  for  the  next  eleven  years,  and  up  to  1878  he 
had  accumulated  a  capital  of  about  ^37,000.  It  was  in  May,  1878, 
when  George  P.  Hook  and  August  Rische,  whom  he  had  furnished 
provisions  while  they  prospected,  discovered  the  mine  since  known 
as  the  Little  Pittsburgh,  and  in  which,  by  agreement,  he  held  a 
third  interest.  Hook  soon  sold  to  his  partners,  and  Rische  subse- 
quently ])arted  with  his  interest  to  J.  B.  Chaffee  and  D.  H.  Moffatt. 
With  a  capital  stock  of  $20,000,000  the  Little  Pittsburgh  consolidated, 
a  mining  stock  company  was  organized,  and  within  two  weeks  after- 
ward a  quarter-interest  was  sold  in  New  York,  by  Mr.  Chaffee,  for 
$1,000,000.  In  1879  Mr.  Tabor  sold  his  interest  in  the  mine  to 
Messrs.  Chaffee  and  Moffatt,  for  $1,000,000,  purchased  a  half-interest 
in  the  First  National  Bank  at  Denver,  bought  the  Matchless  mine,  at 
Leadville,  and  subsequently  became  a  (piarter-owner  of  the  mining 
property  of  Borden,  Tabor  &  Co.,  comjirising  five  or  six  mines,  with 
a  capacity  of  yielding  a  dividend  of  $100,000  per  month.  lie  after- 
ward became  interested  in  the  Alaska,  Adelphi,  Acapulco  and  Victory 
mines,  in  San  Juan  county,  besides  having  sole  ownership  of  the  Red 
Rogers  and  the  Saxon.  While  operating  mines  extensively,  he  is 
interested  in  many  other  enterprises,  much  of  his  wealth,  latterly, 
being  expended  in  real  estate  for  the  benefit  of  Leadville  and  Denver. 
He  established  the  Leadville  Bank,  in  1878,  of  which  he  became 
president,  and  in  which  has  been  required  eight  clerks.  lie  has 
been  county  treasurer  of  Lake  county,  was  the  first  mayor  of  Lead- 


liKllOl'    ^^KKTCIIKS    OF    KOCKV    AIUINTAIN    CELKBHITIKS. 


u-i 


villi",  prL'sidciit  of  tile  T.fiKlvilJo  IniiM'ovcnu-iit  company;  was  liret 
prt'sitlcnt  of  ihe  Leudvilk'  State  exchan^'t!,  and  of  the  Leadville  Gas 
comj)aiiy,  orgaiiizt-'d  In  1879,  Besides  owning  yet  a  large  real  estate 
interest  in  Leadville,  on  which  he  has  erected  an  opera  honse  costing 
$35,000,  he  has  more  recently  invested  heavily  in  Denver.  His 
Imililings  there  inclmle  an  elegant  residence,  occnpying  an  entire 
square,  the  Tabor  block,  costing  about  $:^00,000,  and  the  Opera  Ilouf-e 
block,  representing  an  exjienditure  of  about  $000,000.  In  all,  with 
business  interests  at  the  East,  he  is  conceded  to  be  tlie  richest  man 
in  the  State,  his  wealth  being  up  among  the  millions,  the  exact 
amount  of  whi<;h  he  himself  is  probal)Iy  not  aware.  He  was,  in 
188^,  lieutenant-governor  (ff  the  State;  was  president  of  the  Colorado 
Industrial  exposition  of  1883;  and,  all  in  all,  is  one  of  the  most 
public-8])irited,  active  and  valuable  men  in  that  young  and  growing 
State.  Mr.  Tabor  is  yet  in  the  prime  of  life,  with,  in  all  probability, 
a  most  useful  future  before  him. 


THOMAS  M.  BOWEN, 

Soldier,  tlutlge  iitul  Viiiled  States  Senator. 

ONE  OF  THE  most  influential  citizens  of  Colorado,  Thomas  M. 
Bowen,  was  born  at  DesMoines,  Iowa,  about  1834;  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  eighteen,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
Iowa  legislature  at  the  age  of  twenty-one.  Removing  to  Kansas,  in 
1858,  he  jjracticed  law  there  until  the  opening  of  the  war.  He  went 
into  the  Union  service  at  that  time,  as  captain  of  a  Kansas  company; 
was  made  a  colonel  upon  the  organization  of  the  regiment,  and  came 
out  a  brigadier- general  at  the  close  of  the  war.  Settling,  then,  at 
Little  Rock,  Ark.,  he  became  a  member  and  president  of  the  consti- 
tutional convention  upon  the  reconstruction  of  Arkansas,  in  1867, 
and  was,  a  ye  r  afterward,  elected  by  the  Republicans  to  the  supreme 
court  of  that  State.  He  served  on  the  bench  four  years,  and  retired 
to  accept  the  governorship  of  Idaho  Territory,  to  which  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Grant.  Judge  Bowen  came  to  Denver,  Col., 
and  entered  upon  the  practice  of  the  law,  in  February,  1875,  but  soon 
afterward  removed  to  Del  Norte,  Col.  In  1870,  upon  the  admission 
of  Colorado  as  a  State,  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  fourth  judicial 
circuit,  which  position  he  resigned  after  a  few  years'  service,  to  give 
attention  to  his  mining  interests,  which  are  very  extended  in  San 
Juan  county.  He  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate  in  the 
fall  of  1882. 


WILLIAM  A.  H.  LOVELAND, 

Prominent  Builder  of  Colorudo  Salln-ays. 

INTO  Colorado,  in  an  early  day,  came  William  A.  H.  Loveland, 
who  was  born  in  Barnstable,  Mass.,  May  30,  1H26.  He  spent  a 
good  portion  of  bis  youth  in  Illinois,  whither  his  parents 
emigrated  in  his  childhood  Among  the  incidents  of  his  eventful 
career  was  the  serving  through  the  Mexican  war,  during  which  he 
was  severely  wounded  at  CliapuUepec.  Afterward  he  sojourned  five 
years  in  California.  Returning  to  Illinois,  he  engaged  in  mercantile 
employment  until  1859,  when  be  went  to  Colorado,  settling  at  Golden, 
where  he  was  soon  recognized  as  one  of  the  most  enterprising  and 
successful  merchants  in  the  West.  But  it  is  in  railroad  building 
through  the  deep  defiles,  over  yawning  chasms  and  up  to  the  great 
elevations,  that  Mr.  L.  has  proved  himself  of  the  greatest  service  to 
the  State.  The  beginning  of  his  work  was  the  completion,  in  18G7, 
of  a  railway  up  Clear  Creek  canon,  a  project,  the  beginning  of 
which  was  regarded  a  most  ditficnlt  undertaking.  That  railroad  has 
been  followed  by  others  until  Colorado,  many  portions  of  which, 
originally  almost  inaccessible,  is  now  very  abundanlly  supplied  with 
railway  communications;  a  result  largely  due  to  Mr  Loveland,  who, 
in  the  construction  of  railways  among  the  Rockies,  has  immensely 
aided  in  developing  the  mineral  resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 


region.  He  was  for  years  a  member  of  the  Territorial  council;  mov 
recently  became  the  proprietor  of  the  Jiocky  Mounfain  News,  is  the 
principal  owner  of  the  Fanny  Barrett  mine,  one  of  the  richest  in  the 
State;  and,  all  in  all,  as  soldier,  California  pioneer,  merchant,  rail- 
road builder,  legislator,  editor  and  mining  capitalist,  can  be  regarded 
as  one  of  the  most  successful  men  of  the  time. 


FREDERICK  W.  PITKIN, 

MlnlMff  <'a|iltallNt   and  Kx-Oovemor. 

y^^ENUINE  New  England  stock  is  pcrpetuuted  in  Frederick  W. 
f  (py  IMtkiu,  who  was  born  at  MaTichjester,  Conn.,  August  31,  1837. 
^~^  \U'  graduated  at  Wesleyan  university,  at  Middletown,  Conn. , 
in  1858,  and  from  the  law-school  ut  Albany,  N.  Y. ,  a  year  later. 
Going  westward  he  located  as  an  attorney  at  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Failing  in  health,  he  went  to  Colorado,  and  while  seeking  restor- 
ation he  traveled  extensively  over  the  State,  investigating  its  mining 
resources,  and,  while  camping  out,  secured  the  friendship  of  the 
miners,  an  acquisition  which  resulted  in  making  him  the  Repub- 
lican governor,  by  a  strong  majority,  in  1878.  Though  spending 
much  time  in  Denver,  his  residence  is  at  Ouray,  in  the  extreme 
southwestern  part  of  the  State,  where  he  has  mining  interests. 


JOHN  L.  ROUTT, 

Soldier,  United  States  Marshal  and  Governor. 


Y  I  VlIK  FIRST  governor  of  the  State  of  Colorado  was  Cok 
^  1  v.  John  L.  Routt,  who  first  saw  light  in  Kentucky,  but  rr 
<•         *      his  mark  first  in  politics  at   Bloomington,  111.,  where 


donel 
made 
politics  at  Bloomington,  111.,  where  he 
was  elected  sheriff  of  the  county,  in  1856.  He  entered  the  army  as 
captain  of  an  Illinois  company,  and  did  good  service,  and  afterward 
as  a  colonel  and  quartermaster.  Upon  his  return  to  McLean  county, 
he  was  elected  county  treasurer,  and  soon  afterward  was  appointed 
L'liited  States  marshal,  and  subsequently  second-assistant  postmaster- 
general.  In  1875  he  was  appointed  by  Grant,  who  never  forgot  the  gal- 
lant service  he  rendered,  as  a  colonel,  in  the  taking  of  Vicksburg,  to 
the  Territorial  governorship  of  Colorado.  A  year  afterward,  when 
Colorado  was  admitted  as  a  State,  he  was  nominated  by  the  Repub- 
licans for  governor,  and  elected.  Since  the  close  of  his  ofticial  term 
he  has  been  a  resident  of  Denver,  and  has  devoted  his  attention  to 
mining  interests,  which  have  made  him  very  wealthy. 


DAVID  J.  COOK, 

Superintendent  Rocky  >Iounlaiii  Detective  Association. 

fl^  PKOMIXEXT  character  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  for 
jsA  many  years  has  been  David  J.  Cook,  well  known  from  his 
tf^  ^^  connection  with  detective  work.  He  was  born  in  Laporte 
county,  Ind.,  August  12,  1840,  and  spent  his  youth,  until  nineteen 
years  old,  upon  the  farm.  In  1859  the  wave  of  emigration  drifting 
toward  Pike's  Peak  bore  him  into  Colorado,  where  he  located  in  what 
is  now  known  as  Gilpin  county.  Here  he  spent  two  years,  but  after- 
ward returned  to  Kansas  and  purchased  a  farm,  but  left  it,  in  1861, 
to  run  a  supply  train  at  the  opening  of  the  civil  war.  Subsequently 
he  was  transferred  to  the  ordnance  (lei)artment  of  the  army  of  the 
frontier,  and  in  1863  came  again  to  Colorado  and  formed  the  Rocky 
Mountain  Detective  association,  which,  since  that  time,  has  been  a 
terror  to  the  criminal  classes.  He  was  government  detective  in  Col- 
orado from  1864  to  1865,  and  during  the  next  three  years  served  the 
city  of  Denver  as  city  marshal,  being  subsequently  elected  sheriff  of 
Arapahoe  county,  to  which  position  he  was  three  times  re-elected. 
Since  retirement  from  that  office  he  has  devoted  his  time  to  detective 
work,  and  the  duties  pertaiuing  to  the  position  of  deputy  United 
States  marshal  for  the  distrii*-  of  Colorado. 


:^ 


418 


MEN    l'RUMI\ENTLY    KNOWN    IN    AND    ABOLT   DENVER. 


? 


h 


K 


M: 


T- 


420 


PERSONAL    FACTS    CONCEENING    CEETAIN    PEOPLE   IN    CINCINNATI. 


? 


■*-J— & »-»^ 


CINCINNATI, 

AND 


^¥^    SOME  OF  HER  WELL-KNOWN  CITIZENS,    'Mr^^- 

PAST  AND  PRESENT. 


Men  Distinguished  in  Various  Departndents  of  Human  Action. 


[ 


•  INCINNATI,  the  principal  city  of  Ohio,  is 
,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
Ohio  river.  The  site  is  a  plain,  surrounded 
by  high  hills,  from  whose  summits  the 
scenery  is  very  delightful.  Added  to  these 
natural  advantages,  wealth  and  culture  have 
centered  there  in  great  abundance  and  with 
.gratifying  results,  so  that  the  title,  ''Queen 
City,"  is  by  no  means  misplaced  when 
applied  to  Cincinnati.  Commerce  and  various 
business  enterprises  have  added  greatly  to  its 
growth  and  renown;  and  although  not  a  cen- 
tury old  it  has  attained  a  high  rank  in  the  list 
of  American  cities.  One  of  its  most  remark- 
able features  is  the  number  of  its  wealthy 
citizens,  who  have  lavished  their  means  to 
cultivate  public  taste  and  sentiment,  erecting 
costly  edifices  for  the  advancement  of  music 
and  other  fine  arts,  and  perpetuating  their  own  memory  by  useful  and 
enduring  monuments.  In  the  following  personal  sketches  will  be 
found  mention  of  some  history  of  the  benevolent  and  liberal  enterprises 
that  have  enriched  and  adorned  the  city. 


MURAT  HALSTEAD, 

Editor  and  nfanat^er  of  the  Cincinnati  **  Commercial.'* 

'y=|r  WHITER  in  Scribner's  Monthly,  not  long  ago,  mentioned 
^*^^  the  Cincinnati  Commercial  as  a  paper  of  such  character 
y.  V  ^>f--3^  that  from  it  a  young  man  might  learn  to  be  an  accom- 
plished journalist  without  going  to  New  York  City.  The  man  who 
has  brought  the  Commercial  up  to  such  a  standard  of  excellence  is 
Murat  Halstead,  its  editor-in-chief  and  principal  stock-owner,  who 
began  lite  in  Butler  county,  Ohio,  Septembers,  1829.  From  his  mother, 
formerly  Miss  Clara  Willitts,  he  derived  his  earliest  instruction  and 
inherited  largely  the  intellectual  power  which  distinguishes  him, 
while  he  owes  to  his  father  hie  stalwart  physical  organization  and 
manly  presence.  Thus  his  large  and  active  body  and  great  brain  rep- 
resent the  superiority  of  his  parentage.  He  has  blue-gray  eyes,  a  gray 
moustache,  and  hair  on  which  the  snow-line  early  descended,  with 
a  complexion  as  clear  us  that  of  a  boy.  Until  twenty-one  years  old 
he  worked  on  a  farm.  In  1851  he  graduated  at  Farmers'  college; 
taught  a  term  or  two  of  school,  and  studied  law,  but  abandoned  it  for 
journalism.  All  kinds  of  newspaper  work  arc  familiar  to  him.  As 
a  correspondent  he  !s  unequalled,  and  his  brilliant  descriptive 
powers  were  displayed  in  the  letters  relating  his  famous  voyage  to 
and  through  Ici-land.  lie  enjoys  to  the  utmost  setting  the  world  by 
the   ears   through    the   newspapers.       A    friend    remarks:     "When 

Ilulsteud  raises  the  d 1  in  the  newspapers  he  is  satisfied."     He  is 

uncompromising  in  defending  the  pide  he  considers  just;  is  a  rapid 
romposer,  and  has  a  peculiar  vein  of  fun  which  gives  great  zest  to 
liis  <?(litorials.  As  an  nfter-dinner  speaker  he  is  perhaps  unexcelled. 
Ill  bin  Kanctum  he  f)flen  assumes  a  thorny  manner,  it  is  surmised,  as 


a  hedge  against  bores.  His  real  nature  is  full  of  kindliness.  To 
women  he  is  always  courteous,  and  is  willing  to  recognize  their 
abilities.  Quite  a  number  of  them  contribute  to  his  paper  in  various 
ways.  He  works  assiduously  from  ten  to  twelve  hours  a  day,  and 
the  proof  of  the  whole  paper  is  read  by  him.  Mr.  Halstead  is  mar- 
ried and  has  several  children. 


TYLER  DAVIDSON, 

Who  Oave  a  Magnlfloent  Fountain  to  Cincinnati. 

■^s^^  NOTHER  generous  citizen  of  Cincinnati,  of  whose  birth- 
^*^^fc  place  and  parentage  the  record  is  imperfect,  began  his 
,.^Sfj^^  business  career  in  that  city  between  the  years  1830  and 
1840  as  a  hardware  merchant.  In  1840  he  associated  with  him  Henry 
Probasco,  who  afterward  became  his  brother-in-law.  This  firm  was 
the  first  to  undertake  the  building  of  a  handsome  business  edifice  that 
should  ornament  the  city  and  advertise  their  trade.  Their  experi- 
ment was  successful  and  brought  them  great  wealth.  Mr.  Davidson, 
having  no  family,  conceived  the  idea  of  adorning  and  bene- 
fiting the  city  wherein  he  had  accumulated  his  wealth  with  a  fine 
drinking-fountain.  Before  he  put  his  notion  into  form  he  died  (in 
18U5),  but  his  brother-in-law,  to  whose  wife  fell  most  of  his  estate, 
fulfilled  his  wishes  in  regard  to  the  gift.  Six  years  after  his 
death  the  fountain  was  raised,  and  became  a  permanent  object  of 
beauty  and  utility,  as  well  as  a  monument  to  his  memory. 

THE   TTLER   DAVIDSON   FOUNTAIN 

was  unveiled  October  6,  1871,  with  impressive  ceremonies.  The 
following  description  will  explain  the  ideas  embodied  in  the  bronze 
figures  which  compose  it:  ''The  entire  height  from  the  street  to  the 
top  of  the  central  figure  (which  is  seven  feet  high)  is  thirty-two  and  a 
half  feet.  The  cost,  in  American  gold,  was  $125,000.  The  idea  pre- 
sented by  this  fountain  is  to  represent  the  blessings  and  benefits  of 
water.  The  principal  figure  represents  the  genius  of  water,  from 
whose  hands  fall  the  ever-flowing  rain,  the  blessing  of  God,  which  is 
caught  by  a  peasant  on  the  right,  whose  fields  are  thirsting  for  it. 
On  the  opposite  side  stands  a  citizen  imploring  water  for  his  burning 
house.  The  shell  of  the  opposite  side  partly  hides  the  figure  of  a 
young  woman,  who  is  offering  water  to  her  aged  and  decrepit  father. 
On  the  other  side  is  a  mother  leading  her  child  to  the  bath.  Four  bas- 
reliefs  in  the  dies  of  the  pedestal  represent  navigation,  mills,  fisheries 
and  steam.  On  the  corners  of  the  pedestal  are  figures  of  children, 
suggesting  the  enjoyments  connected  with  water,  viz.  :  A  girl  adt)rn- 
ing  herself  with  pearls;  a  boy  fishing  for  shells;  a  third  fitting-on 
skates,  and  a  fourth  finding  corals  and  crystals.  The  portrait  near 
the  top  of  the  entablature  is  designed  to  be  a  medallion  of  Tyler 
Davidson.  The  water  coming  from  the  leaves  of  the  shell  is 
used  as  fresh  drinking  water  by  a  separate  conduit  pipe,  while  the 
four  upper  jets  only  belong  to  the  decoration.  The  whole  fountnin 
Is  of  bronze,  the  base  and  its  surroundings  of  granite  and  porphyry, 
and  the  railings  or  protection  of  the  foundation  of  Dayton  stone.  The 
time  re(iuired  for  the  execution  of  this  work  in  Munich  was  thn-e 
years." 


y?  6- 


--0/ 


j^ 


PEOPLE   OF   CINCINNATI. 


i-n 


country,  with  an  unsurpas 
view,  hu  built  Onkwood,  famed 


HENRY  PROBASCO, 

Builder  or  the  Tyler  IkuvltlNoii  Fountain. 

='^?T  it*  to  this  ^cuMi'maii,  wlui  curried  out  the  wiwhcs  of  his  dead 
fel  brother-in-hjw,  that  Cincinnati,  indirectly,  owes  the  pofisession 
,,.^11  of  the  finest  fountain  in  America  and  one  of  the  most  elegant 
in  the  world.  His  birth  occurred  at  Newton,  Cunn. ,  July  4,  1820. 
He  attended  the  public  Hchooln  of  Philadelphia.  In  1835  he  came  to 
Cincinnati,  and  entered  the  hardware  store  of  Tyler  Davidson  as 
clerk.  Becoming  a  partner  in  the  wtore  in  1840,  he  married  a  sister 
of  Mr.  Davidson.  The  energy  that  he  brought  into  the  business 
insured  success,  and,  in  1851,  he  erected  a  magniliccnt  freestone 
building,  and  gave  to  his  adopted  city  the  idea  of  what  a  business 
house  should  be.  Other  merchants  followed  his  example,  and  the  busi- 
ness portion  of  the  city  was  greatly  improved.  Ei^ht  months  spent 
in  Europe  gave  Mr.  Probasco 
the  idea  of  a  suburban  home. 
Selecting  a  site  in  Clifton,  now  5^^'!^^ 
the  handsomest  suburb  in  the  ./JS!<ib\^ 

far  and  near  for  its  archi- 
tectural beauty,  its  gallery  of 
paintings,  rare  library  an< 
wonderful  art  collection.  Tlu- 
entrance  to  Oakwood  is  a  chef 
(Tceuvre  of  iron  manufacture. 
The  house  represents  the  first 
attempt  to  utilize  freestone  and 
soapstone  in  residences.  Mr. 
Tyler  Davidson,  his  brother- 
in-law,  died  in  1865.  He  had 
during  his  life  expressed  a 
wish  to  beautify  Cincinnati 
with  a  drinking  fountain  With 
a  view  of  fulfilling  this  wish 
Mr.  Probasco  spent  the  years 
1860-7  in  Europe  in  quest  of 
artist  and  design.  He  found 
both  in  the  foundry  of  Kaul- 
bach  at  Munich.  Mr.  Probasco 
paid  the  entire  cost  of  the  plac- 
ing of  the  fountain  from  his 
own  means.  The  esplanade 
where  it  stands  was  named  in 
his  honor  "Probasco  Place." 
The  collections  of  this  gentle- 
man, at  Oakwood,  are  open  to  ^/^^l 


all     appreciative     visitors     to 
Cincinnati,  who  are  fortunate 

enough  to  have  heard  of  them  and  to  obtain  letters  of  introduction. 
Trees,  imported  from  Japan,  Spain,  France  and  other  countries,  adorn 
the  grounds.  The  beautiful  tower  and  stone  spire  that  attract  the 
visitor  to  Clifton  Calvary  church  were  gifts  from  Mr.  Probasco.  He 
is  connected  with  many  worthy  charities  and  is  a  liberal  donor  to 
them.  Unfortunately  he  has  no  children  to  enjoy  the  beautiful  things 
with  which  he  is  surrounded. 


The  Tyler   Davidson  Fountain,  Cincinnati. 


at  which  age  he  hired  out  t(»  a  farmer  to  tend  cattle.  The  time  for 
which  he  was  engaged  to  do  this  work  was  six  months,  and  bin  wagca 
for  that  service  were  fixed  at  about  $5.  Six  years  he  followed  this 
occupation,  and  then  apprenticed  himself  to  a  plumber  in  Edinburgh 
for  a  term  of  five  years.  By  a  steadiness  of  purpose  and  the  facili- 
ties which  he  enjoyed  he  rapidly  mastered  the  mysteries  of  bis  trade, 
and  within  two  years  became  a  journeyman.  Tn  this  position  he 
made  his  master's  interests  his  own.  At  this  time  he  began 
to  increase  his  knowledge  by  reading,  and  pursued  his  studies  with  a 
diligence  that  insured  success  and  obliterated  the  defects  of  his 
scanty  schooling.  In  1826  he  married  Mary  lialden,  went  to  London 
with  a  view  of  perfecting  himself  in  his  business,  and  in  1831  fol- 
lowed an  elder  brother  to  America.  To  his  dismay,  on  landing  in 
New  York,   he  found  no  waterworks,   no  plumbers'   jobs.       So  he 

worked  at  making  stove-pipea 

■'  ''*  "^  -'.  became  slack  he  engaged  in  a 
'  iMinical  establishment.  In 
-■r-.it  discouragement  he  was 
'  iibout  to  return  to  Scotland, 
when  he  was  urged  by  a  brother 
to  remove  to  Cincinnati. 
Starting  by  stage  over  the  Alle- 
ghany mountains,  and  thence 
by  river  to  Cincinnati,  his 
brother  induced  him  to  open  a 
shop.  The  first  three  years 
were  very  disastrous,  but  by 
the  fourth  the  tide  turned,  and 
in  1854  Mr.  Gibson  was  able  to 
retire  from  active  business  and 
attend  to  his  personal  affairs. 
Twice  he  has  visited  his  nativ..- 
country.  A  number  of  sub 
stantial  buildings  in  Cincinnati 
owe  their  erection  to  his  enter- 
prise. Two  sons,  William  and 
John,  learned  the  plumbing 
trade  with  their  father,  whose 
constant  advice  to  all  young 
men  with  whom  he  comes  in 
contact  is  to  establish  a  good 
character  and  then  maintain  it. 
On  that  road  he  traveled  to 
wealth  and  respectability,  and 
holds  an  honored  place  in  the 
estimation  of  his  fellow-towns- 
men.  Died  July  26,  1884. 


By  Whom  the 


PETER  GIBSON, 

*GlhNoii   House,"  Cincinnati,  -wfkn  Built. 


WiiWYi  gentleman  was  born  at  Pentland,  four  miles  south  of 
|W     Edinburgh,  Scotland,  October  20,  1802,  being  the  eighth  of 
nine  children  gathered  around  his  father's  fireside.     His 
education  was  received  in  local  f^chools  before  he  was  ten  years  old. 


GEORGE  H.  PENDLETON. 

United   States   Senator  from  Ohio. 

'F  NOT  always  successful  in  his  political  aspirations,  George  H. 
Pendleton,  who  was  born  in  Cincinnati,  July  19,  1825,  pos- 
^■^v  sesses  many  qualities  in  bis  private  life  which  justly  merit  the 
esteem  of  his  fellow-men.  At  eight  years  of  age  he  began  to  attend 
the  Woodward  high  school,  and  there  pursued  his  preparatory  studies 
until  1841.  From  that  time  for  about  three  years  his  education  was 
continued  at  his  father's  house  under  the  supervision  of  the  ablest 
classical  teachers ;  and  the  high  reputation  that  he  gained  as  a  student, 
it  is  claimed,  has  been  fully  verified  in  his  manhood's  career.  In 
1844  he  visited  Europe,  where  he  remained  for  two  years,  passing  a 
portion  of  his  time  at  the  university  of  Heidelberg,  in  Germany. 
After  his  return  to  America,  in  1846,  he  married  Alice,  dautrhter  of 


•;&> — 


422 


PEOl'LE    OF    CINCINNATI. 


Francis  S.  Key,  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  the  author  of  the  song  of  "The 
Stiir-Spangled  Banner,"  and  a  niece  of  Roger  P.  Taney,  once  chief- 
justice  of  Ibe  United  States  supreme  court — a  lady  of  rare  accom- 
plishments. In  1847  Mr.  Pendleton  formed  a  law  partnership  with 
George  E.  Pugh.  A  few  years  later,  without  his  solicitation,  the 
Democrats  nominated  him  for  State  senator,  and  he  was  elected  by 
ten  thousand  majority,  taking  his  seat  in  the  senate  in  1853.  While 
serving  as  State  senator  he  was  nominated  for  member  of  Congress 
on  the  Democratic  ticket,  but  was  defeated  in  the  election.  lu  1857 
he  was  more  successful,  securing  his  seat  as  member  of  Congress, 
and  was  successively  re-elected  in  1858,  1860  and  1862.  His  course 
iu  Congress  gave  great  satisfaction  to  his  constituents,  and  he  was 
favorably  mentioned  as  a  candidate  for  the  presidency.  This  was 
during  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  and  the  prevailing  military  spirit  of 
the  times  so  predominated  that  General  McClellan  received  the  party 
nomination  instead  of  Mr.  Pendleton,  but  he  was  placed  upon  the 
ticket  as  the  candidate  for  vice-president.  In  the  contest  for  Congress- 
man, in  1866,  he  was  again  defeated.  In  1867-8  he  was  once  more  pro- 
posed as  a  candidate  for  president,  but  withdrew  in  favor  of  the  nomi- 
nation of  Horace  Seymour,  who  was  overshadowed  by  General  Grant  at 
the  ensuing  election.  Accepting  the  nomination  for  governor  of  Ohio, 
in  1869,  he  again  suffered  defeat.  He  presided  over  the  celebrated 
Democratic  convention  of  1871,  which  endorsed  the  amendments  to 
the  federal  constitution  made  necessary  by  the  results  of  the  war  of 
the  Rebellion;  and  in  1878  he  was  re-elected  United  States  senator. 
Mr.  Pendleton's  private  life  has  endeared  him  to  many,  and  he  is 
held  by  all  in  high  esteem  as  an  upright,  intelligent  man — one  who 
never  sacrifices  to  expediency  what  he  knows  to  be  just  and  honest — ■ 
thus  retaining  his  personal  independence  and  the  confidence  of  his 
supporters.  There  is  possibly  a  brilliant  future  in  his  life.  His 
able  speech  in  the  senate  on  civil-service  reform  (in  1883^  brought 
him  prominently  before  the  people  and  gave  hira  a  fresh  impetus 
toward  the  White  House.  Among  his  friends  his  courtly  manners 
liave  obtained  for  him  the  title  of  "  Gentleman  George. " 


GEORGE  WARD  NICHOLS, 

Orlgrlnator  oftlie  CInciunati  Tklusicnl  Festivals. 

^f^fyHE  ARTISTIC,  literary  and  musical  enti^rpriscs  of  Cincin- 
nati are  largely  indebted  to  George  W.  Nichols  for  the 
energy  and  skill  which  helouij  exercised  in  bringing  them 
to  perfection.  Though  many  years  a  resident  of  the  west, . 
his  early  life  was  spent  in  Boston.  During  the  political  agita- 
tion in  Kansas — 1855-59 — he  was  an  active  participant  in  the  contro- 
versy between  freedom  and  slavery.  For  some  time  afterward 
he  resided  in  New  York  City,  engaged  in  literary  labor.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  in  1861,  he  was  in  Europe,  but 
immediately  returned  and  received  his  commission  as  captain  in  the 
Union  army.  As  an  officer  he  served  as  aid-de-camp  to  General 
Fremont,  and  wa»  one  of  the  personal  staff  of  General  Sherman,  partici- 
paling  in  the  i)ursuit  of  General  Hood  and  Sherman's  "march  to  the 
sea,"  in  Novumbur,  1864.  About  1868  lie  became  a  resident  of 
Cincinnati,  where  he  married  a  daughter  of  Nicholas  Longworth,  the 
vine-grower.  Mr.  Nichols,  while  yet  in  his  prime,  gained  an  enviable 
n:ime  as  an  indefatii^ablt;  worker  in  the  world  of  literature  and  art. 
Ht*  was  the  originator  of  the  "May  festivals"  which  have  made  Cin- 
cinnati famous  as  a  musical  metroiiolls,  presiding  over  them  from 
year  to  year;  planned  and  put  into  operation  the  Cincinnati  college 
of  rauHic,  of  which  he  i- <  t..v^  the  pusident  and  made  it  a 
success,  notwithstanding  the  adverse  circumstances  that  attended  his 
exertions  in  its  behalf.  Upon  his  return  from  the  raid  into  Georgia 
ho  wrote  a  volume  entitled  "The  Story  of  the  Great  March,*'  which 
has  had  a  large  sale  ami  is  esteemed  us  a  complete  and  accurate 
hiplorv   of  ilial    event.      After    that    hi-    piilili^lird    ibnmtrli    HariR-r 


&  Brothers,  "Art  Education  Applied  to  Industry,"  and  "Pottery; 
How  it  is  Made  and  Decorated,"'  and  both  are  considered  standard 
works  upon  these  subjects.    Died  Sept.  15,  1885. 


! 


RICHARD  SMITH. 

For  Xears  Fditor  ol'  Ihe  Ciacinuatl  "Oazette.** 

^  i^^UCH  of  the  talent  displayed  in  American  journalism  is  of 
-*''"■  foreign  origin.  For  instance,  Richard  Smith,  of  Cincin- 
nati, one  of  the  best-known  editors  in  this  country,  was 
born  in  Ireland,  January  30,  1833.  He  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1841,  and  for  three  years  worked  at  the  trade  of  a  carpenter. 
His  inclination,  however,  led  him  to  engage  in  newspaper  work  in 
Cincinnati,  doing  his  first  labor  on  the  old  Chronicle,  which  was  later 
merged  into  the  Gazette.  In  1846  the  choice  fell  upon  him  for 
assistant-superintendent  of  the  chamber  of  commerce,  and  in  1850  he 
became  agent  for  the  associated  press.  The  year  1854  found  hira 
connected  editorially  with  the  Gazette,  of  which  he  soon  became  the 
principal  stockholder  and  managing  editor.  For  twenty-five  years 
he  was  its  leading  editorial  writer.  Master  of  a  pithy,  vigorous 
style,  he  always  expresses  his  meaning  clearly  and  boldly,  and  pos- 
sesses a  judgment  of  men  and  measures  that  is  rarely  at  fault.  Fer- 
vently devoted  to  his  adopted  country,  he  was  an  ardent  Union  man 
during  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  and  used  his  paper  to  encourage 
loyal  perseverance.  In  politics  he  is  decidedly  Republican,  but  he 
has  never  held  a  public  office.  He  was  nominated  in  1867  for  Congress, 
by  the  Republicans  of  the  second  district  of  Ohio,  but  was  defeated, 
through  a  defection  in  the  ranks  of  his  party,  by  Samuel  F.  Gary. 
Mr.  Smith,  through  his  advocacy  of  strict  Sunday  observance,  obtained 
the  sobriquet  of  "The  Truly  Good,"  and  the  Gazette  was  denomin- 
ated by  his  humorous  compeers,  "The  Great  Religious  Daily." 
Since  the  above  was  written  Mr.  Smith's  Gazette  has  been  consolidated 
with  Mural  Halsteud's  Co/mtiercial,  and  these  gentlemen,  each  pos- 
sessing the  requisites  of  first-class  journalists,  after  years  of 
professional  controversy,  have  become  co-workers  iu  a  common 
cause. 


THOMAS  L,  YOUNG, 

£x-Governor  of  Ohio  and  Congressman. 

gpHIS  gentleman,  who  has  represented  the  Second  Ohio 
*  district  so  ably  in  Congress,  was  born  December  14,  1833, 
in  Killyleagh,  county  of  Down,  Ireland.  When  a  boy  he 
emigrated  to  the  United  States,  and,  when  old  enough,  entered  the 
regular  army,  and  served  the  last  year  of  the  Mexican  war,  remain- 
ing in  the  army  until  1857  as  an  enlisted  soldier.  He  studied  law 
and  taught  school  in  Cincinnati  until  the  late  Rebellion,  when,  in 
1861,  he  entered  the  volunteer  federal  army  as  first-lieutenant.  By 
rapid  promotion  lie  became  cajjtain,  major,  lieutenant-colonel, 
colonel,  brevet-brigadier-general  and  general,  successively.  After 
the  close  of  the  war  he  returned  to  Cincinnati,  and  was,  in  1865, 
admitted  to  the  bar  and  appointed  assistant  city  auditor.  During  the 
same  year  he  was  elected  to  the  State  legislature  for  two  years.  The 
year  1807  found  hira  serving  as  recorder  of  Hamilton  county,  Ohio. 
His  appointment  as  supervisor  of  internal  revenue  was  received  in 
1868,  and  in  the  same  year  he  was  sent  as  delegate  to  the  national 
Rejjubliean  eonventicm  of  Chicago.  He  was  elected  State  senator  in 
1871,  and  lieutenant-governor  in  1875,  and  succeeded  Rutherford  B. 
Hayes  as  Governor  of  Ohio  when  Hayes  became  President.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Forty- sixth  Congress  and  returned  to  the  Forty - 
seventh  Congress.  The  ex-governor  is  very  popular  with  the 
people,  of  whom  he  is  one.  Personally,  he  is  a  fine-looking  man — of 
a  bodily  presence  that  bids  fair  tocarry  liim  throu^ih  many  lucu'e  wars 
and  pi>litii:il  <;inipaiL^ii-. 


L 


-s 


I'KOIM.K    UK    i:li\(l.\NA'ri. 


423 


?-• 


SAMUEL  N.  PIKE, 

The  Hiillder  of  J* Ike* ••  U|u*rit-lloiiNe  In  (71ncliiiiMtl. 

INC'INNATI  has  lu'iMi  iL-m;irk:iljIy  furtiinate  in  having  so 
iiiiuiy  prosperous  biisinuss  men  of  retliied  tiiHtc  and  liberal 
liispofition.  Among  the  most  noted  of  thewu  was  tliegenlle- 
mun  whose  mime  is  recorded  iihove,  and  who  was  born  in  New  York 
City  in  182:i.  Tnlil  sixteen  years  old  he  pursued  his  studies  at 
Stamford,  ("onn.  When  seventeen  he  left  home  to  settle  in  Florida. 
At  the  new  lown  of  St.  Joseph  he  embarked  in  business,  and  in  one 
year  was  the  owner  of  a  grocery,  dry-goods  and  crockery  store. 
Speculating  in  cotton,  he  quickly  accumulated  $10,000;  but  he  soon 
tired  of  a  limited  sphere  of  actioTi,  and  removed  to  Richmond,  Va. , 
where  be  engaged  in  the  foreign  wine  and  liquor  business  with  great 
success.  His  roving  taste  drove  him  to  Baltimore,  and  there  he 
conducted  a  dry-goods  establishment.  Hut  his  prosperity  met  with  a 
check,  which  intluenced  him  to  try  St.  Louis.  There  more  ill- 
fortune  assailed  him.  On  his  way  to  New  York  he  stopped  at  Cin- 
cinnati, July  4,  1844.  The  city  and  its  people  so  pleased  him  that 
he  made  it  his  home,  and  engaged  in  various  enterprises  with  fluctu- 
ating success.  In  1848  he  introduced  a  brand  of  whisky  (the 
Magnolia)  which  obtained  a  reputation  unparalleled  in  the  history  of 
(he  trade,  and  which  made  him  a  great  fortune.  When  Jenny  Lind 
visited  Cincinnati  he  became  so  infatuated  with  her  singing,  and  so 
great  an  enthusiast  of  the  divine  art  of  music,  that  he  determined, 
when  able,  to  rear  an  editice  in  Cincinnati  worthy  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished arti.sts  of  the  world.  Pike's  opera-house,  begun  in  1857, 
■vas  thrown  open  to  the  public  February  22,  1859,  and  was  the 
largest  and  most  magnificent  opera-house  in  the  United  States. 
Cincinnati  became  a  mmracal  center  from  that  date.  In  1806  the 
theater  was  destroyed  by  flre.  Mr.  Pike,  with  a  coolness  that  ever 
characterized  him,  stood  looking  on  while  the  flames  were  sweeping 
away  a  million  dollars  or  more  from  his  grasp  with  more  nonchalance 
than  Tuostof  the  spectators.  A  new  building  so(»n  rose  from  the  aslies. 
This,  too,  was  the  enterprise  of  Mr.  Pike,  who  was  also  at  the  same 
time  building  a  fine  theater  in  New  Y'ork,  and  trying  to  reclaim  the 
salt-marsh  lands  of  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Pike  was  a  man  of  exquisite 
taste,  an  amateur  musician,  and  somewhat  of  a  poet.  In  politics  be  was 
a  Liberal-Democrat,  and  as  such  was  nominated  in  1807  for  mayor  of 
Cincinnati.  Business  engagements,  however,  forced  him  to  decline 
the  honor.  While  by  his  indomitable  energy  he  rose  to  the  level  of 
the  merchant  princes  of  the  land,  he  bore  his  honors  so  meekly 
that  none  envied  him.  He  was  ever  eager  to  lend  a  helping  hand  to 
those  who  were  struggling  to  become  what  he  was — a  self-made  man. 
Ills  death,  which  occurred  a  few  years  ago,  left  a  void  in  business 
and  artistic  circles.      Mrs.  Pike  and  two  daughters  survived  him. 


FREDERIC  HASSAUREK, 

(Journalist  and  United  Stuten  Minister  to  Ecuador. 

pg^JF'UEDERIC  HASSAUREK  is  proprietor  and  editor-in-chief 
'  of  the  Cincinnati  Volksblatt,  one  of  the  most  influential 
German  dailies  in  the  country.  He  is  an  independent 
political  thinker,  writer  and  public  speaker.  He  was  born  in 
Vienna,  Austria,  on  October  8,  1832.  His  father's  house  was  the 
center  of  the  literary  life  of  Vienna.  When  Frederic  was  quite 
young  his  father  died,  and  Mr.  Leopold  Markbreit  became  his  step- 
father. The  revolution  of  1848  found  Frederic  a  boy  at  college. 
He  participated  in  the  movements  of  the  day.  His  family  emigrated 
to  America  in  September,  1848,  and  settled  in  Cincinnati.  Mr. 
Markbreit  died  in  December  of  the  same  year.  Young  Hassaurek 
arrived  in  Cincinnati  in  April,  1849.  His  first  contributions  of  a 
literary  character  were  to  a  Whig  paper,  the  Republikaner.  He 
afterward  served  as  treneral   factotum  on   the  Ohio   Sfaafs-Zeifung, 


and,  on  its  ceasing  to  exist,  started  a  little  weekly  of  his  own  called 
/Jfr  Hochavaechter.  He  hold  bis  paper  and  studied  law  under  Judge 
William  M,  Dickson.  His  political  career  began  in  1855,  and  he  waa 
one  of  the  original  few  who  organized  the  Republican  party  in 
Hamilton  county.  Hie  power  as  a  popular  speaker  caused  an  over- 
whelming revolution  of  sentiment  in  the  German  wards,  and  changed 
the  heavy  Democratic  vote  into  much  larger  majorities  for  the 
other  side,  lie  was  delegate  in  IHCOand  1808  to  the  National  Repub- 
lican conventions  at  Chicago,  and  headed  as  senatorial  elector  the 
Lincoln  electoral  ticket  in  1860.  He  received  the  appointment  of 
Minister  to  Ecuador,  thankeil  Mr.  Lincoln  for  his  appointment  to  the 
'*  highest"  place  in  the  gift  of  the  administration,  C^uilo  being  ten 
thousand  feet  above  the  sea  level.  His  record  of  fettling  disputed 
claims  of  our  citizens  is  a  brilliant  one.  In  1865  he  was  returned  to 
Ecuador  for  the  second  time,  but  resigned  to  enter  a  business  part- 
nership with  Mr.  G.  Hof,  of  the  VolksblafL  In  1807  he  published 
"Four  Years  Among  the  Spanish  Americans,"  and  subsequently 
"  The  Secret  of  the  Andes,"  and  a  vcdume  of  poems  in  German. 
Mr.  Has.saurck  speaks  four  languages,  and  is  also  a  trenchant,  fluent 
writer,  not  only  of  German,  but  also  of  English  and  Spanish.  As  a 
member  of  the  Ecuadorian  claims  commission,  he  wrote  his  wonder- 
ful arguments  and  opinions  in  Spanish,  his  colleague  on  the  commis- 
sion not  understanding  English.  Many  of  his  English  political 
speeches  are  printed  as  Republican  campaign  documents.  He  mar- 
ried, in  February,  1809,  Mrs.  Eliza  Atberton,  daughter  of  Andrew 
Lamb,  of  Avondale,  Ohio,  and  a  child,  Francis  Frederic,  was  born  to 
him  in  1870.  Died  Oct.  3,  1885,  in  Paris. 


DAVID  SINTON, 

Iron  lUanuractiii-ff  and  I^.ttteral  .Vrt-Patnin. 

'Tptf  NOTABLE  example  of  vigor  and  strength  of  purpose, 
(3/M^0L  coupled  with  great  powers  of  endurance,  is  shown  in 
,z£Q^^  David  Sinton,  who  was  born  in  County  Armagh,  Ireland, 
January  28,  1808.  He  came  to  America  in  his  third  year. 
His  school  education  was  received  in  the  country  districts  of 
Adams  county,  Ohio.  At  an  early  age  he  turned  his  attention 
from  books  to  business.  He  was  not  afraid  of  manual  labor,  nor 
satisfied  with  less  than  an  .accurate  knowledge  of  whatever  work 
he  undertook.  He  never  failed  to  advance  when  there  was  room. 
He  accepted  an  inferior  posititm  at  Union  Furnace,  Lawrence  county, 
Ohio,  and  rose  to  its  superintendency  and  shortly  after  to  its 
ownership.  He  afterwards  became  proprietor  of  several  other 
extensive  iron- works.  Everything  gave  way  to  his  unceasing 
efforts,  like  the  splintering  of  the  gate  under  the  terrific  blows  of  the 
Black  Knight  in  the  "Arabian  Nights."  In  1850  he  came  to  Cincin- 
nati. He  has  taken  especial  pride  in  everything  tlnit  tends  to  the 
adornment  or  improvement  of  his  adopted  city.  The  handsome 
structures  erected  by  Mr.  Sinton  are  chaste  in  design  and  of  artistic 
finish.  In  a  city  noted  for  generous  men,  he  is  the  one  of  the  most 
liberal.  The  Cincinnati  Union  Bethel,  a  charitable  institution  of 
broad  and  practical  scope,  has  been  the  recipient  of  his  bounty  to  the 
extent  of  $100,000.  A  pet  idea — the  erection  of  a  magnificent 
public  rostrum — was  abandoned  through  the  weary  delays  of  officials, 
who  failed  to  release  the  square  coveted  as  its  site  from  incumbrance. 
This  is  not  the  first  instance  where  public  interests  have  suffered 
from  the  neglect  of  officials  to  reap  the  benefits  conferred  upon  cities 
and  commonwealths  by  private  generosity.  This  was  Cincinnati's  loss. 
Following  his  leading  characteristic,  that  if  he  failed  in  one  thing  he 
immediately  turned  to  something  else,  he  engaged  in  iransforming 
the  Grand  Opera-House  of  Cincinnati  into  what  is  one  of  the  finest 
temples  of  the  dramatic  art  in  the  country.  He  is  to  the  drama  what 
Reuben  Springer  has  oeen  to  music.  At  the  advanced  age  of 
seventy-four  his  muscular  frame  irives  e\  idence  of  abnndanT  vit:d!t^^ 


><l:CV" 


1^^ 


f 


— ^: 


424 


RESIDENTS    OF    THE     ''QUEEN    CITY. 


JACOB  BURNET, 

Pioneer,  After  Whom  the  "Burnet  House"  ivas  Xamed. 

GREATLY  esteemed  for  his  sterlinfi  qualifications  and  livinj; 
a  long  and  useful  life,  Ohio  cherishes  the  memory  of  Jacob 
Burnet,  who  was  born  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  February  22,  1770. 
Whatever  other  educational  advantages  he  may  have  possessed  in  his 
youth,  he  graduated  at  Princeton  (X.  J. )  college  in  1791,  just  as  he 
was  entering  upon  manhood.  Five  years  later  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  of  his  native  State;  but  being  threatened  with  a  serious  pul- 
monary disease,  he  at  once  removed,  by  the  advice  of  his  physician, 
to  Cincinnati.  Ohio  was  then  a  Territory,  and  in  1799  he  was  called 
to  participate  in  the  management  of  its  affairs.  The  convention  to 
form  a  State  government  framed  a  constitution  of  which  Mr.  Burnet 
was  the  principal  author,  and  in  1802  it  was  adopted  by  the  people. 
Until  1816  he  continued  the  practice  of  law,  attaining  an  enviable  dis- 
tinction in  his  profession,  and  during  this  period  he  was  several  times 
elected  a  member  of  the  State  legislature.  In  1821  he  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Ohio,  and  soon  after  was  chosen  by  the 
legislature  of  Kentucky  a  commissioner  to  adjust  matters  in  dispute 
between  that  State  and  Yirginia.  In  182S  he  was  elected  United 
States  senator  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  General 
William  H.  Harrison.  Judge  Burnet  was  an  original  member,  and 
in  many  cases  president,  of  the  chief  benevolent  and  scientific 
societies  of  Cincinnati,  and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  French 
academy  upon  the  recommendation  of  Lafayette,  the  friend  of 
Washington.  On  the  4th  day  of  July,  1809,  he  was  appointed  the 
successor  of  Dr.  William  Burnet  (his  father),  Physician  and  Surgeon- 
General  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States,  and  elected  a  member  of 
the  ''Society  of  the  Cincinnati,"  instituted  by  the  officers  of  the 
American  army  at  the  period  of  its  dissolution  after  the  revolutionary 
conflict  of  eight  years,  which  made  the  colonies  of  North  America 
"  free,  independent  and  sovereign  States.  "  Mrs.  Lydia  H.  Sigourney, 
the  poetess,  in  Past  Meridian^  says:  '*  The  sunbeams  of  useful- 
ness have  sometimes  lingered  to  a  late  period  around  the  heads  of 
those  who  had  taken  part  in  the  pioneer  hardships  of  our  new  settle- 
ments. I  think  now  of  Judge  Burnet,  who  was  numbered  among  the 
founders  of  Ohio.  After  the  completion  of  his  classical  and  legal 
studies,  he  exchanged  his  fair  ancestral  home  in  New  Jersey  for  a 
residence  in  Cincinnati.  Educated  in  the  school  of  Washington  and 
of  Hamilton,  who  were  honored  guests  at  his  father's  house  during 
the  former  period  of  his  life,  he  nobly  dispensed  around  him  the 
wealth  of  an  upright  and  polished  mind.  .  .  .  His  health  had 
been  originally  feeble,  but  the  endurance  of  hardship,  and,  what  is 
still  more  remarkable,  the  access  of  years,  confirmed  it.  At  more 
than  four-score  he  moved  through  the  streets  with  as  erect  a  form, 
an  eye  as  intensely  bright,  and  colloquial  powers  as  fascinating,  as  at 
thirty.  When,  full  of  knowledge  and  benevolence,  and  with  an 
unchanged  intellect,  he  passed  away,  it  was  felt  that  not  only  one  of 
the  fatliers  of  a  young  land  had  fallen,  but  that  one  of  the  bright  and 
beautiful  lights  of  society  had  been  extinguished."  He  died  at 
Cincinnati,  May  3,  1853. 


CHARLES  W.  WEST, 

A  T^lberal  l*atron  of  the  Fine  Artn. 

^UEN  a  gentleman  of  refined  taste,  with  a  view  to  encour- 
aging and  developing  a  love  of  the  beautiful,  gives 
$1.')0,000  to  thf  people  of  a  great  city  for  the  purpose  nf 
establishing  an  art  museum,  the  present  generation  should  rejoice 
and  posterity  revere  his  memory  ae  long  as  civilization  endures.  Such 
a  man  was  Charles  W.  West,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  who  with  a  Quaker 
ancestry,  was  born  in  Montgomery  county.  Pa.,  August  11,  1809. 
Of  his  early  life  little  is  recorded.  His  first  business  venture,  it  is 
*  ^aid,  was  a  tlour-mill  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.  Certain  it  is,  however, 
ili.if  wln-n  \\v  wi-nt  to  Cincinnati,  in   1813,   he  occupied  the   humble 


position  of  a  clerk  until  he  was  able  to  buy  a  mill.  IIl-  tht-n  asso- 
ciated in  business  with  Joseph  Torrence.  Within  thirteen  years  he 
had  accumulated  enough  wealth  to  retire  and  become  a  capitalist. 
Uniform  success  seemed  to  follow  his  exertions.  His  principal 
investments  were  railroad  and  bank  stock  and  street-car  shares. 
Recently  he  erected  a  fine  hotel  at  Minneapolis.  Minn.,  for  hie 
nephew's  benefit.  In  uerson  and  in  speech  Mr.West  was  the  plainest 
of  the  plain.  So  unostentatious  was  he  that  not  even  his  most  intimate 
friends  knew  of  his  purpose  of  founding  a  museum  until  he  announced 
it  at  the  opening  of  the  Cincinnati  Industrial  exposition,  September 
8,  1880.  The  people  were  taken  by  joyous  surprise,  and  Mr.  West 
will  be  held  in  honored  remembrance  to  the  latest  generation  for  his 
generous  and  timely  gift.  He  never  married  He  died  at  CJnciuuati, 
Ohio,  Sept.  21,  1884. 


JOSEPH  L.  HALL, 

Inventor  and  Manufueturer  of  SaTes  and  Safety- Locks. 

■"^Pjrr ^^^"OW  large  a  proportion  of  the  prosperity  of  the  United  States 
'^iJUlil  ^s  *^"^  *°  ^^^  genius  of  her  inventors  and  the  tact  and 
,i^ll,^MIi  energy  of  her  manufacturers,  cannot  be  minutely  esti- 
mated, but  the  debt  in  their  favor  is  very  great.  Among  these 
useful  and  eminent  men  stands  the  gentleman  above-named,  who  was 
born  at  Salem,  N.  J.,  May  9,  1823.  At  eight  years  of  age  he 
rehioved  to  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  From  1840  to  1846  he  was  engaged  in 
steam-boat  enterprises  on  the  Mississippi  river  and  its  tributaries, 
after  which  he  joined  his  father  in  manufacturing  fire-proof  safes. 
In  1848  he  started  his  works,  in  a  small  way,  in  Cincinnati,  where 
he  conducts  a  most  extensive  safe  factory.  In  1867  the  Hall's  Safe 
and  Lock  company  was  formed,  and  Mr.  Hall  was  chosen  its  president 
and  treasurer.  Close  attention  to  business  and  skillful  invention 
have  resulted  in  fame  and  fortune,  and  he  now  controls  forty  patents, 
twelve  of  which  are  on  bank-locks.  Mr.  Hall  is  a  married  man 
with  a  large  family,  and  enjoys  the  efficient  aid  of  several  of  his  sons 
in  conducting  his  business.  He  is  a  man  of  fine  appearance  and 
admirable  presence,  and  a  striking  example  of  what  can  be  accom- 
plished by  application,  industry  and  commercial  integrity. 


JOHN  JAMES  PIATT, 

A  Favorite  Poet  aitti  I'nited  States  Consul. 

^ESCENDED  from  revolutionary  slock,  and  distinguished 
for  his  own  poetic  genius  and  business  qualifications,  Mr. 
Piatt  is  an  honored  citizen  of  Cincinnati.  Dearborn 
county,  Ind. ,  was  his  birthplace,  March  1,  1835.  In  1844  the  family 
removed  to  Ohio,  and  the  education  of  the  poet  was  received  at  the 
public  schools  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  at  Kenyon  college,  Gambler, 
Ohio.  In  the  former  city  he  served  for  a  time  in  the  office  of  the 
Ohio  State  Journal^  where  he  met  W.  D.  Howells,  with  whom  he 
published  "Poems  of  Two  Friends.  "  He  was  also  associated  with 
George  D.  Prentice  on  the  Louisville  Joio'nal.  In  1861  he  received  an 
appointment  in  the  United  States  treasury  department  at  Washington. 
During  this  time  he  married  Sarah  M.  Bryan,  a  native  of  Kentucky, 
a  lady  who  is  also  highly  esteemed  as  a  poetess.  Through  several 
sessions  of  Congress  Mr.  Piatt  served  as  librarian  of  the  House  of 
Representatives.  During  the  administration  of  President  Hayes  he 
was  in  the  postal-order  department  of  the  Cincinnati  post-office. 
Shortly  after  the  beginning  of  President  Arthur's  term  he  received 
the  appointment  of  consul  to  Cork,  Ireland,  where  (in  1884)  he  is 
now  stationed.  An  eminent  critic  says:  "Mr.  Piatt  is  to  the  West 
what  Mr.  Bryant  was  to  the  East."  His  principal  published  works 
are  "  Western  Windows,  and  Other  Poems;"  "  Landmarks,  and 
Other  Poems."  and  "  Poems  of  House  and  Home."  He  also  edited 
and  published,  with  a  biographical  sketch,  the  ]ioems  of  his  old 
friend  George  D.  Prentice.  Mr.  Piatt's  genius  is  appreciated  no 
less  in  EuLrland  than  in  America. 


DISTINCJUISUED    MEN    IN    MICHIUAN. 


42i 


_|i»J#|C^- 


-^-'^-^ 


■;i  DETROIT  UK  A  FEW  PERSONAL  SKETGIIES,  ?^/ 


O 


•^^-^^-^z^.^ 


Men  Prominently  Identified  with  the  Interests 
of  Detroit,  the  Growth  and  Prosperity  of 
Michigan. 


(KTROIT,  the  oldest  city 
wer^t  of  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
wiiH  fouiidcd  by  French 
settlerB  about  the  year 
1700,  at  which  time,  until 
1763,  France  controlled 
the  northern  portion  of 
America.  In  the  Indian 
rebellion  under  Pontiac, 
which  lasted  for  several 
years,  Detroit  wus  besieged.  In  1787  the  Territory  and  city  passed 
into  control  of  the  United  States.  In  1805  the  Territory  of  Michigan 
was  created,  with  Detroit  as  its  capital.  In  the  war  of  1813  with 
England,  General  Hull,  in  command  of  American  troops,  surrendered 
the  city  and  Territory  to  the  British  force  under  General  Brock,  and 
almost  the  entire  country  was  devastated  by  the  British  and  their  In- 
dian allies.  These  marauders  were  finally  driven  out  by  the  Ameri- 
can General  Harrison,  and  the  territorial  form  of  government  began 
to  prevail.  The  first  State  constitution  was  adopted  in  18.36,  and  the 
following  year  the  capital  was  transferred  from  Detroit  to  Lansing. 
After  that  the  growth  of  Detroit  was  gradual  and  slow,  but  since 
1850  the  city  has  greatly  improved  and  is  now  quite  an  attractive 
metropolis.  Business  enterprise,  literature,  journalism  and  art  pros- 
per within  it,  and  in  1880  it  contained  116.342  inhabitants.  Among 
its  most  noted  citizens  are  the  statesmen,  railroad  magnates,  manufac- 
turers, judges  and  scholars  named  below. 


LEWIS  CASS, 

Soldier,  Pioueer  sind  Statesman. 

TIE  HAPPY  results  of  an  active  and  useful  public  life  are 
\\ ill  demonstrated  in  the  career  of  this  gentleman,  whose 
liiiher  was  an  oflicer  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  who  was 
~-^j  born  at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  October  9,  1782.  His  early  studies 
were  pursued  at  the  Exeter  academy,  where  he  acquired  a 
fair  classical  education.  In  1799  he  wus  engaged  for  some  time  in 
teaching  school  at  Wilmington,  Del.,  and  in  the  following  year,  with 
his  parents,  be  removed  to  Marietta,  O.  At  this  place  he  studied 
law.  In  1802  he  began  to  practice  in  the  legal  profession  at  Zimes- 
ville,  O.  Four  years  later  he  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Spencer,  and 
soon  afterward  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Ohio  legislature.  While 
in  this  position  he  was  instrumental  in  the  seizure  (in  Ohio)  of  Aaron 
Burr's  boats  and  provisions  for  his  suspected  Spanish  invasion.  From 
1807  to  1813  Mr.  Cass  was  State  marshal,  and  in  the  War  of  1812 
served  as  colonel  of  volunteer  troops  under  General  Hull,  rising  to 
the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  In  October,  1813,  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  Michigan,  holding  that  position,  and  also  the  superin- 
tendency  of  Indian  affairs,  for  eighteen  years;  <luring  which  time 
In-  negotiated  numerous  treaties  with  the  savages,  anil  obtained  from 


them  large  cessione  of  territory;  purveyed  wild  lande^  constructed 
roads,  built  forW*,  organized  towns  and  counties,  and,  in  1815,  pur- 
chased five  hundred  acres  of  land  in  Detroit.  This  investment  subse- 
quently produced  immense  profits.  With  other  parties,  in  1820,  he 
extensively  explored  the  upper  lakes  and  tlie  lieadwulers  of  the  Miss- 
issippi river,  the  results  of  which  and  other  explorations  were  pub- 
lished in  1828-29.  In  1831  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  war  in 
President  Jackson's  cabinet.  From  1836  until  IS42  he  was  United 
States  minister  to  France,  and  before  his  resignation  published  a 
book  relating  to  "The  King,  Court  and  Government  of  France." 
Three  years  after  his  return  he  was  elected  a  United  States  senator, 
an  office  that  he  resigned  in  1848  in  order  to  accept  a  nomination  for 
the  presidency,  but  in  this  contest  he  was  defeated  by  General  Tay- 
lor. In  June,  1849,  he  was  re-elected  to  a  seat  in  the  United  States 
senate,  which  he  retained  until  1857,  when  President  Buchanan  ap- 
pointed him  secretary  of  state.  In  December,  1800,  when  the  presi- 
dent refused  to  send  reinforcements  to  Major  Anderson  and  repro- 
vision  Fort  Sumter,  General  Cass  resigned  his  cabinet  office  and 
retired  to  private  life,  after  fifty-four  years  of  public  service.  Al- 
though a  Democrat,  he  warmly  supported  the  I^nion  cause  during  the 
war  of  the  Rebellion.  He  was  a  fine  scholar,  possessed  considerable 
ability  as  a  public  speaker,  and  literary  talent  of  a  high  order,  as  his 
writings  testify.     He  died  at  Detroit,  June  17,  1866. 


JOHN  J.  BAGLEY, 

Business  Man  and  Ex-Oovernor  of  Mlchlsan. 


^ISFVa*-"^^^'^  and  energetic  interest  in  the  affairs  of  the  gn 
3S7  State  in  which  he  dwells  distinguish  the  career  of  Hon.  J( 
iijiWi  Judson  Bagley,  who  was  born  at  Medina,  Orleans  Conn 
■feS^     N-  Y- ,  July  24.  1832.    His  education,  for  a  few  years,  was  < 


CTIVE    AND  energetic  interest  in  the  affairs  of   the  great 

John 
County, 
de- 
rived from  the  district  school  at  Lockport,  in  that  State. 
Then,  the  family  removing  to  Constantine,  Mich.,  he  attended  the 
local  schools  in  that  vicinity.  The  circumstances  of  the  family,  how-  ^ 
ever,  required  him  to  labor  for  their  support,  and  leaving  school  he 
became  a  clerk  in  a  country  store  at  Constantine.  A  year  later,  he, 
with  the  family,  removed  to  Owosso,  Mich.,  where  be  resumed  Ills 
labors  in  another  store.  Fortunately  he  delighted  in  reading,  and 
devoted  most  of  his  leisure  hours  to  perusing  such  books  and  periodi- 
cals as  opportunity  offered,  and  in  this  manner  his  mental  training 
was  continued.  Removing  to  Detroit  in  1847,  he  found  employment 
in  a  tobacco  manufactory,  where  he  worked  for  five  years.  In  1853 
he  started  in  business  on  his  own  account  as  a  tobacco  manufacturer, 
and  this  vocation  he  continued  until  his  establishment  became 
one  of  the  most  extensive  in  the  West.  In  1855  he  married,  at 
Dubuque,  Iowa,  Miss  Frances  E.  Newberry,  and  a  large  family  of 
children  have  been  the  result  of  this  union.  Mr.  Bagley  has  filled 
many  important  private  and  public  offices,  including  the  governorship 


/<|:C?^-— 


d 


EMINENT    CITIZENS    OF    DETROIT. 


of  the  State.  He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Michigan  Mutual 
Life-insurance  company,  of  Detroit,  and  its  president  for  five  years; 
was  for  several  years  president  of  the  Detroit  Safe  company,  direc- 
tor of  the  American  national  bank  and  other  corporations,  member 
of  the  board  of  education  in  Detroit,  member  of  the  city's  common 
council,  commissioner  of  the  metropolitan  police,  and  four  years 
governor  of  the  State — from  1873  to  1877.  Many  important  laws  and 
organizations  for  the  people's  benefit  owe  their  origin  or  strong  sup- 
port to  his  influence,  and  he  is  justly  popular  as  a  public-spirited 
and  liberal  citizen. 


route  before  the  rails  were  laid.  To  his  management  the  public  is 
indebted  for  its  connection  with  the  Huniiibal  and  St.  Joseph  (Mo.  ^ 
road,  and  the  splendid  iron  bridges  at  Burlington,  Quincy  and  Platts- 
mouth,  over  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  rivers.  Several  other 
roads,  in  Michigan,  received  the  benefits  of  his  counsel  and  assist- 
ance in  their  construction.  About  1861  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Michigan  legislature,  but,  beyond  this,  he  has  held  no  public 
office,  and  is  not  a  "  machine  politician,"  but  a  staunch  Republican 
in  his  tenets.  He  has  read  deeply  in  philosophic  books,  and  possesses 
a  fine  library  suited  to  his  studies  and  literary  tastes. 


Lewis  Cass. 


James  McMillan. 


JAMES  F.    JOY, 

Rallroud  Projector. 

fAMES  F.  JOY,  the  son  of  a 
manufacturer  of  edge-tools 
at  Durham,  N.  II.,  was  born  at 
<^i\^  that  place  December  20,  1810. 
The  father  was  liberal,  theoretically 
and  practically,  in  his  views  of  edu- 
cation, and  the  subject  of  this  sketch 
enjoyed  the  benefits  of  early  disci- 
pline at  home  and  tuition  in  the  com- 
mon school.  At  an 
early  age,  also,  he, 
taught  school,  and 
in  this  manner  ad- 
ded to  his  means 
for  completing  his 
studies.  A  course 
at  Dartmouth  col- 
lege ended  in  his 
graduation  in  1835, 
as  the  valedictorian 
of  his  class.  He 
then  entered  the 
law-school  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass. where 
he  enjoyed  the  - 
friendly  influence 
of  Chief  Justice  Story.  A  deficiency 
of  means  to  finish  his  studies  com- 
pelled him  to  seek  a  situation  as  a 
tutor  in  the  Pittsfield  (Maes. )  aca- 
demy and  in  Dartmouth  college. 
In  the  following  year  he  returned 
to  Cambridge  and  completed  his  law 
course.  In  1836  he  entered  the  law 
oftice  of  Hon.  A.  S.  Porter,  of  De 
troit,  and  in  1837  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  of  the  State,  and  began  the 
practice  of  his  profession  with  Mr. 
George  F.  Porter,  a  retired  banker. 
As  the  attorneys  of  the  old  "Bank of  Michigan,"  they  soon  worked 
up  a  remunerative  business.  As  time  passed  on  Mr.  Joy  became 
engaged  in  many  important  cases  in  the  state  and  federal  courts, 
exercising  profound  study  and  energy  in  each,  and  his  business 
soon  became  very  extensive  and  lucrative.  Among  the  great  land- 
cases  that  he  won  was  the  title  to  eleven  acres  where  the  Michigan 
Central  d(;pot.  in  Chicago  now  stands,  and  soon  afterward  he  be- 
came personally  identified  with  the  interests  of  the  Michigan  Central 
railroad  as  attorney,  counselor  and  assistant  of  its  president.  When 
this  road  was  completed  to  Chicago.  Mr.  Joy  organized  the  Cliicago, 
Burlington  and  Quincy  railroad  company,  and  walked  over  its  entire 


Eben  B.  Ward. 


Zachariah  Chandler. 


James 


Citizens  of  Detroit.— Past  and  Present. 


THOMAS  W.  PALMER, 

Muiuiructiirer  aiid  Senutor. 

MIIE  BIRTH  of  this  eminent 
citizen  of  Detroit  occur- 
/4  Iff  red  in  that  city  January  25, 
^^  1820.  Of  his  earliest  tui- 
tion little  is  known,  but  at  the  age 
of  twelve  years  he  was  placed  in 
Thompson's  academy,  at  what  was 
then  the  village  of  Palmer,  but  is 
now  designated  as  St.  Clair,  Mich. 
.\  few  years  later, 
-:ifier  this  prepara- 
tory course,  he  en- 
tered the  Michigan 
State  university,  at 
A  n  n  Arbor;  but 
after  remaining 
there  about  a  year 
the  failure  of  his 
eyes  constrained 
him  to  abandon  his 
studies.  His  en- 
forced vacation  of 
several  months  was 
passed  in  the  Lake 
-Superior  country, 
where  a  partial  res- 
toration of  his  sight  was  obtained, 
and  he  returned  to  the  university. 
Half  a  year's  study,  however,  again 
so  seriously  affected  his  eyes  that 
he  was  compelled  to  leave  the  insti- 
tution. With  five  others  he  em- 
barked for  Cadiz,  in  Spain,  and  for 
two  months  he  traveled  on  foot 
through  that  kingdom,  visiting  its 
greatest  points  of  interest.  Return- 
.ingto  the  United  States,  he.  in  1849, 
made  another  voyage,  visiting  Rio 
Janeiro  and  other  portions  of  South 
America.  While  on  the  way  home,  by  way  of  New  Orleans,  he  sojourn- 
ed several  weeks  in  the  Southern  States.  In  1850  he  was  iippointed 
the  agent  of  a  transportation  company  in  a  Wisconsin  town.  In  1851 
he  invested  his  means  in  business  as  a  merchant  at  Appleton,  Wis.  ; 
but,  soon  afterward,  his  store  was  burned  and  he  became  financially 
embarrassed.  In  1853  he  established  hinu'elf  in  business  at  Detroit  as 
a  dealer  in  real-(;state,  and,  two  years  later,  engaged  in  the  lumber- 
trade,  purchasing  and  selling  pine-lands,  etc.  This  occupation  he 
continued  for  a  long  term  (jf  years,  gaining  an  interest  in  several 
firms,  besides  operating  on  his  own  account.  Entering  into  politics, 
he  distinguished  himself  as  an  energetic  Republican,  and  in  1879  was 


A 


PROFESSIONAT,    AND    BUSINESS    MEN    IN    MICHKiAN. 


4-27 


chosen  a  member  of  the  State  aenate.  In  DSK-J  hi;  presided  in  the 
licpublican  Stale  convention,  and  on  Murcli  1,  1H8."J,  wuh  elected 
I'nited  States  Senator  from  Michigan,  ue  the  Huccessorof  lion.  Thomas 
W.  Ferry.  In  his  businesB  life  he  was  a  vessel-owner,  a  salt-manu- 
facturer, a  dealer  in  lumber  and  real-estate,  and  a  farmer,  and  in 
these     vocations  succeeded  in  amassing  great  wealth. 


JAMES  McMillan, 

Munufaeliirer  ul"  Ualli-oail  Cur-Wheels. 

'HE  HOME  of  Mr.  McMillan's  [larents,  holli  natives  of  Scot- 
land, was  at  Hamilton,  Canada,  at  the  time  of  his  birth, 
i''  May  12,  1838.  His  tuition,  preparatory  to  a  college  cour.se, 
^^•'  was  received  at  a  private  school  in  Hamilton.  At  fourteen, 
however,  he  preferred  entering  upon  active  business  pursuits  to  a 
college  education,  and  was  apprenticed  for  four  years  to  a  hardware 
merchant.  His  apprenticeship  ended  in  1856,  and  he  removed  to 
Detroit,  where  he  served  for  two  years  as  clerk  in  a  wholesale  store. 
In  1858  he  was  appointed  purchasing-agent  of  the  Detroit  and  Mil- 
waukee railway.  Though  only  twenty  years  of  age,  be  manifested 
so  much  business  ability  as  to  win  the  admiration  of  an  extensive 
contractor  for  building  piers,  bridges,  docks,  etc.,  who  induced  the 
young  man  to  become  his  active  assistant.  In  this  employment  he 
remained  until  the  contracts  were  completed,  gaining  valuable  expe- 
rience for  his  after  life.  In  1800,  he  was  again  appointed  to  his 
former  position  of  purchasing-agent,  which  he  held  for  several  years. 
At  the  close  of  his  engagement  he  formed  a  copartnership  in  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  Michigan  Car  company,  of  which  he  was  chosen 
Secretary,  afterward  becoming  its  active  manager.  He  also,  in  18G7, 
was  appointed  manager  of  the  Detroit  Car-Wheel  company.  Both 
tnterprises  became  gigantic  in  their  operations  and  profitable  to 
those  concerned  in  them,  employing  an  army  of  men.  He  is  also 
interested  in  various  other  manufacturing,  commercial  and  banking 
institutions.  In  religion  he  is  a  Presbyterian,  and  in  politics  a  Re- 
publican, and  in  private  life  esteemed  for  his  good  qualities. 


JAMES  V.  CAMPBELL, 

Judgre  of  the  Siipi'eme  Court  of  MichiKuu. 

UDGE  CAMPBELL'S  birth  dates  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y. ,  February 
•J5,  1823,  and  three  years  later  he  was  taken  to  Detroit.  His 
Q  \  education  was  received  at  Flushing,  Long  Island,  N.  Y. ,  and 
,  ;^  in  July,  1841,  he  gradmited  at  St.  Paul's  college.  Adopting  the 
law  as  a  profession,  he  pursued  the  study  of  it  for  about  three  years, 
and  before  he  reached  the  age  of  twenty-two  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  For  several  years  he  practiced  at  Detroit  with  such  favor  that 
in  1857  he  was  elected  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Michigan. 
This  honored  office  he  filled  for  many  years,  through  successive  re- 
elections.  In  1859  he  was  appointed  a  professor  in  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Michigan,  and  in  1866  had  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  conferred  upon  him.  In  1876  he  gave  to  the  press  a  work  enti- 
tled ''Outlines  of  the  Political  History  of  Michigan."  In  politics  he 
is  a  Republican,  and  in  religion  an  Episcopalian. 

ZACHARIAH   CHANDLER, 

United  States  Senator  and  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

f'^^W'"'"I'iA^  points  with  pride  to  the  life  and  political  labors 
nf  this  energetic  statesman,  who  was  born  at  Bedford, 
X.  H,,  December  10,  1813.  Having  received  an  aca- 
-""  demical  education,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  he  emigrated 
westward  and  opened  a  dry-goods  store  at  Detroit,  and  a  few  years' 
business  sufficed  to  make  him  a  prosperous  merchant.  He  was 
chosen  mayor  of  the  city  in  18.51,  and  in  1852,  while  running  for  the 
governorship  on  the  Whig  ticket,  was  defeated  by  his  Democratic 
opponent.      His  first  election  to  the  United  States  senate  occurred  in 


1857,  as  the  successor  of  Lewis  Oass.  As  a  Republican  he  vigorously 
opposed  the  adniiBsion  of  Kansas  as  a  slavestate  into  the  Union  and 
the  annexation  of  Cuba  to  the  United  States,  and  favored  the  con- 
struction of  a  ship-canal  through  the  flats  of  the  lake  and  river  of 
St.  Clair.  By  successive  re-elections  in  1863  and  1869  he  retained 
his  seat  in  the  senate  continuously  for  eighteen  years.  During  the 
Southern  rebellion  he  was  a  member  of  the  famous  senate  "Commit- 
tee on  the  Conductor  the  War,"  and  a  guiding  spirit  in  its  labors. 
At  a  later  date  he  served  as  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Commerce, 
and  in  a  high  degree  enjoyed  the  esteem  of  Presidents  Lincoln  and 
Grant  and  Socretary  of  War  Stanton.  In  his  senate  work  his  Influ- 
ence was  almost  always  felt  In  the  success  of  the  Republican  meas- 
ures for  the  benefit  of  the  Xnion  and  the  people,  and  there  could  be 
no  better  endorsement  of  his  talents  or  of  his  popularity  In  the  coun-' 
ells  of  the  nation.  Much  of  this,  also,  was  due  to  his  unswerving  In- 
tegrity and  moral  courage.  Four  years  he  was  chairman  of  the 
Union  congressional  committee,  for  four  years  chairman  of  the 
Naticmal  Republican  Committee  in  1876,  and  a  supporter  of  Ruther- 
ford B.  Hayes  for  the  Presidency.  In  October,  1875,  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  by  President  Grant,  and  ably  filled  the  office, 
Instituting  many  needed  reforms  of  a  practical  and  beneficial  char- 
acter in  his  department.  On  the  first  day  of  November,  1879,  Mr. 
Chandler  visited  Chicago,  in  the  evening  addressed  a  large  and  enthu- 
siastic assemblage  of  Republicans  on  the  issues  of  the  approaching 
election,  retired  to  his  hotel  in  apparent  good  health,  and  was  found 
dead  In  his  room  on  the  following  morning.  This  sudden  taking-off 
of  so  great  a  spirit,  even  though  he  expired,  as  it  were.  In  a  blaze  of 
glory,  created  a  profound  sensation  throughout  the  nation,  and  his 
loss  was  generally  and  deeply  deplored. 


EBEN  B.  WARD. 

Xavifrator,  Vesvel-Owner  and  ManuTactorer. 

.\PTAIN  Eben  B.  Ward's  history  exemplifies,  with  scores  of 
others  In  this  volume,  the  satisfactory  results  of  youthful 
industry,  energy  and  perseverance  in  business  affairs.  His 
parents  resided  at  Wells,  Vt. ,  but  during  a  brief  visit  to 
Canada,  in  1811,  the  subject  of  this  sketch  appeared  upon  the  stage  of 
life.  While  he  was  a  mere  lad  the  family  removed  to  Michigan,  and 
at  the  age  of  twelve  years,  being  compelled  to  support  himself,  he 
hired  out  as  cabin-boy  on  a  lake  schooner.  From  that  position  he 
soon  emerged  and  engaged  In  vv'orking  on  lake  steamboats.  His  energy 
and  industry,  however,  ere  long,  led  to  his  promotion  and  he  soon 
became  a  commander.  Acquiring  capital  and  influence  in  his  chosen 
profession,  he  Invested  largely  In  lake  craft,  and  at  one  time  owned 
more  vessel-property  than  any  of  his  cotemporaries.  With  accruing 
wealth  at  his  command  he  abandoned  inivigation,  which  railway  traffic 
was  fast  superseding,  and  embarked  in  the  manufacture  of  iron,  first 
obtaining  control  at  Detroit,  of  the  Eureka  Iron  company's  works. 
The  North  Chicago  rolling  mills  were  started  about  1861,  and  when 
running  at  full  capacity,  gave  employment  to  some  1.600  men  and 
furnished  support  to  6,000  persons.  He  also  purchased  mines  on 
the  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  erecting  furnaces,  built  extensive  iron 
works  at  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  and  did  a  thriving  business.  Among  his 
enterprises  and  possessions  he  numbered  silver  mines,  timber-lands, 
glass  factories  and  railroad  shares — all  of  which  proved  to  be  profita- 
ble Investments.  He  also  founded  the  present  city  of  Ludlngton,  on 
the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan.  Although  his  early  education 
was  limited,  in  after-years  he  acquired  a  large  fund  of  practical  and 
solid  information  from  various  sources,  owned  a  fine  library,  and 
wrote  and  published  many  tracts  and  circulars  on  topics  of  the  times, 
which  he  distributed  to  the  public  at  his  own  expense.  During  the 
Southern  rebellion  he  was  an  efticient  helper  of  the  Union  cause,  and 
in  politics  an  ardent  and  strong  advocate  of  tariff  protection.  Mr. 
Ward  was  twice  married.      He  died  suddenly  .lanuarv  -3,  1«T5 


=;S} 


TT 


iLA> 


"^: 


EMINENT   MEN   IN   THE    SOUTHWEST. 


Rssidsnts  of  St»  Louis. 
'^- 6^1^- 


Known  in  Finance,  Military  Matters,  Legislation,  Business  and   Professional  Life. 


|T.  LOUIS  was  founded,  with  its  present  name,  in 
1763,  by  two  brothers,  Pierre  and  August  Chou- 
teau,  as   a  suitable   post  for    trading   with   the 
Indians.      Its  location  is  1,170  miles  north  of  New 
Orleans,  and  284  miles  southwest  of  Chicago.     Its 
population    in  1810  was  1,600,  and  in   1880  was 
350.522.      As  a  commercial  port  for  the  Mississippi 
river  trade,  it  formerly  held  a  prominent  position, 
^^/^^       but  the  multiplication  of  railways  leading  to  and 
^^■^ ^M        beyond  it  have  areatly  reduced  its  importance  in 
■    f         this  respect.      As  a  manufacturing  and  mercan- 
tile city,  however,  it  retains  considerable  vigor  and  enterprise,  and 
possesses  many  attractive  private   and   public  edifices.      Anionic  it-; 
most  notable  structures 


of  using  the  books  by  clerical  labor.  He  continued  in  the  office  for 
three  years.  In  September,  1834,  he  became  editor  of  the  Fcnnily 
Magazine^  and  continued  his  editorial  labors,  in  addition  to  his  legal 
pursuits,  for  a  year  and  a  half.  During  the  same  period  be  compiled 
a  digest  of  the  decisions  of  the  New  York  courts,  which  was  long  a 
standard  work.  In  1835,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  Mr.  Allen  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  by  the  New  York  supreme  court.  The  Madi- 
sonian,  the  publication  of  which  was  begun  at  Washington,  D.  C. ,  in 
August,  1837,  was  under  his  editorial  management,  and  Harrison  and 
Tyler  were  influentially  supported  in  the  campaign  of  1840.  In  the 
spring  of  1842  Mr.  Allen  removed  to  St.  Louis,  opened  a  law-office 
for  a  short  time,  but  closed  it  to  engage  in  business  affairs.  He  was 
instrumental   in  the    establishment  of  the  St.  Louis   Horticultural 

society,    and    in     1848 


Thomas  Allen. 


Francis  P.  Blair, 


is  the  great  bridge  over 
the  Mississippi  river, 
having  three  spans  and 
a  total  length  of  1,524 
feet.  Its  cost  was 
$12,000,000.  Its  con- 
struction began  in 
August,  1869,  and  was 
completed  in  April, 
1874,  and  in  all  respects 
it  is  a  great  triumph  of 
the  science  of  civil-en- 
gineering. St.  Louis 
has  furnished  some  of 
the  best  and  most  suc- 
cessful talent  of  the 
country,  and  in  literary 
and  educational  advan- 
tages ranks  creditably 
with  its  sister  cities. 
The  following  are 
among  the  citizens  of 
St.  Louis  who  have 
achieved     honor     and 

success  in  their  varied  PROMINENT  MEN  IN  THE  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY, 

pursuits,    including 

those  high  in  military,  business  and  legislative  fam 


Edward  Bates. 


S«. 


Henry  Shaw. 


William  T.  Sherman 


THOMAS    ALLEN, 

ItiiHlitfNH   M  itiiatift*!'  :iii4l    l,<-'U'ii«|:tt4ti*. 

V  I  y  HE  descendant  of  an  old  New  Eugluiul  family,  Thomas  Allen 
/  I  \  was  born  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  August  20,  1813.  From  the 
•  *  village  academy  and  Berkshire  gymnasium,  where  he  roomed 
r*»r  a  lime  with  Mark  Hiijikins,  afterward  president  of  Williams 
college,  he  parsed  to  a  higher  course  of  study  in  Union  college,  enter- 
ing in  1829  and  graduating  in  1832.  His  legal  studies  were  interrupted 
by  reverses  in  the  family  fortunes,  but  in  the  fall  of  1832  Thomas 
obtained  u  place  in  a  New  York  law-office,  paying  for  the?  privilege 


began  to  urge  the  build- 
ing of  the  St.  Louis 
&  Cincinnati  railroad. 
In  October,  1849,  he 
took  an  active  share  in 
the  gathering  and  con- 
ducting of  a  national 
convention  in  St.  Louis, 
including  delegates 
from  fourteen  States, 
called  in  favor  of  a 
railroad  line  to  the 
Pacific  coast.  Elected 
to  the  Missouri  senate 
in  1850,  for  four  years, 
he  secured  a  loan  of 
the  State  cr-^dil  for 
$2,000,000  in  aid  of  the 
road.  Further  leans 
for  railroads  and  inter- 
nal improvements  were 
placed  in  subsequent 
years.  In  1854  Mr. 
Allen  resigned  the 
presidency  of  the  Pa- 
citic  road,  and  in  1857he 
was  made  president  of  the  Terre  Haute,  Alton  &  St.  Louis  railroad. 
When  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  broke  out  he  supported  the  Union 
cause,  and  was  defeated  for  Congress  in  1862.  In  1865  Mr.  Allen 
traveled  abroad.  The  Iron  Mountain  railroad  was  bought  by  him  in 
1867,  Ilnished  to  Helmont  in  1869,  extended  to  Arkansas  in  1871-2, 
and  completed  to  Texarkana  in  1872-3;  he  thus  constructing  about 
one  hundred  miles  of  railroad  every  year  for  six  years  While  doing 
so  he  was  president  of  four  railroad  corporations,  consolidated  into 
the  St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  &  Southern  in  May,  1874.  Mr.  Allen 
also  took  a  prominent  part  in  organizing  the  National  Board  of  Trade 
at  Philadelphia  and  Cincinnati,  in  1868.  In  1871  he  endowed  a  pro- 
fessorship in  Washington  university,  St.  Louis.  He  also  established 
a  valuable  free  library  in  his  native  town,  in  1874,  and  received  the 


Thomas  H.  Benton. 


i 


^=mi 


:i2 


IIENKY    SHAW.       EDWAKl)    BATES.       GEN.   W.  T.  SHERMAN. 


429 


(U'grce  of  LL.  D.  from  Union  college  the  piime  year.  He  was  elected, 
in  1890,  a  representative  in  the  forty-seventh  Congress,  and  retired 
from  active  business.  Mr.  Allen  died  while  a  member  of  the  House, 
in  tli<;  spring'  of  1H82.      Tie  left  ii  considerable  forlune  \o  bis  fjunily. 


HENRY  SHAW, 

Merchnitt  and  Philiiiithropliit. 

OXK  i)V  the  best  known  and  most  public-spirited  citizens  of 
St.  Louis  is  Henry  Shaw.  He  was  born  in  England  in  1800, 
came  to  America  at  an  early  age,  and  cstalilished  himself  in 
trade  in  St.  Louis  in  1819,  one  year  before  the  admission  of  Missouri 
to  the  Union.  His  family  had  been  distinguished  in  the  old  country 
for  economy  and  thrift,  and  young  Shaw  inherited  all  their  excellent 
traits.  He  began  business  with  a  small  stock  of  hardware,  in  a  little 
shop  on  the  levee,  and  presently  enlarged  his  dealings  by  furnishing 
supplies  of  every  kind  for  Indian  traders.  St.  Louis  was  then  the 
center  of  an  extensive  fur-trade.  Mr.  Shaw  took  part  of  his  pay  in 
peltries,  and  the  business,  altogether,  was  extremely  profitable,  so 
that  tn'enty  years  later, 
or  about  1840,  he  was  $1°°°" 
enabled  to  retire  from 
active  life  with  a  com- 
petence. During  all 
this  time  Mr.  Shaw  had 
been  a  great  reader, 
and  had  cultivated  his 
mental  powers,  so  that 
on  going  out  of  busi- 
ness he  was  ready  to 
travel  extensively.  He 
spent  seven  or  eight 
years  abroad,  during 
which  time  he  made 
special  visits  to  Egypt 
and  the  region  up  the 
Nile.  On  returning  to 
St.  Louis  he  established 
a  country-seat  in  the 
western  suburbs,  re- 
taining, besides,  a 
"down-town"  resi- 
dence, and  he  presently 
gave    to    the    city   the 

beautiful  Shaw's  Garden,  in  which  there  is  a  very  extensive  collec- 
tion of  plants,  flowers  and  trees,  and  the  spacious  and  handsome 
Tower  Grove  park  adjoining.  Mr.  Shaw  has  remembered  the  city 
in  other  ways,  and  his  memory  will  be  forever  cherished.  He  is 
a  well-preserved,  plain  and  unassuming  man  of  eighty-three,  and  a» 
bachelor. 


SHAVrS  GARDEN.  ST.  LOUIS. 


EDWARD  BATES, 

Eminent  Laviyer,  StateNman  and  Cabinet-Officer. 

f7\\  T  BELMONT,  Goochland  county,  Va. ,  September  4,  1793,  the 
AA  seventh  son  of  a  family  of  twelve  children,  Edward  Bates 
i»  "^  first  saw  the  light.  Apt  and  quick  in  study,  his  primary 
education,  obtained  at  home,  was  supplemented  and  completed  by  an 
academic  course  at  Charlotte  Hall,  in  Maryland.  Declining  a  mid- 
shipman's warrant,  he  served  in  the  Norfolk,  Va. ,  militia,  in  1813. 
In  1814,  at  twenty  years  of  age,  he  began  the  study  of  law  in 
St.  Louis,  his  elder  brother  being  then  secretary  of  the  Territory  of 
Missouri.  In  1816  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar;  in  1819  appointed 
United  States  circuit  attorney,  and  in  the  following  year  rendered 
Important  service  as  a  member  of  the  convention  to  form  a  State  gov- 


ernment. On  the  admission  of  the  State  into  the  Union  he  w;i- 
appointed  attorney-general,  but  resigned  after  a  fhort  term  of  wervice 
to  engage  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  and  «ervt  in  both  branches 
of  the  State  legislature.  He  was  the  principal  organizer  of  the  Whig 
party  in  Missouri.  In  1823  he  was  married  to  Julia  D,  ("oulter,  and 
in  1824  was  appointed  United  Stales  district  attorney  for  Missouri, 
by  President  Monroe.  This  position  he  resigned  in  182G,  and  was 
then  elected  to  the  national  House  of  Representatives,  where  he 
served  with  distinction.  Failing  to  secure  a  re-election  lo  Congress 
in  1828,  he  was  chosen  State  senator  and  representative  for  several 
terms  in  the  State  legislature,  and  attended  to  the  business  of  hts 
profession.  In  1847  he  won  great  reputation  for  hiw  ability  exhibited 
as  president  of  the  Internal  Improvement  convention,  which  met  in 
Chicago.  On  the  accession  of  President  Fillmore,  in  1850,  Mr. 
Bates  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War  without  his  knowledge  or  con- 
sent, being  the  first  cabinet  officer  ever  selected  from  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  but  he  persistently  declined  the  office.  In  1853 
Mr.  Bates  was  elected  judge  of  the  St.  Louis  land  court,  and  in  1854 
he   was   an  opponent  of  the   repeal   of  the  Missouri   comi>romise, 

co-operating  with  the 
^^^  Ennincipation  party. 
In  1856  he  was  urged 
as  a  candidate  for  the 
presidency,  and  in  1858 
the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
was  conf  e  rred  n  pon 
him  by  Harvard  uni- 
versity. At  the  Chi- 
cago Republican  con- 
vention, in  1861,  Mr. 
Bates  was  a  leading 
candidate  for  the  nom- 
ination for  the  presi- 
dency. After  the 
election  of  Lincoln  he 
accepted  the  position 
of  attorney -general,  but 
resigned  on  account  of 
failing  health  and  re- 
turned to  St.  Louis  in 
1864.  Mr.  Bates  died 
after  a  lingering  illness, 
March  25,  1869,  distin- 
guished by  a  long  life 
of  integrity  and  usefulness  in  the  service  of  bis  State  and  nation. 


Ji' 


WILLIAM  T.  SHERMAN. 

Military  l..eader  uiid  Civilian- 

ANCASTER,  Ohio,  gave  to  tbe  country  William  Tecumseh 
Sherman,  the  soldier-leader,  who  was  born  February  8, 
1820-  Upon  tbe  death  of  his  father,  Charles  R.  Sherman,  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Ohio,  when  he  was  nine  years  old,  he 
became  a  member  of  the  family  of  Hon-  Thomas  Ewing,  and  entered 
the  United  States  Military  academy,  at  West  Point,  at  sixteen  years 
of  age.  Graduating  in  1840,  with  the  sixth  rank  of  his  class,  he  was 
appointed  second  lieutenant  in  the  third  artillery  and  served  for  a 
year  in  Florida.  In  the  fall  of  1841  he  was  made  first  lieutenant,  and 
ordered  to  Fort  Moultrie.  In  1843  he  made  his  first  visit  to  St.  Louis. 
When  the  Mexican  war  began  he  wished  to  i)articipate  in  it, 
but  was  ordered,  instead,  to  California  with  Company  F,  third 
artillery.  Leaving  New  York  July  14,  1846,  he  was  landed  at 
Monterey  January  26,  1847.  The  first  official  report  of  the  discovery 
of  gold  in  California  was  made  by  him.  A  picture  of  the  California 
of   that   date  is   contained   in  his  published   memoirs.      In   1850  he 


^^^T^ 


430 


FRANK    P.   BLAIK.       THOMAS   H.  BENTON. 


returned  from  California  and  was  married  at  Washington,  D.  C. , 
May  1,  1850,  to  Ellen  Boyle  Evving,  daughter  of  Thomas  Ewing, 
Secretary  of  the  Interior.  Shortly  afterward  he  was  commissioned 
captain  and  transferred  to  St.  Louis.  In  September,  1852,  he  was 
ordered  to  New  Orleans,  and  in  September  of  the  following  year  he 
resigned  his  commission  and  successfully  managed  a  banking  house 
in  San  Francisco  until  1857,  when  he  embarked  in  a  similar  enter- 
prise in  New  York.  In  1858  he  was  partner  in  a  law,  collection  and 
agency  business  in  Leavenworth,  Kan.  In  July,  1859,  he  was 
elected  superintendent  of  the  Louisiana  Military  academy,  at  Alex- 
andria, La.  Pending  the  secession  of  that  State,  in  January,  1861, 
he  returned  to  St.  Louis  to  engage  in  business  enterprises,  and 
declined  the  chief-clerkship  of  the  war  department,  but  after  the 
bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter  was  appointed  colonel  of  the  thirteenth 
regular  infantry.  May  14.  After  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  he  was 
transferred  to  the  department  of  the  Cumberland,  and  left  in  com- 
mand on  the  withdrawal  of  Genera!  Anderson.  At  his  own  request 
he  was  relieved  from  the  command  and  assisted  in  organizing  troops 
in  Missouri  until  placed  in  command  of  the  fifth  division,  under 
Grant,  after  the  fight  at  Fort  Donelson.  The  battles  at  Shiloh  and 
Vicksburg  resulted  in  his  advancement  to  the  command  of  the  Army 
of  Tennessee,  and  in  the  spring  of  1864,  he  succeeded  Grant  at  the 
head  of  the  military  division  of  the  Mississippi.  The  siege  of  Atlanta 
and  the  "  march  to  the  sea,"  followed  by  the  capitulation  of  General 
Joseph  E.  Johnston  to  General  Sherman,  April  26,  1865,  virtually 
closed  the  war.  July  25,  1866,  he  was  made  lieutenajjt-general  of 
the  United  States,  and  became  commander-in-chief  on  Grant's 
accession  to  the  presidency.  In  1871-2  he  traveled  abroad,  and  in 
1874  he  fixed  his  army  headquarters  in  St.  Louis.  General  Sherman's 
term  of  oflice  expired  November  1,  1883,  when  he  retired  from  the 
army  and  took  up  his  residence  in  St.  Louis.  In  social  circles  the 
General  is  highly  esteemed. 


FRANCIS  P.  BLAIR, 

Lni%*yer,  Politicfaii  lEiid  Soldier. 

VtVhE  LIFE-STORY  of  Francis  Preston  Blair,  Jr.,  began  at 
^  I  "^  Lexington,  Ky.,  February  19,  1821.  When  nine  years  old 
i»  ^  #  his  father  moved  to  Washington,  D.  C.  From  the  primary 
and  preparatory  school  young  Blair  passed  to  a  collegiate  course  at 
Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. ,  but  completed  his  studies  at  Princeton  (N.  J.) 
college,  with  high  honor,  at  twenty-one  years  of  age.  His  legal 
education  was  completed  at  the  law  school  of  Transylvania  university, 
Ky. ,  and  in  1843  lu*  began  the  practice  of  hie  profession  in  St.  Louis, 
the  home  of  his  brother,  Montgomery  Blair.  Delicate  health  com- 
pelled him  to  abandon  his  work,  and  in  1845  he  accompanied  Bent 
and  St.  Vrain  to  their  fort  in  New  Mexico,  now  Colorado.  Later  he 
joined  General  Kearney's  command,  and  resumed  his  law  practice  in 
St.  Louis,  in  1847,  with  his  health  fully  restored.  The  same  year  he 
married  Appoline  Alexander,  of  Woodford  county,  Ky.  In  1848  he 
became  a  prominent  leader  of  the  Free-Soil  party.  In  1852  and  1853 
he  was  elected  to  the  legislature,  and,  in  1856,  to  Congress,  where  he 
boldly  advocated  the  principles  of  his  party.  In  1858  Mr.  Blair  was 
renomin  ted  for  Congress,  but  the  election  being  contested  it  resulted 
in  his  opponent  being  returned  for  the  short  term  and  himself 
for  the  long  one.  He  was  subsequently  elected  to  the  thirty-eighth 
Congress,  taking  a  prominent  place  in  it.  Klected  a  delegate  to  the 
Chicago  presidential  convention,  in  June.  1800,  he  saved  a  split  in 
thi-  Republican  party,  and  after  the  nomination  of  Lincoln  was  active 


-Hfe 


in  his  support.  General  Blair  was  captain  of  the  first  company  of 
Union  soldiers  enlisted  in  Missouri,  and  colonel  of  the  first  regiment 
Missouri  volunteers.  By  his  part  in  the  wiping  out  of  Camp  Jack- 
son, General  Blair  saved  Missouri  to  the  Union.  In  1862  his 
re-election  to  Congress  was  successfully  contested  by  Samuel  Knox, 
candidate  of  the  Radical  Emancipationists.  Retaining  his  place  in  the 
army,  General  Blair  was  made  major-general,  November  29,  1862, 
and  did  efficient  service  in  the  siege  of  Vicksburg  during  the  follow- 
ing month.  On  the  death  of  General  McPherson  he  was  advanced  to 
the  command  of  the  seventeenth  army  corps,  and  was  a  powerful 
assistant  of  Sherman  before  Atlanta  and  on  the  march  to  the  sea.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  he  returned  to  his  home  in  St.  Louis,  and  did 
much  to  secure  quiet  in  the  troublesome  period  that  followed.  In 
1870  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate,  but  at  the  close  of 
his  senatorial  term  his  health  began  to  fail.  He  was  appointed  State 
superintendent  of  insurance  in  the  fall  of  1873,  and  died  while  hold- 
ing that  office,  July  8,  1875,  almost  universally  loved  and  respected 
by  the  people  of  his  State. 


i^Y-^     Or 


THOMAS  H.  BENTON, 

Distinguished  Political  Standard-Bearer  and  StatesniaQ. 

'iSSOURPS  most  distinguished  statesman-citizen,  Thomas 
Hart  Benlou,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  near  Hillsborough, 
)range  county,  N.  C,  March  14,  1782.  His  father  died 
when  young  Benton  was  eight  years  of  age,  leaving  his  mother 
unprovided  with  means  for  giving  her  son  such  an  education  as  she 
desired.  Studying  a  year  or  two  in  a  grammar  school,  he  took  part 
of  the  course  at  Chapel  Hill,  the  State  university  of  North  Carolina, 
but  was  compelled  to  leave,  as  his  mother  removed  to  Tennessee  to 
cultivate  some  land  left  by  her  husband.  Not  liking  farm-work,  he 
found  opportunity  to  read  law,  and  soon  had  a  lucrative  practice. 
Later  he  served  a  single  term  in  the  Kentucky  legislature,  becoming 
acquainted  with  Andrew  Jackson,  as  whose  aide-de-camp  he  afterward 
served,  and  for  whom  he  raised  a  regiment  of  volunteers  during  the 
war  with  England.  Benton  derived  his  title  of  colonel  from  this 
service.  He  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  by  President  Madison, 
in  1813,  but  shortly  resigned  and  opened  a  law-office  in  St.  Loui.«. 
Not  long  after  this  he  established  the  Missouri  Inquirer  and  killed 
Mr.  Charles  Lucas  in  a  duel  resulting  from  strong  expressions  of 
opinion  in  his  paper.  Benton's  paper  favored  the  admission  of 
Missouri,  notwithstanding  her  slavery  constitution,  and  be  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  senate  by  the  legislature,  in  September, 
1820.  For  the  next  thirty  years  Mr.  Benton  was  a  conspicuous 
figure  in  Congress,  urging  with  almost  irresistible  energy  reforms  in 
the  land  system,  the  repeal  of  impost  on  the  necessities  of  life,  the 
development  of  the  resources  of  the  country,  the  establishment  of  a 
gold  and  silver  basis  for  the  monetary  system,  the  settlement  of  the 
slavery  troubles  and  many  other  important  measures.  In  1849-.'jO, 
having  gone  before  the  people  on  the  slavery  question,  he  failed  of 
being  returned  by  a  Democratic  legislature,  but  in  1852  he  made  a 
direct  appeal  to  the  people  of  the  first  congressional  district  and  was 
elected.  Party  divisions  defeated  him  for  Congress  in  1854,  and  for 
the  governorship  in  1856.  From  the  latter  year  to  the  close  of  hie 
life,  in  Washington,  April  10,  1858,  he  devoted  himself  to  literary 
pursuits,  writing  a  number  of  works  of  great  political  and  historical 
value.  The  remains  of  the  great  senator  are  buried  in  Bcllefontaine 
cemetery,  at  St.  Louis. 


ALKXANDKK    MITCHELL.       JOHN    PLANKINTON, 


4:^,1 


-+-^- ^^- 


MilwaukGQ  and  a  Pgw  of  Hsr  CitizGns, 


^y^w^^ 


-^^•^|'^^4-»- 


Distinguished  for  Wealth,  Public  Spirit,  Educational  Effort  and  Legislative  Ability. 


IIAVAUKEE,  the  principal  city  of  Wisconsin^  is 
most  eligibly  located  on  the  west  shore  of  Luke 
Michigan,  eighty-five  miles  nortli  of  Chicago. 
Its  settlement  by  the  whites  dates  back  to  1835, 
Iirevious  to  which  time  it  had  been  an  Indian 
irading-post,  and  in  1846  it  became  an  incor- 
porated city.  In  1850  its  population  was 20,061, 
I    *^^T(^^    I  ^*"**    ^^    ^^^^    ^^  ^^^   115,578.       Commercially, 

^  •  ,,  '  ■*}•  Milwaukee  is  noted  for  its  large  receipts  and 
shipments  of  grain,  its  enormous  manufacture 
and  exports  of  beer,  its  tlouring  mills,  packing-houses  and  other  pro 
ductive  enterprises.  Socially  it  compares  favorably  with  any  other 
city  in  the  Union,  and 
in  beauty  of  location, 
municipal  improve- 
ment and  elegance  of 
architecture,  it  muin- 
tains  a  high  rank. 
While  it  has  not  ex- 
celled as  a  literary  city, 
it  has  given  to  the  times 
many  men  distin- 
guished for  business 
enterprise  and  legal  and 
legislative  talent,  who 
have  achieved  fame  and 
fortune  while  building 
up  the  educational, 
scientific,  commercial 
and  social  interests  of 
the  city.  The  future 
of  Milwaukee  is  full  of 
promise.  Its  railway 
connections  are  bring- 
ing it  into  the  most 
intimate  relations  with 
the  growing  "New 
West,"  and  as  a  com- 
mercial center  it  will 
maintain  its  station  a; 
Badger  State. 


PROMINENTLY  PUBLIC  MEN  IN  THE  NOHTH'WEST. 


as  the  representative  and  secretary  of  the  Wisconsin  Fire  and  Marine 
Insurance  company.  This  institution  did  a  banking  business,  under 
the  presidency  of  George  Smith,  and  its  issues  of  currency  were  very 
popular.  The  charter  of  the  institution,  however,  was  repealed,  on 
technical  orlegal  grounds,  in  1844,  but  Messrs.  Smith  &  Mitchell  con- 
tinued the  banking  business  with  great  prosperity,  notwithstanding 
the  opposition  of  other  bankers  and  hindering  circumstances.  In 
1853  the  company  was  reorganized  as  the  Wisconsin  Fire  and  Marine 
lusurance  bank,  whose  stock  is  owned  entirely  by  Mr.  Mitchell,  and 
occupies  one  of  the  grandest  buildings  in  Milwaukee.  In  1870,  and 
again  in  1872,  Mr.  Mitchell  was  elected  Ji  member  of  Congress,  doin" 
good  service  for  his  State,  but  a  third  election  for  that  position  was 

declined.  At  this 
writing  (in  1883)  Mr. 
Mitchell  is  president  of 
Chicago,  Milwaukee  & 
St.  Paul  railroad;  pres- 
ident of  his  bank;  pres- 
ident of  the  Northwest- 
ern Fire  insurance 
company;  president  of 
the  Milwaukee  club; 
president  of  the  com- 
missioners of  the  Mil- 
waukee public  debt; 
director  of  the  Milwau- 
kee Gas-light  company, 
and  also  of  the  Milwau- 
kee City  Railroad 
company.  His  repu- 
tation as  a  man  is 
excellent,  his  wealth 
enormous,  and  his 
taste  is  notably  dis- 
played in  his  home  and 
its  beautiful  surround- 
ings in  the  finest  loca- 
tion in  the  "  .Mty  of 
Bricks."       His    familv 


the  wealthy  and  attractive  metropolis  of  the 


ON  A  FARM 
was  born  ( 
infant  his 


ALEXANDER  MITCHELL, 

WisconsiiiN  Foi-eiuost  Ituilwiiy  Magnate  and  Banket-. 

FARM,  near  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  this  eminent  gentleman 
t  October  17,  1817.  His  mother  dying  while  he  was  an 
lis  training  devolved  upon  his  sister.  His  education 
was  begun  at  the  parish  school,  but  at  an  early  age  he  entered  a 
lawyer's  office  at  Aberdeen,  and  there  pursued  legal  studies.  But  he 
aspired  to  something  higher  than  the  career  of  an  attorney,  and 
secured  a  position  in  a  banker's  office  at  Peterhead.  In  1830  he 
emigrated  to  the  I'nited  States,  soon  afterward  settlinir  in  Milwaukee 


consists  of  himself,  his  wife  and  one  son. 


ApF 


JOHN  PLANKINTON, 

Provision  Sealer  und  Hotel  Proprietor. 

VHE  EARLY  years  of  this  gentleman  were  passed  in  Delaware,  in 
which  State  he  was  born  March  11,  1820.  The  family  removed 
to  Pittsburgh,  Pa. ,  when  he  was  twelve  years  old,  and  there 
the  lad  was  employed  as  a  butcher  and  retailer  of  meat.  In  1844  he 
emigrated  with  his  wife  and  cbild  to  Milwaukee,  and  resumed  the 
same  business,  under  rather  straightened  circumstances,  but  with 
great  energy  and  perseverance  he  soon  established  himself.  Industry 
and  honesty  in  dealing  brought  their  rewards,  and  he  soon  became  the 
loadinir  ijutcher  in  the  villji-jc  his  sales  the  first  year  reaching  nearlv 


■Qi. — 


— <);■ 


-1-32     WILLIAM    E.   SMITH.       MATTHEW    H.   CARPENTER.       INCREASE    A.   LAPHAM.       ROBERT    C.  SPENCER. 


Sl^.UOO,  with  !i  constant  increase  after  that.  In  1850  he  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  large  business  in  packing  meats  for  outside  markets, 
and  when,  in  1864,  he  united  his  interests  with  Mr  Philip  D.  Armour, 
extended  his  operations  to  Kansas  City,  New  York  and  Chicago,  and 
in  1880  the  business  amounted  to  $12,000,000  for  the  year.  His 
increasing  wealth  he  invested  largely  in  building  the  celebrated 
Plankinton  House  hotel  and  several  other  notable  edifices  in  Mil- 
waukee. He  has  at  various  times  been  vice-president,  president  and 
director  of  the  board  of  appeals  of  the  chamber  of  commerce,  and  in 
every  way  a  credit  to  his  city.     He  has  been  twice  married. 


WILLIAM  E.  SMITH, 

Merchant  and  Governor  of  Wisconsin. 

COMMERCIAL  and  executive  ability  marked  the  career  of  Hon. 
William  E.  Smith,  formerly  governor  of  Wisconsin,  who  was 
born  in  Scotland  June  18,  1824.  The  family  emigrated  to 
America  when  he  was  a  child,  and  settled  in  New  York  City,  where 
he  received  a  public-school  education.  Early  in  his  young  manhood 
he  came  west,  first  living  for  a  time  in  Oakland  county,  Michigan, 
removing  in  1849  to  Wisconsin,  and  settling  at  Fox  Lake  as  a  mer- 
chant. Success  attended  his  business  until  his  removal  to  Milwaukee 
in  1872.  There  he  engaged  as  a  partner  in  the  wholesale  grocery 
house  of  Smith,  Roundy  &  Co.,  continuing  in  that  business  until  his 
election  as  governor  of  the  State,  in  1877.  In  the  meantime  he  had 
ably  served  his  constituents  for  five  terms — in  1851  as  a  member  of 
the  State  legislature,  and  as  a  senator  in  1858,  1859,  1864  and  18(55. 
For  four  years — from  1866  to  1870 — he  was  State  treasurer  of 
Wisconsin.  In  1871  he  was  re-elected  a  member  of  the  lower  house 
of  the  legislature,  and  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  assembly.  For 
several  years,  also,  he  was  a  director  of  the  State-prison.  In  1879 
he  was  re-elected  governor  of  the  State,  holding  the  office  for  two 
years.      He  died  February  13,  1883. 


MATTHEW  H.  CARPENTER, 

Jl  DiBtlnguiHhed  I^an'yer  and  Statesman. 

VERMONT,  which  has  given  many  brilliant  intellects  to  the  nation, 
was  also  the  native  State  of  Matthew  Hale  Carpenter,  who  was 
born  at  Moretown,  December  22,  1824.  Losing  his  mother  in 
his  childhood,  he  found  a  guardian  in  Hon.  Paul  Dillingham,  of 
Waterbury,  Vt. ,  receiving  his  education  there  in  the  local  schools. 
In  1843  he  was  admitted  as  a  cadet  to  the  national  military  academy 
at  West  Point.  N.  Y.  Ill-health  compelled  him  to  resign  his  scholar- 
ship at  the  end  of  two  years,  and,  returning  to  Waterbury,  he  entered 
upon  the  study  of  the  law  in  Mr.  Dillingham's  office.  In  1847  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  at  Montpelier,  but  removed  to  Boston  and 
associated  himself  with  Rufus  Choate,  with  whom  he  soon  became  a 
favorite.  In  1848  he  was  admitted  to  practice  law  in  the  supreme 
court  of  Massachusetts.  In  that  year  he  came  west,  and  opened  an 
office  at  Beloit,  Wis. ,  but  diseased  eyes  for  three  years  seriously 
interfered  with  his  practice.  Upon  his  recovery,  still  at  Beloit,  he 
began  his  prnsperous  professional  and  political  career.  In  1852  he 
was  elected  district  attorney  of  Rock  county,  and  soon  became 
distinguished  for  his  logic  and  eloquence  as  a  pleader.  In  1858  he 
removed  to  Milwaukee  and  was  engaged  in  the  most  important  cases 
in  the  State  courts.  At  the  beginning  of  the  southern  war,  Mr.  Car- 
penter, hitherto  a  Democrat,  espoused  the  Union  cause  with  much 
zeal.  In  1868  he  was  chosen  United  States  senator,  and  for  the  last 
two  years  of  his  term  served  as  presiding  officer  of  the  senate.  Upon 
the  expiration  of  his  senatorship  he  continued  to  reside  at  Washing- 
ton, practicing,  with  great  distinction,  in  the  supreme  court  of  the 
I'nlted  States.  In  1878  he  was  re-elected  United  States  senator  from 
Wisconsin,  at  a  time  when  his  health  was  failing,  and  he  only  sur- 
vivnd  hl-J  flection  until  February  21,  1881. 


INCREASE  A.  LAPHAM, 

Eminent  Xaturulist  and  Scientific  Writer. 

SCIENCE  owes  much  to  the  investigations  and  writings  of  Increase 
A.  Lapham,  who  was  born  at  Palmyra,  N.  Y.,  March  11,  1811. 
His  father  was  a  practical  civil  engineer  and  a  contractor  in  the 
construction  of  the  Erie  canal.  The  family,  in  1824,  settled  at  Lock- 
port,  N.  Y. ,  and  at  fifteen  the  lad  began  life  in  the  engineer  service, 
being  employed  on  the  Canadian  frontier  and  in  building  the  Miami 
(Ohio)  canal  and  the  canal  around  the  falls  of  the  Ohio  river.  In  the 
latter  work  he  found  time  to  begin  his  botanical  researches  and  valu- 
able collecliou  of  plants,  which,  at  his  death,  numbered  about  8,000 
species.  His  first  scientific  paper — a  local  geological  study — was 
printed  in  1827,  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Art^  and 
received  high  commendation  from  Professor  Silliman.  Subsequently 
he  was  appointed  assistant  engineer  of  the  Ohio  canal,  and  in  1833 
secretary  of  the  Ohio  Stale  board  of  canal  commissioners,  and  also  an 
officer  of  the  Historical  and  Scientific  society  of  Ohio.  In  1836  he 
removed  to  Milwaukee,  where  he  was  appointed  register  of  land  claims, 
and  chief  engineer  of  the  Milwaukee  and  Rock  River  Canal  com- 
pany. By  his  studies  and  publications,  during  many  years  afterward, 
he  became  distinguished  as  the  foremost  scientific  man  of  his  State, 
and  in  1860,  recognizing  his  attainments  and  achievements,  Amherst 
college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws.  As  a  con- 
sequence of  his  fame  and  continued  assiduity  in  his  studies  as  a 
naturalist,  he  was,  from  time  to  lime,  employed  by  the  State  author- 
ities to  pursue  his  investigations  in  geology  and  botany  for  the 
public  benefit,  and  this  labor  he  continued  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  in  a  boat,  from  heart-disease,  on  Lake  Oconomowoc.  Wis., 
September  14,  1875.  His  discoveries  and  elucidations  in  geology  and 
botany  profound  scholars  have  indorsed  as  valuable  contributions  to 
the  physical  sciences. 


ROBERT  C.  SPENCER, 

A  Founder  of  Business  Colleges  and  £acpert  Penman. 

ROBERT  C.  SPEXCER,  eldest  son  of  Piatt  R.  Spencer,  author  of 
the  "Spencerian  System  of  Penmanship,"  was  born  June  22, 
1829,  in  Ashtabula  county,  Ohio;  grew  to  manhood  on  the  farm 
at  Genoa,  Ohio,  and  received  his  education  at  district  schools,  Kings- 
ville  academy,  and  at  Gundry's  Mercantile  college,  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  Hie  work  as  commercial  teacher  began  in  Gundry's  Mercan- 
tile college.  At  Buffalo,  N.  Y. ,  he  was  associated  with  Hon.  Victor 
M.  Rice,  who  was  for  several  terms  superintendent  of  schools  for  the 
Slate  of  New  York,  and  succeeded  Mr.  Rice  as  superintendent  of 
writing  in  the  Buffalo  public  schools.  He  was  associated  with 
Bryant,  Stratton  &>  Co.,  in  establishing  the  international  chain  of 
commercial  colleges  in  the  principal  cities  of  America.  In  1865  he 
led  a  movement  for  the  impro\ement  of  these  schools.  This  brought 
him  in  conflict  for  a  time  with  some  of  his  professional  associates, 
but  his  object  was  accomplished.  After  pursuing  his  work  for  some 
years  in  Buffalo,  Pittsburgh,  Cleveland,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis,  he 
located  permanently  in  Milwaukee,  Wis  ,  in  1863,  giving  his  lime  and 
talents  chiefly  to  the  Spencerian  Business  college  in  that  city.  He 
has  been  president  of  the  International  Business  College  association; 
also  of  the  Business  Educators'  association  of  America;  has  been  for 
several  years  a  member  of  the  Milwaukee  school-board;  is  president 
of  the  Wisconsin  Phonological  society  for  deaf  mutes;  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Wisconsin  Humane  society,  was  its  first 
secretary,  and  is  an  active  member  of  its  board  of  directors.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  bureau  of  corresp{mdencc  of  the  National  Provi- 
sional association  for  the  complete  secularization  of  the  State,  and 
assisted  in  preparing  the  exhaustive  address  on  that  subject  issued 
to  the  Ameficnn  people.  Radical,  positive  and  outspoken,  Mr. 
Spencer  is  just  and  generous  in  his  regard  for  the  rights,  opinions  and 
interests  of  othi-rs,  however  much  th<*y  may  difTer  with  him. 


I 


I'KOl'LV:    KMINKNT    IN    TIIK    \AltIOUS    UEPAETMENTS    UK    LABOR. 


433 


""^w^^?"^! 


POETS, 
ORATORS, 
STATESMEN. 


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Prominent  People. 


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Eminent  in  Literature,  Science,  Art, 


JURISTS, 
WRITERS, 
SCIENTISTS. 


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Letters,  Philosophy.  Oratory,  Statesmanship,  Diplomacy  and  Political  Economy, 


HANNIBAL  HAMLIN, 

First  Vice-PreHideitt  with  PretiUent  Llncolili 

Honorably  jillied  with  tUi*  Urst  admiuistratinn  of  Abralmm 
Lincoln  and  the  early  strugglee  of  the  war  of  the  Rebellion, 
Mr.  Hamlin  holds  a  deserved  place  in 
the  esteem  of  the  American  people. 
Born  at  Paris,  Me.,  Atignst  27,  1809, 
he  lived  on  the  home-farm  until  he 
arrived  at  manhood.  He  then  worked 
a  year  as  a  compositor  in  a  i)rinting- 
office,  but,  relinquishing  this  trade, 
he  began  to  !>tudy  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  Maine  in  1833. 
From  1836  to  1840  he  was  a  member 
of  the  State  legislaluru,  occupying  the 
speaker's  chair  in  the  House  during 
three  sessions.  In  1842  he  was 
first  elected  to  C'Dugress,  and  was  re-elected  in  1844.  A  vacancy 
occurring  in  the  office  of  United  States  senator  in  his  district,  in  1848, 
Mr.  Hamlin  was  selected  to  finish  the  term,  which  ended  in  1851,  at 
whicli  time  he  was  chosen  to  be  his  own  successor  for  the  ensuing 
six  years.  In  1856  he  was  elected  governor  of  the  Slate,  and  in  1857 
hf  was  returned  to  the  United  States  senate  for  another  term.  In 
1860  he  was  elected  vice-president  of  the  Union  on  the  Lincoln  ticket, 
and  presided  in  the  senate  from  March  4,  1861,  to  the  close  of  his 
official  term,  March  3,  1865.  Upon  his  retirement  President  Lincoln 
appointed  him  collector  of  the  port  of  Boston,  but  this  position  he 
resigned  in  1866  and  was  again  elected  United  States  senator.  Upon 
the  expiration  of  his  term  he  was  once  more  chosen  to  retain  the 
senatorship,  which  he  did  until  March  3,  1881.  For  several  years  he 
also  served  as  a  regent  of  the  Smithsonian  institution. 


Hannibal  Hamlin. 


JAMES  T.  FIELDS, 

cV  Pleasaut  Writer  and  Sticcessrul  Publisher. 

■pj^OMBINING  literary  endowments  of  ii  liigh  order  wilh  success- 
'jy  ful  commercial  enterprise,  James  T.  Fields  held  a  prominent 
position  both  as  author  and  publisher. 
He  was  born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H. , 
December  31,  1817,  and  received  his 
early  education  at  the  high  school  in 
that  city,  previous  to  his  fourteenth 
year.  At  that  age  he  removed  to  Boston 
and  became  clerk  in  a  book-store.  Four 
years  later,  by  invitation,  he  was  selected 
as  the  anniversary  poet  of  the  Boston 
Mercantile  Library  association,  on  which 
occasion  Edward  Everett  delivered  the 
oration.  Soon  after  reaching  his  major- 
James  T.  Fields.  .^^  jj^  TxqXAs  joined  the  bookselling 
bouse  of  Ticknur  S:  Reed,  and  the  firm  became  Ticknor,  Reed  &  Fields. 


liUfji-  cv  ]■  leid.-  a-  p  J 
re,  and  fonnd»M>  T3 
elebrity.     When  '^ 


Mr.  Reed  withdrew  in  1844,  but  the  business  of  Ticknor  A:  V'w 
publishers  of  choice  English  and  American  litcratur 
of  the  AtlarUlc  Monthhj  Magazine,  attained  a  wide  cell 
Mr.  Ticknor  died,  in  1804,  the  firm  was  changed  to  Fields,  Osgood  &t 
Co.,  the  company  being  Mr.  Mifflin.  In  1870  Mr.  Fields  retired 
from  the  business,  turned  his  attention  to  writing  for  the  press  and 
public  lecturing,  and  for  several  years  edited  the  Aflantic  Monthly. 
In  1849  he  published  a  collection  of  his  poems,  and  in  1854  and  18.'i8 
printed  two  other  collections  for  private  distribution.  In  1873  he 
issued  his  recollections  of  literary  people,  entitled  '*  Yesterdays  with 
Authors,"  and  the  same  year  lectured  exhaustively  on  modern 
English  literature,  before  the  Lowell  institute,  in  Boston.  During 
all  the  exactions  of  his  busy  career,  Mr.  Fields  found  time  to  make 
three  voj'agcs  to  Europe — in  1848,  1851  and  1859.  Among  his  most 
important  works  was  a  collection  of  the  writings,  in  twenty-two 
volumes,  of  Thomas  DeCJuincey,  the  well-known  English  essayiet. 
Mr.  Fields  died  in  April,  1881. 


HENRY  GEORGE, 

American  Writi-r  on  I'olitiCiil  Kconomy. 

-HE  author  of  the  well-known  treatise  on  political  economy,  pub- 
lished under  the  title  of  "  Progress  and  Poverty,''  was  born  at 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  September  2,  1839. 
At  thirteen  he  left  school  and  entered  a 
counting  house  as  clerk,  remaining  there 
but  a  year  or  two.  Going  to  sea,  he 
visited  various  ports,  reaching  California 
in  the  spring  of  1858.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Frazer  river  gold  excitement 
he  went  with  the  crowd  to  British 
Columbia,  but  returned  to  California  and 
learned  the  printers'  trade.  Soon  after 
reaching  his  twenty-first  year  he  married, 
and,  traveling  from  place  to  place, 
worked  at  his  trade  until  1867.  In  that 
year  the  first  number  of  the  San  Francisco  Titnes  was  issued  and  Mr. 
George  obtained  a  reporter'.s  position  in  its  office.  Less  than  six 
months  afterward,  so  great  was  his  ability,  he  became  managing 
editor  of  the  paper.  Going  to  New  York  in  the  winter  of  186S-9  to 
arrange  for  telegraphic  news,  he  there  contributed  an  article  to  the 
Tribune  on  Chinese  immigration  and  labor  which  found  interested 
readers,  both  at  the  east  and  on  the  Pacific  coast.  L'pon  his  return 
to  California,  in  1869,  he  became  editor  of  the  Sacramento  Reporter. 
Opposition  to  railroad  subsidies  led  a  railroad  corporation  to  purchase 
a  controlling  interest  in  the  paper,  which  movement  severed  his 
editorial  connection  with  it.  He  then  wrote  a  vigorous  pamphlet  on 
the  subject  of  railroad  subsidies,  which  exerted  a  great  influence  in 
preventing  the  asking  for  further  subsidies  by  these  corporations  in 
that    State,      Xot   Ion?   afterward  he  piibli^ln-d    aimlher   and    larger 


Henry  George. 


^  (3^ — ■ 


28 


k 


434 


JOHN    SHERMAN.       J.    FKOOToR    KNOTf.       THOMAS    F.    BAYARD. 


pamphlet — *'  Our  Land  and  Land-Policy" — wbich  had,  bowevtr,  tmr 
a  limited  circulation.  The  substance  of  it  is  incorporated  in  "Pro- 
gress and  Poverty."'  In  1871  he  was  instrumental  in  establishing 
and  making  successful  the  San  Francisco  Post,  which  for  four  years 
possessed  great  influence.  Financial  embarrassments  overtook  him 
in  1875,  and  he  lost  control  of  the  paper.  Receiving  an  appointment 
to  a  State  office  from  Governor  Irwin,  Mr.  George  found  leisure, 
amid  other  employments,  to  write  his  long-contemplated  work, 
"Progress  and  Poverty,"  which  he  finished  in  3Iarch,  1879.  The 
publishers  to  whom  be  offered  it  refusing  to  issue  it,  the  author  pub- 
lished a  small  edition  at  his  own  cost.  A  New  York  bouse  brought 
out  a  second  edition  in  January,  1880,  the  work  soon  increased 
in  popularity,  and  in  a  little  over  one  year  three  editions  had  been 
issued.  These  were  followed  by  a  London  piint,  and  translations  of 
it  were  made  into  several  European  languages.  Since  then  it  has 
counted  its  copies  by  scores  of  thousands.  In  1880  Mr.  George  and  his 
family  removed  to  New  York,  and  in  the  following  spring  he  brought 
out  another  notable  pamphlet,  arraigning  the  existing  land  systems 
throughout  the  civilized  world,  which  enjoys  a  wide  circulation 
beyond  the  Atlantic.  In  1881,  after  a  trip  to  California,  Mr.  George 
visited  England  and  Ireland,  during  the  agitation  of  the  land  question, 
writing  for  the  /m/i  World,  of  New  York,  and  making  speeches  on 
his  favorite  topic  in  numerous  places.  In  Ireland  he  was  arrested 
for  his  avowed  principles,  the  event  creating  much  interest  on  both 
shores  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  on  his  return  to  New  York  in  the 
autumn  of  1882  he  was  enthusiastically  received  in  a  public  meeting 
of  the  Labor  union  at  the  Cooper  institute,  in  that  city.  Since  then 
Mr  George  has  continued  to  write  for  the  press  upon  subjects  of  his 
special  study. 


John  Sherman. 


JOHN  SHERMAN, 

Secretary  of  the  Treiisury  X'licler  President  Hayes. 

IJOSSESSIXG  the  elements  of  statesmanship  in  a  large  degree, 
John  Sherman,  the  brother  of  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman,  has  proved 
.,  himself  to  be,  also,  one  of  the  ablest 
financiers  that  the  United  States  has 
produced.  Of  his  early  education  we 
have  but  little  information.  He  was 
born  at  Lancaster,  Ohio,  May  10,  1823, 
and  in  1844  was  admitted  to  the  prac- 
tice of  law.  His  lirst  election  to 
Congress,  occurred  in  1854,  followed 
by  continuous  re-elections  in  185<), 
1858  and  1860.  In  1861  he  was  chosen 
a  United  States  senator  from  Ohio,  and 
was  re  elected  to  serve  in  the  two 
succeeding  terms,  in  1867  and  1873. 
In  1877  President  Hayes  invited  him  into  his  cabinet  as  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  and  in  this  position  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
llnancial  and  executive  ability  in  maintaining  and  increasing  the 
credit  of  the  U'uion,  both  at  home  and  in  foreign  nations.  It  was  in 
1878,  during  Mr.  Slierman's  management  of  the  national  linauces  that 
silver  coin,  from  which  the  money-value  had  been  taken  in  1873 
(authorizing  gold  as  the  only  standard  in  eommercinl  transactions), 
was  restored,  making  the  coin-dollar  again  worth  one  hundred  cents. 
Congress  favored  the  "  remonetization,"  notwithstanding  the  opposi- 
tion of  the  president  and  the  banks,  but  the  bill  was  passed  over  the 
president's  veto.  It  is  principally  to  him,  also,  that  the  country  was 
indebted  for  the  resumption  of  specie  payments,  January  1,  1879, 
after  they  had  been  suspended  for  eight  years.  In  the  senate  he  also 
won  distinction  as  chairman  of  the  llnance  committee.  Upon  the  ac- 
cession of  President  aarfleld,  Mr.  Sherman  was  superseded  in  the 
treasury  department  by  Hf>n.  William  Windom,  of  Minnesota. 


HE 


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•f 


J.  PROCTOR  KNOTT, 

Champion  or  the  l£.eiitucky  Democracy* 

v.iix:!  successful  Democratic  candidate  for  go\ernor  of  Kentucky, 
^-  in  August,  1883,  was  J.  Proctor  Knott,  who  was  born  near 
Lebanon,  Ky.,  August  29,  1830  At 
the  age  of  nineteen  he  began  studying 
law,  and  in  1850  removed  to  Missouri, 
where,  in  1851,  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  His  success  for  six  years  was 
such  that  in  1857  he  was  chosen  to 
represent  the  people  of  his  district  in 
the  State  legislature,  and  two  years 
later  the  governor  appointed  him 
attorney -general  of  the  State.  In  1863 
he  was  elected  to  the  same  office.  The 
following  year  he  returned  to  his 
native  State  and  village  and  there 
practiced  law  until  1866,  when  the  Democrats  elected  bim  to  repre- 
sent them  in  the  fortieth  Congress.  Two  years  afterward  he  was 
re-elected  by  a  large  majority.  His  next  re-election  occurred  in 
1873,  since  which  time  he  has  ably  and  continuously  held  his  seat  in 
Congress  as  the  representative  of  his  district.  Shortly  before  the 
close  of  his  second  term  in  Congress,  in  the  winter  of  1870-71,  Mr. 
Knott  achieved  a  national  reputation  by  a  stroke  of  humor  in  a  cir- 
cumstance of  no  great  importance.  At  the  request  of  a  strange 
gentleman  who  called  upon  him  to  advocate  the  establishment  of  a. 
town  at  the  western  end  of  Lake  Superior,  to  be  called  Duluth,  Mr. 
Knott  acceded,  making  a  most  remarkable  speech  on  the  floor  of  the 
House,  in  which  sarcasm  and  wit  were  brought  to  bear  in  mock 
approval  of  the  enterprise.  In  it  he  styled  Duluth  "the  Zenith  City 
of  the  Unsalted  Seas,"  a  name  that  still  clings  to  it,  and  made  its 
author  famous. 


Proctor  Knott. 


THOMAS  FRANCIS  BAYARD, 

The  Favorite  Stuteisnian  ur**L<ittle  Delaware.*' 

5n^HE  POPULARITY  of  the  Bayard  family,  several  of  whom  have 


from    Delaware, 


LU  been  United  States  senators 
phenomenal,  and  indeed  in  them  the 
interests  of  that  State  have  been  ably 
represented.  The  father  of  the  sub- 
ject of  tbis  sketch,  Hon.  James  A. 
Bayard,  also  a  lawyer,  was  a  senator 
from  1851  to  1869,  when  he  resigned 
on  account  of  ill-health,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son.  Thomas  F.  was 
born  at  WilmingUm,  Del. ,  October  29, 
1828.  His  education  was  principally 
gathered  at  the  Flushing  (L.  I. )  school 
of  Rev.  F.  L.  Hawks,  and  his  early 
training  was  designed  to  fit  him  for 
mercantile  pursuits.      Preferring,  however,  to  study  law 


is    almost 


Thomas  F.  Bayard. 


he  prepared 

himself  for  practice  in  that  jirofession,  was  admitted  to  the  bur  in 
1851,  and  opened  an  office  in  his  native  city,  where  he  followed  the 
business  for  many  years.  In  1853  he  was  appointed  United  States 
district  attorney  for  Delaware,  but  resigned  the  oftke  in  1854.  His 
father's  resignation  leaving  a  vacancy  in  the  United  States  senator- 
ship  for  his  district,  Thomas  F.  was  chosen  to  succeed  him,  taking 
his  seat  in  Congress  March  4,  1H69.  To  this  office  he  was  continuously 
elected,  holding  it  until  appointed  Secretary  of  State  by  President 
Cleveland,  in  March.  1H85.  In  1876  he  was  one  of  the  famous  elec- 
toral commission  appointed  to  settle  the  presidential  contest  of  that 
year.  Three  of  our  principal  cnllegi's — Yale,  Harvard  and  Dartmouth — 
have  each  bestowed  upon  him  tlie  honorary  degree  of  doctor  of  laws. 


i 


T 


SCHUYLEK   COLFAX.       CHAULES    S.   I'AKNKLL.       GBOVEB   CLEVELAND.       WILLIAM    ilAHONE. 


435 


Schuyler  Colfax. 


SCHUYLER  COLFAX, 

VIco-PreHldent  Under  Oeiieriil  <^i'ii.iit. 

^HE  FATIIEK  uf  this  gi-iitk-inan  died  befort.-  the  birth  of  his  eon, 
1^  which  occurred  in  New  York  City,  March  26,  1823.  The 
incidents  of  his  life  during  his  mother's 
widowliood,  which  lasted  ten  years, 
were  unimportant.  In  1833  slie  mar- 
ried a  Mr.  Matthews,  a  mttrchant,  who 
cuii)Ioyed  liis  step-son  in  his  store  for 
three  years.  The  family  removed  to 
New  Carlisle,  Ind. ,  in  183G,  where 
Schuyler  worked  for  three  years  more 
in  a  store.  Mr.  Matthews  having  been 
elected  county  auditor,  he  removed  to 
South  Bend,  ar.d  appointed  Schuyler  his 
deputy,  in  which  position  the  young 
man  found  opportunity  to  study  law. 
He  servfii  two  years  as  senate  reporter  for  the  Indianapolis  (Ind.) 
Stafe  Journal.  In  1845  he  established,  published  and  edited  the 
Sf.  Joseph  Valley  Register^  a  weekly  newsjiaper,  at  South  Bend, 
supporting  the  interest  of  the  Whig  party.  In  1S48  he  participated, 
as  delegate  and  secretary,  in  the  Whig  National  convention  at 
Philadelphia;  was  a  member  of  the  Indiana  State  Constitutional 
convention,  advocating  the  admission  of  free  colored  people  into 
the  State,  and  was  a  candidate  for  member  of  Congress  in  1851, 
but  was  defeated.  In  1852  he  took  part  in  the  Whig  National  con- 
vention at  Baltimore,  as  delegate  and  secretary.  In  18.54,  after  the 
formation  of  the  Republican  party,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  con- 
gress, and  was  six  times  successively  re-elected  to  that  office,  oppos- 
ing the  extension  of  slavery  and  the  oppression  of  the  slave  system; 
he  was  also  elected  speaker  of  the  house  in  the  thirty-eighth,  thirty- 
ninth  and  fortieth  Congresses.  In  1865  he  made  a  journey  to  the 
Pacific  coast.  In  1868  he  was  elected  vice-president  of  the  United 
States  on  the  Grant  ticket,  but  failed  of  a  re-nomination  in  1872.  In 
1873,  at  the  instigation  of  Oakes  Ames  and  others,  he  was  charged 
with  having  received,  while  vice-president,  bribes  in  the  interest  of 
the  "  Credit-Mobilier  of  America,"  but  after  investigation  the  charge 
was  not  sustained  as  to  corruption  whils  in  office,  and  there  the 
matter  ended.  After  that  Mr.  Colfax  retired  from  public  life,  and 
followed  the  profession  of  a  lecturer.  He  died  at  Mankato,  Minn., 
January  13,  1885,  after  a  brief  illness. 


CHARLES  S.  PARNELL, 

The  Tf'ell-Knowii  <'hampiou  or  Irish  Liiherty. 

MONG  those  who  have  devoted  their  time  and  energies  to  the 
liberation  of  Ireland  from  British  domination,  prominently 
stands  Charles  Stewart  Parnell,  the 
lineal  descendant  of  an  Irish  family 
possessing  considerable  antiquity  and 
remarkable  talent  in  the  fields  of 
jurisprudence,  poetry  and  legislation. 
His  father  was  a  country  gentleman, 
with  an  estate  in  Ireland,  who  visited 
America  some  years  ago,  and  while  in 
this  country  married  the  daughter  of 
Commodore  Charles  Stewart,  of  the 
United  States  navy,  the  ceremony 
being  performed  at  Grace  church,  in 
New  York  City.  The  subject  of  this 
sketch  was  born  at  Avondale,  Rathdrum,  Ireland,  in  1846,  on  the 
property  which  he  now  owns.  His  early  education  was  received  in 
England,  but  his  studies  were  interrupted  by  illness,  and  he  returned 
to  Ireland.  Later  in  life,  when  restored  to  health,  and  after  proper 
preparation  for  a  collegiate  course  at  the  hands  of  a  private  tutor,  he 
entered  Cambridge  (Eng. )  university,  where  he  remained  two  years. 


Charles  S.  Parnell. 


In  1807  his  interest  in  the  wrongs  of  the  Irinh  people  began  to  mani- 
fest itself,  notwithstandinij;  his  English  training,  when  three  of  hie 
countrymen  perished  on  the  scaffold  for  opposing  the  alleged  tyranny 
of  the  British  government.  In  1872  he  traveled  as  a  tourist  in  the 
United  States.  In  1875  he  was  elected  a  member  of  parliament  as 
the  representative  of  the  Home-Rulers  of  the  county  of  Meatb.  At 
first,  and  for  more  than  a  year,  he  sat  quietly  in  his  place.  At  that 
time  he  was  "■a  tall,  thin,  fair,  studious  young  man  of  nine-and- 
twcnty,'"  fresh  from  college  and  unused  to  the  turmoil  of  politics. 
As  his  political  characteristics  developed  in  the  house,  bis  course 
created  a  diversity  of  opinion  as  to  his  merits,  according  to  the  feel- 
ings of  the  two  parties  who  were  more  particularly  Interested  in  the 
Irish-English  contest.  When  the  time  for  an  effort  on  his  part 
arrived,  he  displayed  such  energetic  determination  to  plead  for  his 
people  and  their  rights  that  the  opposition  in  the  house  felt  his  power. 
Since  then,  at  home  and  abroad,  he  has  been  active  and  persistent  in 
endeavoring  to  improve  the  condition  of  Ireland  and  the  Irish. 
Although  not  wealthy,  he  has  manifested  his  faith  in  his  avowed 
principles  by  reducing  the  rents  on  his  own  estate.  In  his  policy, 
whatever  be  lacks  in  oratory  he  makes  up  in  his  tactics  for  obstruct- 
ing the  measures  of  his  opponents,  and  as  a  consequence  of  his 
independent  spirit  and  impassioned  action  on  two  or  more  occasions, 
he  has  been  subjected  to  imprisonment.  Still  he  has  hosts  of  friends 
among  the  people  and  champions  of  Irish  liberty. 


SIR  MOSES  MONTEFIORE, 

The  Eminent  >Je\vlnh  PhilunthropUt. 

5|^TR  MOSES  MOXTEFlOIiE  was  born  in  London,  Eng. » 
^^R  October  24,  1784,  the  lineal  descendant  of  a  wealthy  family  of 
bankers  who  had  done  business  in  that 
city  for  several  generations.  His 
wife,  whom  he  married  in  1812,  was 
the  daughter  of  the  founder  of  the 
famous  banking-house  of  Rothschilds, 
and  with  this  connection  he  became 
greatly  interested  in  the  condition  and 
persecutions  of  the  Israelites  in  Syria. 
He  enlisted  his  wealth  and  influence 
in  their  behalf,  ameliorating  their 
sufferings  when  famished,  and  obtain- 
ing for  them  freedom  from  abuse  in 
Spain,  Poland,  Morocco  and  Romania. 
All  through  his  long  life  he  was  their 

constant  and  helpful  friend.    In  1837  he  became  High  Sheriff  of  Lon- 
don and  was  knighted  by  Queen  Victoria.    He  died  July  28,  1885. 


Sir  Moses  Uonteflore. 


WILLIAM  MAHONE, 

rfoited  States  Senator  and  Kuilroad  Masrnate. 

^TIT'HE  PRESENT  United  States  senator  from  the  first  district  of 
cj^  Virginia  was  born  at  Southampton,  Va. ,  in  1827,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Virginia  military  insti- 
tute, at  Lexington,  where  he  graduated 
in  1847.  From  that  time  until  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  of  the  Rebellion, 
in  1861,  he  followed  the  business  of  a 
civil  engineer,  and  was  the  builder  of 
the  Norfolk  and  Petersburg  railroad. 
In  favor  of  the  secession  of  the  South 
from  the  Union,  he  assisted  in  the 
capture  of  the  Norfolk  navy  yard; 
raised  and  commanded  the  Sixth  Vir- 
ginia regiment  of  Confederates,  and  «,.,,.  ,^  ». 
actively  participated  with  it  in  most  of 
the  battles  of  the  Peninsula,  the  Rappahannock  a.id  around  Peters- 


JEFFERSON    DAVIS.       JOHN    RANDOLPH. 


burg-  In  1864  he  was  promoted,  first  to  brigadier-general,  and  then 
to  major-general,  subsequently  serving  in  Hill's  division.  When  the 
war  ended  he  returned  to  his  profession  of  civil- engineering,  was 
elected  president  of  a  trunk  railroad  running  out  of  Norfolk,  and 
became  an  influential  politician,  exercising  great  shrewdness,  and 
using  his  power  to  fill  the  public  offices  of  his  State  with  the  men  of 
his  choice.  Unable  to  obtain  the  nomination  for  governor  for  himself, 
he  threw  his  influence  into  the  scale  for  Halliday,  and  the  latter  was 
elected.  As  a  "readjuster,"  or  conditional  repudiator,  he  was 
chosen  United  States  senator  for  the  term  ending  March  3,  1887. 


Jefferson  Davis. 


JEFFERSON  DAVIS, 

A.  lieadlDBT  Spirit  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion. 

ONSPICUOUS  in  the  annals  of   American   history   stands  the 
statesman  and  soldier,  Jefferson  Davis,  who  was  born  in  what 

p-^, -^-^        ^^  ^**^'^'  known  as  Todd  county,  Ken- 

W~'    '  '     ^yl        tucky,  June  3,  1808.      While  in  his  in- 

"'^^^**  fancy  the  family  removed  to  Wilkinson 

county,  Mississippi,  near  Woodville. 
His  studies  preparatory  to  entering 
Transylvania  college,  in  his  native 
State,  were  pursued  at  an  academy, 
but  his  college  course  was  abridged  by 
his  appointment,  in  1824,  as  a  cadet  in 
the  militarj'"  academy  at  West  Point, 
N.  Y.  From  the  latter  institution  he 
graduated  in  1828.  For  seven  years 
he  served  in  the  array,  operating  as  an 
infantry  and  staff  officer  in  the  Black  Hawk  war,  on  the  western 
frontier,  in  1831-2.  In  the  spring  of  1833  he  was  promoted  to  a 
first  lieutenancy  in  a  company  of  dragoons,  and  in  1834  was  engaged 
in  the  warfare  against  the  Pawnee  and  other  hostile  tribes  of  Indians. 
Tn  1835  he  resigned  his  commission,  married  the  daughter  of  General 
Zachary  Taylor — then  a  colonel — and  retired  to  private  life  on  a 
cotton  plantation  in  Mississippi,  and  devoted  his  leisure  hours  to 
study.  With  Democratic  proclivities  he  drifted  into  politics,  and 
in  1844  was  chosen  a  presidential  elector  on  the  Polk  and  Dallas 
ticket.  The  following  year  he  was  elected  a  member  of  Congress, 
and  in  the  house  actively  joined  in  the  current  discussions  of  the 
tariff;  the  admission  of  Oregon  into  the  Union,  the  proposed  war 
with  Mexico,  and  military  organization.  In  July,  1840,  at  the  head 
of  a  regiment  of  Mississippi  volunteers,  he  joined  the  troops  in 
Mexico  under  General  Taylor,  and  was  distinguished  by  his  active 
participation  in  the  storming  of  Monterey  (September,  1846),  and  his 
gallantry  in  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista  (February,  184T),  fighting 
against  a  superior  force  of  Mexicans.  In  July,  1847,  the  term  of  ser- 
vice of  his  regiment  having  expired,  he  returned  to  Mississippi. 
During  the  next  three  years  and  a  half,  by  appointment  to  fill  a 
vacancy,  he  represented  his  State  in  ihc  United  States  senate.  His 
record  there  was  marked  by  his  strong  advocacy  of  negro  slavery  and 
the  doctrine  of  State  rights.  In  1850  he  was  re-elected  United  Stales 
senator,  but  resigned  in  1851,  in  order  to  become  a  candidate  for 
governor  of  the  State.  In  the  ensuing  election,  however,  he  was 
defeated,  and  thus  returned  to  private  life,  remaining  in  retirement 
until  the  presidential  campaign  of  1852,  when  he  traveled  in  several 
southern  States,  making  speeches  in  favor  of  Franklin  Pierce.  Upon 
the  election  of  the  latter,  Mr.  Davis  was  invited  to  a  seat  in  his 
cabinet  as  Secretary  of  War,  an  office  that  he  retained  until  the  inaug- 
uration of  President  Buchanan,  in  1857,  and  its  duties  were  most 
acceptably  performed,  including  various  improvements  in  the  army 
and  arms  and  ammunition,  explorations  in  the  new  Territories  for 
geographical  and  Pacific  railroad  purposes,  etc.  After  his  retirement 
from  the  cabinet  he  was  again  chosen  United  States  senator  for  the 
term  expiring  March  4,  1803.      In  the  senate  he  opposed  Stephen  A. 


Douglas'  position  in  regard  to  the  admission  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska 
into  the  Union  as  free  States,  advocated  the  Southern  Pacific  rail- 
road, became  the  leader  of  the  Democratic  element  in  the  senate, 
and  his  name  was  freely  used  in  connection  with  the  presidency.  In 
December,  1860,  he  joined  the  party  of  the  Southern  States  which 
contemplated  the  dissolution  of  the  national  Union,  and  in  January, 
1861,  aided  in  framing  the  conspiracy  of  the  seceding  States,  of  which 
he  soon  became  tha  acknowledged  leader.  On  the  9th  of  the  follow- 
ing month  he  was  choi^en,  by  the  Confederate  Congress,  at  Mont- 
gomery, Ala. ,  president  of  the  Southern  Confederacy,  and  was 
inaugurated  on  the  18th.  This  office  he  filled  until  the  surrender  of 
General  Lee  to  General  Grant,  on  the  first  of  April,  1865,  when  the 
Southern  Confederacy,  entirely  defeated,  suddenly  came  to  an  end. 
On  the  tenth  of  May  Mr.  Davis,  who  had  eluded  the  pursuers  of  his 
army,  thus  far,  was  captured  by  a  party  of  Union  cavalry,  near  Irwiu- 
ville,  Ga. ,  and  imprisoned  for  two  years  in  Fortress  Monroe.  In 
May,  1867,  charged  with  being  accessory  to  the  assassination  of  Pres- 
ident Lincoln,  April  14,  1865,  he  was  arraigned  in  the  United  States 
court  at  Richmond,  Va.,  and  admitted  to  bail,  there  being  no  evidence 
to  convict  him  of  complicity  in  the  assassination,  and  the  case  was 
finally  dismissed  by  the  government  in  December,  1868.  In  1867  and 
1868  Mr.  Davis  visited  New  York,  Canada,  England  and  France. 
Upon  his  return  home,  in  1871,  after  a  public  reception  at  Atlanta, 
Ga. ,  he  became  a  private  citizen  of  Mississippi.  A  few  years  after- 
ward, a  lady,  d3'ing,  bequeathed  to  him  a  handsome  fortune.  He  has 
written  a  memoir  of  the  Confederacy  and  its  struggles. 


r 


HH 


m- 


John  Randolph. 


~M 


JOHN  RANDOLPH, 

A.  Brilliant  hut   Kceentric  Statesman. 

|^||NE  OF  THE  most  remarkable  law-makers  that  America 
^^^  has  produced  was  John  Randolph,  who  was  born  at  Cawsons, 
Va. ,  June  2,  1773.  His  education 
was  received  at  Princeton  (N.  J. ) 
college,  Columbia  (N.  Y. )  college 
and  William  and  Mary  (Va. )  college, 
in  addition  to  a  course  of  law 
studies  which  he  afterward  pursued 
at  Philadelphia.  His  first  election  to 
Congress  from  Virginia  occurred  in 
1790,  and  in  the  house  he  soon  became 
noted  for  his  eccentricities  of  character. 
Two  years  later  he  was  re-elected  for 
another  term,  during  which  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  opposition  to 
the  proposed  introduction  of  slavery  into  the  Territory  of  Indiana. 
Continuing  in  Congress  for  several  successive  terms,  he  distinguished 
himself  by  the  bitterness  with  which  he  repelled  political  measures 
that  were  not  in  harmony  with  his  opinions.  In  1806  he  attacked, 
politically.  President  Jefferson,  and,  later.  President  Madison,  strongly 
opposing  the  declaration  of  war  against  England,  in  1812.  This 
course  defeated  nim  at  the  next  election;  but  in  1814  and  1818  he 
was  returned  to  Congress,  he  having  refused  a  re-election  in  1816. 
In  the  session  of  1819-20  he  strenuously  fought  the  celebrated  '*  Mis- 
souri compromise'"  measure  of  admitting  slavery  into  new  Territories, 
and  originated  the  well-known  political  e])ithet  of  *' dough-faces. " 
Between  1821  and  1825  he  made  two  visits  to  England,  and  upon  his 
return  was  chosen  to  represent  his  native  State  in  the  United  States 
senate.  It  was  during  this  term  in  the  senate  that  he  fought  his 
celebrated  duel  with  Henry  Clay,  in  which  both  fortunately  escaped 
death  or  serious  injury.  Mr.  Randolph  was  an  ardent  suj)porter  of 
General  Jackson  for  the  presidency  in  182fi;  in  1829  he  served  as 
a  delegate  to  the  Virginia  State  Constitutional  convention,  and  in  1830 
he  was  appointed,  by  President  Jackson,  minister  to  Russia.  His 
stay  at  the  imperial  court,  however,  was  very  brief.     In  an  unex- 


JOSEPH  i{.  iiAwi.icv. 


ildliACK    MANN.        WILLIAM    II.    .SKWARIJ. 


4;!7 


plained  freak  he  suddenly  left  his  post  and  went  to  England,  and, 
without  returning  to  Rnswia,  saiU-d  for  home.  Once  more  his  con- 
stituents chose  him  to  represent  them  in  Congress,  but  he  was  then 
an  invalid  with  consumption,  and  too  feeble  to  perform  his  legislative 
duties.  In  this  condition  he  determined  to  revisit  Knghind,  and  bad 
proceeded  as  far  as  Philadelphia,  where  he  died,  at  a  hotel,  June  21, 
1833.  Mr.  Randolph  never  married.  While  he  possessed  undoubted 
talents  of  a  high  order,  his  political  career  was  marked  by  vindictive- 
ness  and  sarcasm,  but  underneath  his  rude  ext(?rior  there  was 
indicated  a  better  nature.  By  his  will  he  gave  their  freedom  to 
his  three  hundred  and  eighteen  slaves.  After  his  death  his  *■' Letters 
to  a  Young  Relative"  were  given  to  the  press. 


JOSEPH  R.  HAWLEY, 

(Journalist,  (fiuldier  uiitl  Statesman. 

fl^T^ENERAL  HAWLEY'S  entrance  upon  the  busy  scenes  of  life 
dates  back  to  October  31,  1826,  at  Stewartsville,  N.  C.  What- 
ever other  instruetion  he  may  have 
received  in  childhood,  he  enjoyed  the 
advantages  of  a  liberal  education  at 
Hamilton  college,  Clinton,  N.  Y. , 
where  he  graduated  in  1847.  In  1850 
he  was  admitted  to  the  practice  of  the 
law,  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  for  more 
than  six  years  he  followed  his  profes- 
sion in  that  place.  In  1857  he  became 
a  journalist  and  edited  two  of  the  city 
newspapers — the  Evening  Press  and 
the  C'ourant^  which  were  afterward 
consolidated.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Southern  Rebellion,  in  1861,  be  entered  the  Union  army  as  a  lieuten- 
ant; during  the  war  was  promoted  to  brigadier-general,  and  was  a 
brevet-major-general  when  mustered  out  of  the  service  in  January, 
1866.  In  1867  he  was  elected  governor  of  Connecticut.  In  1868  he 
was  brought  prominently  before  the  people  as  a  presidential  elector 
on  the  Grant  ticket,  and  also  as  president  of  the  National  Republican 
convention,  the  same  year,  at  Chicago.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
National  Republican  conventions  of  1872  and  1876,  and  was  president 
of  the  United  States  Centennial  commission  from  March,  1873,  to  the 
close  of  the  centennial  exposition,  at  Philadelphia,  in  1876.  In  1872 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  Congress;  was  re-elected  to  the  forty- 
third  and  forty-fourth  Congresses,  and  in  1881  was  chosen  United 
States  senator  for  the  term  ending  March  3,  1887. 


Joseph  R.  Haw^ley. 


HORACE  MANN, 

An  Earnest  Advocate  of  Educational  Rerorms. 

J^^S  ONE  OF  the  purest  of  American  social  reformers,  Horace 
M;inu  was  justly  esteemed  at  home  and  abroad.  Born  at 
Franklin,  Mass.,  May  4,  1796,  all  the 
education  of  his  earlier  years  was 
gathered  in  the  local  district  schools, 
but  when  about  twenty  years  of  age 
he  was  enabled  to  enter  Brown  uni- 
versity, at  Providence,  R.  I.,  at  which 
he  graduated  in  1819.  For  some  time 
afterward  he  served  as  a  Greek  and 
Latin  tutor  in  the  same  institution, 
and  then  studied  law  at  Litchfield, 
Conn.  In  1823  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  and  opened  his  office  at  Dedhara, 
Mass.  Four  years  afterward  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  State  legislature,  where  he  won  distinction 
by  his  advocacy  of  improved  educational  facilities  and  the  suppres- 
sion of  intemperance  and  lotteries,  and  was  prominent  in  establishing 


Horace  Mann. 


the  State  Lunatic  Asylum  at  Worccf^ter.  iiy  re-elections  he  retained 
his  seat  in  the  house  until  1833,  when  he  remttved  to  Bostrm.  There 
he  was  repeatedly  chosen  State  senator,  and  in  1836  and  also  in  1837. 
was  chosen  president  of  the  senate.  In  1837,  and  for  the  next 
eleven  years,  he  served  as  secretary  of  the  MaHsachusetts  Slate  Ijoard 
of  education,  relinquishing  politics  and  hie  law  practice  in  order  to 
give  his  undivided  attention  to  his  office.  In  this  position  he  thor- 
oughly reorganized  the  school-work  of  the  State,  established  normal 
schools,  and  inaugurated  numerous  permanent  reforms  in  educational 
institutions,  visiting  Europe,  in  1843,  in  search  of  information  on 
these  matters;  and  his  annual  reports  became  deservedly  popular. 
In  May,  1848,  he  resigned,  having  worked  not  less,  on  an  average, 
than  fifteen  hours  a  day,  without  u  single  day's  relaxation.  Return- 
ing to  politics,  in  1848,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  Congress,  to 
succeed  John  Quincy  Adams,  taking,  while  there,  strong  ground 
against  negro  slavery.  Two  years  later  he  was  elected  for  another 
term,  but  in  18.'j2  his  third  nomination  was  defeated  by  the  friends  of 
Daniel  Webster,  by  a  single  vote.  He  was  re-elected,  however,  as 
an  independent  candidate.  The  Free-Soilers,  in  1852,  nominated 
him  for  governor,  but  he  was  defeated  in  the  election.  The  same 
year  he  became  president  of  Antioch  college,  at  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio, 
and  in  this  position  he  faithfully  labored  in  the  cause  of  education 
and  philanthropy  until  his  death,  which  occurred  August  2, 1859. 


Se^vard. 


WILLIAM  H.  SEWARD, 

Secretary  of  State  I'nder  PrcNident  I^lncoln. 

WWeW  YORK'S  eminent  staiesnmn,  William  H.  Seward,  was  born 
^l^iK  at  Florida,  in  that  State,  May  16,  1801,  and  his  classical  edu- 
cation was  received  at  Union  college, 
Schenectady,  N.  Y. ,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  1820.  After  leaving  col- 
lege he  taught  school  for  six  months 
in  Georgia,  but  having  chosen  to  prac- 
tice law  he  obtained  admission  to  the 
bar  in  1822,  opening  his  office  at 
Auburn,  N.  Y.  Drifting  into  politics, 
in  1824,  he  began  the  expression  of  his 
opposition  to  the  famous  Democratic 
clique  known  as  the  "Albany  Re- 
gency," which  only  ended  when  the 
association  was  broken  up,  in  1838. 
In  1830  Mr.  Seward  was  elected  a  member  of  the  State  senate  by  the 
Anti  mason  element,  and  in  1833  made  a  brief  visit  to  Europe,  em- 
bodying his  foreign  views  and  experiences  in  a  series  of  letters  to 
the  Albany  (N.  Y. )  Evening  Journal.  Such  was  his  popularity  at 
home  that  in  1838  he  was  elected  governor  of  the  State,  and  re-elected 
in  1840,  and  his  administrations  were  marked  by  a  careful  attention 
to  public  measures  relating  to  the  advancement  of  education,  internal 
improvements,  legal  reforms,  etc.  Resuming  business  as  an  attorney 
in  1843,  he  carried  his  practice  into  State  and  Federal  courts,  where 
he  became  intimately  and  honorably  connected  with  some  of  the 
celebrated  trials  of  the  day.  In  1844  he  supported  Henry  Clay  for 
president,  and,  in  1848,  advocated  the  election  of  General  Taylor 
to  the  same  office.  In  1849  he  was  chosen  a  United  States  senator, 
and  in  that  position  soon  distinguished  himself  by  his  antagonism  to 
slavery  in  all  its  forms  and  policy,  giving  utterance  to  that  memor- 
able expression,  "  the  higher  law,"  as  being  superior  to  human  legis- 
lation. When  his  term  expired,  in  1855,  he  was  re-elected.  Four 
j-ears  later  he  again  visited  Europe,  Egj-pt  and  Palestine.  In  1861 
President  Lincoln  bestowed  upon  him  the  cabinet  office  of  Secretary 
of  State,  and  it  was  during  his  administration,  through  his  negotia- 
tions, that  Alaska  was  added  to  the  national  domain  by  purchase 
from  Russia.  By  a  carriage  accident,  in  the  spring  of  1865,  he  had 
an  arm  and  jaw  fractured,  and,  while  confined  to  his  bed  by  these 


:(i — 


438 


SIB   HUGH    ALLAN.       GEORGE    F.   HOAR.       JOHN    BRIGHT. 


injuries,  was  attaclied  and  nearly  Ijilled  by  an  assassin  on  the  night 
when  President  Lincoln  was  shot  down.  He  recovered,  however, 
from  his  wounds  and  remained  in  the  cabinet  of  President  Johnson, 
whose  unpopular  reconstruction  policy  he  supported.  At  the  close 
of  his  official  term,  in  1869,  he  retired  from  public  life  and  traveled 
in  California,  Oregon  and  Alaska,  and  in  1870  and  1871,  with  his 
family,  he  made  a  tour  around  the  world,  receiving  many  honors  in 
foreign  lands.  His  observations  made  during  this  extensive  voyage 
form  the  material  of  a  volume  prepared  by  his  adopted  daughter, 
Miss  Olive  Risley,  which  was  published  in  1873.  Mr.  Seward,  in 
the  senate,  was  the  eloquent  eulogist  of  many  distinguished  public 
citizens  as,  from  time  to  time,  they  departed  this  life,  and  among 
his  writings  are  a  biography  of  John  Quincy  Adams  aud  several  other 
publications  of  more  or  less  interest.  He  died  at  Auburn,  N.  Y. , 
October  10,  1873. 


Sir  Hueh  Allan. 


SIR  HUGH  ALLAN, 

Founder  of  the  Allan  Line  €>rOcenu  Steamships. 

|fEM.\RKABLE  among  the  many  successful  business  men  of 
Canada  was  Sir  Hugh  Allan,  who  was  born  in  Ayrshire,  Scot- 
land, in  1810.  His  education,  in  child- 
hood, was  derived  from  the  common- 
schools  in  that  vicinity,  and  one  year 
was  passed  as  a  subordinate  in  a  ship- 
ping house  at  Greenock,  Scotland. 
When  the  lad  was  about  fourteen  years 
old,  his  father,  who  was  a  ship-captain 
plying  between  the  River  Clyde  and 
Montreal,  advised  him  to  come  to 
Canada.  This  was  in  1826.  The  boy 
followed  the  parental  suggestion,  and 
on  arriving  at  Montreal  entered  a  dry- 
goods  store  as  clerk,  remaining  in  that 
employment  for  three  years.  At  the  end  of  that  time,  having  been 
able  to  save  only  a  hundred  dollars  out  of  his  wages,  he  became 
dissatisfied  and  sailed  for  home.  In  1831  he  was  persuaded  to  return 
to  Montreal,  where  he  was  hired  as  a  clerk  in  the  office  of  James 
Millar,  a  ship-builder.  After  four  years'  service  in  this  capacity, 
he  was  admitted  as  junior  partner  into  the  business  and  sent  to  Eng- 
land to  represent  the  interests  of  his  firm.  In  1838  he  returned  to 
Montreal.  Mr.  Millar  died  soon  afterward,  and  Mr.  Allan,  continuing 
the  business  of  the  house,  obtained  a  contract  to  furnish  a  steamship 
for  the  royal  navy,  and  the  vessel  proved  to  be  very  satisfactory  to 
the  home  government.  Continuing  to  build  ships,  Mr.  Allan  took 
his  brother  Andrew  for  a  partner  and  assistant,  and  the  business 
prospered.  In  1857  the  firm  began  to  build  iron  steamships,  with 
screw  propellers.  The  first  was  the  "Canada,"  which  made  her 
initial  trip  across  the  .\tlantic  in  1858.  In  1859  Mr.  Allan  received 
the  contract  for  carrying  the  Anglo-,\merican  mails,  which  he  always 
retained.  Gradually  his  fleet  of  ocean  steamships  increased,  until, 
in  1882,  the  famous  "Allan  Line"  numbered  twenty-three  first-class 
vessels,  aggregating  750,000  tons  burthen.  In  1874  Mr.  Allan  was 
knighted  by  Queen  Victoria — becoming  Sir  Hugh — for  his  success  in 
establishing  steam  communicalion  between  Canada  and  Great  Britain. 
Sir  Hugh,  who  died  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  December  9,  1882,  was 
also  president  of  the  Montreal  Telegraph  company,  president  of  the 
Richelieu  and  Ontario  Navigation  company;  president  of  one  of  the 
largest  banking  Inslitnlious  in  Montreal,  and  of  eighteen  or  nineteen 
other  corporations,  to  which  he  gave  his  personal  attention.  lie 
always  8tca<Iily  refused  to  enter  into  pui)lic  life;  but  by  his  industry, 
perseverance  and  business  sagacity  in  his  own  affairs,  amassed  a  for- 
tune estimated  at  $15,000,000.  Of  him  it  is  said  that  he  never  asked 
for  an  <-xtenpion,  offercfl  a  Cf)mpronii«e,  or  «u«pcnded  payment. 


GEORGE  F.  HOAR, 

Prominent  Xew  Ensland  Statesman. 

^^.^IKE  MANY  other  eminent  men  in  Con<^ress,  Mr.  Hoar  is  a 
^i^^  native  of  Massachusetts,  having  been  born  at  Concord,  in  that 
State,  August  29,  1826.  After  pursu- 
ing a  course  of  tuition  at  the  Concord 
academy  he  entered  Harvard  univer- 
sity, from  which  he  graduated  in  1846. 
Leaving  college,  he  adopted  the  pro- 
fession of  the  law,  gave  it  the  necessary 
study,  and  began  to  practice  at  Wor- 
cester. In  1852  he  was  elected  to  the 
lower  house  of  the  Massachusetts 
legislature,  and  in  1857  to  the  State 
senate.  Not  long  afterward  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  forty-first 
Congress,  and  re-elected  to  the  forty- 
second,  forty-third  and  forty-fourth  Congresses.  In  March,  1877, 
took  his  seat  in  the  United  States  senate  as  the  successor  of  George 
S.  Boutwell,  and  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  be  was  re-elected  as 
his  own  successor.     His  second  term  will  expire  March  3,  1889. 


^m^' 


George  F.  Hoaj:. 


he 


John  Bright. 


JOHN  BRIGHT, 

The  Brilliant  £ugli8h  Orutor  and  Statesman. 

ToDERN  hi^^tory  derives  luster  from  the  talents  of  John  Bright, 
the  able  and  eloquent  English  statesman,  who,  as  one  of  the 
people,  has  been  the  constant  friend 
and  advocate  of  his  countrymen  in  the 
councils  of  the  kingdom.  His  birth 
occurred  at  Greenbank,  Lancashire, 
England,  November  16,  1811,  and 
under  circumstances  favorable  for  ac- 
quiring a  liberal  education.  His 
entrance  into  public  affairs  began  in 
earliest  manhood  with  the  part  he  took 
in  the  reform  movement  of  1831-2. 
Upon  the  formation,  in  1838,  of  the 
Anti-Corn-Law  league,  of  which  Rich- 
ard Cobden  was  one  of  the  founders, 
having  for  its  object  the  removal  of  the  tax  on  breadstuffs,  Mr.  Bright 
became  one  of  its  earliest  members,  and,  with  Mr.  Cobden,  a  leading 
spirit  in  its  operations.  Mr.  Bright,  however,  was  personally  inde- 
pendent of  politics  as  a  profession,  for  he  was  the  principal  partner 
in  the  firm  of  John  Bright  &  Brothers,  cotton-spinners  and  manufac- 
turers, at  Rochdale,  in  his  native  county.  Entering  parliament  in 
1843,  for  four  years  he  represented  the  interests  of  the  city  of  Dur- 
ham, advocating  the  cause  of  free-trade  and  laboring  zealously  for 
the  modification  of  the  laws  taxing  breadstuffs,  although  this  tax  was 
not  finally  repealed  until  February,  1849.  In  1847  he  was  re-elected 
to  parliament  as  the  representative  of  the  city  of  Manchester,  and 
his  activity  in  the  house  and  as  a  public  speaker  elsewhere  in  behalf 
of  his  political  views  wat*  varied  and  continuous.  In  1854  he  used  his 
influence,  as  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  to  prevent  the 
declaration  of  war  by  Russia  against  Turkey  and  opposed  the  partici- 
pation of  England  in  the  contest.  When  Great  Britain  proposed  to  de- 
clare war  against  China,  in  1857,  Mr.  Bright  deprecated  the  measure, 
which  was  very  popular,  and  in  the  ensuing  election  his  position  on 
this  subject  defeated  his  return  to  parliament  from  Manchester. 
The  people  of  Hirmingham,  however,  appreciating  his  worth,  elected 
him  to  represent  them  in  the  house  of  commons,  where  he  was,  as 
usual,  alert  and  influential  in  urging  his  political  reforms,  and  was 
instrumental  In  the  formation,  in  1860,  of  a  commercial  treaty  with 
France.  During  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  in  the  United  States  Mr. 
Bright  was  the  warm  friend  of  the  national  Union  and  (Uitspokeii  in 


:5^ 


><l^^'' — 


SIR    .lOIIN    A.    MACDONAI.I).        AI.KX.    II.    S'lKl'll  I':NS.         WILLIAM     WIMKlM.        lll.IXIilt     L.    MuliTON. 


■{::'.> 


its  cause,  both  in  and  out  of  parliament.  He  also  ably  supported  the 
extension  of  the  rights  of  voters  at  elections,  as  set  forth  in  the 
reform  bill  which  was  passed  in  1807;  urged  reform  in  Irish  atlairs, 
and  advonited  the  disfstablishment  of  the  Irish  church,  which  was 
eflfected  by  purliiinu'ntary  legislation  in  July,  18li9.  In  1868,  the 
liberals  coming  into  power,  with  Mr.  (Jladstone  as  prime  minister, 
Mr.  Hriglit  was  chosen  a  meml)er  of  tlie  cabinet  as  president  of  tlie 
board  of  tradf,  ranking  as  a  privy-councillor.  Hit*  health  failing, 
however,  he  resigned  his  office  in  1870,  and  upon  its  n-storation,  in 
1873,  he  was  returned  as  a  member  of  parliament.  When  Gladstone 
resumed  the  reins  of  government,  in  1880,  Mr.  Bright  again  look  his 
seat  in  the  cabinet,  but  resigned  it  July  15,  1882. 


SIR  JOHN  A.  MACDONALD, 

Prime  MInlMter  of  the  Dotninlun  ol*  Canada. 

F  THE  statesmen  of  Canada,  Sir  John  Miiedonald  is  probably 
the  hcst  known.  By  birth  he  belongs  to  the  Dominion,  for  he 
entered  upon  the  scenes  of  life  at 
Kingston,  Out.,  in  January,  1815.  In 
his  youth  be  enjoyed  the  advantages  of 
the  Royal  grammar-school  in  his  native 
city.  Having  adopted  the  law  for  his 
profession,  he  devoted  himself  to  its 
study,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1836.  In  1844  he  was  chosen  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Dominion  Parliament,  and 
two  years  later  became  a  Queen's 
counsel.  In  1847  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  executive  council  of 
Canada,  and  in  May,  1862,  was  elected 
prime  minister.  When,  in  1867,  the  Canadian  provinces  were  united 
under  one  dominion,  he  was  instrumental  in  forming  the  union  gov- 
ernment, and  in  1878  his  position  as  prime  minister  was  confirmed. 
At  the  present  writing  (1883)  he  continues  to  perform  its  duties. 
Among  the  special  services  in  which  Mr.  Macdonald  has  participated 
was  the  preparation  and  signing  of  the  "Treaty  of  Washington," 
concluded  May  8,  1871,  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
for  the  settlement  of  the  *'  Alabama  Claims,"  urged  by  the  latter. 


MX--  —^ 

Sir  John  A.  Macdonald. 


ALEX.  H.  STEPHENS, 

rjone-Tlme  XJiilteil  States  Seiiatoi-  from  Georgrla. 

^EORGIA,  in  the  death  of  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  lost  one  of  her 
oldest  and  most  conspicuous  statesmen.  His  birth  occurred 
in  Wilkes  county,  in  that  State,  Febru- 
ary 11,1812,  and  his  earlier  education 
was  advanced  at  the  university  of 
Georgia,  at  Athens,  Ga.  After  he 
graduated,  in  1832,  he  taught  school 
for  eighteen  months,  and  in  1834  was 
admitted  to  the  practice  of  the  law. 
Opening  bis  office  at  Crawfordsville,  in 
his  native  State,  he  soon  obtained  a 
large  and  profitable  patronage.  From 
1836  to  1841,  inclusive,  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Georgia  legislature,  and  in 
1842  represented  his  district  in  the 
State  senate.  In  1860  he  was  a  candidate  for  presidential  elector  on 
the  Douglas  and  Johnson  ticket;  in  1861  was  a  member  of  the  seces- 
sion convention  of  Georgia,  and  the  same  year  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Confederate  State  congress  at  Montgomery,  Ala.  At  the  cele- 
brated Hampton  Roads  conference,  in  1865,  he  represented  bis  State, 
and  in  May,  the  same  year,  he  was  arrested  and  confined  as  a  prisoner 
in  Fort  Warren,  Boston  harbor,  where  he  remained- about  five  months. 


and  was  then  released  on  parole.  In  1866  he  was  elected  United 
States  senator  from  Georgia,  but  was  refused  a  seat  in  that  body, 
owing  to  the  imperfect  condition  of  national  reconstruction.  Six 
years  later  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  twenty-eighth  Congress, 
and  from  that  period  until  his  death,  by  successive,  re-elections, 
without  cessation  he  retained  that  office,  carefully  guarding  the 
interests  of  the  South  and  constantly  displaying  those  qualities  of 
head  and  heart  that  endeared  him  to  his  constituents.  For  many 
years  he  was  a  great  sufFcrer  from  a  cancerous  sore,  but  was  as  faith- 
ful to  his  public  duties,  through  all,  as  the  nature  of  his  disease 
permitted.      He  died  in  March,  1883. 


WILLIAM  WINDOM, 

Secretary  of  the  Trcaxuiy    I'lider  l*reMltlent  Garfield. 

j^'INNESOTA  counts  among  her  most  prominent  public  men 
Hon.  William  Windom,  wlio  was  born  in  Belmont  county, 
Ohio,  May  10,  1827.  Circumstances 
permitting,  he  was  liberally  educated, 
studied  law,  and  began  professional 
life  as  an  attorney,  practicing  in 
Ohio,  and  also  in  Minnesota,  to  the 
latter  of  which  States  he  removed  in 
1855.  There  he  rapidly  became  pop- 
ular, and  was  elected,  successively,  a 
member  of  the  thirty-sixth,  thirty-sev- 
enth, thirty-eighth,  thirty-ninth  and 
fortieth  Congresses.  In  July,  1870, 
he  was  appointed,  by  the  governor,  a 
United  States  senator,  to  fill  the  unex- 
pired term  of  Senator  Norton,  deceased,  and  was  subsequently  elected 
and  re-elected  to  the  same  office.  His  last  term  would  have  expired 
March  3,  1883,  but  on  March  5,  1881,  President  Garfield  called  him 
from  the  senate  to  a  seat  in  his  cabinet  as  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 
After  the  death  of  President  Garfield,  in  September,  1881,  Mr.  Win- 
dom resigned  his  office,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Folger. 


William  "Windom. 


OLIVER  P.  MORTON. 

Distiug:iil*thed  Statesman  of  Indiana. 

^LTHOrGH  Oliver  P.  Morton  wus  ever  the  indu-tric 

in   Ilie 


us  and  con- 
eoumils  of 


(^ 


-S© 


:^^  sistent  representative  of  his  native  Stat 
the  nation,  yet^  as  one  of  the  people, 
he  ably  represented  the  interests  of 
the  whole  country.  Born  at  Sauls- 
bury,  Wayne  county,  Ind. ,  August  14, 
1823,  he  early  suffered  the  loss  of  his 
mother,  and  when  old  enough  was 
employed  in  a  hat-factory,  where  he 
remained  four  years.  He  then  entered 
Miami  university,  at  Oxford,  Ohio,  at 
which,  for  two  years,  he  was  engaged 
in  study.  Leaving  school,  he  prepared 
himself  for  the  practice  of  law,  and  in 
1845  opened  his  office  at  Centerville, 
Ind.  He  soon  proved  himself  to  be  quite  proficient  in  his  i)rofession, 
and  in  1852  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  fifth  (Ind.)  judicial  circuit, 
to  fill  a  vacancy.  His  term  closing  at  the  end  of  one  year  he  resumed 
his  law  practice.  In  I860  he  was  chosen  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
State,  and,  in  the  following  year,  succeeded  to  the  governorship,  his 
predecessor,  Mr.  Lane,  having  been  elected  L^nited  States  senator. 
During  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  bis  activity,  energy  and  influence 
were  exercised  in  the  interest  of  the  Union  b}'  raising,  equipping  and 
forwarding  the  208,367  troops  (all  but  17,000  of  them  being  volun- 
teers), who  answered  the  calls  of  the  president  during  that  struggle 


OS- 


Oliver  P.  Morton. 


:c>~ 


^ 


T 


440 


GEORGE    B.  MCCLELLAN.       HE^'RY    WILSON, 


and  in  raising  funds  to  carry  on  the  Union  cause.  In  1864  he  was 
re-elected  governor  by  a  large  majority,  in  appreciation  of  his  emi- 
nent services  in  behalf  of  the  country.  About  the  time  when  the 
war  ended  he  was  stricken  down  with  paralysis,  from  which  he  never 
fully  recovered.  A  visit  to  Europe,  in  search  of  health,  brought  but 
little  relief.  After  his  return  he  was  chosen  United  States  senator 
from  March  4,  1867,  until  March  3,  1873,  and  when  his  term  expired 
he  was  re-elected.  In  the  senate  he  became  the  recognized  leader  of 
the  Republican  party,  served  on  several  committees,  was  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  privileges  and  elections,  and  advocated  the  election 
of  the  president  by  the  direct  votes  of  the  people.  In  1877  he  visited 
Oregon,  officially  to  investigate  some  alleged  election  frauds,  and 
while  on  the  way  homeward  he  was  again  stricken  down  with  another 
attack  of  paralysis,  from  which  he  never  recovered.  He  died 
November  1,  1877. 


-51 


Geo.  B.  McClellau. 


-iS 


GEORGE  B.  McCLELLAN, 

Soldier,  Engineer  and  Governor  or  Xe'fv  Jersey. 

LIFE  OF  varied  experiences  and  great  opi)ortunities  is  that  of 
George  Brinton  McClellan,  who  was  born  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
December  3,  1826.  After  preparatory 
studies  in  the  university  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, he  was,  in  1842,  admitted  as  a 
cadet  in  the  United  States  military 
academy  at  West  Point.  Graduating 
in  184G,  with  the  grade  of  second  lieu- 
tenant, he  participated  in  the  war  with 
Mexico,  and  fought  gallantly  in  the 
battles  of  Contreras,  ijheriibusco, 
Molino  del  Rey  and  Chapultepec.  His 
services  in  the  hitter  contest  resulted 
in  his  i>romotion  to  a  brevet-captaincy 
in  a  company  of  sappers  and  miners, 
and  in  1847  he  returned  to  West  Point,  where  he  remained  until  1851. 
While  there  he  introduced  the  use  of  the  bayonet  into  the  army  exer- 
cises and  translated  a  foreign  military  manual,  which  was  adopted  by 
the  government  authorities.  As  an  engineer,  from  1851  to  1854,  he 
served  in  exploration,  surveys  and  the  construction  of  military  and 
public  works,  in  various  portions  of  the  Union.  In  1855-6  he  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  sent  by  the  United  States  to  visit  the  seat 
of  war  in  the  Crimea,  Russia,  for  military  observation,  the  results  of 
which  were  published  in  a  scientific  and  critical  report  from  his  pen. 
In  1857  he  resigned  his  office  in  the  army  and  became  chief-engineer 
of  the  Illinois  Central  railroad;  in  1858  he  was  elected  vice-president 
of  that  railroad  corporation,  and  in  1860  he  was  chosen  president  of 
the  St.  Louis  &  Cincinnati  railroad.  When  the  war  of  the  Rebellion 
began,  in  1861,  he  was  appointed  a  major-general  of  Ohio  volunteers, 
taking  command  of  the  Union  troops  in  western  Virginia,  June  21. 
On  July  11  he  defeated  a  Confederate  force  under  McDowell,  at  Rich 
Mountain,  Va. ,  and  on  July  21  the  president  placed  him  in  command 
of  the  Potomac.  In  November,  1861,  General  Winfield  Scott,  the 
commander-in-chief  of  the  national  army,  retired  from  active  service 
owing  to  his  great  age,  and  General  McClellan  was  appointed  his 
successor,  but  soon  afterward  resigned,  and  again,  in  March,  1863, 
assumed  cmnmand  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  which  he  had  been 
for  several  months  engaged  in  organizing  and  augmenting.  Leaving 
Washington  with  his  troops,  he  began  a  forward  movement  upon 
Richmond,  Vu. ,  the  capital  of  the  Confederate  States,  which  was  then 
held  by  a  strong  military  force.  His  plans  having  become  known  to 
the  enemy,  and  other  hindrances  preventing,  McClellan  changed  the 
intent  of  his  campaign,  fought  his  way  to  the  Chickahominy  river, 
taking  possession  of  Yorktown,  Va.,  and  marching  northward  until 
he  reached  the  vicinity  of  Ri<"hmond.  At  tliis  point  he  encountered, 
in  June.   1862,  the  Cunft-dcrate   army  under  General    Lee.  and   for 


seven  days  the  combat  raged  desperately.  McClellan,  finding  himself 
hard-pressed  after  the  battle  of  Malvern  Hill,  withdrew  from  the 
field  to  the  cover  of  his  gun-bouts.  General  llalleck,  the  commander- 
in-chief,  soon  afterward  ordered  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  to  evac- 
uate the  Peninsula  and  return  to  Fortress  Monroe  and  Yorktown,  a 
measure  against  which  its  commander  entered  his  protest.  He  soon 
afterward  succeeded  General  Pope  in  the  command  of  the  troops  in 
and  around  Washington,  but  on  November  7,  having  been  superseded 
by  General  Burnside,  he  retired  to  Trenton,  N.  J.,  to  await  further 
orders,  and  henceforth  took  no  active  part  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
war.  In  August,  1864,  he  was  nominated  as  the  Democratic  candi- 
date for  the  presidency,  but  suffered  defeat  in  the  subsequent 
election.  In  November,  1864,  General  McClellan  resigned  his  com- 
mission in  the  army,  removed  to  New  Y'ork  City,  and  with  his  family 
visited  Europe.  Upon  his  return,  in  1868,  he  went  to  reside  near 
Orange,  N.  J.,  and  devoted  his  time  and  energies  to  the  science  of 
practical  engineering,  taking  charge  of  the  construction  of  the 
Stephens"  floating  battery,  at  Hoboken,  N.  J. .  superintending  the 
building  of  the  Poughkeepsie  railroad-bridge  over  the  Hudson  river, 
and  serving  as  superintendent  of  docks  and  piers  in  the  city  of  New 
Y^ork.  This  office  he  retained  until  1873,  when  he  resigned.  In 
November,  1877,  he  was  elected  governor  of  New  Jersey.  He  died 
October  29,  1885. 


mSi' 


-J-i'tvc 


Henry  "Wilson. 


HENRY  WILSON. 

Vice-President   With  President  Or:int. 

•l^PlGH  IN  THE  list  of  self-made  men  of  America  stands  the  name 
JS^k  of  Henry  Wilson,  whose  birth  occurred  at  Farmington,  N.  H., 
February  16,  1812.  His  family  name 
was  Jeremiah  J.  Colbath,  but  when  he 
arrived  at  the  age  of  seventeen  it  was 
changed,  at  his  own  request,  by  the 
State  legislature,  to  that  by  which  he 
was  ever  after  known  and  honored. 
When  he  was  ten  years  old  he  was 
apprenticed  to  a  farmer,  for  whom 
he  worked  until  he  was  twenty-one, 
receiving,  in  the  meantime,  about 
one.  year's  schooling.  He  enjoyed, 
however,  during  his  apprenticeship, 
the  privilege  of  reading  hundreds  of 
books,  from  which  he  derived  his  principal  instruction.  After 
his  apprenticeship  he  went  on  foot  to  Natick,  Mass.,  with  his 
worldly  goods  in  a  pack  on  bis  back,  and  there,  for  two  years,  he 
applied  himself  to  the  art  and  mystery  of  shoe-making.  He  then 
purposed  to  invest  his  savings  in  obtaining  additional  education,  and, 
returning  to  New  Hampshire,  entered  the  academies  of  StaflTord, 
Wolfhoro  and  Concord.  Before  his  studies  were  completed,  the 
failure  of  the  person  to  whom  he  had  entrusted  the  care  of  his 
money  obliged  him  to  leave  school,  in  1838,  and  resume  shoe-making 
at  Natick.  About  this  rime  bis  political  opinions  and  native  talent 
attracted  public  attenti(m,  and  he  was  encouraged  to  take  part  in  the 
anti-slavery  meetings  then  held  so  frequently  in  Massachusetts.  In 
1840  he  actively  particii>ated  in  the  campaign  which  resulted  in  the 
election  of  President  Harrison.  Before  1846  he  had  been  three  times 
elected  a  member  of  the  lower  house  of  the  State  legislature  from 
Natick,  and  twice  a  State  senator  from  Middlesex  county,  and  in  both 
houses  he  was  noted  for  his  zealous  opposition  to  slavery.  In  1845, 
with  the  poet  Whittier,  he  was  chosen  to  i)rescnt  to  Congress  the 
monster  petition  of  the  citizens  of  Massachusetts  against  the  annex- 
ation of  Texas,  on  anti-slavery  grounds.  In  1848,  leaving  the  Whigs, 
he  assisted  in  founding  the  Free-Soil  party,  and  i>urchased  the  Boston 
Daihj  licpublicatK  which  he  edited  for  two  years,  devoting  his  time 
and  talents  to  tt  „  promotion  of  his  anti-slavery  principles.  Four 
veiirs  he  uas  chairnuin  of  the  Free-Soil   Stnle  committee.      In   1850 


^ 


-vO; 


■•(>— 


T 


KARI,    "f.-    Ill   l-l-|:HI.\.        DAVID    DAVIS.        liKN.IAMI.N    II.    IIII.L. 


441 


i. 


and  1851  he  wns  ngain  a  member  of  tliu  Stute  (ienato,  and  during  both 
terms  presided  ovlm*  its  deliberations.  In  1&52  he  wds  cho!*cn  presi- 
dent of  the  Free-Soil  National  convention,  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  ^  chair- 
man of  the  national  committee,  and  a  caiididiite  for  Conjjress,  but  wae 
defeated  at  the  election  by  a  very  small  majority.  In  1853  he  served 
ns  a  member  of  the  State  constitutional  conventiou,  and  was  defeated 
in  his  contest  for  the  governorship.  In  1K55,  as  the  successor  of 
Edward  Everett,  he  was  elected  United  States  senator,  and  in  hie 
seat  advocated  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia 
and  the  repeal  of  the  fugitive- slave  law.  When  the  Republican 
party  was  created  he  was  influential  in  establishing  it  upon  an  anti- 
slavery  f<mndation.  At  the  time  when  liis  colleague,  Charles  Sumner, 
was  stricken  down  by  Preston  S.  Brooks,  in  the  United  States  senate^ 
for  his  freedom  of  speech  against  slavery  (May,  1856),  Mr.  Wilson 
strongly  denounced  the  act  and  was  challenged  to  mortal  combat  by 
Mr.  Brooks.  The  chiillcnge  was  not  accepted,  duelling  being,  in  Mr. 
Wilson's  opinion,  a  barbarism  and  a  crime  against  the  country.  In 
the  senate,  during  his  three  successive  terms,  he  was  active  and  con- 
f^istent  to  his  principles  in  all  the  great  national  questions  of  the 
liuiL's,  acting  throughout  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  as  chairman  of  the 
tMunmittee  on  military  affairs,  and  after  the  close  of  the  war  he  was 
actively  employed  in  the  work  of  national  reconstruction,  the  recon- 
ciliation of  the  South,  and  the  establishment  of  the  political  and  civil 
rights  of  the  colored  people.  In  1872  he  was  elected  vice-president 
of  the  United  States  on  the  Grant  ticket.  An  apoplectic  stroke, 
with  partial  paralysis,  in  1873,  seriously  injured  his  health,  and 
Ix'fore  he  fully  recovered,  another  stroke,  November  10,  1875,  in  the 
capitol,  hastened  his  death,  which  occurred  on  the  22d  of  the  same 
month.  Mr.  Wilson's  character  was  remarkable  for  its  purity  of 
purpose  and  honesty  of  action. 


EARL  OF  DUFFERIN, 

Formerly  Oover»or-Oeiiei-:il  of  Cansida. 

JlSTINGUISHED  as  a  statesman  and  authur,  the  Earl  of 
"J^l^i  Dufferin,  whose  family  name  is  Frederick  Temple  Hamilton 
P^,_^  -— wi        Blackwood,    was   born  June  21,  1826, 

tT~^  __^^^^  '""K        ^'^    father   being   Baron    Dufferin,  of 

England,  and  his  mother  a  grandchild 
of  the  eminent  British  dramatist 
Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan.  His  early 
school-days  were  passed  at  Eton,  and 
his  later  ones  at  Christchurch  college, 
Oxford,  England.  In  1841  he  suc- 
ceeded to  his  father's  title,  and  in  1850 
became  a  baron  of  the  United  King- 
dom. In  1859  be  made  an  interesting 
yacht-voyage  to  Iceland,  his  observa- 
tions being  embodied,  upon  his  return, 
Letters  from  High  Latitudes,"  which  was 
■3.      In  I860  the  ruling  min- 


1i 


Earl  of  Dufferin. 


in  a  volume  entitled 
republished  in  Montreal,  Canada,  in  li 
istry  sent  him  to  Syria  as  a  commissioner  to  investigate  the  murder 
of  Christians  in  that  country.  In  1862  he  married  Harriet  G.  Ham- 
ilton, the  author  of  a  satirical  novel,  illustrated  by  herself.  Since 
then  he  has  been  prominent  in  the  British  government  as  secretary 
of  state  for  India,  two  years;  secret:'ry  for  war,  two  years,  and 
chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  one  year.  In  1871  he  was  made 
Viscount  Clandeboye  and  Earl  of  Dufferin,  and  became,  by  appoint- 
ment, governor-genera!  of  Canada  in  1872.  His  administration  of 
Canadian  affairs  appears  to  have  been  in  every  way  satisfactory  to 
the  people  of  the  Dominion.  October  14,  1878,  he  was  succeeded  as 
governor-general  by  Queen  Victoria's  son-in-law,  the  Marquis  of 
Lome,  and  in  1881  he  was  appointed  ambassador  to  Turkey,  and 
later  became  Viceroy  of  India. 


1 


DAVID  DAVIS, 
•liidire  of  their.  8.  Nii|»rt-m«>  <'oiirt  and  Henator. 

^•LLIN'OIS  is  justly  proud  of  tliit-  eminent  juriHt  and  8tutcHman« 
who  was  born  in  Cecil  county,  Md.,  March  9,  1815.  Edncalcd  at 
Kenyon  college,  in  Ohio,  where  he 
graduated  in  1832,  he  studied  law  in 
Mas.«achusetts  and  Connecticut,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  and  began  to  practice 
as  an  attorney  at  Bloomington,  III.,  in 
1836.  In  1844  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Illinois  legislature,  and  in 
1847  was  a  member  of  the  State  con«ti  ■ 
tutional  convention.  In  1848  he  was 
elected  a  circnit  judge,  filling  that 
office,  under  several  re-elections,  until 
his  resignation  in  1852.  He.  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Chicago  convention 
that  nominated  Lincoln  for  the  presidency  in  1860.  In  1862  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Lincoln  one  of  the  judges  of  the  United 
States  supreme  court,  holding  that  position  until  March  5,  1877,  when 
he  resigned  to  take  his  scat  as  a  United  States  senator  from  Illinois, 
as  Ihe"^  successor  of  Senator  John  A.  Logan.  Upon  the  death  of 
President  Garfield,  in  1881,  Vice-President  Arthur  became  the  head 
of  the  government,  and  Judge  Davis  was  chosen  president  of  tlie 
United  States  senate  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  accession  of 
Mr.  Arthur.  This  honored  post  he  held  until  the  expiialion  of  his 
senatorial  term,  March  3,  1883,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Edmunds.  Soon  after  he  was  married  to  a  lady  living  in  North 
Carolina,  and  retired  to  private  life.  In  politics  Judge  Davis  is  cool 
and  conservative,  seldom  expressing  enthusiasm  in  party  preferences, 
but  eflBcient  in  performing  the  duties  of  office. 


David  Davis. 


BENJAMIN  H.  HILL, 

£x-lJnitei]  Sluti^n  Senator  from  Georgia. 


Georgia,  Benjamin  H.  Hill 
birth    occurred    in   Jasjier 


Benj 


|7vgM0NG  THE  active  politicians  of 
;,^5^  held  a  prominent  place.  His 
county,  in  that  State,  September  14, 
1823.  Receiving  a  liberal  education 
at  the  university  of  Georgia,  at  Athens, 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1844,  he 
adopted  the  law  for  his  profession, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845,  and 
opened  an  office  at  LaGrange,  in  his 
native  State.  Entering  the  arena  of 
politics,  he  secured  his  election,  in 
1851,  as  member  of  the  State  legisla- 
ture, but  in  1855,  in  a  canvass  for 
member  of  Congress,  he  was  defeated. 
In  1857,  when  a  candidate  for  governor, 
he  also  suffered  a  defeat.  In  1860  he  was  placed  on  the  presidential 
ticket  of  Bell  and  Everett  as  an  elector.  At  the  Georgia  State  con- 
vention, in  the  spring  of  1861,  he  opposed  a  separation  from  the 
Union  until  the  secession  ordinance  was  passed,  when  he  supported 
the  Confederacy,  and  was  elected  a  senator  in  the  Confederate  States 
Congress.  In  1865  he  was  arrested  as  a  political  offender  by  the 
Union  government,  and  imprisoned  in  Fort  Lafayette,  but  was  soon 
released.  After  the  reconstruction  of  the  Union  he  represented  his 
district  in  the  forty-fourth  and  forty-fifth  Congresses,  but  resigned 
his  seat  in  the  latter,  he  having  been  chosen  a  United  States  senator. 
His  term  would  have  expired  March  3,  1883,  but  death  intervened 
August  16,  1882.  In  his  offices,  as  was  the  case  also  with  his  col- 
league, Mr.  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  he  was  the  consistent  servant  of 
the  State. 


'A(> " 


i: 


442 


WILLIAM   E.  GLADSTONE.       EICHAED    COBDEN. 


Gladstone. 


WILLIAIH  E.  GLADSTONE, 

Eloquent  Orator  aud  Premier  of  Great  Britain. 

E"TATESMAySHIP  of  a  high  order  and  eloquence  of   oratory 

distinguish  this  prime  minister  of    Great  Britain,   who  was 

born  at  Liverpool,  Eng. ,  December  29» 

T-^        1809.     His  father,  a  wealthy  merchant, 
jgg"""*'*S.  '  provided  liberally  for  the  education  of 

his  son,  which  began  at  the  celebrated 
Eton  school  and  was  completed  at 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  from 
Christchurch  college,  in  1831,  with 
all  honor.  His  first  appearance  in 
parliament  occurred  in  December, 
1832,  as  member  from  the  borough  of 
Newark.  In  1834,  while  still  in  par- 
liament, and  under  Sir  Robert  Peel's 
administration  of  public  affairs,  he 
was  appointed  one  of  the  junior  lords  of  the  treasury,  and,  the  fol- 
lowing year,  under- secretary  for  colonial  affairs.  This  latter  appoint- 
ment, however,  was  but  briefly  filled,  owing  to  a  change  in  the 
national  ministry.  He  remained  in  parliament  all  this  time,  continu- 
ing to  retain  his  seat  until  1846.  Sir  Robert  Peel  returning  to  the 
head  of  the  executive  department  in  1841,  Mr.  Gladstone  was  made 
a  member  of  the  privy  council,  master  of  the  mint  and  vice-president 
of  the  board  of  trade,  and  under  his  influence  the  revision  of  the 
British  tariff,  iu  1842,  was  effected.  At  this  time  he  was  writing 
continuously  for  the  Quarterly  Review.  In  1843  he  was  appointed 
president  of  the  board  of  trade;  but  his  high-church  principles  as 
published  in  his  work  on  Church  and  State,  in  1838,  meeting  with 
opposition  in  parliament,  he  soon  afterward  resigned  all  his  offices. 
In  1845,  when  Sir  Robert  Peel  reconstructed  his  cabinet,  he  was 
appointed  secretary  for  the  colonies.  In  1846,  for  political  reasons, 
he  resigned  his  seat  in  parliament  as  the  representative  of  Newarlc, 
but  in  1847  was  returned  to  the  house  as  the  representative  of  the 
university  of  Oxford.  In  1852  he  declined  to  enter  the  cabinet  of 
Lord  Derby,  who  was  then  prime  minister;  but  the  same  year,  under 
the  administration  of  the  earl  of  Aberdeen,  he  accepted  the  chancel- 
lorship of  the  exchequer,  holding  that  o^ce  until  the  accession  of 
Lord  Palmerston,  in  1855,  when  he  re.signed  it.  Lord  Derby  coming 
again  into  power,  in  1858,  Mr.  Gladstone  declined  the  chancellorship 
of  the  exchequer,  but  consented  to  become  lord  high  commissioner 
extraordinary  to  the  Ionian  Isles.  In  Lord  Palmerston' s  second 
administration  he  resumed  the  office  of  chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 
In  this  position  he  achieved  a  wide  and  enviable  reputation  as  a 
superior  national  financier.  In  1805  he  was  re-elected  to  parliament, 
this  time  from  South  Lancashire,  Oxford  having  chosen  a  representa- 
tive of  less  liberal  principles.  When  Lord  Palmerston  died,  Mr. 
Gladstone  was  chosen  leader  of  the  house  of  commons  and  served  as 
chancellor  of  the  esche(juer  during  the  ministry  of  Earl  Russell, 
until  1866.  In  1868  Mr.  Gladstone  became  prime  minister  and  held 
iliat  office  until  1874,  when  he  resigned  and  the  Earl  of  Beaconstield 
sui'ceeded  him;  and  on  the  retirem(^nt  of  the  latter,  in  1880,  and 
in  lHHr>  h(-  again  assumed  the  reins  of  government.  Annmg  the 
prominent  events  of  his  long  public  career  were  the  assistance  given 
to  the  success  of  Sir  Robert  Peel's  free-trade  measure  in  1846,  the 
rcptfal  of  the  duty  on  pai)cr,  the  disestablishmtint  of  the  Irish  ciiurch, 
'*  the  ablest  expo.«ition8  of  the  true  principles  of  finance  ever  deliv- 
ered by  an  English  stiitesman,"  the  abolition  of  confiscation  in  Eng- 
lish criminal  law,  and  the  treaty  of  Washington  with  the  United 
States.  He  was  also  author  of  several  distinguished  literary  and 
political  works,  including  *'Eccc  Homo,"  "Studies  on  Homer  and 
the  Homeric  Age."  and  "The  State  in  its  Relations  to  the  Church." 
His  influence  and  popularity  are  great,  and  as  an  orator  and  debater 
he  hii-J  few  siip<Tir»rs. 


Richard  Cobden. 


RICHARD  COBDEN, 

Promoter  or  the  KnellHh  •*  Antl-t'orn-Law  l.eaKue." 

^^^NGLISH  statesmanship  was  ably  represented  in  the  long  and 
^jy  useful  life  of  Richard  Cobden,  who  was  born  near  Midburst, 
Sussex  county,  England,  June  3,  1804. 
His  father  was  a  farmer  in  moderate 
circumstances,  who  died  while  his  son 
was  still  a  youth,  and  after  this  event 
the  boy  grew  up  under  the  guardian- 
ship of  his  uncle,  a  business  man  in 
London.  As  a  commercial  traveler 
he  journeyed  extensively  in  his  native 
country,  visited  eastern  Europe  in 
1834,  and  America  in  1835.  Entering 
into  business  on  his  own  account  he 
became  part  proprietor  of  a  cotton- 
print  factory  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Manchester,  and  prospered.  He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Manchester  athenteum,  at  the  opening  of  which  he  made  the  principal 
oration.  Turning  his  attention  to  literature  and  political  economy, 
he  published  his  views  of  England,  Ireland,  America  and  Russia  in 
pamphlets.  After  being  defeated  in  his  canvass  for  a  seat  in  par- 
liament, in  1837  and  1838,  he  visited  several  of  the  most  important 
States  of  Europe.  On  his  return  he  became  a  powerful  advocate 
for  free-trade,  and  in  1839,  parliament  having  refused  to  repeal  the 
bread-tax,  he,  with  others,  established  the  famous  ''Anti-Corn-Law 
League."  Two  years  later  he  was  elected  a  member  of  parliament 
for  Stockport,  and  at  once  assumed  prominence  among  the  debaters 
of  the  house,  with  distinguished  intelligence  and  eloquence.  Nor 
did  he  confine  his  views  of  trade  and  commerce  to  the  floors  of  parlia- 
ment, but  lectured  and  advocated  them  in  many  of  the  principal 
counties  of  England.  In  the  meantime  the  Anti-Corn-Law  league 
became  strong,  wide-spread,  rich  and  popular,  and  so  great  was  its 
influence  upon  the  authorities  that,  in  1846,  the  tax  nn  imported 
breadstuffs  was  removed.  The  people,  in  their  gratitude  to  Mr. 
Cobden  for  his  efforts  in  securing  this  national  benefit,  raised  by  sub- 
scription about  $400,000,  which  they  gave  to  him.  With  this  sum  he 
retired  from  business,  purchased  the  Midhurst  property  on  which  he 
was  born,  and  traveled,  during  1846-7,  in  Europe.  Upon  his  return 
he  resumed  his  seat  in  parliament  as  a  member  from  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  by  the  people  of  which  he  was  re-elected  in  1852.  As 
a  member  of  the  peace  society  he  participated  in  the  congresses  held 
at  the  capitals  of  Great  Britain  and  France  and  iu  Germany.  In 
the  house  he  advocated  arbitration,  instead  of  war,  in  the  settlement 
of  national  controversies,  opposed  the  war  with  Russia,  and  voted,  in 
1857,  to  censure  the  ministry  for  making  war  on  China;  and  this  last 
action  resulted  in  the  loss  of  his  seat  in  parliament.  Nearly  two  years 
were  then  passed  by  him  in  traveling  in  Europe  and  the  United  States, 
and  on  his  return  he  again  took  his  seat  in  parliament  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  Rochdale.  In  1860  he  assisted  in  forming  a  commercial 
treaty  between  England  and  France,  an  event  that  added  to  his  fame, 
although  the  latter  country  afterward  abrogated  it.  Several  govern- 
ment offices  iind  a  baronetcy  were  offered  to  him,  but  were  declined. 
In  i>arliament  he  advocated  a  repeal  of  the  duties  on  paper  as  a  tax  on 
knowledge,  aud  the  lessening  of  expenses  in  national  departments. 
When  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  raged  in  the  United  States,  Mr.  Cobden 
was  the  friend  of  the  Union  government  and  opposed  British  recogni- 
tion of  the  Southern  Confederacy.  He  died  in  London,  April  2,  1865. 
In  parliament  he  obtained  a  most  salutary  influence  by  his  perfect 
comprehension  of  the  principles  aud  action  which  he  advocated,  his 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  subjects  discussed,  his  correctness  of 
argument,  his  perfect  sincerity  and  sterling  good  sense.  Besides  his 
corn-law  measures  he  also  favored  reforms  in  elections.  His  writ- 
ings have  bi-en  collected  and  piihli'^bi'd  pincc  his  dcatli. 


f 


H^ 


JOHN    VAN  BUREN.       CLEMENT    A.   VALLANDKillAM.        WILLIAM    A.    W  IIKELLK. 


4i: 


JOHN  VAN  BUREN, 

Prominent  r.awy4-r  himI   I'oiiiiolun  of  .N>\v 


r-UE  SUBJECT  of  this 
wuf*  born  at  Hudson, 


York. 

kftcb,  the  sou  of  Prt'suli-nt  Van  IJuren, 
'i.  Y.,  February  18,  1810,  at  a  time  when 


his  father  was  surrogate  of  Columbia 
county.  His  education  was  advanced 
in  the  classic  shades  of  Yale  college, 
where  he  graduated  in  18ii8,  and  fol- 
lowed by  a  course  of  law-studies.  In 
18.30  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  His 
father  having  been  appointed  miniHter 
to  Great  Britain,  by  Presid(-nt  Jackson, 
in  1831,  Mr.  Van  Buren  was  attached 
to  the  legation,  and  during  his  stay  in 
London  enjoyed  the  advantages  of 
association  w-ilh  some  of  the  best 
society  in  England.  Returning  to  the 
United  States,  he  was,  in  1845,  by  legislative  election,  made  attor- 
ney-general of  the  State  of  New  York.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term 
of  office,  in  January,  1847,  he  entered  with  distinction  upon  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  New  York  City.  His  father  having  been 
nominated,  in  1848,  for  the  presidency  on  the  Free-Soil  ticket,  Mr. 
Van  Buren  entered  into  the  canvass  with  distinguished  popularity  as 
the  advocate  of  the  exclusion  of  negro  slavery  from  the  new  States 
and  Territories;  but,  with  a  strange  inconsistency,  he  afterward 
again  espoused  the  doctrines  of  the  "-regular"  Democracy.  In  18GG 
he  visited  Europe,  and,  while  on  his  homeward  voyage  the  same  year, 
died  at  sea,  October  13. 


John  Van  Buren. 


CLEMENT  A.  VALLANDIGHAIVI, 

A  Lieudiiitf  Ueniuei'iitic  Politiciuu  in  Ohio. 

^TS'l^ESCENDED  from  a  Huguenot  family,  Clement  L.  Vallandigbam 


was:^ 


C.  Zi.  VaUandighani. 


was  born  at  Nuw  Lisbon,  Columbia  county,  Obio,  in  1832,  and, 
being    favored    by  circumstances,  he 
't$^"~^        ^— ^   ^    ^""^^       ^^^®  enabled  to  acquire  a  good  educa- 
'  -^^^^^  ^'         tion,  spending  one   year   in   study  at 

Jefferson  (Ohio)  college.  For  two 
years  after  leaving  college  he  was 
principal  of  an  academy  at  Snow  Hill, 
Md.  Returning  to  Ohio  in  1840,  be 
studied  law,  and  in  1842  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  of  that  State.  Entering  the 
political  arena  as  a  Democrat,  he  was 
elected  to  represent  his  district  in  the 
State  legislature  in  184.'j  and  also  in 
!84B,  and  edited  the  Dayton  (Ohio) 
Enquirer  from  1847  to  1849.  Upon  retiring  from  his  journalistic 
labors  he  pursued  the  practice  of  law  and  advocated  his  political 
views;  was  delegate  to  the  Democratic  national  convention  of  1856, 
which  nominated  James  Buchanan  for  president,  and  was  success- 
ively elected  (in  1856,  1858  and  1860)  to  the  tbirty-flftb,  thirty-sixth 
and  thirty-seventh  Congresses,  serving  for  a  considerable  period  on 
the  committee  on  Territories.  In  May,  1863,  Mr.  Vallandigham  was 
arrested,  by  military  authority,  for  alleged  sedititius  speeches  and 
treasonable  designs,  in  direct  opposition  to  a  proclamation  issued  by 
General  Burnside,  the  commandant  of  the  district.  After  his  trial 
by  a  court-martial  he  was  sentenced  to  be  imprisoned  until  the  end 
of  the  war,  but  this  sentence  was  modified  to  mere  banishment  within 
the  confederate  lines,  unless  he  should  be  again  found  in  northern 
territory.  But  Mr.  Vallandigham,  going  south,  fled  to  Bermuda,  and 
from  there  sailed  to  Canada,  where  he  remained  for  several  months. 
During  bis  exile  his  Ohio  friends  nominated  him  for  governor  of  the 
State,  but  he  was  defeated  in  the  election.  While  engaged  in  trying 
a  man-shooting  case  in  court,  Mr.  Vallandigham  endeavored  to  illus- 


trate, by  handling  the  pistol  from  wliich  the  fatal  shot  bail  been  flre.l, 
how  the  person  was  killed,  when  the  weapon  was  accidentally  di-- 
charged,  the  bullet  entering  his  own  body  and  inflicting  u  wound  from 
the  effects  of  which  he  died  at  Lebanon,  Ohio,  June  17,  1871. 


WILLIAM  A.  WHEELER, 

Vlce-Prt-nlileiit  with  Prealdvnt  Bayen. 

r;HK  TIIIKTIKTII  vice-president  of  the  United  States,  William 
A.  Wheeler,  was  born  at  Mnlone,  Franklin  county,  N.  Y.,  in 
1820.  Studied  law,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  practiced  his  profession 
in  his  native  village.  In  1850  and  1851 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  State 
assembly,  and,  in  1857  and  1858.  a 
member  of  the  State  senate.  In  1800 
he  was  chosen  to  represent  his  distrii^t 
in  the  thirty-seventh  Congress.  For 
many  years  he  followed  the  banking 
business  at  Malonc,  and  was  for  some 
time  president  of  the  Ogdcnsburg  & 
Rouse's  Point  Railroad  company.  On 
June  14,  1876,  the  Republican  national 
convention  was  held  at  (Jincinnati,  alul  Mr.  Wheeler  was  nominated 
for  vice-president  of  the  United  States  on  the  ticket  with  Rutherford 
B.  Hayes.  The  election,  November  7,  1876,  was  memorable  for  its 
uncertain  results  and  the  consequent  excitement  in  political  circles. 
Congress  was  called  upon  for  measures  to  adjust  the  difliculty,  both 
parties  claiming  the  election.  In  pursuance  of  this  appeal,  an 
electoral  commission  was  created,  consisting  of  five  United  States 
senators,  five  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  five 
justices  of  the  United  States  supreme  court.  This  august  body,  after 
several  days'  deliberation,  by  a  vote  of  eight  to  seven,  declared 
Hayes  and  Wheeler  elected.  The  vote  of  the  electoral  college 
stood  185  for  Hayes  and  184  for  Tilden.  The  decision  of  the  com- 
mission allayed  the  excitement,  and  the  new  administration,  although 
not  remarkable  for  any  great  political  event,  gave  very  general  satis- 
faction.    Mr.  Wheeler  still  resides  at  Malone,  N.  Y. 


■Wm.  A.  ^Vheeler. 


THOMAS  A.  HENDRICKS. 

l.a\ryer  ant]  Politician  In  Indiana. 

^Ty^LTHOUGn  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  was  born  in  Muskingum 
■Iff^  county,  Ohio — an  event  that  occurred  September  7,  1819— the 
family,  in  1832,  immigrated  to  Indiana, 
in  which  State  Mr,  Hendricks  after- 
ward became  one  of  the  moving  spirits 
of  the  Democratic  party.  He  received 
his  education  at  South  Hanover  college, 
in  that  State,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1841.  Two  years  later  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  at  Chambersburg, 
Pa.,  and  settled  in  Indiana.  In  1848 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  State 
legislature,  and,  in  1850,  a  delegate  to 
the  State  constitutional  convention. 
Froml8.51  to  1855  he  served  two  terms 
as  member  of  Congress,  and  from  1855  to  1859  was  commissioner  of 
the  State  land-office.  As  a  Democrat  he  was  chosen  United  States 
senator  for  the  term  ending  March  3,  1869.  In  1S68  he  was  prom- 
inent as  an  aspirant  for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States,  as  a 
Democrat,  but  failed  to  receive  the  nomination.  Twice — in  1860  and 
1868 — he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  governor  of  the  Slate; 
but  in  1872  he  was  elected  to  that  office,  which  he  held  until  1877 
In  1884,  he  was  nominated  for  Vice-President  of  the  United  States 
the  Cleveland  ticket,  and  elected  :  but  died   suddenly  Nov.  25,  1885. 


Thomas  A.  Hendricks. 


9^ 


;t!ite ; 

1877.  I 

:es  on  I 

1885.  1 


444 


PROMINENT    STATESMEN,    NORTH    AND  SOUTH. 


JOHN  C.  CALHOUN, 

The  Oreat  Southern  Advocate  of  !^tate  Rights. 

^■HIS  NOTED  orator,  the  cotemporary  of  Clay  and  Webster,  was 
born  of  Irish  parents  at  Long  Cane,  S.  C. ,  March  18.  1782. 
His  father,  who  was  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  South  Carolina  legisla- 
ture, died  in  1796,  but  the  lad  con- 
tinued to  live  at  home  until  1S02,  when 
he  entered  Yale  college,  graduating  in 
1804.  Completing  his  studies  at  the 
Litchfield,  Conn.,  law-school,  he  was 
eventually  admitted  to  the  practice  of 
law  in  his  native  State,  where  his  un- 
doubted talent  as  a  public  speaker 
soon  paved  the  way  for  a  political 
career  distinguished  by  successive 
events,  as  follows:  In  1808  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  South  Carolina  legislature;  in  1811  he  was 
sent  to  Congress,  where  he  remained  six  years;  in  1817  he  was 
appointed  secretary  of  warby  President  Monroe;  in  1825  was  elected 
vice-president  of  the  United  States;  from  1831  to  1843  bo  was  a 
United  States  senator  from  South  Carolina;  in  1843  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  state,  and  in  1845  he  was  re-elected  United  States 
senator,  retaining  his  seat  in  that  body  until  his  death,  March  31, 
1850.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  oratory,  his  strong  Democratic 
proclivities,  and  his  advocacy  of  State  rights,  which,  on  one 
occasion,  brought  him  into  collision  with  the  national  government 
This  was  the  celebrated  "nullification"  scheme  of  1832,  to  annul 
existing  laws  in  the  South,  but  the  movement  was  promptly  subdued 
by  President  Jackson. 


John  C.  Calhoun. 


CHARLES  FRANCIS  ADAMS, 

Minister   to  £nsland  under  President  Lincoln. 

^HAKLES  FR.\NC1S  ADAMS,  the  only  child  of  John  Quincy 
Adams,  was  born  at  Boston,  August  18.  1807,  but  spent  most 
of  his  earlier  years  at  London  and  St. 
Petersburg,  where  his  father  was  re- 
spectively United  States  minister.  He 
was  educated  at  Harvard  college,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1825.  He  then 
studied  law,  and  in  1828  was  admitted 
to  practice.  For  five  years  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  legisla- 
ture, serving  in  both  houses.  At  the 
formation  of  the  "Free-Soil  "  party,  in 
1848,  be  presided  over  the  convention 
at  Buffalo,  and  was  nominated  for  vice- 
president  of  the  United  States  on  the  *'  Free-Soil  "  ticket.  In  1858 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Thirty-sixtli  congress,  serving  on 
important  committees,  and  was  re-elected  member  of  the  Thirty- 
seven  tii  congress.  President  Lincoln  appointed  him  minister  to 
England  in  1801,  and  he  filled  that  position  with  great  credit  until 
18U8.  In  1870  he  returned  to  England  in  behalf  of  the  United  States 
as  an  arbitrator  in  settlement  of  the  disputes  between  this  country 
and  England,  growing  out  of  the  American  civil  war.  Mr.  Adams 
bus  also  been  the  editor  of  the  Boston  IVfiif/,  a  contributor  to  the 
North  Am^ncan  Review,  editor  of  the  '^Adams'  Letters."  and  bio- 
grapher of  President  John  Adams,  and,  in  I8fi4,  Harvard  university 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  doctor  of  hiws. 


Chajrlea  F.  Adams. 


DeWITT  CLINTON, 

Governor  of  New  T'orb.  and  Sullder  of  the  Erie  Cniial. 

5ITTLE  BRITAIN,  Orange  county,  N.  Y. ,  was  the  birthplace  of 


His  education  W!is  acquired, 
a-^ ^« 


De'Witt  Clinton. 


jj^  DeW'itt  Clinton,  March  2,  1769. 
first,  at  a  local  academy  and  gram- 
mar- school,  and  advanced  at  Co- 
lumbia college.  New  York,  where  he 
graduated  in  1786.  He  then  studied 
law  in  New  York  City,  and  was  admit- 
ted to  practice  in  1788.  Not  long  after- 
ward he  engaged  in  political  contro- 
versies by  writing  for  the  newspapers ; 
was  appointed  private  secretary  to 
Governor  George  Clinton,  his  kinsman ; 
was  considered  one  of  the  leading 
champions  of  the  Republicans,  and 
received  two  other  appointments,  all 

of  which  he  resigned  on  the  accession  of  John  Jay  to  the  governorship. 
In  expectation  of  a  war  with  France,  he  raised,  equipped  and 
trained  an  artillery  company,  and  also  diligently  studied  natural 
philosophy,  natural  history  and  other  sciences.  In  1797  be  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  State  legislature  from  New  York  City,  and 
in  1798  was  chosen  State  senator  for  four  years.  He  became  involved 
in  political  complications,  but  was  active  and  efficient  in  providing 
measures  for  the  public  defense,  the  public  health,  the  promotion  of 
agriculture,  arts  and  manufactures,  the  abolition  of  slavery,  etc.  In 
1802  he  was  appointed  United  States  senator,  retaining  that  office 
through  two  annual  sessions,  and  then  resigning  it  to  become  mayor 
of  New  York  City,  to  which  he  had  been  appointed,  George  Clinton 
being  then  again  governor  of  the  State.  In  1807  he  was  removed  from 
the  mayoralty,  reappointed  in  1809,  removed  in  1810,  and  reappointed 
in  1811,  retaining  the  post  until  1815.  From  1805  to  1811  he  was 
also  a  State  senator;  from  1811  to  1813  he  was  lieutenant-governor 
of  the  State,  at  one  time  being  a  member  of  the  State  council  of  ap- 
pointment; and  in  1812  be  strove  to  be  nominated  for  the  Presidency, 
but  James  Madison  received  the  nomination,  and  the  result  was 
disastrous  to  Clinton,  his  opponents  removing  bira  from  the  lieuten- 
ant-governorship of  the  State  in  1813.  Once  more  chosen  mayor  of 
the  city,  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  social  and  moral  improve- 
ment of  his  fellow-citizens  and  the  construction  of  a  canal  from  Lake 
Erie  to  the  Hudson  river,  etc.  In  January,  1815,  he  was  again  re- 
moved from  the  mayoralty,  and  in  1816  he  was  elected  governor  of 
the  State,  but  bis  administration  was  politically  stormy;  still,  by  re- 
elections,  be  continued  to  be  governor  for  ten  years,  energetically 
laboring  to  perfect  the  internal  improvements  which  he  advocated  in 
the  face  of  partisan  opposition.  July  4,  1817,  be  broke  ground  for 
the  Erie  canal,  and  in  October,  1825,  he  voyaged  in  a  barge  over 
the  artificial  aqueduct  which  his  indomitable  will  had  hastened  to 
completion,  amid  the  clangor  of  bells  and  the  firing  of  cannon  over 
the  victory  which  he  bad  won.  From  this  time  the  State  prospered 
anew,  other  improvements  followed,  and  New  York  became  the 
"Empire  State:"  but  Clinton  did  not  long  survive  his  triumph, 
death  overtaking  him  at  Albany,  February  II,  1828.  Governor 
Clinton  was  twice  married,  his  second  wife  surviving  bim.  In  per- 
son be  was  of  commanding  stature,  with  intellectual  features,  a  grace- 
ful figure  and  a  dignified  bearing.  In  character  he  was  energetic, 
ambitious,  (piick  in  perception  and  comprehensivi-  in  mental  power. 
\\v  was  also  Ibe  author  nf  sevi-ral  pamphlets  and  books  relative  to  the 
autiquitii'S.  natural  hi^to^y  and  resources  of  New  York,  besides 
speeches  and  addresses. 


,  - Jji .  ,.  •x<^==^>"'«^X?  ^  .  fflJl . 


WKATIIIOK    rUoJ-IIHT    AND    UAH. WAV     K|\i, 


H." 


■t 


7 


HENRY  G.  VENNOR, 

The  <'aiia(llail  McleiilUI  uiul    WeiillKri-  Prophi't. 

¥J¥hE  father  of  IlL-iiry  <i.  Veniior  wiis  of  EnyliBh  birth  mid  n 
iiiU  partner  in  hardware  houses  in  London,  Quebec  and  Montreal. 
His  son  was  born  in  the  latter  city,  in 
1841,  and  was  there  educated  at 
Philip's  and  the  high  school.  In  early 
life  he  exhibited  u  fondness  for  scien- 
titic  pursuits,  and  while  at  school 
made  a  collection  of  preserved  Cana- 
dian reptiles  that  is  still  prized.  To 
aid  him  in  his  favorite  researches  he 
added  zoology  and  geology  to  his  other 
studies,  at  the  McGill  college,  in 
Montreal,  and  after  finishing  this  course 
he  took  lessons  in  land-surveying, 
Henry  G.  Vennor.  civil-engineering,    advanced     geology 

and  mineralogy.  When  about  nineteen  years  old  he  entered  a  whole- 
sale hardware  store,  where  he  was  employed  for  five  years.  In  1865 
be  was  appointed  assistant  to  Sir  William  E.  Logan,  Director  of  the 
Canadian  Geological  commission,  and  for  fifteen  years  shared  in  its 
work,  greatly  perfecting  his  attainments  iu  geology,  and  traveling 
extensively  over  the  remoter  portions  and  wildernesses  of  Canada, 
on  foot  and  in  canoes.  In  1866  he  discovered  gold,  a  placer  in  Hast- 
ings county,  Canada,  which  paid  him  well.  His  special  labor  was 
the  survey  of  the  Lawrentian  mountains,  a  considerable  area  of  which 
be  mapped,  and  his  geological  researches  and  conclusions  provoked 
interesting  discussions  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  The  result 
established  his  reputation  as  a  scientific  observer,  and  in  18T0  he  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Geological  society  of  England,  to  which  he 
contributed  an  interesting  paper  on  his  discoveries  and  theories. 
Among  his  later  researches  he  uncovered  abundant  deposits  of 
phosphates  in  Ottawa  county,  Canada.  This  was  in  1872.  In  1875 
he  began  his  explorations  in  the  district  lying  between  the  Gatineau, 
Ottawa  and  Lievres  rivers,  in  Canada,  a  region  of  which  but  little 
was  then  known.  Five  years  were  spent  in  this  work,  the  reports  of 
which,  in  the  government  library  at  Ottawa,  are  distinguished  by  the 
new  and  important  information  and  originality  of  opinion  which  they 
combine.  Mr.  Vennor  concluded  his  labors  in  the  government  com- 
mission, but  continued  to  pursue  his  profession  as  a  consulting 
geologist  and  inspector  of  mines  at  Montreal.  Until  his  death  he 
published  Veniior'8  Monthly  Bulletin^  devoted  to  scientific  exposi- 
tions, which  had  a  large  circulation  and  was  patronized  by  the  Signal- 
Service  of  the  War  Department  at  Washington.  In  1877  the  first  of 
the  "Vennor  Almanacs"  was  issued.  It  continued  to  appear 
annually,  and  to  it  Mr.  Vennor  contributed  his  prognostics  of  the 
\\  eather  for  the  current  year.  These  prophecies  were  based  on  long 
years  of  observation  during  his  explorations,  when  it  became  a 
necessity  for  him  to  know  what  weatlier  awaited  him  in  his  work. 
They  embraced  his  practical  acquaintance  with  meteorological 
conditions  and  their  natural  consequences;  but  these  failed  some- 
times, probably  because  other  unforeseen  conditions  of  the  atm()s- 
phere  intervened.  In  I860  Mr.  Vennor  began  to  form  a  collection  of 
various  birds  in  the  regions  where  his  labors  called  him,  and  some 
of  these  are  remarkable  for  their  variety  of  species  and  plumage. 
In  1875  he  published  an  esteemed  work,  entitled '*  Our  Birds  of 
Prey,"  and  it  is  understood  that  he  had  another  similar  work  in 
course  of  preparation.      He  died  at  Montreal,  Canada,   June  8,  1884. 


Henry  Villard. 


HENRY    VILLARD. 

Energetic  itnd  Mine.-xliil    Kallrnud  Ulterutur. 

W^HE  MASTER-Sl'IKIT   in   the   building  and  operation  of   the 
c:ML^     Northern  Pacific  railroad,whicli  was  completed  in  September, 
188:!,  was  Henry  Villard  (the  son  of  a 
distinguished  judge  in   Bavaria),  who 
was  born  at  Speyer,  Germany,  in  1835. 
Young    Villard's    education   was    be- 
stowed with  a  liberal   hand,  and  re- 
ceived nt  an  early  age.     Leaving  the 
university,  he  immigrated  to  the  United 
States  when  only  eighteen  years  old, 
and    resided   for  a  brief  season  with 
some  relatives  at  Belleville,  St.  Clair 
county.  111.     Intending   to  become   a 
lawyer,  he  studied  for  that  profession, 
but  before  being  admitted  to  the  bar 
he  abandoned  his  law-books  and  transformed  himself  into  a  news- 
paper writer,  contributing  his  articles  to  German- American  journals. 
But  his  ambition  taking  a  higher  range,  he  applied  himself   to  over- 
coming the  difficulties  of  the  English  language,  and  with  such  success 
that  in  1858  he  was  engaged  to  report  the  memorable  political  discus- 
sion between  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Stephen  A.  Douglas  for  a  promi- 
nent newspaper  at  the  East.    When  the  gold  discoveries  in  Colorado, 
in  1859,  attracted  public  attention,  he  "  wrote  them  up"  for  a  Cincin- 
nati paper;  in  1860  was  engaged  in  political  correspondence  for  the 
New  York  ireraU;  served  as  an  active,  interesting  and  trustworthy 
war-correspondent  for  several  leading  journals  during  the  Southern 
rebellion,  and,  when  the  war  ended,  followed  the  profession  of  a  jour- 
nalist, both  in  the  United  States  and  Europe.     From  1868  to  1870  he 
was  secretary  of  the  American  Social-Science  association.     Return- 
ing to  Europe,  at  a  later  date,  he  was,  in  1874,  appointed  by  the  Ger- 
man owners  of  the  bonds  of  certain  depressed  American  railroads 
their  agent  to  examine  and  report  the  condition  and  progress  of  the 
Kansas  Pacific  and  Oregon  and  California  roads.     After  makin"  his 
report  and  returning  to  this  country,  he  was,  in  1875,  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Oregon  and  California  railroad  company  and  also  of  the 
Oregon  Steamship   company,  and  appointed  receiver  for  the  Kansas 
Pacific  railroad  corporation.     In  1879  he  organized  the  Oregon  Rjiil- 
way  and  Navigation  company,  which  was  the  first  step  taken  to  unite 
the  great  grain  and  grazing  lands  of  the  American  northwestern 
Territories  with  Eastern  transportation  lines.     In  1881    he   formed 
what  was  known  on  Wall  street,  in  New  York,  as  the  "blind  pool  " 
The  sum  of  about  $10,000,000  was  placed  in  his  hands  by  well-known 
capitalists,  without  other  security  than  his  personal    receipts,  and 
without  any  positive  knowledge  as  to  the  channels  into  which  their 
money  would  flow.     With  the  fund  thus  accumulated,  and  with  his 
own  capital,  he  qnietly  purchased  a  controlling  interest  in  the  stock 
of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad,  of  which,  in  the  antumn  of  the  same 
year,  he  was  elected  president.     Under  his  management  the  svstem 
of  roads  within  his  control  was  rapidly  urged  forward  to  completion, 
and  on  September  8,  1883,  the  golden  spike  that  united  the  two  ends 
of  the  Northern  Pacific  was  driven  home  by  Mr.  Villard's  own  hands. 
After  thus  achieving  great  wealth  and  reputation  by  his  energy  and 
ability,    unfortunate   speculations  in  Wall  street  embairassed   his 
gigantic  enterprises,  and  he  retired  from  active  business.    His  home  is 
in  New  Y'ork  City,  with  a  suburban  residence  on  the  Hudson  river. 
He  married  the  daughter  of  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  the  great  anti- 
slavery  champion.      In  his  social  intercourse  hismanner  is  frank  and 
cordial,  and  in  person  He  is  tall  and  robust,  with  blue  eyes. 


k 


- — -t)] 


T 


44H 


-^©1— >|^ 


Date  of  Birth  of  Prominent  Individuals 

DUKING  ...    _^^^^ 

Every  Day  of  the  First  Six  Months  of  the  Year. 


^-^©<- 


Births  in  January. 


NAME. 


I 


OCCLI'ATIOX. 


1 .  .£dtniind  Burke Engliah  Statesman 1730 

2.  .John  Dempster American  Clergyman 1794 

3..  Benedict  Arnold American  Traitor 1740 

4..l8aiio  Pltma,!! Inventor  of  Phonography 1813 

5..Suniuel  V.  Allen American  Statesman 1772 

6    Chiirlen  Sumner American  Senator  and  Scholar.  ..1811 

7..MiHi»rd  Fillmore 13th  I'rt^id.iit  of  United  States..  .1800 

8.  .Nicholas  Biddle Anuinaii  Fiii.im-ier 1786 

y..Chi»fl*.-!«  Oayiii-re Ajiin  van  Hi-i.irian 1805 

10.  .Oak.e»t  Amen AmLiitan  Maimfaetui-er 1804 

11. .  Alexiinder  Hamilton Am. Statesman  and  General 1757 

12.  .tloseph  G-ist American  Statesman 1775 

13.  .Salmon  P.  ('hase American  Statesman 1808 

14.  .Lieut.  M.  F    Maury Am.  Naval  Officer  and  Astron'r.. ..  180G 

15.  .tJean  B:i|>ti«te  Moliere French  Comic  Author 1622 

lt>.  -Nichola**  Lonaworth American  Horticulturist 1782 

17.  .Benjamin  Franklin Am.  Philos'ph'r  and  Statesman —  1706 

1!^.  .I>an"ifl  Webster Am.  Orator  and  Statesman 1782 

11).  .tIsimeM  "\Vatt Scot.  Engineer  and  Inventor 1736 

2'".,  Richard  Henry  Lee Am.  Orator  and  Statesman 1732 

21.  -ThoM.  .1.  «Iaek*ton  i  Stonewall).  Aiiuriraii  ricmriil 1824 

22..I..ord  FranciN  Bacon Entrli-h  I'lnl-.snpher 1561 

23.  John  F.  Benlamin Anif  ii'Mti  Lun^'ressman 1817 

24    ,1.  \V.  <'olen«o Englisli  Cleitryman 1883 

2"'     Robert  BurnM Eminent  Scottish  Poet 1759 

-I'  .  R.  B.  AVo<td\vard American  Capitalist 1824 

-7.   Johann  Mozart German  Composer 1756 

2M..Sir  Robert  »l.  L,.  McClure. -British  Navigator 1807 

29.  .Heni"y  Lee American  General 1756 

30.,  Nathan  lei  P.  Banks Am.  Statesman  and  General 1816 

31.  .James  G.  Blaine American  Statesman 1830 


Day. 


Births  in  February. 


Year. 


1. .  Xhomiis  Cole American  Landscape  Painter 1801 

2,  .llann:th  More English  Authoress 1745 

3.  .Horace  Greeley American  Journalist 1811 

4. .  JoHiah  Quincy American  Orator  and  Author 1772 

O.Ole  Bull Norwegian  Violinist 1810 

0.  .Queen  Anne Queen  of  England 1664 

7.. Charles  Dickens English  Novell; t 1812 

8.  .William  T.  Hhermau American  General 1820 

9..Abdul-Aziz-K.ahn Sultan  of  Turkey 1830 

10.. Henry  Hart  Milman English  Divine  and  Author 1791 

II.  .Thoman  A.  Fdison American  Inventor 1847 

12..  Abraham  Lincoln 16th  President  of  United  States..  .1809 

13.  .Charles  Xjilleyrand French  Statesman 1754 

14..Johitnn  F.  Naumann German  Ornithologist 1780 

15.  -Cyrus  H.  McCormIck American  Inventor 1809 

16.  .Henry  Wilson American  Statesman I8l2 

George  von  Knobelsdorflf. .  .German  Architect 1697 


.-George  Peabody. 

.  .Nikolaiis  Copernicus 

.  .Joseph  JettVrson 

.  .Cardinal  \e»'man 

.  .Georsre  Washington 

..Mrs.  Kmma  Willlard... 
..William  H.  Cran-t'ord. 
.  .Ch;ii*les  C.  Pinckney 

.Victor  M:iri<*  lliitfo 

.Il<-iir>'  "W.  Ijonglellow. . 

.  .Michel  Montftigne 

..Thomas  £.  HiU 


..Am.  Philan.  and  Capitalist 1795 

.  .Prussian  Astron.  and  Author 1473 

..American  Actor 1829 

.  .English  Theologian ISOI 

.  .1st  President  oC  United  States 1732 

..American  Educationist 1787 

..American  Senator 1772 

.  .American  Statesman 1746 

..French  Poet  and  Novelist 1802 

.American  Poet 1807 

French  Philos.  and  Essayist 1533 

. .  American  Author 1832 


Day. 


Births  in  March. 


Year. 


1.. William  B.  Howells American  Author 1837 

2.. Carl  Sclmrx Am.  Journalist  and  Orator 1829 

3.. George  M.  Pullman .\merican  Inventor 1831 

4.  .Karl  L:ichm;tnn German  Philologist 1793 

5.  .Heiii'v  Ed\v:ird  Naplei English  Authoi- 1789 

0. .Philip  H.  Sheridan American  General 1831 

7. .  AuKcIo  Mai Italian  Si.-holar 1782 

K. .  Alesxanilro  MahzonI It,aliau  Novelist  and  Poet 1784 

9.  .  Josefkh  Friinz  Gall Geinian  i'iiv^ii-ian 1758 

lo..  William  F.ttv EnKli-li  Hi-^torieal  Painter. 1787 

11..  William  IIiisklMMon Eng.  Slal.  sinaii  and  Financier 1770 

12. .  l>r.  ClaiKliiiN  Buchanan Secil  tish  Hi  vim-  and  Writer. 1766 

13.  .<^harleN   F.arl  iircy Euglisli  Slaltsinan 1764 

14.  .Thitinas  II.   Benton Anifijcni  Statesman 1782 

l'».  .Anili-ei\'  tlai-kson 7fch  Prcsidi nt  riiit.d  States 1767 

Hi.  ..lumes  .Ma<llNon 4th  Presulrnl   Iniieil  Slates 1751 

17.  .Thomas  Clialmei's EminentSrnt  li^h  lnviiie 1780 

IH.. John  C.  <'all)oiin American  Siatrnmau 1782 

19..  Br,  David  I.,!  viiiUHtonc Seotti-ti  IxilMier 1813 

20. .Charles  William  Kllot Amen-an  liilii.ator 1834 

2I..Jidianii  H.   Bach (;enM;iii  Mii-ii  Jil  Composer lea^ 

22.  .  RdwartI  <dans Gcnnan  .liiii-^t 1798 

23..  Pierre  l..a  Place FreneU  Ast  r-iri'in'r  and  Math 1749 

24.. John   Wesley  Powcll Ameiiean  i;.  Mh.giHt 1834 

2:...Jochlm  .Miirat King  «.r  .S;i|i!.s 1771 

Vj:     >]ithaiilel  BowdUch Anu-riean  .Malhrinatielan 1773 

27     Aditlpht-  Garnler French  E.-lirii.-  I'hik.sopher 1801 

2M  .llonry  II.  Nchoolcruft Am.  Traveler  and  Kthnologtst 1793 

29.  John  T.vlei-     10th  Pri-sldent  United  States 1790 

:*". .  Jf>M4-ph  .\(lam  Gallup ,  ...American  Physician  and  Author.  .1769 

:tl. .Joseph  na.>'<lii Rernuni  Musil-nl  Composer 1732 


Births  in  April. 


NAME. 


I 


OCCUPATIOX. 


.Edward  A.  Not  hern 

.Thomas  Jeft'erson 

.  W^ashingrton  Irving: 

.Thaddeu!«  Stevens 

.Jonas  Chlckei-ine  

.Alexanders.  Mackenzie. 

.William  E.  (  hanning 

.John  Pat  Ion  Emmet 

-Fisher  Ames 

.Joseph  Gales 

.Ed\«'aril  Everett 

. He n ry  Clay 

Thomas  W.  Strafford 

.Horace  Biishnell 

.John  l..othrop  Motley 

.Sir  John  Franklin 

.W^illiam  Lee 

.August  Peter  maun 

.Rogrer  Sherm:in 

.Xapoleon  III 

.Charlotte  Bronte 

.Thos.  <Jreen  Fessenden. . . . 

.Stephen  .V.  Douglas 

.Anthony  Trollope 

■  Oliver  Cromwell 

.William  Shakspeare 

.Ulysses  S.  Grant 

.James  Monroe 

.Oliver  Ellsworth 

.Frederick  Tayler.... 


.Distinguii-hed  English  Actor.. . 
.Srd  President  United  States... 

.American  Author 

.American  Abolitionist 

.American  Piano-Maker 

.American  Naval  Officer 

.American  Divine  and  Writer. . 

.American  Physician 

.Am.  Orator  and  Statesman 

.American  Journalist 

.Am.  Orator  and  Statesman 

.Am.  Stat6t>man  and  Orator 

.English  Statesman 

.American  Divine 

.American  Historian 

.Englifih  Arctic  Explorer 

.American  Publisher 

.German  Geographer 

.Am.  Patriot  and  Statesman 

-Emperor  of  France 

.English  Novelist.. 

.Am.  Author  and  Journalist.. . . 

.American  Statesman 

.English  Novelist 

.English  General 

.Greatest  English  Dramatist .. . 
.8th  President  United  States.  . . 
.5th  President  United  States.  . . 
.Chief  Justice  of  United  States. 
.English  Painter 


..1830 
. . 1 743 
..1783 
. .  1793 
..1798 
..1803 
..1785 
..1797 
,..1758 
..1786 
..1794 
. .  1777 
..1593 
..1802 
..1814 
..1786 
. . 1826 
. . 1822 
. . 1721 
..1808 
...1816 
..1771 
..1813 
..1815 
...1599 
..1564 
. . 1822 
..1758 
..1745 
..1804 


Day. 


Births  in  May. 


Year. 


Duke  of  W^elllufftou Sritish  General 1769 

.Sir  John  Malcolm British  General  and  Historian 1769 

.  AugriiNt  von  Kotzebue German  Dramatist.. 1761 

.William  H.  Prescott American  Historian 1796 

.John  Frost American  General 1738 

.  Johann  Adam  Mohler German  Theologian 1796 

-Therese  Hiiber German  Writer 1764 

.  AUe^hleri  Dante Distinguished  Italian  Poet 1265 

Edward  Miller j. ..  .American  Phy.--ician. 1760 

•  Harvey  D.  Parker Prom.  Am.  Hotel-Builder 1805 

.Georee  Bernard  Depplng.  .Parisian  Writer. 1784 

.Robert  C.  Winthrop American  Author  and  Senator 1809 

-Pius  IX Pope  of  Rome 1792 

.Timothy  Dwlffht American  Clergj'man 1752 

.Johann  X.  von  Fuehs German  Chemist 1774 

.  Willi :tm  H.  Seward American  Statesman 1801 

.W^illiam  H.  Anglesey English  General 1768 

Sereni  £dw:ird  Dwifsht American  Clergyman 1786 

Joh:inn^Bottlleb  FIchte German  Philosopher 1762 


.Albert  Dure 

.Bry;in  Edwards 

.  Alex:indcr  Pope 

.  Willi :i in  Hunter 

.tlueeii  A'ict<»i'ia 

.Ralph  AV.  Emerson 

.Jon:ith:in  Edwards 

.Nathaniel  Greene 

■  Louis  A;;:is^iz  . 


ernian  Painter  and  Engraver 1471 

English  Historian 1743 

English  Poet 1688 

. . .  .British  Physician  and  Anat^jmist..  1718 


..Queen  of  England.. 

...American  Author  and  Poet 

...Am.  Metaphysician  and  Theol.. 

...American  General 

....American  Naturalist.. 


.1819 
.1803 
.  1 745 
.1742 
.1807 
.1736 

._ 1823 

.John  A.  Andrews American  Lawyer  and  Politician..  1818 


Patrick  Henry American  Orator  and  Patriot.. 

-Sir  Rlchai-d  A.  Cross English  Statesman.. 


Day. 


Births  in  Jtme. 


Year. 


.Brichiim  T'oiing; 

John  Randolph 

.  Jeffers)»n  D:ivis 

John  Scott  Eldon 

.Edward  D.  Clark 

.  Leone  I^evi 

.Thomas  Fritncis  Marshall 

John  Everett  Mlllals 

.John  Howard  Payne 

.Jonathan  Ti'iimltiill 

.Jean  B.  L.  DeCoiivray 

.  Bedl'oi-d  C.  T.  Pim 

.W^lntield  Scott 

.  Perti;»n<lo  Wood 

.Uairrlet  Beecher  Stowe. . . 

.Alvln  .\«l:ims 

.Ferdinand  Frciliufath 

.Sir  William  l^alliser 

.Fellcite  IC.  Lamcnnals 

.TheophiliiN  l.,indwey'. 

.Increase  Mathei' 

.Paul  Chitrlcs  !ll4»i-phy 

.Louis  M.  L.  Pctltot 

.  Heni'y  Wsii-il  Berchcr 

.Ellphalet  Nott 

.Dr.  I'hlllp  Doddridffe 

.Francis  AV.  \c«-man 

.Claiiile  Fr]inc«>i»de  Mulet 
.Adrlen  E.  P.  Gasparln. . . . 
.W^llllam  llepworth  DIxoi 


,  .President  of  Mormon  Church 

..Ameiiean  Orator 

.Ameriean  Statesman 

..Lord  Chaneellor  of  England.  ... 
,  .Eng.  Trav.ler  and  Mineralogist. 

.British  \\'ritir  on  Com.  Law 

...American  Pnlit  ieian 

..English  Painter 

,  .Author  of  "Home,  Sweet  Home" 

.American  Patriot 

,  .French  Itoviilutionist 

.EngliOi  Naval  omcer 

,  .Ainel  ii'an  liriieral 

..American  ('.'Ugressmaii 

..American  Novelist 

,  .Founder  Adams  Expresa  Co 

..German  Poet 

.  .IJritisli  Inventor 

..Fn-neh  Wnlrr 

..English  Th'i.li.giuu 

.  .Aiiui  Iran  I'iviiie  and  Author 

..American  ].:\.\\  M-r 

,  .Frencli  ^<culpIu^ 

.American  I 'i vine  and  Author.... 

,  ..\nu'riean  ^'olhgc  President 

..English  An  I  hi. r  and  Divine 

.lOng.  Tlmdogiuti  and  Author. ... 

.French  t'nnspinitor 

.l-'n-neh  Agricultural  Writer 

-English  Histurhui  and  Traveler. 


..1801 
,.1773 
.  .18(XS 
..1751 
.1769 
.  1821 
.1801 
,.1829 
,.1792 
,.1710 
.1760 
.1826 
,.178(i 
,.1812 
.1813 
.1804 
.1910 
.1830 
,.1782 
.1723 
,.1639 
..1837 
.1794 
.1813 
.1773 
.1702 
.1805 
.1754 
.1783 
.1821 


f 


-^f! 


-^®>— •^ 


Date  of  Birth  of  Prominent  Individuals  •:= 


^"^^^^ 


447 


DXmiNG 
Every  Day  of  the  Last  Six  Months  of  the  Year. 


Births  in  July. 


N.VME, 


OCCUPATION. 


1.  .Oeortce  Hund   

2..'rhoinuii  <V;iiiiner 

.t.GodtVev  W.  I.i-ihnltz 

4..\an);tiiii-l  lla \vt liortic 

Ti. .  l*liliii>']iN  'V.   Ifiiii-iiiini 

<>.  .floliii  (')i3tcK*N  Peters 

7..Heiirv  Melsptt 

H.   FltK-Oreeiie  IliUIeck. 

i^l..Eli:i*«  Howe. 

l"...Iohii  i'lilviii 

II    ,.l4>lin  4>iiiiii-y  AtlitniN 

11?  .  Fiiriiiir  >1  a t'o  Quatretnere 

i:i.  .<^ii«ila  V  Fi-fylJie 

14.  .tJeNNe  Uiiiicaii  Klliott 

i~>..lleui-y  £ilu':i.t'«l  Miiiiiiing.  . 

Ki.SIr  •JoHliuii  KevnoldN 

17. .Dr.  Isujic  WuttH 

]8..IjoiiiH  A.  Oarnier-PuKes. 

r^t.. Samuel  <'olt 

3), ..John  Slerllii^ 

lil.  Matt  hew  Prior 

2ii.  .Anthony  A.  E.  Shaftesbary 

i':i.. Charlotte  S.  Cnshina.ii 

24,  .Simon  ltollva.r 

-.1    Henry  Knox 

i!*i     Kobeit  Fulton 

1^7     Friedrieh  MichellH 

2X.  .Alexander  Dumas 

-'!*.  .ThomjiM  C'orwiu 

30.  .«Johanii  M.  Lappenberfj; 

31.  .George  H.  Thomus 


.French  Authoress 1804 

.  English  Heforiner 1489 

.German  Phih.Mjpher 1046 

..Ainni.Mn  AiUlior 1804 

.Aiinriciiii  SiH.vvinan 1810 

.AiULiieaii  I'liysician 1819 

.AnuTican  Railroad  Contractor. .  .1811 

.American  Poet 1790 

.American  Inventor 1819 

.Fn-iirh  Prai.stant  Reformer 1509 

tiili  I'l.M.l,  lit  of  United  States. ...1767 

Kr--Ti.li  .  >t  i.Ti(:iiist 1782 

(;iT(ii;ni  Aaili.ir 1816 

.Aiiieriean  Cuniniodc.re 1782 

.EnKlish  K.  C.  Archbishop 1808 

.  ICn^'lisli  Portrait  Painter 1723 

.English  Dissenting  Minister 1674 

. French  Politician 1803 

.American  Inventor 1814 

British  Critic  and  Essayist 1806 

English  Poet 1664 

English  Statesman 1621 

American  Actress 1816 

Liberator  of  Bolivia 178.'J 

American  Revolutionary  General  1750 

American  Inventor 1765 

German  Theologian 1815 

French  Novelist  and  Dramatist. .  .1824 
American  Orator  and  Statesman.  1794 

German  Historian 1794 

American  General 1816 


Day. 


Births  in  AugTist. 


.  Year. 


1.  .Georgre  Tlcknor 

2.  .dean  Liuzac 

3.  Abel  A.  Du  Petit-Thoiiars 

4.  Percy  B.  Shelley 

ri..rharleH  I*.  A.  Thomas 

0.  Daniel  OTonnell 

7.  .tloseph  Roilman  Drake... 

H.  .t^hiirlem  A.  l>aii:i 

". .  AehilleN  Valenciennes. ..  , 

1".    A.  Guncalvez  Diaz 

n..J.  V.  Moi-eau 

12..C  IMnite-Briin 

13..  Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps. 

14  .Oliver  P.  Morton T. . . 

l;>.  .Napoleon  Bonaparte 

IH. .Pierre  F.  A.  Mechain 

17.  .David  Crockett 

^x.  .Eoi-d  John  Russell 

IH.Elisha  Mitchell 

■.^". .  Valentine  Mott 

-I    ,  Fi-ancis  de  Sales 

■^■^.    K»v.  Dr.  Pusey 

-  >     Ij«iiiiN  XV5 

-i-  .Theodore  Parker 

~'>.  .*lames  L.ick 

26..Ee:idlo  Forcelliiil 

27,  .tJanies  Madison 

^-^.-Johann  Goethe 

20.  .Oliver  \V.  Holmes 

30  .fJoHeph  ]>ennie 

31.  Wilbur  Fisk 


.American  Author 

.Dutch  Philologist 

.  French  Naval  Officer 

.English  Poet 

.  French  Musical  Composer 

.Irish  <irator  and  Pol.  Agitator. . 

.American  Poet 

.American  Journalist. 

.French  Naturalist 

.Brazilian  Poet 

.  French  General 

.Danish  Geographer 

.American  Authoress 

.  American  Statesman   

.Etnperor  of  the  French 

.French  Astronomer 

.  American  Backwoodsman 

.English  Statesman 

.American  Chemist 

.American  Surgeon 

.French  Roman  Catholic  Bishop., 

.English  Clergyman 

.King  of  France 

.American  Theologian , 

.American  Philanthropist 

.Italian  Lexicographer 

.American  Bishop '.... 

.German  Author 

.American  Poet  and  Novelist..!!, 

.American  Journalist 

.American  Educator , 


.1791 
.1746 
.1793 
.1792 
.1811 
.1775 
.1795 
.1819 
.1794 
.1823 
.1763 
.1775 
.1815 
.1823 
.1769 
.1744 
.  1786 
.1792 
.1793 
.1785 
.  1567 
.1800 
,1754 
,1810 
.1796 
.1688 
.1749 

1749 
.1809 
.1768 
.1792 


Day. 


Births  in  September. 


Year. 


■  ?*'^*'"Jw*  A-lleyn Eng.  Actor  and  Philanthropist. . . .  1566 

."'*"  H*>w««-d English  Philanthropist 172q 

■  ^"***»  Gindely German  Historian 1829 

.Charles  t  ollen American  Clergyman 'i795 

.Giacomo  Meyerbeer Gemian  Composer 1794 

.Marquis  De  Lafayette French  General  and  Patriot. 1757 

Queen  Elizabeth Queen  of  England 1533 

.t-rlward  Morike German  Poet 1804 

.Kdmund  Pendleton American  Statesman  . !!!!!!! 1721 

.Mungo  Park Scottish  Explorer  in  Africa. .   .     'lT71 

.  V  ictor  Diii-iiy. French  Historian 1811 

.Kiehard  M.  Hoe.. American  Inventor. 1812 

.William  H.  W.  Betty English  Actor ;  i791 

.f  riedrich  GeorgKolb German  Journalist  and  Author  '  1808 

■£.*  '•^"■">o«*«  trooper American  Novelist.    ...  17S'^ 

t  ranees  Parkman American  Historian !! ! 

...English  Essayist  and  Moralist. 

. . .  French  Natural  Philosopher. . . 

. .  .British  Statesman  and  Author, 

. .  .American  Satirist.. 

...First  Methodist  Minister  in  Am. 


.tJohn  Foster 

,  L.eon  Foucault '. 

.  I>or<)  Henry  Brougrham.. 

Davitl  K.  Locke 

.Philip  Embury 

.Michael  Faraday  

-tlohann  Franz  Encke 

Zachary  Taylor.. 


.1823 
.1770 
.1819 
.1779 
.1833 
1729 


.English  Chemist  and  Naturalist. .  1791 

...German  Astronomer 1791 

rf  .„        Am.  Gen.  and  l2th  Pres.  of  U.  S    .1784 

.--„...,  Kene  Rohan French  Cardinal 1734 

ivaitiel  \V.  Vorhees American  Statesman 1828 

^-'^"Ji**"'"  ApthorsGould.  ..American  Astronomer. 1824 

S!/:. 77  *'""'"  'Jones English  Orientalist 1746 

..William  .lulius  Mickle Scottish  Poet  and  Translator...   .1734 

..tJobiL  Weiss  Forney American  Journalist 1817 


Births  in  October. 


OCCUI'ATION. 


1  IJinli. 


.H.  St.  John  Boliniffbroke... 

.Elizabeth  Montagu 

.Geor«e  Banerort , 

Edmond  Malone 

Chester  A.  Arthur 

tienny  1^1  nd 

W^llhrlm  Muller 

Jonathan  May  hew 

Lewis  Cjiss 

BeiOamin  ^Vest 

Dr.  Samuel  <.'lark« 

.Rev.    Lyman  Beccher 

/%Villlam  Motherwell 

W^illiam  Penn 

Publius  Virgil  ills  Muro. 

William  Pitt  Fessenden. . . . 

Duchess  <it'  Kdliiburffh 

Guise ppe  Mario 

John  tSrown 

Lord  Palmerstoii 

William  M.  Carleton 

James  Mannintff 

Peter  II  

Sir  Moses  Monte tiore 

Thomas  It.  Maeaiilaty 

Count  Helmuth  K.  >I^>Uke. 

Alexander  T-  Stewart 

.Inna  K.  I^ickinson 

Thomas  F.  Bayard 

I-.eon  Gambetta 

John  Mason  Peck 


.Eng.  Statesman  and  PoJ,  Writer.  .1078 

.  English  Authoress 172'i 

.American  Historian lHf>i 

Irish  ShakeHpearean  Scholar 1741 

.  Ex-PrcHldent  of  United  States 1831 

.Swedish  Vocalist J8"J1 

.German  Lyric  Poet 1794 

.Am.  Clergy 'n  and  Controver»aIi8t.l7atJ 

.American  Statesman 1782 

,  American  Painter 1738 

.Eng.  Phllos.  and  Metaphysician  ..1675 

.Am.  Preacher  and  Theoloiyian 1775 

.Scottish  Poet  and  Juurnalist 1797 

.Eng.  Quaker  and  Founder  of  Pa. ..  1644 

.r  Virgil)  Roman  Poet b.  c.70 

.American  Statesman 1806 

.Wife  of  2nd  Son,  Queen  Victoria.  ,  1853 

.  I  tal  ian  Singer 1810 

.  American  Officer 1744 

.Pri7iie  Minister  of  England 1784 

.American  Poet 1845 

.American  Clergj-man 1738 

Emperor  of  Ruwsia 1715 

.English  Jewish  Philanthropist 1784 

.English  Historian  and  Statesman  ]8fXJ 

.German  General ISOfJ 

.American  Dry  Goods  Merchant. , ,  1802 
.American  Author  and  Lecturer. , ,  1842 

.Secretary  of  State 1828 

.French  Statesman 1838 

Am.  Baptist  Divine  and  Author.,  ,,1789 


Day. 


Births  in  November, 


Year. 


.Spencer  Perceval 

.James  K..  Polk 

.W^llliam  Cullen  Bryant 

.Samuel  I.  Prime 

.Benjamin  F.  Butler 

.Cornelius  Conway  Felton .. 

Fritz  Renter 

.John  Byron 

.Prince  of^Vales 

.Mill-till  Luther 

.Piei'iM'    V  iisJfereau 

.Rieharil  ISaxter 

.Alfred  M:ii-shall  Mayer 

.Heinrieh  Ludwig  Dorii 

.Sir  W^illiam  Uerschel 

.John  Bright 

.August  F.  Mobius 

.  Pierre  Bayle 

..Vdam  J.  von  Krusenstern. 

.S:imuel  L.  Clemens 

-LeiA'is  Henry  Morgan 

.Robert  C.  de  la  Salle 

.Franklin  Pierce 

.Heini'ich  For>«f  er 

.Julius  Robert  Mayer 

. Williiiin  Kidney-  >Iount 

.Sir  Jiiiiuv  K<-n edict 

■  Edmund  Dwight 

W^endell  Phillips 

.Cyrus  W.  Field 


.Prime  Minister  of  England 1702 

.Uth  President  of  United  Stale.s.. ,  1795 

.  .\merican  Poet  and  J  ournal  ist 1 7f*4 

.jVmerican  Clergyman IS12 

..4,m.  Lawj'er  and  Politician IHI8 

.Am.  Author  and  Prof,  of  Greek.. .  ]8fi7 

.German  Poet  and  Novelist 1810 

.English  Admiral 1723 

.1st  Son  of  Queen  Victoria  of  Eng.  1»41 
.Leader  of  the  Ger.  Reformation..  1483 

.Marshal  of  France 1757 

.English  Nonconformist  Divine 1615 

.American  Physicist 1836 

.German  Composer 1H<H 

.Ger.  Astronomer  in  England 173k 

.English  Orator  and  Statesman...  1811 

.German  Mathematician 1790 

.French  Philosopher  and  Critic 1647 

Russian  Navigator 1770 

■'Mark  Twain."  American  .\uthor.  1835 

American  .Author ]8l8 

.French  Explorer !..1643 

.  14th  President  of  United  States  . .  1804 

,Ger.  Rom.  Cath.  Pulpit  Orator 1800 

.German  Physicist 1814 

.American  Painter I807 

,  German  Composer 1804 

.American  Merchant 1780 

American  Orator  and  Reformer..  1811 
,.\m.  Merchant  and  Capitalist 1819 


Day. 


Births  in  December. 


Year. 


■  Rev.  Albert  Barnes American  Presbyterian  Divine... 

.Richard  Montgomery American  General 

.Henry  W.  Pickersgill English  Painter 

.Thomas  Cai-lyle British  Essajist  and  Historian... 

.Geoi'ge  A.  Custer American  General 

.Fried rich  Max:  Muller English  Philologist 

.Mar.v  Stuart Queen  of  Scotland 

.Eli  Whitney American  Inventor 

.John  Milton English  Poet 

.Zacliariah  Chandler United  States  Senator 

.Jules  Gabriel  Jnnin French  Dramatic  Critic  . 


John  J 

.Lord  John  Manners 

.Pierre  S.  De  Xeinoiirs 

.Thomas  H.  Perkins 

.Theodore  Dwight 

.Ludwig  von  Beethoyen 

■  George  Denison  Prentice. 
.  William  Edward  Parry.. 

.Arthur  Lee 

.Lord  Beaconsfield 

.Matthew  IL  Carpenter 

.John  S.  Dorsey 

.Matthew  Arnold 


First  Chief  Justice  of  the  U.  S 

.English  Statesman , 

.French  Statesman 

.American  Merchant 

.Am.  Lawyer,  Auth.  and  Joum'st.. 

.Prussian  Musical  Composer 

.American  Journalist  and  Poet.... 

.English  Aretic  Navigator. 

American  Diplomatist 

English  Author  and  Statesman. .. 

American  Lawyer  and  Statesman. 

American  Surgeon  and  Physician 

E;:glish  Poet  and  Essayist 

Sir  Isaac  Newton Eng.  Philos.  and  Mathematician.. 

Dion  Boiicicault Irish  Dramatist  and  Actor 

J  oh  an  n  Kepler German  Astronomer 

Thomas  Ewing American  Statesman 

William  E.  Gladstone Prime  Minister  of  England 

.George  G.  Meade American  General 

.Jules  Simon French  Statesman  and  Philos 


1798 
1736 

.1782 
1795 
1839 
1823 
1540 
1765 
1608 
1813 
1804 
1745 
,1818 
1739 
1764 
1764 
1770 
1802 
1790 
1740 
1805 
1824 
1783 
1822 
1642 
1S22 
1571 
1789 
1809 
1815 
1814 


44S 


->©>-- ►^^ 


Date  of  Death  of  Prominent  Individuals 

Every  Day  of  the  First  Six  Months  of  the  Year. 


'-^®^r 


Deaths  in  January. 


>,UIE, 


0  ecu  PATIO  X- 


.Karl  Johann  Fahlcrantz. . . 

.Caleb  C'lishing 

.4'orneliuM  Vuiiiierbilt 

.Thomas  Atkinson 

.Frederick.  Duke  ofYork.. 
.tJohn  Dennis 

flames  Fisk,  Jr 

.Eli  Whitney ^. 

.Dr.  Samuel  Gridley  Howe 

-Samuel  Colt 

-Francis  S.Key 

.Hush  Mercer 

.Schuyler  Colfax 

John  Iceland 

.Edwaid  Everett 

.Sir  John  Moore 

..John  Tyler 

Bulwer  I-.ytton 

.Piei'i-e  .Iose|»h  Troudhon... 

.David  Gari'ick 

.Xathaniel  P.  Willis 

.Oeor^^e  Denison  Prentice.. 

.^^Illiam  Pitt 

.Walter  Henry  Medhnrst.. 

.Francis  \V.  Pickens 

.Georgre  Tioknor- 

.  John  James  -VuUiibon 

.W^illiam  H.  Presc€»tt 

.Francis  P.  Barras 

.K.in«  Charles  I 

.Jonathan  Cai'vei- 


.Swedish  Landscape  Painter 1861 

.American  Statesman ^*'"2 

AinLTir;ui  K;iih\ay  Financier 1877 

.Ani*ri.;.n];isli..T> 1881 

.Briti-li  c-iiuiiiinaer 1827 

.English  IHi.iiiatist 1734 

.American  Capitalist 1872 

..Inventor,  ^Vhitney's  Cotton  Gin..  182  j 

..American  Philanthropist 1870 

.Am.  Inventor,  Colt's  Rpvolver. 1862 

.Author  "  Star  Spangled  Banner," .  1843 

.American  General *"I 

.American  Statesman 1885 

.  Engrlish  Antiquarian 1841 

.American  Orator  and  Statei.man..l8G5 

,  .British  General 1809 

.  10th  President  United  States 1S62 

.  En^'lish  Poet  and  Diplomatist 1873 

.  Frenc Ii  Political  Writer 1865 

.English  Actor 1779 

.American  Author  and  Poet ^^lj~ 

.  American  Journalist  and  Poet 1870 

.English  Statesman ^^Ij 

.English  Missionai-y 1857 

American  Statesman 1869 

.American  Author  1871 

.American  Ornithologist 1851 

.American  Historian 1859 

.French  Statesman 1829 

.King  of  England 1649 

.American  Traveler 1780 


Day.  Deaths  in  February. 

1     I..ieut.  M.  F.  Maury Am.  Naval  Officer  and  Astronm'r. 

2!  Adelaide  Procter English  Poetess 

:t     Francis  Xsivier  Oarneaii.  ..Canadian  Historian 

4.  .George  Herbert English  Poet  and  Divine 

f)     Thomas  Carlyle English  Modem  Philosopher 

6..K.inB  Charles"  II King  of  England 

7..Cad%vallader  D.  Colden American  Lawyer 

8.  MarvSlnarl Queen  of  Scotland 

9     Elihii  ISiirritt.  American  Scholar  and  Linguist. ., 

lO.'-Xicholas  I.on:;worth Am.  Capitalist  and  Horticulturist. 

11 --De  Wilt  Clinton Amcn.Mn  st.Hi-nian 

12      Vlice  Carev Amti]'  .m  r..i  i,-~  and  Writer , 

13!. Richard  Waguer Gerni:iii  .Mu~h.il  Composer 

14..  James  <'ook English  1. 11  cuiuiiavigator 

15  .William  F.llei:^' American  Patriot 

16  Elisha  Kent  KTane American  Explorer 

17  .Horace  Ku'^hneU American  Divine 

18..  Martin  I.nther German  Reformer 

19.  .Joseph  Marie  Fieschi French  Conspiritor 

20.  Alexander  Oeddes Roman  Catholic  Biblical  Critic.  ., 

21     Edward  Marcus  Despard.   .Irish  Soldier 

22..Ameiltto  Vespucci Italian  Navigator 

23  John  <|uiney  Adams 6th  President  United  States 

24  Kobei-t  Fulton   Early  American  Steam  Navigator 

25  Thomas  Moore Irish  Poet  and  Biographer 

26.  .John  Philip  Kemble English  Tragedian 

27    J4»hn  Arbuthnot    Scottish  Surgeon  and  Writer 

28.. Francis  Marion  American  General 

29. .  Johann  Conrad  Peyer Swiss  Anatomist 


Year. 


1873 
1864 
1866 
1633 
1881 
1685 
1834 
1587 
1879 
1863 
1828 
1871 
1883 
1779 
1820 
1857 
1876 
1546 
1836 
1802 
1803 
1512 
1848 
1815 
1852 
1823 
1735 
1795 
1712 


Day. 


Deaths  in  March. 


Year. 


0|»l 

Benjamin  F.  ^Vaile 

.Ja4[iies  <'harles  lliipont. 
.  Alexan<ler  H,  Slephcun. 
.Pieri-e  SlnionI..a|>lace.    . 

.Xicolai  A.  Polevoi 

.St.  Thomas  Aquinas 

Millard  Fillmore 

He  Tracy  Itcstutt 

.•losepli  II  aw  ley 

.<'harles  Siininer 

.  William  4>  ray  son 

.Earl  Amherst 

.tiareil  Sparks 

.John  Eiidic4»lt 

.Xalhaniel  Ifiowdllch  .... 
..Ihel    A.  Uu  IVtltThou 

Frelilrich  C.  Pel-then 

.Mil*  .lolin  Ikenham 

.Sir  l*taac  .\e wton 

.  Kobcrt  Soul  hey 

.Johann  4^oet  lie 

.\icola  Foiiyuet 

.Ilenr-v  W     l,i»iiirlVliow. . 

Joslah  Willard  ftibbfl... 

.  Kiiilwiif  Beethoven 

.flames  llarikcr 

.C^eorue  II.  'rhonias 

.  Emanuel  S\4  edenborflT. . . 

TlKimas  Maurice 

John  C.  Calhoun 


.Pre-i.i. 


nt  l':.raguay.. 


(lan., 


..1870 
. .  1878 
. . IS55 
..1883 
..1827 
..1846 
. . 1274 
..1874 
. . 1836 
..178M 
..1874 
. . 1790 
..1857 
..186C 

..leer. 

.  1838 


....Frrii.  Ii  I'.. I 

, . .  .Anuiir.ui  St  iilr  Lilian 

, ..  ..French  Astronoiiier 

Russian  Aulhor 

Italian  Teaclier  and  Writer... 

I3th  I'n  sill. Ill  United  States., 

KreiK  h  niil..-^Mi>hrr 

AnnTii'.iri  Sl;il'siiian 

Ani(M-ir,in  still  !■- man 

U.  S,  Si  r  1:1  lor  I  mm  Virginia.., 

Brih-l.  si,ii.--jii:iti , 

Amn  ir:iii  lli~iiii'ian 

Aincncan  Cnloniai  Governor., 

American  Mathematician 

,»r». French  Botanist 1864 

r;.'rnmn  Publisher 1843 

English  Writer  of  Venjo 1668 

English  Philosopher 1727 

Engl ish  A iithor  and  Poet 1843 

Gerinn  11  A  nth.  .r 1832 

.  .Frcn.-h  MiiiiM.  r  of  Finance I680 

..Am.-nr,ir.  I'l.-t 1882 

..Ain.Ti.ari  I'hilnli.iiist I86I 

..German  .Mii->ical  Composer 1827 

..Amerl</iii  Publisher 1860 

..Amciuan  G.-m-ral 1870 

.  .Sw.-dish  Thi-osophlwt 1772 

..English  Clcrgynian 1824 

.  .Amertcnn  Staicsriian 1850 


Deaths  in  April. 


N.UIE. 


OCCUP.\TIO-V. 


.  Robley  Dunglison 

.  Samuel  F    B.  Morse 

.Bartholome  E.  Mnrillo. 
.William  H.  Harrison  .. 

.Bobei't  Ksiikes 

Friedrich  Drake 

.  James  S.  ^Vbintrer 

.(■acta no  Donizetti , 

.Lord  Fi':i  nci''  IS  aeon 

Alexander  T.  Stewart.. 

.Rowland  Hill 

.William  Marcy  Xiveed. 

.James  Boeardns 

.Friedrich  A.  Krummachci 

..Vbrah:tm  I^incoln 

.fJohn  Edwards 

.BenJ^intin  Fi':tnklin- 

.Justin  Iviebigr 

.Lord  Byron 

.Charles  Darwin 

.John  A.  Dix 

.John  Harper 

.  Willliini  Shakspeare 

.  Daniel  Defoe 

.Johann  K.  Dippel 

.John  Wilkes  Booth 

.Ralph  Waldo  Emerson. 

.Carlo  Poer io 

.W^illiam  6.  Brov^-nlo^n^ 
.Mrs.  Sarah  J.  Hale, 


,  .Am.  Phys.  and  Med.  Writer 1869 

.  .,\merican  Artist  and  Inventor 187i> 

..Spanish  Painter i682 

..9th  President  United  States 184 1 

..English  Found'r  of  Sun.  Schools..  18]  1 

.German  Sculptor 1882 

..Englislr  Judge !!  Jh44 

..Italian  Musical  Composer iM-s 

.  .English  Philosopher lUjn 

..American  Merchant 1876 

..English  Methodist  Preacher 1833 

.  .Com.  Public  Works,  N.  Y.  City 1 878 

..American   Inventor i874 

r  German  Fabulist  and  TheoJogist.  1845 

..16th  President  United  States 1865 

..English  Divine I7i6 

..Am.  Philosopher  and  Statesman..  1790 

.  .German  Chemist 1873 

..English  Poet i824 

..English  Scientist 1882 

..Am.  C!eneral  and  Statesman 1879 

,  ,.lm.  Printer  and  Publisher 1875 

.  English  Poet  and  Dramatist 1616 

.  .English  .\uthor 1 731 

.  .German  Nationalist 1734 

..American  Actor  and  Assassin 1865 

.  .Am.  Essayist  and  Philosopher. ...  1 882 

.  .Neapolitan  Statesman 1867 

.  ..■Vni.  Clergyman  and  Journalist....  1877 
.  .American  Authoress 1879 


Day. 


Deaths  in  May. 


Year. 


.John  Dryden 

.James  Oates  Percival — 

.Oeorge  M.  Ti-oup 

.S:imuel  Dexter 

-S'jipoleon  I 

..Vlexander  Humboldt 

.Salmon  P.  Chase 

.Johiinn  C  F.  von  Schillei* 

.Benjamin  Howlnnd 

.Paul  Revere 

.Earl  ot'<'hatham 

.Israel  Wii^hbiirn 

.i'yrus  II.  McCoi'inick 

.Constantiiie  ICaufmann... 

.Daniel  0*Connell 

.DjinielC.  Solander , 

.John  J:iy 

.Samuel  I..ivei'moi'e , 

.Israel  I*  11  In  a  111 , 

.Chrlslophei-  Columbus..  .. 

.Thonia".  .V.  Seott 

.Wm.  i'ampbell  Preston... 
.Gotthilt'E.  Muhlenberi;.. 

.'William  Kidd 

.Thomas  Duncjin 

.Samuel  Pepys 

.John  Calvin 

.Xoah  Webster 

.  Winfleld  Scott 

.Francois  de  VoH:»ire 

.Francis  Joseph  Haydn..  . 


.  .English  Poet 1700 

..American  Poet 1856 

.  .^Vin.  Congressman  from  Ga 1856 

.  .Ameriiaii  Stattsman I8I6 

..Empcrnr  01    tlK-  French 1821 

..German  Sckiitist 1859 

..American  Statesman 1873 

.  .German  Poet 1805 

..American  Statesman 1821 

... American  Engraver  and  Patriot..  1818 

.  .English  Statesman 1778 

.  .(Jovernor  of  Maine  in  1?<61 1883 

,  .Inventor  McCormick  Harvester., ,  1884 

.  .Russian  General 1 882 

..Irish  Patriot  and  Orator 1847 

.  .Swedish  Naturalist 1782 

..American  Statesman 1829 

.  .American  Statesman 1803 

..American  Revolutionary  Gen 1790 

.  .Spanish  Navigator 150(> 

.  .American  Railway  Financier I88I 

..American   Politician 1860 

,  .Ameriean  Botanist 1815 

.  .Famous  American  Pirate 1701 

.  .Scottish  A  rt ist i845 

..English  Author  and  Scholar 1703 

..Scottish  Protectant  Reformer 1564 

.  .American  Lt-xicographer 1843 

..American  General 1866 

.  .Celebrated  French  Author 1778 

..Austrian  Musical  Composer 1809 


Day. 


Deaths  in  June. 


Year. 


.James  Buchan:in 

-Iviiiseppe  Oariiialdi. . 
.Stephen  A.  l>oti[rlas.. 

.Jonatlian  M:ixcy 

.flames  Lawrence 

.Patrick  Henry 

.Robei't  Bruce 

,.\n*li*ew  tlitckson 

.Charles  llickens 

.Lydia  II.  Sltioiirney. 

.Sir  Ji»hii  Fi-anklln English  Arctic  E.\plorer 

Wni.  Cullen  Bryant American  Poet, 


.Helen  Selina  (^iifTord. 

.Benedict  Arn«»ld 

.James  K.  Polk 

.Dnke  of  MarhoroiiKh.. . 

.  I..e\%'ls  Cass 

.Henry  J.  Raymond 

.Nathaniel  (>reene.. 


..15th  President  United  States 1868 

..Italian  I'ati  i'.i 1(^2 

..Anieriian  Slnlcsman 1861 

..Am.  Divine  and  College  Pres 1820 

..American  Naval  Commander ISI3 

..American  Orator  and  Patriot 1799 

.  .King  of  Scots ] 329 

..7th  Prcsid.  lit  United  States 1845 

..Engh-li   NoA.Oi^t 1870 

.\nurii:Ln  AiilliMtess l865 

.1847 
1878 


.English  Poetess I8G7 

,.Am.  General  and  Traitor 1801 

.11th  Pi.>i.i.nt  United  States 1840 

.English  liiinijil 1722 

.AimTir:iii  SliiUMiiiin 1866 

.American  Jmirnalist 1869 

. .  .American  General 1786 

1830 


.S<»|>hle  Mullet* .....German  Tragic  Acti*ess 

.Alexai»<ler  I>-  Orr American  Statesmon 1835 

.Mani)e\Y    Henry Eng.  Divine  and  Commentator.  ..1714 

. Janieo  Mill     English  Philosopher 1836 

.John  Itandolpli Vmerican  Staltsnmn 1833 

<ie<»rtre  .\  .  Custer Americnn  Gi-ncral IK76 

.Oeorife  IV King  nl   (Inat  Hrituln I>>30 

.  Ilii-:iiii  I*<»wei*n America n  Srulptnr 1^73 

JauieN  Madison 41  h  I'nsiJeiit  luited  States 1H36 

.Henry  4 'lay Am.  Statesman  and  Orator 1852 

.James  BucklniEham Kng.  Trav.,  Lecturer  and  Author..  1855 


:(>— 


-<).K 


.(> — 


-^@— >^^ 


Date  of  Death  of  Prominent  Individuals 

DURING 

Every  Day  of  the  Last  Six  Months  of  the  Year. 


WJ 


Deaths  in  Jtdy. 

iS".i/  i  «^g-  I  OCCUPATION.  I  ^^»^^r 

I..tlo*flah  iltilucy Am.  Statesman  and  Scholar 1864 

2..  Robert  l*eel En(?Iish  Statesman 1850 

3.  .tlameot  Miii-hIi Am.  Philosopher  and  Author 1842 

4.  .Tho.iii:iN.lftliTNon 3r(l  rrisi.k-nt  I'liited  Stales 1820 

5.  Sir  Koherl  .St  ranee English  l•;n^,'^;lv.■l■ 1792 

n..,l:inieM  Monroe 5th  I'resul.-nt  United  States 1831 

7..  Kii-haril  U.  Nheridikil Poet  and  Author 1816 

H.  ..'\iilotne  l>ii|>rat French  Cardinal  and  Statesman. .  1535 

;>.  .Zaeliary  Ta.-i  lor 12th  Pre>ident  United  States 1850 

ln..ljiithfr'Martin American  Law\  er 1826 

1 1.,  Sir  VVilllain  .lohnNun British  Ueneral 1774 

12.  .LiikiilM  (]af|ueM  M.  I>aicuerre.In  ventor  of  Da^uerreotyping: 1851 

13.  .*J  oh II  V.  Penilii-rlou American  General I88I 

I4..Ediiiiiii<l  V.  Oetiest Freneli  Diploniutist 1834 

IS-.^'harU't*  B.  St  ra  I  ton Tom  Thtiinb,  American  Dwarl"..,  .1883 

16..Fi'aneoii*  M.  I-..  L.ouvolfi A  French  Minister  of  State 1691 

17.  .Christian  I^.  Sliecclltz German  Author 1836 

18. .Arthur  Pi-nrhyn  Stanley Celebrated  Entjli.sh  Divine I88I 

19..*lean  I..efevre  <'lieveruB.  ..   .French Card.  jindPhilanthropist.  .1836 

20,.Eli*onoi'a  P.  de  FotiMecu Neapolitan  Hirdinc  and  Martyr. .  1799 

21.. Robert  ISuriiN Pre-eniinunt  S..illisti  I*iM-t 1796 

22..  Matt  hew  Webb Celel»rat<-.l  Kiik'li-h  Swimmer 1883 

23..RoBer  Mherii<an Am.  Patriot  and  stalcsnian 1793 

24..  Mart  ill  Van  Uiiren 8th  President  United  States 1862 

25.  .Samuel  T.  C'oleridffe English  Poet  and  Piiilusopher. . .  .1834 

26..  Job   IJurl'ee American  Authur  and  Jurist 1847 

27.,Motit«:oiiierv  Blair American  Lawyer  and  Politician..  1883 

28.. Benjamin  Ooodhue American  Slaie-^iiuin 1814 

29..\%'irilani    Wilberforce i:ni,'li-h  I'liihmDirupist 1833 

30..'VI'illiam  Penii FnniuUr  nt   Pennsylvania 1718 

31..  Andrew  Johntton 17lU  Preaident  United  States 1875 


Day. 


Deaths  in  August. 


Year. 


1.  .Kobert  MorrlHon Eng.  Missionary  and  Orientalist..  1834 

2..Hoi';»oe  Mann American  Educationist 1859 

3..<Iame8  II King  of  Scotland 1437 

4. .William  Cecil  Burlelffh English  Statesman 1598 

5.  .Seb;i»ilian  Ei*;ird French Wanuf'r of  Mus.lns'm'nts..l831 

6..  Benjamin  tlonson English  Author  aiid  Poet 1637 

7.  .Pan!  Le  rieune French  Missionary 1664 

8..Ge<irsre  Canning English  Statesman  and  Orator  ...1827 

J*.  .tlaiiieH  Breekenrldgre American  General 1846 

10.  .John  WlUon  t'roker British  Writer  and  Statesman...    1857 

IL.XhaddeiiN  Stevens American  Statesman 1868 

12.  .Geortre  Stephen  (ton English  Engineer  and  Inventor..  ,1848 

13.  .John  P:itton  Emmet American  Physician 1842 

I4..1tavid  Olascoe  Fiii'ragut American  Admiral 1870 

15.  .L.iliaii  Adelaide  Neilson English  Actress 1880 

16.  .('liai-leH  <jl.  Finney American  Preacher 1875 

17..  Frederick  the  Oreat King  of  Prussia 1786 

18..0Ie  Bornemann  Bull Norwegian  Violinist 1880 

19. .  Jeremijih  G.  Black American  Jui'ist  and  Statesman..  1883 

20.  .Jan   DeW'Itt Dutch  Statesma:: 1672 

21 .  .Thoin;iN  Clavton American  Statesman 1854 

22. . Franc  Joseph  Gall Founder  of  Phrenology 1828 

23.  .IncreiiNe  Mather American  Divine 1723 

24.  .Gen.  Albert  J.  Myer American  Meteorologist 1880 

25..  Ja»me«  W:itt Scottish  Engineer  and  Inventor..  1819 

26.  .Dr.  Adam  Clark British  Clergyman 1832 

27..W^illiam  C.  Ralston Calif omian  Banker 1875 

28. .  JaineN  Henry  LelKli  Hunt.  .English  Poet  and  Author 1859 

29.  .Brleham  Yoiingr Pi-es.  of  the  Mormon  Church 1877 

30.  .John  F    Mercer American  Statesman 1821 

31..  John  B.  Hood Confederate  General 1879 


Day. 


Deaths  in  September. 


Year. 


l..r.ouiH  XIV King  of  France 1715 

2.  .Jean  Victor  Moreaii French  General 1813 

3.. Benjamin  Xaliaferro American  Statesman 1821 

4.  .Ste|>hen  II:irrim:iii  Lonff-  -  -  -American  Engineer 1864 

5.  .George    ISerniird  Beppingr.  ..French  Author 1853 

6..  Ed  ward  Ntanley Englij^h  Bishop 1849 

7.  .^''illiani  I.<edyard American  Soldier 1781 

8.  .Edw!ird  B.  Jack«on American  Physician 1870 

9.  .John  Siiifflelon  Copley American  Historical  Painter 1815 

10.  .John  Bell American  Statesman 1869 

ll..I,adv  Palmerston Wife  of  Prime  Min.  of  Eng 1869 

12.  .Gebhard  Von  Blucher Prussian  Field-Marshal 1819 

13. .  Ainb.  Everett  ISuriiKlde American  Gtneral .1881 

14.  .James  Feiiinioi-e  Cooper American  Novelist 1851 

I't.  Robert  Poll  ok PoUok's  Course  of  Time 1857 

1"'.  .Gal>r'l  B.'in'l  Falit  enhelt Ger.  Physicist  and  Mechanician..  1736 

17  .  Robert  Bellarmin Ital.  Card,  and  Controversialist .  .1621 

ls..M'illiam  Ha /.lit  t Eng.  Crit.  and  Miscel.  Writer 1830 

19. ,  J  a  nieM  A  bra  m  Garfield 20th  President  of  United  States.. .  1881 

21.'.  .R<;bei-t  Km  met  t Irish  Insurrectionist 1803 

21., Sir  Walter  Seolt Scotti^st  Novelist  and  Poet 1832 

22..I>ord  Xhomas  Ben  man Lord  Chief  Justice  of  England, ..  1854 

23.  .Maria  Felicia  Malibran. ..  .Spanish  Singer 1S36 

24  .Henry  Hart  Milman Engli'^h  Author 1868 

25.  .K.uspar  Peiicer Ger.  Physician  an^l  Mathemat 1602 

2<i.  .Baniel   Boone Am.  Explorer  and  Colonizer 1820 

27.  .Karl  C.  F.  Krause German  Philosopher 1832 

2S,.Br.  Karl  Ritter German  Geotrrapher 1859 

2J)..Gufitavu*i  I King  of  Sweden 1560 

30.  .George  Whitefleld English  Clergyman 1770 


Deaths  in  October. 


NAME. 


I 


OCCUPATION. 


I  Dtat  . 


.NIr  Edwin  Lundiieer 

.t'liiirleH  I^^ee 

.Ella.1  Howe 

.Saiiiiiel    HorMley 

.<'hai-le<<  CornwalllN 

.  B4*Mj:itnln  I*elrce 

.Edfc^r  Allan    Poe 

.Franklin  I"ier-ce 

.Olio  I..iiine  Er<lmann 

.Mrs.  S.  P.  W.   PartOH... 

.  J:imeH  Bow  doin 

.Ritbert  Edwaril  l.ee 

.flohn  \'aii  Biiren 

.John  Foster 

.Hiiinphrey  Bltton 

.Hiitsh  I<atinier 

.William  F.  I^^ynch 

.I.<ord   I'altnerston 

.flohn  Br(»wn 

.I-vdia  Maria  Child 

.Samuel    F«iote 

.Win.  Theodore  Bwlfflit 

.Earl  of  Ilerby 

.Baniel  Welmter 

.Heni-y  Unox 

.Robert  Anderson 

.Ida  Pfeiner 

.John  l..oeke. 

.Sir  Waller  Raleigh 

.Orinsby  M.  Mitchel 

.Joseph  Hooker 


.  .EngHMh  Painter 1873 

,  .Americi;n  Major-Oeneral 1782 

..Am.  Inv(;ntor  of  the  Sew.  Mach,,,|807 

..Kngll^h  Prelalcand  Author 18OO 

..British  (jenerul  and  Earl 1805 

.  .American  Mathematician I880 

.  .American  Poet jj^o 

..12th  PrcKidentof  United  StatCH..  1869 

..German  Chemist |869 

..American  Authoresp 1872 

..U.S.  Min.  toHi)ain  IW5  to  1808..  181 1 
...\merican  Con  federate  General.. .  1870 

..Am.  Lawyer  and  Politician IHdG 

..English  Ks.say island  Moralist 1830 

.  .Enj^lish  Mathematician I7i5 

..English  Keformer  and  Martyr. ...  1.555 

..American  Naval  OUlcer 1865 

. .  British  Statesman 1865 

.  .American  OtHcer i760 

.  ..\m.  Philanthropist  and  Aulh 1880 

,.Engli.sh  Dramatist  and  Actor 1777 

.Am.  Lawyer  and  Clergyman 1865 

.Prime  Minister  of  EnKland 1869 

..Am.  Statesman  and  Orator 1852 

..American  Ftevolutionary  Gen'l,..1806 

..American  General iK7i 

.German  Traveler is.^,8 

.Eng.  Philos.  and  Theologian 1704 

..Eng.  Navigator  and  Statesman. ..  1 618 

.Am.  Astronomer  and  General 1862 

.American  General 1879 


Day. 


Deaths  in  'November. 


Year. 


.Oliver  Perry  Morton American  Statesman 

.Abiel  "Wootl American  Statesman 

.Sir  John  Leslie Scottish  Jlath.  and  Physicist 

.George  Pea  body American  Banker  in  London 

.Thomas  Sully Am.  Painter  Bom  in  England... 

.<'harles  Stewai-t American  Rear- Admiral 

.Fre*leriek  W.  Lorlug: American  Author 

.John  Milton English  Poet 

.Barbara  HiiHand English  Authoress 

.John  Ti-iimbiill American  Painter 

.Mrs.  Liicretia  Mott American  Social  Keformer 

.Ch:irles  Kemble English  Actor. 

.Chjirles  Simeon English  Clergyman , 

.Charles  (Carroll American  Patriot 

.Joseph  Milner English  Church  tlistortan 

.Rena  I.*.  Best  out  Aines French  Botanist  and  Traveler.., 

.Fitz-Gi-eene  Halleck American  Poet 

.Chai'les  I.i:ileniont French  Jesuit 

.John  Par  lie  I-  Hale American  Statesman 

.Mounts!  ii:irt  Elphinstone. .  .Eng.  Statemanand  Historian... 

.James  Hogg Scottish  Poet 

.John  Tillotson English  Prelate 

.Perkin  W  arbeck Pretender  to  the  Crown  of  Eng. 

. J«>hii  Knox Scottish  Keformer 

.  J  oh  n  K  i  ( t  o English  Biblical  Writer 

.Oliver  Ellsworth Am.  Jurist  and  Statesman 

.Adam  Mieklewioz Polish  Poet 

.Washington  Irvlngf American  Author 

.Horace  Gi'eeley Pounder  of  the  "  N.  Y.  Tribune" 

.J.  Sheridan  Knowles British  Dramatist 


.1877 
.1834 
.1832 
.1869 
.1872 
.1869 
.1871 
.  1674 
,  l«44 
.1843 
.1880 
.1854 
.1836 
.1832 
.1797 
1833 
.1867 
.1674 
.1873 
.1859 
.1835 

.1499 
.1572 
.1854 
.1807 
.1855 
.1859 
.1872 
.1862 


Day. 


Deaths  in  December. 


l..t.eo  X     Pope  of  Rome 1521 

2..Hernan4lo  Cortez Spanish  Conqueror  of  Mexico 1547 

3..Ilobert  Montgomery English  Poet 1855 

4.  .Armand  J.  I>.  Richelieu French  Statesman 1642 

5..JohannC.  W.  A.  Mozart German  Musical  Composer. 1791 

6.. Anthony  Trollope English  Novelist 1882 

7.. Algernon  Sidney English  Statesman 1683 

8.  .Jonas  Chickeriue Am.  Piano-forte  Manufacturer.. ..  1853 

9.  .John  Flaxman English  Sculptor. 1826 

10.  .Biincnn  Forbes Scottish  Statesman 1747 

11.  .Francois  Xavler  Martin American  Jurist 1846 

12..  Ed  win  Forrest. .Xnu  ricnn  Actor 1872 

13. .Edward  I...  Ellenborough.. .  .rtiief  Justice  of  England 1818 

14.  .George  W'ashlnglon.. I'ir^t  President  United  State:. I7£l9 

15., Thomas  S.  M^lllianiB American  Stat<>sman 1861 

16..  Thomas  Pennant Eng.  Naturalist  and  Antiquary. ..  1708 

17.  .Simon  Bolivar Liberator  of  Bolivia 1830 

18.. Thomas  i'orwin American  OratorandStatesman..l865 

19.  .Bayard  Tiiyloi- .Vmerican  Traveler  and  Author. .  .1878 

20.  .Enimeric  Vattel .Swiss  Publicist 1767 

21.  .Margaret  of  Augouleme Queen  of  Navarre  and  Anthor 1549 

22..  Joel   Barlow American  Poet  and  Patriot 1812 

23. .George  Eliot  (M.  Evans) English  Novelist 1880 

24..1,Vm.  M.  Thackeray English  Novelist 1863 

25.  .Samuel  de  Champlain French  Explorer. 1635 

26., Stephen  Girard .Vmerican  Banker 1831 

27,  .Edwin  Hubbell  Cbapln American  Universalist  Divine. ..  .1880 

28,  .Gerrit  Smith American  Philanthropist 1874 

29,  .Thomas  Robert  Malthu*. ..  .English  Political  Economist 1834 

30..Juan  Prim Spanish  General  and  Statesman..  1870 

3l..Mellen  Prentiss American  Statesman 1840 


29 


Mr 


!(>- 


450 


Continental  Congress  of  ths  American  Colonies 

Beginning  Sept.  5,  1774-Closing  Oct.  21,  1788. 


First  Session— Held  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  from 
Sept.  5,  1774.  to  Oct.  26,  1774.  Presidents  of 
the  Congress— Peyton  Randolph,  of  Va.,  and 
Henry  Middleton,  of  S.  C. 

Second  Session—Held  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
from  May  10,  1775.  to  Dec.  12,  1776.  Pres- 
idents of  the  Co»ffr*'ss— Peyton  Randolph,  of 
Va.,  and  John  Hancock,  of  Mass. 

Third  Session— Held  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  from 
Dec.  20.  1776,  to  Mar.  4,  1777.  President  of 
t}ie  Congress— John  Hancock,  of  Mass. 

Fourth  Session— Held  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
from  Mar.  4,  1777.  to  Sept.  18,  1777.  Pres- 
ident of  the  Congress— John  Hancock,  uf 
Mass. 

Fifth  Session— Held  at  Lancaster.  Pa.,  from 
Sept.  27,  1777,  lasting  only  on»r  day.  Pres- 
ident   of   the    Congress— John  Hancock,   of 


Sixth  Session— Held  at  York,  Pa.,  from  Sept. 
30.  1777.  to  June  27,  1778.  Presidents  of 
the  Con  gress- John  Hancock,  of  Mass., 
and  Henry  Laurenfi,  of  S.  C. 

Seventh  Session— Held  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
July  2,  1778.  to  June  27.  1783.  Presidents 
of  the  Congress— Heary  Laurens,  of  S.  C. ; 
John  Jav.  of  N.  Y.;  Samuel  Huntington,  of 
Ct.;  Tho'mas  McKean.of  Del.;  John  Hanlcn, 
of  Md.,  and  Elias  Boudinot,  of  N.  J. 

X:iehth  Session— Held  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  from 
June  30.  1783,  to  Nov.  4,  1783.  Presidents 
of  the  Congi-€ss—Klia.s  Boudinot,  of  N.  J.,  and 
Thomas  Mifflin,  of  Pa. 

Ninth  Session— Held  at  Annapolis,  Md..  from 
Nov.  26,  1783.  to  June  3.  1784.  Presidents 
of  the  Congress— Thomas  Mifflin,  of  Pa.,  and 
Richard  Henrj'  Lee,  of  Va. 


Tenth  Session— Held  at  Trenton.  N.  J.,  from 
Nov.  1,  1784,  to  Dec.  24.  17H4.  President 
of  the  ConffiTS8~Richard  Henry  Lee,  of  \'a. 

Eleventh  Session— Held  at  New  York.  N.  Y., 
from  Jan.  11,  1785.  to  Nov.  4,  1785.  Pres- 
ident of  the  Congress- Richard  Henry  Lee, 
of  Va. 

Twelfth  Session— Held  at  New  York,  N.  Y., 
Nov.  7,  1785,  to  Nov.  3.  1786.  Presidents 
of  the  Congress— John  Hancock,  of  Mass. 
(who  could  not  serve,  owing  to  illness), 
and  Nathaniel  (jorham,  of  Mass. 

Thirteenth  Session— Held  at  New  York, 
N.  Y.,  from  Nov.  6,  17H6.  to  Oct.  30.  1787. 
Presidents  of  the  Coiiffj-e.'*.'*- Nathaniel  Gor- 
ham,  of  Mass.,  and  Arthur  St.  Clair,  of  Pa. 

Fourteenth  Session— Held  at  New  York. 
N.  Y..  from  Nov.  5,  1787.  to  Oct.  21,  1788. 
Presidents  of  the  Congress^ArthuT  St.  Clair, 
of  Pa.,  and  uyrus  Griffin,  of  Va. 


List  of  Delegates  in  the  Continental  Congress,  From  Sept.  5,  1774,  to  Oct,  17,  1788. 


DELEGATES. 


Adams,  Andrew 

AdaTus,  John. 

Adams,  Samuel , 

Adams,  Thomas 

Alexander,  Robert 

Allen.  Andrew 

Alsop,  John 

Armstrong.  John 

Arnold.  Jonathan 

Arnold,  Peleg 

Ashe,  John  B 

Atlee,  Samuel  J 

Baldwin,  Abraham , 

Banister,  John 

Bartlett,  Josiah 

Bayard,  John 

Beatty,  John  

Bedford,  Gunning 

Bedford,  Gunning,  Jr. .. 

Bee,  Thomas 

Benson,  Egbert 

Beresford.  Richard 

Biddle.  Edward 

Bingham,  William 

Blanchard.  Jonathan... 

Bland,  Richard 

Bland,  Theodoric 

Bloodworth,  Timothy... 

Blount.  William 

Boerum,  Simon 

Boudinot,  Elias 

Braxton,  Carter 

Brown,  John 

Brownson,  Nathan 

Bull,  John 

Bullock,  Archibald 

Burke,  Thomas 

Burnett.  William 

Burton,  Robert 

Butler.  Pierce 

Cadwallader,  Lambert. 
Carmichael,  William... 
Carrington,  Edward.... 

Carroll,  Charles 

Carroll,  Daniel 

Caswell,  Richard 

Chase,  Jeremiah  T 

Chase,  Samuel 

Clark,  Abraham 

Clarkson.  Matthew 

Clay,  Joseph 

Clingan,  William 

Clinton,  George 

Cly mer,  George 

Collins,  John 

Condict,  Silas 

Contec,  Benjamin 

Cooke,  Jdseph  P 

Cooper,  John 

Cornell.  Ezekiel 

Crane.  Stt-phen 

Cummlng.  William 

CuHhing,  Thomas 

Mnna,   Krancis 

Dane,  Nathan 

Dayton,   Elias 

Dean,  Hllas 

DeWitt,  Charles 

I»tck,  Samuel 

DicklPHnn.  John 

Dickinson,  John 

DlrkinHon,  Philemon.,., 
Druytun.  William  U.... 


Conn. 
Mass, 
Mass. 
Va. . . 
Md... 
Pa.  .. 
Conn. 
Ire'd, 
R.  1.. 
R.  I.. 
N.  C. 


Conn. 
Va. .. 

Mass. 
Md... 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  ,, 
Pa.  .. 
S.  C. . 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Pa... 
Pa.  .. 
N.  H. 
Va... 
Va.,. 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Va... 
Va.  .. 
Ga. ,. 

s.c!! 

Ire'd, 
N,  J,. 
Va.  . . 
Ire'd. 
N,  J.. 
Md,., 
Va.  .. 
Md , . , 
Md... 
Md... 
Md... 
Md, . , 
N.  J.. 
Pa..  . 
Ga... 
Pa..  . 
N,  Y. 
Pa... 
R.  I,. 
N.  J,, 
Md... 
Conn. 
N.  J.. 
R.  I.. 
N,  J,. 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Mast). 
N  J.. 
Conn 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Md... 


1736 
1735 
1722 


1740. 

1741. 
1752. 
1748. 
1738. 
1754. 


rs-.i 


greas. 


Conn. 

Ma^s. 

Mass. 

Va.  .. 

Md... 

Pa.  .. 

N,  Y. 

Pa.  .. 

K.  I.. 

R.  I.. 

N.   C. 

Pa.  .. 

Ga... 

Va,.. 

1727.  N.  H. 
1738.  Pa.  . . 
1749.  jN.  J.. 

Del... 


1747. 

1729. 
1746, 

1739." 
1751. 

'1708.' 
1742. 
1736. 
1744, 

l'746,' 
1736, 
1757. 
1743, 


1747. 
1744. 
1741. 


Del.,, 
S.  O.. 


1749. 
1737. 
1756. 
1729, 

1771.' 
1726. 


1739. 
1739. 

1717. 

i75.i 
1730, 


1725. 

1743. 
1752, 
1735. 
,1737. 
1728. 

1732; 


1739. 
1742. 


Del.,, 
S.  C. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C, 
Pa.  ,, 
Pa... 
N.  H. 
Va. . . 
Va... 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Va.  . 
Va. ., 
Ga... 
8.  C. 
Ga... 
N.  C. 
N.  J.. 
N.  C. 
C. 
N.  J.. 
Md... 
Va... 
Md. . . 
Md. . , 
N.  C, 
Md,,. 
Md.  .. 
N.  J.. 
Pa,  .. 
Ga. .. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y, 
Pa.  .. 
R.  I.. 
N.  J.. 
Md . , . 
Conn. 
N.  J., 
R.  I.. 
N.J,, 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Murts. 
Mass. 
^.  J.. 
Conn, 
N,  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Del... 
Pa.  .. 
DeL.. 
S.  C. 


.Four  years. 
'Three  years. 

Seven  years, 
jTwo  years. 

Two  years. 

Two  J' ears. 

Two  years. 

Three  years. 

Two  years. 

Seven  mos. 

Two  years. 

Four  years. 

Three  years. 

Six  months. 

Three  years 

Two  years, 

One>t  yrs. 

Two  years. 
1  Two  i4  yrs. 

Two  years. 

Three  years. 

One  year. 

One  year. 

Three  years. 

One  year. 

Two  years. 

Three  years. 

One  year. 

Four  years. 
|Two  years, 
i  Three  years. 

One  year, 
jOne  year. 
iTwo  years. 

Three  years. 
'One  year. 

FourM  yrs. 

Three  ^  mos 
,  One  year. 
iOne  year. 

Three  years. 
JTwo  years. 

One  year. 
JTwo  years. 

Four  years. 

I  Two  years. 

One  year. 

'  Five  years. 

Seven  years. 

I  One  year. 

I  Two  years. 

'Two  years. 

Two  years. 

Five  years. 

Five  years. 

Three  years. 

One  year. 

Four  years. 

One  year. 

Three  years 

Two  years. 
One  year. 
Two  years. 
Three  years 

(Three  years 
One  year. 
,  Two  years. 
.Two  years. 
,  iTwo  years. 
.iThree  years 
.Two  years. 
■  One  year. 

I  One  year. 


Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown, 
Unknown 
Lawyer.. , 
Merchant. 
Surveyor . 
Physician. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer, . . 
Physician. 
Merchant. 
Physician. 
Unknown, 
j  Lawyer... 
^Lawyer, ,. 
Lawyer, . . 
lUnknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown, 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Physician. 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Unknown, 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer, , , 
Physician. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Agricul'st. 
Soldier — 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
lAgricul'.'^t. 
iLawyer.,, 
I  Unknown, 
1  Lawyer... 
Lawyer,,. 
jUnknown, 

I  Jurist 

jUnknown. 
Lawyer... 
'Merchant. 
jUnknown. 
Unknown 
1  Clergy  m'n 
Unknown. 
.Unknown. 
Agricul'st. 
[Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer,,. 
'Lawyer.,. 
,  Lawyer. . . 
Unknown, 
Merchant, 
Unknown. 
Physician. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Physician. 
Lawyer. . . 


.1797 
.1826 
.1803 


.1825 
.1794 
.1795 
.1798 
.1820 
.1S02 
.1786 
.1807 
,1787 
.1795 

;  i"826 
.1797 
.1812 


.1779 
.1804 


.1776 
.17£»0 
.1814 
.1800 

!i'821 
,1797 
.1828 
.1796 


.1777 
.1783 
.1791 
.1825 
.1822 
.1823 
.1795 
.1810 
.1832 
.  1829 
.1789 

ii'sii 

1794 


.1812 
.1813 

.1795 


DELEGATES. 


.1815 
.1816 


.1788 
.1811 
.1835 
.1807 
.1789 
.1787 
.1812 
,1808 


,1809 
.1779 


Duane,  James 

Duer,  William 

Dver.  Eliphalet 

Edwards.  Pierrepont... 

Ellery,  William 

Ellsworth .  Oliver 

Bjlmer,  Jonathan 

Evans,  John 

Everleigh.  Nicholas 

Fell.  John 

Few.  William- 

Fitzhiigh.  William 

Fitzsimm.iii-,  Thomas.. 

Fleming',  William 

Floyd,  William 

Folsom,  Nathaniel 

Forbes,  James 

Forrest,  Uriah 

Foster,  Abiel 

Franklin.  Benjamin 

Frelinghuysen,  Fred — 

Frost,  George 

Gadsen,  Christopher.., 

Galloway,  Joseph 

Gansevoort,  Leonard. . , 

Gardner,  Joseph 

Gerry,  Elbridge 

Gervais,  John  L 

Gibbons,  William 

Giiman,  John  T 

Gilman,  Nicholas 

Goldsborough.  Robert. 

Gorham,  Nathaniel 

Gravson.  William 

Griffin,  Cyrus , 

Gwinnett,  Button 

Habershaw,  John 

Hall,  John 

Hall,  Lyman 

Hamilton,  Alexander.. 

Hancock,  Jolin 

Hand.  Edward 

Hanson.  John 

Hardy.  Saiinu-l 

Harintr.  .I.-lin 

Harnett,  Cornelius 

Harrison,  Benjamin... 

Harrison,  William 

Hart,  John 

Harvie.  John 

Hawkins,  iU-njamin 

Hazai-d,  Jcumthan  J. , . . 

Hemslay,  William 

Henderson,  Thomoa — 

Henry,  James 

Henry,  John 

Henry,  Potrick 

Henry,  William 

Ht'w«'H,  Joseph 

Higgiiison.  Stcplien.... 

Hill.  Whitmill 

HllUiousf.  William 

Hindnuui,  William 

Hollon.  Sinmu-l 

H(H>i-^r.  William 

Hopkins.  .st.plR-n 

Hopkiiison,  Francis 

Hornblowt-r,  Jo&lah.   . . 

Hosmer,  Titus 

Houston,  Jolin 

Houston,  William 

Houston,  William C..., 
Howard,  John  E 


.1734. 
,1726. 


1753. 
1762. 


1749, 
1732. 
1754 


I  Conn. ' 
,w.  I.; 


N.J. 

Mass, 

N.  C 

Conn. 

Md... 

Mass. 

Mass. 

R.  I.. 

Pa... 

Eng'd 

Conn. 


1736 

"1730 
,1743 
1743 

1720 


Ten  years. 
'One  year. 
[Eight  years. 

One  year. 
'Seven  years. 

One  year. 

Six  years. 

One  year. 

One  year. 

Two  years. 

Two  years. 

One  year. 

One  year. 

Two  years. 

Eight  years 

Four  years. 

Two  years. 

One  year. 

One  year. 

One  year. 

Three  years. 

Two  years. 

Two  years. 

One  year. 
[One  year. 

One  year. 

Six  years. 
'One  year. 

Two  years. 

One  year. 

Two  years. 

One  year. 

Three  years. 

Three  years. 

Four  years. 

One  year. 

One  year. 

Two  years. 

Four  years. 

One  year. 

Six  years. 

One  year. 

Two  M  yi"s- 

Two  years. 

Four' years, 
j  Three  years. 
'Four  years. 

Two  years. 

Three  years. 

One  year. 

Four  years. 

Two  years. 

Two  years. 

One  year. 

One  year. 

Six  years. 

Two  years. 

Two  years. 

Five  years.  * 

lono  year. 
,  Three  years. 
.  Tlircrt  years. 
,  Thrt-o  years. 
.  Eight  years. 
.'Three  yeai-s. 
,  Four  years. 
.  One  year. 
.'One  year. 
.iTwo  years. 
.  Two  years. 
.  Three  years, 
.  I  Four  years. 
.  One  year. 


iLawyer... 

Soldier 

Jurist 

Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer... 
Physician.' 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 

Clerk 

Unknown. 
Unknown.' 
Soldier.  ..' 
Unknown. 
ISoldier.  .. 
iClergym'n 
Printer.  .. 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Merchant. 
Lawyer, . , 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Physician. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown. 
Varied.... 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Physician. 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown 
Unknown, 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
jUnknown. 
'Agrieurst. 
.Unknown. 
'Soldier.  ,. 
.Unknown. 
I  Unknown. 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Vai-Ied.... 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Merchant, 
l^nknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Physician. 
:.  Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer.,, 
Machinist. 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Educator. 
Soldier.  . . 


.1828 
!K>9 
.1811 


.  1790 
.1804 
.1793 

.  1 783 
.1785 


.1805 
.1798 
.1799 

.1779 

,1828 


A 


>^^? — 


DELEGATES    To    TIIK    (JONTINKNTAL    CONGRESS. 


451 


DELEGATES. 


Howell,  David 

Huvvk-y.  Hi<^l»ard 

Hut^fi-,  Diiiilfl 

Hninpliifv.  Chillies 

lliiritinutnii,  Benjamin. 
Huntiiigtuii.  Saimiel. ... 

HutHun.  Kiclianl 

InsL-rsoll.  Jared 

Ii-\'ine,  William 

Izard,  Ralph 

Jaclisoii.  David 

Jackson ,  Jonathan 

Jay. John 

Jeffeisoii.  Thomas 

Jenifer,  liaiii.l 

Jnhn>'>n.  TIi.iin;is 

Johnsi'ii.  Williams 

Johnston,  Samuel 

Jones,  Allen 

Jones,  Joseph 

Jones,  Nohle  W 

Jones,  Wilie 

Kean,  John 

Kearney.  Dyre 

King,  Rufus 

Kinioch.  Francis 

Kinsey,  James 

t,anndo!i.  John 

Lanprdoii,  Woodbury... 
Lan^woi  ihy,  Edward. . 

Lansint'.  .l"hii 

Laurens,  Henry 

Law,  Richard 

Lawrence,  John 

Lee,  Arthur 

Lee,  Francis  L 

Lee,  Henry 

Lee.  Kichard  Henry 

Lee,  Thomas  Sim 

L'Hotnmedieu,  Ezra.... 

Lewis,  Francis 

Livermore.  Snmuel 

LivinKstuii.  Philip 

LivinL'st.ni.  K-.l-ert  R.. 

Livintr-^ton.   Wuller 

Livingston,  William... 

Lloyd.  Edward 

Long.  Pii-rce 

Lovell,  James 

Low,  Isaac 

Lowell,  John 

Lynch,  Thomas 

Lynch.  Thomas,  Jr 

McClene,  James 

MeComb,  Eleazer 

McUougall,  Alex 

McHenry,  James 

McKean,  Thomas 

Madison,  James 

:Manning.  James 

Marchant.  Henry 

Martin.  Luther 

Matlack,  Timothy 

Matthews.  John 

Mercer,  James 

Mercer,  John  F 

Meretlith,  Siiimiel 

Middleti.n,   Arthur.... 

Midillctoii.  H. my 

MitHin.Tliuinus 

Miller.  Nathan 

Mitchell,  Nathaniel... 

Mitchell,  Stephen  M... 

Monroe,  James 

Montgomery,  Joseph.. 

Morris,  Charles 

Morris,  Gouverneur. . . 

Morris,  Lewis 

Morris,  Robert 

Morton.  John 

Motte,  Isaac 

Mowry.  Daniel 

Jluhlenberg,  Fred.  A.. 

Nash,  Abner 

NeilBon.  John 

Nelson,  Thomas 

Osgood,  Samuel 

Otis,  Samuel  A 

Paca,  William 

Page,  Mann 

Paine,  Ephraim 

Pajne,  Robert  T 

Parker.  John 

Partridge,  George 

Fatten,  John 

Peabody,  Nathaniel. 

Peevy,  William 

Pendleton.  Edmund.. 

Penn, John 

Peters,  Richard... 

Pettit,  Charles.... 

Pierce,  William,, . 

Pinckney,  Charles 

Plater.  George.... 

Piatt,  Zephauiah.. 

Potts,  Richard.... 


1 


Where     When      V."'""' 
Born.      Born.       "T' 


N.J.. 

Ga.  .. 
S.  C. 
Pa... 
Conn. 
Conn. 
C. 
Conn. 

Ire'd. 

S.  0.. 

Pa.  . 

Mass 

N.  Y 

Va. . 

Md.. 

Md 


N.   O. 
Va... 
Eng'd  . 
-'.  C.  . 


C.  One  year. 

va...  Kouryeara. 

,17114.  Ga...  Three  years. 
N.  C.  One  year. 
...  S.  C.  Two  years. 

'Del...  Two  years. 

Mass.  .1755.!Masp.  Two  years. 

'S.  C  One  year. 

"   '       1733.  N.  J..  One  year. 


Yean  In  Con- 
Ktiraa 


OcaupftlloD.        Died, 


R.  I.. (Three  years. 
Ga.  ..lOno  year. 
S.  C.  Two  years. 
Pa.  .  .Two  years. 
Conn.  Five  years. 
Cunn.  Six  years. 
"  "      One  year. 

One  year. 

Two  years. 

Two  years. 

One  year. 

One  year. 

Four  years. 

Four  years. 

Four  years. 
Ma...]. !*.>-.  .uu...  Three  years, 
Conn.' .  17li7.  Conn.  Three  years. 
Scot..  .1733.  N.  C.  Two  years. 


1747. 


1711. 
,1736. 

,1732.    

S.  C. 

.174iJ.  Pa.  .. 
.1741.  Pa.  .. 
.174:i.lS.  C. 

Pa... 

.1743.  .Mass. 
.1745.  N.  Y 
.1743. 
.1723 

1731! 


Va.. 
Md. 
Md. 


Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 

Miller 

Lawyrr... 

Lawyer... 

Vnknown. 

Lawyer.. 

Physichm. 


N.  J.. 
N.  H, 
N.  H 

N,*  Y 

S.  C. 

Conn. 

Eng'd 

V 

V 

V 

Va... 

Va. . . 

...  Y. 

Wal'j 
.  Mass 
.  N.  Y 
.  N.  Y 
.  N.  Y 

N.  Y 


N.  H 


1741.  N 
1739.  N 


[.  H.  Two  years 
H.  One  year. 

Two  years. 

N.  Y.  Fouryear^.. 

17l>3.  S.  C.  Three  years 
1733.  Conn,  '^ 


.lyr.u. 

.174U. 

1734. 

1756. 

1732. 
.1744. 
.1724. 
.1713. 

1732. 
.1716. 
.1747. 

'.IT23. 


.1739. 
.1737, 


Four  yeai-; 
Y.  Two  years. 
Three  years. 
Four  years. 
One  year. 
Nine  years. 
_ . .  One  year 
Y.  Five  years. 
...  Y.  Three  years. 
N.  H.  Three  years. 
N.  Y.  Four  yeai-s. 
N.  Y.  Four  years. 
N.  Y.  One  year. 
N.  J..  Two  years. 


Md...' One  year. 

N.  H.  Two  years. 

Mass.  Six  years. 
.  N.  Y.  [One  year. 
;.  Mass.  I  One  year. 
.  S.  C.lTwo  years. 
'.  S.  C..'One  year. 
Pa,  ..  Two  years. 
Two  years. 
Three  years. 
Three  years. 
Nine  years. 
Five  years. 
One  year. 
Four  years. 
One  year. 
One  year. 
Four  years. 
One  year. 
Three  years. 
One  year. 
Two  years. 
Two  years. 
One  year. 
Two  years, 
'"wo  years. 
"    o  years. 


nknown 
Jnknown 
Merchant. 
',awyer.. . 
i.awyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

lurist 

Jnknown, 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Pliysician. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer,.. 
Unknown, 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Merchant, 
Unknown, 
Unknown, 
Varied.... 

Jurist 

Lawyer.., 

Varied 

Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown. 
Unknown.  [ 
Lawyer. . , 
Merchant, 
Lawyer. . , 
Merchant 
Lawyer. . . 
''nknown 
'aried... 
Jnknown 
Shipper... 
Educator. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Agricul'st. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Pi'inter. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Clergj-m'n 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Unknown, 
Merchant. 
Agricul'st 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Jurist 


Conn.  Two  years.       Jurist 

Va...  Three  years.    Lawyer... 
Pa.  ..  Four  years.      Unknown, 


.17H6 

.IHIM) 
.1796 

!iM22 

.  j.sm 

.1H(J4 

ilHlO 
.1K2U 
.1H26 
.17fX) 
.1819 
.IHUt 
.IHIC 


One  year. 

One  year. 

Two  years. 

Two  years. 

Three  years. 

Two  years. 

Two  years. 

One  year. 

Four  years. 

One  year. 

Two  years. 

Four  years. 

One  year. 

Five  years. 

Six  months. 

One  year. 

Four  years. 

Two  years. 

Five  years. 

One  year. 

One  year. 

One  year. 
, . ,  Two  years. 
C.  Four  years. 

One  year. 

Two  years. 

One  year. 

Four  years. 
. , .  Three  years. 
Y.  Two  years. 

Two  years. 


Unknow 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st, 
Merchant. 

Jurist 

Unknown. 

Jurist 

Clergym'n 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Unknown. 

Varied 

Unknown, 
Physician, 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Unknown, 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown, 


1802 
1819 
1805 


1792 
1806 
1810 
1792 
17^7 
1H18 
1794 
18iy 
1811 
1HI.I3 
.1803 
1778 
1813 

179(1 

,1*789 

J79l' 


.1786 
.1816 
.1817 
.1836 
.1791 
.1796 
.1826 
.1829 
.1802 
.1793 
.1821 
.1817 
.1788 

Visoo 


.18^5 
.1831 


.1816 
.1798 
.1806 


.1786 
.1833 
.1789 
.1813 
.1814 
.1799 


.1828 
.1801 
.1823 

!l823 
.1788 
1828 
.1806 


.1822 
.1792 


DELEGATES. 


KaniKay,  David , 

Ramsay,  Nathaniel 

Rjindolph,  Edmund...  . 

liandolph.  Peyton 

Read,  George , 

Read,  Jacob 

Head,  J 

Reed, Joseph 

Rhode.**,  Samuel 

Ridgeley,  Richard • 

Ruberdeau,  Daniel 

Rodney,  Cajsar 

Rodney,  Thomas 

Rogers,  John 

Root,  Jesse 

Ross,  David - 

Ross,  George 

Rumsey,  Benjamin..... 

Rush,  Benjamin 

Rutledge,  Edward ■ 

Rutledgc.  John - 

St.  Clair,  Arthur ■ 

Scheurman.  Jamos ■ 

Schuyler,  I'hilip 

Scott,  Gustavus ■ 

Scott.  Jolin  M 

Scudder.  Nathaniel..... 

Searle,  James • 

Sergeant,  Jonathan  D.- 
Sedgwick Theodore ■ 

Seney ,  Joshua ■ 

Sharpe,  William ■ 

Sherman,  Ruger ■ 

Shippen,  William ■ 

Sitgreaves,  John ■ 

Smith.  James ■ 

Smith,  Jonathan  B < 

Smith,  Melancthon ■ 

Smith,  Meriwether ■ 

Smith,  Kichard ■ 

Smith,  Thumas, 

Smith.  William 

Spaight,  Richard  D 

Spencer,  Joseph 

Stevens,  John 

Stewart,  Archibald 

Stockton,  Richard 

Stone,  Thomas 

Strong,  Jedediah 

Sturgis,  Jonathan 

Sullivan,  James 

Sullivan.  John 

Swan,  John 

Sykes,  James 

Symmes,  John  0 

Taylor,  George 

Telfair.  Edward 

Thaeher,  George 

Thornton,  Matthew.... 
Tighlman,  Matthew..,. 

Tilton,  James 

Trapier,  Paul 

Tread  well,  John 

Trumbull,  Joseph 

Tucker,  Thomas  T 

Van  Dyke,  Nicholas... 

Varnum,  James  M 

Vining,  John 

"Wadsworth,  James... 

Wadsworth,  Jeremiah. 

Walton,  George 

Ward.  Artemas 

Ward.  Samuel 

Washington.  George.. . 

Wentworth.  John,  Jr.. 

Wharton,  Samuel 

Whipple.  William 

White,  Alexander 

White,  Phillips 

Williams.  John 

Williams,  William 

Williamson.  Hugh 

Willing,  Thomas 

Willson,  James 

Wingate,  Paine 

Wisner,  Heniy 

Witherspoon,  John..., 

Wolcott.  Oliver 

Wood,  Joseph 

Wright,  Turbett 

Wynkoop,  Henry , 

Wythe,  George , 

Xates,  Abraham,  Jr. . , 

Yates,  Peter  W 

Zubly,  John  J 


Ikirn 


poni. 


enW. 


Ye  An  111  Con- 


Pa... 
Pa... 
Va. . . 
Va... 
Md... 
S.  C. 

N.'j." 


I.ofK 

Del... 

Del... 

Md... 

Conn 

Md. . . 

Del. 

Md. 

Pa... 

S.  C. 

Ire'd 

Scot. 

N.  J.. 

>'.  Y 

Md.. 

N.  Y 

N.  J.. 

N.  Y. 

N.  J.. 

Conn, 

Md... 

Md... 

Mass. 

Pa... 

N.  C. 

Ire'd. 

Pa.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Va... 

Scot" 
Md... 
N.  C. 
Conn 


N.  J.. 

Md... 
Conn, 
Conn. 
Mass. 
N.  H, 
N.  C. 
Del... 
N.  Y. 
Ire'd. 
Scot.. 
Mass. 
Ire'd. 
Md... 
Del... 


Four  yearn. 

Two  years. 

Three  years. 

One  year. 

Three  years.  iLawycr, 

Three  years.    Lawyer. 

Two  years. 


1749.  B.C.. 

Md... 

1753.  Va... 
1723.  Va. .. 

17.33,  Del... 
1752.  S.  C. 

Pa.  .. 

1741.  Pa.... 

.'.'.'.'.'.'.  Md'.'.'. 
1727.  Pa... 
,173<J.  Del... 

Del... 

, Md... 

.1737.  Conn 

!Md.., 

.1730.  Pa.,, 

'Md... 

.  174.'j.!Pa 
.1749  ;s.  C. 
.1739.'S.  C, 
.1734.  Pa.  . 

.nr^y.  N.J. 

.1733.  N.  Y 
Md.. 

N.  Y. 

N.  J., 

1730.  Pa.  .. 

1746.  N.  J.. 

1746.  Mass. 

Md. .. 

.1742.  N.  C. 
,1721.  Conn. 

Pa,.. 

N.  C. 

.1720.  Pa.  .. 

Pa.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Va... 

N.J.. 

Pa.  .. 

.1730.  Md...' One  year. 

N.   C.  Two  years. 

.1740.|Conn.  One  year. 

N.J..  One  year. 

In.  J..  One  year. 

.1730.'N.  J..  One  year. 
.1743.  Md...  Five  years. 
Conn.  Two  years. 


PhvHician. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer... 


Two  yearn. 
One  year. 
One  year 

Two  years. 
Five  years. 
B'our  years. 
One  year. 
Five  years. 
One  year. 
Three  years 
Two  years. 
One  year. 
Three  years 
Three  years. 
Two  years. 
One  year. 
Five  years. 
One  year. 


Unknown. 
Lawyer, . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Luinbrin'n 

Jurist 

[Unknown. 
lUnknown. 
Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Physician. 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer... 
iSoIdier.... 
.Unknown. 
Soldier.... 
Agi-icul'st. 


Thiee years.  [Unknown 


Two  years. 
Two  years. 
One  year. 
<.ine  year. 
One  year. 
Three  years. 
Ten  years. 
Two  years. 
One  year. 
Two  years. 
One  year. 
Three  years. 
Four  years. 
Two  years. 
Two  year?. 


.1740, 
.1744 
1741, 


Conn. 

Conn. 

Berm 
,,Del... 
.  j  Mass . 

.  Conn. 
.[Conn. 

Va. .. 

Mass. 

R.  I.. 

Va. .. 

N.  H. 

Mass. 
Va. .  . 
N.  H. 
Va... 
Conn. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Scot.. 
Mass. 

Scot" 
Conn, 


..iPa. 
. . '  Va. . . 
, .  N.  Y. 


Unknown. 

Varied.... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Physician. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

jUnknown, 

Unknown.' 

Unknown.' 

Unknown. 

Varied.... 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Conn.  Three  years.   Lawyer... 


.1815 
.1817 
.1813 
.1775 
.1798 
.1810 

.'i785 


.1795 
.1784 
.1811 
.1789 
.1822 

.1779 

J  813 
.1800 
.180f) 
,1818 
.1824 
.I80t 


.1781 
,1797 
,1793 
,1813 

;  1818 

,1793 

.1801 
.1802 
,1806 


.1809 
.1814 
.1802 
.1789 


.  Switz!.1724. 


Ma^s.  One  year. 

N.  H.  Two  years. 

N.  C.  One  year. 

Del...  One  year. 

1742.  N.  J..  One  year. 
1716.  Pa.  ..  One  year. 
.1735.  Ga...  Five  years. 
1754.  Mass.  One  year. 
1714.  N.  H.  Two  years. 

Md...  Three  years. 

1745.  DeL.    Two  years. 

..  s.  C.  One  year. 

1745.  Conn.  One  year. 
1737.  Conn.  One  year. 
.1745.  S.  C.  One  year. 

Del...  I  Five  years. 

1749.  R.  I.. [Three  years. 
Del...  |Two  years. 

Conn.  Three  years. 

Conn,  j  Two  yeai-s. 

Ga.  ..|5  yrs,  8  nios. 

Mass.  Two  years. 

R.  1..  One  year. 
One  yeai-. 

N.  H.  :One  year. 

Del...  One  year. 

N.  H.  I  Three  years. 

Va. .  .Two  years. 

N.  H.  Two  3'ears. 

N.  C.  One  year. 

Conn.  Three  years. 

N,  C.  Four  years. 

Pa.  . .  One  year. 

Pa.  . .  Six  years. 

N.  H.  One  year. 

N.  Y.  Two  years 

N.  J..  Seven  years. 

Conn.  Seven  years. 

Ga..  .  Two  years. 

Md...  One  year. 

Pa.  ..'One  year. 

Va...  I  One  year. 

N.  Y.  One  year, 

N.  Y.  Two  years. 

Ga.  ..One  year. 


1730. 

1743. 

1740. 

1727. 
.1725. 
.1732. 
.1745. 

'.  'li'so. 

.1738. 


1731. 
1735. 
1741. 
1742. 


.1722. 
.1726 


. 1726, 


Lawyer.. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown 
Unknown 

Jurist 

Manufac'r 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Physician. 
Unknown. 
Physician. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown, 

Jurist 

Varied.,.. 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Jurist...,. 
Soldier..,. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Soldier.... 

Varied 

Varied.... 
Law^'er. . . 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Clergj-m'n 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Clergym'n 


.1781 
.1787 

!i8V9 
.1808 
.  1795 


.1814 
.178] 
.1807 
.1824 
.1804 

;i822 


.1817 
.1804 
.1804 
.180(.' 
.1776 
.1799 
.1787 

^1785 

.1804 

!i799 
.1811 

.1819 
.1821 
.1798 
.1838 

'.V-Ah 

.1797 


..1806 

!!i78i 


Total  Members,  34 T.     Occupation  Unkno«-n.  140.     Lawyers,  84.     Va- 
ried, 25,    Merchants,  «4.    Jurists,  SO.     Physicians,  1».    Soldiers,   lO. 

Agriculturists,  8.  Clergymen, «.  Printers,  8.  Educators,  «.  MUler,  1. 
Surveyor,  1.  Clerk,  1.  Lumberman,  1.  Manufacturer,  1.  Shipper,  1. 
Machinist,!.  Foreign  Rorn,  37  :  Including  Ireland,  9;  Scotland,  7;  Eng- 
land, 6;  Wales,  1;  Switzerland,  1;  Bermuda,  1;  West  Indies,  1;  Isle  of 
France,  1. 


Mr 


4 


MemlDers  of  the  U.  S.  Congress. 


From  the  Founding 
of  tlie  Government  to  tlie    Last 
and  Present  CongTess. 


Giving  Name.  Birthplace. 

State  Represented.  Occupation. 

Political  Affiliations.  Etc. 


Together  \rith  Important  Historical  Events  -which 
Occurred  During  each  Session. 


First  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1789  to  1791. 


1789 — April  G.  Congress  opened  its  first  session 

in  New  York. 
1789— Departments  of  State,  War,  Treasury 

and  Postal  Service  Established. 
1790 — Naturalization  Law  Passed. 
1790— April  15,  First  U.  S.  Patent^Right  Law. 


George  Washington,  Pres.  John  Adams,  Vice-Pres. 
Thos.  Jefferson,  of  Va.,  Sec'y  of  State.  Alex.  Hamilton, 
of  N.  Y.,  Sec'y  of  Treas.  Henry  Knox,  of  Mass.,  Sec'y 
of  War  and  Navy.  Edmund  Randolph,  of  Va.,  Att'y  Gen, 
F.  A.  Muhlenberg,  of  Pa.,  Speaker  of  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. 

F,  indicates  Federalist.    I>,  Democrat. 


1790— Dist.  of  Columbia  accepted  for  the  fu- 
tare  United  States  Capital,  but  Phila- 
delphia made  the  Capital  till  L^fVl. 

1790— The  first  Census  of  tin-  rnin-.l  Stales, 
3,920,8:27  persons,  cxciudiiii;  Indians.— 
The  count    included  700,UUO  slaves. 


SENATORS. 


Born. 


B.issett.  Richard — 

Butler,  Pierce D 

Carroll,  Charhs F 

Dalton.  Tristan — 

Dickinson,  Philemon. — 

Ellsworth,  Oliver F 

Elmer,  Jonathan F 

Pew,  William — 

Foster,  Theodore — 

Grayson,  William, . . — 

Gunn,  James — 

Hawkins.  Eenj — 

Henr.v,  John — 

Izard,   Ralph — 

Johnson,  Wm.  S — 

Johnston,  Samuel F 

King,  Rufus F 

Langdon,  John D 

Lee,  Richard  H — 

Macla.y,  William D 

Monroe,  -Tames D 

Morris,  Robert — 

P.aterson,  William. . . — 

Read,  George — 

Schuyler,  Philip F 

Stanton,  Joseph D 

Strong,  Caleb F 

Walker,  John — 

Wingate,  Paine — 


Del... 
Irel'd 
Md... 
Mass. 
Del.. 
Conn. 
N.  J.. 
Md... 
Mass. 
Va... 
Va... 
N.  C. 
Md... 
S.  C. 
Conn. 
Scot., 
.llasi. 
N.  U. 
Va... 
Penn. 
Va... 
Eng.. 
Soa.. 
Md... 
N.Y. 
R.  I.. 
Mass. 
Va... 
.Mat". 


July  11, 
Sept,  2IJ, 
May  23, 
-Vpril  5, 
AprU29, 

Juno  8. 
.\pril2U, 


17-14 
1737 
1738 
17.19 
1745 
1715 
17!S 
1752 


\ug.  15,  1754 

!!!!!!!!'.'i742 

Oct.    7,    17J7 
.1733 


JIar.  24, 
Juno  2j, 
Jan.  20, 


April  28, 
Jan.  20, 


Nov.  22, 
July  IJ, 
Jan.  9, 


17.58 
1733 
.174 
.1733 
1733 
1739 
1745 


May  14,  I73L1 


SiAie 
scdUmI, 


Del... 
C. 
Md.., 
Mass. 
X.  J.. 
Conn. 
N.  J.. 
Ga.  .. 
R,  I,. 
Va . . . 
Ga.... 
N.C.. 
Md... 
3.  C. 
Conn. 
N.  C. 
N'.Y.. 
N.  H. 
Va... 
Pa.  ,. 
Va... 
Pa... 
N.  J.. 
Del... 
N.  Y.. 
R.  1.. 
Mass . 
v'a. .  . 
N.H. 


Lawyer.... 
.Soldier..  . . 
Lawyer. . . . 
Merchant.. 
Clergyman 
Lawyer. .. . 
Cler~yman 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Unknown.. 
Law,vcr.... 

Varied 

Lawyer. .. . 
Unknown. . 
Lawyer. ... 
Unknown.. 

Lawyer 

Merchant.. 
Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 
Lawyer. . . . 
jlereliant.. 
Lawyer.... 
Lawyer..., 
Soldier.,.. 
Unknown,. 

Lawyer 

Unknown.. 
.\ffriciirst , 


Sept,  — , 
Feb.  15, 
Nov.  14, 
May  30, 
Feb.  4, 
Nov.  26, 


July  Iti, 
Jan. 13. 
Mar.  12, 

Jmie  6, 
Dec.  10, 
May  30, 
Nov.  14, 
.\ug.  8, 
April  29, 
■:-pt.  13, 
June  19, 
April  -, 
July  4, 
May  7, 
Sept.  9. 
5ept.21, 
.Vov,  18, 


1815 
1822 
1832 
1817 
1809 
1807 
1817 
182^ 
1828 
1790 

1816 
1798 
1804 
1819 

181(3 

1827 
1819 
1794 
1804 
1831 
ISOll 

ISO.-; 

1798 
1804 


Nov.  7, 


Mar.  7, 


1819 

i'sas 


Total  Senators,  S3.  La^vyers,  13.  Occupation  Unknown. 7.  Merchants,  3. 
Soldiers,  S.  ClerTj'men,  i5.  Varied,  1.  Arrricnlturist,  1.  Foreign  Born,  4: 
In:?luding  Ireland,  1;  England,  1 ;  Sea,  1;  Scotland,!. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

trhrro 

Wbcn  Bern. 

Ivcpre- 
scnfcd. 

Occupation. 

WhcnDie<L 

-Vmes,  Fisher F 

Mass. 

April  9,  17.58'Mass. 

Lawyer 

July  4.    I.SOS 

Ashe,  John  B — 

N.  C. 

1748, N.O.. 

Soldier 

Nov.  27,  1802 

Baldwin,  Abraham. .  D 

Conn. 

Nov.    6,  1754lGa... 

Lawyer 

Mar.  4.    1807 

Benson,  Egbert — 

N.  Y.. 

Juno  21, 1740 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer.... 

.\ug.  24,  1833 

Bland,  Theodone — 

Va. . . 

1742 

Va... 

Clergyman 

June  1,  1790 

Bloodvvorth,  Timothy- 

N.  C. 

1736 

N.  C. 

Varied 

.\ug.  24,  1814 

Boudinot,  Ellas — 

Pa. .. 

May    2,  1710 

Pa... 

Lawyer. . . . 

Oct.  24,  1.821 

Bourne,  Benj ~ 

It.  I.. 

Sept.  9.  1755 

R.  I.. 

Lawyer. . . . 

Sept.  17,  1.808 

Brown,  John — 

Va. . . 

Sept.  12,  1757 

Va... 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  28,  1828 

Burke,  Edanus — 

Ire'd. 

JuneltJ,  1743 

S.  C. 

Lawyer. . . . 

Mar.  30,  1.802 

Cadwalladcr,  Lamb. — 

N.  J.. 

1741 

N.  J.. 

Unknown.. 

Sept.  12, 1823 

Md... 
Pa... 

17.5fi 

Md... 
Pa... 
Va... 

Md... 

1829 

Clyiner,  George — 

Merchant.. 
Unknown.. 
Clergyman 

Va... 
Md... 

!!!!.'.'.'.'.'.  iV.'iii 

Contee,  Benjamin — 

Nov,    3,  1815 

Pitzsimons,  Thos — 

Ire'd. 

1741 

Pa... 

Soldier 

Aug.—,  1811 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

TVhore 
Born. 

\ThenBcrn. 

St^itc 
Reprc- 
ecnteil. 

Occup.ition,            Wl.cn  Died. 

Floyd,  William 

_ 

.•J.T.. 

Deo.   17,1734 

N.  Y. 'Unknown..  Uug.    4,  1821 

Foster,  Abiel 

.— 

Mass. 

-Vug,  8,   1735 

:-t.H..'Clergvman'Feb.    6,    1806 



Md... 

-tid. . .  L  nknown.. 

Gerry,  Elblidge 

F 

Mass. 

luly  17,  1744 

Mass. 

Meiehunt. . 

Nov.  23,  I8I4 

.  U 
.F 

Va... 
N.  H. 

Mass. 

Xug.  12,  1762 
1702 

*  a.  . . 
N.  H. 

M.ass. 

Lawyer 

Soldier.,    .. 
^lerchant. . 

Dee.    4.    1S3I1 

May    2,    1814 
July  28,  1814 

Goodhue.  Benj 

Oct.    1,    1748 

Grout,  Jonathan..,. 

I) 

.Mass. 

July  23,  1737 

Mass. 

Lawyer 

Sept.  8,  1807 

Hartley,  Thos 



Pa... 

Sept.    7,  174S 

Pa... 

Lawyer 

Dec.  21,  1800 

K 

N.  Y. 

Lnknown.. 

Heister   D.anlcl.    .. 

Pa   .. 

1747 

Pa... 
S.  C. 

Merchant., 
Unknown.. 

Mar.   8,  1804 

Huger,  Daniel 

S.  C. 

Huntington,  Benj — 

. — 

[^onn. 

.\priil9,i'73'G 

Conn. 

Lawyer. . . . 

Oct.   16.  1800 

.lackson,  James 

. 

Eng.. 

1757  Ga... 

Soldier.... 

Mar.  19,  1806 

Lawrence,  John 

. — 

Eng.. 

17.50 

N.  y. 

Lawyer. . . . 

Nov.    7,  1810 

Lee  Kich,ard  B  



Va. .. 

1762 

Va. . . 

Unknown.. 

Mar.  12,  1827 

Leon.ani,  George.... 



Mass. 

July  4,    172S 

Mass. 

Lawyer 

July  26, 1819 

Liverinore,  Samuel. 

. — 

Miss. 

May  14,  1732 

N.  H. 

Lawyer 

May  18,  1803 

Madison,  James 

l> 

Va. .. 

Mar,  IG,  1751 

Va.... 

Lawyer 

June  28,  1836 

ilatthews,  George.. 

Va... 

USE 

Oa... 

Agriculfst. 

Aug.  30,  1812 

Moore,  Andrew 

— 

Va.  . . 

Va. . . 

Unknown.. 

May  24,  1821 

Muhlenberg,  F.  A 

Pa . . . 

Jime    2,  175C 

Pa... 

Clergyman 

>Iuhlenberg,  J.P.  G. 



Pa.  .. 

Oct.    I,   1746 

Pa. . . 

Clergyman 

Oct.    1,    1807 

Pttge.  John 

.  D 

Va... 

.\prU  17,174! 

Va... 

Unknown.. 

Oct.  11,  1808 

Partridge,  George. . 



Mass. 

Feb.   8,    174C 

Mass. 

Unknown.. 

July   8,   1821 

If 

Va  . . 

Va. .. 
V,  J.. 

Jnknown.. 
Soldiei- 

Mar.  21,  1810 

Schureman,  J 

N.  J.. 

17.57 

Jan.  23,  1.821 

Sedgwick,  Theo 

K 

Conn. 

May  9,    1746 

Mass, 

Liwyer.... 

Jan.  24.  1813 

Seney,  Josiah 

— 

Md... 

Md. . . 

Unknown.. 

Sept.  24,  1815 

.  D 

Va 

1745 

N.  C. 
Conii. 

Sherman,  Roger 

Mass. 

April  19, 1721 

Lawyer. , , . 

July  '23,  1793 

Sinnickson,  Thos... 

— 

N.  J.. 

1745;n.  J.. 

Merchant. . 

May  15,  1817 

Scott,  Thomas 



Pa.... 

Pa... 

Unknown.. 

Steele,  John 

.F 

N.  C. 

Not.   1,  1764  N.  C. 

Agiieult'st. 

Ang.  14,  1815 

Smith,  William 

.P   Md... 

1730,Md... 

Unknown.. 

Mar.  27,  1814 

.P 

s.  c. 

1812 

Md... 
Conn. 

1812 

Sturges,  Jonas 

Conn. 

Aug.  23,  1740 

Lawyer 

Oct.    4,    1819 

Sumter.  Thomas 

.1) 

Va... 

17348.  C. 

Soldier 

Juno  1,    1832 

Sylvester,  Peter 



N.  Y.. 

'N.Y. 

Unknown.. 

Thatcher,  Geor.TC. . 

. — 

Ma-!S. 

April  12, 1754  Mass. 

Lawj'er, , . . 

April  6,  1824 

Trumbull.  Jonathan 

.  K 

Conn. 

Mar.  26,  1740  Conn. 

Soldier 

Aug.   7,  1809 

Tucker,  Thomas  T.. 

Ber!a. 

1745S.  C. 

unknown.. 

May    2,    1828 

Van  Rensselaer,Jere. — 

I741N.  Y. 

Unknown.. 

Feb.  22,  18-22 

Viiiing.  John 



iDel... 

Unknown.. 

W  adsworth,  Jere, . 

F 

Conn. 

1743  Conn. 

tjnknown.. 

April  30, 1804 

White,  Alexander,, 

— 

Va... 

1738  Va... 

Unknown.. 

Sept.-,  1804 

Williamson.  Hugh.. 

.  F 

Pa. . . 

Deo.  5,    1735  N,  C. 

Clergyman 

May  22,  1819 

Wj-nkoop,  Henry  . . 

■— 

Pa... 

Totiil  Hep.  C5.  Unlcno\vn  Occupation,  S3.  La\vyers,  20.  Soldiers,  H. 
CltTK-ymcn,  O.  Mfircliiints,  S.  Agricult'sts,  3.  Varied,  1.  Foreign  Born,  5: 
Including  England,  :2;  Ii'eland,  1;  Bermuda,  1. 


Second  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1791  to  1793. 


1 


1701— Bank  of  U.  S.  established  at  Philadi'I- 
phia,  capital  $10,000,000. 

1791 — George  Hammond  flnut  Minister  from 
Great  Britain  to  Ihe  United  States. 

1791— Sept.  0,  The  sit©  selected  as  tho  future 
capital  of  the  U.  S.,  named  Washington. 


SENATORS. 


rieorce  Washington,  Prcs.  John  Adnm-*.  Vice  Trcs. 
Thos.  Jefferson,  of  Va..  Sec'y  of  Stale.  Alex.  Hamilton, 
of  N.  Y..  Sec'y  of  Trt-as.  Henry  Knox,  of  Mass..  Sec'y  of 
War  and  Navy.  Edmund  ll;indolph,  of  Vu..  Att'y  Qen. 
Jonathan  Trumbull,  of  Conn.,  Speaker  of  House  of 
Representatives. 

F,  indicates  Federalist.    D.  Democrat. 


BtLSsctt,  nichard 

Brmllt-y,  SU'phcn  U., 
Brou'ii,  ji^hn 


—    Del nol.. 

.D   Conn.  Feb.  »),  HM  Vt.... 

,—  |Va...|Scpt.  1-2.  17.'".7iVu... 


Lawyer.., 
Lawyer.., 

Lawyer., , 


Sept.  — . 
Dec.  in, 

[Aug.  i;h, 


1RI5 
18^0 
ISii*^ 


SENATORS. 


Rurr,  Aaron.  . 
Butler,  I'lureo.  , 
<'al.ot.  Oeorg*.. 


1792— First  wooden  clock  In  the  world  madi- 
by  Eli  Terry,  of  Connecticut. 

1792 — Apr.  1,  American  manufactures  first 
allowed  In  Great  Britain  by  that  gov- 
ernment. 

1792 — A  rate  of  six  cents  fixed  on  all  letters 
c.irried  3G  miles  or  less,  and  twenty- 
flvo  cents  fur  450  miles  or  more. 


IFtn!o    I 
Urpr«-   I    OcCUpBtlOD. 
Mntnl.  I 


N.  J.. 
Iro'd. 

Mass. 


Feb.  0.  17r.«  N.  Y.Lnwver... 
July  11,  1744  S.  C.  Soldier... 
Dec.    y.    nr.JIMnss.lMerohaut. 


Sept.  14.  lair. 

Feb.  l.'i,  1822 
April  18. 1S23 


k 


:vi 


f 


■q: 


SECUA'l)    AMU    T11114D    (JOMilvKS.SES     UK    TUK     UMTKD    b  lATE-S    AM)    LEAI)l.\li    fcVh,;\l.S    ul^      1111-,     1I.MK. 


■ibd 


SENATORS. 

Whw 
Oorn. 

Whfn  Born. 

Huto 
aenwd. 

Ocoupulon. 

Wh«n  DIod. 

Ciirroll,  Charles 

.F 

M(l... 

Sept.  20,  17:J7  Md... 

l.nwyel'  ...|Nov.    14,  1H32 

Dickitisun,  Philemon  — 

Del... 

Apiil    3,  1739  N.J. . 

CleiKyman  Feb.    4.   1809 

Edwards.  John 

,— 

Va... 

iKy... 

Unknown  . 

Kllnworth,  Oliver.... 

, — 

Conn. 

April  29,  1745lCotin. 

Nov,  20,  1807 

Ffw.  William 

.— 

Md... 

June    H,  174H  Ga. . 

Lawyer  . . . 

July  US,  1828 

K.'ster,  Theodore 

— 

Mass. 

April  29,  l-fl2  U.  I,. 

I.aiv.ver... 

Jan,  13,  1828 

Giiiin.  James 

. — 

Va... 

Itia... 

Lawyer . . . 

II:iwUiii:4,  Uetijanun 

.— 

.V..C. 

Aug.  1.-),  1734,N.C.. 

Varied  .... 

Hciiiv,  John 

.— 

.Md. . . 

Md... 

Lawyer... 

Dec.    l(i.  1798 

Izard,    Italph 

— 

S.  C. 

1742  S.  C. 

Unknown . 

May  31),  1804 

.Iuhiist(ni.  Samuel., 

.F 

Scot.. 

1733  N.C. 

Unknown . 

AuK.  8,    1K16 

KiTm.    Kufus 

. — 

Mass. 

Miir.  24,  l-fj.'i'N.Y.. 

Lawyer . . . 

April  2!l,  1827 

Lun^'dun,  Joh.: 

.1) 

M.  H. 

JlinL'2.-.,  1741'N-.    ]I. 

Minliallt  . 

Sept.  18,  l,m;p 

Ley.  Kiuliard  H 

— 

Va... 

Jan.  un,  I  7.12,  V, I.  .. 

Vaij.d  .... 

June  lit,  1794 

Monroe,  James 

.1) 

Va... 

Apiil2-<,  lyr.H  Va  ... 

l.a«\.T  ... 

July    4,   1831 

Muni:*,  Robert 

— 

Eng.. 

Jnn.   ai,  1733  I'li.  .. 

.lUreliant.. 

May  7,    1800 

Pott^,  Itichard 

■z 

Md... 

Md... 
Del... 

Unknown . 
Lawyer  . . . 

K(';id,  George 

Md... 

1733 

Sept,  21,  1798 

Kohiiison,  Moses 

M 

Mass. 

Mar.  28, 1741 

Vt.... 

Lawyer  . . . 

May  26,  1813 

liiithertord,  John 

. — 

N.  Y. 

1760 

N.  J.. 

Lawyer  . . . 

Feb.  23,  1840 

Shi-niian.  Rogfr 

. — 

Mass. 

April  19,  1721 

Conn. 

Lawyer  . . . 

July  23,  1793 

R.  I.. 
Mass. 

July  13,  1739 
Jan.    9,  1745 

R.  I.. 

Mass. 

Unknown . 
Lawyer . . . 

Strontr.  Caleb 

Nov.   7,  1819 

Tiivli>r,  John 

.u 

Va. . . 

Va.  . . 

Agriculfst 

Aug.  20,  1824 

Winjj:ate.  Paine 

.— 

Mass. 

iiay  14,  1739 

N.  H. 

AL'ricnlt'st 

Mar.  7,   1«38 

Total  Senators,  31.  Lawyers,  IT.  Unknown  Occupation,  5.  Merchants, 
;J.  Varied,  8.  Agriculturists,  a.  Soldier,!.  Clergyman,!.  Foreii^nBorn, 
3:    Including  Ireland,  1;  Scotland,  1;  England,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


.Vines.  Fisher F 

.\^lie.  J.  Baptiste — 

Baldwin,  Abraham. ..D 

Barnwell,  Robert — 

Benson,  Egbert — 

lit)udinot,  Ellas — 

Bourne,  Shearjashub. — 

Bourne,  Benjamin — 

Brown,  John — 

f'lark,  Abraham — 

Davton,  Jonathan.   ..— 

Findlay,  William D 

ritzsiraons  Thomas,,. — 

fierry.  Elbridge F 

lliles,  William  B D 

tlilinan,  Nicholas F 

(Joodhue,  Benjamin... — 

Gordon,  James — 

(irithii,  Samuel — 

Greenup,  Christopher. — 
Gregg,  Andrew — 


Mass. 
N.  C. . 
Conn. 
S.  C. . 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Mass. 
K.  1.. 
Va... 
N.  J.. 
N.J.. 
I  re  I'd 
Irel'rl 
Mass, 
Va... 
N.  H. 
Mass. 
Irel'd 
Va... 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 


April  9 

.Vov.'e,' 

June21, 
May   2, 


17o8 
.1748 

nrA 

'1746 
1740 


Sept.  9, 
Sept.  12, 
Feb.  :,j, 
Oct.  16, 
Jan.  11. 

JuVv'i7, 
.Vug.  12, 


1755 
1757 
1726 
1760 
1731 
.1741 
1774 
1702 
I7i;2 
1748 
1743 


June  10, 1755 


SIAU' 

r..,,r.- 


Mass. 
N.C. . 
Ga. .. 
S.  C. 
N.Y.. 
Pa.... 
Mass. 
R.  1.. 
Va... 
N.J.. 
N.J.. 
Pa.... 
Pa.... 
Mass. 
Va... 
N.  H.. 
Mass. 

N.  y.. 

Va..., 
Ky.., 
Pa... 


Law  yer. , , 

Soldier 

Lawyer.. . . 
Unknown . 

Lawyer 

Lawyer — 
Lawyer — 
Lawyer. . . . 
Lawyer... . 

Lawyer 

Lawyer — 

Soldier 

Soldier 

Merchant.. 
L.awyer.. . . 

Soldier 

Merchant. . 

Soldier 

Lawyer.. ,  . 
Unknown. 
Agricult'st 


July  4. 
Nov.  27. 
Mar.   4. 


1S08 
1802 
1807 


Aug,  24, 
Oct.  24, 


Sept.  17, 
Aug.  28, 
Sept.  15, 
Oct.  9, 
April  7, 
Aug.  — , 
Nov.  23, 
Dec.  4, 
May  2, 
July  28, 
Jan.   17, 


1833 
I82I 
1800 
1808 
1828 
1794 
1824 
1821 
1811 
1814 
1830 
1814 
1814 
1810 


April  24, 
May  20, 


1818 
1833 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


I 


Hartley,  Thomas — 

lleister,  Daniel — 

Hillhouse,  James F 

lllndinan,  William,,. — 

Huger,  Daniel — 

Jacobs,  Israel - — 

Key,  Philip — 

Kitchen,  Aaron D 

Kittera,  John  W F 

I^awrence,  John — 

Learned,  Amasa — 

Lee,  Richard  B — 

Leonard,  George — 

Livcniiore,  Samuel... — 

Macon,  Nathaniel D 

Madison,  James D 

Mercer,  John  F — 

Miles,  Nathaniel — 

Milledge,  John — 

Mimre,  .\ndrew — 

Mul.li.nl..  Tf,  F.  A — 

Murray,  William  V....  F 

Orr.  .\iexander  D — 

Page,  John D 

Parker,  Josiah ~- 

Pinkney,  William — 

ScJgwI,*,  Theo F 

Si-lny,  Joshua     — 

St  hiinnoiakcr  Corn.C. — 

Shcridine,  Upton — 

Smith,  Israel D 

Smith,  Jeremiah F 

Smith,  William F 

Steele,  John F 

Stcrrett,  Samuel — • 

Sturges,  Jonathan — 

Sumter,  Thomas D 

Sylvester,  Peter — 

Thatcher.  George.... — 

Tredwell,  Thomas — 

Trumbull  Jonathan. . .  .F 

Tucker,  Thomas  T — 

Wadsworth,  Jere F 

Ward,  Artetnas F 

Wayne,  Anthony — 

White,  Alexander — 

Williamson,  Hugh F 

Willis,  Francis -~ 

Vcnable,  Ab'm  B — 

Vining,  John — 


Pn.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Conn. 
Md... 
S.  O. . 
Gcr'y 
Md... 
S.].. 
Pa.  .. 
Eng. 
Conn. 
Va. . . 
Mass. 
M.asH. 
N.  C. . 
Va. . . 


Sept.  7, 
Oct.'il',' 


1748  Pa.. 


1747 
I7.'>4 


Ca,., 
Va. . . 
Pa... 
Md.., 
Va. . , 
Va... 
Va. . . 
Md... 
Conn 
Md. . . 
N.Y., 


Conn. 
N.  H. 
S.  C. 
N.C 
Md. 
Conn. 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
L.  I.. 
Conn, 
Ber'a. 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Pa.... 
Va.  . . 
Pa.... 
Va. . . 
Vn. . . 
Del... 


.'a. 

Conn. 
Md... 
S.  C. 
Pa.... 
17oO!Md... 
July  10,  1740  .V.  J.. 

Pa.... 

.1750[n.Y.. 
,  1730, Conn. 
.1702  Va... 
1729  Mass. 
1732  N.  H. 
1737  N.  C. 
May  10,  1731 1  Va... 

1738,Md... 

Vt.... 

17.37  Ga... 

Va... 

750  Pa.... 


July   4. 
May    14, 


Mar.  17, 
May     9, 


.170: 
.1763 
,  1743 

■  1 7(14 
1740 


April  4, 
Nov,  29, 


1759 
1759 


Nov.    1. 
Aug.'  23, 


April  12, 

ii.ai!  '21V. 


Nov.  27, 
Jan.    1, 


Dec. 
Jan. 


1764 
17.-.0 
1710 
1734 

iVii 

1742 
1740 
174.i 
1743 
1727 
1743 
17.38 
1733 
1723 


Md 
Ky... 
Va. . . 

Va. . . 
Md... 
Mass. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
Md. . . 
Vt.... 
N.  H. 
S.  C. 
N.C. 
Md... 

CO'Ml 

S.  c. 
N.Y. 
Mass. 
N.  Y.. 
Conn 
s.  C. 
Conn 
Mass. 
Oa... 
Va... 
N.  C. . 
Ga... 
Va... 
Del... 


Lawyer.... 
Merchant.. 
Lawyer.. . . 
Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 
v\»frieult'Bl 
Blacks'th.. 
Lawyer.... 

Lawyer 

Clergyman 
Unknown  . 
Lawyer.... 

Lawyer 

Soldier..  .. 
Lawyer — 
Unknown  , 
Unknown . 
Soldier .... 
Unknown . 
Clergyman 
Lawyer — 
Pioneer.. .. 
Unknown . 
Unknown , 
Lawyer, . . . 
Lawyer... . 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Unknown 
Lawyer... . 

Lawyer 

Unknown , 
Agricult'st 
Unknown . 
Lawyer.... 

Soldier 

Unknown . 
Lawyer.... 

Lawyer 

Soldier .... 
Unknown . 
I'nknown  , 
Soldier  .... 
Soldier.... 
I'nknown  . 
Clergj-man 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 


Dec.  21, 
Mai-.  8, 
Dec,  2«, 
Jan.  20, 


leoo 

1804 
1S32 
1822 


Jan,  4, 
June  25, 

N'ov.'  7,' 
May  4, 
Mar.  12, 
July  2li, 
May  18, 
Juno  29, 
Juno  28, 
Aug.  30, 


1820 
1820 

1810 
]S2r> 
1827 
1819 
IS03 
1837 
1830 
1821 


Feb,  19, 
May  24, 


I8IU 
1821 


Dee.  II, 
June  21, 
Oct.  II, 
Mar.  21, 
Feb.  23, 
June  24, 
Sept.  24, 

'. 


1803 
1833 
1808 
ISIO 
1822 
1813 
1815 


Dec.  2, 
Sept.  21, 

AiigV  14, 
July  12, 
Oct.  4, 
June  1, 


1810 
1»«2 
1812 

1813 
18,33 
1819 
1832 


April  6, 

1824 

Jan.  30 

1832 

Aug.  7. 

18051 

May    2. 

1828 

April  30 

I80t 

Oct.  27, 

1800 

Dec.   14 

1790 

.Sept.  ^, 

1804 

May  22 

1819 

Jan.  23 

1829 

Dec.  28 

1811 

Total  Representatives,  '71.  Lawyers.  26.  Unknown  Occupation,  S3. 
Soldiers.  11.  Merchants,  3.  Clorfrj'nien.  3.  AtrricuIturiHts,  3.  Pioneer,  1. 
Blacksmith,  1.  Foreign  IJorn,  6:  Including  Ireland,  3;  Genuany,  1;  Kng- 
land,  1;     Bennuda,  1. 


Third  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1793  to  1795. 


ITn.'i — Feb.  12.    Surrender  of  fugritive  slaves 

and  criminals  required. 
1793— Apr.    '22,  Proclamation    of    Neutrality 

i.ssued,  affirming  that  the  U.  S.  would 
take  no  part  in  European  troubles. 
1708— Erection  of  the  Capitol  at  "Washington 

commenced. 


George  Washington,  Pres.  John  Adams.  Vice-Pres. 
Edmund  Randolph,  of  Va..  and  Timothy  Pickering,  of 
Mass.,Sec'.vs  of  State.  Alex.  Hamilton,  of  X.  Y..  and 
Oliver  Wolcntt,  of  Conn.,  Sec'ys  of  Treas.  Henry  Knox, 
of  .Mass.,  and  Timothy  Pickering,  of  Mass.,  Sec'ys  of 
W:ir  .-Hid  N.-^ivv.     Edmund  Randolph,  of  Va.,  and  Wm. 

rr-'Mlfoid,  nf  Pa.,  and  Chas.  Lee,  of  Va.,  Atfys-Gen. 

F,  indicates  Federalist.    D*  Democrat. 


171-13 — Williams  College  founded. 

1793 — Whitney's  cotton-gin  invented. 

1703— Yellow-Fever  first  visited  Philadelphia, 

causing  the  death,  by  Oct.  20,  of  4,00<) 

persons- 
1793 — Merino  sheep  imported  from  .Spain  at 

Sl.OOC)  per  head. 


SENATORS. 


i 


Baldwin,  Abraham.. 
Bradf.ird.  William... 
Bradle.y.  Stephen  R.. 

Itrown,  John 

Burr,  .\aron 

Butler,  Pierce 

Cabot,  Geo 

Edwards,  John 

Ellsworth,  Oliver 

Frclinf^huysen,  Fred. 

l-'ost.-r,  Theodore 

O.ill  ilin.  Albert 

'  Jiuiti.  James 

Hawkins,  Eenj 

Henry,  John 

Izard,  Ralph 

»Jackson,  James 

Kins,  Rufus 

Ijan^don,  John 

Latimer,  Henry 

Livermore,  Samuel... 

Martin,  .\lex 

Mitchell.  Stephen  M., 

Monroe,  James 

Morris,  Robert 

Potts.  Richard 

Robinson.  Moses 

Ross,  James 

Rutherford.  John 

Strone,  Caleb 

Tivlor.  John 


Conn 
Ma.ss. 
Conn. 
Va. .. 
N.J.. 
Irel'd 
Mass. 
Va. .. 
Conn. 
X.  J.. 
Mass. 
Switz 
Va. . . 
N.  C. 
Md... 
S.  C. 
Eng.. 

—  -Mass. 
.D  X.  H. 
.F    Del  .. 

—  Mass. 

—  N.    J. 

—  ,Conn. 
,D   Va... 

—  Em;.. 

—  Md... 
,r>  'Mass. 
.F   Pa.  .. 

—  N.  Y.. 
F  Mass. 
D    Va.  ., 


Nov.  6. 

Nov.  4. 

Feb.  20, 
Sept.  12, 

Feb,  0, 

July  11, 

Dec.  3, 


17.34 
1729 
1734 
17.37 
175fi 
1744 
1732 


April  29, 
April  13, 
April  29, 
Jan.  29, 


1745 
1753 
1752 
1701 


Aug.  15,  1734 


Mar.  24 
Juii,.  2"', 
April  24, 
.M.ay    14. 

Dec."  27, 
April  28, 
Jan.  20. 


.1742 
.17.37 
17.33 
1741 


Ga. 
R.  I 
Vt.  .. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Mass. 
Ky... 
Conn. 
N.  J.. 
K.  1.. 
Pa... 
Oa. . . 
N.  C. 
Md. . . 
S.  C. 
Ga... 
\.  Y. 
N,  H. 
Iii'l... 
N.  H. 
N.  C. 
Conn. 


Mar.  26, 
July  12, 


1 

17.32 
,17411 
1743 
17.38iVa 
17a3  Pa.  . 
.  ...Md.. 
1741,  Vt... 
1762  Pa. . 
.1760  N.  J., 
1745  Mass. 
Va.. 


Lawyer.  . . 
Lawyer.  . . 
L.awyer.  . . 
Law.yer.  .. 
La\vyer.  ,  . 

Soldier 

Merchant.. 
Unknown . 
Lawyer.. .. 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Banker 

Lawyer 

Varied 

Lawyer — 
L'nknown . 

Soldier 

Lawyer.. . . 
M.-rcliant.. 
I'llVsician. 

Law,ycr 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Merchant.. 
Unknown  . 
Lawyer.. .. 
Lawyer.. . , 

Lawyer, 

Lawyer 

.\prricult'st 


Mar.  4,  1807 
July  6,  1808 
Dec.  16.  1830 
Aug.  28,  1828 
Sept.  14,  1836 
Feb.  13.  1822 
April  18. 1823 

Noy."26,  i'807 
AprU  13.  1804 
Jan.  13,  1828 
Aug.  12,  1849 


June  6, 
Dec.  16, 
May  30, 
Mar.  19, 
April  29, 
Sept,  18, 
Dec.  19, 
.May  IS, 
Nov.  — , 
Sept,  30, 
July  4. 
May  7, 


1816 
1708 
1804 
l.SOG 
1827 
1819 
1819 
1803 
1807 
1833 
1831 
1806 


May  26,  1813 
Nov.  27,  1847 
Feb.  23,  1840 
Nov.  7,  1819 
Aug.  20,  1824 


SENATORS. 

Where 
Bom. 

WbniBotD. 

R«pr«-  ' 
•enW.  1 

OocupKion.              WhrnDkl, 

Tazewell.  Henry —  iVa 17o3'Va.. .  ;Lawyer.. .  |jan.  24,  179ii 

Vining,  John —  I  Del Il'el..  1  Unknown  .1 

Total  Senators,  33.     Lawyers,  SO.     Unknoini  Occupation.  4.    Merchants. 
3.    Soldiers,  S.    Agriculturist,!.    Varied,!.     Banker.  1.     Physician,!. 
Foreign  Born,  4:    Including  Ireland,  1;    Switzerland,  1;    England,  2. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

Whore 
H"m. 

When  Bern, 

ileprp- 
sont«d. 

Occupation.    1       Whrnl>i».| 

1 

Ames,  Fisher 

Armstrong.  James 

Bailey,  theodorus. .. 
Baldwin,  Abraham,., 

Beatty.  John 

Benton.  Samuel 

Blount.  Thomas 

Boudinot.  EHas 

Bourne,  Bcnj 

Bourne,  Shearj.ashul>. 
Cadwallader,  Lamb't. 

Carnes.  Thomas  P 

Claiborne.  Thomas... 

Clark,  .\braham 

Christie.  Gabriel...  .- 

Cobb,  David 

Colt.  Joshua ■ 

Coles,  Isaac 

Coffin,  Peleg,  Jr ■ 

l>ayton,  Jonathan. .  .- 
Dawson,  William.  J..- 


Mass. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Pa.... 
S.  C. 
N.C. 
Pa.... 
It.  I.. 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
Md... 
Va... 
N.  J.. 
Md... 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Va.... 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
N.  C. . 


.tpril  9, 

June  11, 
Nov,  6, 
Dec.   10, 


175: 
17.34 
1749 

lieo 

1740 
1733 

.1741 

,.1762 


Feb.  15,  172G 


1758Mass, 
IPa. 


May   2, 
Sept.  9, 


Sept.  14, 
Oct.    7, 


Sept.  — , 
Oct.  IB, 


1748 

175S 


17,36 
1760 


N,  Y 
Ga... 
N.  J.. 
S.  C. 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
R.  I.. 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
Ga. . . 
Va. . . 
N.  J.. 
Md... 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Va... 
Muss. 
N.  J.. 
V.  C 


Lawyer. . . 

Soldier 

Unkno\yn 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician, 
Unknown . 
Soldier... 

Lawyer 

Lawyer..., 
Lawyer — 
Unkno^vn  . 
Lawyer — 
L'nknown , 

L.aw5-er 

Unknown , 
Physician. 
Lawyer.... 
Unknown . 
Unknown  . 
Lawyer — 
Unknown . 


July   4,  18118 

Sept,  6,  "l'828 
Mar,  4,  1807 
I  May  30,  1826 

Feb! '  7,'  i'8I2 
Oct.  24,  I82I 
Sept.  17, 1S08 

isa; 

Sept.  12,  1823 
May  5,  1822 

1812 

Sept.  15,  1794 

April' iVjl'sSO 
Sept,  5,  1798 


Mar  6,  18K> 
Oct.  9.  1824 


>d:c:^ '. ^=^ 

-toi     THIRD    A^U    FOURTH    CONGRESSES    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES    AND    LEADING    EVENTS    oF    THE    TIME. 


•6 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


When  Bern.  lUpre-       Occupation.  Whun  Died, 

sen  red. 


Dearborn,  Henry D 

Dent,  George D 

Dexter,  Samuel F 

Duval,  Gabriel D 

Findley,  William D 

Fitzsimons,  Thomas  .— 

Forrest,  Uriah — 

Foster,  Dwight F 

Gilbert.  Ezekiel — 

Giles,  William  B D 

Gillon,  Alexander — 

Oilman,  Nicholas F 

Gillespie,  James — 

Glenn,  Henry — 

Greenup,  Christopher— 

Gregtr,  Andrew — 

Grilfiji,  Samuel — 

Goodhue,  Benjamin..— 

Gordon.  James — 

Grove,  William  B — 

Hancock.  Georpe D 

Harper,  Robert  G D 

Harrison,  Carter  B. .  .— 

Hartley,  Thomas — 

Heister,  Daniel — 

Hjllhouse.  Jamc^ F 

Hindman.  Williai    ...— 

Heath,  John — 

Holten,  Samuel — 

Hunter,  John — 

Irvine.  William — 

Ritchel,  Aaron... . .  ,D 

Kittera,  John  W F 

Latimer,  Henry F 

Learned,  Amasa — 

Lee,  Richard  B — 

Locke,  Matthew — 

Lyman,  William — 

McDowell,  Joseph...— 

Macon,  Nathaniel D 

Madison,  James D 

Malbone,  Franci.s F 

Mebane.  Alexander. .. — 

Mercer.  John  F — 

Jliles,  Nathaniel — 

Montgomery,  Wm — 

Moore,  Andrew — 


Physician. 
Unknown  . 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Soldier  

Soldier 

Unknown  , 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Lavo'er 

Unknown  . 

Soldier 

Unknown  . 
Unknown  . 
Unknown  . 
Agricult'st 
Lawj'er — 
Merchant. , 

Soldier 

Unknown  . 

Soldier 

Lawyer 

Unknown . 
La'\\'yer — 
Merchant.. 

Lawyer 

Unknown . 
Unknown. 
Physician. 
.\gricult's-t 
Physician . 
Blaeksm'tb 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician 
Ciergj'man 
Unknown  . 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 

La\vyer 

Unknown  . 
Unknown  . 
Unknown  . 
Unknown . 
Unknown  . 
Unknown  . 


June    6,  1829 


May  3, 
Mar.  6. 
April  7. 
Aug.  —, 

April  29, 
July  11, 
Dec.  4, 

May  "2," 
Jan.  -, 
Aug.  14, 
April  24, 
May  20, 


1816 
\S44 
1821 
1811 
1SC)5 
1823 
1842 
1830 
1794 
1814 
1805 
1814 
1818 
1835 


July  28, 
Jan. 17, 


Aug.  1, 
Jan.  15, 


1814 
1810 


1820 
1825 


Dec.  21, 
Mar.  8, 
Dec.  29, 
Jan.  26, 


1800 
1804 
1832 
1822 


Jan.  2,    1816 


July  29, 
June  25, 

Dec."l9,' 
May  4. 
Mar.  12. 
Sept.  7, 
Oct.    -, 

ju'iie  29," 
June  28, 
June  4, 
July  5, 
Aug.  30, 


1804 
1820 

"1819 
1825 
1827 
1801 
1811 

i  837 
1836 
1809 
1795 
1821 


Mav  24.   1821 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

^'^          Wh.»B,„. 

Staw 

Rep,,- 

wnied. 

Ocoup*tion, 

When  Died. 

Muhlenberg,  Fred.  A.— 
Muhlenbert'.  J.  P.  G..— 

Pa —  Clergyman 
Pa...  Clei-gyman 

Pa...  Oct.  1,  ;74e 

let.   1,    1807 

Murray,  William  V,,.F 

Md... 

1762 

Md...  Lawyer 

Bee.  11,    ll*)3 

BfevilU-,  Joseph — 

1730 

Va...  Soldier.... 

Va.... 

1747 

Va. . . 

Unknown . 

Mar,  2,    1833 

Va... 

1763 

Va... 

Agricult'st 

Bee.   31.  18111 

Orr,  Alexander  V — 

Va. . . 

176,1 

Kv... 

.\pricult'8t 

June  21,  IRS.'j 

PaKe,  John D 

Va... 

April  17,  1743 

Va  .. 

Inknown . 

Va . . . 

Va... 

I rknown , 

Del 1746 

Del... 

Soldier.... 

June  17.  IHil 

Pa...  Sept.  19,  173£ 

S.  C. 

Soldier 

Aug.  17,  1817 

Preston,  Francis — 

Va...| 177c: 

Va... 

Unknown . 

May  2fi,  1835 

Va...l 

Va.    . 

Unknown . 

Dec.    7,    1797 

Sedffwick.  Theodore. F 

Conn.  May  9,     1746 

Mas:;, 

Lawyer.... 

Jan.  24, 1813 

Sherburne,  John  S — 

N.  H.. 

1757 

N.  H. 

Lawyer,... 

Aug.    2,  183IJ 

Pa.... 

Pa.... 

Unknown . 

Smilie,  John — 

Ire'd. 

1742 

Pa.... 

Unknown . 

Dec.  30, 1813 

Conn. 

Apvil4,  17.-.; 

Vt . . . 

Lawyer 

Dec.    2,    18111 

Smith,  Jeremiah F 

N.  H.. 

Not.  29,  175; 

N.  H.. 

Lawyer... . 

Sept.  21,  1842 

Smith,  Samuel D 

Pa.... 

July  27,   175:. 

Md... 

Soldier 

April  23,  18311 

Smith,  ■William F 

Spnu-r.TlM.iiins - 

Swift.  Z.-|ilK.niah — 

S.  C. 
Md... 

S.  C. 
Md... 

Unknown . 
Unknown . 

Ma  s. 

175< 

Conn. 

Lawyer 

Sept.  27,  1823 

Talbot, Silas F 

R.  I.. 

1751 

N.  Y  . 

Soldier.... 

June  30,  1813 

Thatcher,  George — 

Mats. 

April  12, 17.5' 

Mass. 

Lawyer 

April  6,    1824 

Tracy,  Uriah F 

Conn. 

Feb.    2,   175.' 

Conn. 

Law,ver 

July   11'.  I«i7 

Tredwell,  Thomas — 

N.  Y, 

1742 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer 

Soldier  . . . . 

Jon.  311,  l«:i- 

Conn. 

M'cli26,  1741 

Conn. 

Aug.  7,  T8OI1 

"Fan  Cortlandt, Philip  D 

N.  V. 

Sept.  1,  174! 

N.  Y. 

Surveyor.. 

Not.    5,  1831 

Van  Allen,  John  E — 

N.  Y. 

N.  y. 

Unknown  . 

N.  y. 

N.  y. 

Unknown  . 

Venable,  Abraham  E. — 

Va. . . 

Va... 

Unknown  . 

Dec.  2(!,  1811 

"Wadsworth,  Jer"iah.,F 

Conn. 

174S 

Conn. 

Unknown . 

April  311.  1804 

Wadsworth,  Peleg — 

Mass. 

May  6,    174!- 

Mass. 

Varied 

Nov.  1H,  1829 

Va... 

Mass . 

Unknown . 
Soldier.... 

Ward,  Artemas F 

Mass. 

Nov.  27,  172- 

Oct.  27,   180(J 

Watts,  John — 

N,  Y, 

1749IN.  Y. 

Unknown . 

White,  James — 

N.  C. 

SotC 

Unknown . 

N.  C. 

1754'N.  .C. 

July  20,  1814 

Wingate,  Paine — 

Mass. 

May  14,   1739  N.  H. 

.Agricult'st 

Mar.  7,    183K 

Winston,  Joseph — 

Va... 

1746  N.  C. 

Soldier 

1814 

Wynn,  Richard — 

! 


Total  Representatives,  llO.  U^nknown  Occupation,  4S.  Lawyers,  H9 
Soldiers,  IT.  Physicians,©.  Agriculturists,  5.  Clergymen.  3.  Merchants. 
a.  Varied,  1.  Surveyor,  1.  Blacksmith,  1.  Foreign  Bom,  5:  Including 
Ireland,  5, 


Fourth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1795  to  1797. 


1795— General  Wayne  made  a  treaty  with  the 
lndi,uns  at  Greenville.  O.,  which  closed 
the  Indian  war.  and  opened  the  North- 
west Territory  to  the  incoming  settlers. 

1795_Establisbment  of  common  schools  re- 
commended throughout  New  York,  by 
Governor  Clinton,  and  ?.^0,000  appro- 
priated by  New  York  Legislature  for 
the  purpose. 


George  Washington,  Pres.  John  Adams.  Vice-Pres. 
Edmund  Randolph,  of  Va.,  and  Timothy  Pickering,  of 
Mass.,  Sec'ys  of  State.  Oliver  Woleott,  of  Conn..  Sec'y 
ofTreas.  Timothy  Pickering,  of  Mass.,  and  James  Mc 
Henry,  of  Md.,  Sec'ys  of  War  and  Navy.  Charles  Lee, 
of  Va.,  Att'y  Gen.  Jonathan  Dayton,  of  N.  J.,  Speaker 
of  House  of  Representatives. 
F,  indicates  Federalist.    B,  Democrat. 


1795— Union  College  founded  at  Schenectady. 

N.  Y. 
1796— The    British  surrender  their    forts  at 

Detroit,  Niagara,   and   other  Western 

points,  to  the  U.  S.  Government. 
]797_Middlebury  College  fuuniicd  at  Middle 

bury,  Vt. 
1797— First  steam    locomotive    in    Araerici 

ran  upon  the  streets  of  Hartford,  Ct. 


SENATORS. 

Where 
Bora. 

When  Bora. 

Suie 
Repre- 
Moted. 

Occupation. 

When  Died. 

Bingham.  William. 
Bloodworlh.  Timolh> 

- 

Pa.... 

N.  C. 

1751  Pa.... 

173«  N.  C. 

Unknown  . 
Varied 

Feb.  7.  1804 
Aug.  24.    1814 

Blunt  William 



N.  C. 

1744, Tenn. 

Unknown  , 



Mass. 

Not,    4,  172il  R.  I., 

Lawyer 



Va... 

Sept,  12, 1737 

Ky... 

Unknown  . 

n 

N.  J.. 

Fell.     5,  1731! 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer — 

Feb.  15,   1822 

Ilutler.  Pierce 

4'aliot,  George 

July  11,  1744 

S.  C. 

Unknown  . 

F 

Mass. 

Dec.     3,  1752 

Mass. 

Merchant-. 

April  8,   1823 

Va... 

Tenn. 

Lawver — 

P 

April  20,1 745 

Conn. 

Lawyer 

Fosl.r,  Theodore 

Friliiit'huysen.  Fred 
Ooodhue,  Benjamin 

Gnnii,  James 

Henry.  John 

Mass. 

ATiril2n,  1752 

R.  I.. 

Lawyer  . . . 

F 

N.  J.. 

Aprill3,I7.53 

N.  J.. 

Lawj-er.... 

July  28,   1814 

Mass. 

Oct.    1,  1748 

Mass. 
Ga     . 

Merchant.. 

■ 

Md... 

Md... 

Lawyer 

Dec.  Ifi,   1798 

F 

Oct.  21,17.54 

Conn. 

Lawyer  . . . 

Md... 

June  4,  17,52 

Md... 

Lnknown. 

Hunter,  John 

■— 

S.  0. , 
KnK., 

','..■.■■.  ■.'.■.■1757 

s.  c. 

Ga... 

.\gricult'st 
Unknown  . 

Miir!*]V)."l8t)6 

Kinu'.  Rufus 

1,.  uiL-'don.  John 

F 

Vns. 

Mar.  24,  1755 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer.... 

n 

N.  H. 

Juno  2.5,  1741 

N.  H. 

Merchant.. 

Sept.  IH.  1819 

F 

Del... 

April24,17.-2 

Del... 

Phvsician. 

En?.. 

17.'.ll 

N.    Y. 

Lawyer — 



Mass. 

May  14,  1732 

N.  H. 

Lawyer 

Marshall.  HumplueyF 

Va... 

1-MO 

ky... 

Unknown  . 

Nov.    -     1807 

N.J.. 

1740 

N.  C. 

Lawyer.... 

_ 

Va. . . 

,17IH: 

Va... 

Unknown  . 

Paine.  Elijah 

F 

Conn. 

Jan,   1,    17.57 

Vt.... 

Lawyer.... 

April  28,  1»42 

Potts,  Richard 



Md... 

Md... 

Unknown  . 

Kcad.Jaeob 

.F 
D 

3.  C. 
Mass. 

17,52 

Mar.  2fl,  1741 

S.  C. . 
Vt.... 

Lawyer 

Lawyer.  .. 

MBy'2(!',"VH13 

F 

Pa... 

July  12,  17112 

Pa... 

Lawyer.... 

N.  Y. 

17m,N.  J.. 

Lawyer 

F 

.May  SI.    I74«,MasB. 

Lawyer 

P 

N.  J.. 

Aprlll7,17((4  N.  J..  Lawyer.... 

Stronar.  Caleb 

Xatnall.  Jostah 

Tazewell,  Henry 

F 

Jan.  9,   1745  Mass.  Lawyer — 

Oa... 
Va.., 

;  Ga. . . '  Soldier 

17.53  Vo...  Lawyer.... 

Juno  6j  1803 
Jan.  24,  1700 

SENATORS. 


Dom. 


Ibtaie 
Rcpre- 


Tichenor.  Isaac F 

Tracy.  Uriah F 

Tiunibull.  Jonathan. .F 

A'ininir,  Jtihn — 

Wnlron,  <!eorge — 


N.  J..[Feb.  8,  1754' Vt....  Lawyer... 
Conn.iFeb.  2,  1755  Conn. .Lawyer... 
Conn.lMar.  26,  1740  Conn.  V^aried — 

I Del ..    Unknown. 

Va...j 1740  Oa..  .  I  Lawyer... 


Dec.  11.  183-^ 
July  19,  18Ct7 
Aug.  7,    1807 

Feb.'  *  2, '  I8f.U 


Totjil  Senators.  43.  Lawyers.  25.  Occupation  Unknown,  lO.  Merchant- 
a.  Viuifcd.  a  Soldier,  1.  Agriculturist,!.  Physician,  1.  Foreign  Born,  a : 
Including  Ireland,  1;  England,  2. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

^r 

Whon  Bern. 

Suto 
Bcnted. 

Occupation. 

Wlicn  Dk.l. 

F 

Mass. 

April  9.  1758 

Mass. 

Lawver 

July   4.   180H 

Biiiley,  Thcodorus. 

1) 

N.  Y.. 

June  11, 1752 

N.  y. 

Unknown.. 

Sc  |)t.  6,  182H 

1) 

Conn. 

Not.   6,  17.54 

Ga. .. 

Lawyer — 

Mar.   4,  1807 

Bard,  David 

— 

Pa.  .. 

Pa... 

Unknown.. 

1815 

Bentim,  Lemuel 

__ 

S.  C. 

s.  c. 

Unknown.. 

lili-iiiil.  Tlu.mas 

_ 

N.C.. 

1760 

N.  C. 

Soldier.... 

Feb.   7,   1812 

Bonrnr.   I'.rii.i»min. . 

— 

K.  1 . . 

Sept.  13,17,55 

K.  I.. 

Lawyer.... 

Bnullnn  \  ,  Tlieophi's 



Mass. 

.Vov.    9,  173il 

Ma.ss. 

Lawyer. . . . 

Sept.  6.    1803 

Bnnl.  Kuhard 



Va... 

Va  . . . 

Unknown.. 

Dec.  30,  1814 

Hrvnii.  Nathan 

_ 

N.  C 

...   174H 

N.  C. 

Unknown.. 

June   4, 1708 

Buck.   Daniel 



Vt . . . 

Lawyer 

1817 



N.  C. 

N.  C. 

Soldier.... 

<-ubel!,  SiiiiHicI  J.... 

_ 

Va... 

Va,  . . 

Soldier 

Sept,  4,    ISI8 

Christie,  <:„hriel.... 

-^ 

Md 

Md... 

Unknown.. 

Clail...rrii-.  Thonias. . 

— 

Va...; 

Va. . . 

Unknown.. 

1812 

Clopton,  John 

1) 

Vu...    

Va . . . 

rnknown.. 

Sept,  11,  1810 

Coit, Joshua 

Conn.  Oct.   7,  1758 

Conn. 

Lawycl' 

Sept.  5,   1708 

Cooper.  Wtlltam 

.F 

N.  J 

N.  Y. 

Ln  wyer — 

Coles.  iHnnc 

1> 

Va 

Va... 

Unknown.. 

CrnHi.  J.-nnilah... 

Md 

Md... 

Unknown.. 

Ciiiik,  WillKim 



Md IMd... 

Lawyer 

Ban.i.    Sfiiimel  W.. 

V 

Conn.  July  — ,  17.57  Conn. 

Unknown.. 

July  21, 1830 

Davenport.  Jomes. . 

— 

Conn.  Oct.  12,  17.58  Ccuin. 

JUT'lst 

Aug.   3.  170- 

Dayton.  Jonathan.. 

.— 

N.  J.. 

Oct.  I(i,  17l!0 

N.  .1 

l.nwyer.... 

Oct.   9.    1824 

d. 


f 


I'DUUTII    AKU    FIKTH    CONCiKESSES    OF    THE    LMITED    STATES    ANI>    LEADINU    EVENTS    OF 


=^ 


iiiK   iiME.     455 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Whore 
Doni. 

Wlion  Horn, 

HUIo 

iUprp. 

somi.il. 

Occupktioa, 

Vhen  Died. 

Dearborn,  Henry I) 

N.    H. 

Feb.  23,   I75I  Muss. 

Physician.  Mune  6.   1829 

Md. . . 

Md. . . 
Md... 

Unknown . 
Lawyer.  , , 

luiviill.  litihriol 1) 

Md,,, 

Dec.  6,     17.'i2 

Mar.  6,    1844 

S.    C. 
Pa 

S.  C. 
Pa... 
Pa... 

Unknown , 
Unknown , 
Unknown . 

Fin, ]|.v,  William D 

Ire-d, 

Jan.  ii,  mi 

April  7,   1821 

Mass, 
Mass, 

Aug.  N,     173.5 
Dec.    7,     I7.'i7 

N.  H. 
Mass. 

Clergyman 
Lawyer. .  , 

Fi.-si,!,  Iiwiijht y 

April  29,  1823 

Frftiikliii.  .lesse  I> 

N.  0, 

17r.f 

N.   C. 

Unknown . 

Sept.  -.   1823 

FreeiniLii.  Niithniiiel.  — 

Mass. 

April  «,    1741 

Mass. 

Lawyer.  . . 

Sept.  20,  1827 

Gallatin.    Albert 1) 

Swilz 

Jan,  29.   1761 

Pa... 

Banker 

Aug.  12,  1849 

fiilhurt.  Ezekiel 

)  'linn. 

ur,5 

N.  Y 

Lawyer.  .. 

July  11,   1842 

IJlles,  William  B 1) 

Va... 

Aug.  12,  1762 

Va.., 

Lawyer.  .. 

Dec.   4,     1S.30 

GJillespie.  James — 

N.   C. 

N.   C, 

Unknown. 

Jan.  — ,  1805 

Gihnaii.  Nicholas V 

N.  H. 

1762 

N.  H. 

Unknown . 

May   3,     1814 

Glenn.  Henrv  — 

N.  Y. 

N.  T. 

Unknown  . 

Aug.  14,  1814 

Goodhue.  Benjamin.,— 

Mass. 

Oct.    1,    174fi 

Mass. 

Merchant  . 

July  28.    1814 

Goodrich.  Channcey.— 

Conn. 

Oct.  20,    17.)y 

Conn. 

Lawyer..  . 

Aug.  18.   1823 

Greenup.  Christopher— 
Greffc.  .Andrew — 

Ky... 
Pa... 

Unknown . 
Agriculfst 

April  24,  1818 
May  20,  1835 

June  io,  I7.-..'> 

Griawold.  Ro(?er F 

Conn. 

May  21.   1762 

Conn. 

Lawyer,  . . 

Oct.  25,  1812 

Grove.  William  B.  ...— 

N'.   C. 

N.   0. 

Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Agriculfst 
Lawyer.  , . 
Unknown  . 

Va. , , 

1755 

Va. . . 
S.  0.. 
S.  C. 
Va. . . 

Aug.    1,    1820 

Hampton.  Wade — 

s.  c, 

Va. . . 

1754 

Feb.   4.     1834 

Harper.  Robert  Q — 

1765 

Jan.  15,  1825 

Harrison.  Carter  B, ,  ,— 

Va.,, 

Hartley,  Thomas — 

Pa,., 

Sept:  7,  1748 

Pa... 

Lawyer.  . . 

Dec.  21,   1800 

Hathorn,  John F 

N.   Y. 

Unknown . 

Havens.  Jonathan  N,— 

S.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

I^nknown  . 

July  7,    1799 

Heath,  John — 

Va,,. 

Va... 
Pa.,. 
N.  J.. 

Unknown , 
Merchant , 
Lawyer  ,,. 

Pa.,. 

1747 

Mar.  8,    1804 

Henderson,  Thomas,. — 

N    J 

Hillhouse,  James .F 

Conn, 

Oct.  21,  1754 

Conn. 

Lawyer.  . , 

Dec.  2!),   1832 

Hindman.  William... - 

Md,,, 

Md... 
N.   C. 
Tenn. 

Unknown. 
Unknown . 
Lawyer 

Jan.  26,  1822 

N,  C. 
N    a. 

Mar!  15,  "m? 

Jackson,  Andrew. , , , — 

Jan.  8,    1845 

Jackson,  Georire  .     ,  D 
Kittera,  John  W F 

Va... 
Pa.  .. 

Va. . . 
Pa... 

Unkno^vn . 
Lawyer..., 

Kitehell.  Aaron — 

^.    J. 

July  10.    1744 

N.  J.. 

Blacks'tli.. 

June  25,  1820 

Leonard,  Georee — 

Vlass. 

July  4,     1729 

Mass. 

Lawyer — 

July  26,   1819 

Livingston,  Edward    D 

N.  Y. 

s.  c. 

1764 

N.  Y. 
N.  C. 

Lawyer.... 
Unknown , 

May  3.     1826 

Locke,  Matthew — 

1730 

Sept.  7,   1801 

Mass. 
Hass. 
N.  C. 

Ma-ss.  1 
Mass. 

,'nknown , 
Unknown . 
Soldier 

1802 

Lvman,  William       ,  — 

1753 

Oct.  -,    1811 

Macon,  Nathaniel,,, D 

1757 

N.  C. 

Iune29,  1837 

MacLay,  Samuel — 

Madison,  James D 

'a... 

Va. . . 

Mar.  16,  1751 

Va. . . 

Lawyer.... 

June  28,  18.36 

Malbone,  Francis F   R   I..I 

R.  I . .  Unknown  . ' 

June  4.   1,S09 

REPRESENTATIVES. 


Don). 


Moled. 


Miltedgt".  John — 

Moore,  .\ndrew — 

Muhlenberg,  Fred.  A.— 
Murray.  William  V...F 

New,  Anthony D 

Nich(»la8,  John D 

Orr,  Alexander  D. .  .— 

I*atton,  John — 

Page.  John D 

Parker.  Joslah — 

Potter,  Elisha  R F 

Preston.  Francis — 

Keed.  John F 

Richards.  John — 

Ruthcrf.ird.  li(.bi-rt.  .— 
Sedgivick.  Theodore. F 
Sherburne,  John  S... — 
•Sitgreave-s.  Samuel. .  .F 
Skinner.  Thompson  J .  D 

Smith,  Isaac K 

Smith,  Jeremiah F 

Smith,  Israel D 

Smith,  Nathaniel F 

Smith.  Siimuel I> 

Smith.  William F 

Sprigg,  Richard — 

Sprigg.  Thomas — 

Stnidwick,  William.. — 

.Swanwick,  John — 

Swift.  Zcphaniah — 

Xatom.  Absalom — 

Thatcher.  George — 

Thomas,  Richard..,. — 

Thompson,  Mark — 

Tracy.  Uriah F 

Van  Allen.  John  E. .  — 
Van  Cortlandt.  PhiL.D 
Vamum,  Joseph  B. . . — 
Venable.  Abraham. . . — 
■Wadsworth.  Pclcg.  .— 

Williams.  John — 

Wynn.    Richard — 


Oa... 
Va. .. 
Pa... 
Md.. 
Va. ., 
Va... 
Va. . , 
Del.. 
Va... 
Va.. 
R.  1., 
Va. . . 
Mass. 


Va... 
Conn. 
N.  H. 
Pa... 

Mass. 
N.  J.. 

N.  n. 

Conn. 
Conn. 
Pa.  .. 
S.  C. 
Md... 
Md.., 
N.  C. 


Mass. 


17.57  Ga... 

Va... 

June  2,   n.WPa... 

1762  Md... 
1747  Va... 

1763  Va... 
170.5  Ky... 
I74<iDel.., 

Va... 

Va. . . 

R.  1.. 

Va... 

Ma«H. 

Pa..  . 

Va... 

Mass, 
.1757  N.  H. 

|Pa..  . 

Mass. 

N.  J.. 

1759N.  H. 
1759(Vt. 


April  17,  174.3 

Nov.  "5,  "1764 

1770 

1751 


May  9,    1746 


Nov.  29. 
April  4, 
Jan.  6. 
July  27, 


1762 
1752 


Mass.  .April  12, 17.541 
Pa 1745 

Conn.  Feb.'  2,' '  'iTOs' 

N.  Y 

N.  Y.  Sept.   1.   1749 

Mass 1759 

Va 

Mass.  May  6,    1748 

N.  Y 

Va 


Conn, 
Md... 
S.  C. 
Md... 
Md... 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Conn. 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
N.  J.. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
M.ass, 
Va... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. . 


Boidier  .. 
Unknown 
Clergyman 
Lawyer  . . 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
l.'nknown  . 
Unknown , 
Law.ver  . . . 
Unknown . 
Clergyman 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Lawyer  ... 
Lawyer  . . . 
Lawyer  , . 
Unkn<)wn  . 
Lawyer  . . . 
Lawyer  . . . 
Lawyer  . . . 
Lawyer  . . . 
Varied  . , , . 
Unknown , 
Unknown , 
Unknown , 
Unknown , 
Unknown , 
Lawyer ,,, 
Unknown . 
Lawyer  . . . 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Lawyer  . . . 
Unknown  . 
Surveyor. . 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Merchant . 
Unknown . 
Soldier 


Feb.  19. 
May  24, 


1819 
1821 


Dec.  11, 
Mar.  2, 
Dec.  31 , 
June  21. 
June  17, 
Oct.  11, 
Mar.  21. 
Sept.  2fl, 
May  26, 
Feb.  12, 


1803 
1823 
1819 
1835 
1801 
181^ 
I81O 
1835 
lr35 
11^31 


Jan.  24,  1818 
Aug.  2.  1830 
April  4,   1824 


1807 

.Sept.  21,  1842 
Dec.  2,  1810 
Mar.  9,  1822 
April  23,  1839 
1812 


1798 

Sept.  27,  1823 


April  6,  1824 
1832 


July  9,  1807 

Nov'.'K,  "issi 

Sept.  11,  1821 
Dee.  26,  1811 
Nov.  18,  182i) 


.1813 


Total  Representatives,  114.  Occupation  Unknown,  58,  Lawyers,  S8. 
Soldiers,  4:.  Merchants,  3.  Clergymen,  8.  Agriculturists,  18.  Varied,  1. 
Physician,  1.  Jurist,  1.  Banker,  1.  Blacksmith,  1,  Surveyor,  1.  For- 
eign Bom,  18:    Including  Ireland,  1 ;  Switzerland,  1. 


Fifth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1797  to  1799. 


1797— Frederick  College,  in  MaryKand,  waj 
founded. 

1797— Great  yellow-fever  epidemic  along  the 
Atlantic  coast,  as  far  north  as  New 
York  city. 

1798— The  Cabinet  Department  of  the  Navy 
established. 

1798— Washington  declared  commander-in- 
chief  of  all  the  armies. 


John  .\d;ims,  Prt^ri.  Thomas  Jeffei-son,  Vice-Pres. 
Timothy  Pickering,  of  Mass.,  and  John  Marshall,  of  Va.. 
Sec'ys  of  State.  Oliver  Wolcott,  of  Conn.,  and  Samuel 
Dexter,  of  Mass.,  Sec'y  of  Treas.  James  McHenry,  of 
Md.,  and  Samuel  Dexter,  of  Mass.,  Sec'ys  of  War. 
George  Cabot,  of  Mas.';.,  and  Benjamin  Stoddard,  of  Md.. 
Sec'ys  of  Navy.  Charles  Lee,  of  Va..  Atfy  Gen.  Jon- 
athan Dayton,  of  N.  J.,  Speaker  of  House  of  Represen- 
tatives. 

F,  indicates  Federalist.    D,  Democrat. 


1798_The  national  ode  of  "Hail  Columbia" 
written  by  Joseph  Hopkinson,  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

1799— The  frigate  Constellation  captured  the 
French  frigate  L'lnsurgente,  off  the 
Wfst  Indies.  French  loss,  G6  men  killed 
and  wounded.  American  loss,  1  killed, 
and  3  wounded. 

1799 — The  gradual  abolition  of  slavery*  in  the 
State  of  New  Vork  provided  for;  males 
to  be  free  at  28  years  old,  and  females 
at  25. 


SENATORS. 


I 


Anderson,  Joseph... — 
Bingham,  William. , — 
Bloodworth,  Timothy — 

Blount.    William — 

Bradford.  William...— 

Brown,  John — 

Chipman,  Nathaniel.— 

Clayton.  Joshua — 

Cocke.  William — 

Davenport.  Franklin- 
Foster,  Theodore - 

Goodhue,  Benjamin.— 

Greene.  Ray — 

Gunn.  James — 

Henry,  John — 

Hillhouse,  James F 

Hobart,  John  S — 

Howard.  John   E — 

Hunter.  John — 

Jackson,  Andrew  ...D 

Ijangdon.  John D 

Latimer,  Henry F 

Lawrence,  John — 

Livermore.   Samuel..— 

Lloyd.  James  — 

Marshall,  HumphreyF 
Martin,  .Alexander...- 
Mason,  Stevens  T.... — 
Xorth,  William. ■.....— 

Paine.  Elijah F 

Pinckney.  Charles. . .  .D 

Read.  Jacob F 

Ross,  James F 

Rutherford,  John. . . . — 


Nov.  5,  1757 

1751 

1736 

1744 

Nov.  4,  1729 
Sept.  12,  1757 
Nov.  15,  1752 


April  29,  1752 
Oct.    1,     1748 


Oct.  21,    1754 

1738 

June  4,    1752 

Mai-.'is.'iYe? 

June  25.  1741 
April  24,  1752 

1750 

May  14,    173! 


1780 

1740 

1760 

1753 

Jan.  21.    1757 
Mar.   9,     1758 

1752 

July  12,    1762 
1760 


State 

R«pre-      Occupation 
BCDted. 


Tenn. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Tenn. 
R.  I.. 
Ky... 
Vt.... 
Del... 
Tenn. 
N.J,. 
R.  L. 
Mass. 
R.  I.. 
Ga... 
Md... 
Conn, 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
S.  0.. 
Tenn . 
N.  H. 
Del... 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
Md... 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
Va.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.... 
S.  C. 

s.  c. 

Pa.  .. 
N.  J.. 


Lawyer.... 
Unknown  . 

Varied 

Unknown  . 
Lawyer.  .. 
Lawyer.  . . 
La\vyer.  . . 
Physician. 
LaAvyer.  .. 
La^-yer.  . . 
La^vyer.  . . 
Merchant.. 
Lawyer.  . . 
Lawyer.  ., 
Lawyer,  .. 
La^vj-er.  . . 
Lawyer.  .. 

Soldier 

Agriculfst 
Lawyer.  , . 
Merchant.. 
Physician . 
Lawyer.  . . 
Lawyer.  .. 
Unknown  . 
Unknown  . 
Lawyer.  . . 
Unkno\vn  . 
Soldier..,. 
Lawyer.  , . 
Lawyer.  ,. 
Lawyer.  ,. 
Lawyer,  ,. 
Lawyer.  . . 


Jan. 13,    1828 
July2H.  1814 


April  17,  1837 
Feb.  7.  1804 
Aug.  24.  1814 
Mar.  21.  18t)0 
Julv  6.  1808 
Aug.  27,  1828 
Feb.  13,  1843 
Aug.  11,  1798 


Dec.  16.  1798 
Dec.  29,  1832 
Feb.  4,  1805 
Oct.  12,    1S27 


Jan.  8.  1845 
Sept.  18,  1819 
Dec.  19,  1819 
Nov.  7,  1810 
May  18.    1803 


July  I.  1841 
Nov.  — .  1807 
May  10.  1803 
Jan.  4.  1836 
Api-il  28,  1842 
Feb.  25.  1822 
July  17,  1816 
Nov.  27,  1847 
Feb.  23,    1840 


SENATORS. 


Sedgwick.  Theodore. F 

Schuyler,  Philip F 

Smith,  Daniel — 

Stockton,  Richard F 

Tatnell.  Josiah — 

Tazewell,  Henry — 

Tichenor,  Isaac F 

Tracy,  Uriah F 

Vining,  John — 

Watson.  James D 

Wells.  William  H....— 


Conn. 
N.  Y. 


N.  J.. 
Ga... 
Va... 
N.J. 
Conn. 
Del.. . 
N.  Y. 
Del... 


Suu 

Rcpre-       Occupation . 
sent«d. 


May  9.  1746  Mass. 
Nov.  22,  1733  N.  Y. 

iTenn. 

April  17,  1764  N.J. . 
Ga... 

1753, Va.., 

Feb.  8,  1754  Vt.... 
Feb.    2,    1755  Conn. 

iDel... 

N.  Y. 

Del... 


Lawyer.  . 
Soldier. . . 
Soldier . . . 
Lawyer.  . 
Soldier . . . 
Lawyer.  . 
Lawyer.  . 
Lawyer.  . 
Unknown , 
Unknown 
Unknown 


IJan.  24,  1813 
Nov.  18,  18C4 
July  -,  1818 
Mar  7.  1828 
June  6.  1803 
Jan.  24,  179Jt 
Dec.  11.  1838 
July  19,   1807 


Mar.  1 1 ,  1829 


Total  Senators.  45.  Lawyers.  SS6.  Occupation  Unknown,  8.  Soldiers, 
5.  Merchants,  S.  Physicians.  2.  Agriculturist,  1.  Varied,  1.  Foreign 
Born,  1:     Including  England,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Stmte 

Reprc-       Occupatioa. 


Allen,  John 

Benton.  Lemuel 

Baer,  George,  Jr 

Baldwin,  Abraham.. 

Bard,  David 

Bartlett.  Bailey 

Bayard,  James  A 

Blount.  Thomas 

Brace,  Jonathan 

Bradbury.  Theophl's. 

Brent,  Richard 

Brooks,  David 

Brown,  Robert 

Bryan,  Nathan 

Bullock,  Stephen 


Ma.-^s. 
S.  C. . 
Md... 
Conn. 
Penn. 
Mass. 
Penn. 
N.  C. 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Va... 
Penn. 


I  Conn. 
.  S.  C 
,  Md, 


Nov.   6,    1754  Ga... 
Penn. 

Mass. 

Del. . . 

N.   C. 

Conn. 

Mass. 

Va.  . . 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

N.  C. 

Mass. 


1750 
July  28,  1767 
1760 
17.54 
1757  5 


Mar.  4,   1807 


Nov.  12, 
Nov.  13, 


N.  C 1748 

Mass 1736 


Lawyer...,  July  31.  1812 

Unknown.. 

Merchant.. 

Lawyer 

Unknown.. 

Merchant, ,  Sept.  9.    1830 

Lawver lAug.  6.    1815 

Soldier.  ..  Feb.  7.  1812 
Lawver....  lAug.  26,  1837 
Lawver....  Sept.  6.  1803 
Unknown..  Dec.   3t>,  1814 

Junst Aug.  30,  1838 

Unknown,.! 

Unknown..  June  4,  1798 
Unknown 1816 


^^m 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Burgres,  Denipsey     .  . — 

Cabell,  Samuel  J — 

Champlin,  Christ.  G.  — 
Chapman,  Jonathan. — 
Claibom.  Thomas.... — 
Claiborne.  Wni.  C.  C.  — 

Clay,  Matthew D 

Clopton,  John D 

Cochran,  James — 

Coit,  Joshua — 

Cralk,  William — 

Dana.  Samuel  W F 

Davenport.  James..  . — 

Davis,  ThomasT — 

Dawson,  John D 

Dayton,  Jonathan — 

Dennis,  John — 

Dent,  Georpe D 

Edmond,  ■\S"ilHam....F 

Ege.  George. — 

Eggleston,  Joseph. . . . — 
Elmendorf.  Lucas.  ... — 

Evans.  Thomas — 

Pindley.  William D 

Foster,  Abiel — 

Foster,  D\s'ight F 

Fowler,  John — 

Freeman,  Jonathan.. — 
Freeman,  Nathaniel . — 

Gallatin,  Albert D 

Giles,  William  B D 

Gillespie,  James — 

Glenn,  Henry — 

Goodrich,  Chauncey. — 

Gordon,  William — 

Gregg,  Andrew — 

Griswold,  Roger F 

Grove.  William  B — 

Hanna.  John  X — 

Harper,  Robert  G D 

H.arrison.  '  arter  E. . . — 

Hartley.  Thomas — 

Havens,  Jonathan  N.  — 

Heister.  Joseph — 

Hindman.  William... — 

Holmes,  David — 

Hosmer,  Hexekiah  L. — 

Inilay,  James  H — 

«li'nes.  Walter D 

Kittera.  John  W F 

Livingston.  Edward. D 

Locke,  Matthew — 

Lyman.  Samuel — 

Lyon,  Matthew — 

Macon,  Nathaniel. .  .D 


N.  C. 
Va.  . 
R.  I. 
Pa.. 
Va. . 


Va 

Va... 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

Conn. 

Md. 

Conn. 

Conn 


Va... 
N.  J. . 
Md... 
Md... 
Conn 
Pa.   . 


N.  Y. 
Va. . , 
Ire'd 
Mass, 
Mass 
Va... 
N.  H. 
Mass, 
Switz 
Va.. 
N.  C, 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Pa.  ., 
Pa..  . 
Conn 
S.C. 
Pa.  . . 
Va.  . . 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Md... 
Va... 


N.  J. 


Va. 
Pa... 
Y. 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Ire'd. 
N.  C. 


April  12,  1768 


Feb.  11,  1769 
Oct.    7,    1758 


July  3, 
Oct.  12. 


17.= 
1758 


1762 

Oct.  16,    1760 
17— 


Sept.  28.  1755 


Nov.  24,  17.54 
1758 


Jan.  11,  1751 
Aug.  8,  173; 
Dec.    7,    1757 

1755 

1745 

April  8,  I74I 
Jan.  29,  1761 
Aug.  12,  1762 


Oct.  20,  1759 

1763 

June  10,  1755 
May  21,  176r 


1765 

Sept.'  7,'  1748 
Nov"l8,"l752 


.1764 
.1730 


.1746 
.1757 


State 
eeiiTcil. 


N.    C. 

Va... 

R.  I.. 

Pa... 

Va.. 
Tenn. 
Va. .. 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Md. .. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Kv... 
Vi... 
N.  J.. 
Md... 
Md... 
Conn, 
Pa... 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Va. . . 
Pa... 
N.  H. 
Mass . 
Ky... 
N.  H. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Va... 
N.  C. . 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
N.  H.. 
Pa.  .. 
Conn. 
N.  C. . 
Pa.... 
S.  C 
Va.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Md..  . 
Va... 
N.  Y.. 
J, 


Va  . . . 
Pa..  . 

N.  Y.. 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  C. 


Soldier 

Soldier 

Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 

Lawyer 

Unknoivn.. 
Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 

Lawyer 

Lawyer. . . . 
Unknown.. 

Jurist 

Unknown.. 
Lawjer. . . . 

Soldier 

.\gricult^t. 
Unknown., 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Soldier.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Soldier 

Clergyman 
La^vyer. . . . 

Soldier 

Varied 

Latvyer.... 

Banker 

La\vyer 

Unknown., 
Unknown. 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Agricult'st. 

Lawyer 

Unknown  . 
Unknown  . 

Lawyer 

Unknown.. 

Lawyer 

Unknown.. 
Merchant.. 
Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 
Educator. . 
Physician. 
Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer 

Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 

Varied 

Soldier 


Sept.  4,    1818 
Mar.  18,  1840 


1812 

Nov.  23,  1817 

1815 

Sept.  11.  1816 
Nov.  7,  1848 
Sept.  5,  1798 


July  21,  1830 
Aug.  3,    1797 


Mar.  30,  1814 
Oct.  9.  1824 
Aug.  17,  1807 


Machir.  James — 

Matthews.  William...— 
McClenachan.  Blair.. — 

McDowell,  Joseph — 

Milledge.  John — 

Morgan.  Daniel F 

Morris,  Lewis  R — 

UTew,  .\nthony D 

Nicholas,  John D 

Otis,  Harrison  G F 

Parker,  Isaac — 

Parker.Josiah — 

Pincknev,  Thomas F 

Potter,  ElishaR F 

Reed,  John  F 


Aug.    1,  1838 


Feb.  13,  1811 
Aug.  17,  1843 


April  7, 
Feb.  6, 
April  29. 
Aug.  22, 


Sept.  20, 
Aug.  12, 
Dec.  4, 
Jan.  — , 
Aug.  14, 
Aug.  18, 
3Iay  8, 
May  20, 
Oct.  25, 


1821 
1806 
1823 
1840 
1808 
1827 
1849 
1830 
1S05 
1814 
1823 
1802 
1835 
1812 


Jan.  15.  1825 


Dec.  21,1800 
July  7,  1799 
June  10,  1832 
Jan.  26,  1822 
Aug.  20,  1832 


Dec.  31,  1815 

jiay  23,'  'l'83G 
Sept.  7.  1801 

1802 

Aug.     1,  1822 
June  29, 1837 


Rutledge,  Joh:; 
Schureman,  James,  .,F 

Sewall,  Samuel — 

Shepard,  William — 

Sinnickson,  Thomas..— 
Sitgreaves,  Samuel... F 
Skinner.  Thompson  J.  D 
Spaight.  RichardD...D 

Sprague.  Peleg — 

Spriu'i,',  Kichanl — 

Smith,  Ji-rciiiiah  F 

Smith.  J..lin D 

Smith,  Nathaniel F 

Smith,  Samuel D 

Smith,  William F 

Smith,  William D 

Sumter,  Thomas D 

Stanford,  Richard D 

Swanwiok,  John — 

Thatcher,  George... — 

Thomas,  Richard — 

Thompson,  Mark — 

Tillinghast,  Thomas.— 

Trigg,  Abiam — 

Trigg,  John — 

Van  Allen,  John  E. .  .— 
Van  Cortlandt,  Phil. . — 
Varnum,  Joseph  B  . . . — 
Venable.  Abraham... — 
"W^adsworth,  Peleg  . — 

Wain,  Robert F 

Williams.  John — 

Williams,  Robert — 


Va. .. 
Md... 
Penn. 
Va. .. 
Ga... 
N.  J. 
Vt.... 
Va... 
Va... 
Mass. 
Mass. 
i  Va. . . 
;s.  C. 
|r.  I.. 

Mass. 
S.  C. 

N.  J.. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
Penn. 
.Mass. 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Md... 
,N.  H. 

In.  y. 

Conn, 
Penn, 
S.C. 
N.  C. 
Va... 
N.  C. 

Mass. 
Penn, 


N.  Y. 

N.  Y, 
Mass, 
Va... 
Mass. 
Penn 
N.  Y, 
N.  C. 


When  Bern. 


Ijute 


Oct.  23, 
Nov.  5, 


Dec.  11, 
Dec.    1, 


Va... 

Md  .. 

IPa.,, 

N.C.. 

1757  Ga... 
1733  Va... 
1753  Vt... 
1747  Va... 

1763  Va... 
Oct.  8.  1765  Mass. 
June  17, 1768  Mass. 

Va.  .. 

1750  S.  C. 

1764  R.  I. . 

1751  Mass. 
1766  S.  C 
1757 N.  J.. 
1757  Mass. 
1737  Mass. 

1745  N.J,  . 

Penn. 

iMass. 

iN.  C. 

Dec.  10,  1756  N.  H. 

Md... 

Nov.  29,  1759  N.  H. 

IN.  Y.. 

Jan.   6,    1762  Conn. 
July  27,  1752  Md... 

Is.  C. 

1762  S.  C. 

1734  S.  C. 

IN.  .C. 

Pa... 

April  12, 1754  Mass. 
1745  Pa... 

In.  j.. 

Aug.  21,  1742  R.  I. . 

|Va... 

]Va... 

In.  y.. 

Sept.  1,   1749  N.  Y . 

1759  Mass. 

Va.  .. 

May  6,    1748  Mass. 

1765  Pa.  .. 

|N.  Y. 

In.  c. 


I 


Unknown . 
Unknown .  1 
Unknown.. 

Soldier  

Soldier ' 

Soldier I 

Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 
Lawyer... . 

Lawyer 

Unknown.. 

Jurist 

Lawyer 

Clergyman 

Lawy'er 

Soldier  

Lawver 

Soldier  

Merchant.. 

Lawyer 

Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 

Lawyer 

Unknown . 
Lawyer.... 
Unknown . 
Lawyer  . . . 

Varied 

Unknown.. 

Lawyer 

Soldier  .  .. 
Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 
Lawyer.  .. 
Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 

Jurist 

Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 
Surveyor.. 
Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 
Merchant. . 
Mei'chant. . 
Unknown,. 
Lawyer 


June  25,  1827 


Feb.  9. 
July  6, 


1819 
1802 


Mar.  2, 
Dec.  31, 
Oct.  28. 
May  26. 
Mar.  21 . 
Nov.  2. 
Sept.  6. 
Feb.  12. 
Sept.  1, 
Jan.  23. 
June  8. 
Nov.  11. 
May  15, 
April  4, 


1833 
1819 
1848 
1830 
1810 
1828 
1835 
1831 
1819 
1824 
1814 
1817 
1817 
1824 


Sept.  6. 


1802 
1800 


Sept.  21, 
Aug.  8, 
Mar.  9. 
April  23.1 


1842 
1816 
1822 
1839 
1812 
1840 
1832 
1816 
1798 
April  6.  1824 
1832 


June  26, 
June  1, 
April  9, 


Aug.  26,  1821 


May  17,  1804 


Nov.  5. 
Sept.  11, 
Dec.  26. 
Nov.  18, 
Jan.  24, 


1831 
1821 
1811 
1829 
1836 


Total  Representatives.  IIT.  Unknown  Occupation, 4S.  Lawyers,  34. 
Soldiers.  14.  Merchants.  6.  Jurists,  4.  Varied,  3.  Clergymen,  a.  Agri- 
culturists, S.  Banker,  1.  Surveyor,  1,  Educator,  1,  Physician,  1.  Foreign 
Bom,  2:  Including  Ireland,  1;  Switzerland,  1. 


Sixth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1799  to  1801. 


1799— Humboldt  began  his  South  American 

Explorations  in  Venezuela.July  16. 
1799— George  Washington  died,  Dec.  14,  at 

Mt.  Vernon,  profoundly  mourned. 
1799— First  Teachers'  Association  in  America 

formed  at  Middlesex,  Conn. 
18(K>— Congressional  Library  established. 
1800— The  city  of  Washington,  D.  C,  became 

the  permanent  capital  of  the  United 

States  in  June. 


John  Adams,  Pres.  Thomas  Jefferson,  Vice-Pres. 
Timothy  Pickering,  of  Mass.,  and  John  Marshall,  of  Va., 
Sec'ys  of  State.  Oliver  Wolcott,  of  Conn.,  and  Samuel 
Dexter,  of  Mass.,  Sec'ys  of  Treas.  James  McHenry,  of 
Md..  and  Samuel  Dexter,  of  Mass.,  Sec'ys  of  War.  Ben- 
jamin Stoddard,  of  Md.,  Sec'y  of  Navy.  Charles  Lee,  of 
Va.,  Att'y  Gen.  Theodore  Sedgwick,  of  Mass.,  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Representativps. 

P,  indicates  Federalist;    J>,  Democrat,  and  W,  Whig. 


1800— First  United  States  Land  Office  opened 
at  Chillicothe,  O. 

1801— Tripoli  declared  war  upon  tht*  United 
States,  June  10. 

18(J1 — San  Domingo  declarf^d  an  independent 
republic,  July  1. 

1801 — First  ^vritten  Presidential  Message  de- 
livered to  Congress  by  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son. 


SENATORS. 


Anderson,  Joseph  —  — 

Armstrong.  John D 

HaMwin,  Abraham..  .D 
Bingham.  William..  . — 
Bloodworili.  Timothy- 
Brown,  John — 

Chlpman,  Nathaniel.— 

Cocke,  William -— 

Davton,  Jonathan...— 

Dexter,  Samuel F 

Poster.  Dwight F 

Foster,  Thco — 

Franklin,  Jesse D 

Goodhue.  Benjamin.  .— 

Oreene.  Itay D 

Oimn,  .Tames — 

Hillhtmse,  James F 

Hindman,  William... — 

Howard.  John  E — 

linngdon.  John D 

Latimer.  Henry F 

Lawrence,  John — 

LIvfrmore.  Samuel,.. — 

Lloyd.  James — 

Marshall.  Humphrey. F 

Slason,  Jonathan — 

Mason,  Stephen  T. . . .  — 


Pa... 
Pa,  . . 
Conn. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  C  . 
Va... 
Conn. 
Va... 
N.  J.. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
N.  C 
Mass. 
R.  L. 
Va... 
Conn. 
Md... 
Md. . . 
N.  H. 
Del... 
F,ng  . 
Mass. 
Md... 
Va. . . 

MOHS. 

Vft... 


Nov,  5, 
Nov.  25. 
Nov.  (J, 


Sept.  12, 
Nov.  15, 

Oct.'  'iV;; 
May  It, 
Dec.  7. 
April  2U, 

Oct.* '  i," 


1757 
175, 
1754 
1751 

i7:j« 

17.5- 

175: 

lYfio 
i7(;i 

1757 
I7.VJ 
I75H 
174H 
1784 


Oct.  21,  1754 


Juno  4. 
June  2.5, 
April  24. 

Slay'lV, 

Aiig-'-io, 


State 
Milled. 


Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Ky... 
Vt.  .. 
Tenn. 
N.  J.. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
R.  I . . 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
R.  I.. 
Ga. . . 
Conn. 
Ml] 


I7ry2  Md... 
1741  N.  H. 
1752  Del.. 
17.V)  N.  Y. 
I7:i-J  N.  H. 

Md... 

HHO  Ky.., 
1752  Maws, 
1 760  Va. . , 


Occupatioi 


Lawyer  . . , 

Soldier 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown., 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . , 
L.iwyer, . . 
Lawyer. . . 
r>awyer... 
Lawyer. , . 
Unknown., 
Merchant. 
Lawyer, , . 
Lawyer. . . 
I-awyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Soldier... 
Merchant. 
Physician 
I^awyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown, 
Lawyer. . . 
Soldier  . . . 


April  17, 1837 
April  I,  I84:i 
Mar.  4,  IM07 
Feb.  7.  I.M04 
Aug.  24.  IH14 
Aug.  27,  1H2H 
Feb.  13.    1843 

Oct."0,"lft2-i 
Mrtv  ;{.  I8I1; 
April  211.  lS-_>:j 
Jan.  13.  IsiiH 
Sept.-,  1823 
July  28.  1814 


Dec.  2i).  1832 
Jan.  20.  18-22 
Oct.  12.  1827 
Sept.  18.  181!) 
Dec.  19.  1819 
Nov.  7.  1810 
May  18,  1803 


July  1.  I**4I 
Nov.  1,  1831 
May  10.  1803 


SENATORS. 

Where 
Born. 

When  Bora. 

s.*w 

Repre-       Oecuprtion 
Mnled. 

When  Died. 

Morris.  Gouverneur  .  .F 

N.  r. 

Va... 

Jan.  31,  1752 

Pa... 

Va. . . 
N.  J.. 
Vt... 
S.  C. 
S.C. 
Pa.... 
N.J.. 
Conn, 
N.  Y. 
Del... 

Lawyer 

Soldier  .... 

Lawyer 

Varied  .... 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Soldier.... 

Lawyer 

Unknown. . 
Unknown.. 

Nov.    fl.    1SI6 

Oct.  in.  iH2n 

Ogden.  Aanm — 

Paine.  Klijah F 

rinckney,  Charles 1) 

Itead,  Jacob F 

Itoss,  JamoK F 

Schureman,  James. ..F 

Tracy,  Uriah F 

Watson,  James D 

Wells,  William  H — 

N.  J.. 

Conn. 
S.  C. 
S.  C. 
Pa.... 
N.  J.. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Del  .. 

Dec.    3.    17.56 
Jan.  21,  1757 
Mar.  9,   175S 

17,52 

July  12,  1762 

17.57 

Fob.  2,    1755 

April  111.  ISHO 
April  -js.  IH.t2 
Feb.  2.5.  lft-J-2 
July  17,  1SI6 
Nov.  27,  1H47 
Jan.  2:i.  1H24 
July  19,    1807 

Ma'r.'ii','l829 

Total  Senatoi-s.  Jlfi.  Lawyei-s.  21.  Occupation  Unknown,  7.  Soldiers.  A, 
Varied,  Sfi.  Merchants,  3.  Physician,  1.  Foreign  Born,  1:  Including 
England,  I. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Alston,  Willis D 

Uaer,  (leorgo — 

Bailey,  TheodorUB D 

Barllett.  Bailey I" 

Bavard,  James  A F 

Bird,  John D 

Bishop,  Phnnuel — 

Bl'ace,  Jonathan....  — 


N.  C. 
Md.... 
N.  Y.. 
Sla.sa. 
Pa.  .. 
Conn. 
MasH 
Conn. 


N.C.. 

Md... 

June  11, 17.52  N.  Y. 

17.50  Mass. 

July  28,  1707  Del... 

iN.   Y. 

iMoss. 

Nov.  12, 1754  Coim, 


Unknown . 
Merchant.. 
Unknown . 
Merchant., 
vyer. . . , 
I.uwyi-r.... 
Unknown . 
Lawyer. , . . 


April  in,  1S,17 


Sept.  (i. 
Sept.  9. 
Aug.    6. 


1H28 
18.10 


.IS(H1 


Aug.  28,  1837 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


u.— 


..F 


Brown,  John. . 
Brown,  IJvtln-rt 
CalM-ll,  siiiiii, 
Chiniii.lin,  rh, 

Ohrii.li,',  i;.iliii,  I — 

flail.,,™.-.  Will.  (,'.  CD 

Cliiv,  Matthew D 

C.n.lii-t,  .John — 

('.... tier. William P 

I'raik,  William — 

Unna,  Samuel  W F 

Dav.  ii[„irt,  Fraiiklin. .. 

Davenport,  John F 

Davis,  Thom.as  T — 

Dawson,  John — 

Dennis,  John — 

Dent,  George D 

Dixon,  Joseph  H — 

Edmontl,  William 
Etru'li'.;tnn,  Joseph 
Kliii.-iiil.n-f,  Lucas..  .— 

K\  alls,  Thomas — 

FostiT,  .\liiel — 

Foster,  Dwlght P 

Fowler,  John — 

Freeman,  Jonathan..— 

Gallatin,  Albert D 

(llenn,  Henry — 

(Joodrieh,  Chauncey.— 

Goodrich,   Klizur P 

Gordon,  William — 

tJoode,  Samuel — 

Gi'a.v,  Edwin — 

Grepfff,  .\ndrew — 

(EiiswuM,  Roger F 

(ii-,.v...  William  B....— 

If  anna.  .I.ihn  A — 

Hai-per  RohiTt  G D 

Harrison.  William  H.— 

Hartley,  Thomas — 

Keister,  Joseph — 

Hendei-son,  Arcli'bld  — 

Hill,  William  H — 

Holmes,  David — 

Huger,  Benjamin — 

Imta.v,  James  H — 

»Jackson,  George....  D 

Jones,  James — 

Kitchen,  Aaron D 

Kittera,  John  W p 

Lee,  Heni-y p 

Lee,  Silas F 

Leih,  Michael    D 

Lincohi,  Levi w 

Livingston,  Edwai-d..D 
Lyman,  Samuel — 


R.  L. 


Va.  . 
R.  1. 
Md.  . 
Va.  . 
Va.  . 


N.  J.. 
Md..  . 
Conn. 
N.  J.. 
Conn. 

Va.'.'.'.'. 
Md... 
MJ.  .. 
N.  C. . 
Conn. 
Va..., 
N.  Y.. 
Va..., 
Mass . 
Mass , 
Va.... 
N.  H.. 
Switz. 
N.  Y.. 
Conn. 
Conn. 


Va.... 
Pa.... 
Conn. 
N.  C. 
Pa.... 
Va.... 
Va.... 
Pa.... 
Pa.... 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 
Va.... 
S.  C... 
N,J.. 
Va.  .. 
Md.  . . 
X.  J.. 
Pa.... 
Va.... 
Mass. 
Pa.... 
Mass . 
N.  Y.. 
Mass  . 


Jan.  27,  1736 


April  12, 1768 


July  — , 
jan.'ie)' 


Sept.  28, 
Nov.  24, 


Aug.  8, 
Dee.    7, 


Oct.  20, 
Mar.  24, 


1755 
1754 
1758 

iVi^ 

1757 
17.55 
1745 
1761 

1759 
1761 
1763 


Junelo. 
May  21, 


,1769 
1755 
17G2 


Feb.  9, 
Sept.  7, 
Nov.  18, 
Aug.  7, 


1765 
1773 
1748 
1752 
1768 


July  10,  1744 


Jan.  29,  1756 


May  15 


.1759 
1749 
1764 


nicd. 


K.  1.. 

Pa.... 
Va... 
U.  1.. 
Md. . . 
Tenn. 
Va... 
N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
Conn. 
N.  J.. 
Conn. 
Ky... 

Va... 
Md... 
Md... 

U.. 
Conn. 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
Va . . . 

H. 
Mass. 
Ky... 
N.  H. 
Pa.... 
?J.  Y. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
N.  H. 
Va... 
Va. .. 
Pa... 
Conn. 
N.  C. . 
Pa.... 
S.  C. 
NWT. 
Pa.  .. 
P;i.  .. 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 
Va. .. 
S.  C. 
N.J,. 
Va... 
Ga... 
N.  J.. 
Pa... 
Va. . . 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 


Merchant.. 
Unknown  , 
Soldier .... 
Unknown  . 
Unknown  . 

Lawyer 

Unknown , 
Pliysician, 

Lawyttr 

Lawyer  . . . 
Unlinown  . 
Lawyer. . . . 

L:iwyer 

Unknown  . 
Lawyer — 
.Vt-'ricult'st 
Unknown  . 
Unknown . 

Lawyer 

Soldier.... 
Lawyer.... 
Ij.i  wyer.. . . 
Clergytnan 
Lawyer.... 
Soldier.... 
Unknown  . 
Banker. ., . 
Unknown  . 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Lawyer.... 
Unknown  . 
Unknown . 
Merchant.. 

Lawyer 

Unknown , 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.... 
ioldier..,. 

Lawyer 

Merchant.. 

Lawyei- 

Lawyer 

Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 
Teacher, . . 
Unknown.. 
Lawyer.. .. 
Blacksm'th 

Lawyer 

Soldier.... 

Lawyer 

Physician. 

Lawyer 

Lawyer... , 
Unknown  , 


Sept.  20,  1803 


Sept,  4, 
Mar.  18, 


Nov. 

23, 

Hky 

'4,' 

jul'y 

'21 

Nov 

28 

Mar.  3(1, 
Aug.  17, 


1818 
184(1 

l'8I7 
1815 
1834 


1814 
1807 


Aug.  1, 
Feb.  13, 
Aug.  17, 

Fe'b.'er 
April  29, 
Aug,  22, 


Aug.  12, 
Aug.  14, 
Aug.  18, 
Nov.  1, 
May   8, 


1838 
1811 
1843 

'ims 

1823 
1840 
1808 
1849 
1814 
1823 
1849 
1802 


Hay  20, 
Oct.  25, 


1835 
1812 


Jan.  15, 
Api'il  4, 
Dec.  21, 
June  10, 
Oct.  21, 


1825 
1841 
1800 
1832 
1822 
1809 
Aug,  20,  1832 


Jan.    13, 
June  25, 

iiariVs,' 

Dec."  28,' 

May  23,' 


1801 
1820 

i's'i's 

1814 
1822 

'l'83(5 

J802 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

When. 
Born. 

WbenBorii. 

HIAU- 
IU[.r<- 

OceupAtlon. 

Wb«n  Di«d. 

Lynn,  James 

.D    N.  J.. 

Lyon,  Matthew 



Iro'd. 

1740 

Vt.  ..  Varied 

Aug.    I     1822 

Macon,  Nathaniel,. 

, — 

N,  C. 

17.57 

N.O. 

Soldier..  .. 

McMillan,  William  . 

— 

Va.... 

17B(I 

NWT. 

Lawver. . . . 

June  — ,  18()4 

Marshall,  John 

. — 

Va.  .. 

.Sept.  24,  1753 

Va... 

Lawver  .  . . 

July   6,  1835 

Mattoon.  Kbenezer. 

. — 

Mass.. 

Aug.  19,  17.55 

Mass. 

Sept.  11,  1843 

Morris,  Lewis  It 

, — 

Vt. . . . 

17.53 

Vt.... 

Unknown.. 

MuhlenbtTK,  P.  J  G. 

. — 

Pa.... 

Oct.     1,    I74B 

Pa. . . 

Clergvman 

Oct,    I,    1807 

New,  Anthony 

,1) 

Va.... 

1747 

Va. .. 

Unknown  . 

Mar.   2.   1833 

Nicholas,  John 

.!> 

Va,... 

17(3 

Va... 

Triiknown  . 

Dec.  31,  1819 

Nicholson.  Joseph  H 

ii 

Md . . . 

1770 

Md... 

Lawyer..,. 

Mar.  4,    1817 

Nott,  Abraham..  .. 

.K 

Conn. 

1767 

S.  C 

Lawyer 

June  19,  J830 

Otis,  Harrison  G.  ,. 

!•' 

Mass. 

Oct.   8,    1765:Ma«s. 

Oct.  28.  1848 

Pak'c.  Robert 

-K 

Va... 

Va.  . . 
Va... 

Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 

Parker.  Josiah 

Va... 

Mar.  21,  1810 

Pinckney,  Thomas. 

.K 

S.  C. 

Oct.  23,  1750 

SO.. 

Lawyer — 

Nov.  2,   1828 

Piatt.  Jonas 

,— 

N.   Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown.. 

June  19,  ia34 

Powell,  L(;vin 

.1*' 

Va... 

1738 

Va... 

Soldier.... 

Aug.  6,   1810 

Randolph,  John,,. 
Reed,  John 

.!> 

Va . . . 

June  2,  1773 

Va. . . 

Lawyer.... 

May  24,  18:13 

Mass. 

J75I 

Mass. 

Unknown . 

Feb.  12,  1831 

Read,  Nathan 

.F 

Mass. 

I7(iO 

Mass. 

Druggist.. 

Jan.  21,  1849 

Rulledse.  John 

,K 

S.  C. 

1786 

8.  C. 

Lawyer.  .. 

Sept.   1,    1819 

Sedgwick,  Theo 

.!■■ 

Oonn. 

May  9,     1746 

Mass. 

Lawyer,... 

Jon.  24,  1813 

Sewall,  Samuel 

.— 

Mass. 

Dec.   n,  17.57 

Mass. 

Lawyer.... 

June   8,  1814 

Sheale,  James 

,F 

17.55 

N.  H. 

Merchant. 

1829 

Shepherd.  William.. 

— 

Mass. 

Dec.  1,     1737 

Mass. 

Soldier.... 

Nov. 11. 1817 

Smith,  John 

.!-> 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y  . 

Unknown.. 

Aug.  9,   1816 

Smith,  John  C 

.!■■ 

Conn. 

Feb.  12,  1765 

Deo.  7,    1845 

Smith,  Samuel 

.!> 

Pa... 

July  27,   1752 

Md. . . 

Soldier.... 

April  23, 1839 

Sniilie,  John 

.D 

Ire'd. 
N.  C. 

.........  1742 

Pa... 
N.   C. 

Unknown . 
Unknown. 

Spaight,  RichardP. 

Sept.  6,  1802 

Stanford,  Richard,, 

.1> 
'.D 

N.  C. 

1768 

N.   C. 
Pa.... 
N.   C. 

Unknown. . 
Unknown.. 

April  e,  1816 

Stewart,  John 

Stone,  David 

N.  C. 

Feb.  17, 1770 

Oct.    7,    1818 

Sumter,  Thomas,  . , 

.1) 

Va. .. 

17.34 

S.  C. 

Soldier.... 

Juno  I,  1832 

Taliaferro,  Eenj  . . , 

, — 

Va. .. 

I7.5(J 

Ga... 

Soldier .... 

Sept.  3,  1821 

Tazewell,  LittlelonW.D 

Va... 

Dec.  17,   1774 

Va... 

Lawyer — 

May    6,  1860 

Tennoy ,  Samuel 

•z 

Mass. 
Mass. 

N.  H. 
Mass. 

Physician. 
Lawyer — 

Feb      R     1816 

Thatcher,  George.,. 

April  12,  1754 

April  6.  1824 

Thomas,  John  0 

, — 

Md... 

Thomas,  Richard  . , , 

. — 

Pa.  . . 



Pa... 

Unknown . 

1832 

Thompson,  John 

.D 
'.D 

N.  Y.. 



N.  Y. 
Va... 
Va... 
N.  Y. 

Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 

Trigg,  John 

May  17,  1804 
Nov.    5,   1831 

Van  Cortlandt,  Phi] 

N.  Y. 

Sept.  1,  1749 

Varmim,  Joseph  Ti.. 

. — 

Mass. 

17.59 

Sept.  11,  1821 

Wadsworth.  feieg. 

. — 

Mass. 

May   6,   1748 

Mass. 

Nov.  18,  J829 

.F 
.'.D 

1765 

Pa... 
Mass. 
N.  C 

Merchant. 
Unknown . 

Jan.  24,   18,36 

Williams,  Lemuel,. 

Mass. 
N.C.. 
Pa.... 

■Williams,  Robert... 

Woods,  Henry 

Pa... 

Unknown  . 

Total  Representatives.  llS.  Unknow-n  Occupation,  42.  La\vyers.  42, 
Soldiers,  11.  Merchants.  8.  Physicians.  3.  Clergymen,  2.  Agriculturist, 
1.  Banker,  1.  Blacksmith.  1.  Druggist,  1.  Teacher,  1.  Surveyor,  1. 
Varied,  1.  Foreign  Born,  3:  Including  Ireland,  2,  and  Switzerland,  1. 


"Whigs,"  the  popular  name  for  a  party  in  opposition  to  the  Tories,  here  first  made  their  appearance  in  Congress. 

Seventh  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1801  to  1803. 


1801— Tripoli  declared  war  upon  the  United 
States,  June  10. 

1801— First  suspension  bridge  in  the  world 
built  across  Jacob's  creek,  Pa. 

1801— Blow-pipe  invented  by  Prof.  Hare,  of 
Philadelphia. 

1801— First  fnllblooded  Merino  buck  im- 
ported into  the  United  States.— Value, 
560.00. 

1802— West  Point  Military  Academy  founded 
by  the  Government. 


Thomas  JeflEerson,  Pres.  Aaron  Burr,  of  N.  Y.,  Vice- 
Pres.  James  Madison,  of  Va.,  See'y  of  State.  Albert 
Gallatin,  of  Pa  ,  Sec'y  of  Treas.  Henry  Dearborn,  of 
Mass.,  Sec'y  of  War.  Benjamin  Stoddard,  of  Md.,  and 
Robert  Smith,  of  Md.,Sec'ys  of  Navy.  Levi  Lincoln, 
of  Mass.,  Att'y  Gen.  Nathaniel  Macon,  of  N.C.,  Speaker 
of  House  of  Representatives. 

F,  indicates  Federalist ^    D»  Democrat,  and  W,  Whig. 


1802— First  trade-sale  for  books  in  America 

held  in  New  York,  in  June. 
1802— First  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  fstablished 

in  New  York  city. 
1802— Starcn  first  made  from    potatoes,  bv 

John  Beddis,  at  Philadelphia. 
1803 — Louisiana     purchased     from     France, 

April  30,  for  SI5,000,()(K_i. 
1803— Piano-fortes  first  manufactured  in  the 

United  States,  at  Boston,  by  A.  &  ^Y. 

Brent. 


SENATORS. 


Anderson,  Joseph.    . — 

Armstrong,  John D 

Baldwin.  Abraham.  .D 
Bradley,  Stephen  R..D 

Breckenridge.  Jno D 

Brown,  John — 

Calhoun.  ,Tuhn  E D 

Chipman.  Nathaniel  . — 

Clinton.  De  Witt D 

Cocke,  William — 

Dayton.  Jonathan. . , — 

Dwight,  Foster F 

Dwight.  Theo — 

Ellery,  Christopher.  D 

Franklin.  Jesse D 

Greene,  Ray — 

Hillhouse,  James F 

Hindman,  William... — 

Howard,  John  E. — 

•Jackson,  James. — 

I^ogan,  George D 

Mason,  Jonathan — 

Mason.  Stevens  T — 

Morris,  Gouverneur .  .F 
Muhlenberg,  J.  P.  G.  .— 
Xicholas.  Wilson  O. .  D 


Pa... 
Pa... 
Conn. 
Oonn. 
Va... 
Va... 


Conn, 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
N.J,. 
Mass. 
Mass, 
R.  L. 
K.  C. 
R.  J.. 
Conn. 
Md... 
Md... 
Eng.. 
Pa... 
Mass. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Va... 


Nov.  5, 
Nov.  25, 
Nov.  6, 
Feb.  20, 


1757 

1755 
1754 
1754 
.J  760 
Sept.  12, 1757 
1749 
1752 
1769 


Nov.  15, 
Mar.  2, 


Oct.  16, 
Dec.  7. 
April  29, 


Oct.  21, 
June  4, 


1760 
1757 
1752 


1754 


Sept.  9, 
Aug.  30, 


Jan.  31, 
Oct.  1, 


1752 
1757 

1753 
1752 
1760 
17521  Pa, 
1746  Pa. 
IVa. 


State 


Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Ga..  . 
Vt.... 
Ky... 
Ky... 
S.  C. 
Vt.... 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
N.  J.. 
Mitss. 
I.. 
R.  I.. 
N.  C. 
R.  I.. 
Conn. 
Md. . . 
Md... 
Ga... 
Pa... 
Mass, 


Lawyer... 
Soldier..   . 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Lawyer.. .. 
Lawyer.  .. 
Lawyer.  . . 
Lawyer.  . . 
Lawyer.  . . 
Soldier  . , . . 
Lawyer.  . . 
Lawyer,  . . 
Lawyer.  . . 
Soldier  . . . . 
Lawyer.  .. 
Lawyer,  . . 
Unkno^vn.. 
Soldier.... 

Soldier  

Agiicult'st 
Lawyer  , . . 
Unknown.. 
Lawyer  . . . 
Clergvman 
Soldier    .. 


.April  1- 

,1837 

April  1 

1843 

Mar.  4. 

1807 

Deo.  10 

1830 

Dec.  14 

1.S0G 

Aug.  27 

1828 

Nov.    3 

1802 

Feb.  13 

1843 

Feb.  11 

1828 

Oct.    9, 

1824 

April  2f 

1823 

Jan.  13 

f828 

Sept.  — , 

1823 

Dec.  29, 

1832 

Jan.  26, 

1822 

Oct,  12, 

1827 

Mar.  19, 

180(i 

April  9, 

1821 

Nov.    1. 

1831 

May  10, 

1803 

Sov.    6, 

ISlli 

3ct.    1, 

1807 

Oct.  10. 

1820 

SENATORS.            ^,;" 

When  Bern. 

Sute 
lUpre- 
seate<t. 

Oceupaiioa 

When  Dini. 

Offden.  Aaron —    N.  J,. 

Oicott.  Simeon F  Conn. 

Dec.  3,    1756  X.  J.. 

1737  N,   H. 

Mar.  9.    nsS.S.  C. . 
June  25,  1759  N.  H.. 
July  12,  1762  Pa... 
I755IN.  H.. 

Lawj'er.  .. 

April  19,1839 
1815 

Pinckney.  Charles... D  S.  C. 

Plumer,  William —  Mass. 

Koss.  James F   Pa.,.. 

Sheafe.  James F    

Lawyer.  ., 
Lawyer.  ., 

Lawyer.  .. 

Feb.  2.^,  1822 

Dec.  22,  1850 

Nov,  27,  1847 

1829 

Stone,  David D    N.  C. 

Feb,  17,  1770 

N.  C. 

S.  C. 
Conn. 
Del... 

Del... 
Md... 

Lawj'er.  . , 
Soldier.,.. 
Lawyer.  .. 
Unknown  , 
Unknown  . 
Lawyer.  .. 

Oct.    7.    181H 

Tracy,  Uriah F   Conn. 

Wells,  William  H..,—   Del,. 

Feb.    2,    1755 

July  19,  1807 
Mar    11    1829 

White,  Samuel F  iDel... 

Wright,  Robert D  IMd,  .. 

Sept.  7,  1826 

Total  Senators,  38.  Lawyers,  24.  Soldiers,  *?.  Occupation  Unknown,  4. 
Merchant,  1.  Clergyman,  1.  Agriculturist,  1.  Foreign  Bom,  1 :  Including 
England  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Where 
Itarn. 

When  Bern. 

State 

Occupation.    |       When  Med. 

( 

Alston.  Willis D 

An  her,  John W  , 

N.C.. 

Md... 

Jiine'e.  "1741 
1737 

N.  C.  Unknown  .  April  10,  1837 

Md...  Physician 1810 

Ma-^S     nif'fi'-vmnn  Oct     'Xl     IS^n 

Bailey.  Theodorus D 

Bayard,  James  A F 

Bishop,  Phanuel — 

N.  Y. 

Pa.... 
Mass. 

June  11.  1752 
July  28,    1767 

N.  Y. 

Del... 
Mass. 

Unkno«-n  .  Sept.  6,    1828 
Lawyer  . . .  Aug,  6,    1815 
Unknown  

=^ 


K 


Boude.  Thomas — 

Bowie.  Walter — 

Brent,  RichaiJ — 

Brown,  Robert — 

Butler.  ^VilliAm — 

Catell.  Samuel  J — 

Campbell,  John F 

Claibourne,  Thomas  .— 
Clay,  Matthew........ D 

Clopton.  John D 

Condict.  John D 

Cutler,  Manasseh F 

Cutts,  Richard D 

I>ana.  Samuel  W F 

Davenport,  John F 

Davis,  Thomas  T — 

Dawson,  John D 

Dennis,  John — 

Dickson,  William — 

Early,  Peter — 

Elmendorf .  Lucas. . .  ,— 

Elmer,  Ebenezer — 

Eustis,  William D 

Poster,  Abiel — 

Fowler,  John — 

Oiles,  William  B D 

Goddard,  Colvin — 

Gray,  Edwin — 

Gregg,  Andrew — 

Griswold,  Roger F 

Grove.  William  B — 

Hanna,  John  A — 

Hastings.  Seth — 

Heister,  Daniel — 

Heister.  Joseph — 

Helms,  William D 

Hemphill,  Joseph F 

Henderson,  Arch'b'ld.— 

Hill,  William  H — 

Hoge,  William — 

Holland,  James — 

Holmes,  David — 

Huger,  Benjamin — 

Hunt,  Samuel — 

Jackson,  George D" 

Johnson,  Charles — 

Jones,  William D 

I,ee,  Silas F 

Leib,  Michael D 

Lowndes,  Thomas. . . . — 
Macon,  Nathaniel  ...D 
Mattoon,  Ebenezer. . . — 
Meriwether,  David..  .1) 

Milledge,  John — 

Mitchell.  Samuel  L.  ..D 
Moore,  Thomas — 


Conn. 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Conn. 

Va.'.'.'. 
Md... 
Tenn. 
Va. .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Mas«. 
Mass. 
Va  .. 
Va... 


Md               

Va    . 

1759 

Md... 

July  4, 

1765 

Va 

1755 

M»y  3.  1742 
June  22,  1771 
July  — ,  1757 
Jan.  16,    1752 

■.1762 
.17 


June  20,  1773 

1758 

1752 

June  10,  1753 
Aug.  8,    1735 

1755 

Aug.  12,  1762 
July  17,  1768 

1769 

June  10,  1755 
May  21,   1762 


1761 

1747 

Nov.  18,   1752 


.1770 
1768 


Aug.  7, 


1759 

!!!.'!'. '.'.'.i'757 
Aug.  19,  17.55 

1755 

1757 

Aug.  20,  1764 


Pa.  .. 

Md... 

Va. .. 

Pa... . 

S.  C. 

Va... 

Md... 

Va... 

Va... 

Va... 

N.J. 

Mass. 

Mass. 

Conn. 

Conn. 

Ky... 

Va. .  . 

.Md. . . 

Tenn. 

Ga... 

N.  Y. 

N.  J.. 

Mass. 

N.  H. 

Ky 

Va. 

Conn. 

Va. .. 

Pa... 

Conn. 

N.  C. 

Pa... 

Pa '. . .' 
Pa... 
N.  J.. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
N.  O. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Va.  .. 
S.  C. 
N.  H. 
Va... 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Mass. 
Pa... 
S.  C. 
N.  C, 
Mass. 
Ga.  .. 
Oa. .. 
,N.  Y, 

Is.  C. 


Unknown . 
Unknown. 
Unknown . 
Unknown. 
Physician. 

Soldier 

Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Physician. 

Varied 

Varied 

Unknown . 
Lawyer  . . . 
Unknown . 
Lawyer  . . . 
.Agricult'st 
.\gricult'st 
Lawyer  ... 
Lawyer  ., , 
Physician. 
Physician. 
Clergyman 

Soldier 

Lawyer  . . . 

LaAvyer 

Unkno^vn  . 
Agricult'st 
Lawyer  . . . 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Lawyer . . . 
Merchant  . 
Merchant  . 
Unknown . 
Lawyer.  ,. 
Lawyer.  . . 
Lawyer. .  . 
Unknown.. 
Unknown . 
Unknown  . 
Unknown. . 
Lawyer.  .. 
Unknown.. 
Unknown.. 

ried 

Lawyer.  .. 
Physician . 
Unknown . 
Soldier. .. 
Unknown 

Soldier 

Soldier  . . 
Physician 
Unknown 


Dec.  30,  1814 


Nov.  15, 
Sept.  4, 
June  23, 


Sept.  11, 
May  4. 
July  28, 
April  7, 
July  21, 
Nov.  28, 


Mar.  30, 
Aug.  17, 


Aug.  15, 
Aug.  17, 
Oct.  18, 
Feb.  6, 
Feb.  6. 
Aug.  22, 
Dec.  4, 
May  2, 


1821 

1818 
1828 
1812 
1815 
1816 
1834 
1823 
1845 
1830 
1830 


1814 
1807 


1817 
1843 
1843 
1825 
1806 
1840 
1830 
1842 


May  20, 
Oct.  25, 


1835 
1812 


1831 

Mar.  s.  1804 
June  10,  1832 

1813 

May  29,  1842 
Oct.  21,  1822 

1809 


Aug.  20,  1832 


1802 

Sept.  5,  1831 

1814 

Dec.  28,  1822 
July  8.  1843 
June  20,  1837 
Sept.  II,  1843 
Not.  16,  1822 
Feb.  9,  1819 
Sept.  7,  1831 


Morris.  Lewis  R — 

Morris.  Thomas — 

Mott,  James — 

Mew,  Anthony D 

Newton,  Thomas D 

Nicholson   Joseph  H. — 

Perkins,  Elias — 

Pierce,  Joseph — 

Plater,  Thomas — 

Randolph,  John D 

Read.  Nathan F 

Rutledge,  John F 

Shepard.  William — 

Smilie,  John D 

Smith,  Israel — 

Smith,  John D 

Smith,  John D 

Smith,  John  C F 

Smith,  Josiah — 

Smith,  Samuel D 

Southard.  Henry D 

Sprigg,  Richard — 

Stanford,  Richard D 

Stanley,  John — 

Stanton,  Joseph D 

Stewart,  John — 

Stratton,  John — 

Sumter.  Thomas D 

Taliaferro,  Benj — 

Taliaferro.  John D 

Tallmadge.  Benj F 

Thatcher.  Samuel — 

Thomas,  David D 

Thompson.  Philip  R..— 

Tenney,  Samuel — 

Tillinghast,  Thomas  .— 

Trigg.  Abram — 

Trigg.  John — 

TTpham,  George  B..  . — 
VanC-irtlau'it.  Phil..— 
Van  Home,  Isaac  . . . . — 

Van  Ness,  John  P D 

Van  Rensselaer,  K.K..D 
Vamum,  Jcieph  B. .  — 
"Wadsworth.  Peleg..— 
Walker,  Benjamin..  .D 

Williams.  Lemuel — 

Williams.  Robert D 

Woods,  Henry — 

Wynn,  Richard — 

Wynns.  Thomas — 


Vt... 

N.j; 
Va... 
Va... 
Hd... 
Conn. 


17471 

1769, 

1770! 

April  5,    1767 


Md... 
Va... 

js. 
C. 
Mass. 
re'd. 
Conn, 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Conn, 
Mass. 
Pa.  ., 
N.  Y. 
Md.., 
N.  C, 
N.  O. 
R.  I.. 


Va, 
Va. 
Va. 
Va. 
N.  Y. 
Mass 
N.  Y 
Va. . 
Mass 
R.  I. 


N.  H 

N.  Y. 
Pa... 

N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Va. .. 
N.    C. 


June  2,  1773 
1760 

1766 

Dec.    1,     1737 

1742 

April  4,  1759 


Feb.   12,  1765 

1745 

July  27,  1752 
Oct.  — ,    1749 


1768 

July  19,   1739 


Vt.... 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Va. .. 
Va... 
Md... 
Conn. 
N.  H. 
Md... 
Va. .  . 
Mass. 
S.  C 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Vt.... 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Conn, 
Miiss. 
Md  .. 
N,  J,, 
Mil     , 


1734 

1750 

1768 

Feb.  25,  1754 
July    1,    1776 


1776 

Aug.'i'l,  1742 


1769 

Sept.    1,    1749 


1770: 

1763 

17.59; 

May   e.    1748 


N.  c_'. 
R.  I.. 
Pa.  .. 
Va... 
S.  C. . 
Ga... 
Va. ,  . 
Conn. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
N.  H. 
R.  I.. 
Va.  ., 
Va.  . 
N.  H, 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  Y, 
N,  Y 
Mass. 
Mass. 
N.  Y, 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
Pa..  , 
S.  C, 
N.   C 


Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Lawyer.  .. 
Lawyer.  .. 
Lawyer.  . . 
Unknown . 
Unknown . 
Lawyer  . . . 
Druggist... 
Lawyer.  , , 

Soldier 

Unknown , 
Lawyer  . . , 
LTnknown  , 
Unknown 
Lawyer  .. 
Lawyer — 
Soldier..., 
V.iried  . . . 
I'll  1^11  own 
I'likiiown 
liikiiown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Soldier... 
Soldier... 
Unknown 
Merchant. 
Lawyer  .. 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Physician 

Jurist 

Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Surveyor. 
Soldier . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Merchajit. 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer... 
Unknown 
Soldier. .. 
Agricnlf  s 


iDec.  10,  1813 
Mar.  2,  1833 
Aug.  5,  1847 
Mar.  4.  1817 
Sept.  27,  1845 


May  24, 
Jan.  21, 
Sept.  1, 
Nov.  11, 
Dec.  30, 
Dec.  2, 
Aug.  9, 
Mar.  -, 
Dec.  7. 
Mar.  28. 
April  23, 
June  3, 


1833 
1849 
1819 
1817 
1813 
1810 
1816 
1836 
1845 
1803 
183SI 
1842 


April   9,  1816 
Aug.    3,    1834 


June  1,  1832 
Sept.  3,  1821 
Aug.  12,  1853 
Mar.  17,  1835 
July  19,   1872 


July  22,  1857 
Feb.  6,  1816 
Aug.  26,  1821 


May  17.  1804 
Feb.  10,  1848 
Not.    5,    1831 


Mar.  7.  1846 
June  18,  1845 
Sept.  11,  1821 
Nov.  18,  1829 


1813 

t  June  3,   1825 


Total  Rep.  113.  Unknown  Occupation.  58.  Lawyers,  35.  Soldiers,  11. 
Physicians.  8.  Agricult'sts.  4.  Varied,  4.  Merchants,  4.  Clergymen,  S, 
Druggist,  1.  Jurist,  1.  Surveyor,  1.  Foreign  Born,  1:  Including  Ire- 
land, 1. 


Eighth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  fronn  1803  to  1805. 


1S()3— Slavery  was  abolished  in  Canada. 

1S03 — The  first  reaping  machine  in  America 
was  patented  by  Richard  French  and 
John  J.  Hawkins;  but  it  was  hardly 
a  success. 

1R04— The  gradual  abolition  of  slavery  in 
New  Jersey  was  provided  for  by  State 
laws. 

1804— Humboldt  explored  the  island  of  Cuba, 
remaining  there  two  months. 


Thomas  Jefferson,  Pres.  Aaron  Burr,  Vice-Pres. 
James  Madison,  of  Va.,  Sec'y  of  State.  Albert  Gal- 
latin, of  Pa  ,  Sec'y  of  Treas.  Henry  Dearborn,  of 
Mass.,  Sec'y  of  War.  Robert  Smith,  of  Md..  and  Jacob 
Crowninshield,  of  Mass.,  Sec'ys  of  Navy.  Levi  Lincoln, 
of  Mass.,  and  Robert  Smith,  of  Md..  Att'y  Gens.  Na- 
thaniel Macon,  of  N.  C,  Speaker  of  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. 

F,  indicates  Federalist;     D,  Democrat,  and  W',  Whig. 


1804— Alexander  Hamilton  was  killed  in  a 
duel,  at  Weehawken,  N.  Y.,  by  Aaron 
Burr,  July  11. 

1804— Fort  Dearborn,  at  Chicagd.  III.,  was 
built  by  the  Government. 

1804— The  first  attempt  at  Ilsh  culture  in  the 
United  States  was  made  in  South  Caro- 
lina. 

1805— A  treaty  of  peace  between  th»'  United 
States  and  Tripoli  was  consummated. 
June  3. 


SENATORS. 

Where 
Born. 

When  Itom. 

Repr*. 

When  Died. 

Adams,  John  Q 

F 

July  11,  1767 

Mass. 

Lawyer... 

Feb.  23,  1848 

Pa... 

Nov.    5,    1757 

Tenn. 

Lawyer. . . 

April  17,1837 

D 

Pa.  .. 

Nov.  25,    1755 

N.    Y. 

Soldier  ... 

April  1,  1843 

Bailey.  Theodorus.. 

I) 

N.  Y. 

June  11,  17.52 

N.   Y. 

Unknown. 

I) 

Not.  6,     17.54 

'la. .  . 

Lawyer... 

Bayard,  James  .\. . . . 

F 

Pa.  .. 

July  28,    17117 

Oel,.  . 

Lawyer. .. 

Aug.    6.   IM15 

1) 

Conn. 

Feb.  2(J,    I7.'.4 

Vt...  . 

Lawyer. .. 

Brcckenridge,  John  . 

.D 

Va 

I7I1I1 

Ky.  .  . 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Va... 

Sept.  12,  1757 
July   11,   1744 

4".B-  r7'  lS?i 

D 

Ire'd. 

S.  C. 

Unknown. 

riinton.  DeWitt 

.D 

N.  Y. 

Mar.    2,    17B9 

N.   V. 

Lawyer. .. 

Feb.  11, 1828 

Cm-ke,  William 

— 

Va. . . 

Tenn. 

Lawyer... 

Condict,  John  

1) 

: ■.'.'. '.v. '..17.55  N.  J.. 

Physician 

May  4,    ira4 

l>avton.  Jonathan. . 

-^ 

S.  .!.. 

Oct.    16,  1760 

N.  J.. 

Lawyer.. . 

Oct.    9,    1824 

Ellerv,  Christopher 

I> 

R.  I.. 

R.   I.. 

Lawyer. . . 

1H41I 

Franklin, Je.iso 

n 

N.   C. 

17.58 

N.    C. 

Soldier  ... 

Sept.  — ,  1H23 
Feb.  26,  1821! 

Oaillnol,  John 

S.  C. 

Sept.   5.  17n5!S.  C. . 

Unknown. 

Giles.  William  T! 

n 

V„ 

Aug.  12.  17112  Va.  .. 

Lawyer.  ..'Dec.    4,  in;iii 

F 

Oct.  21,    17.54  Conn. 

llowliind,  Benjamin 

D 

R.  I.. 

17.5(1 

H.  I., 
(la... 

Unknown,  May  !l.    1821 

17.57 

Soldier.  .,  M.ir,  19.  1811(1 

I..ogan,    George 

.D  iPn.  .. 

Sept.   9,  1753  Pa.  .. 

Ag'cult'st.  April  il.  1821 

Maclay,  Snmuel . . . 
Mitcheil.  Samuel  L. 

'.D 

Pa.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 
Physician 

N.  Y. 

Aug.  20,  I7B4 

Sept.  7,  1831 

SENATORS. 


Moore.  Andrew — 

Siichnlas,  Wilson  C...D 

Oliolt,  Rinic.n F 

ri.-k.  riiik',  Timothy.— 

I'liiiinr,  Willianl — 

I'oltri.  Siiimiel  J — 

Niiiitli.  Israel D 

Siiiith,   .lohn D 

Siiillh.  John D 

Smith,  Samuel D 

Stone,  David D 

Sumter,  Thomoa D 

Taylor.  John D 

Tniry.  Uriah F 

Veiililile.  Abraham  B.— 
■Wells,  William  H.,.- 

Whitc,  Samuel  F 

Worthington,   Thus.  .D 
Wright.  Robert D 


Va... 
Va..  . 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
R.  I.. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 


Pa..  . 
N.  C. 
Va. .  . 
Va... 
Conn, 
Va... 
Del,.. 
Del... 
Va... 
Md... 


July  17, 
June  25, 


Ifitkte 
[Upr«-      OccuprtUin 
Mnted. 


April  4, 


July  27, 
Feb.  17, 


Fob.    2, 
July ' ie, 


....  Va,.. 

Va... 

.1737  N.  H. 

1745  Mass. 

1759  N.  H. 
.1750  R.  I.. 

1759  Vt 

N.  Y. 

.1735  Ohio. 

17.52  .Md.  .. 

1770N.    C. 

.1734S.  C. 

.,.,  Va.  .. 

1755CO*. 
Va... 

I  Del... 

1762  Del,,  , 

1774  Ohio 

.    ...  M<l,,, 


Unknown. 

Soldier  . 
La^vyer. . . 
Lawyer.  . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Soldier.  . . 
Lawyer. . , 
Soldier  . . 
AgVulfst. 
Lawyer.  . 
Unknown 
Unknown 
I  'iiknown 
riikiiiiwn 
Lawyer... 


May  24, 
Oct.  10, 


Jan.  29, 
Dee.  22, 
Oct.  1, 
Dec.  2, 
Aug.  9, 
July  10, 
April23, 
Oct.  7. 
June  1. 
Aug.  20. 
July  19, 
Dec.  26, 
Mar.  11, 
Not.  4, 
June  20. 
Sept.  7, 


1821 
1820 
1815 
1829 
1H.50 
18m 
18111 
18111 
IKHl 
1839 
1818 
1832 
1824 
18117 
1811 
1829 
1809 
1827 
1828 


Total  Senators,  411.  Lawyers.  SO.  Occupation  Unknown.  18.  Soldiers.  6. 
Physicians,  18.  Agriculturists,  S.  Foreign  Born,  36:  Including  Ireland,  1; 
England,  1. 


f 


ElOirril    AND    NINTH    (;<)N(iIiKt5SKS    iiK    THK    UNITKI)    S  lAIKS    AND    lj;ADIN(i    KVKNTK    OK    TllK    TIME.     i'>'.> 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Alexander,  Nath'l, .. — 

Alston,  Willis D 

Andt-rt^im,  Isaiic — 

Aiih.i,  .iiihtl V/ 

BalilwiTi,  Simoon,..  .F 

Bard,  David — 

Bedinifer,  Geo.  M — 

Betton,  Silas — 

Bishop,  Phanucl — 

Blackledi^e,  Win 1> 

Boyd,  Adam D 

Boyle.  Ji>hii — 

Bowie,  Walter — 

Brown,  Robert — 

Bryan, Joseph 

Butler,  William — 

Campliell,  Geo.  W...  D 

Campbell.  John F 

Casey,  Levi — 

Clagnett,  Clifton..  .— 
Chainberlain,  Wm  ,.— 
Chittenden,  Martiii. .  .F 
Claiborne.  Thomas  .— . 
Clark,  Christopher.  ..D 

Clay,  Joseph — 

Clay,  Matthew D 

Clinton,  George,  Jr     — 

Clopton,  John D 

Conrad,  Fied — 

Crowninshield,  J  D 

Cutler,  Manasseh F 

Cutts,  Richard D 

Dana.  Samuel  W F 

Davenport.  John F 

Dawson,  John D 

Dennis,  John — 

Dickson,  William.... — 

Dwight,  Thomas — 

Earle,  John  B — 

Early,  Peter — 

Elliott,  James F 

Elmer,  Ebenezer, ,.  . — 

Eppes,  John  W D 

Eustis,  William D 

Findley,   William D 

Fowler,  John — 

Gillespie,  James — 

Goddard.  Calvin — 

Goodwyn,  Peterson    . — 

Gray.Edwin — 

Gregg,  Andrew — 

Griffln,  Thomas — 

Griswold,  Gaylord      — 

Griswold,  Roirer F 

Hammond.  Samuel, . — 

Hampton,  Wade D 

Hanna,  John  A — 

Hasbrouck,  Josiah  ..— 

Hastings,  Seth — 

Heister,  Daniel — 

Heister,  Joseph — 

Helms,  William.   ...  D 

Hoge,  John — 

Hoge,  William...  . — 
Holland,  James.     ,.  — 

Holmes,  David — 

Hough,  David — 

Huger,   Benjamilt — 

Hunt,  Samuel — 

Jackson,  JohnG...   .D 

Jones,  Walter D 

Kennedy,  William. .  F 
Knight,  Nehemiah.  .  .P 
learned,  Simon. ..  .  — 
Lattimore,  William  , — 

Leib,  Michael D 

Lewis,  Joseph  — 

Lewis,  Thomas D 


N.  C,  Mar.  5, 
N.  C.   


Md. .,  June  6. 

Conn.  Dec.  14, 

Pa..  . 
|Va, ., 
;N.  H. 

Mass. 

N.  C. 

N.  J.. 

Va.. 

Md.,, 


Va.   . 

Tenn. 
Md... 


N.  H. 
Vt.... 
Conn. 
Va... 
Va... 
Pa... 
Va. . . 

N.  y. 

Va,   . 


Mass. 

Conn. 

.Mass. 

Conn. 

Conn. 

Va.   . 

Md... 

Tenn. 

Mass 

S.  C. 

Va. . . 

Vt... 

N.  J.. 

Va.   . 

Mass. 

Irc'd. 

Va. 

K.  C. 

Mass. 

Va.    . 

Va,,. 

Pa,   . 

Va,.. 

Conn. 

Conn. 

Va.    . 

S.  C. . 

Pa... 

N.  Y. 

Mass, 

Pa... 

Pa.,. 

N.  J.. 

Pa... 

Pa... 

N.  C. 

Va., 

N.  H 

S.  C. 


Va.  . 
Va... 
N  C. 
R.  I.. 
Mass. 
Va.  . 
Pa... 
Va.  . 
Va... 


1741 
1761 


Oct.  28,  1774 


July  4, 
[ice.  if', 
Mai\'i2' 


17.')9 
1768 
170.5 


1769 
V767 


May  3. 
June  U'2. 
July  ^, 
Jan.  Hi, 


1742 
1771 
1 7.'i7 

17(!2 
17- 


1773 
1770 
1752 
1773 
17.')3 
1751 
1755 


July  17,  1768 


June  20, 
Aug.  9, 


June  10, 
Jan.  11, 


.  1769 
,  1755 


May  21, 
Sept.  21 


1762 
1757 
1754 


Nov.  18, 
Sept.ioi 


1761 
1747 
17.';2 


,  1774 
.1745 


Feb,  9, 


1751 
1774 
1759 

.1772 1  Va, 
Va 


Oeciipatlon. 


N.  C. 
N.  C. 
Pa.., 
Md. . . 
Conn. 
Pa. .  . 
Ky.-. 
N.  II. 
Mass. 
N.  C 
N.  J.. 
Ky  .. 
Md  .  • 
Pa. 
Ga. 
S.  C. 
Tenn. 
Md... 
S.  I'.. 
N.  H 
Vt..  . 
Vt,  . 
Va.  . 
Va, . . 
Pa.  . . 
Va.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Pa..  . 
Mass. 
.M.iss, 
Mis. 


( 'mm. 
Va.  . 
Md. 
Tenn, 
Mass. 
S.  C. . 
Oa.., 
Vt,  .. 
N.  J.. 
Va  .. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Ky.  . 
N.  C. 
Conn. 
Va. , . 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
Va. .. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Ga... 
S.  C. 
Pa.., 
N.  Y. 
Mass, 
Md... 
Pa . . . 
V.  J.. 
Pa... 
Pa. . . 
S.  C  . 
Va... 
N.  H. 
S.  C. 
N.  H. 


N'.  C. 
li.  I.. 
Mass, 
Miss. 
Pa.  .. 


Physician 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
.Soldier  ... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
I'nknown. 
Unknown. 
Phyf-iclan 
Lawyer. ., 
Unknown. 
Idler.. 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Agr'cult'sl 
Unknown. 
Lawyer, . , 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Clergym'n 

""       iicl 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. 

Lawyer. , 

.AgrVult'st 

Agr'cult'et 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer, , . 

Liiwyer. . . 

Physician 

Lawyer. . . 

Physician 

Soldier... 

Soldier 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
Lixwyer. . , 
Unknown. 
.Agr'cult'st 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer,, . 
Soldier  ... 
Soldier  ... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Soldici-.... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer, ,. 
Surveyor. 
Pilysician 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Physician 
Unknown- 
Unknown. 


Nov.  1.5,  1821 
P'eh.  17,  1843 
Juno  23,  I82H 
Feb.  1,  1807 
Jan.  211,  1829 


Sept.  5,  IH4I 

1812 

Nov.  21,1828 


Sept.ll,IH16 


April  1.5, 
July  28, 
April  7, 
July  21, 
Nov.  28. 
Mar.  30, 
Aug.  17, 


.Mar.  8,    1808 
April  10,  1837 


1810 

May  26,  1801 


.  1830 
.  1822 


Oct.  19,  1828 
jali.'  28,'  1834 


IHIIH 
1 823 
1845 
18311 
1 83" 
1814 
1807 


Ant--  15, 
Nov.  10, 
Oct.  18, 
Sept.  20, 
Feb.  6, 
April  7, 
Aug.  22, 
Jan.  — , 
May  2, 
Feb.  21, 


.  1819 

,"1817 
IKan 
1843 
1853 
1825 
1821 
1840 
1805 
1842 
1818 


May  20,  1835 


Oct.  25,  1812 
Sept.  11,1842 
Feb.   4,    1834 


1831 

Mar.  8,   1 804 
June  10. 1832 

1813 

Aug.  4,  1824 


Aug.  20, 1832 


1807 

1825 

Dee.  31,  1815 


1808 

Nov.  9,  1817 
April  3,1843 
Pec.  28,  1822 
Mar.  30,  1834 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Livingston,  H.  W... 
Lowndes,  Thomas.,.' 

Lucas,  John  B.  C 

Lyon,  Matthew 

Inaeon,  Nathaniel... 

MeCord,  Andrew 

McCreery,  William, , , 
Meriwether,   David,.. 

Mitchell,  Nahuni 

.Mitchell,  Samuel  L... 

Moore,  Andrew 

Moore,  Nicholas  R 

Moore,  Thomas 

Morrow,  Jeremiah.., 

Mott,  James ■ 

Xelson,   Roger 

New,  Anthony 

Newton,  Thomas 

Nicholson,  JosephH.. 

Olin,  Gideon 

Palmer,  Beriah 

Patterson,  John 

Phelps,  Oliver 

Plater,  Thomas 

Pilrviiince.  S.im'l  D... 

Randoljih,   John 

Randolph,  Thos.  M... 

Itea,  John 

Rhea,  John 

Richards,  Jacob ■ 

I'.lker,  Samuel 

Rodney,  Cavsar  A 

Root,  Erastus 

Sammons,  Thomas, , . 

Sanford,  Thomas 

Sands,  Joshua 

Seaver,  Ebenezer 

Skinner,  Thomp.  J 

Sniili'-,  John 

Sinilli.  J.'linC 

Smith,  John 

Smith,  John 

Southard,  Henry 

Stanford,  Richard 

Stant<m,  Joseph 

Stedman,  William... 
Stephenson,  James.,, 

Stewart,  John 

Sloan,  James 

Taggart,  Samuel 

Tallmadge.  Benj 

Tenney,  Samuel 

Thatcher,  Samuel  ,,. 

Thomas,  David 

Thompson,  Philip  R. , 

Tibbits,  George 

Trigg,    .4bram 

Trigg,  John 

VahCortlandt,Phil., 

Van  Home,  Isaac 

Van  Rensselaer,  K.K.. 
Vamum,  Joseph  B, .. 
Verplanck,  Dan'I  C. . , 
Wadsworth.  Peleg, . 

Walton,  Matthew 

5Vhitehill,  John 

Williams,  L.  niuel 

Williams,  MarmMTie. 
WiLson,  .Alexander  ., 

Winston,  Joseph 

Wynn,  Richard 

W.vnns,  Thomas 


Va... 
Mass. 
N,  Y. 
Va... 
Md... 


8.C 
Fran 
Ire'd. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y, 


Pa.,. 
N.J.. 
Md... 
Va... 
Va... 
Md,,. 
R.  I.. 
N.  Y, 
N.  Y, 
Conn. 
Md... 
N.  C. 
Va.., 
Va,.. 
Pa... 


N.  Y, 
Del... 
Conn. 
N,  Y. 
Va... 

N.  y. 

Mass. 
Mass. 
Ire'd. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Va. . . 
N,  Y. 
N.  C. 
R.  I.. 
Mass, 
Pa... 

N.' J'. . 
N.  H.. 
N.  Y.. 
Mass, 
Mass. 
N.  Y.. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 


I7«4IN,  y, 

I7I>5  8.  C. . 
1762  Pa... 


.1740 
.  17,57 


Feb,  12, 
Aug,  20, 


1769 
1764 


Ohio, 
N.  J., 


,  1747 
.  1769 
.1770 


Md. 
Va... 
Vn. .  . 
Md.  . . 
VI.  ., 
N.  Y, 
N.  Y, 
N.  Y, 
Md. 


.1755 
,  1753 


Mar.  18, 1772 


.17.58 
1763 


Feb.  12, 


1742 
1785 


Oct.  — , 
July  19^ 

MAr,'2oi 


1749 
1768 
1739 
1765 
1764 


Mar,  21, 
Feb.  25, 


17.54 
1754 


Ky... 
N,  C  . 
N,  Y, 
Md... 
Ga... 
Mass. 
N.  V, 
Va, , . 
Md... 
C. 


N.  C, 


Va. 
Va... 
Pa.  . . 
Tenn. 
Pa.,. 
N.  Y. 
Del... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ky.., 
N.  Y.. 
Mass. 
.Ma.ss. 
Pa... 
Conn. 
N.   V. 


July   I, 


,1776 


N,  Y. 

Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Moss. 
N    Y. 

Mass. 

Pa'.". 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
Va... 

Va... 
Va... 
N.  C. 


Sept,  1,  1749 


May  6, 


April  6,  17T2 


N.  J.. 

N.  C 

R.  1  . 

Mass 

Va. .. 

Pa... 

N.  J. 

Mass. 

Conn. 

N.  H. 

1776  Mass. 

N.  Y, 

Va.., 

N,  Y, 

Va... 

Va, ., 

N.  y. 

Pa,,. 

N.  Y, 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

Mass. 

Kv... 

Pa,  .. 

Mass. 

N.  C. 

Va. .. 

N.  O. 

S.  C. 

N.  C. 


.1763 

.1759 

.1761 

1748 

."l72i 


.1746 


Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Law  vi-r. . . 
Soldier  ... 
idler... 
Unknown 
Unknown. 
Soldier . . , 
Lawyer.. . 
Physician 
Unknown. 
Unknow  n. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unkno.wn. 
Lawyer., . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer,,, 
Lawyer. ,, 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Speculat'r 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. ,. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawver.  .. 
Soldier  ... 
Unknow'n. 
Unknow  n. 
Clergym'n 
Merchant. 
Physician 
Lawyer, . , 
Unknow  n. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Surveyor. 
Soldier... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.. , 
Unknown. 

Soldier 

Soldier 

Agr'clt'st, 


Dec.  22, 
July  8, 
Sei  t.  8, 
Aug.  1. 
June  29, 


Nov.  18, 
Aug.    1, 

Sept.  7, 
May  24, 
Mar.    H, 


i«:o 

lf>43 
1842 
1822 
1837 


1852 
1853 
1831 
1821 
1816 


Mar.  22. 
Dee.  10, 
June  17, 
Mar.  2, 
Aug.  ,5; 
Mar.  4, 
Aug.  6, 


1832 
1813 
181.5 
1833 
1847 
1817 
1822 


Feb.  21,  1809 


May  24, 
June  20, 
Feb.  6, 
May  27, 


1833 
1828 
182!) 
1832 


June  14, 
Dec.  24, 


I83I 
1816 


Dec.  10, 
.Sept.  13. 
Mar.     1, 


1808 
18;j5 
1844 


Dec.  30, 
Dec.  7. 
Aug.  9. 
ar.  —. 
June  2. 
April  9, 


1813 
1845 
1816 
1838 
1842 
1816 


1831 

Aug.  7,  1833 


Nov.  — , 
April  2.5, 
Mar.  17. 
Feb.  6, 
July  19, 


July  22,  1857 


1811 
1823 
1835 
1816 
1872 


May  17 
Nov.  5, 


180* 
1831 


June  18, 
Sept.  11 
Mar.  29 
Nov.  18, 
Jan.  18, 


1845 
1821 
1834 
1829 
1819 
1815 


Oct,  29,  1850 


June  3, 


1814 
1813 
J^825 

Total  Representatives,  ISO.  Occupation  Unknown,  80.  Lawyers.  SO. 
Soldiers,  14.  Physicians.  lO.  Agriculturists,  5,  Merchants,  4.  Clergy- 
men. 2.  Varied,  3.  Surveyors,  3.  Speculator,  1,  Foreign  Bom,  4: 
Including  Ireland,  3;  France,  1. 


Ninth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1805  to  1807. 


1805— A  torpedo,  for  war  purposes,  was  lit-- 
vised  by  Robert  Fulton. 

1805 — Lewis  and  Clarke,  who  made  the  first 
explorin^r  fxpfditlon  to  the  Pacific 
coast,  fiKiiiil  tlK' mouth  of  the  Colum- 
bia riv.r,  111  (iii'u'nri,  Nov.  15. 

1806— The  rnit<<!  si  ;il.-s  forbade  the  importa- 
tion of  Hritish  manufactures,  April  18. 

1S(_)6— "Shakspeare  Lodpe"  of  Odd  Fellows 
was  established  in  New  York  city. 

1,^)6 — Conpri'ess  passed  a  law  to  prevent  duel- 
ing in  the  army. 


Thomas  Jefferson,  Pres.  George  Clinton,  of  N.  Y.. 
Vice-Pres.  James  Madison,  of  Va..  Sec'y  of  State. 
Albert  Gallatin,  of  Pa.,  Sec'y  of  Treas.  Henry  Dear- 
bom,  of  Mass.,  Sec'y  of  War.  Jacob  Crowninshield,  of 
Mass.,  Sec'y  of  Navy.  Robert  Smith,  of  Md.;  John 
Breckenridge,  of  Ky.,  and  Cffisar  A.  Rodney,  of  Del.. 
Att'y  Gen's.  Nathaniel  Macon,  of  N.  C.  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives. 

F,  indicates  Federalist,    B,  Democrat;  VT,  Whig. 


Burr  was  placed  on  trial  for 
alleged  t  reasonable  designs  agraintit  thi? 
government,  but  the  case  was  after- 
wards dismissed. 

-Both  England  and  the  Vnited  States 
abolished  all  lawd  favoring  the  im- 
portation of  slaves  into  their  respeclivi? 
cour.tries. 

—Robert  Fulton  successfully  navigated 
the  Hudson  river  with  his  steamboat, 
the  "  Clermont,"  SepU-inber  10  to  12, 
making  the  trip  to  Albany  and  back  in 
seventy-two  hours. 


SENATORS. 

Where 
Dorn. 

When  Born. 

Sut« 

Repre-  1    Occupation 
senitA.  1 

When  Died. 

Adair,  John D    .S.  C. 

Adams.John  Q F    Mass. 

Anderson,  Joseph. . , . —    Pa. . . 
Baldwin.  Abraham.. D    Conn. 
Bayard,  James  A  ....  F    Pa... 

Aug.  Ifi,  n.w'Ky...  Soldier  ..    May  19,  1840 
July  11,  17H7  Mass.  Lawyer  ..., Feb.  23.  184H 
Nov.    5,  17.'J7' Tenn.  Lawyer..    April  17,1837 
Nov.  R.    17.54  Ga.    .  Lawyer. ..  Mar.  4,    1807 
July  28,  1767  Del...  Lawyer..    |Aug.    6,  1815 

SENATORS. 


State 
RepT*- 
senied. 


Bradley.  Stephen  R  .  D 

Clay.  Henry — 

Condict,  John D 

Penner,  James — 

Gaillard,  John — 


Conn.  Feb.  20. 1754  Vt.. 
Va...  April  12,l-77!Ky.. 

17.551N.  J. 

R.  I..    1771IR.  I. 

S,  C  ISept.  5,  1765|S,  C. 


Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician 
Unknown. 


Dee.  16.  1830 
June  29. 1852 
May  4.  1334 
April  17, 1846 


Unknown.  Feb.  26.  1826 


% 


:(>— — 


SENATORS. 


stale 

R*pK-      Occupalioc 


Giles,  WiUiiini  B D 

Gilman.  Nicholas D 

HiJlhouse,  James F 

Howland,  Benjamin.  .D 

.lackson.  James — 

Kiteht'll,  Aai-on — 

Logan.  George D 

Maelay,  Samuel — 

.MiUedee,  John — 

Mitchell.  Samuel  L.  ..D 

Moore.  Andrew — 

Piekeriiii;.  Timothy.— 

Plumei-.  William — 

Keed,  Philip — 

Smith,  Uaniel — 

Smith,  Israel D 

Smith,  John D 


Smith,  John 

Smith,  Samuel 

Stone,  David 

Sumter,  Thomas.  .. 
Thruston,  Buckner 
Tracy.  Ui-i 


Tui-rier,  James D 

"White.  Samuel F 

Worthint-ton,  Thos.  ..D 
Wright.  Robert D 


Aug.  12, 
.  0<;t."2i, 


Va.. 
N.  H 
Conn. 
R.  I. 
Eng. 
N.J. 
Pa.. 
Pa.. 

Ga...| 

N.  Y.lAug.  20, 

Va.  ..I 

Mass. 
Mass 
Md. . 


]7(5t),  Va... 
1762|n.  H. 
1754 1  Conn. 
1756  H.  1.. 


.  July  10, 
.  Sept.  9, 


.  July  17, 
.'June  25, 


1757 
1744 
1753 

1757 
1764 

'ms 

1759 


Conn. 'April  4, 
N.  Y..  


.'July  27, 
.;Feb.  17, 


Pa. 
N.C 

Va...l 

Va...l 

Conn.  Feb.   2, 

Va 

Del 

Va. ..  I  July  16, 
Md...' 


1759 

17.3.5 

I 

1770 

1734 

1763 

1755 

17G6 

1762 

1774 


Ga, 
N.  J.. 
Pa  . . . 
Pa... 
Ga..  . 
N.  Y. 
Va.  . . 
Mass. 
N.  H. 
Md... 
Tenn. 
Vt.... 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Md . . . 
N.  C. 
S.  C.  . 
Ky... 
Conn. 
N.  C. 
Del  . . 
Ohio. 
Md... 


Law.vei-.. . 
Soldier... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Soldier  . . . 
Brksniith 
Ag'eult'st. 
Unknown 
Soldier  ... 
Physician 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer., . 
Soldier  . . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Soldier ... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Soldier  . . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. 


Dec.    4. 

1830 

May  3, 

1814 

Dec.  29 

1832 

Mav  9. 

1821 

Mar.  19 

1806 

June  25 

1820 

April  9, 

1821 

Feb.  19 

1819 

Sept.  7, 

1831 

May  24 

1821 

Jan.  29 

1829 

Dec.  22 

18.50 

Nov.  2, 

1829 

July-, 

1818 

Dec.  2, 

181(1 

Aug.  9, 

1816 

July  10, 

1816 

April  2a 

1839 

Oct.    7. 

1818 

June    1 

I8:r2 

Aug.  30 

1845 

July  19 

1H07 

Jan.  15 

1P24 

Nov.  4, 

1809 

June  2(: 

1827 

Sept.    7 

1826 

Total  Senators.  3T.  Lawyers,  15.  Occupation 
7.  Physicians.  3.  Agriculturist.  1.  Blacksmith, 
Bom,  i:    Including  England  1. 


Unknown,  lO.    Soldiers, 
1.     Varied,  1.    Foreign 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Stau- 


Alexander,  Evan — 

Alston,  Willis D 

Anderson,  Isaac — 

Archer.  John W 

Bard,  David — 

Barker.  Joseph — 

Bassett.  Burwell D 

Bedinger,  George  M, . — 

Betton,  Silas — 

Bidwell,  Barnabas... — 

Bishop.  Pluimit-l - 

Bibb.  William   W D 

Elakf.  John — 

Blackk-dt."--.  William. .D 

Blount.  Thomas — 

Boyle,  John.. — 

Broome,  James  M  . . . . — 

Brown,  R^ibert — 

Bryan.  Joseph — 

BuVwell.  William  A..D 

Butler,  Wilhani — 

Campbell,  Geo.  W....D 

Campbell.  John F 

Casey,  Levi — 

Chandler,  John.  ..  .D 
Chittenden,  Martin  ..F 

Claiborne.  John — 

Clark,  Christopher.     D 

Clarke.  Daniel — 

Clav,  Josi'ph — 

Clay.  Matthew D 

Clinton.  Hcorpe,  Jr..— 
Clopton,  John  .  .  ..1) 
Conrad.  Fndniek..  . — 

Cook,  On-h.Trd — 

Covington,  Leonard.. — 

Crowninshiehi.  J D 

Cutts,  Richard     D 

Uana.  Samuel  W..  .F 
Davenport,  John..   ..F 

Darby,  Ezra — 

IJawson,  John.  ...  D 
Dickson,  William.  .  .— 
Dwight.  Theodore.... — 

Earle,  Eliaa.        D 

Early,  Peter      — 

Elliott,  James — 

Ellis,  Cileb — 

Elmer.  Ebenezer — 

Ely,  William F 

Eppes,  John  W.   D 

Findley,  William D 

Fisk.  James D 

Fowler.  John — 

Garnett,  James  M  . . . — 
Goldsborough,  C.  W..F 
Ooodwyn,  Peternon....I> 

Gray.  Edwin — 

Gregg.  Andrew — 

Green,  iMaiah  L — 

Halsey,  Silos — 


N.  C. 

N.  C. . 

N.  C. . 

N.  C. 
Pa... 

iiii... 

June  6,    1741 

Md... 

Pa... 

Pa..   . 

Mass . 

1751 

Mass. 

Va.... 

1764 

Va.... 

Va.  .. 

Ky,.. 

1764 

N.  H.. 

Mass . 

Mass. 

Mass . 

Mass. 

Va... 

Oct.    1,    1780 

Ga. . . 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y.. 

N.  C. 

N.  C. 

N.  C. 

1760 

N.   C. 

Va. . . 

Oct.  28,  1774, Kv... 

1778 

Del  . . 
Pa  ... 

lOa 

Va. .  . 

1780  Va... 

Va. .  . 

1759!S.C.. 

Tenn. 

1768 

Tenn. 

Md... 

July  4,    1765 

Md... 
S.  C. . 

N.  H. 

Mass. 

Conn. 

Mar.  12,  1769 

Vt.... 

Va... 

Va  .. 

Viv .  . . 

1767 

Va... 
Lou.. 

Pa.... 

Pa.... 

Va. . . 

Va... 

N.    Y. 

N.  Y. 

Va 

Va.  .. 

.. 

Pa.  .. 

Mass. 

Mass. 

Md... 

Oct.  30,  1768  MJ... 

Mass. 

Ma>.. 

Mass. 

Juno  22, 1771  Ma-^. 

u'onn. 

July  — ,  1757  C.iin. 

Conn. 

Jan.    16, 1752  Conn. 

N.  J.. 

1769  N- J.. 

Va. . . 

1782|Va.... 

Tenn. 

TL':-n. 

M.a-si. 

.nr.l29.  1752 

R.  I.. 

Va 

S.  C, 

Va. . .  JunoZO,  1773 

Ba... 

Vt Aug.  9,  1770 

Vt... 

Mass.i 1767 

X.  11. 

N.  J..1 1752 

N.J  . 

Masa.i 

Mass. 

Va. .    1 1773 

Va.... 

Ired.  Jan.  11,  1751 

P.a.... 

Vt 1762 

Vt... 

Va...  17.55 

Kv... 

Va...iJunn  8,   1770 

Va... 

Md..,' 

Md... 

Vu      1 

Va 

Va 1769 

Va.  . . 

Pa....  Juno  10,  1755  Pa... 

Mass Mass. 

N.   Y. 

N.  Y 

Unknown, 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Unknown. 
Clergym'n 
Unknown- 
Soldier 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Unknown- 
Unknown. 
Soldier — 
Lawyer. . . 
U^n  known. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Piiysicjan 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
<oIdier ... 
Vfi'cult'st. 
Ag'eult'st. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown 
Unknown. 
17nknown. 
Unknown. 
Meichanl. 
Vaiicd.  .. 
M.  reliant. 
Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Ag'eult'st. 
Liv.ycr  .. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Phvsician 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Soldier.... 
L.awyer. . . 
"  Idier..  . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Ag'eult'st. 
Lawyer. ., 
Unknown. 


Oct.  28, 
April  10, 


1809 
1837 

.  1810 

'.1815 
,  1841 
.  1830 
.  1822 
.  1833 


July  9,  1820 


Oct.  19, 
Feb.  7. 
Jan.  28, 


1828 
1812 
1834 


Feb.  16, 
Nov.  15, 
Feb.  17. 
June  23. 
Feb.  1, 
Sept.  — . 
Sept.  5, 

Nov.'2i; 


1821 
1821 
1843 
1828 
1807 
1841 
1841 
1808 
1828 


,  1815 
',  1816 


Nov.  11, 
April  1.^, 
April  7. 
July  21. 
Nov.  2S. 
Jan.  28, 
Mar.  30, 


1813 
1S08 
1845 

1830 
1808 
1814 


Jan.  13,  1828 


Aug.  15, 
Nov.  10, 
May  6, 
Oct.  18, 

Sept.'a)'. 
April  7, 
Dec.  1 . 
Aug.  22, 
May  7, 
Dec.  13, 
Feb.  21, 


1817 
1839 
1816 
1843 
1817 
1853 
1821 
1844 
1840 
1843 
1834 
1818 


May  20, 


1835 
1841 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Whrrr 
lf..r,i. 

Wlicn  norn. 

Slatr 

Hni.d. 

Oeciipnicn.            Wli.  iini...l. 

Hamilton,  John 

_ 

Pa.... 

1763  Pa..  . 

Unknown. 

Aug.  31,  1837 

Hastings,  Seth 

Helms.  William 

D 

Mass. 
N.  J.. 

1761 

Moss. 
N.  J.. 

Unknown. 

1813 

^ 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Va. 

Va. . . 
N.  H. 

Aug.  20,  1832 

Hough,  David 

N.  H. 

Jackson,  John  G 

.1) 

Va... 

1774 

Va. , . 

Surveyor . 

1825 

Jones,  Walter 

.D 

Va. . . 

1745 

Va... 

Physician 

Dec.  31.  1815 

Keenan,  Thomas... 

— 

N.  C. , 

1771 

N.  C. 

Unknown. 

Oct.  22,  1843 

Kelly.  James 

— 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Lawver  . . 

Feb.   4.    1819 

Knight,  Neheniiah.. 

,K 

R.  1.. 

R.  :.. 

Unknown. 

1808 

Ijambert,  John 

— 

N.J  . 

1748 

N.J. 

Unknown. 

l-.b.    4.  1823 

Lattimore.   Wm 

— 

Va... 

Feb.    9,  1774 

Miss. 

Phv.-ician 

■ipiil  3,  1843 

Leih,  Mifhael     

I> 

Pa. . . 

17.59 

Pa... 

Physician 

Dec.  28,  1822 

Lewis.  JoM,-ph  ..... 

i-' 

Va. . . 

1772 

Va... 

Unknown. 

Mai-.  30.  18S4 

Livingston.  H.  W 

— 

1 704 

N.  Y.. 

Lawyer.. . 

Dec.  22,  1810 

Llovd,  Edward 

— 

Md . . . 

1779 

Md.. 

Unknown. 

June    2.  1834 

Lvnn.  Matthew 

— 

Ire'd. 

1746 

Ky... 

Varied  ... 

Aug.  1.    1822 

MfFarlund.  D 

. — 

N.   C. 

N.  C. 

Unknown. 

Sept.  7.  1816 

McCreery.  William,. 

*.D 

Md.. 
N.  C. 

Unknown. 
Soldier.... 

Macon.  Nathaniel.,. 

N.  C.. 

1757 

June  29.  18:i7 

Magruder,  Patrick,. 

— 

Md... 

17Sf 

Md.. 

Lawver. . . 

Dee.  24,  1819 

Marion,  Robert 

— 

R.  C. 

S.  C. . 

Unknown. 

Masters.  Josiah 

.1) 

Conn. 

Oct.  22,  176; 

N    Y 

Lawvei'... 

JuneSO,  1R32 

Mead.  Cowles 

.1) 

Ga... 

Ga.   . 

Lawver.  . 

Meriwether,   David. 

.1) 

Va... 

17.55 

Ga... 

Soldier.... 

Nov. 16,1822 

Moore,  Nicholas 

.D 
".1) 

Md 

Md... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Mar.  9.   1816 

Morrow,  Jeremiah. . 

Pa.... 

1770 

Ohio. 

Mai-.  22. 1852 

'.F 

,D 

Va... 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Moselev,  J.  0 

Conn. 
N    Y. 

1762 

Sept.  9,  1839 

Mumford.  Gurdon  S 

[RTelson,  Jeremiah  .. 

.F 

Mass. 

Sept.  14,  176! 

Mass . 

Mei-chant. 

Oct.    2.    1838 

Nelson,  Roger 

— 

Md... 

Md... 

Lawver. . . 

Jnne  7.  1815 

Newton,  Thomas... 

I> 

Va... 

iVef 

Va... 

Lawyer... 

Aug.  5,   1847 

Nicholson.  Joseph  H 

.!) 

Md... 

177f 

Md... 

Lawyer. . . 

Mar.  4.   1817 

*.D 

R.  T.. 

Vt,.... 
Ind. . 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Aug.  6    1822 

Parke,  Benjamin.. . 

N.  J.. 

Sept.  2,  1777 

July  12,  183.-. 

Pitkin.  Timothy 

.F 
■.F 

Conn. 
Pa... 
Pa 

1765 

Coim. 
Pa    .  . 
Pa... 
Miiss. 

Lawyer.   . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Porter.  .lohn       

Pucrh.  John 

Quincv,  .Tosinh..    .. 

Mass. 

Feb.  4.    1772 

July    1.  1864 

Randolph.  John... 

.D 

Va.    . 

June  2,  177S 

Va . . . 

Lawver.   . 

May  24.  1833 

Randolph.  Thos.  M. 

.D 

Va.   . 

/.  .  .  . 

Va... 

Unknown. 

June  211,1828 

Rea,  John 

I> 

Pa... 

1755 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

Fell.  6.    U29 

.D 

17.5t 

Tenn. 
Pa... 

N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

May  27.  If32 

N.'  y'. 
Fran. 

Saillv,   Peter 

May  2,    1826 

.D 

N.  Y. 
Va.  .. 

'.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'.  1762 

N.  Y. 
Kv... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Sandford,  Thomas    . 

Dec.   10,  1808 

Schuneman.  M.  G.   . 

'.D 

N.  Y. 
Mass. 

jiui! '  8,"l7fi3 

N".  Y. 

^'ass. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Seaver,  Ebenezer  .. 

Mar.   1.  1844 

Sloan,  James 



N.J.. 

N.  J.. 

Unknown. 

Nov.—.  1811 

Smelt,  Dennis 

— 

Ga... 

Ra... 

Unknown. 

Smilie,  John 

.!> 

Tre'd. 

1742 

Pa.  . , 

Unknown. 

Dec.  30.  1813 

Smith,  John 

.1) 

Va... 

Va. .. 

Unknown. 

Mar.-,  1836 

Smith,  John  C 

K 

Conn. 

Feb.  12,  1765 

Lawver... 

Dec.  7,    1845 

Smith,  O'Brien     

-^ 

S.  C. 

Unknown. 

Smith.  Samuel 

.D 
.D 

Pa... 
Ga... 
N.  J. 

LTnknown. 
Unknown. 
Varied.... 

Spalding.  Thomas... 

Southard.  Henry 

N.  Y. 

Oct.  — ,    1749 

June  2,    1942 

Stanford,  Richard.. 

.!> 

N.  C. 

176S 

N.  C  . 

Unknown. 

April  9,  1816 

Stanton.  Joseph 

.1) 

R.  1   . 

July  19,  17.19 

H.  1.. 

Unknown. 

Stedman.  William., 

V 

Mass. 

1765 

"ass. 

Lawyer.. 

1831 

Sturges,  Lewis  B 

.F 

Conn. 

1762 

Conn. 

I'nknown. 

Mar.  30.  1844 

Taggart,  Samuel... 

,K 

N.  H.. 

Mar.  24.  17.54 

.Mass. 

Cleigvm'n 

April25,1825 

Tallinadge,  Ben  j .... 

.K 

N.  Y  . 

Feb.  25.  1754 

Conn. 

Merchant. 

Mar.  17.  1835 

Tenney.  Samuel 

— 

Mass. 

N.  H. 

I'hvsician 

Feb.   6.    1816 

Thompson,  Philip  R. 

— 

Va.... 

1776 

Va. . . 

Unknown. 

July  22,  1857 

Thompson.  Thos.  W. 



Mass. 

1765 

N.H. 

Lawver... 

Oct.  — ,   1819 

Thomas.  David 

.1) 

N.  Y. 

N.  V 

Unknown. 

Tracy,  Uri 

1) 

Conn. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

Trigtr.  Abiam 

— 

Va... 

Unknown. 

Van  Cortlfindt.  Phil 

.D 

N.  Y. 

Sept.  1,  174E 

N.  Y. 

Surveyor. 

Nov.  5.    1831 

VanRcu.selaer,  K.k 

.1) 

N.  Y. 

I76S 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

June  18.  1845 

Varnum,  Jo.*epli  B  .. 



Mass. 

175E 

Mass. 

Unknown. 

Sept.  11.  1821 

Verplaiuk.D.-niiclC. 

,_ 

N.  Y. 

1761 

N.  Y. 

Un':-own. 

Mar.  29.  1834 

WiUlsvVoitli,   Peleg. 

.— 

Mass. 

Mav    6,    174S 

Mass. 

:\ler< '.innt. 

\i.v    18    1.829 

Walton.  Mattlirw  ... 

^- 

Kv... 

Unknown. 

Jan.  18.  1819 

Whilrhill.  John 

:= 

Pa. 

1721 

Pa... 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

1815 

Whitehill.  K..beit... 

1813 

Wick.-s.  i.liphalet... 

N.  Y. 

Williani-.  David  It.. 

— 

S.  C. 

S.  C. 

Lawver... 

Nov.  15,  1830 

Williams,  Maniid'k. 

A) 

N.  C. 

April  6,  1772  N.  C. 

Lawyer... 

Oct.  29.  18511 

Williams.  Nathiin,.. 

■~ 

N.  Y. 

Va.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Va... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Wilson,  Alexander.. 

Winston.  Joseph 

'- 

Va... 

N.  C. 

s.  c. 

N.  C. 

Soldier  ... 

1814 

Va.  .. 
N.   C. 

....    1813 

Wynns,  Thomas 

Ag'eult'st. 

June  3.  1825 

Total  Keprcsentutives.  ISl.  Occupation  Unknown.  H&.  Lawyers.  31, 
Soldiers.  ».  Physit?iiins,  8.  Merchants,  ii.  Agriculturists.  5.  varied,  4. 
Clergymen.  3.  Sur\'eyors,  a.  Foreign  Born.  4:  Including  Ireland  :^.  and 
France,  1 . 


f 


rENTlI    CONGRESS    OF    TUK    UNITED    STATES    AND    LliADINIi    EVICNTS    OK    IIIIO    TIME. 


•n;i 


Tenth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1807  to  1809. 


1S07— In  consequence  of  an  unprovoked  at- 
tack upi>n  the  I'ritiattr  Cliesapeakt*  by  a 
Uritlsli  war  vessel.  June  '22.  the  United 
States  ordered  all  English  sallinjjrciuft 
to  k'av«  American  ports  and  waters, 
July  2. 

1807~CunM:iPsspr..liihit.-(;Ith<_Ml«nnrInrcfrom 
AllHMr;iii    purl^    ii(     vcssrls    1  ound    l'«ir 

li-nib'ti  .-..1111  (Mrs,  ]!.■< Iht  27.    Anier- 

irari  coninu  iL'L-  sullerud  acverely  from 
this  embargo. 


TlioiniiN    *l(>fr«*rMon,  lit\   PreHldeiit. 

Aaron  Burr,  of  N.  Y..  Vice-Pres.  James  MadlHon,  of 
Va..  Sec 'y  of  State.  Albert  Ciallatln,  of  Pa.,  Sec'y  of 
Treas.  Henry  Dearborn,  of  Mass.,  Si-c'y  of  War.  Jacob 
Crowiiinshieid.  of  Mass.,  See'y  of  Navy.  Robert  Smltli, 
of  Md.,  Att'y  Gen.  Joseph  H.  Vamum,  of  Mans., 
Speaker  of  the  l[ou!*o  of   Represontatived. 


P,  indicates  Federalist;     I>,  Democrat;  W,  WhlK- 


I8(t7— FirMt  newspaper  Issued  In  Newfound- 
land. 

1808— The  llrnt  Temperance  Society  in  Ameri- 
ca organlrx-d  at  Morcan,  SaratOL'a  Co., 

N.  y. 

1808— Stone-coal  flrwt  ui-ed  for  fuel  in  a  flre- 

Pla<;e  by  Judge  Fell,  at  WilkeM  iJarre, 
a. 
1808 — FirHt  prlntlnif-prcKH  west  of  the  MlrtnlH- 

flppi  river  Ket  up  in  St.  Louih,  Mu. 
1808 — Firt*t  Bible  Society  In  America  organ- 
ized at  Philadelphia. 




SENATORS. 

Born. 

When  Born. 

Uepr*. 
Mntcd. 

Occupntioa 

WhenDkd. 

V 

Mass. 

July  11,  17li7  Mass.  l.invviT. .. 

Feb.  23,  184S 

Anderson,  Joseph... 



Pa.  .. 

Nov.    5,  1757  Tenu.  Lawyer... 

April  17, 1837 

Bayard,  James  A... 

V 

Pa... 

July  28,  1767  Del...  Lawyer... 

Aug,   6,  1S15 

Bradley,  Stephen  R. 

l> 

Conn. 

Feb.  20,  17.'J4  Vt....  Lawyer... 

I) 

17,'55|N.  J..  Physieian 

May    4,  1834 

(  rawford.  Wm.  H... 

Va... 

Feb.  24,  1772|Ga...  Lawyer... 

Sept.  15, 1834 

Franklin.  Jesse 

I> 

N.  C. 

IT.WiN.   C.  SnWier  ... 

Sept.  -,  1823 

Gaillard.  John 

S.  C. 

Sept.  5,  17fiG:S.  C, Unknown. 

I'Y-b.  26,  1826 

Giles.  William  B 

1) 

Va... 

Aug.  12,  1762  Va..., Lawyer... 

Dec.    4.  1830 

Gilman,  Nicholas... 

V 

N.  H. 

1762  V.  H.IUnknown. 

May    3,  1814 

Goodrich.  Chauncey 

Conn. 

Oct.  20,  1759  Conn.  Lawyer... 

Aug.  18. 1823 



Pa.  . 

June  10, 17r.5|Pa...!AB'culf»t. 

May  20.  1835 

Hillhouse    James. . 

V 

Conn. 

Oct.  21,  1754lConn.; Lawyer... 

Dec.  29,  1832 

Howland.  Benjamin 

Jones,  George 

Kitchell,  Aaron 

.D 

R.  I.. 

1756 

R.  I..|UnknowTi. 
Ga...,  I  Unknown. 
N.  J.,  ni'ksniilh. 

May  9,    1821 

N.  J.. 

July'  10,  1744 

June  25,  1820 

T) 

Pa... 

17.'ia 

Pa...  .Phv.vieiim. 

Dec.  28,  1822 

Lloyd,  James 

IMfaclay,  Samuel 

.F 

Mass. 
Pa... 

176S 

Mass. 
Pa... 

Merchant. 
Unknown. 

April  5,  1831 

1) 

R.  I.. 

1767 

R.  I.. 

Unknown. 

Oct.  14.  1853 

Meigs.  Return  J 

1) 

Conn. 

Ohio.  Lawyer. . . 

Mar.  29,  1825 

Miliedgc.  John 

Mitchell.  Samuel  L. 

I) 

Ga 

1757 

Ga....  Soldier.  .. 

Feb.  19,  1819 

N.  y. 

Aug.  20,  1764 

N.  Y. 

Physician 

Sept.  7  1831 

•— 

Va... 

Va. . . 

N.  H. 

Unknown. 

May  24,  1821 

N.  H. 

1759 

1839 

Pickering'.  Timothy. 

— 

Mass. 

July  17,  1745 

Mass. 

Lawyer... 

Jan.  29,  1829 

Pope,  John 

1) 

Va... 

1770 

Kv... 

Lawyer. , , 

July  12, 1845 

Keed,  Philip 



Md... 

Md. . . 

Unknown. 

Nov.   2,  1829 

T) 

Mass. 

1745 

Vt... 
Tenn 
N.  Y, 

L.iwyer.  . . 
Unknown 
Unknown 

Nov.    3,  1819 

July  — ,  1818 

Smith.  John 

N.  Y. 

Aug.   9,  1816 

Smith.  John 

1) 

1735 

Ohio.  Unknown 

July  10,  1810 

Smith.  Samuel 

I) 

Pa. . . 

July  27,  1752 

Md... 

Soldier  ... 

April  23,  1839 

II 

Va... 

1734 

S.  C, 

Soldier  ... 

June  1.    1832 

Thruston,  Euckner 

I> 

Va... 

1763 

Kv.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  30. 1845 

Tiffin,  Edward 

11 

Ene  . 

June  19, 1766 

Ohio. 

Physician. 

Aug    9,  1829 

1> 

.P 

Va.   . 

1766 

N.  C  . 
Del..  . 

Soldier  . . . 
Unknown 

Jan.  15,  1824 

"White.  Samuel 

Del.. 

1762 

Nov.  4,    1809 

Total  Senators.  38.  Occupation  Unknown,  13.  Lawyers.  13.  Soldiers. 
5.  Physicians. 4.  Merchant.  1.  Agriculturist. 1.  Blacksmith.  1.  Foreign 
Born,  1:     Including  England,  1. 


1 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Where 
Born 

Wh 

nBcni. 

state 

Repre- 

Benieil. 

Occupatioiv. 

When  Died. 

Alexander.  Evan... 

„ 

N.    C. 

N.  C. 

Unknown- 

Oct.  28,  1809 

5     C 

S.  C    . 

Alston,  Willis 

n 

N.    C. 

N.  C. 

Unknown, 

April  10, 1837 

Bacon.  Ezekiel 

1) 

Mass. 

Sept, 

1,  1776 

Mass. 

Lawyer. . 

Oct.  18,  1870 

Bard,  David 

— 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

1815 

Barker,  Joseph 



Mass. 

...  1751 

Mass. 

Clergym'n 

1815 

1) 

Va... 

...1764 

Va... 

Lnknown. 

Feb.  26,  1841 

Bibb.  William  W. . 

.1) 

Va. . . 

Oct. 

1,    1780 

Ga... 

Physician 

July  9,   1820 

Btnekk-dge,  William 

1) 

N.  C. 

N.  C. 

Unknown. 

Oct.  19,  1828 

N    Y 

N    Y 

Btotint,  Thomas 

_ 

N.    C. 

...1760 

N.  C. 

Soldier  ... 

Feb.  7,  i812 

Boyd,  Adam 

Boyle,  John 

D 

Va... 

Oct. 

28, 1774 

Ky... 

Lawyer.  . . 

Jan.  28,  1834 

'.D 

Pa.  .. 
Va... 

Unknown, 
Unknown. 

Va  .. 

...  1780 

Vnh.  16,  1821 

Butler,  William 

Va... 

...1759 

S.  C. 

Phvsiclan 

Nov.  15,  1821 

Calhoun,  Joseph 



S.  C. 

S.  C  . 

Unknown. 

Campbell.  Geo.  W.. 
Canipbell,  John.  .     . 

.U 
F 

Tenn. 
Md... 

...  1768 

Tenn. 
Md... 

Lawyer, . . 
Unknown. 

Feb. 17.  1843 

JulY 

4,  1765 

June  23, 1828 

Carlton,  Peter 

— 

N.  H. 

N.  H. 

Unknown. 

Champion,  Epaph... 

.V 

Conn. 

Feb. 

i,    17,52 

Conn. 

Unknown. 

Nov.  22, 1835 

Cliandler.  John 

.1) 

N.  H. 

Mass. 

Agr'clt'st. 

Sept.  — ,  1841 

Chittenden,  Martin. 

.F 

Conn. 

Mav. 

12, 1769 

Vt.. 

Agr-culfst 

Sept.  5,  1841 

.D 

Va. . . 

Va.. 
Lou.. 
Pa... 
Va. . . 

N    Y 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

1808 

Clay,  Joseph 

Pa  . . , 

Va 

1815 

Clinton,  George,  Jr. . 
Clopton,  John 

N    Y 

.D 

Va... 

Va... 
Mass. 
Ga... 

Unknown, 
^lerchant. 
Agr'culfst 

Sept.  11,  1816 

Moss. 

N.  ri, 

Cobb,  Howell.  Sr..., 

1820 

Crowninshield,  J 

D 

Mass. 

Mass. 

Merchant. 

April  15, 1808 

Culpepper,  John 

Cutts,  Richard 

n 

Mass. 

June 

22,  1771 

Mass. 

Varied 

April  7,  1845 

I>ana,  Samuel  W. . , 

F 

Conn. 

July 

— ,  1757;Conn. 

Unknown. 

July  21,  1830 

Darby.  Ezra 

— 

N.  J. . 

....  17H9N.  J.. 

Unknown. 

Jan.  28,  1808 

Davenport,  John. . . . 

F 

Conn. 

Jan. 

16,  17.52:Conn. 

Lawver... 

Nov.  28,  1830 

D 

Va... 

....  17R2 

Va . . . 
Mass. 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 

Mar.  30,  1814 

Mass. 

Mar 

16,  1748 

Oct.   14,1818 

Desha,  Joseph 

.-  iPa.  .. 

Dec. 

9,  1768,Ky.,. 

Soldier... 

Oct.    13,  1842 

Durell   Daniel  M     . 

.—  1            L      . 

...  .  In.  h. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Elliott,  James 

..F 

Ivt.... 

lAug 

9,    1770 

Vt.... 

Nov.  10, 1839 

REPRESENTATIVES. 


Ely,  Willian F 

Eppes,  JohnW D 

Findlcy,  William D 

Fisk,  James D 

Franklin,   Me8hacb.,.D 

Oardenler,  Barent F 

Gardner,  Francis — 

Garnett,  James  M — 

Gholson,  Thomas D 

Goodwyn,  Peterson... D 
Goldsborough,  O.  W..F 

Gray,  Edwin — 

Green,  Isaiah  L — 

Harris,  John — 

Heister.  John — 

Helms,  William D 

HoL-e.  William — 

Holland,  James — 

Holmes,  David — 

Howard,  Ben.lamin., — 
Humphrey.  Reuben,. — 

Ilsley,  Daniel D 

Jackson.   John  G.,,.D 

Jackson,  Richard — 

Jenkins,  Robert — 

Johnson.  Richard  M..D 

Jones,  Walter D 

Kenan,   Thomas — 

Kelly.  James — 

Key.Philip  B F 

Kirkp.alrick,  Wm — 

Knight,  Nehemlah F 

rjambert,  John — 

Lewis,  Joseph,  Jr F 

Liver  i.ore,  E.  S — 

Lloyd,  Edward — 

Love,  John D 

Lyon,  Matthew — 

McCieery,  William. . — 

Macon,  N.athaniel D 

Marion,  Robert — 

Masters,  Josiah D 

Milnor,  William F 

Montgomery,  David.  .— 

Montgomery-,  John D 

Moore,  Nicholas  R D 

Moore,  Thomas — 

MoiTow,  Jeremiah D 

Morrow,  John — 

Moseley,  Jonathan  O,  .F 
Mumford,  Gurdon  S.  .1) 

Xelson,  Roger — 

Newbold,  Thomas — 

Newton,  Thomas,  Jr.  .D 
Nicholas,  Wilson  C.  ...D 

Parke,  Benjamin D 

Pitkin,  Timothy F 

Poindexter,  George..  .D 

Porter,  John — 

Puph,  John — 

Quincy,  Josiah F 

Randolph,  John D 

Rea,  John D 

Rhea,  John D 

Richards,  Jacob — 

Richards,  Matthias. .. — 

Riker,  Samuel — 

Rowan,  John — 

Russell,  John — 

Sawyer,  Lemuel D 

Say,  Beniamin — 

Seaver,  Ebenezer D 

Shaw,  Samuel D 

Sloan,  James — 

Smelt,  Dennis — 

Sinilie,  John D 

Smith,  Jedidiah  K — 

Smith.  John D 

Smith,  Samuel D 

Southard,  Henry D 

Stanford,  Richard D 

Stedm.'Ui.  William F 

Storer,  Clement — 

Story,  Joseph D 

Sturges.  LewisB F 

Swart,  Pet«r — 

Taggart,  Samuel F 

Tallmadge,  Benj F 

Taylor.  John — 


Mass. 
Va... 
Ire'd. 
Vt. .. 

C. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Va... 
Va. .. 
Va... 
Md... 
Va... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  J.. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Va... 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Va... 
R.  I.. 
Pa... 
Ky... 
Va. . . 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Md  .. 
N.  J.. 
R.  I.. 

J.. 
Va... 
N.  H. 
Md . . . 
Va. .  . 
Ire'd. 

ji.tf.: 

s.  c. 

Conn. 
Pa. . . 


Dec.  27, 
June  8, 


Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Md... 

Va..! 
Va... 
N.  J. 
Conn. 
Va. . . 
Pa... 
Pa... 
Mass, 
Va... 
Pa... 


N.  Y. 

Pa... 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Mass. 
Mass. 
N.J. 
Ga. .. 
Ire'd. 
N.  H 
Va.., 


N.  Y, 
N.  C. 
Mass, 
Me... 
Mass. 
IConn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
S.    C. 


.  1773 
,  1751 
.  1 762 
.1772 

"mi 

1770 


April  9,  1746 


,  1740 
.  1774 
.1784 


r,  1781 

.. 1745 
..  1771 

.'!V7(i.5 
-,  1768 

'. '.  'l  7-is 

..r 

..17.52 
. .  1779 

'.Vl746 


Oct.  22,  1763 


Sept.  2, 


1777 
1765 
1779 


Feb.  4, 
June  2, 


1772 

1773 

-  1755 

.  17.53 

■.1757 


.  17 


Jan.  8, 
Dec.  — , 


1763 

1768 


.1742 


BIAto 

Bc],rr. 

i.nf.,1. 


Oc^upMivn. 


I 


Mass. 
Va... 
Pa,,. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  C. 
N.  y. 
N.  II. 
Va. . . 
Va... 
Va... 
Md... 
Va... 
Mas.s, 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  J.. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Va... 
Ky. . . 
N.  Y, 
Mass. 
Va. . . 
R.  I.. 
Pa... 
Ky... 
Va. . . 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Md. . . 
NY. 
R.  1.. 
N.  J.. 
Va... 
Ma^s. 
Md... 
Va... 
Kv.  .. 
Md... 
N.  C. 
S.  C  . 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Pa.  . 
Md... 
Md... 
S.  C. . 
Ohio . 


Conn. 
\'.  V. 
Md . . . 
N'.  J. . 
Va... 
Va... 
Ind.. 
Conn. 
Miss. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.,  . 
Mass . 
Va.  . . 
Pa... 
Tenn. 
Pa... 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 

■;.  c. 


Mass. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  J.. 
Ga... 
Pa... 
1770 1 N.  H. 

!!!!!!!!.'!!'.!!  Pa!'.'. 

lOct.  — ,  1749  N.J. . 

1768|N.  C. 

1765  Mass. 

1760, N.  H. 

Sept.  18, 1779  Mass. 

1762  Conn. 

'  N.  V . 

1754  Mass. 
754  Conn. 

1770  S.  C. . 


Sept  20, 
April  7, 
Die.  1. 
Dee.  18, 
Jnn.  10, 
June  25, 
Mav  7, 
July  4, 
Feb.  21, 
Dec.  13, 


Oct.  15,  1821 
1813 


Aug.  •», 
Sept.  18, 


1825 

ApiU  18,1838 


Nov,  19, 
Dee.  31. 
Oct.  22, 
Feb.  4, 
July  28, 
Sept.  2, 


Feb.  4, 
Mar.  311. 
Sept.  22. 
June  2, 
Aug.  17, 
Aug.   1, 


June  2il,  1837 
juJie3o',i)»i 


Mar.  24, 
Feb.  25. 
May  14. 


Unknown- 
Lawyer.  . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
L'nknown. 
Unknown. 
Clergj-m'n 
L'nknown. 
Lawyer. , , 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown- 
Unknown- 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Varied  . . . 
Surve.vor  . 
.Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Physicinn 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Soldier.... 
Physician 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Soldier  ... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Uiiknow  n. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown. 
Unknow-n. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Physician. 
Unknown 
Unknown. 
Unknown. :Dec.  30, 

Lawyer 

Unknown  Mar,  — , 

Unknown 

Vuiied )June  2, 

Unknown.  April  9, 

L.iwver. . .  i 

Physician  Nov.  21. 
Jurist ....  Sept.  10. 
Unknown.  Mar.  30, 

Unknown 

Clergym'n  April  25, 

Soldier Mar.  17, 

Lawyer...  Feb.  23, 


ISI7 
1853 
1821 
\Hi4 
1839 
18-22 
I8;i5 
1843 
1816 
1818 
1834 

1841 


1832 
1814 


1850 
1815 
1843 
1819 
1815 
1832 
1808 
18-23 
1834 
1832 
1834 
18-22 
1822 


Mar.  9. 
Mar.  22,' 
Sept.'  '9,' 


1839 


June  7, 
Dec.  4, 
Aug.  5, 
Oct.  10, 
July  12, 


1815 
18-23 
1847 
1820 
1835 


Sept.  5,  1853 


July  1, 
May  24, 
Feb.  6. 
Mav  27, 


1864 
1833 
18-29 
1832 


July  13, 
Jan.  9. 


1830 
'lS53 
r852 


Mar.  1, 
Oct.  22, 
Nov.  — , 


1844 
18-27 
1811 


1813 
18-28 
1836 


1842 
1816 
1831 
1830 
I84S 
1844 


18-25 
1835 
183-2 


:C». 


Mi> 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Where 
Born. 

When  Born. 

State 

Occupation.           When  T>if\. 

Thomas,  DaviU D 

N.  Y. 

N,  Y, 
Ind.. 
N.  Y. 
Va,,, 
Ga... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Del... 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
Mass, 
N.  Y, 
Tenn. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.  . . 
Unknown. 
Surveyor. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

ThOinas.  Jes?e  B 

Feb    3    185() 

N.    Y, 

Ti-oup.  G-.-or^e   M D 

Ala., 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 

y.  Y, 

Del... 

Sept.  8,  1780 

May    3,  1856 

Van  Alh-n.  Jas.  Q — 

Sept.*  iV  1*749 

Van  Cortlandt.  PhiL.D 

Nov.  5,  1831 
May  19,  1826 

Van  iforne,  Archib'd..— 

N,  y! 

Mass. 
N.  Y. 

........  .1763 

Van  Rensselaer.  K.K„D 

Varnuin,  .Joseph  B. .    — 
Verplanck.  Daniel  C— 

1759 

1761 

Sept.  11,1821 
Mar.  2H.1834 
July  23.  1833 

REPRESENTATIVES.     Z'." 

IVhcn  Upm. 

Stat.. 
R.|.r.. 
sented. 

OcoapatioD. 

When  DiBd. 

WhitehiH,  Robert....— 

Pa... 
R.I.. 

S.  C. 
N.  C. 
Va. . . 

N.  y . 
vt... 
s.  c. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Law.yer. .. 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Wilbour.   Isiuw." — 

Wiliialna.  David  R...— 
Williams,   Marm'd'k.  .D 
Wilson,  Alexander... — 

R.  I.. 
S.  C. 
N.  C. 
Va... 

April  eVi772 

NoT.'i5,"l83(j 
Oct.  29,  1850 

Wilson.  Nathan - 

N.  Y. 
Vt... 

Wynn,  Richard — 

Va... 

Soldier.  .. 

1813 

Total  Representatives,  1S3.  Occupation  Unknown,  90.  Lawyers,  84. 
Soldiers,  6.  Physicians,©,  Merchants,  4.  Varied,  4.  Clergymen,  4. 
Agriculturists,  3.  Surveyors,  S.  Jurist,!.  Foreign  Bom,  3:  Including 
Ireland.  3. 


Eleventh  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1809  to  1811. 


1808— Henry  Clay  and  Humphrey  Marshall 
foiiijht  a  duel  in  Kentucky,  both  being 
wounded. 

1808 — Ocean  steam  navigation,  the  first  In  the 
world,  inaugurated  by  John  Stevens' 
steamboat,  the  "Phcenix,''  between 
Hoboken,  N".  J.,  and  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

1809 — First  Agricultural  Society  in  America 
organized  at  Georgetown,  D.  C,  Novem- 
ber 28. 


cTames  Madison,  4th  President. 

George  Clinton,  of  N.  Y..  Vice-Pres.  Robert  Smith, 
of  Md.,  and  James  Monroe,  of  Va.,  Sec'ys  of  State. 
Albert  Gallatin,  of  Pa  ,  Sec'y  of  Treas.  William 
Eustis.  of  Mass.,  Sec'y  of  War,  Paul  Hamilton,  of 
S.  C,  SecV  of  Navy,  Ciesar  A,  Rodney,  of  Del.,  and 
William  Pinckney,  of  Md.,  Att'ys  Gen.  Joseph  B. 
Varnum,  of  Mass,,  Speaker  of  House  of  Represen- 
tatives. 


F,  indicates  Federalist;     D,  Democrat;     W,  Whig, 


1809 — The  embargo  on  American  shipping 
withdrawn,  except  as  to  commerce  with 
France  and  England,  March  4. 

1810 — First  printing-presses  in  Missouri  and 
Michigan  commenced  running. 

1811 — First  steamboat  for  running  Western 
rivers  was  launched  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Her  name  was  the  "  New  Orleans,"  with 
a  capacity  of  300  tons. 


SENATORS. 

Where 
Bora. 

When  Bora. 

Sut« 
Repre- 
Beow4. 

Occupstioa 

WlenDied. 

Anderson.  Joseph. . 

_ 

Pa,  ,.!Nov.    5.  1757  Tenn. 

Lawyer. . . 

April  17, 1837 

Bayard.  James  A. , . 

.  f 

Pa.... 

July  28,  1767:Del... 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  6,  1815 

Bradley.  Stephen  R 

.U 

Conn. 

Feb.  20,  1754 

Vt.... 

Lawyer.   . 

Dec.  16.  1830 

Brent,  Richard 

■  — 

Va... 

Va... 

Unknown. 

Dec   30  1814 

Campbell.  Alex 

Va... 

1779 

Chainplin,  Christ  G. 
Clav.Henrv 

.— 

R.  L. 

April  12, 1768 

R.  I.. 

Unknown. 

Mar.  18.  1840 

Va. .. 

April  12, 1777 

Ky... 

Lawyer.. . 

June  29, 1852 

Condiet,  John 

.1) 

17,15 

N    J 

Physician 

.May  4.    1834 

Crawford.  Wm.  H. . . 

. — 

Va... 

Feb,  24,  1772 

Ga.  .. 

Lawyer  . . . 

Sept.  15. 1.S34 

Cutts,  Charles 

.— 

Mass 

1769 

N.  H. 

Jan.  25,  1841; 

Dana,  Samuel  W. . . 

.K 

Conn. 

July  — ,  1757 

Conn. 

LTnknown. 

July  21,  1830 

Pranklin,  Je38e 

.1) 

N.  C. 

1758 

N.  C. 

Soldier  ... 

Sept.  — .  1823 

Gaillard.  John 



s.  c. 

Sept,  5,  1765 

s.  c. 

Unknown. 

Feb.  2(5,  1826 

(Jei-man.  Obadiah.. 

.1) 

N.  Y. 

1767 

N.  Y. 

Unknot™. 

Sept.  24. 1*42 

Giles.  William  B 

II 

Va. . . 

.Aug,  12,  1762 

Va... 

Lawver. . . 

Dec.    4.  1830 

Oilman.  Nicholas, . . 

.!> 

N.  H. 

1762 

N.  H. 

Soldier... 

May    3,    1814 

Goodrich.  Chauncey. 

. — 

Conn. 

Oct.  20,  1759 

Conn. 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  18,  1823 

Greirg.  Andrew 



Pa... 

June  10,  1755 

Pa... 

Merchant. 

May  20,   1835 

Griswold,  Stanley.. 

I) 

Conn. 

N'ov.  -,  1768 

Ohio. 

Varied... 

Aug.  21,  1815 

Hillhoilse,  James.. 

.V 

Conn. 

Oct.  21,  1754 

Conn. 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec.  29,  1832 

Horsev,  Oiiterliridge 

Del... 

1777 

Del... 

June  9,  1842 

Lauiljert.  John 

— 

N.  J. . 

1748 

N.  J.. 

Unknown. 

Feb.    4,  1823 

Leib,  Mieh.ael 

I> 

Pa.... 

1759 

Pa... 

Dec.  28,  IR22 

.K 

Mass. 

1769 

Mass. 
R.  I  . 

Merchant. 
Unknown. 

April  5,  1831 
June  4,  1809 

Malbone.  Francis. . 

R.  I.. 

Mathewson,  Elisha. 

.D 
.D 

R.  I.. 

1767 

R.  I.. 

»^hio. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Oct    14    1853 

Meij;s.  Return  J 

Conn. 

Mar.  29,  1825 

Mill.-.li;.-,  J..hn 



Ga... 

1757'lla... 

Soldier  ... 

Feb.  19,  1819 

Park.T,  Nahum 

. — 

N.  H. 

17.59  S.  H. 

Unknown. 

1839 

I'ickeiint;,  Timothy 



Mass. 

July  17,  1745jMass. 

Lawyer. . . 

Jan.  29,  1829 

Lawyer. . . 
Soldier... 

July  12, 1845 
Nov.  2.    1829 

Reed.  Philip 

Md... 

IMd... 

•z 

Mass. 

1745 

Vt... 
Tenn. 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 

Nov     3    1819 

Smith,  Daniel 

July  — ,  1818 

Smith,  John 

l> 

N'.  Y. 

IN.  Y. 

Aug.  9.  1816 

Smith,  Samuel 

.IJ 

Pa... 

July  27,  1752|Md... 

Soldier... 

April23. 1,839 

.1) 

.D 
.D 

S.  C. 
Ga... 
S.C 

.Soldier.  .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

June  1,  1832 
Oct    7     1835 

Tait,  Charles 

Va... 

1768 

Taylor,  John 

S.C  . 

May  14,  1770 

Feb.  23.  1832 

Timn,  Edward 

.1) 

Kng.. 

June  19, 17fi0|iihio. 

Physician 

Aug.  9.  1829 

.U 

.n 

,    ..  176a 

Kv.  . . 
N.   C. 

Lawyer... 
Soldier  ... 

Aug.  30,  1845 
Jan.  15,  1824 

Turn.-r  James 

Va... 

17UI1 

■White,  Samuel  ,... 

■.D 

Del... 

1762 

Del... 
Tenn. 
iihio. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Whiteside,  Jenkins. 

Worthin^ton.  Thos. 

Va... 

July   16,  1774 

June  20,  1827 

Total  Senators.  45.  Lawyers,  17.  Occupation  Unknown,  14.  Soldiers. 
*7.  Phy.>dcians,  4.  Merchants,  a.  Varied,  1.  Foreign  Bom,  1:  Includ- 
ing England,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES.      T*X" 

When  Bora. 

StAtO 

Ilepre- 
lented. 

Ocoupmtion. 

When  Dl«d. 

Allen,  Joseph 

An.ler»on.  William. 

W 
,D 

.D 
.D 

'.D 
.D 
I) 
.D 
,V 
.V 
.D 

Mass. 
Fa..  . 

Sept.  2,  1749 
1759 

Ma«3. 
Pa. .. 
S.C. 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
I'a... 

Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
I^awver. ., 
Physician 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  2,  1827 
Dee.  13    18"'J> 

Alston,  LemuelJ.... 

Al.stm,  Willis 

B'U-..n,  Ezekiel 

Hard,  David 

S.C. 
N.C.. 
Mass, 
Pa,.. 

Sept,'  1,'  i'77fi 

AV)rili0,I«37 

Oct.    18,  1870 

Ilnrrv.  William  T... 
l!ju*«.-tt.  Iliirwell 

Va.  . . 

Va.  . . 

Feb,    5,   1784 
171M 

Autf.  .to,  1835 
Feb    2rt    1841 

Baylies.  William.... 
Bibb,  William   W... 

Blgelow.  Abljah 

Blal^dell.  Daniel.... 

Mass. 
Va.  .. 
Mass. 
N.   H. 
N.  J.. 

Oct,    16,  1783 
Oct.     1,    1780 
Dec,  5,    1775 
1760 

Mass. 
fJa.,. 

S.  H. 

N.J. 

.Sept. 27,  )m:> 

Julv  9.  1820 
April  4,  IHflO 

B.iyd.   Adam 

Br^^-kenrldge,  James 
Brown,   John 

.V  ;  Va...lMar.   7,  1763  Va... 
—     ! Md... 

Aug.  0,  1846 

REPRESENTATIVES. 


Brown.  Robert — 

Burwell.  Win.  A D 

Butler.  William — 

Calhoun.  Joseph — 

Campbell.  John F 

Chamberlain,  Jno.  C.  .F 
Chamberlain,  Wm... — 

Champion.  Epaph F 

Cheves,  Langdon — 

Chittenden,  Martin... F 

Clay,  Matthew  D 

Clopton,  John D 

Cobb,  Howell — 

COv'hran,  James D 

Cook,  Orchard — 

Cox,  James D 

Crawford,  William, ,.D 

Crist,  Henry — 

Cutts,  Richard D 

Dana,  Samuel  W F 

Davenport,  John F 

Dawson,  John D 

Desha.  Joseph — 

Ely,  William F 

Emott,  James F 

Eppes,  John  W D 

Findley,   William D 

Fisk,  Jonathan D 

Franklin,  Meshach...D 
Oannett,  Barzillai, .  .— 
Gardenier.  Barent. ...F 

Gardner.  Gideon — 

Garland.  David  S D 

Gholson.  Thomas D 

Gold,  Thomas  R F 

Goldsborough,  c.  W.  .F 
Goodwyn,  Peterson  ,  D 

Gray,  Edwin — 

Hale,  William F 

Haven,  Nathaniel  A,.F 

Heister,  Daniel — 

Helms,  William, D 

Holland,  James — 

Howard,  Benjamin. .. — 

Hubbard.  J.  H — 

Hufty,  Jacob D 

Huntington,  Ebcn, . .  .— 

Jackson.  J.ilinl; D 

Jackson.  Ki.liiiiil — 

Jenkins.  Kot.ert — 

Jennings.  Jonathan.. — 
Johnson.  Richard  M...D 

Jones,  Vi'altcr D 

Kenan,  Thomas — 

Kennedy,  William F 

Key,  Philip  B F 

Knickerbocker,  H F 

Lewis,  Joseph,  Jr F 

Llvermore,  Edw'd  S, , — 

Livingstone,  R,  L P 

Love,  John D 

Lylc,  Aaron D 

Lv<m,  Matthew — 

IWelSridc,  Ai-chlb'ld.  D 

McKee.  Samuel D 

McKfm,  Alexan<lcr.,,,D 
McKlnlcy,  William, ,.D 
Macon,  Nathaniel, ,.,D 
Matthews,  Vincent. , . , F 


I 


Va, , 
Va.. 
S.  C 
Md.. 


Vt.... 
Conn. 
S.  C. 
Conn. 
Va. .. 
Va. . . 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
Scot.. 
Va. . . 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Va.. 
Pa.  .. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
%'a... 
Ire'd. 
N.  Y". 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Va... 
Va. . . 
X.  Y. 
Md  .. 


Va... 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
Pa... 
N.  J.. 
N.  C. 
Va... 
Vt.... 
N.  J.. 
Conn, 
Va... 
R.  I.. 
Pa... 
N.  J. 
Ky... 
Va... 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 
Md. . . 
N.  Y. 
Va. . . 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Va. , . 
Pa... 
Ire'd. 
N.  C. 
Va... 
Md... 
Va. . . 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 


,  1780(1) 
, . .  . 1759 


July  4,  1765 
1772 

Feb!  i,  "l'7'52 
Sept,  17, 1776 
Mar.  12,  1769 


June  14,  1753 

1760 

1704 

June  22,  1771 
July  — ,  17,57 
Jan,   16, 1752 

1762 

Dec.  9,    1768 


1770 

1773 

Jan.  U,  1751 


..1769 

'.'.'He: 


Dee.  26,  1754 
1774 


Oct.    17,  1781 

1745 

1771 


1765 

July  27,  1782 

1772 

1752 


1757 

June  29,  1768 


Pa... 
Va. . 
S.C. 

S.  C. 


JId. 

N.  H. 

Vt... 

Conn 

S.C. 

Tt.... 

Va. .. 

Va... 

Ga... 

N.  C. 

Mass, 

N.  J.. 

Pa.. 

Ky.. 

Mass 

Conn. 

Conn, 

Va... 

Ky... 

Mass. 

N.    Y. 

Va... 

Pa... 

N.  Y 

N,  C. 

Mass 

N.  Y 

Mass. 

Va 

Va 

N.  ■ 

Md... 

Va. . . 

Va. . . 

N.  H 

N.  H. 

Pa.. 

N.  J., 

N.  0. 

Ky, 

vt 

N.  J.. 

Conn. 
Va... 
R.  I.. 
Pa... 
Ind. . 
Ky... 
Vn.  . . 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
Va . . . 
Ma.ss . 
N,  Y. 
Va. . . 
Pa... 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
Ky,.. 
Md,,. 
Va... 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 


Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.,. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown, 
Lawyer. , . 
AgV'ult'st. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Soldier  ,.. 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Soldier  ... 
Plivsicinn 
Man'faet'r 
Varied. . , . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.. . 
La^^■ye^. . , 
Soldier  . . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Soldier.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unkno'wn. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.. , 
Lawyer.. , 
Unknown, 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. , . 
Unknown. 
Unknown, 
Unknown, 
Unknown, 
Unknown. 
Unknown, 
Unknown. 
La%vyer., . 
Unknown, 
Soldier  .. . 
Surveyor . 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer,. . 
Physician 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Soldier .. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. .  . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Varied. . . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown, 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Soldier 

Lawyer. .. 


Feb.  16, 1821 
Nov.  15,  1821 


June  23, 1828 
Dec.  8,  1834 


Nov,  22.  1835 
June  26, 1852 
Sept.  5,  1841 

1815 

Sept.  11,1816 
1820 


Sept.  12, 


April  7, 
Julv  21, 
Nov.  28, 
Mar,  30, 
Oct.  13, 


April  7, 
Sept.  20. 
April  7, 


1810 
1H23 
1844 
1845 
1830 

laso 

1814 
1842 
1817 
1850 
1853 
1821 


Dec.  18,  1839 
jaii.  'lO,'  1822 


Oct.  7,  1841 
July  4,  181G 
June  22,  I82G 
Dec.  13.  1S34 
Feb.  21,  1818 

Nov.'8,'Y840 
Mar.  7,    1831 


.1813 


Sept.  18, 1814 
Sept.  20,  1849 
May  20.  1814 
Juno  17. 1834 

1825 

April  18, 1838 


Julv  26,  1834 
Nov.  19,  ia50 
Die.  31, IS]5 
Oct.  22,  1843 

Jiily  28,"lHl.5 
Jan.  30,  1855 
Mar.  30,  1834 
Sept.  22,1832 


Aug,  17,1822 
Sept.  24, 1825 
Aug.   1,   1822 


June2t>.  18S7 
Aug.  23. 1846 


.(b^-^ — 


XL 


403       Q; 


T 


ELEVENTH    AND    TUKI.ITir    CONaKKSSES,     AND    I.KADINO    KVKNTS    OK    TlIK    TIMK 


REPRESENTATIVES.    1  ^,7 

WljcQ  Dorn. 

Sutc 
Repri- 

OccupkUnn. 

WI.01.  IHrJ. 

Mu.ii.ii.  U(,l.ci( 

Milirr,  I'l.-.i-iiiit  M....— 

8.  C. 

i'u.'.'. 

N.  Y. 
Md... 

jiii;;: 

Pa .  . . 
Conn. 
N.  Y.. 
Md  . 

Aug. '26I 1764 

.■,■.■.'..".'.'.'.'1776 
1782 

S.  C. 
Tenn. 
(Jiilo. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
B.C.. 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
.N-.  Y.. 
Md. . . 
N.  J.. 
Va. . . 
Va. . 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. . 
Mass . 
Conn. 
Miss.. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
R.  1.. 
Lou.. 
Mass. 
Va. .  . 
Pa.  . . 
Tenn. 
Pa... 
Md... 
Va.... 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 

y.  Y. 

N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
N.  J.. 

Unl{iiown. 

Miln.ir.  VVilhani K 

.Mi(,lii-ll.  s.iiiiuel  I,...l) 

■\l.>nir.  Ni.-holas  R D 

IMn.irc,  Thimiaa — 

UnI;nown. 
Phyclclan 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unk:iown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.  .. 

Soldier 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Liwyer... 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Sept,"7,"l8i)i 
Mar.  9,  1816 

MoiitK'oiiK-ry.  John...D 
Morrow,   Jeceiniah. . .  I) 
Moseley.  Jooathaii  ()..F 
.Mumfonl.  (juidoii  S...I) 

Nelson,   Ro^er — 

Newbold,  TIlO[nari D 

Newton,  Thomas D 

Mar. '2211852 
Sept.  9,  1839 

jurie'  7,*  1815 
Dec.  4,  1823 
Aug.  5,  1847 
Oct.  10,  182(1 
Jan.  20,  I82(i 
Oet.  27,  1834 
Aug.  14,  1843 

Sept.'  '5,'  I's'is 

Va'. .' .' 

.'.'.".'.".".".".V7(i9 

Nk-holas,  Wilson  C...D 
Mi-liolson.  J(,hn I) 

I-r„rs.„|,  .I,.,s..|,l, K 

I'l.-Uman,  llelljiuiun.  .— 
i'Kklii,  Timothy. .....F 

I'oinde-xtel-,  tieufge...D 
Porter,  John — 

Va... 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 

(Jonn. 
Va. . . 
Pa... 
Conn. 
R.  I.. 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'ues 
'.'..'. '.'.'.'. 'j'ies 

1765 

1  ;69 

.'.'.'.'.  ■.■.■.■,V773 
Nov.    5,  1764 

Porter,  Peter  B D 

Potter,  Elljha  R F 

Poyiinus,  Julian — 

tiuiney,  Josiah F 

Randolph,  John D 

Kea,  John D 

Rhea,  John D 

Riehards,  Matthias. .  .— 

Mar.  20,  1844 
Sept.  26,  1835 
July  25,  1824 
July  1,  18(i4 
May  24,  1833 
Feb.  6,  1829 
May  27,  1832 

Mass. 
Va... 
Pa... 

Feb.    4.   1772 
June    2,  1773 

1755 

17.'i3 

17,57 

KiiitrKold,  ,Samuel D 

Md... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Oct.  18,  1S29 
Not.  15,  1838 
Dec.  24,  1846 

Kocit,  Krastus U 

Conn. 

Mar.  16,  1772 

8a(?e,  Ebenezer D 

Saiiimons,  Thomas... D 

Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 

'..'..".'.'.'.1777 

Unknown. 

Jan.  20,  1C34 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknowns 
Seientist. . 
Phvsieian 

Jan.   9,  1852 

Mar'."r,  "I'SM 
May  2.  1825 
Nov.  6,    1836 

Say.  Benjamin — 

Seaver,  Ebenezer D 

Seybert.  Adaiu D 

Scudder,  John  A — 

Pa.... 
Mass. 
Pa... 
N.  J.. 

Jaiirs,'  17(53 

1773 

1767 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

w\,„n 
lV,rn. 

Wb.n  llCTa. 

8ui> 

Kciir..- 

Mentt'i. 

OwtiiiMlon. 

Vhm  W..I. 

Shaw,  Hanm.M 

.D 

'.D 

'.D 

'.D 
.D 

'.F 
.F 
.F 

.F 
.F 
.F 

'.D 
.D 
.D 
.D 

'.D 

'.F 

'.F 
•  F 
D 
.D 

Mass. 
Md..  . 

Dec. 

-,  17(W 
. .      1770 

Vt.... 
Va.  .. 
(;a... 
Pa, ... 
Pa.... 
Va... 
Pa... 
N.  J.. 
N.   C. 
N.    C. 
Mass. 
Va... 

I'hysician 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Varied.... 

Unknown. 

Uiiknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Soldier.... 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Clergym'n 

Mi'i  chant. 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . 

Clergym'n 

Lawyer. .. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer.. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Soldier... 

Oct.  '22.  1827 

Hmelt,  Dennis 

Oa,.  . 
Ire'd, 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'iiii 

S(nilie,  Julin 

Dec.  80,  1813 

Smith,  John 

Va,.. 

Mar          183(1 

Smith,  Ha nincl 

SoiKhuicI,  Henry... 
.Stjuilonl.  kiciiard.. 

Slillll.V.  J..lMi 

sodman.  William.. 
Stephenson,  James. 
Sturges,  Lewis  B. . . . 

n'.'y'. 

NO.. 
N,  C. 
Ma»». 
Pa... 
Conn. 
Va... 

b'dt.' 

Haf. 

'-."mil 

....  17(18 

'.'.'. '.'iiia 

20,  1764 
17(!-.» 

June  2,  IH42 
April  9,  1816 
Aug.  3.   1R'J4 

1831 

Aug.  7,  1833 
Mar.  30.  1844 

Va.... 
Mass. 
Conn. 
8.  C.  . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Oa. .  . 
Mass  . 
Mass. 
Del  .  . 
Md.  .  . 
N.  Y. . 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Mass. 

N.  n.. 

Taprgart,  Samuel.. 
Tallniadge,   BenJ... 

Taylor,  John 

Thompson,  John. . . . 
Tracy,  Url 

N.  H. 
N.  Y. 

s.  <-.. 

N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Ala   . 
Mass 
Ma.ss. 
Del... 

N.'  'y. 
Mass. 

Mass. 

Mar. 

Feb. 
May 

Se'pt 

24,  !7.'.4 

25,  17.54 
14,  1770 

'  's.'  'l'786 
.  1750<!) 

Apill25.  1825 
Mar.  17.  18:15 
Feb.  2.3,  18:12 

Troup,  George  M 

Turner,  Charles, 

Upham,  Jabez 

May  3,   1&5(! 

i^'i'i 

Van  Dyke,  Nicholas. 
Van  Home.  Areh 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'mil 
17.'i9 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'mi 

May  19,  1826 

VanRen.sselaer,  K.K 
Vamum.  Joseph  B. . 
"Weakley.  Robert. . . 

June  18, 1845 
Sept.  11,1821 

Wheaton,  Laban 

Whitehill,  Robert... 

Mar.  23,  1840 

Whitman.  Ezeklel,, 

Wilson,  James 

Witherspoon,  Rob't. 
Wright.  Robert 

Mass. 

Mar. 

11,  177(i 
....  1757 

Jan."4,"r8:i;j 

Md 

Md... 
S.  C. 

Sept.  7.  1820 
1813 

Wynn,  Richard 

Va 

Total  Representatives.  1S7.  •  Occupation  Unknown,  82.  Lawven*.  4». 
Soldiers,  lO.  Phyttieians.  t.  Merchants.  4.  Varied,  4.  ClerK>'nien.  2. 
Agriculturists.  SS.  Manufacturer,  1.  Scientist,  1,  Surveyor,  1.  Foreign 
Born,  3:    Including  Ireland,  2;    Scotland.!. 


*    Deaths  and  resignations  of  Senators  and  Representatives  cause  the  difference  in  the  number  of  members  in  each  Congtess. 

Twelfth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1811  to  1813. 


1811— Slavery  abolished  inChilL'S.  A.,Oct.  10. 

IHl  1 — Numerous  earthquakes  in  Missouri, 
beginning  Dec.  l(i,  destroying  property 
and  causing  great  consternation. 

181 1— The  Richmond  (Va.)  Theatre  was 
burned  Dec.  '2i,  destroying  more  than 
70  persons,  including  the  Governor  of 
the  State. 

1811— A  breech-loading  rifle  invented  by  John 
Hall,  an  American  citizen. 

1812 — Louisiana  admitted  into  the  Union— 
the  eighteenth  State— April  30. 


James  MadUon.  4th  President. 

George  Clinton,  of  N.  Y..  Vice-Pres.  James  Monroe, 
of  Va.,  Sec'y  of  State.  Albert  Gallatin,  of  Pa  ,  Sec'y 
of  Treas.  William  Eustis.  of  Ma.ss..  and  John  Ann- 
strong,  of  N.  Y.,  Sec'ysof  War.  Paul  Hamilton,  of 
S.  C,  and  William  Jones,  of  Pa..  Sec'ys  of  Navy. 
William  Pinckney,  of  Md.,  Att'v  Gen.  Henry  Clay, 
of  Ky.,  Speaker  of    House    of  Representatives. 


F»  indicates  Federalist;    D,  Democrat;    TV,  Whig. 


1812— War  declared  against  England.  June 
18. 

1812— Fort  Dearborn,  at  Chicago,  HI.,  cvac-u 
ated,  and  sohiiei-s  and  citizenw  were 
massacred  by  Indians,  August  13. 

1812— The  flrst  public  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany was  established  at  Philadelphia, 
with  a  capital  of  $500,000. 

1813 — Commodore  Perry's  victory  over  the 
British  tWrt.  on  Lake  Erie,  occurred 
September  10. 

1813 — Toronto.  Canada,  captured  by  Ameri- 
can soldiers,  April  27. 


SENATORS. 

Bora. 

When  Dora. 

Stale 
Reprp- 
BeniM. 

OccupMioD. 

Wlieii  Die,]. 

Anderson,  Joseph.  . 



Pa... 

Not.  5.  1757 

Tenn. 

Lawyer.   . 

April  17.1.S37 

Bayard.  JiiniesA... 

V 

Pa.  .. 

July  28,  I7H7 

Del... 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  6.    1815 

Bibb.  lie.. we  M 

. — 

Va. . . 

1772 

Ky... 

Lawyer.. 

April  14, 185SI 

Bradlty.  Stephen  R 

,u 

Conn. 

Feb,  20,  17.'v4 

Vt.... 

Lawyer.. . 

Dec.  16,  1830 

Brent.  Riehard 



Va... 

Va  .. 

Unknown. 

Dec.  30,  1814 

Brown.  .lamed 

. — 

Va... 

Sept.  11,  1766 

LOQ.. 

Lawyer. 

April  7,  1835 

t:ampl»ell.  Alex 

— 

Va... 

1779 

Ohio. 

Physician 

Nov.    5.  1857 

Campbell,  Geo.  W.. 

.u 

Tenn. 

176S 

Tenn. 

Lawyer... 

Feb.   17, 1843 

Condiet.John 

.1) 

1755 

N.    J. 

Physician 

May  4,    1834 

Crawford.  ■Wm.  H... 

, — 

Va... 

Feb.  24,  1772 

Ga... 

Lawyer... 

Sept.  15,1834 

Cutts,  Charles 

— 

Mass. 

1769 

N.  H. 

Lawyer.    . 

Jan.  25,  1846 

Dana,  Samuel  "W... 

.K 

Conn. 

July  — ,  1757 

Conn. 

L'nknown. 

July  21,  1830 

.U 

N.  C 

N.  C. 
S.  C. 

Soldier.... 
Unknown. 

Sept.  — ,  1823 
Feb.  26,  1826 

Gailiard.  John 

S.  C. 

.Sept.  5,  1765 

.D 

.n 

N.  Y. 
Va... 

1767 

N.  Y. 
Va . . . 

Unknown. 

Sept.  24,  1842 
Dec.   4.    1830 

Giles,  William  B.... 

Aug.  12,  1762 

Oilman,  Nicholas . . . 

.1) 

N.  H. 

1762 

N.    H. 

Soldier.... 

May   3.    1814 

Goodrich,  Chauncey 

. — 

Conn. 

Oct,   20,  17a£ 

Conn. 

Lawyer... 

Aug.  18,  1823 

Gregg,  Andrew 

— 

Pa.  .. 

June  10,  1755 

Pa... 

Merchant. 

May  20,  1835 

Horsey,  Oiiterbr'g. . 



Del... 

1777 

Del  .. 

Lawyer. .. 

June  9,   1842 

Howell.  Jeremiah  B. 

— 

R.  I.. 

1772 

R.  I.. 

1822 

Hunter.  William... 

— 

R.  I.. 

Nov.  23,  1775 

R.  I.. 

Lawyer.. . 

Dec.  3,    1849 

Lambert.  John 



N.  J.. 

1741- 

N.  J.. 

Unknown. 

Feb.    4.  1823 

Leib.  Michael     

I) 

Pa... 

17.59 

Pa.  .. 

Physician 

Dec.  28,  18-22 

Lloyd.  James 

K 

Mass, 

1769 

Mass. 

Merchant. 

April  5,  1831 

Maffruder,  Allan  B. 

1) 

Kv... 

Lou.. 

Lawyer... 

April  16, 1822 

Pope.  John 

1) 

Va. . . 

177C 

Ky... 

Lawyer.. . 

July  12,  1845 

Posey,  Thomas 

Va.  . . 

July  9,    175C 

Lou.. 

Soldier.... 

Mar.  19,  1818 

Ueed.  Philip 

— 

Md... 

Md... 

Soldier... 

Nov.    2,  1829 

Knidiison.  J 

— 

Mass. 

1745 

Vt . . . 

Lawyer... 

Nov.   3,    1819 

Smith.  John 

1) 

N.  Y. 

N.   Y. 

Unknown. 

Aug.  9.  1816 

STiiith,  .Samuel 

.1) 

Pa.  .. 

July  27,  1752 

Md... 

Soldier... 

April23,1839 

Tail,  Charles 

1) 

Va... 

17fif 

Ga... 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.    7.    1835 

Taylor,    John 

. — 

S.  C. 

May  14,  177i: 

S.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

Feb.  23.  1832 

Turner,  James 

l> 

Va... 

1766 

N.  C. 

Soldier.... 

Jan.   15.  1824 

Varniim.  Jo.seph  B. 

Mass . 

17.59 

Mass. 

Unknown. 

Sept.  11,  1821 

WorthinL'ton.  Thos 

.U 

Va... 

July  16,  1774 

Ohio. 

l'nknown. 

June  20.  1827 

Total  Senators,  3T.      Lawyers.  IH.     Occupation    Unknown,  8,      Soldiers, 
6.     Phvsiiians.  3.     Merchants, «. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Alston.  Willis D 

Anderson.  William... D 

Archer,  Stevenson D 

Avery,  Daniel D 

BiU-<".n.  Ezekiel D 

l;;ik.  r.  J.ilin F 

li;iiil,  I>avid    — 

liainett,  William D 

Bartlett,  Josiah — 

Bassett.  Burwell D 

Bibb,  William  W D 

Bigelow,  Abijah K 

Blackledge,  William. .D 
Bleecker.  Harnianus..F 

Blount,  Thomas — 

Bond,  Shadrach — 

Boyd,  Adam D 

Breck  en  ridge,  James. .F 

Brigham.  Elijah F 

Brovvn,   Robert — 

Burwell.  William  A..D 

Butler,  William — 

Calhoun.  John  C D 

Carr,  Francis D 

Champion,  E F 

Cheves.  Langdon — 

Chittenden.  Martin... F 

Clav,  Henry- W 

Clay.  Matthew D 

Clopton,  John D 

Cobb,  Howell - 

Cochran,  James D 

Condict.  Lewis W 

Cooke.  Thomas  B 1) 

Crawford.  William. ..D 

Cutts,  Richard D 

Davenport.  John F 

Davis.  Roger D 

Dawson,  John D 

Desha,  Joseph — 


N.  C. 

Pa.... 

Md... 

N.  Y. 

Mass. 

Va... 

Pa... 

Va... 

N.  H. 

Va. . . 

Va. 

Mass. 

N.  C. 

N.  Y. 

N.  C. 

Md.. 

N.  J.. 

Va.    . 

Mass. 


Va... 
S.  C. 
Mass. 
Conn. 
C. 
Conn. 
Va... 
Va... 
Va... 
N.  C 
N.  C. 
N'.  J.. 


Wlien  Bcm. 


1759 

.Sept.  1.  177t 


Dec.  16,  17as 

r 

Oct.    1,    178<-) 

Dec.  5,  r 


..  1779 
..  1760 
..  1773 


Mar.  7,  1763 
June  6,    1750 

'. '.  'l786i 

17.59 

.Mar.  18, 178'J 

1752 

Feb.  1.  17.52 
Sept.  17,  1776 
Mar.  12.  1769 
April  12,  1' 


Scot.. 
Mass. 
Conn. 

Va!!; 
Pa... 


June  22, 1771 
Jan.  16,  17.52 


.  1762 
1768 


SUf 


N.  C. 
Pa.. 

Md... 
>.  Y. 
^IJL-ss. 
Va... 
Pa.  . 
Ga.  .  . 
N.  H. 
Va..  . 
Ga... 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y 

ill.'.!! 

N.  J.. 
Va. . 
Mass. 
Pa.... 
Va.  . 

s.  c. 
s.  c. 

Mass. 
Conn. 
S.  C. 
Vt.  . 
Kv.  . 
Va. . 
Va... 
Ga... 
N.  C. 
N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Pa  .. 
Va. . . 
Ky... 


Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
L'nknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Phj'sician 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Lawyer.  . 
Soldier ... 
Ag'cult'st. 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Physician 
LaAvyer. .. 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Law.ver... 
Ag'cult'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Unknown 
.\g'cult'st. 
Unknown 
Physician 
Unknown 
Physician 

Varied . 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 


April  10, 1M7 
Dec.  13,  I-  ■..: 
1.'48 

Oct.'  18,'  'l's70 
Aug.  18.  1833 
1815 


April  14. 
Feb.  26. 
July  9, 
April  4. 
Oct.  lii. 
July  19. 
Feb.  7. 
April  11, 

AligV'9." 
Feb.  22. 


1838 
1841 

1820 
1860 
1828 
1849 
1812 
1830 

I'riil! 
181B 


Feb.  16.  1821 
Nov.  1.5.  1821 
Mar.  31.  1850 
Oct.  7.  1821 
Nov.  22,  1835 
June  26, 1852 
Sept.  5.  1841 
June  20, 1852 

1815 

Sept.  11.1816 

1820 

May  '26!  'iHlil' 


1823 

April  7.  1845 
Nov.  2H.  1S30 

jiar.  3<l!  1814 
Oct.  13.  1842 


-sp.^ 


^; 


Iiinsmoor.  Sjimuel D 

Earle.  Elias D 

Ely.  William P 

Einott,  James F 

FintUev.  William. ...D 

I'Uk.  .lames D 

Flicl],  Asa F 

Fr.niklin,  Mcshach....D 

<ih..l-.>n,  Thomas D 

f;',lcl,  Thoma.s  R F 

(.uM>l»orou;?li,  C.  W.,F 
Goodwvn,  Peterson,. .D 

Gray,  Edwin — 

Green,  Isaiah  L — 

Grosvenor,  Thos.  P  ..F 

iJniri.lv.  FeliN D 

H..II,  Boiling D 

11  ill.obed — 

II  II  i>er,  John  A D 

Hawes.   .Aylett D 

Heiii[iytead,  Edward.. — 

Huttv,  Jacob D 

Hiin^-erford.  Jno.  P..  .D 

H.\  iL.-inan,  John  M — 

fJ:nk^on,  Rithard.,..— 
Jennings,  Jonathan.. — 
Johnson,  Riehar-l  M...D 
Kennedy,  William.,. F 

Kent.  Joseph F 

Key.  Philip  B F 

King.  William  R D 

Lacock,  Abner D 

Law,  Lyman F 

Lefever,  Joseph — 

Lewis,  Joseph,  . F 

Little,  Peter D 

Livi[i;r.^ton,  Rob'tL...F 
LMwudes,  William. ...D 

L\  I'-,  Aaron D 

M.r.ride,  Archibald.. D 

.M.r.iv.  William D 

M,-K'-e,  Samuel D 

MrKiin,  Alexander D 

M  irnn,  Xathaniel...  .D 
M.ixwell.  George  C... — 

.11-  iralt,  .Irunah D 

.■\liliiur.  James — 

Miiihell.  Samuel  L...D 

Moore.  Thomas — 

Murgan,  James F 

3Imi  to.v,  Jeiemiah D 

M.iv.U.v.  J.  (1 F 

Xel-on,  Hugh D 

New,  Anthony D 

Newbold,  Thomas D 

Newton,  Thom-is D 

Ormsby,  Stephen — 

Paulding,  William... D 


N.  H 
Va.  . 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Irc'd. 
Vt... 


July  1,    1766 


N.  C. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
V'a... 
Va... 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Va. .. 
Ga.... 


N.  H. 


Conn. 
N.  J.. 


Pa... 
R.  I.. 
N.  J.. 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
Md... 
Md... 
N.  C. 
Va... 
Conn. 


Va... 
Pa... 

N.  y, 
s.  c. 

Pa .  . . 
N.  C. 
Va... 
Va. . . 
Md. . . 
N.  C. 
N.  J.  . 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 

N.'JV. 

Pa... 
Conn. 
Va... 
Va.  .. 


Va. . 
Va.. 
N.  Y 


.  1770 
,  1751 
.  1762 


.  1780 
,  1777 
.  1789 


June  3,   1780 


Oct.  17,  1781 


1779 
1765 
1786 
1770 
1770 


April  7, 
Aug.'igi 


.  1772 


Feb.  7,    1782 


.1748 
.  1757 


June  20, 
Aug,  20, 


1773 
1764 


.1770 
.  1762 


N.  H. 
S.  C. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Vt. . . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  0. 
Va... 
N.  Y 
.Md. . 
Va. .  . 
Va  .. 
Mass. 
S.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Ga. .. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
Va. .. 
Mo  .. 
N.  J.. 
Va... 
Pa. . . 
R.  1  . 
Ind.. 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
Md... 
Md... 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Conn. 
Pa... 
Va... 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Va... 
Ky... 
Md... 
N.  C. 
N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
N.  .L. 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
Va... 
Ky... 
N.  J.. 


Ky... 

N.  Y. 


Law'yer. . . 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Soldier... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Unknown 

iLawyer. . . 
Unknown 

(Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 

La^vyer 

Lawyer.  . 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Lawyer.  . 

Physician 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Merchant. 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . . 

L.i\vyer. . . 

Physician 

Soldier . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown 

La^vyer. . . 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Mechanic  . 

Unknown 

Varied 

Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
UnknajvTi 
Soldier  . , . 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Law>-er. . . 
Physician 
Unknown 
Soldier  . . 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer 

Lawyer. . . 


Mar.  15,  1835 


1817 

April  7,  1850 
April  7.  1821 
Dec.    1,  1844 


Dec.  18,  1839 
July  4,  1816 
June  22,  1826 
Dec.  13,  1834 
Feb.  21,  1818 


.1841 


Dec.  19,  1840 
Mar.  25,  1836 


Aug.  31,  1833 
Aug.  10,  1S17 
Mar  20,  1814 
Dec.  21,  1833 

Aprili8,1838 
July  26,  1834 
Nov.  19,  1850 

Nov!  24,'  isii 

July  28,  1815 
April  18, 1853 
April  12, 1837 
Feb.    3,  1842 


Mar.  30,  1834 
Feb.   5,   1830 

Oct.'  27,'  'l'822 
Sept.  24, 1825 


June  29, 1837 


April  8,  1S45 
Sept.  7,  1831 


Mar.  22.  1852 
Sept.  i),  1839 
Mar.  18,  1836 
Mar.  2.  1833 
Dec.  4,  1823 
Aug.    5,  1847 

1340 

Feb.  11,  1854 


Pear.son,  Joseph F 

Pickens,  Israel D 

Piper,  William D 

Pitkin,  Timothy F 

Pleasants,  Jaines D 

Poindexter.  George. ..D 

Pond,  Benjamin D 

Porter,  Peter  B D 

Potter,  Elisha  R F 

Quincy,  Josiah F 

Randolph,  John D 

Reed.  William F 

Rirhiirds..li.  Wm.  M...P 

Eid-i  ly.  H.nry  M P 

Ringgold.  .Samuel D 

Rhea,  John D 

Roane,  John D 

Robertson,  Thos.  B. ..D 
Roberts,  Jonathan... — 

Rodman,  William — 

Sage,  Ebenezer D 

Sammons,  Thomas. ..D 

Sawyer,  Lemuel D 

Seaver,  Ebenezer D 

Sevier,  John D 

Seybert,  .■Vdani D 

Shaw,  Samuel D 

Sheffey,  Daniel P 

Smilie,  J, dm D 

Smith,  Geoi-ge — 

Smith,  John D 

Stanford,  Richard D 

Stow,  Silas D 

Strong,  William D 

Stuart,  Philip P 

Stm-ges,  Lewis  B P 

SuUiyan,  George — 

Xaggart,  Samuel P 

Taliaferro,  John D 

Tallmadge,  Benj F 

Tallman,  Peleg D 

Tracy,  Uri U 

Troup,  George  M D 

Turner,  Charles, D 

Van  Cortlandt.  P D 

"Wheaton,  Laban P 

White,  Leonard — 

Whilehill.  Robert....— 
WidL-ei-y,  William  ...— 
Williams,  David  R,  ..— 

Wilson,  Thomas P 

Wright.  R,  -bert D 

Wvnn,  Richard — 


N.    C. 
N.    C. 


Conn. 
Va... 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
R.  I.. 
Mass. 
Va.  .  . 
Mass. 
N.  H. 


Nov.  5 
Feb.  4, 
June  2 


Md., 


Pa... 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N,  C. 
Mass. 
Va,,. 
Pa... 
Mass. 
,Md,,. 
Ire-d. 

Va! ! ! 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Md... 
Conn. 
N,  H, 
N,  11. 
Va. .  . 
N.  Y. 
R.  I.. 
Conn. 
Ala., 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
M.ass. 
Mass. 


Pa... 
S.  C. 


Va. 


.  1765 
.  1769 
.  1779 

!  'l'773 
1764 
1772 
1773 

.1777 
1774 

.1778 


.1753 

.  1754 

.  1778 

.  1771 

1757 


.  1777 
1763 
.  174". 
.  1773 
,  1768 
.  1770 
.  1742 


1762 

Vug.  29.  ;771 
Mar.  24,  17:.4 

17(M 

Feb.  25, 1754 
1754 


Sept.  8,  1780 
1750(') 


.  1754 
.  1767 


Mar.  23, 
Oct.  1(1. 


1846 
1849 
1813 
1822 
1830 
1836 
1326 
1813 

Total  Representatives,  ISl.  Unknown  Occupation.  Tl.  Lawyers.  4*7. 
Soldiers.  9.  Physicians,  9.  Merchants,  4.  Agricult'sts.  3.  Clergymen. 
S.  Varied.  2.  Sailor,  1.  Scientist.  1.  Mechanic,  1.  Jurist,  1.  Foreign 
Born,  3:    Including  Ireland,  2;  Scotland,  1. 


N.  C. 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Conn. 

Va... 
Miss.. 
N.  Y. 
N,  Y. 
R.  I,. 
,Mass. 
Va,.. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Del  .. 
Md. , , 
Tenn. 
Va, , . 
Lou.. 
Pa... 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
M  i-s. 
Ti  nil. 
I'a... 
Vt.... 
Va... 
Pa... 
Pa... 
Va... 
N.  C. 
N.  V. 
Vt... 
Md... 
Conn. 
N,  H. 
Mass. 
Va , . , 
Conn, 
Mass. 
N,  Y. 
Ga, ,  . 
Ma.ss. 
N,  Y, 
Mas,, 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Mass. 
S.  C, 
Va... 
Md... 
S.    C. 


L,awyer, , , 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. , , 
Unknown 
Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer. , . 
La\vyci , , , 
Lawyer, , . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 

Jurist 

Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown 
Soldier.,, 
,Scientist,. 
Pliysieian 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Law.yer.. . 
Soldier  ... 
Jnkiiown 
Lawyer. , . 
Clergym'n 
Unknown 
Soldier.,. 
Merchant. 
Unknown 
Lawyer,.. 
Clergym'n 
Unknoyvn 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Unknown 

Sailor 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Lawyer... 
Soldier 


Nov.  9, 
Sept,  5. 
June  14, 
Mar.  21 1, 
.S.pt,  2.-,. 
July  1 
Ma\  21, 
Feb,  18, 
Mar.  23, 
Aug.  7, 
Oct:  18, 
May  27. 
Nov.  15, 


July  7. 
July  27, 
Jan.  20, 


Oct.  27,  1834 


1830 
ls,-,;i 
ISI.-, 
IS44 
183,-, 
1.804 
1833 
1837 
1838 
1847 
1829 
1832 
1838 


1854 
1824 
1834 


Jan,  9. 
Mar.  1 , 
Sept,  21, 
May  2, 
Oct.  22, 
Dec,  3. 
Dec.  3o. 


1852 
1.844 
181,-, 
182," 
1827 
183" 
1813 


Mar.  - 
April  ! 


,  183i; 
1810 


Aug,  14, 
Mar.  30. 
June  14, 
Aplil25, 
Aug,  12. 
Mai,  17. 
Nov,    2, 


1830 
1841 
1838 
1.82,-, 
1853 
1835 
18S4 


Aug.  7, 
Nov.  1.5, 
Jan.  24, 
Sepl.  7, 


1813— "Robert  L.  Stevens  devised  a  bomb- 
shell and  sold  his  invention  to  the 
Government. 

1813 — First  stereotyping  done  in  America  by 
D.  &  G.  Bruce.  New  York,  who  stereo- 
typed the  Hrst  Bible  in  America. 

1813 — Cloth  first  woven  in  power-looms  in 
America,  at  Waltham,  Mass.  The  loom 
was  constructed  by  Paul  Moody,  of 
Ame«bury,  Mass. 

1814— Washington  City,  D.  C,  burned  by  the 
British  under  General  Ross,  August  24. 
Losses,  nearly  63,000,000. 


Thirteenth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1813  to  1815. 


dames  MadUon,  4:th  PreHident. 

Elbridge  Gerry,  of  Mass..  Vice-Pres.  James  Monroe, 
of  Va.,  Sec"y  of  State.  Albert  Gallatin,  of  Pa.;  George 
W.  Campbell,  of  Tenn..  and  Alex.  J.  Dallas;,  of  Pa.. 
Sec'ys  of  Treas.  John  Arnistronpr.  of  X.  Y.,  and  James 
Monroe,  of  Va.,  Set-'ys  of  War.  William  Jones,  of  Pa., 
and  Benjamin  W,  Crowninyhield,  of  Mass..  Sec'ys  of 
Navy.  William  Pinckney,  of  Md,,  and  Richard  Rush, 
Att'ys  Gen.     Henry  Clay,  of  Ky.,  and  Langdon  Cheves, 

of  S.  C,  Speakers*  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

P,  indicates  Federalist;    D,  Democrat;  TV,  Whig. 


1H14— Tnatv  of  Peace  between  the  United 
st.ites  and  Great  Britain  signed  at 
Ghent,  Belgium,  Dec.  24. 

1814— Fii-st  Steam-Ferry  between  New  York 
City  and  Long  Island,  invented  by 
Robert  Fulton,  began  rvinning. 

1814 — Battle  of  Lundy's  Lane  was  fought, 
near  Niagara  Falls,  July  '2o,  between 
British  and  American  Soldiers,  the 
former  being  defeated  with  a  Io?s  of 
878  men.  The  American  loss  was  852 
men. 


SENATORS. 


.Vndirson,  Joseph.. 
It  >T  lioiii',  J.-Lines  ..   . 

I;  nil,  William  T 

l:il'l'.  li.'orgeM 

lUhb,  William  W 

Bledsoe.  Jesse 

Ilient.  Kiehard 

Brown,  James 

Bullock,  William  B.. 
«;ampbell.  Geo.  W... 

f'hace.  Dudley 

(^ondi  rt.  John 

Cutts,  Charles 

Dagg-tt,   David 

lima,  s.imnr'l  W 

Fr.'ini'iitin.  Kle^itls. 

<in,]l  ml,  J.ihn 

I  iiiin  111.  lihadlah.... 

i;il.-s,  Willi. iin  B 

'•illilaii.  NkIioIiw,  , ,. 
li.ild^bon.iigh.  II.  H. 
*;<,ri-,  rhilslopher. .. 
II..r^ev,  iMilerbi'dg, 

llowrll.  Ji'l'lliiiah  I>. 

Ilunr  r.   Willniiii   ... 


Va. . . 
Va... 
Va... 


Va.  . . 
Va... 
Ga... 
Tenn. 
N.  H. 


Nov.  5, 
June  10, 
Feb.  5, 

Oct.  "iV 


Mass. 
Majis. 
Conn 
Lou.. 
S.  C.. 
N.  Y. 
Va. . . 
N.  H. 
Md... 
Moss. 
Del  .. 
R.  I.. 
K.  I.. 


1757 
177.T 
1784 
1772 
1780 


Sept.  11, 


)ec.  31, 
July  -, 


Sept.  5, 
Aug.'l2,' 


Sept.  21, 


1700 

1770 

.  17(i8 

1771 

.  17.'..i 

.  170i) 

1704 

17.V 

'no; 

17(i' 

170; 

1702 
17811 


state 


Occupation 


Tenn. 
Va. . . 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Oa... 
Ky... 
Va... 
Lou., 
(ia. .. 
I'enn. 
Vt.... 
N.J,. 
N.  H. 
Conn 
Conn 
Lou , . 
S,  C. 

N.  y. 

Va... 
N  H. 
Md 


17.W  Mass. 
1 777  Del . . 
1772  H.  I.. 
17~  It,  1.. 


Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Physician 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.  . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Soldier  ... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer.  . . 


April  17. 
June  8. 
Aug.  3(1, 
April  14, 
July  !l. 
June  30. 
Dec.  30. 
April  7. 
Mar.  (i. 
Feb.  17. 
Feb.  23. 
May  4, 
Jan.  25, 


1837 
1842 
183.-> 


1820 
1837 
1814 
183.-, 
1852 
1843 
1840 
1834 
I84G 


July  21,  1830 
Oct.  0.  1822 
Feb.  20.  1820 
Sept.  21.  1842 
Dec.  4.  1830 
May  3,  1814 
Oct.  5.  1830 
Mar.  1,  1827 
June  B,  1842 

1822 

Dec.   3,  1849 


SENATORS. 

Where 
Born. 

>Vbcn  nern. 

stale 
Rcpt«- 
MQted. 

When  Died. 

Kerr,  Joseph 

King.  Rufus 

> 
.D 

'.D 

'.D 

■.D 
.D 
.D 

'.D 

'.D 

Ohio. 

N,  J.. 
I"a... 
N.  H. 
Ohio. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . , 
Soldier  . . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
I,awver. .. 
Soldier  . . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown, 

Mass. 

Mar.  24,  1755 
1770 

April2!l.  1827 
April  12,18:17 

Lambert.  John 

Leib,  Mirh.tei 

Mason,  .Ii-rcniiah... 

N.  J.. 

Fa... 
Conn 
Pa  .. 

1748 

17,50 

April27,1708 
.1770 

Feb.  4.  1823 
Dec.  28.  1822 
Oct.  14,  1848 
Mar.  22,  1852 

Roberts    .Iiuiiilhan 

1771 

P.i... 

July   7.   1.8.54 

Mass. 
Pa. . . 
N.  C. 
Va. . . 

1745 

Vt.... 
Md... 
N,  C. 
la . . . 

N,  n. 

N.  V. 
Mass. 
Kv,,. 
Del  ,, 

Nov.    3.  181!) 

Smith, N.iMuiel 

Stone,  Havid 

July  27,  1752 
Feb.  17.  1770 
1708 

April  23, 1830 
Oct.  7,  1818 
Oct.     7.    1835 

Talbot,  Isham 

Taylor,  John 

Thompson,  Thos.  W. 

Tni-ner,  James 

"Vai-num,  Joseph  B. 
Walker.  Oeorge. .. 
Wells.  Wllli.ani  H... 

Wharton.  Jesse 

Worthlngton.  Thos. 

Va... 
S.  C. 
Mass, 
Va... 
Mass. 
Ky... 
Del... 

.    .,     ...  1773 
May  14,  1770 
...:.....  1705 

1700 

17.5U 

Sept.  25. 18:)7 
Feb.  23, 1832 
Oct.  — ,  1810 
Jan.  15, 1824 
Sept.  11,1821 

Mar.  11.  182!l 
July  23.  18113 
June  20.  1827 

Va... 

July  in,  1774 

llhio. 

"iDtnl  Senaton*.  4G. 
8.     Physicians. ». 


Lawyers,  S5.     Occupation  Unknown,  lA.     Soldier 


(y. 


><i'^^ 


KKl'KKSKNTATIVES    IN    TIIIO    TillKIKHNl'll    <,'()N(;KKSS    OK    THI-:    UMTKD    STATES. 


•it;.- 


? 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Whtrc 
Ilooi. 

When  Elorn. 

sut,' 
lUprr. 
K-n'*<I. 

OccupWbn,           When  BieJ. 

s.  C 

Ohio. 

Unknown. 

Alston.  Willia 

I) 

V,  C. 

X.  C. 

Unknown. 

April  lo,  1837 

.1) 
.D 

I'a 

.  1759 

Pa.  . . 
.Md... 

Unknown. 
Lawyei-... 

Dec.   13,  1829 

Ai'clitM",   Stevenson. . 

.Md... 

1848 

D 

M.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

Barlioiir,  Philip  P.. 

.U 

Va... 

1799 

Va. .  . 

Lawyer. .  . 

Fob.  25,  1841 

.D 
.D 

Pa... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
UnknoAvn. 

Va 

n;ivl<\.  TiMMiias  M.  .. 

Va. . . 

Sept.    -2,  l-7.-> 

Va. . . 

Jan.   6.  1834 

Uavlii-s.   William.... 

.1) 

Mass. 

)ct.  1(5.  1783 

Mass. 

[.awver. .. 

Sept.  27.  1865 
Feb.  20. 1843 

Deall.  Uizin 

— 

;"a.   . 

VUB.  10.  1770 

Ohio. 

Soldier... 

Benson,  K(?bert 

— 

V.  Y. 

rune  21,  1740 

N.  Y. 

L,awvor.. . 

Aug.  24,  1833 

Bibb,  William  W.... 

.1) 

Va. .. 

let.    1.    1780 

ria. . . 

Physician 

July  9.    1820 

Bii^elow.  Aliijall 

.F 

Mass. 

5ec.   5.    1773 

Mass. 

f.awver. .. 

April  4,  I860 

Bines,  Thomas 

— 

M.  J.. 

N.J. 

Unknown. 

.5 

ad... 

1773 

III... 

N.  Y. 

Ag'i-ulfst. 
Unknown. 

April  1 1,1830 

Bowen,  John  li 

.F 

Mass. 
H.  Y. 
Mass. 

".'..'.'.'.'.'.  iiio 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 
Mass. 

Boyd,  Alexandei- 

Bl-adbur.v.  (Jeoive.. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Nov.  7,  1823 

IlriKil.v,  William  C. 

.1) 

Vt.... 

Mar.  23,  1783 

Vt.... 

[.awver... 

Mar.  3.   1807 

BicLkeni  Hljre,  Jas.. 

.P 

Va. .. 

Mar.   7,  1763 

Va. . . 

Lawver.. . 

Aug    9,  1816 

llrik-hiiin.  Klijah 

.F 

.Mass. 

June  6,  1750 

Mass. 

Merehaiu. 

Feb.  22,  1816 

.D 

Pa.  .. 

Va... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Burwell,  Win.  A 

Va. .. 

I780(!) 

Feb.  1(1.  1821 

.U 
.D 
.D 

Coiui. 

1762 

Vt.... 
Ohio . 

s.  c. 

Lawyer. , . 
Unknown. 
L.iwvcr.    . 

July  11).  1838 

.'alhiuin.  .John  C... 

S.C  . 

Mai-.  18,  1782 

Mar.  31,18,'iO 

i'.al 11,  Xi-wton 

.D 

N.  C. 

Ti-mi. 

Unl.-iinwii. 

Sept.  29, 1842 

Citpriloii,  llntrh 

.F 

Va... 

1780 

V  1     . 

.Ag'c-iillVt. 

l-eh.   9.    1847 

Champion.  Epaph... 

.F 

Conn. 

Feb.    1,    175.' 

Unknown. 

N'ov.  22,  1835 

Chappell.  John  J 

.U 

S.  C. . 

Ian.  I!).  17.12 

S.  C. 

Lawyer.. . 

May  23.  1871 

Cheves.  Langdon.... 

. — 

S.  C. 

Sept.  17,  1776 

S.  C. . 

Law-yer. . . 

June  26,  1852 

Citley,  Bradbury 

. — 

N.  H. 

Feb.  1,   1760 

N.  H. 

Unknown. 

Dec.  17.  I83I 

Clark,  James 

.D 

Va. .. 

1779 

Ky... 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  27. 18-39 

Claw  Hriuv 

W 

Va... 

April  12, 1777 

Kv... 

Law.ver. . . 

June  29,  18.52 

Clemleimi.    llavld... 

Cloptuii.  John 

.D 

Va. . . 

Va. .  . 

Unknown. 

Sept.  11,1810 

Connui,  John 

— 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

Condict,  Lewis 

W 

N.J.. 

Mar.  — ,  1773 

V.  J  . 

Physician 

May  26,  1862 

Comstock.  Oliver  C. 

.D 

N.  Y. 

1784 

N.  Y. 

Pliysician 

Jan.  11, 1860 

Cooper,  Thomas 

.F 
.F 

Del... 

Del... 

N.  J.. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Coxe,  William 

N.  J.. 

Cniwlonl,  William. 

.D 

Scot. 

I76C 

Pa... 

Physician 

1823 

CreitChtoti.  Wm.,  .  .. 

.D 

Va... 

Oct.  29,  1776 

Ohio. 

Lawyer... 

Oct.  8,    1851 

.D 
.F 

Pa... 
N.  C. 

Unknown. 
Clei-gym'n 

Culpepper,  John 

N.  C. 

Cuthbert.  Alfred... 

.D 

Ga... 

Ga... 

Lawyer... 

July    9.  1856 

Dana.  Sarruel 

. — 

Mass. 

June  26. 1767 

Mass. 

Lawyer.  . . 

Nov.  20,  1835 

IJavenport.  John 

.F 

Conn 

Jan.  16,1752 

Conu. 

Law-yer  ... 

Nov.  28, 1830 

Davis,    Ro(?er 

.D 

Pa.... 

Unknown. 

Uavis,  Samuel 

.F 

Mass 

Mass. 

Merchant. 

April  17. 1831 

Dawson.  John 

.D 
.D 

Va. .. 

176S 

Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
Kv... 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Mar.  30,  1814 

N.  Y. 
Pa... 

Dec.'  'a. '  lies 

Desha,  Joseph 

Oct.  13,  1842 

Dewey,  Daniel 

. — 

Mass. 

Jan.  29,  1766 

Mass. 

Lawver. . . 

May  26,  1815 

Duvall,  William  P.. 

.D 
.D 
.D 

Va... 

Ky... 
S.    C. 
Mo... 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Mar.  19,  1854 

Va... 

Easton.  Kufus 

Elv.  William 

.F 

Mass. 

Mass. 

Unknown. 

Ep'pes.  John  W 

.U 

Va... 

177; 

Va... 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  20, 1853 

Evans.  David  R 

.U 

Eng.. 

Feb.  20,  176E 

.S.  C. 

Lawyer... 

.Mar.    8,  1843 

Farrow,  Samuel 

.D 

Va... 

175S 

S.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  18,  1824 

Findley,  William... 

.D 

Ire'd. 

Jan.  11,  1751 

Pa... 

Soldier.  .. 

April  7,  1.821 

Fisk,  James 

.D 

Vt... 

1762 

Vt.... 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec.    1,   1844 

Fisk,  Jonatlian 

.D 

X.   Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknow-n 

Forney,  Peter 

. — 

N.  C. 

April— ,1756 

N.    C. 

Man'facfr 

Feb.    1,  1 834 

Forsyth,  John 

.U 

Va... 

Oct.    2.   178( 

C.a.  . . 

Lawyer... 

Oct.  21.  1841 

Franklin.  Meshach  . 

.D 

N.  C. 

1772 

N.   0. 

Unknown. 

Deo.  18, 1839 

Gaston,  William... 

. — 

N.  C. 

Sept.  19, 177* 

N.    C. 

Lawver. . . 

Jan.  23,  1844 

Geddes.  James 

..F 

Pa... 

July  22,  176; 

N.  Y. 

Man'laet'r 

Aug.  19,  1838 

Gholson.  Thoma.s. .. 

.D 

Va... 

Va... 

Lawver. . . 

July   4,  1816 

Glasgow.  Iluph 

Glonintrer.  John 

'.F 

Pa.... 

Pa... 
Pa... 
Md... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Pa... 

Goldsborough.  C.  W 

Md... 

Dec.  13,  1834 

Goodwyn.  Petei-son 

.U 

Va. . . 

Va... 

Lawyer. . . 

Feb.  21,  1818 

Gourdin,  Theodore . 

.D 
.D 

..P 

Pa.' .' '. 

S.C. 
Pa.  . 
N.  Y. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawver. . . 

Grosvenor,  Thos.  P. 

Conn. 

I7S0 

Grundy.  Felix 

.D 

Va... 

Sept.  11,177- 

Tenn. 

Lawyer... 

Dec.  19,  1840 

Hale.  William 

.— 

N.  H. 

y.  H. 

Unknown. 

Nov.  8.   1840 

Hall,  Boiling 

■  D 

Ga... 

I78E 

Qa... 

Unknown. 

Mar.  23.1831; 

Hanson,    Alex.  C 

.F 

Md... 

Md... 

Journalist 

Ai)ril23. 1819 

Harris,  Thomas  K  . 

.D 
.D 
.D 

Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Phvsician 

April  18,1816 

Hasbrouck.  Abra'm. 

N.  Y. 
Va. .. 

Hawes,  Aylett 

.\ug.  31,1833 

• 

Ky... 
Mo... 

Hempstead,  Edward 

Conn. 

June  3,  1780 

Lawyer... 

Aug.  10,  1817 

Henderson.  Samuel 

'.D 

Va.'.'.' 

Pa . . . 
Kv... 

Unknow-n. 
Soldier  . . . 

HopKins,  Samuel... 

Oct.  -,  1819 

Hoimins,  Samuel  M 

. — 

N.  Y. 

1762 

N    Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.    8.    1837 

Howeil,  Nathaniel. 

.— 

N.  Y. 

X.  Y. 

Oct.  16,  1821 

.D 
D 

Mass. 
N.  J.. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Hutty.  Jaeob 

N.  J.. 

May  20,  1814 

Huiniihrev,  Peri-y  W 

.D 
.D 
.F 

.D 

Tenn. 
Va. . . 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Pa... 

Unk-nown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawver. .. 

Mar.    1,  1839 

Hunperford.  John  P 

. .  1769 

Dec.  21,  1833 

11  ul hurt.  John  W  ... 

Mass. 
Pa.. 

Hvneman.John  M,, 

Inpei-soll.  Charles  J 

Pa... 

Oct.    3.    1782 

May  14.  1862 

Ingham.  Samuel  D. 

.D 

Pa... 

Sept.  16, 177£ 

Pa... 

Paper  M-r. 

April  13, 1833 

Ii-ving.  William 

.1) 

N.  Y.. 

Aug.  16,  1766 

N.  Y. 

Merchant. 

.Sov.    9,  1821 

Irwin,  Jarea 

l> 

Pa.... 

Unknown. 

Jaekson.  JotinG. .. 

1> 

Va... 

177-1 

Va... 

1825 

Jackson.  Richard..  . 

R.  I.. 

R.  1 . . 

April  18. 1838 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

WU-M 

Dora. 

Wlwiincni. 

8UU 
lUpr;. 

ivn'eJ. 

Vbni  VifU 

Jennings,  Jonathan. 

D 

N.  J 

Ind..| 
Ky... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

July  2fl.  1S:J4 

Va  ,  . . 



Jan.  1.    1774 

Auk.  H,  1H20 

Johnson,  Richard  M. 

II 

Ky... 

Jet.  17,  17HI  Ky...| 

.awyer. . . 

\'ov.  ii»,  law 

Kcnned.y,  William.. 
Kent,  Joseph 

p 

N.  C. 
Md... 

.F 

1779 

Md... 

Physician 

Nov.  24.  1837 

Kent,  Moss 

.F 
D 
.1) 

D 

Va... 
S.  C. . 
Ohio. 

Unknown. 

K<;rshftw,  John 

Kilbuurn.  JuniuH 

S.  C. . 
Conn. 

oJt.  "19,  177(1 

Vailed.... 

April  24, 1850 

Kins:,  Cvrus 

F 

MaHM. 

Sept.  16,  1772  Ma»9. 

,awyer... 

April  25, 1H17 

Kine,  WillinnjU 

I> 

N.  C. 

\prlI7.    17811.  N.  C. 

..rtwyer. . 

April  IM,  IKV* 

Latliniorc,  Wni,... 



Va... 

?eb.    1).    1774  MlsH. 

^hy^lcian 

April  :*.  IMa 

Law,  Lyman 

.V 

Conn. 

Vug.  19, 1770  Conn. 

^awycr... 

Feb.    :(.    lK-12 

Leirei'ts  John..   .. 

.D 

F 

N.  Y. 

Va.  . . 

'.!!.'.'.'.'.'i772 

N.  Y. 
Va... 

Unknown, 

Unknown. 

May    7.    l'-41 

Lfwif',  Joseph 

Mar.  iHt.  IP:J4 

Loveit,  John 

F 

Conn. 

•!.  Y. 

Jnknown. 

IHI8 

D 

S.  C. 

■■cb.  7,   1782 

S.  C. 

Varied.... 

Oct.  27.  IH22 

Lyle,  Aaron 

.1) 
.D 
.11 
.D 
1) 

Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 
Va... 
Ky... 
Md... 

Unknown. 
So'dler,... 

^ept.  24,1P25 

N.  C. 
Va 

1757 

June  211. 1837 

McCoy,  William 

Jnknown. 
Unknown. 

Md. . . 

17-18 

McLi'iin,  John 

D 

V.  J. 

Mar.  11,  1785 

Ohio. 

.^awver. . . 

April  4,  I8«I 

Markoll,  Jacob 

F 

N.   Y. 

lav  8,    177(1 

N.  Y. 

Apr'cult'ht 

Nov.  2fl,  1852 

Miller,  MonisL 

F 

1779 

N.  Y. 

Jnknovi!. 

Nov.  15,  1824 

MoflU,  Hosea 

F 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Jnknown. 

Montffoint^ry,   Thos.. 

.1) 

n 

.F 

Ky... 

mS... 

Conn. 

Lawyer. . . 

[v'nknown. 
Unknown. 

April  2,  1828 

Md 

Mar.  9.   1816 

Moseley,  Jonathan  0 

Conn. 

17(52 

Sept.  9,  1830 

Murfree,  William  H. 

I) 

N.  C. . 

N.  0. 

Lawyer. . . 

D 

Va... 

Va... 

Unknown. 

Mar.  18,  1830 

Newton,  Thomas  .... 

I) 

Va. . . 

1769 

Va... 

Lawyer... 

Aug.  5,  1847 

Oakley,  Thoma.';  J.. 

F 

N.  Y. 

1783 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

May  1 1 ,  IS57 

Ornisby,  Stephen  ... 

_ 

Va... 

Ky... 

Lawyer, . . 

1840 

l> 

1768 

Mass. 

Physician 

Tcarson,  Joseph 

F 

N.  C. 

N.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.  27,  1834 

D 

N.  C. 

."J.  C  . 

Unknown. 

Piekerinff,  Timothy 

F 

Mass. 

July  17,  1745 

Mass. 

Lawyer... 

Jan.  29,  1820 

Piper,  William 

l> 

Pa. . . 

Unknown. 

Pitkin,  Timothy 

F 

C'oiin. 

l'7(i.5 

Conn. 

Lawyer... 

1) 

Va... 

1769 

Va. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  9,  1836 

Post,  Jonathan, .... 

V 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

F 

R.  I.. 

Nov.   5.  l'7(ii 

R.  I.. 

Lawyer. , . 

Sei*l.2«,1835 
Feb.    ({.  1820 

.1) 

Pa... 

I7."i3 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

Reed,  John 

F 

Mass. 

1781 

Mass. 

Lawyer... 

Nov.  25,  1800 

Iteed,  William 

F 

Masi. 

1777 

Mass. 

Merchant. 

Feb. 18.  1837 

Rhea,  John 

1) 

1733 

Tenn. 

Unknown 

May  27.  1832 

Rich,  Charles 

11 

Mass. 

1771 

Vt.  .  . 

Unknown. 

<>c-t.  1.5.  1824 

F 

N.  H.. 

Jan.  4,    1774:Mas8. 

Lawyer... 

Mar.  23. 1838 

Ridgelcy,  Henry  M. 

F 

1778!  Del... 

Lawyer... 

Aug.  7.  1847 

Ringrgold,  Samuel . . 

D 

Md... 

Md... 

Unknown. 

Oct.  18.   1S29 

I) 

Va. . . 

17.54 

Va. .. 

Unknown. 

Nov.  15,  1838 

Roberts,  Jonathan . . 

1771 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

July  7,    1854 

Robertson.  Thos.  B. 
itugglcs.  Nathaniel. 

.D 
F 

Va. . . 
Mass. 

177S 

1761 

Mass. 

Unknown. 

Dec.  19,  1819 

D 

N.  y. 

Unknown. 

Jan.  20, 1834 

Sehureman,  James  . 

F 

N.J.. 

17'.57iN.  J.. 

Unknown. 

Jan. 23.  1824 

Va... 

1745  Tenn 

Soldier.... 

Sept.  24. 1815 



Pa... 

1773  Pa... 

Scientist.. 

May  2.    1825 

Sharp,  Solomon  P.. 

I) 

Va... 

1780  Ky...|La>vyer... 

Nov.  — .  1835 

ShelTev,  Daniel 

F 

Md... 

1770,  Va...  'Lawyer... 

Dec.    3,  1830 

Sherwood,  Samuel . . 

F 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y.iLawycr... 

Shipherd,  Zebulon  R..F 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

Skinner,  Richard... 

1> 

Conn. 

May  30,  178f 

Vt.... 

Lawyer... 

May  23,  1833 

Rlayniaker,  Amos . . 

Pa... 

Mai-.  11,1735 

Pa... 

Agr'cull'tt 

Juno  12, 1837 

.D 
.D 

Pa.  . 

Pa... 

Va. .. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Va... 

Mar.  -.1836 

Smith,  Samuel 

11 

N.  H. 

1761 

N.  H. 

Paper  M'r. 

Jan.  17.  1842 

Smith.  Williams... 

N.  Y. 

1735 

N.  Y. 

Soldier.... 

June  10,  1816 

.D 

■"f 

N  C. 

176f 

N.  C..IUnknown. 

April  9,  1816 

Stephenson,  Benj  .. 
Stoekton.  Richard.. 

Ky 

III.  .. 

N.J.. 

Varied  . . . 
Lawyer... 

Si'j 

April  17,  I7G4 

Mar.    7,  J  828 

Strong,  William 

Stuart.  Philip 

.D 

P 

Conn. 
Md... 

Vt.... 
Md... 

Lawyer. . . 

Soldier... 

Aug.  14, 1830 

Sturges,  LewisB 

.F 

Conn. 

1762 

Conn. 

Unknown. 

Mar.  30.  1844 

Tacgart.  Samuel... 

.!■• 

N.  11. 

Mar.  24,  175J 

Mass. 

Clergym'n 

ApriI25. 1825 

Tallmadtre,  Benj 

V 

N.  Y. 

f'cb.  25,  17.j^ 

Conn. 

Merchant. 

1) 

Md... 

1752 

Pa... 

Varied — 

July    7.  1817 

Taylor,  John  W 

D 

N.  Y. 

ns4 

N.  y. 

Lawyer... 

Sept.  18, 1854 

.D 

F 

Ga. .. 
N.  Y. 

Ga... 
N.  Y. 

Lawj'er. . . 
Unlinown. 

April  2,  1818 

Thompson,  Joel 

Troup,  Georgo  M... 

1) 

Ala.. 

Sept.  8,  178C 

Ga... 

Lawver. . . 

May   3.   1856 

1) 

Pa... 

Pa.  .. 

Meiehant. 

July  28,  1828 

Vose,  Roger 

F 

N.  H. 

176C 

N.  H. 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.  28.  1S41 

Ward,  Artemas 

Mass. 

Jan.  9,    1762 

Mass. 

Law^'cr. . . 

D 

N.J.. 

176D 

N.  J. 

Unknown. 

Feb.   4.    1842 

Webster.  Daniel  . . . 

N.  11. 

Jan.  18,  1782 

N.  H. 

Lawjor... 

Oct.  24.  1852 

Wheaton.  Laban 

F 

Mass. 

17.54 

Mass. 

Lawver. . . 

Mar.  23,  1846 

White,  Francis 

Whitehill,  James... 

■— 

Va. . . 
Pa.  .. 

Unknown. 
Jurist 

Pa... 

Mar.  5,    1842 

Wilcox.  Jeduthan  .. 

F 

N.  K. 

1769  N.  H. 

UnKnown 

July  — ,  1838 

1) 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

Wilson,  John 

F 

177^  .vlass. 

Lawver. . . 

July  0.  1S48 

Wilson,  Thomas 

n 

1772  Pa... 

Lnitnown. 

Oct.    4,    1824 

Winter  Eli'^ha  J 

.F 
.F 
..D 

In  y 

Unknown. 
Merchant . 

Mass. 
Md 

1772;Maa.s. 

Nov.   2.   18U 

■Wright.  Robert 

Yancey.  Bartlett. .. 

Md  . 

Sept.  7   1826 

Va... 

N.  C. 

Law>cr... 

Aug.  30, 1828 

Total  Representatives,  SOS.  Occupation  Unknown.  88.  Lawyers.  TS. 
Merchants,  8.  Physicians,  8.  Soldiers.  T.  Varied,  4.  Agriculturists, 
4.  Papermakers.  a.  Clergymen.  S.  Manufacturer?',  S.  Jurist.  1.  Scien- 
tist 1.  Journalist,  1.  Surveyor,  1,  Foreign  Bom,  3:  Including  Scot- 
land, 1;  Ireland.!;    England,  I. 


■.o^o•■^=@^-o^•. 


oU 


! 


— ^: 


466  FOURTEENTH    CONGRESS    OF   THE    UNITED    STA.TE8    AND    LEADING   EVENTS    OF   THE    TIME. 


Fourteenth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1815  to  1817. 


1815 — Oeneral  Jacki^on  defeated  the  British, 
with  heavy  losses,  at  New  Orleans,  La., 
January  8. 

1815 — An  anti-slavery  organization  was 
formed  at  St.  ClairsviUe,  Va..  by  Ben- 
jamin Lundy, 

1816 — First  Savinps  Bank  in  Ainei-ica  was 
orsanized  in  November,  at  Philadel- 
phia, and  another,  in  December,  at 
Boston. 

1816 — Indiana,  the  nineteenth  State,  was 
admitted  into  the  Union.  December  11. 


tlames  Madison,  4th  President. 

No  Vice-President.  James  Monroe,  of  Va.,  Sec'v  of 
State.  Alex.  J.  Dallas,  of  Fa..  Sec'y  of  Treas,  William 
H.  Crawford,  of  Ga..  Sec'y  of  War.  Benjamin  W^, 
Crowninshield,  of  Mass.,  Sec'y  of  Navy.  Richard  Rush. 
Att'y  Gen.  Henry  Clay,  of  Ky.,  Speaker  of  House  of 
Representatives. 


1816— First  "Remington  Rifle"  made  near 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  by  Eliphalet  Reming- 
ton. 

1816— First  pas  company  organized,  at  Balti- 
more, for  making  gas  from  stone-coal. 

1816— Dr.  John  R.  Co.xe,  of  Pennsylvania, 
projected  the  first  electric  telegraph. 

1817— First  Asylum  for  Deaf  Mutes  was 
opened  at  Hartford.  Conn.,  by  Rev.  T. 
H.  Gallaudet,  April  l.-j. 

1817— Work  was  commenced  on  the  Erie 
Canal,  at  Rome,  N.  Y..  July  4. 


F,  iudicatLs  Federalist;     D,  Democrat;     W,  Whig. 


SENATORS. 


Aj^hnimi,  Eli  P — 

Barljuui',  James — 

Barrv.  Williajn  T D 

Bibb.  William  W D 

Brown.   James — 

Caniphell.  Geo.  W D 

Chi.,  f.   Dudley — 

('.  iniirt.  John D 

D:ii-'_-itt.  David F 

I'Lina,  Samuel  W F 

Fr.jjii-'ntin.  Elegiiis. . — 

G.iiU..ra.  John — 

iJiiM-l.uroiigh.B.  H..W 

tioiv.  Christopher — 

Hmson,  Alex.  C F 

Hardin.  M.irtin  D D 

Harper,  Robert  G D 

Horsey.  Outerbridge.. — 
How.-ll.  Jeremiah  B.. — 

Hunter,  William — 

Kinu'.  Rufus F 

I<aein-k.  Abner V 

Maron,  Nathaniel  ...D 
Mason.  ArmisteadT.  .— 

Mason,  Jeremiah — 

Morrow,  Jeremiah D 

Xoble,  James — 

Roberts,  Jonathan.. . — 
Ru^gles,  Benjamin..  .D 

Santord.  Nathan D 

.Smith,  WilJiam D 

Stokes.  Montford D 

Tait.  Charles D 

Talbot,  Isbam — 

Tavlor.John — 

Taylor.  Waller D 

Thompson.  Thos.  W..— 

Tichenor,  Isaac F 

Troup.  George  M D 

Turner,  James D 

Vamuin,  Joseph  B — 

Wells,  William  H...— 

Williatns,   John — 

Wilson,  James  J D 


Mass. 
Va. .. 
Va... 
Va... 
Va. .. 
Tenn. 
N.  H. 

Mass. 
Conn. 
Lou.. 
S.  C. . 
Md. . . 
Mass. 
Md. . . 
Pa... 
Va... 
Del... 
R.  I.. 
R.  I.. 
Mass. 
Va. . . 
N.  C. 


June  24, 
June  10, 
Feb.  5. 
Oct.    I. 
Sept.  11, 


Sept.  5, 
Sept.'2i'. 
June  21, 


Conn. 
Pa... 

Va... 


Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 

Va. .. 
Va... 
S.  C. 
Va... 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
Ala.. 
Va... 
Mass. 
Del... 
N.  C. 
N.  J. . 


1770 
1775 
178-1 
1780 
1766 
1768 
Dec.  30.  1771 
17.'^.5 
17i!4 
17.-.7 


Dec.  31, 
July  — 


1765 
1780 
1758 


1780 
.  1765 
17' 
1772 
1775 
1755 

1770 

1757 

1785 

April  27, 1768 
1770 


Nov.  23, 
Mar.  24, 


May  14. 


1771 
1763 
1779 
176: 
1760 
1768 
1773 
1770 


Feb.  8, 
Sept.  8, 


1765 
1754 
1780 
1766 
.1759 


State 
Mnted. 


Mass. 
Va... 
Ky... 
Ga... 
Lou. . 
Tenn. 
Vt.... 
N.  J.. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Lou.. 
S.  C. 
Md... 
Mass. 
Md. . . 
Ky... 
Md... 
Del.. 
R.  1.. 
R.  I.. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Va. . . 
N.  H. 
Ohio. 
Ind... 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
N.  T. 
S.  C. 
N.  C. 
Ga... 
Ky... 
S.  C. . 
Ind.. 
N.  H. 
Vt.... 
Ga.... 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Del. . . 
Tenn. 
N.  J.. 


La%vyer, . . 

May  10, 

1819 

Lawyer. . . 

June  8, 

1842 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  30 

1835 

Physician 

July    9. 

1820 

Lawyer. . . 

April  7, 

1835 

Lawyer. . . 

Feb.  17, 

1843 

La\vyer. . . 

Feb.  23 

1846 

Physician 

May   4, 

1834 

Unknown. 

July  21 

1830 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.    6, 

1822 

Unknown. 

Feb.  -26, 

1826 

Unknown. 

Oct.    5. 

1836 

Lawyer. . . 

Mai-.    1, 

1827 

Journalist 

April23 

1819 

La^yyer. . . 

Oct.   8, 

1823 

Lawyer. . . 

Jan.  15. 

1825 

Lawyer... 

June  9. 

1842 

L.awyer. . . 

1822 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec.   3, 

1849 

Lawyer. . . 

April  29 

1827 

Unknown. 

April  12 

1837 

Soldier  ... 

June  29 

1837 

Agr'clt'st. 

Feb.  6. 

1819 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.  14, 

1848 

Unknown. 

Mar.  22 

18.52 

Unknown. 

Feb.  26, 

I8:-ll 

Unknown. 

July  7, 

1854 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  2, 

1837 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.    7. 

1838 

Lawyer... 

June  26 

1840 

1842 

Lawyer... 

Oct.   7, 

1835 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  25 

1837 

La^vye^. . . 

Feb.  23, 

1832 

Unknown. 

Aug.  26 

1826 

Lawyer... 

Oct.   — , 

1819 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec.  11, 

18:H8 

Lawyer. . 

May    3. 

18.56 

Soldier  ... 

Jan.  15, 

1824 

Unknown. 

Sept.  11 

1821 

Unknown. 

Mar.  1 1 

1829 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  10 

1837 

Journalist 

July  28 

1824 

Total  Senators.  44.    Lawyers.  26.     Otrcupation   Unknoiivn,  11.    Journal- 
ists, S.       Soldiers,  2.       Physicians,  t&.      Agriculturist,    1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Adams,  Benjamin. . ,  .F 

Vdffatf,  Asa — 

Mexander,  John D 

Archer,  Stevenson  . ..  .D 
Atherton,  Charles  H.  .F 

Averj*,  Daniel D 

Baer,  George — 

Baker,  Ezra — 

Barbour,  Phil.  P D 

Bas-sett.  Bunvell D 

Bateman.  Ephraini...D 

Raylif'f,  William D 

FJtMiiu-tt,  Benjamin...— 

B-.tts,  Samuel  R D 

BirrUall,  James D 

Rirdsfye.  Victory — 

Blount,  William  G — 

Bos3,  John    L. — 

Bradbury,  Oeoi-gu F 

Breckenridk'e,  James,. F 

Ilrighani.  Elijah F 

Brooks.  Miciih — 

Brown.  Benjamin — 

Bryan. Joseph  H — 

Burnsich-.  Tlioman.... — 

Burwell.  Wm.  A D 

Cady,  Daniel F 

Cahfwell,  JaineH D 

Calhoun,  John  C D 

Cannon,  Ni'Wton D 

Carr,  Janu-s — 

Champion.  Epaph F 

Chappi-Il,  John  J D 

Chit. man.  Danld — 

Cllb-v.  Bradbury P 

Clarke,  Archibald  8. .  - 


Mass. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Md... 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
N.  J.. 
Va... 
Va. . . 
N.  J.. 
Mass, 


Aug.  14,  1773 


I7it9 

17tW 

I770 

Oct.  16.  1783 
1762 

Jime  8.  1787 


...  17H:> 


1770 

Va... 
Mass. 

Mar.    7,  1763 
June  6.  17.50 
1775 

Pa... 

Va. . . 
N.  Y. 

17801  !■ 

Aprll20,1773 

S.  C. 
N.  C. . 

Mar.  18,  1782 

Mass. 

Conn. 
8.  v.. 
Conn. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y 

Feb.    1,    1752 
Jan.  19.  1782 

1765 

Feb.    1.  1760 

1778 

State 
B«prc 


Mass . 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Md. . . 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
N.  J.. 
Va.  .. 
Va.  . . 
N.  J.. 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
Y. 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
R.  I.. 
Mass. 
Va... 
Mass. 
N.  v.. 
Mas.s. 
Ohio. 
Pa... 
Va.  . . 

N.  y. 

Ohio. 
S.  C. . 
Tenn. 
Miwts. 
Conn. 
C. 
Vt... 
N.  H.. 


Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown 
Merchant. 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Physician 
Lawyer. . . 
Clergym'n 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Law,yer. . . 
.Merchant. 
Ag'cillt'Kt. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
t'nknown. 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Law.ver. . . 
Unknown. 
l.awyer. , . 


1848 

Jan.  8,  1853 


Feb.  25,  1*41 
Feb.  '26,  1841 
Jan.  29.  1829 
Sept.  27,  1865 
Oct.  8.  1840 
Nov.  2,  1868 

Sept.'i6.V8,53 
May  21,  1827 


Mar.  28, 1837 


Nov.  7,  1823 
Aug.  9,  1846 
Feb.  22,  1816 
July  7,  1857 


Mar.  25, 
Feb.  16, 
Oct.  31, 


1851 
1821 
18,59 


Mar,  31, 

Sept.  29, 


law 

1842 


Nov.  22, 
May  23, 
April  23, 
Dec.  17. 
Dec.    4. 


1835 
1871 

1850 

irai 

1821 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Clark,  James D 

Clark.  James  W D 

Clayton.  Thomas — 

Clay,  Henry W 

Cleiidenin.  David — 

Clopton.  John D 

Comstock,  Oliver  C...D 

Condict,    Lewis W 

Conner,  Samuel  S — 

Cooper.  Thomas F 

Cook,  Zadock — 

Crawford.  William.  ..D 

Creighton,  Wm D 

Crocheron.  Henry D 

Culpepper.  John F 

Cuthbert.  Alfred D 

Dariinjrton.  Wm D 

Davenport,  John F 

Desha.  Joseph — 

Dickens,  Samuel — 

Easton.  Rufus D 

Edwards.  Weldon  N..D 

Fniclky,  William D 

Fletcher.  Thi.inas — 

Forney.  Daniel  M D 

Forsyth,   John D 

Oaston.  William — 

Gbolson.  Thomas D 

Glasgow,  Hugh — 

Gold,  Thomas  R F 

Goldsborough.  C.  W..F 
Goodwyn,  Peterson. .  .D 

Gritfin,  Isaac D 

Grosvenor.  Thos.  P.  ..F 

Hale.  William F 

Hall.  Boiling D 

Hahn,  John — 

Hammond,  Jabez  D. ,  .D 

Hanson,  .ilex.  C F 

Hardin,  Benjamin... W 

HaiTison,  Wm.  H W 

Hawes,  Aylett D 

Heister.  Joseph — 

Henderson,  B.  H — 

Hendricks.  William..  .D 

Herbert.  John  C — 

Hooks,  Charles D 

Hopkinson,  Joseph . . .  — 

Huger.  Benjamin — 

Hulburt.  John  W F 

Hungerford.  Jno.  P. .  .D 
Ingham.  Samuel  D. .  .D 

Irving.  William D 

Irwin.  Jared D 

Jackson,  John  G 1) 

Jennings.  Jonathan.. — 

Jewett,  Luther F 

Johnson,  James D 

Johnson,  Richard  M..D 

Kent.  Moss P 

Kerr.  John D 

Kilbourn.  James D 

King,  Oynis F 

King,  William  R D 

I^angdon.  Chaniicey..F 
Lattimore.  William. .  — 

La\v.  L.vinan F 

Lewis.  Joseph F 

Little.  Peter D 

Love,  William  C D 

Lovett,  John F 

Lowndes,  William D 

Lumpkin,  Wilson D 

Lyle,  Aaron D 

Lyon,  Asa.... F 

Macon.  Nathaniel. ...D 

Maclay.  William — 

Macl.iv.  William  P...D 

McCov,  William D 

McK.e.  Samuel D 

Melaali.  Aliu  y — 

Mcl,,.,,n.  J. dill D 

Marsh.  Cliarles F 

Ma^on.  James  B F 

Mavnint.   William — 

Mi.iill.l.m.  lliniT — 

Mlll.T,  Slepben  (l D 

Mlliior.  William F 


Y. 

J. 
N.  H. 
Del.. 
Ga.  . 
Scot.. 
Va... 


N.  C 
Ga... 
Pa.  . . 
Conn. 
Pa... 
X.  C. 


State 
R«pri- 
aented. 


Va.. 
N.  C. 
Del.. 
Va.. 


April  28, 
Jan.  16, 
Dec.    9, 


N.  C. 
Ire'd. 


Jan.  1 1, 


N.  C 
Va. . . 
N.  C. 
Va. .. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
Va. . . 
Pa.. 
Conn. 
H. 
Ga... 
Pa... 
Mass. 
Md... 
Pa... 
Va... 
Va... 
Pa... 


Pa.  .. 
-Md... 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
S.  C. . 
.Mass. 


I'a... 
N.  Y, 


Va. . . 
N.J.. 
Conn, 
Va... 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 

Conn. 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
Vt... 
Va.  . . 
Conn. 
Va... 
Pa.  . . 
Va. . . 
Conn. 
S.  C. 
Va... 
Pa... 
Conn. 
N.  O. 
Pa.  . . 
Pa. . . 
Va. . . 


N.  O. 

N.  J. 
Conn 
K.  1. 
S.  O. 
S.  C. 
S.  O. 
Pa... 


Mar.  2, 
Mar.  9. 
April  12, 


1779  Ky 
1781  "' 
1758 
1777 


.  1784 
1773 


.  1769 

.  1760 

1778 


1782 
1752 
1768 


1788 
1751 


May  — , 

Oct.    2. 
Sept.  19, 


1784 
1780 
1778 


Aug.  2,    1778 


1784 
1773 


Feb.  9, 
Nov!  18, 


770 


Sept.  16, 
Aug.  16, 


Del..  . 
Ky... 
Ohio. 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Mass. 
Del... 
Ga. .. 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Ga... 
Pa... 
Conn. 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
Mo... 
N.  C 
Pa... 
Ky... 
N.  O. 
Ga..  . 
N.  C. 
Va. .. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Md. .. 
Va. . . 
Pa.... 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
Ga..  . 
Pa . . . 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
Ky... 
(ihio. 
Va. .  . 
Pa...  . 
Tenn. 
Ind  .. 
Md... 
N.  C. 
Pa... 


Mass. 
1769  Va... 
1779  Pa.... 
■••"'■  N.  Y. 


1766 


.  1774 


Dec.  24, 
Oct.'  17,' 


1772 
'I'TOi 


Oct.  19, 
Sept.  16, 
April  7, 

Ftib.'g',' 
Aug.  19, 


1770 
1772 
1786 

'l'774 
1770 
1772 


Feb.    7, 
Jan.  14. 


1782 
1783 


Dec.  31, 
Aug.  4, 


1763 
1757 
1766 


Sept.  5, 
Mar.  11, 
July  111. 


May  8, 


1779 
1785 
176; 
1774 

."mo 


Pa. 


Ind... 
Vt.... 
Va.  . . 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Ohio. 
MaNS. 
N.  C. 
Vt... 
Miss.. 
Conn. 
Va. .  . 
Md... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. . 
Oa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Vt . . . 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Pa... 
Vn. .  . 
Ky. . . 
Ky... 
Ohio. 
Vt.  .. 
R.  I.. 
S.  O. 
S.  C. 
1787  S.  C. 
Pa... 


Lawyer.. . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Physician 
Unknown 
Unknown. 
Unkno^vn. 
Physician. 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Clergym'n 
Lawyer. .. 
Physician 
Lawyer. . . 

Soldier 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Soldier 

Soldier  ... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unkiiiown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unkno%vn. 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 

Soldier 

Physician 

Soldier 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Paper  M'r. 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Surveyor . 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Unknown. 
La\vyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Lawyer  . . 
Unknown. 
Mechanic. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Soldier . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Law.ver. . . 
Physician 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown 


Aug.  27.  1839 
Jan.  — .  1844 
Aug.  21,  1854 
June  29, 1852 


Sept.  11.  1816 
Jan.  11.  1860 
May  26,  1862 
Dec.  17,  1820 


July  9.  1856 
April  23, 1863 
Nov.  28,  1830 
Oct.  13,  1842 


Dee.  18,  1873 
April  7,  1821 


1823 

Oet.  8.  1851 


Oct.  — ,  1847 
Oct.  21.  1841 
Jan  23.  1844 
July  4.  1816 


June  22,  1826 
Dec.  13,  1834 
Feb.  21,  1818 


Nov.  8,  18411 
Mar.  25,  1836 


Aug.  18.  18,55 
April  23.  isin 
Sept.  24.  ls.-,-j 
April  4,  1841 
Aug.  31.  is:i;) 
June  10, 1832 


May  16,  183<l 


1851 

Jan.  15,  1842 


Dec.  21,  1833 
April  13,  ]83:{ 
Nov.   9,  1821 


1825 

July  26,  1834 
Mar.  8,  1860 
Dec.  7.  1825 
Nov.  19,1850 


April  24, 18511 
April25,1817 
April  18. 185:; 

April'  'S,'  'l'84:i 
Feb.  3,  1842 
Mar.  30,  ia34 
iFeb.  5,    1830 


Oct, 


1818 
1822 
1871 
Sept.  24.1825 
April  4.  1811 
June  29.  1837 
Jan.   4,  1825 


April  4,  1861 
Jan.  11,  1849 
Sept,  6,  18lit 

jii'ne'i-i,  1846 
Mnr,  8,   is:t8 


KDKRTKKNTIl    AMI    FII'TKKNTII     CONGUESSKS, 


Wlipro 

Btoio 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

When  Ben. 

B«i>ri,- 

When  Pl-L 

Mills.  KliJahH 

■F 

177S'Mas«. 

Lawyer... 

May  r>,    ]H2it 

M.jmt.  llcjaia 

.f 

N.  Y. 

|N.   Y 

Unknown. 

Modto,  Tlnimas 

Unknown. 

Mnsuhv.  .iMiuitluuiO 

.V 

Conn, 

17iJ2,Conn. 

Unknown. 

Sept.  9,  1830 

MuitiiM-,  WiUlaui  H 

A) 

N.  C. 

N.  C, 

Lawyci-,.. 

JieUtm.  Il.ifli 

.\> 

Va. , . 

Va.  . . 

Unknown 

Mar.  18,1830 

Nil.Min,.! iniah... 

.W 

Mass, 

Sept.  14, 17ti;> 

Mass. 

Moiclinnt. 

Oet.    2.    1838 

N.N.iii.  Tl IS  M.. 

.1) 

Va  ,. 

1782 

Va.  . . 

Sol.liLT... 

Nov.  10,  18r)3 

Nt-wl.jii,  Tliomas  . . . 

.L> 

Va... 

17l!9 

Va. . . 

r.awyer... 

Aug,  5,    1847 

NnV.-s.  .!,.llll    

.11' 

17(J3 

Vt,  .. 
Kv... 

TeacliL-r  .. 
Lawyer... 

«»M..~I.^.  St.  iihi'll.... 

Va . . . 

imo 

rain-.    \ 11  K... 

.1) 

Me... 

Jan.  is).    1788  Mass. 

Lawyer... 
Soldlor.... 

Feb.  11.  1857 

I'.I.  r.  •:'  "ik'i- 

,1) 

Md... 

Sept.  28. 1779, Md... 

June  22, 1861 

I'lrkrii,.  I-iarl 

,1) 

N.  V. 

N.C.. 

Unknown 

I'ick.iuii.'.  TiMi..tiiy 

.K 

Mass. 

July  17,  1745' Mass. 

Lawyer... 

Jan.  29,  182!) 

I'lii.'kn.v,  WiUiiiiii.. 

.— 

Md... 

Mar,  17,  1704;  Md,.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Feb.  25,  1822 

ripiT.  Wilimm 

.1) 

|Pa... 

I'itUiii.  Tiiiititliv 

.F 

Conn. 

17(l.'>,Conn. 

Pleasants,  .laiin-'s, .. 

.1) 

Va... 

17iia  Va... 

Lawyer.. 

Nov,   9,  183fi 

Hope.  Natliallifl 

. — 

Kr,.. 

1784  111.... 

Lawyer... 

June  14.  1850 

roit.T,  rv-I.T  B 

,1) 

Conn. 

1773  N.  Y. 

Lawyer... 

■Mar.  20.  1844 

I'nlV.ll.  Si, 111111-1 

. — 

iTenn. 

Unknown. 

K.iii,l..l|.l..  J.jlin.... 

.1) 

Va.    . 

Jnna  2,    1773, Va... 

Lawyer... 

May  24.  1833 

Uri'll,    .l.ilUl 

.F 

Mass. 

1781  Mass. 

Lawyer,, . 

Nov.25,  IBfiO 

UiVM.. Ids.  .James  B. . 

. — 

Tenn. 

Unknown. 

Uii'e.  TlL.i.ias 

, — 

Mass. 

Mass. 

Lawyer. . . 

1854 

,D 
.D 

Va. .. 

1788 

Va... 
Lou.. 
N.  Y. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

May  11,  1845 

l:out,  Erastus 

elonn. 

Mar.  18,  1772 

Dec.  24,  184(i 

l;<-ss.  Juhn 

'.F 

Pa.. 
Mass. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Kii(?gles,  Nathaniel. 

Mass. 

1701 

Dec.  19,  1819 

(fiavage,  Jnhn 

.L> 

N.  Y. 

1780  N.  Y, 

Lawyer... 

Oct.  19,  1863 

Sehenek,  Abra'm  H., 

•  U 

N,  Y. 

1777  N,  Y,. 

Man'faef  r 

Feb.  20,1831 

Sijott,  Jc.lin 

— 

Va... 

1782  Mo,.. 

Lawyer. . , 

:)ct.    1,    1861 

Sergeant,  John 

.F 

Pa... 

Dec,   .'>,    1779  Pa.  ., 

Lawyer... 

-Jov.  23,  1852 

Sharpe.  Solmiioii  P.. 

.l> 

Va.. 

1780  Ky, 

Lawyer. ,. 

>Jov.  — ,  1835 

Slieflev.  Ilanlel 

.F 

Md... 

1770  Va,. 

Lawyer. . , 

Dec.    3,  1830 

Smith.  ItiiUani 

.[> 

iVa,,. 

Unknown 

Smith.  Sainnel 

A> 

Pa... 

July  27,  1752  Md... 

Unknown. 

April  23, 1839 

Smitli.  Thomas 

V 

|Pa.„. 

Suuthai-d,  Henry.  ... 

.1) 

.v.  Y, 

Oct.   — ,  1749!n,    J. 

Varied      . 

June  2.    1842 

Stanford,  Kiehard. . . 

.11 

N.  C. 

17681  N.  C„ 

Unknown. 

April  9,  1816 

Stearns,  Asahei 

•  F 

Mass. 

June  17,  1774lMass. 

Lawyer.. , 

Feb.   5,    1839 

REPRESENTATIVES. 


Stephen><on.  Bi-nj.. 
Strong,  Koloiiion. . . 

.Stuart,  rhili|» 

.StiuKes,  Lewi:*  Jl... 
TaKKO-rt,  Samuel,. 
Tallinad;<L-.  Itenj... 

Tate,  Maicnus 

Taul,  Mleah 

Taylor,  Jolin 

Taylor.  John  W... 
Telfair,  Thonia*i... 

Thomas,  l.-iaae 

Throop.  Fauih  T 

Townsun^l,  (iecjrue. 
Tucker,  Henry  S. . . 

Tyler,  John 

Voso,  Itot^er 

AValloee,  James., 
Ward.  ArteniaH. ... 
Ward,  Junathan... 

Wat.l.Tli.ilua--* 

W.  I.st.-r.    Dani.-I,.. 
W.iiduver,  P.ter 
Wh.alun.  Lab 

Wlul.'SMl.-,  John 

Wil,ox,.l.-.liit!ian.... 
Wilde.  Ku-liardH,,,. 

Wilkin.  James  W 

Williams,  Lewis 

Wilhnighby,  Westel. 

Wilson,  Thomas 

Wilson,  William 

Woodward.  William. 

Wright,  Robert 

Yancey,  Bartlett 

Yates,  John  B 


■H... 


MH.r.  24. 
Feb.  2.'). 


May  14, 


Ky.,. 

Mass. 
Md,,. 
Conn. 
N.  H. 

N.  Y. 

Va.".'. 
S,  C. 
N,  Y. 
Ou,... 

N.'V! 

N,  Y, 

Va,., 

Va,.. 

N.  U. 

Pa... 

Mass, 

N.  Y. 

N.  J.. 

N.  II.  [Jan. 

N.  V. 

Mass. 


N.  H. 

■d, 
X,  Y, 

C, 


111.  .. 

1771)  Mass. 

Md,,, 

171)2  Conn 
17.'>4  .Mai 


nrA 


1770 
1784 


Aug,  21,  1781 


Ian,  ,'•, 
Mar.  29, 


1781 
17iK) 
1708 


Jan.   9,   1762 


Conn. 
Va.  . . 
Ky... 
S.  C, , 
N,  Y 
Oa,,. 
Tcnn, 
N.  Y, 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Va,  ,  , 
N,  H. 


Sept.  24, 


Mass, 

N,  v.. 
17115  N,  J,. 

N'.    H. 

N,   Y. 
.  17.>4  Mass. 

Pa. 
17119  X.    II 
178!) 
1702 
1782 


Md.,. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 


Pa,  . 
Pa., 
S. 


Md. , 
N.  C. 
N,  Y 


Unknown- 

Unknown- 

Rept 

II) 

lav) 

Ri.ldler,  ., 

Auk 

14 

IKW) 

Unknown. 

Mar. 

:«i 

1814 

Clerifym'n 

Aprll2.'i 

I82.-1 

S.ldler  ,,, 

Mar 

17 

183.-, 

L  n known 

Unknown 

Lawyer,,. 

Feb, 

23, 

18:)2 

Lawyer,.. 

Kept 

IH 

I8.V4 

Lawyer, , . 

April  2 

1818 

Lnknown. 

Lawyer,,. 

Nov. 

H 

1874 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . . 

28 

1848 

Lawyer. . . 

Jan. 

17, 

1882 

Lawyer, , , 

Oet. 

28, 

1841 

Unknown, 

Lawyer,,. 

Dct. 

7, 

1847 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Feh. 

4, 

1842 

Lawyer.,, 

Oet. 

24, 

1K52 

Unknown, 

Sept 

211 

I8;« 

Lawyer. . . 

Mar, 

2;i, 

I84U 

Unknown, 

July 

_ 

1838 

Lawyer, . . 

Sept 
Feb. 

10 

1847 

Lawyer,., 

23, 

1845 

Unknown. 

Feh. 

?;), 

1842 

Unknown. 

Oet. 

4, 

1824 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept 

7. 

182« 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug. 

:«) 

1H2H 

Financier. 

1823 

Total  Representatives,  203.  Oecupation  Unknown.  87.  Lawyen*.  ^T. 
Soldiers.  lO.  Physicians,  9.  Mert-hiuits,  4.  Varied,  4.  Clergymen.  3. 
Papermakers,  2.  Finaneier.  1.  Juuriwilist,  1.  Manufacturer,  1.  .Meclianir, 
1.  Surveyor,  1.  Teacher,  1.  .A,ifrieulturiat,  1,  Foreign  Bom,  3J:  In- 
cluding Ireland,  2;  Scotland,  1. 


Fifteenth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1817  to  1819. 


IS17 — Mississippi,  the  twentieth  State,  admit- 
ted to  the  Union,  Dec.  10. 

1818 — Congress  passed  the  law  establishing 
the  present  United  States  flog,  com- 
prising thirteen  stripes,  with  one  star 
for  eivch  Stare  in  the  Union,  April  4, 

IS18 — Illinois,  the  twenty-first  State,  admitted 
into  the  Union,  Dec,  3, 

IS18— Slavei-y  fully  abolished  in  Connecticut, 

I.-^IS — The  first  American  agricultural  jour- 
nal, the  "Anieriean  Farmer,"  published 
at  Baltimore,  Md,,  by  John  S,  .Skinner, 


.fumes  Monroe,  ."ith  President. 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  of  N,  Y,,  Viee-Pres.  John  Q, 
Adams,  of  Mass.,  Sec'y  of  State,  William  H.  Crawford, 
of  Ga,,  Sec'y  of  Treas.  John  C,  Calhoun,  of  S,  (,:.,  Sec'y 
of  War,  Benjamin  "W,  t^rowninshield,  of  Mass.,  and 
Smith  Thompson,  of  N.  Y..  ,Sec'ys  of  Navy.  William 
Wirt,  of  Va.,  Att'y  Gen.  Henrj-  Clay,  of  Ky.,  Speaker 
of  House  of  Representatives. 


P,  indicates  Federalist;    B,  Democrat,  'W,  Whig. 


IMls— The  ■■  Walk-in. the-Water."  the  llrsl 
steamboat  used  for  trading  on  the 
great  American  Lakes,  wa-s  built  at 
Black  Hock.  N.  Y. 

1819 — The  fll-st  permanent  American  Lodge 
of  Odd  Fellows  was  estabiislieil  at  Hal- 
tiniore.  Md,.  —  "  Washington  Lodge. 
No,  1,"— April  2ti. 

1819— ,\  velocipede  was  patented,  Jnne  '20,  by 
William  K.  Clarkson,  of  New  York, 

1819 — First  lithographic  printing  in  .\nieri<'a 
was  performed  at  Philadelphia,  bv  Mr, 
Otia,  in  July. 


SENATORS. 


Ashmun,  EliP - 

Barbour,  James — 

Burrill,  James — 

Campbell,  Geo,  W D 

C'hace,  Dudley — 

Crittenden,  John  J,,,— 

Daggett,  David F 

Dana,  Samuel  W F 

Dickerson,  Mahlon,,   ,D 

Eaton,  John  H D 

Edwards,  Ninian    ,,,,U 

Eppes,  JohnW D 

Fisk,  James     D 

Forsyth,  John D 

Fromentin.  Elegius    — 

«;iillard,  John — 

i;"Msljorough.R,  H    — 

li^mson,  Alex,  C F 

Hurley,  Outerbridge,, — 

limit, T,  William — 

.|.>(in^oti,  Henry — 

King,  Riitiis F 

Lacock,   Abuer D 

Leake,  Walter  — 

Macon,  Nathaniel D 

Mason,  Jeremiah — 

Mellen,  Prentiss — 

Morrill,  David  L D 

.Morrow.  Jeremiah,, ,D 

Noble.  James — 

Otis.  Harrison  G P 

Palmer.  William  A,, — 
Roberts,  Jonathan , , , , — 
Ruggles,  Benjamin,, ,D 

Sanford,  Nathan D 

Smith,  William D 

Stokes,  Montford D 

Storer,  Clement — 


Mass, 

Va, ,  , 

R,  I.. 

Tenn. 

N.  H. 

Ky.,. 

Mass. 

Conn. 

N.J,, 

Tenn- 

Md,,, 

Va,,, 

Vt,,,, 

Va.,. 

Lou 

S,  C, 

Md.,, 

Md,,, 

Del  ,. 

R,  I., 

Tenn, 

Mass. 

Va, ,. 

Va... 

N.  C, 

Conn. 

Mass, 

N,  H, 

Pa.,, 

Va.,, 

Mass, 

Vt... 


June  24, 
June  10, 
April  25, 

liee.  3(i.' 
Sept.  10, 
Dec.  31, 
July  — , 
April  17, 


Oct.    2, 
Sept.  5,' 


Conn. 

N.  Y. 
N.  C, 
N,  C. 
Me.. 


Mar. 


1770 

177, 

177: 

17R8 

1771 

178li 

17H4 

17: 

1771) 

1790 

1775 

1773 

1762 

1780 


1765 
1780 


Nov,  23, 
Sept,  14, 
Mar,  24, 


1777 

17' 

1733 

1755 

1770 


,  1757 
,1768 
1764 


April27, 

Oct,  II 

June  10,  1772  N,  H 


SUM 
sented. 


R,  I.. 

Tenn. 

Vt,,. 

Ky. 

Conn. 

Conn. 

N.J. 

Tenn. 

111.,,. 

Va    . 

Vt,    . 

Ga,,, 

Lou, , 

S,  C,  , 

Md.  . , 

Md... 

Del... 

R.  I.. 

Lou   , 

N,  Y. 

Pa,,. 

Miss. 

N,  C. 

N,  H. 

Mass, 


1770 


Oct.    8,   1765 


Ohio, 
Ind  . 
Mass. 
Vt,,,, 
Pa,,, 
Ohio. 

1779  N,  Y. 

1762  S,  C. 

1760N,  C. 

1760, N,  H. 


,  1771 
,  1763 


Lawyer, . , 
L.awyer, , , 
Law.ver, , , 
Law.ver,,, 
Law.ver, . 
Lawyer,, , 
Law.ver, , 
Unknown, 
Law,ver, , , 
Lawyer,,, 
Lawyer, , , 
Law.yer, , , 
Lawyer-  , 
Lawyer,, , 
Lawyer,  . 
Unknown, 
Unknown, 
Joui-nalist 
L,awj'er, , , 
Lawj'cr. , . 
Lawyer, , , 
Lawyer,  , 
Unknown, 
Unknown. 
Soldier  ,,. 
Lawyer, , 
Lawyer, , 

Varied 

Unknown, 
Unknown 
Law.ver,,  . 
Lawyer  . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer  , 
Lawyer, , , 
Unknown, 
Physician. 


May  10,  1819 
June  8,  1842 
Dec,  25,  18213 
Feb,  17,  1843 
Feb,  23,  1846 
July  26,  1863 


July  21, 
Oet,  5, 
Nov,  17, 
July  20, 
Sept,  20, 
Dee,  1, 
Oct.  21, 
Oct.  6, 
Feb,  26, 
Oct,  5, 
April  23, 
June  9, 
Dec,  3, 
Sept.  4, 
April  29, 
AprUI2, 
Nov.  17, 
June  29, 
Oct,  14, 
Pec,  31, 
Jan,  28, 
Mar,  22, 
Feb,  26, 
Oct,  28, 
Dec,  12, 
July  7, 
Sept,  2, 
Oct,  7, 
June  26, 

Nov. '21! 


1830 
1853 
1856 
1833 
1853 
1844 
1841 
1822 
1826 
1836 
1819 
1842 
1849 
1864 
1827 
1837 
1825 
1837 
1848 
1840 
1849 
1852 
1831 
IR48 
1860 
1854 
1837 
1838 
1840 
1842 
1830 


SENATORS. 

Where 
Born. 

Whtn  Born. 

Repre- 

aented. 

When  Died. 

Va.. . . 

Lawyer, , . 
Lawyp'"-  ■  ■ 

Unknow-n. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawj-er... 
Unknown. 
La^vyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 

Talbot,  Isham — 

Va.  . 
Va... 

1773 

Ky. . . 
Ind.. 

m.., 

Vt  ... 
Ga... 

N.  J.. 
Tenn. 
Miss . 
N.  J.. 

Sept.  2r>,  IXJ7 

Thomas,  Jesse  B — 

Tiehenor,  Isaac P 

Troup.  GeorceM D 

Van  Dyke,  Nicholas.  .— 
Williams,  John    ... — 
Williams,  Thos.  H  ,    .D 

N.'  J.'. 

Ala.. 
Del... 
N.  C 

N.  C. 

Feb."  8,"  1754 
Sept.  8,  1780 

Feb.   :i.    IK.V1 
Dec.  11.   \Xiti 
Mav   3.     1M.V> 
May  Ut.  IH2« 
Au(<.  10.  1837 

Wilson,  .James  J D 

S.  J.. 

1775 

July  28,  1824 

Total  Senators,  48.      Lawyers,  31.      Occupation    Unknown.  1J8. 
alists,  a.    Physician,  1.    Soldier,  1,    Varied,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Abbott.  Joel D 

Adams,  Benjamin P 

Allen,  Heman — 

Allen,  Samuel  C — 

Anderson,  Richard  C. — 
Anderson,  William... D 
Austin.  Archibald  ..,.D 

Baldwin,    Henry F 

Ball.  WillianiL — 

Barber.  Levi — 

Barbour,  Philip  P D 

Bassett.  Burwell D 

Baternan.  Ephraiin...D 

Bayley.  Thomas — 

Beech'er,    Philemon. .  .F 

Bellinger,   Joseph — 

Bennett,  Benjamin. . — 
Bloumfleld,  Joseph.., D 
Blount,  William  G.  .  .— 

Boden,  Andrew — 

Bosa,  John  L — 


Conn, 
Mass, 
Vt , , , 
Mass. 
Ky... 
Pa... 
Va... 
Conn 
Va... 
Conn 
Va. . . 
Va... 
N,  J,. 
Md... 
Conn 
S.  C. 


N.J. 


Slate 


1790 

1765 

Feb.  23,  1779 
Jan.  5.  1772 
Aug.  4,  1788 

17.59 

Aug.  II,  1772 

1779 

1779 


.1799 
.  1764 
.1770 

'.  '1775 

'.  1762 


Ga,,, 

Mass, 

Vt,,,, 

Mass, 

Ky,., 

Pa,,, 

Va, ,, 

Pa„. 

Va,,. 

Ohio. 

Va... 

Va... 

N,  J, 

Md,., 

Ohio, 

S,  C. 

N,  J  , 

N,  J,: 

Tenn. 
Pa... 
R.  I., 


Unknown 
Lawyer, , , 
Lawyer, , , 
Varied, , , , 
Lawyer. , , 
Unknown 

Lawyer 

La^vyer, , , 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer, , . 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. , , 
Unknown. 
Clergym'n 
Lawyer,  , , 
Unknown, 
Unknown 
Unknown 


Nov.  19. 
Mar,  28, 
April  7. 
Feb,  8, 
July  24, 
Dec,  13, 
Oct,  16, 
April  21. 
Feb,  28. 


1826 
1837 
18.52 
1842 
1826 
1829 
1837 
1.844 
1824 


Feb.  2.-1. 
Feb,  26, 
Jan,  29. 


1841 
1841 
1829 


Nov.  30,  1839 


Oct.  8, 
Oct.  3. 
May  21, 


1840 
1823 
1827 


^^ 


>J\:C^ 


4(i,s 


EEPBESENTATIVES    OF    THE    FIP^FEENTII    CONWKES 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Wlicrc 
Born. 

TChen  Bern. 

State 
Rern- 
■*nt*i1. 

Occupation.           When  Died. 

_ 

[Ohio  . 

Unknown 

Burwell.  William   A 

n 

Va... 

1780(!rVa... 

Unknown 

Feb.  16,  1821 

Butler.  J<isi  ill 

i> 

N.  H. 

17.«,N.  H. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  8,    1854 

'.D 

Lou.. 
Ohio . 

Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  14, 1847 

«'.uii|.l)ell.  Jolm  W. 

Va... 

Sept.  24, 1833 

('I:i-.^(ri'tt.  Clifton 

N.  H. 

Deo.   3,    1762|N.  H. 

La%vyer. . . 

Jan.  29,  1829 

(iailnniie,  Tliiiiiias. . 
Chiv.  H.Miv 

Va 

W 

Va... 

Ap.-iii2,1777  Ky... 

Lawyjer. . . 

June  29,  1*852 

i\A,h.  ThoiiirtS  W 



(ia. . . 

17S4  Ga.   . 

Lawyer. . . 

Feb.    1,   1839 

.F 
T1 

Va 

17S8 

Va... 
N.  Y. 

Unknown 
Physician 

April  23, 1851 

N.  Y. 

17K4 

Jan.  11,1860 

Cuuk.  Zaiiock 

Ga... 

17R;|  Ga... 

Unknown 

Crafts,  Satnuel  C. . . 



Conn 

Oct.   6,    I7(»1N.  H.. 

Unknown 

Nov.  19,  1853 

D 

Oa. . . 

June  15,  ITS) 

i  I... 

Ltv.yei. .. 

Api  ll  5.   1S58 

Crowell.  Johi) 

Ala.. 

Ala  . . 

Unknown 

June25.  1846 

Cniff.-r.  DuiiiM 

Culbrfth,  Tliuinas.. 

y.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown 

n 

Del  .. 

1786 

>Id... 

Unknown 

May  17.  1843 

Cilsli  ii-in,  John  P. ,. 

Conn 

1784 

N'.  Y. 

Lawyer... 

.Sept.  16,184.8 

Darliiiffton.  Isaac... 



Pa.... 

Dec.  13,  1781 

Pa... 

Lawyer... 

April27,1839 

Uavilson,  William.. 

.F 

N.  C. 

Sept.  12,  1778 

N.  C. 

Ag'eult'st. 

Sept.  16,  1857 

Deshii.  Joseph 

Pa... 

Dec.    9,    17fif 

Ky... 

Unkuo\yn. 

Oct.  13.  1842 

'  E> 

1783 

N.  Y. 
.S.  C. . 

Unknown. 

Mar.  21.  1857 

E.ii-le.  Elias 

EJw  inls,  Weldon  N 

Va 

.D 

y.  C. 

I78S 

N.  C. 

Lawyer... 

Dec.  18,  1873 

EIli_-  »tt,  Benjamin.. 

N.  v.. 

Unkno\yn. 

Erwin.   James 



s.  c. 

Oct.  17,  1778 

S.  C.  . 

Lawyer.. . 

July    7,  1841 

Fisher.  Cliai-les 

11 

M.  C. 

Oct.  20,  1789 

N.  C. 

Lawyer... 

May   7.  1849 

Floy  1.  John 

n 

Va... 

Va. . . 

Lnknown 

Aug.  10, 1837 

I'uI'T  Walter 

0 

Mass 

I'nrn-v.  Daniel  M... 

n 

M.  C. 

May  — ,  1784 

N.  C. 

Unknown 

Oct.  -.  1847 

For.vth.  John 

I) 

Va... 

Oct.    2,   1780 

j-i.. . 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.  21,  1841 

Fuller.  Timothy 

Mass. 

July  11,  1778 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.    1,    1835 

Ci.i„''-.   Joshua 

.1) 

Mas,s. 

liiknown. 

(iirii.-It.  Rr.bert  S.. 

,1) 

Va... 

Lawver  .. 

tiiltj  ft,  Sylvester... 

Conn 

1756 

Conn. 

Lawyer... 

Jan.  16.  184(1 

(MiM  1  .\  yn.    Peterson 

T) 

Va. . . 

Va... 

Lawyer  . 

Feb.  21. 1818 

ll.r  -.Salma 

.!> 

X.  H. 

Mar.  7,   1787 

N.  H. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  lil.  1866 

Hill,  Thomas  H.... 

t) 

V.  C. 

17:a 

.V.  c. 

Physician 

June  30.  18.53 

Hall   Will.,r<l 

Mass 

Dec.  24,  1780 

Del.. 

Lawyer. . . 

May  K),  1875 

llanis„n.  Wm.  H... 

W 

Va... 

Feb.  9,   1773 

Ohio. 

Soldier... 

April  4,  1841 

ft.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown 



Pa... 

Nov.  18,  1751! 

I'a.  .. 

Merchant. 

June  10.  1H32 

Hen  li  1,-ks.   William 

n 

Pa.  .. 

1783 

lud.. 

Unknown 

May  16,  1850 

Hi  il..-it.  John  C 

Mil... 

Md.  .. 

Unkno\vn 

ll-rkiiner.    John.... 

.n 

N.  Y. 

1773 

N.    Y. 

Unknown 

June  8.  1845 

li'-rriek,  Samuel 

T) 

N.  Y 

April  14, 1779 

Ohio. 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec,  m,  1851 

llit'-lK-oek.   Peter 



Conn 

Oct.  19,  1780 

tihio. 

Lawyer... 

May  11,  18,53 

H'...';;.   Samuel 



Va... 

iVnn. 

Lnknown. 

H..lin..s.  John 

n 

Mass.  .Mar.  — ,  1773 

Mass. 

Lawyer. . 

July  7,    1843 

Iloho -s,  Uiiel 

Conn   

Conn. 

Lawyer, , . 

1827 

H"['kiii.oii.  Joseph.. 



Pa...  Not.  12,  1770 

Pa... 

Lawyer. . . 

Jan.  15,  1842 

n 

Pa 

Conn   1780 

N.  y'. 

Unknown. 
Law.ver.. 

H'li.l.iril.  Thomas  H 

May  22,  1857 

H  MLt  -r    William 

Vt... 
Conn 

Dec.  26.  1754 

Vt.... 
Conn. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

HiiiiritiL'ton.  Eben... 

June  17.1834 

Iriu'liain.  S  imuel  D. 

n 

Pa... 

Sept.  16,  177!) 

Pa. 

Paper  Mr. 

April  13, 1833 

Irviii-   William  .... 

n 

N.  Y. 

Aug.  18.  1766 

N.  Y. 

VIerchant. 

.N'ov.    0,  1821 

ff  iilui^ou.  James 

.n 

Va... 

Va,.. 

L^nknowu. 

Dec.    7.  1825 

Jolinson.  RichttrU  M 

i> 

Ky... 

Oct.  17,  1781 

Ky... 

Layyyer.   . 

Nov.  19. 1850 

Tenn. 
N.  J.. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

K.insey.  Charles 

N.  J.. 

Kii-tlauil,    Doi-rance. 



N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

[Jnknown 

'.D 

N.  Y. 
Va... 

N.  Y. 

Va. .. 
.Mass. 

Unknown 
LJnknown 
Lawver. . , 

Nov.    1,  1828 

Dec.  28,  1788 

Oct.  8,    1829 

'n 

N.  J.. 

Md... 

Unknown 
Mechanic. 

Jan.  5,    1821 

l.ittl.-.    Peter 

Pa... 

Feb.   5,  1.S30 

l.iv.  iinore.   .\rthur. 

T) 

N.  H. 

July  26,  1776  N.  H. 

Lawyer. 

July  I,    1853 

L..,vii.les,  William.. 

.1) 

S.  C. . 

Feb.  7,    1782  S.  C. 

Varied. . . , 

Oct.  27,  1822 

M.(-„v.  William... 

1) 

Va... 

Va... 

L'nknown 

June  7,  1849 

Mel.  me.  Lewis 

i> 

Del.. 

May  28,  1786  Del... 

Lawyer... 

Oct.    7.    1857 

.Mrl,.,M,  John 

.........   .   .  lil... 

Lawyer... 

Oct.    14, 1830 

M  .rl,y.  ■nilliam.... 

— 

Aug.  4,  1766  Fa... 

Lawyer... 

Jan.   4,  1825 

M  e:.Ly    William  P 

.u 

'.F 
F 

Pa. . . 

Pa... 
Tenn. 
Pa... 
K.  I.. 

Mass. 

Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Physician 
La^vye^.. 

M  .ir,  (Jcort-e  W.  L.. 



M  1  ..ii    J  lines  B 

R.  I.. 

1774 

Sept.  6,  1819 

^1  1     II.  Jonathan... 

Mass, 

Aug.  30, 1752 

Nov.  1,    1831 

Ml      I  1.  Charles  F.. 

l> 

Va... 

June  6,  1778 

Va... 

Lawyer. . . 

May  4,    1858 

Ml  Mil,  Oi-saiiiiis  C. 

.D 

Vt . . . 

1776 

Vt.... 
S.  C. 

Law.ver.. . 
Unknown 

April  11, 1865 

Miililliloii.    lleillV... 

S.  C. 

1770 

June  14. 1846 

Millei-    St.-plien  D... 

1> 

s.  c. 

May   8,  1787 

S.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

Mar.    8,  1838 

Mills.  F.lijali  H 

.F 

1778 

Mass. 

Lawyei'. . . 

May  5,    1829 

'.D 

Pa... 

Pa... 
Pa... 

Unknown 
Physician 
Lawver. . . 

N.  J.. 

Feb.  18,  1861 

Moi-ton.  Marcus 

Mass. 

Dec.  19,  1784 

Mass. 

Feb.    6.  1864 

Moseley,  Jonathan  O 
Miiriifiird.   Oeorge. . . 

.F 

Conn 
N.  0. 

1782 

Conn. 
N.  C. 

Unknown 
Unknown 

Sept.  9,  1839 

Dec.  31,  1818 

.Murray.  .Tohn 

— 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Unknown 

Sfi-lson.    HuKh 

.1) 

Va... 

'Va... 

Unknown 

Mat.  18,  1830 

Nelson.  Jeremiah... 

F 

Mass. 

Sept.  14,  1761)  Muss. 

Merchant. 

Oct.    2.    1838 

.1) 

..    1782 

Va  .. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 


Ne.sbitt.  William — 

Nt-'W,  Anihuny D 

Newton,  Thomas.     .,  D 

Ogilt^n,  David  A — 

Ogle.  Alex — 

Orr,  Benjamin — 

Owen, James D 

Palmer.  John D 

Pariis,  Albion  K D 

PanoTti,  John  F D 

Patterson,  Thomas.  .,D 

Pawling,  Levi — 

Pegrani,  John — 

Peter.    (;■  o:^'e — 

Pindill.  James F 

Pitkin,  Timothy F 

Pleasants,  James D 

Poindexter.  George... D 

Pope.  Nathaniel — 

Porter,  James — 

Quarles.  Tunstall — 

Keed.  Pliilip — 

Reid,    Robert    R D 

Rhna.   John...   .       ...D 

Rice.  Thomas — 

Rich,  Charles D 

RiHiards.  Mark D 

Ring-frold.  Samuel., ,  D 
Rohert.-^on,  George... — 
Robert.son,  Thos.  E...D 

Rogers,  Thomas  J D 

Koss.John — 

Riiffirles.  N.nth.nnieL.F 
Sampaon,  Zabdiel...  D 

Savage.  John D 

SawTcr,  Lenniel D 

Schuyler.  Philip  J....— 

Scott,  John — 

Scudder.  Ti-e:idwell.. — 

Sergeant.  John F 

Settle,   Thomas I> 

Seybert,  Adam D 

Shaw,  Henry D 

Sherwood.  Samuel  E.. — 
Silsbee,  Nathaniel  ...D 

Simpkins,    Eldred — 

Slocnmb.  Jesse F 

Smith.    Ballard D 

Smith,  James  S D 

Smith,  Samuel D 

Smyth,  Alexander T) 

Southard,  Henry D 

Spangler.  Jacob W 

Speed,  Thomas — 

Spencer,  John  C D 

Stewart,  James — 

Storrs.  Henry  R F 

Strong,  Solomon F 

Strother.  George  F.-.D 

Stn.a.rt,  Philip F 

Tallmadg.'.  James.  ..D 

Tarr.  Chiistinn..    — 

Tavlor,  John  W D 

TeiTill,  William D 

Terry,  Nathaniel — 

Tompkins,  •  aleb — 

Townsend.  George D 

Trimble.  David     ..   ..D 

Tueker,  Henrys D 

Tucker,   Starling — 

Tvler,  John r> 

tTi<h;im.  Nathaniel. ..D 

"W;Uker,  David  — 

Walker.   Felix — 

Wallace.  James  M.  .— 
Wendov.r.  I'.ter  H.  ..O 
Westerln,  Rensselaer. F 

Whiteside.  John — 

Whitman,  Ezekiel...  F 
Wilkin,  James   W....— 

Williams.  Isaac D 

Williams.  Lewis — 

Williams.  Thomas  S.  .— 

Wilson,   John F 

Wilson.  William — 


Va  . 
Va  .. 
N.  J  . 
Md... 
N.  H. 
N.  C.I 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
N.  H, 
Pa... 


Va... 

Md... 
Va... 

Conn 


Va... 
Ky... 
Mass. 
Va... 
Md... 
S.  C. 

Mass. 
Mass. 
Conn, 
Md... 
Ky... 
Va.  .. 
Ire'd . 


Mass. 
.Mass. 
X.  Y. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Pa. . . 
N.  C. 
Pa  .. 
Vt  ... 
Conn 
Mass. 
S.  C. 
N.    C. 


N.  C. 
Pa . .  . 
Ire'rt. 
N.  Y. 


N.  Y. 

N.  C. 

Conn. 

Mass. 

Va... 

Md... 

N.  Y. 

Md. . 

N.  Y. 

Ga.. 

Conn 

N.  y. 

N.  Y, 
Va  . 
Va... 
N.  C. 
Va.. 
N.  H. 
Ky  .. 
Va. . . 
Pa. . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 


Mass. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Conn, 


Aug.  10, 
Dec.  1, 
Dee.  — , 


S.  C. 

. .  1747  Ky . . 

..  1769'Va. 
N.  Y 


1765 
1772 
17S4 
1785 
1788 
1768 


Sept.  28, 1779 


.  1765 

.  r 

.  1779 
.1784 


.  1789 
.1753 


.  1771 


,  1790 
.1778 
.1781 

'.  Vwi 

.'  1780 

1777 

.  1761 

.  178: 


Dec.  5,  1779 
...  1791(!1 

1773 

, 1788 

1767 

1773 

Aag.  29,  1779 
1782 


July  27, 
Oct.  — ,' 


1752 
1765 
1749 
.1768 

'  1 787 
.  1770 
.1785 
.1779 


Jan.  28,  1778 


.1784 

."iVes 


.  1782 
1781 


Mar.  29, 
June  9, 


1790 
1774 


July  19, 1753 


.  1773 


Pa, 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
N.  H. 
Pa... 
P.a... 
Va. .  - 
Md... 
Va... 
Conn. 
Va.  . 
Miss.. 
111.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Kv... 
Md... 
Ga.  .. 
Tenn. 
Mass. 
Vt.... 
Vt... 
Md... 
Ky... 
Lou. . 
Pa... 
Pa... 
Mass. 
M.ass. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Mo.  . 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Mass. 
S.  C. 
N'.  C. . 
Va. .. 
N.  C. 
Md.  . 
Va. .  . 
S.I. 
Pa... 
Kv... 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Va. . . 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ga. . . 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Va.  . . 
S.  C. 
Va. . . 
N.  H. 
Kv... 
N.  C. 
Pa. .  . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 

1776  Mass. 
1762;N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

1782  N.  C. 

1777  Conn. 
1777  Mass. 
Pa... 


Unknown. 
Unknown 
iLawyer.  . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Lawyer.  . 
Ag'cult'st. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown 
Unknown. 
Soldier  ... 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer.. 
Unknown 
La\vyer, . , 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Journalist 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lnwyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. , . 
Scientist. . 
Lawyer. . . 
vyer... 
.Melchant. 
Lawyer. ,. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Surve.vor . 
Unknown. 
Law.ver. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. .  - 
Unknown, 
Laws'er. . . 
Soldier  . . . 
La  wyer. . . 
L'nknown. 
Lawyer... 
L'nknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
L.awycr. .. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Mei'chant. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. . . 
llnknown. 
llnknown. 
Lawyer.  .. 
Lawyer ... 
Unknown. 


Mar.  2.  1833 
Aug.  5,  1847 
June  9.  1829 
Oct.  14,  1&52 
Sept.   1,  1828 


June  22, 1861 


Nov.  9,  18.3); 
Sept.  5.  1853 
June  14.  18.50 


Nov.  2.  1829 
July  1,  1844 
May  27.  1832 

1854 

Oct.  15,  1824 

Oct.'  'l8,'  1829 
May  16,  1874 


Dec.  8,  1841) 
Feb.  11,  1857 
July    9, 1836 


Dec.  7,  1832 


Dec.  19,  1819 
July  19,  I82H 
Oct.  19,  1863 
Jan.  9,  18.52 
Feb.  21.  1835 
Oct.  1,  1861 

Nov. '23|  1852 
Aug.  5.  la57 
May  2.  1825 
Oct.  17,  18.',7 
April27,is:i:f 
July  1,  18511 
..;.,.  1832 

Dec.  20, 182(1 


Apiil23, 18311 
April  17. 1830 
June  2,  1812 
June  17,1843 


.May  18.  1855 
Feb.  3,  1842 
July  29.  1837 
Sept.  16, 18,50 


Aug.  14,1830 
Sept.  29. 1853 


Sept.  18.1854 
July  4.  1835 
June  14, 1844 


-•lug.  28,  1848 
Feb.  4.  1834 
Jan. 17,  1862 
July  10,  1829 
Mar,  1,  1820 
1853 


Sept.  20, 1834 
April  18, 1851 


Aug.   1.  1866 
Feb.  23,  1845 


Feb.  23,  1842 
Dec.  15, 1861 
July  9,  1848 


Total  Representatives,  198.  Occupation  Unknown,  OO.  Lawyers.  S2. 
Physieians.  «.  Merchants.  ,'>.  Soldiers.  4.  Varied,  3.  Agriculturists. 
It.  Cleigyiiian.  1.  Papei-maker.  1.  Mechanic.  I.  Joiii-nalist,  1.  Sur- 
veyor,!,     Scientist,!.    Foreign  Born,  S6:     Including  Ireland,  2. 


><|(>- 


.A- 


^ 


SIXTEENTH    CONGKKSS,     AND    l,KAI>IN«    EVENTS    oi' 


i(;:i 


Sixteenth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1819  to  (821. 


1819— Oroat  flnancliil  (ipprea.sion  nn«l  distrrs^ 
provaiK-ii  throufflioKt  tliu  cotiiury. 
fttroctlliK  111!  clnsset*  of  bli.siness,  which 
was  causoil  by  overproductiun,  tlm 
light  tleiiiand  for  breaiistull'-s  abroad, 
and  thu  i-xcl'ss  of  importations  over 
our  L'xportatlonrt. 
-The  first  steam-vessel  to  cross  the 
Atlantic  from  the  United  Stales  to 
Europe,  the  "Savannah,"  left  Savan- 
nah. Cia.,  sailed  to  Liverpool,  and 
thence  to  St.  Petersbur^rh,  Russia.  The 
voyai?e  was  accomplished,  but  did  not 
prove  prolltuble. 


1SU)_ 


JameH  Monroe,  Ath  Prenldent. 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  of  N.  Y.,  Vloe-Pres.  John  Q. 
Adams,  of  Mass..  See'y  of  State.  William  H.  Crawford, 
of  (t.'i,.  Sec'v  of  Treas.  Jolm  C.  Calhoun,  of  S.  C.  See'y 
..f  War.  Sniilh  Thompson,  of  N.  Y..  Sec'v  of  Navy. 
Williaiii  Wilt,  of  Va.,  .Ml'y  fJen.  Heni-y  O'lay.  of  Ky., 
and  John  W.  Taylor,  of  N.  V.,  Speakora  of  House  of 
itepresentatives. 


Ft  indicates  Federalist;    D.  Democrat;    W,  Whig. 


IHIB— Florida  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United 
States,  for  $.'j,(XJO.(XJ<J,  f'eh.  2J. 

]81j)— Alabama,  the  twenty-second  Stjite,  ad- 
mitted Into  the  Union,  Dec.  14. 

IftiO— The  fourth  census  of  the  United  States 
showed  a  po|M]latlon  of  ».*i;i3,82'2  per- 
sons, un  ineri-a«c.  within  t^-n  years,  of 
33.0«  per  cent. 

1820— Maine,  the  twenty-third  State,  admltu-d 
Into  the  Union,  Slarch  1.'.. 

IS-^l— Missouri,  the  twenty-fourth  State,  ad- 
mitted into  the  Union,  Auf^st  10, 


SENATORS. 


Barbour.  James.... 

Ili'owii.  .lames 

Hiinill.  Jurncs 

«']i.ni,ll(i.  John 

Ilan.i.  SiiH'Uel  W. . 
Uickcrson.  Mahlon... 

Eaton,  John   H 

Krlwards.    Ninian 

Klliotl.  John 

«l:iill ml.  John 

IIm1,,m-«.    David 

Ilnlrnes.  John 

lliirscy,  Outerbridge 

Iliiiitcr,  William 

(Iiihnson,    Henry 

.Kilinson,  Richard  M.. 

Ring.  Rufus 

King,  William  R 

Ivnight.  Neheiniah  K. 

l^aninau.  James 

Leake,  Waller 

Logan,  William 

Lloyd.  Edwal'd 

Lo\vrie,   Walter 

Macon,  Nathaniel.. 

Mellen.  Prentiss 

Mills,  Elijah  H 

.Morrill,  David  L 

Noble,  James 

Otis,  Harrison  G 

Palmer,  William  A. 

Parrott,  John  F 

Pinckncy,  Willi.ain.. 
Pleasants.  J:um's. , . , 

Robert.s,  J itlian. 

liiiggli-s,  nniialiiiti. . 
Mnnfoiil,  Nalli.'in... 

"^iiiitli.  Williiiiii 

Si.iitlianl.  S;iMiiu-l  L.. 

stokes,  iMuntlord 

Talbot,  Isham 

Taylor,  Waller 

Thomas,  Jesse  B 

Tichenor.  Is.oac 

Trimble.  William  A. 
Van  D.vke.  Nicholas. 
Walker.  Freeman.. 
Walker,  John  W  ... 

Williams,  John 

Williams,  Thos.  H... 
Wilson.  James  J 


Born. 


Va. . . 
Va... 
R.  I.. 
N.  H. 
Cimn 
N.  J . . 
Teuii. 
Md... 

sib:; 

Va... 
Mass. 
Del.. 
R.  1.. 
Tenn. 
Ky... 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
R.  I.. 
Conn. 
Va... 
Ky... 
Md... 
Scot. 
N.  C. 
Moss 

n.'h.' 

Va... 
Mass. 
Vt. .. 
H. 
Md... 
Va.  .. 


June  10, 
.Sept.  1 1 
April2.5, 

jiiVv— ! 
April  17, 


Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
N.  J.. 
N.  C. 
Va... 
Va. .. 


N.J. 
Ky.. 
Del. 


N.  C. 
N.  C. 
N.  J.. 


Sept.  5, 

Mar. "—, 

Nov.  231 
.Sept.  14, 
Oct.  17, 
Mar.  24, 
April  7, 
Dec.  31, 
June  14, 


1775 
,17(«i 
177:' 

'l7S7 
17711 
17S)0 
1775 

1765 


1 77.-1 
17S.'l 
17S1 


17.SI 
I7GU 


state 


177fi 
1779 
17S4 
.  17 
17li4 
1778 
1772 


Dec.  S, 
i)ec.  10, 
Dct,  I'i,' 
June  10, 
Oct.  "sl'  1765 


1768 

-Mar.  17,  1764 

1769 

1771 
1793 
1779 
17(52 
1787 
17611 
1773 


Nov.    5, 
June  9, 


Feb.  8, 
April  4, 


1754 
1786 


Va... 
Loii.. 
It.  I.. 
.Me... 
t  mm 
N.  J.. 
Tenn. 
111.  , 
Oa.... 
S.  C. 
Sliss  . 
.Me. . . 
Del  . . 
R.  I.. 
Lou. , 
K'v... 
N"  Y. 
Ala . . 
R.  I. . 
Conn, 
Mi.ss  . 
Kv... 
Md... 
Pi . . . 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
N.  H, 
Ind. 
Mass. 
Vt.... 
N.  H. 
Md... 
Va... 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
N.  J. 
N.  C- 
Kv. . . 
Ind.. 
III.... 
Vt.... 
Ohio. 
J.. 
Ga, 


Ala . . 
Tenn. 
Miss  . 
N.J.. 


L.aNvyer... 

Lawyer... 
Lawver. . . 
Agr'eiilfst 
Unknown, 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer  . . 
I-aM-y*'!-... 
Unknown. 
Unknown, 
Lawyer. ., 
I,;iwyrr, .. 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 
Lawy.T... 
L:iw\  tT. . , 
Lawv.T... 
Vari,-.l  ... 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown, 
Unknown. 
SohUt-r,,.. 
Lawyer... 

Lawyer 

Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Lawver. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawver. . . 
LawyiT... 
Unknown. 
L.awyer.  .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
ITnkiuiwn, 
Unknown. 
Law.ver. .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown, 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer 

Jtiurnalist  IJuly  28. 


June  8, 
April  7, 
Dec.  25, 
Sept.  — , 
July  21, 
Oet.  5, 
Nov,  17, 
July  20, 
Aug.  9, 
Feb.  26, 
Aug.  20, 
July  7, 
June  9, 
Dec.  3. 
Sept.  4. 


April-.. 
April  l.s, 
,\pril  Itl, 
Aug.  7, 
Nov.  17, 
Aug.  8, 
June  2, 
Jan.  14, 
Juno  29, 
Dec.  31, 
May  5, 
Jan.  28. 
Feb.  26, 
Oet.  28, 
Dec.  12, 
July  9. 
F'eb.  25, 
Nov.  9, 
July  7, 
Sept.  2, 
Oct.  7, 
.hine  26, 
June  26, 


Sept.  25, 
Aug.  26, 
Feb.  3, 
Dec.  11. 
Dec.  13. 
May  19, 
Sept.  23, 
Aprilll, 
Aug.  10, 


1842 

is:i5 

1820 

I.'*ll 

18.10 
1853 
1856 
1833 
1827 
1826 
1832 
1843 
1842 
1849 
1H64 
18.-10 
18-27 
1,853 
1,854 
1841 
1825 
1822 
1834 
1868 
1837 
1840 
1829 
1849 
1831 
1848 
1860 
1836 
1822 
1836 
1854 
1837 
1838 
1840 
1842 
1842 
1837 
1826 
1850 
1838 
1821 
1826 
1827 
1823 
1837 

V824 


Total  Senators,  51.  Lawyers, 
Agricullurist,  1.  Journalist,!, 
Scotland,  1. 


33,     Occupation  Unknown,  1-4.  Varied,  S. 
.    Soldier.  1.    Foreign  Born,  1:  Including 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


I 


Abbott.  Joel D 

.-\(iani,-i,  Benjamin F 

-Vllen,   Nathaniel — 

Allen,  Robert D 

Alien,  Samnel  C — 

.AJexander,    Mark D 

Ander.son,  Rich'd  C.  .— 
Archer,    Stevenson. . .D 

Archer,  William  S — 

Biiki-r,    Caleb — 

Bal'iwin,    Heiirv P 

Ball.  William  L — 

Har'.our,  Phil.  P D 

ll.iteiiian,  Ephraim...D 

Bates.  James  W — 

Bayley,  Thomas — 

Beecher.  Philemon. .  .F 
Blackledpre.  Wm.  S...D 
Bloonineld.  Joseph. ..D 

Boden.  Andrew — 

Brevard.  Joseph — 

Brown.  William — 

Bi-nsh,    Henry — 

Brvan,  Tleni-v  H — 

Buffiim,  Jo.seph D 

Burton,  Hntehine  C.. — 

Burwell.  Wm.  A D 

Butler,  Josiah D 


Conn 

1790 

Ga.... 

.Mass. 

1765 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Va. .  . 

1777 
1772 

.Mass. 

Jan-  5, 

M.ass. 

Va.  . . 

Va.. . 

Kv... 

Aug.  4, 

1788 

Kt... 

Md... 

Md. . . 

Va. .. 

Mar.   5 

1789 

Va. .. 

R.  I. 

N.  Y. 

Conn. 

17711 

Pa... 

Va. 

Va.  .  . 

Va. .  . 

1799 

Va.  . . 

N.  J.. 

1770 

N.  J.. 

Va... 

Ark.. 

Md... 

Md. . . 

Conn. 

N.   C. 

1775 
1793 

Ohio. 

N.  C. . 

N.  J.. 

N.  J.. 

Pa... 

Pa     . 

N.  C. 

July  19 

1766 

S.  C. . 

Va... 

Ky... 

>t.  Y. 

June  — , 

17780hio. 

S.  C. 

Tenn. 

N.  H. 

Moss. 

Sept.  23 

1784 

>J.    C. 

IN.  C. 

IJ.  H. 

17S0(i)iVa... 

Va.  .- 

1780 

N.  H. 

Unknown, 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Merchniit. 

Varied 

Unknown. 

La'wye 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer, . . 

Unknown 

La^vyer. . . 

Physician 

La^vyer. . . 

L'nknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer.. . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer., 

Lawyer.. . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 


Nov 

19 

182R 

.Mar 

28 

1837 

Aug 

.19 

1864 

Feb 

8 

1842 

July 

24 

18'>6 
1848 

Mar 

28 

1855 

.■\pr 

121 

is-i4 

l^'eb 

28 

1.824 

l.'eh 

25 

1841 

Jan. 

•29, 

1829 

Jan. 

20 

1847 

Nov 

30 

^fa9 

Mar 

21 

1857 

Oct. 

3, 

18'23 

Oct. 

11, 

1821 

Jan. 

19, 

18.55 

Mnv 

» 

1835 

Feb. 

•24, 

1874 

.\pri 

■.11 

1836 

Feb. 

16, 

1821 

Nov 

8, 

1854 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

Bora 

When  Horn. 

lUrrt- 

OccuiMUlon.             Wl.„  PI,,]. 

Butler,   Tliornns 

— 

Pa 

Lou. .   Unknown 

Aug.  14,  1847 

I'aniphell.  John  W 

..D 

Va 

Ohio.  1  Lawyer. .. 

Sept.  24. 1833 

Cannon.  Newton... 

..1) 

N.  C. 

Tenn. 

Unknown. 

Sept.  29, 1842 

N.  Y 
N.  H. 

Doe."  i),' 1762 

N.  Y. 
N.  H. 

Unknown. 
Lawver. . . 

Clat'Kctt,  Clifton... 



Jan.  20,  18-2U 

Clark,  Robert      

N.  Y. 
Va... 

Ain-iYia.iVV- 

N.  y. 

Ky. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Clay,  Henry 

.W 

June  29, 1852 

Cobh.  Thomas  W... 



Ga..  . 

178i 

;a.  .. 

Lawvtrr. . . 

Feb.    1,  )83.'> 

Cocke,  John 

_ 

Va... 

177L 

LawVer... 

Feb-  16,  1851 

Cook.  Daniel   P 

,  — 

Kv.  . 

179.- 

Ml 

LawVer... 

Oct.  !6,   1827 

Crafts,  Samuel  C... 



Conn. 

Oct.    B,    17i;S|N'.  11. 

Unkntiwn. 

.\ov.  19,  1R53 

Crawford,  Joel 

..I) 

Oa. . , 

June  15,  1783, Ga... 

Lawyer.. . 

April  5,  18.58 

Crowell.  John 

.  .— 

Ala,. 

Ala.. 

Juno  25, 1846 

Culbreth,  Thomas.. 

..!> 

Del... 

I786Md... 

Unknown. 

May  17,  1843 

Culpepper,  John... 

..F 

N.<V. 

N.  C. 

Clergy  in  "n 

Cushman,  .Toshua,. 

. — 

Mass. 

iMass. 

18.34 

Cuthbert.JohnA... 

— 

Ga... 

1778  Gn... 

Lawyer... 

I>ane,  Joseph 

..F 

Mass. 

Oct.  '25.   1778  Me... 

Lawyer... 

May    1,  I8.->8 

Darlington,    Wm... 

..D 

Pa.... 

Api-1128,17S2  Pa... 

Physician 

Api-1123, 18<a 

Davidson,  William 

..F 

N-  C. 

Sept.  12, 177f 

N.(;,. 

Ag-culfBt. 

Sept.  16,18.57 

Dennison,  Geortce, . 

]> 

Pa... 

Pa... 

1831 

DeWitt,  Jacob  H.... 
Dickinson.  John  D.. 

4  Dowse,  Edward 

Earle,  Elias 

..D 
..F 

N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Moss. 
Va... 

N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 

Mass. 
S.  0. . 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

1767 

Eddy,  Samuel 

.  1> 

R.  I.. 

Mar.  31,  176f 

H.  I.. 

Lawyer... 

Feb.  2,    18;)9 

Edwards,  Henry  W. 

..D 

('onn. 

177i: 

Conn. 

Lawyer.  , . 

July  22,  1847 

Edwards,  Samuel... 
Edwards,  Weldon  N 
Envin,  James 

..F 
-D 

Pa. . . 

Pa... 
N    c. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

N.  C. 
S.  C. 

1788 

Oct.    17,  1778  S.  C. 

.luly  7,   1841 

Eustis,  William.... 

..I) 

Mass. 

Juno  10,  17.53  JIass. 

Phvslrian 

Feb.  6,    1825 

Mass. 
N.  C. 
Va... 

N.  V. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown, 

.Mav  7,  1849 
Aug.  16,  1837 

Floyd,  John 

Folffer,  Walter 

Foote,  Samuel  A 

..D 
..D 
.W 

Va... 
Mass. 

Mass. 
Conn. 

Nov.  8,  1780  Conn. 

Sept.  15, 1846 

Ford,  William   D... 
Forrest,  Thomas. . . 

•— 

R.  I.. 
Pa.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

Unkn<i\\n. 

Mar.  20,  18'25 

Fuller.  Timothv 

T> 

Mass. 

July  11,  1778Ma.ss. 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.    1,    lH;i5 

FuUerton,  David... 

. — 

Pa.. 

1772  Pa... 

Feb.    1,  1843 

Garnett,  "Robert  S.. 
Gorham.  Benjamin. 
Gray,  John  C 

..1) 

..F 

Va.  . 

Va... 
Moss, 

Lf\wycr. .. 
Lawyer... 

Mass. 

Feb.  13,  1775 

Sept.  27, 1855 

, — 

Va. . . 

Va... 

Gross,  Ezra  C 

.JJ 

Vt . . . 

N.  Y. 

Aug.   6,  1829 

Gross.  Samuel 

l> 

Pa... 

Pa... 

.- 

N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
N.   C. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Hackley.  Aaron... 

nm 

N.  Y. 
N.  Y.. 
N.  C. 

Hall,    George 

Hall.  Thomas  H.... 

June  30, 1853 

Hall.  Willard 

— 

Mass. 

Dec.  24,  1780 

Del.. . 

May  lo.  1875 

Har'iin,  Benjamin.. 

.w 

Pa... 

1784 

Ky... 

Lawyer..; 

Sepl.24.ia52 

Hazard,   Nathaniel. 

.1) 

R.  1.. 

1773 

R.  I.. 

Dec.   17.  I820 

Hei>ter,  Joseph 



Pa,  .. 

Nov.  18,  1752 

Pa... 

]\Iercllant. 

June  10,  18;J2 

Hiniphill,  Joseph,,. 

.K 

Pa... 

1770 

Pa.  .. 

Lawyer. . , 

Jlay  2<>,  1842 

Hrndneks.  William. 

D 
.D 

Pa... . 

1783 

Ind.. 
Ohio. 

Unknown 
Lawyer... 

May  16,  18oO 
Dec.  16, 1851 

H.rrirk,  Samuel... 

N.  Y. 

.tprUI4,I779 

Hib-hnKin.  Jacob... 

. — 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

Hill.. Mark  L 

— 

Ma.ss. 

June  30, 1772 

Ma.ss. 

Nov.  26,  1842 

Hubart,  Aaron 

.I> 

JIass. 

.June  26, 17S7 

Mass. 

Law-l-er. . . 

Julv    I,  1858 

Holmes,  John 

.1) 

JIass, 

Mar.  — ,  1773 

Mass. 

La\vyer. . . 

July  7,    1843 

Hooks.  Charle:^...   . 

.1) 

N.  C  . 

N.  0. 

Unknown. 

1851 

Hoistetter,  Jacob.. 

— 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Jackson.  Edw'd  B. 

— 

Va... 

Va... 

Physician 

Sept,  8,  1826 

Johnson,  Francis  R.. 

. — 

Va.    . 

Kv... 

Lawyer. . . 

Dee.  14,  1851 

Jolinson,  James.... 

D 

Va. . . 

Va... 

Dec.    7,  1825 

Jones.  Fi'ancis 

■— 

Telni. 
Va... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Jones.  James 

Va. . . 

Kendall.  Jonas.,.., 

— 

Mass. 

June  6,  1757 

Mass. 

Oct.  29,1844 

Ivent.  Joseph 

.K 

Md... 

177a 

Md... 

Nov.  24.  1837 

Kmsley.  Martin 

. — 

Mtuss. 

June  2,    1754 

MasiS. 

I*hvsician 

June  20, 18:15 

Kinsey,  Charles 

. — 

N.  J.. 

N.  J.. 

Lathrop.  Samuel... 

. — 

Mass. 

1771 

Mass. 

Julv  11,  1846 

Lincoln.  Enoch 

— 

Mass. 

3ee.  28,  178S 

Mass. 

Law-yer. . 

Oct.   8.   18-29 

Linn.  John.. , 

— 

N.  J.. 

1764 

N.  J.. 

Jan.   5,  1821 

Little.  Peter 

.1) 

Pa... 

Md... 

Feb.  5,  1830 

Livermore,  Arthur . 

D 

1.  H. 

ruly  26,  1776 

N.  H. 

Lawyer. . . 

July  1,  1853 

Lowndes.  William.. 

.1) 

S.  C. 

reb.  7,    1782 

S.  C. 

Varied.... 

Oct.  27.  18-22 

.D 
.D 

Mass. 
Va... 

N.  Y- 
Va... 
S.  C. 
Pa... 
Del.,, 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

McCov.  William.... 

S.  C. 
Pa...l 
Del... 

Stay"28;i78e 

McOulloxieh.  Thos.  G. 

McLane.  Le^ris 

Oct.  7,    18,57 

Maclav.  William  P. 

D 
.D 

Pa... 

'a     . 

Unknown. 

McLean.  Alnev 

N.  C.  Sept.  5,  1779  Kv...  1 

Mallrirv.  K->llin  C... 

:;onn 17(M 

Vt.,.. 
I'a. 

Unknown. 
[Jnknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

iprUie.IKlI 

Marchanii,  David 



Pa- 

MiLson,  Jonathan — 

.F     Mass.   Aug.  Ml,  17,52  Mass.  1 

Nov.  I,  1831 

.1: 


SIXTEENTH    AND    .SEVf;NTEENTH    CONGRESSES,     AM)    LEADING    EVENTS    UF    Tllli     IIMI  . 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

When. 
Born. 

When  Bern. 

btjile 

R«pre- 

3eDie<l. 

OceupaUon.    |       When  Died. 

M.-..rli,   Ezra 

Mcit-v,   Henry 

.D 

Conn.  Oct.  28,  1782  N.  Y.  Lawyer... 

May  20,  1861 

ilrnn   Chjirles  P.. 

.U 

Va...  June  6,  1778, Va...  Lawyer... 

May    4,    1S58 

il±-irill  Orsaraus  C. 

1) 

Vt.... 

1776  Vt... 

Lawyer. . . 
Mechanic. 

April  11,186.') 
Aug.  18,  185.') 

llfUKilfe,  Thoiiias.. . 

.u 

Va... 

Mar.  20,  1780  Ky... 

-^I(iiilgoiner>'.   Tho^. 

.11 

Va. . . 

Ky... 

April  2,  1828 

Moiu-U.   Robert 

.D 
'.D 

N.  y. 

Pa... 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 
Pa... 
Va... 
Mass. 

Moore,  Robert 

Unknown. 
Physician 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Moore.  Samuel 

N.J 

Feb.  18   1861 

.Moore,  Thomas  L.. . 

Va. . . 

^lortAjn.  Marcus 

Mass. 

Dec.  19,  1784 

Feb.   6,   1864 

Mo^fley,  Jonathan  O 

.K 

Conn. 

17R2 

Conn. 

Unknown. 

Sept.  9,    1839 

.Miittav.   John 

■z 

Pa... 
Md... 

Pa... 
Md... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

X.Mle.  Raphael 

Oct.  19.  1833 

NelMon.  Hugh 

.1) 

Va... 

Va. . . 

Mar.  18,  1836 

XeLion.  Jeremiah... 

.K 

Mass. 

Sept.  14,  17«y 

Mass. 

Oct.    2,    1838 

Newton.  Thomas  . 

.D 

Va... 

17U9 

Va... 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  .1.  1847 

Ov,'i^,ireet.  James.. 

. — 

S.  C. 

S.  C. 

Unknown 

April  24, 1822 

Parker.  James 

.D 

Mass. 

17(iS 

Mass. 

Nov.    9,  1837 

I'.irk.-r.  Severn  E 

— 

Va... 

Va. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.  21,  1836 

Pitterson,  Thomas. 

.1) 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Pe^'k.   Hermanns 

'.D 

N.  Y. 

Conn. 

.Nov.'7,"l'779 

N.  Y. 

Conn. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Phelp«,  Bli>.ha  

April  18, 1847 

Phuson,  Robert 

Ire'd. 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

PindiUl.  James 

K 

Va. . . 

Va... 

Pinakney.  Charles. . 

.U 

S.  C 

Mai-.   9,  17.-18 

S.    C. 

Lawyer,, . 

Feb.  2.').  1822 

Pitcher.  Nathaniel.. 

.l> 

Conn 

1777 

N.  Y. 

May  2.'),  1836 

Pleasants,  James... 

.U 

Va. . . 

1769 

Va... 

Law>'er, , . 

Nov.    9,  183() 

I'hiiiier,  William... 

.u 

N.  H.. 

let.    9,   1789 

N.  H. 

Lawyer. , . 

Sept.  18,  1854 

Qu.iiles,  Tunstall... 

'.D 

Va. . . 

Ky... 
Va,   . 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

R.niilolph.  John... 

Va. . . 

June  2,    1773 

May  24,  1833 

liitnkin,  Christopher 

'.D 

Pa... 

Miss.. 
Ga... 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Reid.  Robert   R 

s.  c. 

1789 

July    1,  1844 

Rhea.  John 

.U 

n.iS 

Tena 

Unknown. 

May  27,  1832 

Ru-h.  Charles 

.U 

.Mass. 

1771 

Vt.... 

Oct.  15,  1824 

Hirhards.  Mark 

.1) 

Conn. 

Vt.... 

Unknown. 

liirlirnond,  Jona 

— 

Mass. 

1774 

».  Y. 

Unknown. 

July  29,  1865 

UiiitTL'oid,  Samuil  .. 

.1) 

Md... 

Md... 

Oct.  18,  1829 

Kubertson,  (jeoitre. . 

.— 

Kv... 

Nov.  18,  1790 

iy... 

Lawyer. . . 

May  16,  1874 

Ro(?ers.  Thomas  J.. . 

.U 

Ire'd. 

1781 

^a.  , 

Dec.   7,    1832 

Ross.  John 

•z 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

Ross,  Thomas  R 

1789 

Sampson,  Zabdiel.. 

.D 

Uass. 

Mass. 

July  19,  1828 

Sawyer.  Lemuel 

.D 

(f.  C.. 

1777 

N.  C. 
Mo... 

Law.ver. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jan     9    1852 

Scott.  John 

Va. .. 

1782 

Oct.    1,    1861 

Serpreant,  John 

.P 

Pa... 

3ec.    u.  1779  Pa.... 

Lawyer... 

Mov.  23,  1852 

Settle,  Thomas 

.U 

N.  C. 

179lr'l'N.  C. 

Lawyer. , . 

Aucr.    5.  1857 

Sh.aw,  HeniT 

.1) 

Vt . . . 

1788  Mass. 

Lawver...    Oct.  17,  18.')7 

REPRESENTATIVES. 


State 

Re  pre-        Occupation. 


Sibley.  Solomon 

_ 

Mass, 

Oct.    7,    176H  Mich. 

Lawyer. . . 

April  4.  1846 

Silsbee.  .Nathaniel., 

II 

Mass 1773  Mass.  Merchant. 

July    1.  1850 

Simpkins.   Eldred,, 



S,  C.  ,  Aug,  29.  1779  S.    C.  Lawyer. . . 

1832 

Sloane.John 

— 

Pa... 

1779|Ohio. 

Unknown. 

May  15,  1856 

Slocumb,  Jesse 

K 

N.  C  . 

1782;n.  C. 

Unknown. 

Dec.  20,  1820 

Smith, Ballard 

l> 

Va. , . 

Unknown. 

'.D 

n 

N.  J. . 

1776 

N.  J.. 

N.  C. 
Md,,. 

Unknown. 
Physician 
Unknown. 

July  16.  1835 

N.  C. 
Pa... 

July  27,'  1752 

Smith,  Samuel 

Apiil23,1839 

Smyth,  Alexander. . 
Southard,    Henry... 

.D 

1) 

lie-d. 
N.  Y. 

Va... 
N.  J.. 

Lawyer.  . 
Varied.... 

April  17,  1830 
June   2.    1S4-2 

Oct.  — ,  1749 

Stevens.  James...  . 

II 

Conn. 

1768 

Conn. 

Unknown. 

April  li;.lXl,'. 

Storrs,  Henry  R 

l.- 

Conn. 

1785 

N,    V. 

Lawyer. . . 

July  -.'11,  1837 

Street,  Randall  S  . . . 

,1) 

N.  y. 

1780 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  21,1841 

Strong,  James 

Strong,  William 

Strother.  George  F. 

,F 
D 

Conn. 

..  1783 

N.  V. 
Vt 

Unknown. 

Aug.  8,  1847 

D 

Va.  .. 

Va... 

Lawyer. . . 

Tarr,  Christian 



Md... 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

Taylor,  John  W 

1) 

N.  Y. 

1784 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  18,1854 

TeiTill,  William.... 

l> 

Ga... 

Ga... 

Unknown. 

July  4,    1835 

Tomlinson.  Gideon.. 

Conn. 

Dec.  31,  1780 

Conn. 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.    8,  185-: 

'n 

N.  Y. 

Conn, 

jiineit;  YtoS 

N.  Y. 
N,  Y. 

I  nknown, 
Lawver... 

Tracv,  Albei-t  H 

Sept,  12. 1859 

Trimble,  llavid 

I) 

Va, . , 

June  — ,  1782 

Ky... 

Lawyer. .  . 

Tucker,  George 

II 

Berra 

1775 

Va. . . 

Lawver. . . 

Apriiio.isei 

Tucker.  Stiirling 

— 

N,  C. 

S,  C 

Unknown. 

Feb.    4.    1834 

II 

Va. . . 

Mar.  29,  1790 

Va. . . 

Lawyer... 

Jan.  17,  1862 

TJdree,  Daniel 

i> 

Pa.  .. 

Pa.  .. 

Merchant , 

July  22.  1828 

Upham,  Nathaniel. . 

1) 

N.  H. 

June  9,  1774 

N.  H. 

Merchant, 

July  III,  1829 

F 

N.  Y. 

Aug,  6,  1774 

N.   Y. 

Soldier.  ., 

April23,1852 

Van  Swearingen,  T. . 

, — 

Va. . . 

Va... 

UnknowTi, 

June  7,  1822 

•— 

Ky... 

Ky... 

N   C 

Unknown. 

5Iar.    1,  1820 

\« 

July  19,  1753 

1853 

Wallace,  James M. . . 



Pa... 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

Warfield.  H.nryR.. 

F 

Md... 

1781 

Md... 

Unknown. 

Mar.  IS.  I83;i 

Wendover.  Peter  H. 

,1) 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

Sel^t.ai,  1831 

■Whitman,  Ezekiel.. 

K 

Mass. 

Mar.  11,1776 

Mass. 

Lawver... 

Aut-.  I,   1866 

Williams,  J!ired.,.. 

.1) 

Md... 

Mai-.   4,  1766 

Va... 

Ag'culfst. 

Jan.  2.    I83I 

Williams,    Lewis 

_ 

N.   C. 

1782  N.  C.  Unknown. 

Fi  b.  23.  1842 

Wood,  Silas 

I) 

N.  Y. 

1769  X.  Y.  Lawver.    . 

Mar.  2.    I8<7 

Woodbrldge,  Wm... 

— 

Conn. 

Aug.  211.  17811  Mich.ll.nwver... 

Oct,  2".  I8rl 

Totul  Representatives.  S04.  Occupation  Unknown.  &1.  LawT^rs-84. 
Physicians,  lO,  Ulereliants,  8.  Varied,  3.  Agriculturists,  jS.  Clerpymen, 
S.  Mechanics,  2.  Journalist,  1.  Soldier,  1,  Foreign  Born,  4:  Includint,' 
Ireland,  3;  Bermuda,  1. 


Seventeenth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1821  to  1823. 


lMJi_The  remains  of  Major  Andre,  executed 
for  treason,  were  removed  from  the 
United  States,  deposited  in  Westmin- 
ster Abbey.  London,  and  marked  by  a 
handsome  monument. 

INiil—The  g-reat  financial  distress  was  severe- 
ly felt  west  of  the  Alletrhany  Mount- 
ains. Banks  had  collapsed,  and  all 
business  suffered;  debts  could  not  be 
paid,  and  Congress  was  appealed  to  for 
relief. 


cJumes  Monroe,  5th  Preoideut. 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  of  N.  Y.,  Vice-Pres.  John  Q. 
Adams,  of  Mass.,  Sec'y  of  State.  William  H.  Crawford, 
ofGa.,  Sec'y  of  Treas.  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  S.  C,  Sec'y 
of  War.  Smith  Thompson,  of  N.  Y..  ami  Samuel  L. 
Southard,  of  N.  J.,Set'ys  of  Navy.  William  Wirt,  of 
Va.,  Att'y  Gen.  Philip  P.  Barbour,  of  Va,,  Speaker  of 
House  of  Representatives. 


isui — Orass  grown  in  the  Connecticut  Valley 
llrst  woven  into  hats  and  bonnets,  Iiy 
Miss  Sophia  Woodhouse,  at  Wethers- 
field,  Conn. 

1822 — Oas  was  first  successfully  used  fin' 
illuminating  ptirposes  at  Iioston. 

1822— The  Bunker  Hill  Monument  Association 
v.:is  legally  incorporated  by  the  Massa- 
i-husetts  Legislature,  June  7. 

1H23 — A  society  for  the  reformation  of  juve- 
nile culprits  was  established  by  tl.'- 
Xew  York  Legislature. 


P,  indicates  Federalist;    D»  Democrat;  "W,  Whig;  K,  Republican. 


SENATORS. 


i 


Harbour,  James — 

Barhm,   Oavid — 

Benton,  Tliomas  H...D 

Ilo.'irdiimn.  Klijali — 

Urown,  Ethan  A D 

Brown,  James — 

ClianiUer,  John D 

D'Wolfe,  James — 

Dickerson.  Mahloii I) 

Elton,  John  11 D 

E.lwar.ls,  .Niiiian D 

Elli(.tt.  John — 

FInillay.  William  ....D 

Oalllard.  .Tohn — 

Holmes.  Davhl — 

Holmes,  J.jhn D 

•lohnsoii.   Heiirv -- 

.lohiiHon.  Iticliaicl  M,,l) 

lielly,  William D 

King.  Itufus F 

King.  William  K V 

Knight,  Nehi'inlah  R.W 

I.antnan.  James D 

Lloyd,  Kdward; — 

l.lovd.  James  , ,   ,         F 

l.ow-rie,  Walter — 

,Mni-on.  Nathaniel. ...n 

MIIN.  Klljah  II F 

Morrill.  David  I D 

Noble.  Ja « — 

4Hls,  Hnrri-on  (1 P 

I'l.lmer.  William  A..— 

I'inott.  John  F D 

riiickney,  Willlaiii...— 


.Slat* 
R*pi«-      Occupation, 


Va... 
Ky... 
N.  C. . 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Va. .. 
N.  H. 
K.  I.. 
N.  J.. 
Tenn. 
Md... 

Pa.'.".' 
S.  C. 
Va... 
Mass . 
Tenn. 
Ky, , . 
Tenn, 
.Mass. 
N.  C. 
R,  I,. 
Conn. 
Md... 
Mas.i. 
Scot.. ! 
N.  C, 


June  10,  1775  Va, 
Mo... 

Mar.  14,  17i.2  Mo... 

liMar.   7,  1760  Conn. 

;JuIy  4,   1776  Ohio. 

Sept.  11,  1766  Lou.. 

Me... 

1763  K.  I.. 

April  17, 1770  N.  J.. 

1790  Tenn. 

Mar.  — ,  1775  III. 
Ga, 

June  20,  1768 

Sept.  5,  1765 


N.  Y 
Ala.. 
It.  I.. 


N.  II. 
Va... 
.Mass. 
Vt . . . 
N.  II. 
Md.,, 


Pa, 

S.  C. 

Miss.. 

Mar.  — ,  1773  Me... 

Sept.  14,  17.83il.ou.. 

Oct.  17.  1781  Ky 

Ma 

Mar.  24,  17.'>r. 
April  17, 1786 
IJec,  31,  1780 
Juno  14,  1769  ( 

1779  Md,  .. 

1769'Mass. 

Dec.  10,  1784  Pa.,, 

17.'i7,N.    C. 

17781  Mass. 

June  10, 1772  N.  II. 

|lnd.. 

Oct.    8,   I7I15  Mass. 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'iiilistl^'H'. 
Mar.  17,  17(H  Md... 


.  iLawyer. . . 
.  Unknown 
.  Lawyer... 

Merchant. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer.,  , 

.\g'cult'st. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer.  . . 

Lawyer ... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Law-yer. . . 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . . 
jLawyer. .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Law-yer. . . 

Lawyer. .. 

Lawyer... 

Banker.... 

Lawyer. .. 

Unknown. 

Merchnnl . 

Unknown. 

Soldier... 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied.... 

I'nknown. 

Lawyer, , , 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 


June  8 

1842 

Sept,  2s 

.  1837 

April  11 

.  1 8."iH 

Oct.  8, 

1.823 

Feb.  2-1 

.  1 8.-12 

April  7 

1835 

Sept.  — 

.  1.841 

Dec.  21 

18:17 

Oct.  5. 

LSIS 

Nov.  17 

lf<r,i\ 

July  20 

1833 

Aug.    9 

1827 

Nov.  12 

18-11! 

Feb.  26 

l'<26 

Aug.  20 

IS32 

July  7. 

1843 

Sept.  4, 

1,864 

Nov.  19 

18.',0 

April  29 

'r8-27 

April  18 

1853 

April  19 

1.854 

Aug.  7. 

1,841 

June  2. 

18,14 

April  5. 

I.M31 

Jan.  14. 

1,<68 

lime  29 

1837 

May  5, 

1829 

Jan.  28, 

1849 

Feb.  26. 

laii 

let.  28, 

1848 

Dec.    12, 

I860 

luly    9, 

1836 

Feb.  2.'., 

1822 

SENATORS. 


i,,„i 


Stutc 


Pleasants,  James. . 

n 

Va. . . 

1769  Va. .. 

Lawyer. . . 

:."ov.    9,  1836 

Rodney,  Ca?sar  A 

i> 

Del...lJan.   4, 

1772  Del  .. 

Lawyer... 

Juno  14,1831 

Buggies.  Benjamin 

..1) 

Conn 

1763  Ohio. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  2,  J8o7 

Sevnioiir.  Horatio. 

.,1) 

Conn. 

May  31 

1778  Vt.... 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  21,  1857 

Smith.  S.iiiiiul 

,.1) 

Pa... 

July  27 

17.52  Md... 

Varied 

ApriI23, 183,1 

Smilh,  Wiilmii 

.1) 

N.  C. 

1762  S.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

June  26,  1840 

Soulhaid,  S:ii]rl  L, 

,w 

N.  J.. 

.lune  9. 

1787  N.  J 

Law-yer. . . 

June  26. 1842 

Stokes,  McTitfoid... 

,,i) 

N.  C. 

1760  N.    C. 

Unknown. 

1842 

Talbot,  Isham 

— 

Va. . . 

1773  Ky... 

Lawyer... 

Sept.  25. 1837 

Taylor,  John 

..1) 

V.i. . . 

vi... 

.Vg'cult'st. 

Aug.  20. 182- 

Taylor, 'Waller 

..1) 

V.a. . . 

Ind.. 

Unl.nowii 

Aug.  2(i,  182  ■ 

Thouins,  Jesse  B.... 

,_ 

Ill ... 

Unknown 

Feb.   3,    1850 

Trimble,  Will.  A,.,, 



ky...  April  4, 

17.86 

Ohio . 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec.  13.  1821 

Van  I'.iiri-ii.  Malt. 11 

,1) 

N.  v., Dec.   5, 

1782 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer.. . 

July  24.  186' 

Van  Dvkc,  Nicholas. 

. — 

l)el...l 

N.J, 

Unknown 

Mav  19,  1821- 

■Wnlkcr.  John  \\  .  . 

, — 

.. 

.Ua.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Api  111  1,1823 

Ware.  Nicholas 

. — 

Ha :.. 

Oa. .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  7.  182< 

Williams.    John 

— 

N.  C 

iTenn. 

Lawyer...- 

Aug.  10,  1837 

Williams.  Thos.  H.. 

,u 

N.   ('.. 

Imus. 

Liiwvev, ,. 

Total  Senators.  A3.  Lawyers,  33.  Occupation  Unknown.  12,  Agri- 
culturists, 2.  Merchants,  2.  Varied,  8.  Banker,!.  Soldier,  1.  Foreign 
Born,  1:    Including  Seutlaud,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES.    \1^^"      ^i- 

1   Huu> 
i>T  BtTti.       1  K«(>rr- 

Oenipalion.    I        V-'lirn  Died. 

Conn. 
Va 

1790  (in... 

Unknown 
Merchant. 

Vi.rird.,.. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Xov.  19,  1820 

Allen     Iloli.'rt D 

1777  Tenn. 

.\i:;r.  li',  1804 

Allen,  SjumucI  C — 

MiuHS. 
Va... 

Jan. 

r>.    1772  Mast.. 
Va... 

l-eh.    8,  1842 

ArclHT,  Wlllijim  S....— 
Kalilwhi,    Henry K 

Va... 
Conn. 

Mar. 

T),    I781»  Va... 
Pa... 

Mur.  2M.  1855 
April  2 1,1844 

■i^ 


BKPRESENTATIVE8    OK    TUK    SICVKNTKKNTll    lONOKKSH. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Ball,  William  L — 

Barber,  Levi — 

Barber,  Noyes — 

Barbour,  I'lillip  P....D 

Bai'stow,  (lulecn D 

Bassett,  Burw.ll D 

Bateiiian,  Epliraiin..  .D 

Bates,  .lames  W — 

Baylies,   Francis — 

Bavley,  Thomas — 

I:l,-clo\v.  Li-wli — 

Blaelileilire,  Wm.  S...D 

Blair,  James D 

Borlantl.  fliarles — 

I!ie,lienriili;e,J.  I). .  .— 

I;ri.wn,,l.ilin — 

Bry;iii.  Henry  H — 

Buehaiiaii,  Jame.i F 

Burrows,  Daniel — 

Burton,  Hutehins  (i.. — 

Butler,  Josiah D 

Cambrelenff,  C.  C D 

Campbell,  John  \V...D 

Campbell,  Samuel — 

Cannon,  Newton D 

Carter,  John ^ 

Cassedy,  George — 

Caustlen,  Jeremiali. . . — 

Chambers,  David — 

Cocke,  John — 

Colden,  Cad.  D — 

Condict,  Lewis AV 

Conklinj?,  Alfred D 

Conner,  iienry  W I> 

Cook,  Daniel  P — 

Crafts,  Samuel  C — 

Crudup,  Josiah — 

Cushman,  Joshua — 

Cuthbert,  Alfred D 

Bane,  Joseph F 

Darlington,  Wm D 

Dennison,  George D 

Dickinson,  John  D F 

Durfee,  Job P 

Dwight.  Henry  W — 

Edrlv,  Samuel D 

Kd«:mN.  iienry  W...D 

Kdwards,  Samuel F 

lOdward^.  Weldon  N..I) 

Eustis,  William D 

Farrelly,  Patrick D 

Findlay,  Jolin D 

Floyd,  John D 

Forrest,  Thomas — 

Forward,  Walter...  .D 

Fuller,  Timothy R 

Oarnett,  Roberts D 

Gebhard,  John — 

Gilraer,  George  It D 

Gist,  Joseph — 

Gorham,  Benjauiin..  .F 

Oovan,  Andrew  R — 

Gross,  Samuel D 

Hall,  Thomas  H — 

Hamilton,  James — 

Hardin,  BenjamiaV..W 

Harris,  Mark — 

Harvey,  IVIatthew D 

Hawkes.  James — 

Hemphill,  Joseph F 

Hendricks,  William.. D 

Hernandez,  Jos.  M — 

Herrick,  Ebenezer.    — 

Hill,  Mark  L _ 

Hobart,  Aaron D 

Holcomb,  George D 

Hooks,  Charles D 

Hubbard,  Thomas  H.  .D 
Ingham.  Samuel  D...D 
Jackson,  Edward  B. . — 
Jennings.  Jonathan.. — 

Johnson,  Francis H 

Johnson,  John  T — 

Johnston,  Josiah  S D 

Jones,  Francis — 

Jones,  James — 

Kent,  Joseph F 

Keyes,  Ellas — 

Kirkland,  Joseph — 

I.,atlirop,  Samuel — 

Leftwich,  Jabez — 

Lincoln.  Enoch — 

Litchfield,  Elisha D 

Little,  Peter F 

Long,  John — 

Lowndes,  William D 

McCarty,  Richard...— 

McCoy.  William D 

McDulfle,  George D 

MeKim,  Isaac D 

McLane,  Lewis D 

McNeill,  Archibald. . . — 


Va... 
Conn 
Conn, 
Va... 
Mass. 
Va.  .. 
N.  J.. 
Va... 
Mass. 
Md... 
Mass. 
N.  C. 

s.  c. 

N.  Y 

Ky.. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Conn 
N.  C. 
-N.  H. 
N.  C. 
Va. .. 
Conn 
N.  C. 
S.  C. 
N.  J.. 


Pa... 
Va. . . 
N.  Y 
N.J. 

N.  y 

Va... 
Ky... 
Conn, 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Ga.,. 
Mass, 
Pa... 
Pa... 
Conn 
R.  I.. 
Mass. 
R.  I.. 
Conn. 
Pa... 
M.  C. 
Mass. 
Ire'd. 
Pa... 
Va. .. 
Pa... 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Ga. .. 
S.  C. 
Mass. 
S.  C. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 

s.  c. 

Pa... 

Mass. 
N.  H. 
Mass, 
Pa.,. 
Pa... 
Fla.. 
Me... 
Mass. 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
N.  C. 
Conn. 
Pa... 
Va... 
N.  J. 
Va. . . 
Ky... 
Conn. 


1779 

,\pril2a'l-81 

17!)!) 

17«:i 

1704 

1770 


Va... 
Md... 
Conn 
Conn 
Mass. 


Mass, 
Conn 
Pa... 
Va... 
S.  C. 

N.  y. 


Ga. 
Md, 
Del 
N.    C 


Oct.  16,  178.3 


.  1783 
.  17!)3 


AprilliS,  1791 


.  1780 
.  1786 


Sept.  11, 
May  14, 

Mar.'l7, 

-Vpi'ii  4,' 
Miir.  — , 
Oct.  12, 
Aug.  — , 

Oct."6V' 


1792 
1784 

i'm) 
177: 

1759 
1773 
1789 
1703 
.1795 
1768 


OcoupAtlon. 


Oct.  2-'i, 
April  28, 


1778 
1782 


.1767 
.1790 


Va... 
Ohio. 
Conn 
Va,,. 
.Mass . 
Va. .  . 
N.  J.. 
Ark.. 
Mass. 
Md. . . 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
S.  C, 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Pa. . . 
Tenn, 
Pa... 
Conn 
N.  C. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
C. 
N.  J.. 
Md... 
Ohio. 
Tenn, 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
IIL... 
N.  H. 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Ga 


July  11, 


.\prUlI| 
Jan.  12, 
Feb.  13, 


1790 
1775 
1775 


June  30, 
June  20, 


Nov.  25, 1784 


Feb.  7,   1782 


May  28,  1786 


Me. . . 

Pa... 

Pa... 

N.  Y. 

K.  I.. 

Ma-ss, 
,  1769|R.  I.. 
.  1779|Conn 

Pa.... 

.  1788  N.  C. 
,1733  Mass. 
.  1760  Pa... 

Pa... 

Va... 

Pa.... 

,  liS6  Pa... 
1778  Mass. 

Va. . . 

N.  Y. 

Ga. . . 

S.  C.. 

Mass. 

S.  C.  . 

Pa... 

N.  C. 

s.  c. 

Ky... 
Jle... 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Ind.. 
Fla.. 
-Me. . . 
Mass. 
Mas.. 
N.  J.. 
N.  C. 

N.  y. 

Pa... 

Va. .. 
Ind... 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Lou.. 
Teniu 
Va... 
Md. . . 
Vt... 

N.  y. 

Mass. 
Va... 
Me... 
N.  Y.. 
Md. .. 
N.  C. 
S.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
S.  C. 
Md... 
Del 


.  1783 
.  1789 
.  1734 
.  1779 
,  1781 

'.iVto 

.  1783 


1772 

1787 

.1786 

'.  iVso 

,1779 


,  1770 
.1771 


,  1788 
.1795 


!N.  C. 


Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Unkiiown 

I'nknown 

riiysirlun 

Unknown. 

r..awycr, . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown, 

Unknown, 

Lawyer. . . 

Clergym'n 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Merchant. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Journalist 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. , . 

Physician 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Clergym'n 

Lawyer. , . 

Lawyer. .. 

Physician 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unkno%vn. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer.. . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Physician 

Lawyer. .. 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . . 

La^vyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Uii  known. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawj-er. . . 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Physician. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Merchant. 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Pliysician 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Paper  Mr. 

Physician 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Physician 

Unknown 

La^vyer.. . 

Lawy-er. . . 

Unknown 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Mechanic. 
Agr'clt'st. 
Varied  . . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown 
Lawyer.. . 
Meixhant. 
Lawyer. . . 
LTnknown 


Feb.  28,  IS24 


Jan.  3,  1845 
Feb.  2.'..  IH4I 
Mar.  20,  18.52 
Feb.  20,  lf«  1 
Jan.  29,  1829 
Jan.  20,  1847 
Oct.  28,  1852 

Oct.' '.'),' '  i'sis 

Mar.  21,  18.57 
April  1,  1834 


1834 

July  9,  1856 
May  1,  18.58 
April  23, 1803 

1831 

Jan.  28,  1841 

1847 

Feb.  21,  1845 
Feb.  2,  18.39 
July  22,  1847 

iiec.'  18,'  ]'873 
Feb.  6,  1825 
Jan.  12,  1826 
Nov.  5.  1838 
Aug.  16,  1837 
Mar.  21).  1825 
Nov.  24,  1842 
Oct.    1,    1835 


May  — ,  1849 

.M.-iy  9,'  'lH;i.5 
June  1,  1808 
Jan.  2.'1,  1J',">8 
Ap)il21,1836 
Nov.  8,  18.54 
April30,I8<i2 
Sept.  24,  1833 

Sep't.  26J 1842 
Juno  20,  18.50 


Aug.  8,  1864 
Feb.  16,  1R54 
Feb.  7,  1834 
May  26,  1862 
Feb.  5,  1874 
.I.an.  15,  18(56 
Oct.  10,  1S27 
Xov.  19,  1853 


>"ov.  15,1859 
May  8.  1836 
Sept.  27, 1855 


June  30,  1853 
Nov.  1.5,  1857 
Sept.  24, 1852 
-Mar.  2,  1843 
April  7,  18.56 


May  29. 
May  16, 
June  8, 
May  7. 
Nov.  20, 
July  1. 
Jan.  14, 

May  22! 
April  13, 
Sept.  8, 
July  26, 
Dec.  14, 
Dec.  IS, 
May  19, 


1842 
18.50 
18.57 
1839 
1842 
1,S58 
1828 
1851 
1857 
1833 
1826 
ia34 
1851 
1857 
1833 


Nov.  24, 1837 


Jan.  26,  1844 
July  11,1846 


Oct.  8,  1829 
Aug.  4,  1859 
Feb.  5,  1830 

Oct.'27,"l822 


Mar.  II,  1851 
April  1,  1838 
Oct.   7,   1857 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

^"1      ''•".Bo"- 

8ut« 
lt«prc 

MeSheriy,  James. . 

..F 

Pa.. 

Ph.  .. 

I'nknown 

Feb.    3.    1849 

Mallarv,  HollinC.,. 

, 

Conn 

.  17H( 

Vt,... 

Unknown 

April  10, 1831 

Matlack,  James 

— 

N.J. 

N.  J.. 

Unknown 

Jan.  15.  184() 

.'w 

Mass. 
Conn 

Unknown 
Lawyer. .. 

July  18.  1M55 
Aug.  14,1847 

Mattocks.  John 

June  ir 

,1776 

Vt.... 

Mercer.  Charles  F. . 

..D 

Va... 

June  fi 

177t 

Va... 

Lawyer... 

May  4.    18.58 

Metcalfe.  ThonioJt . . 

,1) 

Va... 

Mar.  2( 

,  178( 

Ky... 

Aug.  18,  1855 

Mllnor,  William  ... 

..F 
D 

Pa... 

Pa... 
Pa... 

Unknown. 

Mitchell,  James  S... 

Pa... 

Mitchell,  Thomas  K. 

. — 

S.  C. 

8.  C. 

Nov.  2,   1837 

Montgomer-y.  Thos. 

..1> 

Va... 



Kv... 
Ala.. 

Lawyer. . . 

April  2,  1828 

Moore,  Gabriel 

N.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 
I'hysielan 
Unknown 
I'nknown 

June  9.   1844 

Moore,  Samuel 

..I) 

N.  J.. 

I'a.  . 

Feb.   18,  1861 

.'.D 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

."n'rai 

Va... 
N.  Y. 

Morgan,  John  J 

July  -29,  1849 

Murray,  Thomas. . . . 

..1) 

Pa... 

Pa... 
Md... 

Unknown 
I'nknown 

3f  eale,  Raphael .... 

Md... 

Oct.  19,  18:13 

Nelson,  Hugh 

.1) 

Va... 

Va... 

Unknown 

Mor.  18,  IKK) 

Nelson,  Jeremiah.. 

.F 

Mass. 

Sept.  1-i 

,  I7esi 

Mass. 

Oct.    2,    lKf8 

Nelson,  John 

New,  Anthony 

. — 

Md... 

June  1, 

1791 

Md... 

Jan.    8,  1860 

1> 

Va... 

1747 

Ky... 

Mar.    2,  1833 

.1) 

Va. . . 

1769 

vi... 

S.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 

Aug.  5,  1847 
April24,1822 

Overstreet,  Jann-s. 

S.  C. 

.1) 

Pa... 

Pa.  .. 
N.    Y. 

Unknown 
Unknown 

Patterson,  "Walter  . 

N.  Y. 

Phillips,  John 

.  F 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Unknown 

Pierson,  Jeremiah  1 

..D 

N.  J.. 

Conn 

'mf 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Pitcher,  Nathaniel. 

Unknown 

May  25,  1838 

.D 
I) 

Pa... 
N.  H. 

Oct.  "9, 

'iVsiJ 

Pa... 
N.  H. 

Unknown 

Plumer,  William  . . , 

Sept.  18.  18.54 

Poinsett,  Joel  R 

.,F 

s.  c. 

Mar.  2. 

1779 

S.  C. 

Varied  ...iDec.  12.  1851 

Randolph,  John 

.D 

Va... 

June  2 

1773 

Va... 

Lawyer... 

May  24.  1833 

Rankin.  CI)ristopirr 

. — 

Pa... 

Miss  . 

Mar.  14,  1820 

Heed,  John 

W 

Mass. 

1781 

Mass. 

I-.awyer... 

Nov.  25,  I860 

Reed,  Philip 

-- 

Md... 

Md... 

Unknown, 

Nov.    2,  1829 

Reid,  Robert   R..., 

.1) 

S.  0. 

I78i) 

Ga.  . . 

July   1.    1844 

Rhea,  John 

,1> 

1753 

Tenn. 

Unknown, 

May  27,  1832 

Rich,  Charles 

1) 

Ma-ss. 

1771 

Vt  ... 

Oct.  15.  18-24 

Rochester,  Wm.  B, . 



Md... 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer... 

June  15.  18.-« 

Rodney, Ca?sar  A... 

.1) 

Del... 

Jan.  4, 

1772 

Del... 

Lawyer... 

June  14,  1831 

■,n 

Del.. 

1764 
1781 

I))-l... 
Pa... 

Unknown. 

Sept.  2.  1840 
Dec.    7.  1832 

Rogers.  Thomas  J. . 

Ire'd. 

Ross,  Thomas  R 

1789 
1790 

Ohio. 
N.   V. 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawver... 

Ruggles.  Charles  II. 

Conn. 

June  10,  iHti^ 

Russ,  John 

I) 

Mass. 

1764 

June  22, 1832 

Russell.  Jonathan.. 

,D 

R.  I.. 

1771 

Mass. 

Merchant. 

Feb.  16.  1832 

Sander9,Rumuliis  M 

,D 

S.  ('.. 

Mai-.  - 

1791 

N.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

April21.18:r7 

Sawyer.  Lemuel 

,1) 

N.  C. 

1777 

N.  C. 

Lawver. . . 

Jan.    S,  1852 

Scott,  John 

— 

Va... 

1782 

Mo... 

Oct.    1 ,  1861 

Sergeant,  John 

F 

Pa... 

Dee.   5, 

1779 

Pa... 

Nov.  23,  ia52 

Sibley,  Solomon 

. — 

Mass. 

Oct.    7. 

1769 

Mich. 

Lawyer.  . . 

April  4,  1846 

Sloane,  John 

— 

Pa.  .. 

1779 

Ohio. 

Unknown 

May  15,  1R56 

Smith,  Arthur 

_ 

Va... 

Nov.  15 

1785 

Va... 

Mar.  30,  1853 

Smith,  John  S 

A> 

Ky... 

July  31 

1792 

Kv... 

Unknown. 

June  6,  1854 

Smith,  Samuel 

.1) 

Pa... 

July  27 

17.52 

Md... 

L'nknown 

April  23, 1839 

Smith,   Williiim 

.D 

Va. . 

Va... 
Va... 
N.  Y. 

Unknown 

Smyth,  Alexander.. 

Ire'd. 
N.  Y. 

1765 

Antit  17    18;UI 

Spencer,  Elijah 

Unknown,' 

Stephenson,  James. 

.F 

Pa... 

Mar.  20, 

17lr4 

Va... 

Unknown,  Aug.  7.  1833 

Sterling,  Ansel 

— 

:^onn. 

....    Conn. 

Unknown. 

Sterling,  Micah 

— 

'onn. 

17H1  N,  Y. 

Lawyer... 

ApriU0,1844 

Stevenson,  Andrew. 

.D 

Va. . . 

1784  Va.,  . 

Jan.  2.5.  18.57 

Stewart,  Andrew. . . 

.0 

Pa... 

June  — , 

1792  Pa . .  . 

Lawyer... 

July  16.  1872 

Stoddard.  Ebenezer, 

, — 

;;onn. 

May  e. 

1786  Conn. 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  11.1848 

Swan,  Samuel 

, 

.N.  J.. 

1771  N.  J.. 

Unknown. 

Aug.  24, 1844 

Tattnoll,  Edw'd  F.. 

'.D 

Ga... 
N.  Y. 

Ga... 

1784  N.  Y. 

T.aylor,John  W 

Sept.  18, 1854 

Thompson,  W  ilev 

,D 

Va... 

Ga... 

Unknown. 

Todd, John 

U 

Jonn. 

1779  Pa... 

Lawver... 

April  4,  I8:i0 

Tomlinson,  Gideon.. 

— 

^onn. 

Dec.  31, 

1780|Conn. 

Oct.  8,  18.54 
Sept.  12, 1859 

Tracy,  Albert  H  .... 

.1) 

^onn. 

June  17 

1793  X.  Y. 

Trimble.  David    .... 

,1) 

Va,.. 

June  — , 

1782 

Ky... 

Lawyer. . . 

Tucker,  George 

.U 

Berm 
N.  C. 

1775 

Vi... 

s.  c. 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 

April  10, 1861 
Feb.    4.  18.34 

Tucker,  Starling 

Udree,  Daniel 

.1) 
.D 

Pa. 

Pa.... 
S.  H. 

Merchant. 
Merchant. 

July  22,  1828 
July  U),  1820 

Upham,  Nathaniel.. 

N.  H. 

June  9, 

1774 

"Vance.  John 



Pa... 

Ohio, 

Unknown. 

Van  Renssalaer,  Sol 

,F 

N.  Y. 

Aug.  0, 

1774 

N.  Y. 

Soldier  ... 

April  23,1852 

Van  Renssalaer,  Ste. 

— 

N.  y. 

Nov.  — , 

i7(a 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

Jan.  26,  1839 

Van  Swearingen,  T. . 

.D 

Va... 

Va... 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

June  7,  1822 

Van  Wvck.  Wm.  W.. 

v.  Y. 

Va. . . 

j'u'l'y'ig 

'1753 

Walker.  Felix 

1863 

Walworth.  Reub.  H. 

.1) 

::onn. 

Jet.  26, 

1789 

N.  y. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  28.  1867 

Warlicld,  Heni-y  R... 

,F 

Md... 

1781 

Md... 

Mar.  18,  IS.'iS 

5Vhipple,  Thomas... 



Mass, 

1788 

N.  H. 

Phvsielan 

Jan.  23,  18.35 

White,  Phinea.s 

_ 

Mass. 

1770 

Vt . . . 

Lawyer... 

1847 

Whitman,  Ezekiel.. 

,F 

Mass. 

Mar.  11, 

1770 

Me... 

Lawyer... 

Aug.  1,  1866 

Williams,  Jared 

.D 

Md... 

5Iar.   4, 

17(!<i 

Va. . . 

.\p'eult'st. 

Jan.  2.    1831 

Williams,  Lewis 



N.  C. 

1782 

N.  C. 

Unknown. 

Feb.  23.  1842 

5ViIliamson.Wm.  D. 

.D 

^onn. 

July  31, 

1779 

Me... 

Lawyer...  "May  27.1846 

"\\  ilson,  John 

n 

S.  C. 
N.  Y. 

l'"?!!!) 

S.  C. . 
N.  Y. 

Unknown 
Lawyer... 

Wood,  Silas 

Mar.  2,   1847 

Woodcock,    David... 

.u 

.D 

Mass. 
Pa""' 

N.  Y. 
Kt... 

Pu.   ., 

Md.,, 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Tanner ... 
La-wyer... 

Woodson,  Samuel  H. 

Sept.  21, 1822 
Sept.  7  1826 

Wright.  Robert 

Md,.. 

.:::::::::, ;::i 

Total  RepresentatiTes.  S04.  Occupation  Unknown,  89.  Lawyers,  8S. 
Physicians,  lO.  Merchants,  8.  Varied,  4.  Clerg>"nien.  18.  Mechanics, 
2,  Journalists.  3.  Agriculturistj*,  3.  Paper-maker,  i.  Soldier,  1.  Tan- 
ner, 1,     Foreign  Bom,  4:      Includinj?  Ireland.  3;  Bermuda,  1. 


k 


Eighteenth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1823  to  1825. 


1823 — The  "  Monroe  Doctpine"  advocated  by 
President  Monroe,  to  prevent  foreij^n 
aggression  upon  United  States  soil  and 
institutions. 

1823— First  "  Teachers' Seminary  "  establish- 
ed at  Concord.  Vt.,  by  Rev.  S.  II.  HilL 

1824— Marquis  de  Lafayette,  the  friend  of 
General  Washintgon,  visited  this  coun- 
try, remaining  about  one  year— Aug. 
15.  In  December  Congress  voted  him 
S200,000  and  a  to^vnship  of  land. 


James  Monroe,  uth  PrCNldent. 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  of  N.  Y.,  Vicc-Pres.  John  O. 
Adams,  of  Mass.,  See'y  of  State.  William  H.  Crawford, 
of  Ga.,  See'v  of  Treas.  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  S.  C-.  See'y 
of  "War.  Samuel  L.  Southard,  of  N.  J..  Set'y  of  Navy. 
William  Wirt,  of  Va.,  Att'y  Oen-  Henrj-  Clay,  of  Ky., 
Speaker  of  House  of  Representatives. 


1824t— The  Mexican  Congress  forbade  the 
lurther  importation  of  slaves  into  that 
republic.  July  13. 

1824 — Pins  were  first  manufactured  in  Eng- 
land by  machinery  patented  by  a  citi- 
zen of  the  United  States — Wellman 
Wright. 

1825— The  first  "Reform  School"  in  this 
country  was  opened  in  New  York  City, 
in  January. 


F,  Indicates  Federalist;    B.  Democrat;  W,  Whig;  K,  RepubUcan. 


SENATORS. 

Whrrc 
Bom. 

When  Bom. 

suw 

Keprc- 

HDtfd. 

Occupation. 

■When  Died. 

Barbour.  James.... 

_ 

Va... 

June  10, 1775;Va...  Lawyer... 

June  8,  1842 

Barton.  David 

■  — 

Mo...  Unknown. 
N.  H.  Lawyer... 

Sept.  28,  1837 
Dec.  23,  1850 

Bell.  Samuel 

N.  H. 

Feb.    9,  1770 

Benton,  Thomas  H.. 

.D 

N.  C. 

Max.  14,  1782  Mo. ..  Lawyer.. . 

April  10, 1858 

Bouligny,  Domin.... 

'.D 

Lou.. 
N.  C. 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Feb    20  1864 

Branch,  John 

N.  C. 



Nov.  4.  1782 

Jan.    4,  1863 

Brown,  Ethan  A.... 

.D 

Conn. 

July  4.    1776 

Ohio. 

Lawyer. . . 

Feb.  24.  1852 

Brown,  James 

— 

Va... 

Sept.  11,  1766 

Lou.. 

Lawyer. . . 

April  7,  1835 

.D 

N.  H. 
Del  . . 

Me... 
Del... 

Agr'eult'st 
Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  — ,  1841 
Aug.  21,  1854 

Clayton.  Thoma'J 

Mar.  9,  1758 

'.D 

Ga... 

N.  ,L. 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Dickerson,  Mahlon. 

N.  J.. 

April  17, 1770 

Oct.    5.    1853 

D'Wolf  e,  James 

'.D 
.D 

R.  I.. 

1763 

R.  I.. 
Tenn. 
Conn. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Dec    21    1837 

Tenn. 
Conn. 

Ed%vards,  Henrv  W. 

1779 

July  22.  1847 

Edwards,  Ninian.... 

.U 

Md... 

Mar.  -,  1775 

111... 

July  20,  1833 

Elliott.  John 

'.D 

Ga... 
Pa... 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  9,  1827 
Nov.  12,  1840 

Findlay.  William.. 

Pa... 

June  20,1708 

Gaillai-d.  John 

— 

S.  C. 

Sept.  5,  1765 

S.  C. 

Unknown 

Feb, 20,  1826 

Hayne.  Robert  Y.. 

.i> 

S.  C, 

Nov.  10,  1791 

S.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

.Sept.  24. 1839 

Holmes,  David 

. — 

Va... 

Miss. 

Unknown 

Aug.  20,  1832 

Holmes.  John 

.D 

Mass. 

Mar.  -.  1773 

Me... 

Lawyer. . . 

July    7,  1843 

J.ackson.  Andrew.. 

.1) 

N.  C. 

Mar.  15.  1767 

Tenn. 

Lawyer. . . 

Jan.  8.    1845 

Johnson.  Henr\- 

. — 

Tenn. 

Sept.  14,  1783 

Lou.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  4.  1864 

Johnson,  Richard  M 

.1> 

Kv... 

Oct.    17.1781 

Kv... 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  19,  1850 

Johnston.  JosiahS. 

.D 

Conn. 

Nov.  25,  1784 

Lou.. 

Lawyer. . . 

May  19,  1833 

.D 
.F 

Tenn. 
.Mass. 

Mar.24,"l755 

Ala . . 

s.  y. 

Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 

King,  Rufus 

April  29, 1827 

King.  William  R.... 

.D 

N.  C. 

April  7,  1786 

Ala  . . 

Lawyer. . . 

April  18, 1853 

Knight.  NehemiahR.W 

R.  I.. 

Dec.  31,  1780 

R.  I.. 

Banker . . . 

April  19, 1854 

Ijanman.  James  ... 

.11 

Conn 

June  14. 1769 

Conn.  Lawyer... 

Aug.    7.  1841 

Lloyd.  Edward 

— 

Md... 

1779 

Md... 

Unknown. 

June  2.  1834 

Lloyd.  James 

.F 

Mass. 

1769 

Mass. 

Merchant. 

.4pril  5.  1831 

Lowiie,  Walter 

— 

Scot.. 

Deo.  10,  1784 

Pa. . . 

Jan.  14. 1868 

McUvaine.  Joseph. 

.U 

'.n 

Pa... 

1768 

N.  J.. 
111.  .. 
N.  C. 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Soldier.... 

Aug.  19, 182C 
Oct     14  1830 

McLean,  John 

Macon.  Nathaniel.. . 

.\-.  C. 

1757 

June  29, 1837 

Mills.  Elijah  H 

.F 

1778 

Mass. 

Lawyer. . . 

May  5,    1829 

IVoble,  James 

■z 

Va... 

Ind.. 

Vt.... 

Unknown. 

Feb  26    1831 

Palmer.  Wm.  A 

Vt.... 

Dec.  12,  1860 

Pai-rott,  John  F 

.D 
.D 

N.  H. 
Conn 

1768 

N.  H. 
Ohio. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

July  9,  1836 
Sept.  2,    1837 

Ruggles,  Benjamin 

1763 

Seymour.  Horatio  . 

.D 

Conn. 

May  31,  1776 

Vt.  .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  21,  1857 

Smith,  Samuel 

.D 

Pa... 

July  27,  1752 

Md.... 

Varied.... 

April  23, 1839 

Xalbot,  Isham 

.— 

Va... 

1773 

Ky... 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  25, 1837 

Taylor,  John 

A) 

Va... 

Va, 

Ag'cult'st. 

Aug.  20, 1824 

.1) 

Va.  . . 

Ind.. 

Aug.  26,  1821'. 

Thomas,  Jes.'ie  B 

■ — 

111.... 
Va  .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Feb    3    IS."!!' 

Tazewell,  L.  W 

Va... 

Dec.  17,  1774 

May  6.   1S60 

Van  Buren,  Martin 

.D 

N.  y. 

Dec.   5,  1782 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

Julv  24.  1S62 

Van  Dyke,  Michael.. 

. — 

Del.. 

N.  J.. 

Unknown. 

May  19,  18211 

Ware,  Nicholas 

. — 

Ga... 

Ga... 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  7.  1824 

Williams.  Thomas  }1 

.11 

\,  ('..  1    

MlBs. 

Lawyer. . . 

Total  Senators.  .>3.  Lawyers.  ST.  Occupation  Unknown,  lO.  Agri- 
culturists, a.  Banker.  1.  Merchant,!.  Soldier,!.  Vai-ied.  !.  Foreign 
Bom,!:    Including  Scotland,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Abbott,  Joel 

Adams,  Parmcnio. . . 
Alexander,  Adam  R. 

Alexander.  M.ark 

Allen.  Robert 

Allen.  Samuel  C 

Allison.  James 

Archer,  William  S 

Bailey.  John 

Ball.  William  L 

Barber.  Noycs 

Barbour,  John  S 

Barbour,  Philip  P... 
Bartlett,  Ichabod. ... 
Bai-tley,  Mordecal. . . . 

Ba-ssett,  Burwell 

Bavlles,  Francis 

Bcc.lier,  Philemon.. 

Ill;.ii.  John 

IliMdlev.  William  C 

Mriik.  Sammd 

Brent,  William  1 

Brown,  John 

Ituebanan,  James 

I'.ui'k.  Daniel  A.  A 

lliieknrr,  Hlchanl  A.. 
Hurl.lgli.  VVIIIlnm..., 
Burton,  HutchlnsO.. 


Conn. 
Conn. 
Va... 
Va. .. 
Va... 
Mass. 
Md... 
Va... 
Mass. 
Va.  .. 
Conn. 
Va. . . 
Va... 
N.  II. 
Pa... 
Va... 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Tenn. 
Vt.... 
Mass. 
Md... 
I'a... 
Pa... 
Vt... 
Va... 
N 


H. 


N.  C 


Suto    I 

Repre- 

WDtcd. 


Jon.  5, 
Oct.  4, 
.Mar.   .•>, 


177 
177: 
177: 
1789 


1779 
1781 
179fl 
'99 
1786 
1783 
764 
Oct.    IB,  1783 
.  17 
.  1798 
1783 
1771 


April  28, 1 
Auk.  8,  " 


luly  2-1. 
Dec.  10, 


Mar.  2:1. 
July  17, 


Aprll23. 
Jan.  16. 
July  1(1, 


.  1700  Ga.... 
Y. 
,  Tenn. 
Va... 
Tenn. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Va... 
Mass. 
Va... 
Conn. 
Va... 
Va... 
N.  II. 
Ohio. 
Va... 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
Tenn. 
Vt.... 
Pa... 
Lou. . 
Pa... 
Pa... 
Vt.. .. 
Kv... 
Me... 
N.   C. 


1791 
1789 
1763 


Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown 
Merchant. 
Varied. . . 
I..awyer. . . 
Law.ver. . . 
Teacher . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
L.awyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Law.yer. . . 
AgViiltVt. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
La\vy.er. .. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Ijvwyer. . . 
I.awyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

!.awyer. . . 
.awyer.. . 


Nov. 

19 

1826 

Aug. 

19 

,1864 

H'eh. 

H, 

1842 

June 

— 

18.''.4 

Mar. 

28 

18.15 

June 

26 

1.8:15 

h'eb. 

•.^8 

1824 

Jan. 

3. 

l.'<45 

Jan. 

12 

1855 

I''el.. 

2.'i, 

1841 

Oct. 

19 

I8.'i3 

Oct. 

10 

1870 

Feb. 

26 

1841 

Oi:t, 

28 

1852 

Nov. 

30 

1.S39 

Julv 

it. 

186:l 

Mar. 

3, 

1867 

S.-pt 

1, 

1862 

July 

7. 

1848 

June 

I 

1868 

Dee. 

24, 

1841 

Dec. 

8, 

1H47 

Julv 



1827 

April 

21, 

1836 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

Where 
Corn. 

When  Bern. 

Sute 
R«pre- 
■enr^l. 

Oconp.tion. 

When  Died. 

■- 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 
Ind  .. 

Unknown. 

Call,  Jacob 

Call,  Richard  K 

Cambrelcng,  C.  0  .. 
Campbell,  John  W.. 
Campbell, Robert  B. 

■ 

Ky... 

Fla.. 

Soldier.... 

.D 
D 

N.  C. 

1786 

N.  Y. 
Ohio. 

Mei'chant. 
Lawyer... 

AprllSO.  1862 
Sept.  24,  1833 

Va. .. 

W 

8.  C. 

S.  C. 

Unknown. 

S.  C. 

Md... 
N.  J. 

Sept.  11,  1792 

isiay  'l4,'  iVsi 

April  12, 17'r'7 

S.  C 
Ga... 
N.  J.. 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 

June  20,  1850 

June  14,  1844 

Cassedy,  George... 
aark,  Lot 

'w 

N.  Y. 
Va... 

N.  y. 

Kv... 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

June  29, 1852 

Cobb,  Thomas  W... 



Ga. . . 

1784 

Ua... 

Lawyer. . . 

Feb.    1.    1830 

Cocke,  J-^hn 

Collins.  Ela 

W 

Va 

.  1772 

Tenn. 

N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician 

Feb.  16    18'>4 

Conn. 
N.  J.. 

Feb.  14,  1786 
Mar.  -,  1773 

Nov.  23.  1848 

May  26.  1862 

I) 

Va... 

Aug.  — ,  1793 

N.  C. 

Unknown 

Jan.  15,  1866 

Conway,  HtmryW.. 

. — 

Tenn. 

Ark.. 

Unknown. 

Cook,  Daniel   P 



Ky... 

111... 

Lawyer... 

Oct.    16.  iSZ! 

Crafts,  Samuel  C... 



Conn. 

Oct.  6,  lies 

N.H. 

Unknown 

Nov.  19,  1853 

Craig,  Hector 

I> 

N.  Y. 

N.  y. 

Unknown 

i> 

Mass. 

Dee.  CT,  1'772 

Mass. 

Merchant. 

Feb.  5,   1851 

K 

N.  C. 

N.  C. 

Clergym'n 

Mass. 

Me... 

Clergym'n 

1834 

Cuthbert,   Alfred.,. 

n 

Ga... 

Ga... 

Lawyer. . . 

July  9.    1856 

l>ay.  Rowland 

1) 

N.  Y. 

i'788 

X.  Y  . 

Unknown. 

V 

R.  I.. 

179(1 

R.  1.. 

Lawyer. . . 

1847 

Dwight,  Henry  W.. 

Mass, 

Mass. 

Unknown. 

Feb.  21,  1845 

'd 

N.  Y. 

ii.'i.'. 

.War' 3i;  1769 

N.  Y.  . 
N.  Y. 

B.  I.. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Eddv.  Samu.l 

Feb.    2,  1839 

Edwaniv,  Samuel... 

F 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

Edwards.  W.Ulon  N 

1) 

N.  C 

1788 

N.  C. 

Lawyer... 

Dee.  18.  1873 

Ellis  William  C 

F 

Pa.  .. 



Pa... 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec.  13.  1871 

Farrelly.  Patrick  .. 

1) 

Ire'd, 

1760 

Pa... 

Lawyer. . . 

Jan.  12.  18'_>6 

.D 
T) 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Unknown. 
Unknown 

Nov.  5.  1838 

Floyd,  John 

Va... 

Va..  . 

Aug.  16.  1837 



N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

Aug.    1.    1828 

Foote.  Samuel  A 

W 

Conn 

•Jov.    8,  I'?* 

Conn. 

Merchant. 

Sept.  15.  1846 

Forsyth.  John 

D 

Va... 

Jet.   2,    1780 

Ga... 

Lawyer. .. 

Oct,  21.  1841 

.D 

■r 

Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 

1786 

Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  24,  1842 

iuiy'iii'ms 

Fuller,  Timothy.... 

Oct.    I,   1835 

Gamett.  Robert  S. . 
Garrison.  Daniel... 

D 

Va... 
N.  J.. 

Va... 
N.  J  . 

Unknown, 

Gatlin.  Alfred  M... 



N.  C. 

N.  C. 

Unknown. 

Gazley,  James  W... 

1) 

N.  Y. 

1784 

Ohio. 

Unknown. 

July  12.  1874 

Gist,  Joseph 

— 

S.  C. 

Jan, 12,  1775 

S.    C. 

Lawyer... 

May  8.   1836 

Govan,  Andrew  R. . 



8.    C. 

S.    C. 

Unknown. 

Gurley,  Henry  H... 



Conn. 

1787 

Lou.. 

Lawyer... 

1832 

Hall.  Thomas  H... 

.1) 

N.   C. 

1783 

N.  C. 

Physician 

June  30. 1853 

Hamilton,  Jame.-*. . . 



s.  c. 

178a 

S.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  15,  1857 

Harris,  Robert 

D 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

Harvey.  Matthew... 

.!> 

N.  H. 

lunc  21, 1781 

N.    II. 

Lawyer. . . 

April  7,  1856 

Havdcn.  Moses 

ik-mphill.  J..s.-ph... 

.'.F 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 

Pa... 

1770 

Pa. . . 

Moy  29.  1842 

Henrv.  K..h<  il  p.... 

w 

Ky... 

.Vov.  24.  1-SS 

Kv... 

Lawyer... 

Aug.  2.''i.  1.S26 

.D 

N.  Y.. 

1773 

N.  Y. 
Me... 
Md... 
Mass. 

L  nUiiown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

June   8.   1845 

Mo... 

May   7,   1839 

Hevward,  William 

iii'si' 

■)'un4'26,'  'l'787 

Hobart.  Aai-on 

July   1,   1858 

IIogelK)oni,  James  L 

.'.D 

..D 

D 

N.J.'! 

N.  Y. 

N.  J.. 
N.  C. 
Tenn. 

Inknown 
Ph.^sician 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Jan.  14.  1828 

Hooks   Chailc-, 

N.  C. 
Va. . . 

-Mai''. '  2,'  'ilia 

1851 

Hoiisljiii,  SaiMutl  ... 

July  25.  1863 

Ingham.  Samuel  1>. 

.D 

I'a... 

■Sept.  16,  I77S 

Pa... 

PaiH  r  JFi'. 

April  13, 18:13 

Isacks,  Jaiuh  C 

__ 

Pa... 

Tenn. 

Unknown 

•Iciikiiis,  ].i-iiiU(-l  . 



N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

Jennings.  Junalhan 

_ 

N.  J.. 

Ind.. 

Unknown. 

July  26,  1834 

J..l,,isnn.    l-iaiuis... 

n 

Va... 

Kv. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec.  14.  1851 

J<)liiiv,,i,,.|,,|in  T.... 

Ky. . . 

Kv 

Lawyer. . . 

Dee.  18.  18.')7 

Jnlinhoii,  .I..M  j,h.... 

D 

N    Y 

Deo.  19,  1785 

Va 

Ag'culfst. 

Feb.   27. 1877 

Kent.  J..srph 

F 

Md... 

1799 

Md... 

Piiysician 

Nov.  24.  1837 

Kiililcr.  David 

w 

Me... 

Dec.   8,   1787 

Me... 

Lawyer... 

Nov.  1,    1860 

Krr'nmcr,  George... 

n 

Pa... 

1775 

Pa... 

Unknown 

Kiithrop.  Samuel  .. 

Mass. 

1771 

Mass. 

Lawyer... 

July  U,  1846 

Lawrence,  Samuel  . 



N.  Y. 

N.   Y. 

Unknown. 

Lee.  John 

F 

Md. . . 

Md. . . 

Unknown. 

Lcftwich.  Jabcz 

Va. . . 

Va. .  . 

Unknown. 

Letcher,  Robert  P  .. 

W 

Va. .  . 

Ky.. 

Lawyer... 

.Inn.  24,  1861 

Lincoln.  Enoch 

Mass. 

Deo.  28,  1788 

Me 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.   8,    18-J!i 

Lllchlleld,  Elisha... 

D 

1795 

N.  Y 

Vai'ied.... 

Aug.  4,  18.5i) 

Little.  Peter 

F 

Pa... 

Md.. 

Mechanic. 

Feb.  5.    1830 

Llvermorc.  Arthur . . 

n 

N.  II.  July  28,  1776 

N.  H. 

Lawyer. . . 

July    I.  1853 

Livingston.  Edward 

.1) 

N.  Y. 
Mass. 

1764 

Lou,. 
Mass. 
N.  0. 

Lawyer. .. 
Lawyel'... 
Ag'euU'st. 

May  23.  18:)6 

Lockr.  John 

1764 

Mar.  29.  1855 

LonK,  .lolm 

Va...' 

Lnnk-r.llow.  Sl4-phen 

F 

Mass.  June  23,  1775 

Me... 

Lawyer.. . 

Aug.    2.  1840 

Mi-.\i  11.111 ,  n.incan. 

vv 

N.  Y 1772  Ohio. 

Surveyor . 

April  28.  1839 

M.'C.v..   William 

1) 

Va IVa... 

Unknown. 

Milmilii-,  (iei-ijjf... 

.u 

Ga... 

1778 

S.  C. 

Lawyel'. . . 

Mar,  11.  1851 

f 


EIGHTEENTH    AND    NINETKKNTH    OONCJIJKSSES,     AND    I.i:ADIN(i    ICVENT.S    c)|.    THE    TIME. 


i 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


MoKcan.  Samuel D 

MiiKco,  .Ii>lm — 

McKim,  Isaac 1) 

Mcl.ant),  Lewis I> 

McLean,  VVilllaiu  ... — 
Mallary.  K.>lllli  C.  ...— 
Maiillilin.  Willie  I'... W 
aaiklev.  I"llilil)S....I) 
Martlndale,  H.  C.  ...W 

Marvin,  Dudley i> 

Matlaek,  James — 

Matron,  Aaron — 

Mercer,  ('li;is.  V I) 

Jleteajfo.  Tliomas D 

Miller,  llaniel  It D 

Mlteliill,Gcurt-.'  E...1) 

Mitehell,  ,lalne»S 1) 

Moore,  Gabriel  P — 

Moore. Thomas  P.. .   .T> 

Morgan,  J,ihn  J I) 

Nealc,  T!ii|.liael — 

Nelson,  J. r.iniah F 

Newton,  Tliomas D 

O'Brien,  Jei'einiah. . . — 

Olin,  Henry — 

Outlaw,  Cieoi'ee — 

Owen,  George  W — 

Patterson,  Jolin — 

Patterson,  Thomas,  ,.D 

Plumer,  tleoi  ^re 1> 

PInmer,  William D 

Poinsett,  Joel  K P 

Prince,  Willi-im — 

ISancloli.li,.Iolm D 

Uankin,  (.'liristopher. — 

Ueea. John W 

U  .vnolds,  J.amcs  II. . . — 

l;ieli,ar(ls.  Gabriel — 

lliehards,  John — 

Kich,  Ciiarlcs 1> 

Uives,  William  C D 

Rogers,  Thomas  J D 

Uose,  Kobert  S — 

Uoss,  Thomas  U — 

.Sanford,  James  T — 

Saunders,  Rom,  M,..,D 

Scott,  John — 

Sharpe,  Peter — 

Sibley,  Jonas D 

Sloane,  John — 

Smith,  Arthur — 

Smith,  William — 

Smyth,  Alexander D 

Spaieht,  Richard  D.. — 

Spence,  John  S D 

Standifcr,  James W 

Stephenson,  James, .  .F 


Pa... 

Va... 

Md... 

Del... 

N.  J.. 

Conn. 

N.  C. 

Pa... 

Mass. 

Conn. 

N.  J.. 

Mass. 

Va. . . 

Va... 

Pa.    . 

Md.    . 

Pa... 

N.  C. 

Va. . . 

N.  Y 

Md. 

Mass. 

Va... 

Me... 


N.  C. 
Va... 


May  28,  17H6 


May  6, 
May  6, 


June  (5, 
Mar.  20, 


Pa... 
Pa... 
N.  11. 
S.  O. 

Va.'.! 
Pa... 
Mass. 

Fran, 
N.  Y 
Mass. 


.  17«4 
.17112 

'  iVso 
i7«e 

V772 

1778 
1780 


.  17«!l 

Sept.  14,  Vfeg 

.  1769 
.  1768 
.  1767 

'.  'l798 


Pa... 
Ala  . , 
.Md... 
Del,., 
Ohio. 
Vt... 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
.V.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
N.  H. 
Va... 
Ky... 
Pa... 
Md... 
Pa.... 
Al.i  , , 
1795jKy, 


Oct     9, 
Mar.  2, 


June 


Oct.  15, 
May  i', ' 


1789 
1779 


1771 
1793 


Ire'd 

1781 

Va.. 

1772 
1789 

Va.   . 

N.  C. 
Va. . . 
N.  Y.. 
Mass. 
Pa... 

Mar. 
.Mar.' 

'7'_ 

1791 
1782 

'l''r62 
1779 

Va... 
Va     . 

Nov. 

15 

1785 

Ire'd. 
N.  C. 
Md 

1765 

1796 

Pa. . .  Mar.  20,  1764 


N.  Y. 

Md... 

Mass. 

Va . . . 

Me... 

Vt  ... 

X.  C. 

Ala.. 

Ohio. 

Pa.... 

Pa..  . 

N.  It. 

S.  C. 

Ind.. 

Va. . . 

Miss  . 

M,ass. 

Tenn. 

Mich. 

N.  Y. 

Vt..., 

Va... 

Pa. . . 

N.  Y. 

Ohio. 

Tenn. 

Tenn. 

Mo... 

N.   Y. 

Mass. 

Ohio. 

Va... 

Va.  . 

Va. .. 

N.C.. 

Md... 

Tenn. 

Va. . . 


Unknown 
UnkiMJwn 
.Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
■UnkiHJwn 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. ., 

Mechanic. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Merchant. 

Lawyer.. . 

Varied  .. . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unldiown. 

Unknown 

Unknown 

l.'nknown 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied  .  . 

UnknowTi. 

L.awyer... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Clertrym'n 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Law.ver. . . 

Journalist 

Unknown 

Law.yer. .. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. 

Lawyei'.. . 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Lawyer. 

Unknown 

Lawyer.. . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown, 

Unknown. 

Unknown, 


June  23, 1840 


April  1,  1838 
Oct.  7.  1817 
Oct.  12.  1839 
AprlllH,lM31 
Sept.  14, 1861 


April  22, 1880 
Jnnu25,  IKiti 
Jan.  15,  1840 
July  18,  1855 
May  4,  1858 
\Mg.  18,  1855 

184(1 

June  28. 1832 


June  9,  1844 
July  21,  1845 
July  29,  1849 
Oct,  19,  1833 
Oct.  2,  18:)8 
AuK.  5,  1847 
May  30,  m')8 

1S37 

Aug,  15,  1835 
Aug,  18,1836 


Sept.  18. 18,54 
Dec,  1-2,  ia51 

1824 

May  24,  18-13 
.Mar,  14,  1826 
Not,  25,  18<il) 


Sept,  13, 1832 

O'ct.'  I's,'  'l'824 
April26, 1868 
Dec.  7,  1832 
Nov.  24,  1835 
June  28,  1869 


April  2 1,1867 
Oct.    1,    1861 

Feb.'  'I'ci,'  I's's'i 
May  15,  1856 
Mar.  30,  1853 


Api-ill7,1830 
Nov.  2,  1850 
Oct,  29,  1810 
Aug,  24,  1837 
Aug.  7,   1833 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Sterling,  Ansel — 

Stevenson,  Andrew... D 

Stewart,  Andrew D 

Stoddard,  EbeneKer. . — 

Storrs,  llenry  R F 

Strong.  James F 

Swan,  Samuel — 

Taliaferro.  John D 

Tattnall,  Kdward  F,.— 

Taylor.  John  W 1) 

Ten  Eyek,  Egbert, , ,  .— 

Test.  John D 

Thomson.  Alexander.— 

Thompson,  Philii — 

Thompson,  Wiley. ...D 

Todd. John 1) 

Tomlinson.  Gideon... — 

Tracy,  Albert  H D 

Trimble,  David D 

Tucker,  George 1) 

Tucker,  Starling — 

Tyson,  Jacob — 

IJdree,  Daniel I) 

"Vance,  Joseph  . , .  ^  .  .D 

Vance.  Robert  D D 

Van  Rensselaer,  Ste, , — 
Van  Wyck,  %Vni.  W...D 

Vinton,  Samuel  F W 

■Warlleld,  llenry  R,,P 

■\Vayne,  l^aac F 

Webster,  Daniel..  ..W 
Whipple.  Thomas. . . . — 

White,  David — 

Whitman, Lemuel,... — 
V/hittlesey.  Elisha...— 
WieklilTe.  Charles  A.  I) 

Wilde.  Richard  H D 

Williams,  Isaac D 

Williams,  Jared   D 

Williams,  Lewis — 

Wilson,  Henry — 

Wilson,   Isaac — 

Wilson,  Jaraes D 

Wilson,  John — 

Wilson.  William..   .. — 

Wolf.  George D 

Wood, Silas D 

Woods,  William — 

Wright,  John  C .  D 


Conn' 
Va... 
Pa... 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
N,  J.. 
Va. .. 
Oa... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Pa... 
Ky... 
Va... 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Va. . . 
Berin 
N.  C. 
Pa.  . 
Pa... 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
N.  Y.. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Md... 
Pa... 
N.  H. 
Mass. 


Conn, 
Conn. 
Ky... 
Ire'd. 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
N.  C. 
Pa... 


Pa... 
S.  C. . 
N.  H. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Conn 


June  — 
May  6. 


'r!onn. 

.  17H-l,Va.., 
,  17112  P 


1781) 
1785 
1783 
1771 
1768 


April  18, 1779 


Dec.  31. 
June  17, 
June  — , 


1779 

1780 

1793 

,  1782 

,  1775 

'.  i'tss 


M.ar.  21, 

Nov.  — , 
s'e'pt.'iV, 


17H2 
1781 


Jan.  18, 


Oct,  19, 
.June  8. 
Sept.  24, 

Mar.  "4',' 


April28, 
Aiig.'ii', 


1782 
1788 
1785 
1780 
1781 
1788 
1789 

'l'706 
1782 
1788 


1777 
1769 
1790 
1783 


Conn, 
N,  Y, 
S.  Y. 
X.  J.. 
Va... 
Oa... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ind  .. 
Po.  .. 
Ky... 
Oa... 
Pa... 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Va... 
S.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio- 
Md... 
Pa... 
Ma«s. 
N.  H. 
Kv... 
Conn. 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
Ga... 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
N.  C. 
Pa.  . 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
S.  C 
Ohio. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 


Unknown. 

Lawyer,. . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown 
Unknown. 
Lawy-er. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Unknown. 
Law-yer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.  .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Merchant. 
Merchant. 
Unkno*\i). 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknow-n 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown 
Lawyei-. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Ag-cult'i-t. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown 
Mechanic. 
Unknown 
Unknow-n. 
Lawyer.  , . 
Lawy-er. .. 
Unknow-n 
Jurist 


Jan.  25. 
July  16. 
Aug.  11, 
July  '211, 
Aug.  8. 
Aug.  24. 
Aug.  12, 


Sept.  18, 
Aprilll, 
Oct.  », 
Aug,  2, 
Feb.  20, 


Apill  4, 
Oct.  8. 
Sept.  12, 


IK',7 
1872 
1848 
1837 
1847 
1844 
1853 


1854 
1844 
1849 
18J8 
1829 


1830 
1854 
1850 


Apilllo 
Feb.  4, 


1861 
1834 


July  22 
Aug,  26, 


1828 
1851 


Jan.  26, 1839 


May  -. 
Mar.  18, 


1862 
1839 


Oct.  24. 
Jan.  23. 
Feb.  17. 
Nov.  18, 
Jan,  7. 
Oct.  31. 
Sept.  10. 


1852 
1835 
1815 
1811 
1863 
I860 
1817 


Jan.  2. 
Feb.  23. 
Aug.  13, 
Oct.  25, 
July  — , 

I 

May  2!1, 
Mar.  14. 
Mar.  2. 

,.\«ir.  7. 

iFeb.  13. 


1831 
1842 
1826 
1818 
1868 


18-27 
1840 
1847 
1S37 
1801 


Total  Representatives,  024.     Occupation  Unknown,  09.    Lawyers,  OO. 

Merchants,©.  Agriculturists,  4.  Physicians,  4.  Varied,  4.  Clerg.vmen, 
3.  Mechanics,  3.  Jurists,*.  Soldiers,  8.  Journalist,!.  Paper-maker, 
1.  Surveyor,  1.  Teacher,!.  Foreign  Born,  O:  Including  Ireland,  4; 
France,  1:  Bermuda,  1. 


Nineteenth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1825  to  1827. 


182& 
1R2.'V 


-First  railway  charter  in  America  issued 
to  Mohawk  and  Hudson  Company. 

-Fir?t  iron  boat  in  America— "  The  Ca- 
donis  "—launched  into  the  Susquehan- 
na river. 

-"  Babbitt  metal,"  or  brittania,  man- 
ufactured at  Taunton,  Mass.,  by  Isaac 
Uabbitt. 

-Dr.  Wooster  Beach  established  an  "  Ec- 
lectic,'' or"  New  School."  Medical  Col- 
lege, in  New  York. 


•John  Q.  Adams,  6th  President. 

John  C.  Calhoun,  of  S.  C,  Vice-Pres.  Henry  Clay,  of 
Ky.,  Sec'y  of  State.  Richard  Rush,  of  Pa.,  Scc'y  of 
Treas.  Jam.  Barbour,  of  Va..  Sec'y  of  War.  Samuel 
L.  Southai-d.  of  N.  J..  Sec'y  of  Navy.  William  Wirt,  of 
Va.,  Atf  y  Gen.  John  W.  Taylor,  of  N.  Y.,  Speaker  of 
House  of  Representatives, 


1826 — The  American  Temperance  Union  ()r- 
granized  at  Boston,  and  4(iOO  auxiliary 
societies  were  formed  in  the  United 
States  within  the  ensuini?  «ix  yearji. 

1827— SJaveiT  was  abolished  in  the  State  of 
New  York.  Nearly  10.000  slave  ;  wero 
freed. 

1827— Gridley  Bryant  and  T.H.Perkins  Iniill 
a  railway,  f(»r  the  transportation  of 
granite,  at  Quincy,  Mass.— the  first  in 
the  United  States.    The  cars  were  run 

by  horse-power. 


P,  indicates  Federalist;    J),  Democrat;  "W,  Whig;  R,  Republican. 


SENATORS. 

Bopo. 

yihea  Born. 

SUIe 
aenud. 

Occupation 

When  Bied. 

Barbour,  James , , , 

_ 

Va... 

Juno  10,  1775 

Va. . . 

Lawyer.  .. 

hme  8.  1842 

Barton,  I>avid 



Mo... 

Unknown. 

Sept.  28,  18:i7 

Bateman,  Ephraim. 

.  .1) 

N.  J.. 

177C 

N.  J.. 

Physician 

Ian.  29,  1829 

Bell,  Samuel 

— 

-V.  H. 

Feb,    9,   1770 

N.  H. 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec-  23,  1H,V) 

Benton,  Thomas  H.. 

..l> 

\.  C 

.liar.  14,  1782 

Mo... 

Lawyer. . . 

.ipril  10, 18,58 

Berrien.  John  HI 

..!> 

N.  J.. 

-lug.  23,  1781 

G,a.... 

Lawyer. . . 

Jon.     1,  1856 

Bouligny.  Domin. .. 

. — 

Lou.. 

Lou.. 

Lawyer. . . 

.Mar.    5.  1833 

Branch. John 

, 

X.  C. 

Vov,  4,  1782 

N.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

Jan.    4,  1.8(53 

Chaee.  Dudley 

_ 

N.  H. 

Dec.  30,  1771 

Vt.... 

Lawyer. . . 

Feb.  23,  184H 

Chambers,  Kzek.  F. 

1> 

Md... 

.•■eb,  28,  1788 

Md... 

Lawyer. .. 

Jan.  30,  1K67 

Chambers,  Henry. . 



Ma . . 

Physician 

Jan.  25,  1821) 

Chandler,  John 

.1) 

N.  ii. 

Me. . . 

-Vgr'cit'st. 

.Sept.  — ,  1841 

Clayton,  Thomas,.. 

_ 

Del... 

.Vlar.  9,  1758 

Del... 

Lawyer. . . 

.\ug.  21,  1854 

Cobh.  Thomas  W... 

'.D 

Ga  . 

1784 

Ga... 
N'.  J.. 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Fob.    1     l-8;lt> 

l>ickerson.  Mahlon. 

N.  J.. 

lprill7, 1770 

Met.    5,    18.53 

D-lVolt,  James 

— 

R.  I.. 

1763 

R.  I.. 

I'll  known. 

Dee.  21.  1837 

Eaton.  John  H 

..1) 
..D 
.D 
.I> 

Tenn. 
Conn 
Va... 

1790 

Tenn. 
Conn. 
Miss.. 
Pa... 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Vov    17    1,8,56 

Edwards.  Heniy  W. 

..     ..    1779 

luly22,  1847 

Findlay.  William.. 

Pa... 

June  20,  176S 

Lawyer... 

Nov,  12,1846 

<«aillard,  John 

— 

S.  C. 

Sept.  5,  1765 

S.  C. 

Unknown. 

Feb,  26,  1826 

Harper,  William.. 

— 

Antig 

Jan,  17.  1790 

S.  C. 

Law.ver. . . 

Oct.  10,  1847 

Hivrrison,  Wm,  H. .. 

.W 

Va. . . 

Feb.   9,  1773 

Ohio. 

Soldier.... 

April  4,  1841 

SENATORS. 

Wlicrc 
Born. 

SUt. 

When  Bom.         Ropro- 

WnlFd. 

When  DM. 

,1) 

S.  C. 

Nov.  10,  1791 

S,  C, 

La  wyer. . . 

Sept.  24,  ima. 

Hendricks,  William 

1> 

Pa... 

1783 

Ind,. 

In  known. 

May  16,  1850 

Va... 

Miss.. 

Inknown. 

Aui:.  20.  1«32 

,1) 

Mass. 

Mar.  -,  1773 

Me... 

La\r3-er... 

July    7,  IP43 

(Jackson,  Andrew.. 

1) 

N.  C. 

Mar.  15,  1767 

Tenn. 

Lawyer. . . 

Jan.  8.    1845 

I) 

Kv. 

Oct,    17,  1781 

Kv... 

La^vyer. . . 

Sov.  19.  1850 

Johnston.  Josiah  S.. 

I) 

Conn 

Nov.  25,  1784 

Lou.. 

La\vTer. . . 

Mav  19.  1833 

Kane.  Ellas  K 

n 

N.  Y. 

June  7.    179;! 

Ill  ... 

Lawyer. . . 

Dee.  11.  1835 

King.  William  R... 

1) 

N.(?.. 

April  7.  1786 

^la-. 

Lawyer... 

AprillS.  IKVJ 

Knight,  NeheiiiiahR,W 

R.  I.. 

Dee.  31,  178D 

R  1.. 

Banker... 

April  19.  lH.->4 

liloyd,  Edward 

Lloyil,  James 

..F 

n 

Md... 

1779 

Md. 
Mass. 
S'.  J. . 

Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Lawver. . . 

June  2.  IK-M 

Mass. 

,1769 

April  5.  1831 

Pa... 

1708 

Aug.  19.  182B 

McKinlev,  John 

1) 

Va... 

Ala . . 

Lawyer.   . 

July  19.  1852 

Macon,  Xathaniel  ., 

T) 

X.  C. 

17.57 

X.  C. 

Soldier.... 

June  29.  1837 

Marks,  William 

I> 

1780 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

.\prn  10,  IKW 

Mills,  Elijah  H 

F 

1778 

Mass. 

Lawyer... 

Mav  5.    1820 

'.D 
.D 

Va. .. 

Ind  . . 

Ala  . . 

l.'n  known. 
Unknoirn. 
Lawyer... 

Feb.  26.  1831 

N.  C. 
Va... 

Randolph,  John  ,.. 
Kead,  Thomas  B  , , , 
Rhlgely,  Henry  M... 
Robbins,  Asher 

June  2,  1773 

Va. . . 

May  24,  1833 

..F 
.W 

J778 

Del.. 
R.I.. 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Aug.    7,  1847 

Conn. 

Sept.  — ,  17.57 

Feb.  25, 1845 

TT 


474 


REPEESENTATIVES    OF    TlIE    NINETEENTH    CONGRESS. 


SENATORS. 


When  Born. 


Rodney,  Daniel — 

Rowan,  John — 

Ruggles,  Benjamin.  ..D 

Sanlord,  Nathan D 

Seymour.  Horatio X) 

Silsbee,  Nathaniel D 

Smith,  Samuel D 

Smith.  William D 

Tazewell.  L.  W W 

Thomas,  Jes.se  B — 

Van  Buien,  Martin  .  .D 
Van  Dvke.  Nicholas.. — 

"White.  Hugh  L — 

Willey.  Calvin — 

Williams,  Thomas  H.D 
Woodbur.v.  Levi D 


Del. 
Pa.... 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 
Va... 

nV  y'. 

Del... 
N.  C. 
Conn. 
N.  C. 
N.  H. 


1764 

1773 

1783 

Nov.    5,  1779 
May  31,  1778 

1773 

July  27,  1752 

17B2 

Deo.  17,  1774 


Del   . 
Ky. 

Ohio, 
N.  Y 

vt.. 


Mass. 
Md.. 
S.  C. 
Va.  .. 
111..  . 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Tenn. 
Conn 
Miss. 
Dec.  22.  1789  In.  H. 


Dec.   5,  1782 


Oct.  30,  1773 
Sept.  15, 177« 


Unknown. 
Lawyer. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer. .  . 
Merchant, 
Soldier  ... 
Lawyer. . , 
LaAvyer. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Jurist — 
Lawyer. , 
Lawyer. 
Jurist 


Sept.  2, 
July  13, 
Sept.  2, 
Oct.   7, 
Nov,  21, 
July   1. 
April  23, 
June  26, 
May  6, 
Feb.    3, 
July  24, 
May  IM, 
April  in, 
Aug.  23, 


184f; 

1853 
1837 
1838 
1857 
1850 
1839 
1840 
1860 
1850 
1862 
1826 
1840 
1838 


Sept.  7,  1851 


Total  Senators,  62.  Lawyers,  38.  Occupation  Unknown,  11.  Jurists, 
4.  Soldiers,  3.  Merchants,  S.  Physicians,  2.  Agriculturist,  1.  Banker, 
1.    ForeignBom,  1:    Including  Antigua,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


mod. 


Adams,  Parmenio — D 

Addams,  William — 

Ale.xander,  .4dara  R. . — 

Alexander,  Mark D 

Allen,  Robert D 

Allen,  Samuel  C — 

Alston.  Willis D 

Anderson.  John — 

Angell,  William G D 

.\rcher.  William  S, .. . — 
.\rni„trong,  Williatn.  W 

Ashley.  Henry — 

Badger,  Luther — 

Bailey.  John D 

Baldwin,  John — 

Barber,  Noyes — 

Barbour,  John  S D 

Barney,  John R 

Barringer.  Dan'l  L  . .  .D 

Bartlett,  Ichabod R 

Bartley,  Mordecai. . . . — 

Bassett,  Burwell D 

Baylies,  Francis — 

Beecher,  Philemon..  .F 

Blair,  John D 

Boon,  Ratliff D 

Bradley,  William  C...D 

Brent,  William  L W 

Brown,  Titus — 

Bryan,  John  H — 

Buchanan,  James. . . . — 
Euckner,  Richard  A.  .R 

Burges,  Tristam F 

Burleigh,  William D 

Cambreleng,  Ch.  C.  ..D 

Campbell.  John  W D 

Carey.  George — 

Cai^on,  Samuel  P. . . . — 

Carter,  John — 

Cassedy.  George — 

Claiborne,  Nath'l  H. . — 

Clark,  James W 

Cocke,  John — 

Condict,  Lewis W 

Conner,  Henry  W D 

Conway,  Henry  W...— 

Cook,  Daniel  P — 

Crowninshield,  B.  W.D 
Crump,  George  W....D 

Outhbert,  Alfred — 

l>avenport,  Tho» F 

Davis,  John W 

Deitz,  William — 

Dorsev,  Clement — 

Drayton,  William D 

Dwigbt.  Ileiiry  W — 

Eu^IiiKiii,  Nclicmiah.— 

KdwH.cls.  s.iiuiel F 

Edw;.id.,  \v.l.lonN..D 

Estil.  ll.MillllMl — 

Kvci.tl.  Ivlw.iid W 

Fiiinllv.  l'.iliick....D 

Fliiill.iy.  Jaiuus D 

Fiiidlay,  John I) 

Floyd,  John D 

Forsyth,  John D 

Forward.  Chaiincey.  .D 

Fosdick.  Nlcoll W 

<Jarn.-ll,  Robert  S....D 
Garii^cy, Daniel  G....D 

GalTison,  Daniel — 

Gist,  Joseph  — 

Govan,  Andrew  R.... — 

(Jurlev,  Henry  H — 

Hiille.  William — 

Hallock.  John D 

Hamilton,  James — 

Harris,  Robert I) 

llar\'oy.  Jonathan...— 
ll.'mbrook.  Ab'h'ni  B..— 

llaydon,  Moses — 

1 1  ayncK,  CharlCH  E. . .  D 


Conn 
Pa... 
Va... 
Va... 
Va... 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
Me... 
R.  I.. 
Va... 
Ire'd. 
N.  H. 


Mass. 

Conn. 

Conn. 

Va... 

Md... 

N.  C. 

N.  H. 

Pa... 

Va. . . 

Mass. 

Conn. 

Tenn. 

N.  C. 

Vt,... 

Md... 

N.  H. 

N.  C. 

Pa. . . 

Va... 

Mass. 

N.  H. 

N.  C. 

Va... 

Md... 

N.  C. 

S.  C. 

N.  J. . 

Va... 

Va... 

Va... 

N.  J. 

Va... 

Tenn. 

Ky... 

Mass. 

Va... 

Ga... 

Va... 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

Md... 

Fla.. 

Mass. 

N.  H. 

Pa... 

N.  C. 

Va. . . 

Mass . 

Iro'd. 

P.t. . . 
;Pa.  .. 

Va.  . . 
!Va... 

Conn. 

Conn 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

N.  J.. 
fi.   C. 

s.  c. 

Conn. 

N.  y'. 
S.  C. 
Pa..., 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Va... 


Y 

Sept.  4,    1776  Pa   .. 

Tenn. 

Va    . 

1777  Tenn. 

1772  Mass. 

N.   C 

1792  Me.    . 

1790  N.  y. 

1789|Va... 

1782.  Va.. 

N.  Y. 

.ipril  10, 1785  N.  Y. 
Mass. 


July  17, 
Mar.  5, 
Deo.  23, 


April  28, 
Aug.  8, 

Oct.'i'.' 
July  24, 
Deo.  16, 


April  23, 
July  IG, 
Feb.  26, 


Sept.  1 1 
May  14 

Nov.  14, 


Mar.  — , 
.\ug.  — , 

Deo.'  27,' 

jaii.  is, 
Dec.'  30, 


I  Conn. 

1781  Conn 
17901  Va.'.. 

1785  Md... 
1788  N.  C. 

1786  N.  H. 
1783  Ohio. 
1764  Va... 
1783  Mass. 
1775  Ohio. 
1798  Tenn. 
1781 1 Ind    . 

1783  Vt.. 

Lou.. 

1786  N.  H. 
1798  In.  C. 
179J  Pa... 
1763  Ky... 
1770  H.  I . . 

jMo... 

1786, N.  y. 

Ohio. 

Ga.   . 

|n.  c. 

1792  S.    C. 

1784  N.J. 
1767, Va.. 
1792,  Ky... 

.1772  Tenn, 
1773|N. J.. 

1793  N.    C, 
Ark 

,1795 
1772 


June  26, 1835 


Jan.    3,  1845 
Jan.   12.  1855 


Oct.  16,1852 
Oct.  19,  1853 
Oct.  10,  1870 
Feb.  26.  1841 
Oct.  28.  1852 
Nov.  30,  1839 
July  9,  1863 
Nov.  20,  1844 
Mar.  3,  1867 
July  7,  1848 
Jan.  31,  1849 


Oct.    2, 
Nov.'b,' 


Jan.  12,  1773 


.  1787 
.1797 


Unknown 

Unknown.  May  19,  1858 

Lawyer. . .    

Unknown.  I 

Merchant.  Aug.  19, 1864 

Varied I  Feb.    8.    1842 

Unknown.  April  10, 1837 

Lawyer...  Aug.  21,  1853 

Lawyer. . .   Aug.  13,  1858 

Lawyer  . .  Mar.  28,  1855 

Varied. .. 

Unknown 

Lawyer 

Teacher    . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown 

Lawyer.    , 

Lawyer. 

.\g"oult'st. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer.  . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown 

Unknown. 

Lawyer.    . 

Lawyer. . . 

La%vyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lavvyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Merchant. 

Lawyer. 

Unknown. 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . 

Unknown. 

Unknown, 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Physician 

Unknown 

Unknown 

111..      Lawyer... 

Mass.  Merchant. 

Va...  Physician 

Ga. , .  Lawyer. . . 

Va. .  .  Lawyer. . . 

Mass.  Lawyer. . . 

N.  Y.  Unknown. 

;Md...  Unknown. 

1776  S.    C.  Varied.... 

(Mass.   Unknown. 

.1800  N.  H.  Lawyer... 

Pa...    Unknown. 

,  1788  N.  C.   Lawyer... 

I  Va . . .  Lawyer. . . 

,1794,Ma?,s.  Cli-rgvm'n 
17K0  Pa...  [Lawyer... 
.  1775  Ohio.  Unknown. 
Pa...  Unknown. 
Va. ..  Unknown. 
Ga...  Lawyer... 
Pa. . .  Lawyer.. . 
N.  y.  Unknown. 
Va. ..  Lawyer... 
N.  Y.  Lawyer... 
N.  J.  Unknown. 
S.  C.  Lawyer.. . 
S.  C.  .  Unknown. 

Lou . .   Jurist j 1832 

.Miss.,  Unknown.  Mar.  7,  1837 

N.  Y.    Unknown 

1789,8.  C. .  Lawyer..., Nov.  15,  1857 

Pa...   Unknown    

1780  N.   H.  Unknown.lAug.  23, 1859 

N.  Y., Unknown.  

,N.  Y.  Lawyer 

Ga...  Unknown    


1787  i 


June  1,  1868 
Deo.  8,  1847 
Oct.  13,  1853 
July  — .  1827 
April30, 1.S62 
Sept.  24,  1833 
June  14, 1844 
Nov.  — ,  1840 
June  20,  1850 

.Vlig.  15,  1839 
Aug.  27,  1839 
Feb.  1(1.  18.54 
.»Iay  26,  1862 
Jan.  15.  186H 


Oct.  16,  1827 
Feb.  5,  1851 

1850 

July  9,  1856 
Nov.  18,  1838 
April  19, 1*54 


1780 
1793 
1785 


Aug.  6,  1846 
.May  24,  184G 
Feb.  21, 1845 
Jan.   11, 1856 

Dec.  18,'  I'tira 

jn'ii.  "l5',"l'865 
Jan.  12,  1826 
Dec.  28,  1835 
Nov.  5,  1838 
Aug.  16,  1837 
Oct.  21,  1841 
Oct.  19,  1839 
May  7,  1868 


May  8,   1836 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Bum 

Reprp. 


Ocoupation 


Healey,  Joseph D 

Hemphill,  Joseph...  — 
Herrick,  Kbenezer. . . — 

Henry,  John  F — 

Henry,  Robert  P.. .     — 

Hines,  Richard W 

Hobart,  Aaron D 

Hoffman.  Michael D 

Holcombe,  George. ..D 

Holmes.  Gabriel — 

Houston,  Samuel D 

Hugunin.  Daniel — 

Humphrey.  Charles..— 
Ingei"soll.  Ralph  J.... D 
Ingham.  Samuel  D...D 

Isacks.  Jacob  0 — 

Jennings,  David — 

Jennings,  Jonathan  . — 

Johnson,  Francis R 

Johnson.  James D 

Johnson,  Jeromus D 

Johnson,  Joseph D 

Kellogg,  Charles  . .  .— 

Kent,  Joseph F 

Kerr.  John  L W 

Kidder.  David W 

Kittera.  Thomas — 

Krebs.  Jacob D 

Kremer.  George D 

Lathrop.  Samuel — 

Lawrence.  Joseph, . .  .D 

Leconipte.  Joseph D 

Letcher.  Robert  P.... D 
Lincoln.  Enoch     ..     . — 

Little,  Peter P 

Livingston.  Edward.  .D 

Locke.  John — 

Long,  John — 

McCoy,  William D 

McDutfic,  George.   ,..D 

.M'Hatton,  Robert D 

McKean.  Samuel D 

MoKee.  John — 

MoLane.  Lewis D 

McLean,  William — 

McManus,  William... — 
McNeill,  Archibald...— 

Mallarv.  Rollin  C — 

Mangum.  Willie  P. . .  W 

Marable,  John  H — 

Markell,  Henry D 

Markley.  Philip  S 1> 

Martin,  Robert  N — 

Martindale.  H.  C Vi' 

MalTin.  Dmiley D 

Mattocks.  John W 

Meeeh,  Ezr.a — 

Mercer,  CharlesF  ....D 
Merriwether, James.  — 

Merviii.  Orange — 

.Metcalfe,  Thoma-s D 

Miller,  Daniel  H D 

Miller,  John — 

Miner.  Charles F 

Mitchell.  Geoi-ge  E D 

Mitchell,  James  C — 

Mitchell,  James  S D 

Mitchell,  John D 

Mitchell.  Thomas  R. .D 

Moore,  flabriel — 

Moore.  Thomas  P D 

Xewton,  Thomas D 

O'Brien,  Jeremiah.. . — 

Orr,  liobeit D 

Owen,  George  W — 

Pearce.  DuteeJ D 

Peter,  George D 


N.  H. 
Pa... 
Me... 
Ky... 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
Mass. 

N.  y. 

N.  J.  . 

N.  C. 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Conn. 

Pa... 

Pa... 

N.  J.. 

N.  J.. 

Va. . . 

Va.  . . 

N.  y . 

N.  Y. 

Mass. 

Md.. 

Md... 

Me... 

Pa.... 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Mass. 

Pa.  .. 

Ky. 

Va.   . 

Mass. 

Pa. 

N.  Y.. 

Mass. 

Va... 

Va... 

Ga. , . 

Va... 

Pa... 

Va.   . 

Del.. . 

N.J 


Jan.  17 
Nov.  24, 


June  26,  1787 


1764 

r.  2,  1793 

1791 

1791 

sept'.'ie.'mg 


Jan.  15, 
Dec.    8, 


Phelps,  Elisha. 

Plunier,  George D 

Polk.  James  K D 

Poi-ter,  Timothy  H....— 

Powell.  Alfred  H — 

Kankin.Clirisl'ph'r.— 

Reed.  John W 

Riplev.  James  W D 

Rives.  William  C D 

Rose,  Robert  S — 

Ross,  Henry  H W 

Sands,  Joshua — 

Saunders.  Romui'sM..D 

Sawyer,  Lemuel D 

Scott,  John — 

Shannon.  Thomas — 

Sill,  Thomas  H W 

Sloane,  John — 

Smith,  William — 

Sprague,  Peleg W 

Stevenson,  Andrew. ..D 
Stevenson.  James  S.. — 

Stewart.  Andrew D 

Storrs,  Henry  R V 

Strong.  James F 

Swan,  Samuel — 

Taliaferro,  John D 

Tattnall,  Edward  F..- 

Tnvlor,  John  W D 

Taylor,  Robert — 


N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Conn. 
N.  C. 
Va.  . 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Md... 
.Mass. 
Conn, 
Conn, 
Conn, 
Va. .. 
Ga... 
Conn. 
Va... 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Md... 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Pa... 
S.  C. 
N.  C. 
Va. .. 
Va... 
Mc... 
Pa... 
Va... 
S.  C. 
Md... 
Conn 
Pa... 
C. 
Conn 
Va. . . 
Pa... 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Va.., 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y, 
N.  C, 
N.  C, 
Va... 


..1776 
.  1770 


1793 
1788 


N.  H. 

Pa... 
Me... 
Ky... 
Ky... 

N.  C. 
M 


.1788|N.  Y. 
.  1786  N.  J 


Jan.  1, 
Dec."  V9",* 


1785 


N.  C. 
Tenn. 
N.  y. 
N.  Y- 
Conn. 
Pa... 
iTenn. 
Ohio. 
Ind... 
Ky... 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Va. .. 
N.  Y. 
.Md... 
Md... 


Deo.  28, 
May  26,' 


May  28,  1786 


.  1778 

1780, 

1787,  Me 

IPa... 

Pa.  .. 

1775, Pa... 

177llMass. 

r78  Pa... 

Ky... 

Ky. 

Me.. 
Md.  . 
Lou.. 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
Va... 
S.  C. 

Pa... 
Ala. 
Del  .. 
Ohio. 

N.  y. 

N.  C. 

Vt . . . 


1788 


1764 
1764 


Mav  6, 
Mav  6, 
Julie  16, 
July  26, 
June  6, 


.  1784, 

..1792  N.    _ 

Tenn, 

N.  y 

Pa.. 

,  MJ 


1780 
1786 


1773 
1778 


Mar.  20,  1780 


Nov.  10, 
Feb.  17, 


1774 
1778 


Sept. 28, 
Nov.  7, 


Nov.  2, 
Mar!"6, 


May  4, 


Conn 
Pa... 
Va... 
Mass. 
Va... 
Pa... 
Pa... 
Conn 
Conn, 
N.  J.. 
Va... 
Oa.., 
N.  Y 
Va... 


1795 
1769 
176S 
1785 
1798 
1789 
!,  1779 
1779 


N.  Y. 

N.  y. 

Vt.... 
Vt.... 
Va. . . 
Ga,.. 
Conn 
Ky... 
Pa... 
N.  Y'. 
Pa... 
Md... 
Tenn. 
Pa.... 
Pa.  . 
...  C 
Ala.. 
Ky... 
Va. .. 
Me... 
Pa... 
Ala.. 
R.  I.. 
Md... 
Conn 
Pa... 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Miss.. 
Mass. 
Mc... 
Va. .. 
N,  Y. 
N.  Y, 

N.  y. 

Tenn. 

N.  C. 

Mo... 

Ohio. 

Pa. . . 

Ohio. 

Va... 
.1792  Mc. ., 
.  1784  Va... 

Pa.., 

, 1792  Pa.  . 
. 1785  N.  Y 
, 1783  N.  Y 
.  1771  N.J. 
,.1768  Va... 

Qa. 

,.1784  N.  y, 
Va.. 


1795 

iisi 
'.'iiai 

.  1772 

.'  "n58 

,  1791 

.  1777 
.  1782 


,  1779 


Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
!  Unknown, 
i  Varied... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
I  Lawyer.. . 
Varied — 
Physician 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Paper  M'r. 
Unknown 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
I  Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Ph.vsician 
Lawyer... 

I  Lawyer 

Lawyer. . , 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . 

-\g'cult'st. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Law^yer 

Mechanic. 

Lawyer.  . 

Lawyer. . . 

Ag'cult'st. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. , 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . 

Unknown 

Unknown. 

I7nknown. 

Unknown. 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist...   . 

Merchant. 

Lawyer. , . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Mechanic. 

Unknown. 

Physician 

Journalist 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . 

Soldier  ... 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Uiiknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown 


Aug'.bs, 
Nov.  — , 
July  1, 
Sept.  27, 
Jan.  14, 
Sept.  26, 
July  25, 
June  21, 
July  18, 
Aug.  27, 
April  13, 


Oct.  10,  1861 
May  29, 1842 
May  7,   1839 


1826 
1851 
1858 
1848 
1828 
1829 
1863 
1850 
1850 
1872 
1833 


July  26, 
Dec.  14, 
Aug.  14, 
Sept.  7 
Feb.  27, 

Nov.  24, 
Feb.  21, 
Nov.  1, 
June  16, 


1834 

1851 
1826 
1846 
1877 

'1837 
1844 
1860 
1839 


July  11,  1846 
April  17, 1842 


Jan.  24,  1861 
Oct.  8,  1829 
Feb.  5,  1830 
May  23,  1830 
Mar.  28,  1855 


Mar,  11,  1851 
jii'iie  23,"l'846 


Oct.  7,    1857 
Oct.  12,  1839 


April  16, 1831 
Sept.  14,  1861 


April  22, 
June  25. 
Aug.  14, 
Sept.  23, 
May   4, 


1860 
185li 
1847 
1856 
1858 


Aug.  18, 1855 
1816 
1862 
1865 
1832 
1843 


Mar. 
Oct. 
June  28, 
Aug. 


Nov. 

2, 

Juno 

9, 

July 

21, 

Aug. 

t>. 

May  30. 

May 

29, 

Aug. 

18, 

Mav 

9, 

June 

22, 

Apri 

18, 

June  15, 

Mar'. 

14, 

Nov. 

25, 

Junt 

17. 

Apri 

2«, 

Nov. 

•24. 

Sept 

13, 

Sept 

13, 

Apr!  121, 

Jan. 

9, 

Oct. 

1, 

1837 
1844 
1853 
1844 
1S5S 
1870 
1836 
1849 
1861 
1847 

'l"847 


1831 
1836 
I860 
1830 
181« 
1835 
1862 
1835 
1887 
1852 
1861 


May,  15,  18.56 


Jan.  25, 
Oct.  \i, 
July  16, 
July  29, 
Aug.  8, 
Aug.  24, 
Aug.  12, 


1857 
1831 
1872 
18.37 
1847 
1844 
1853 


Sept.  18, 1854 


% 


c 


:(>— 


i\ 


>cl:(>~ 


T 


NINKTEENTII    AND    TVVKN  llirill    ( ■ON(;Ul';8Si;s,     AND    I,KAI)IN(i    KVK.NTS    OF    TIIK    TIME. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

I(.iri. 

Wli-.[.  ILru. 

StAtC 

lldiirc- 
■i-nte<l. 

OMupftllon. 

WlicB  Died. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

rrj  «•>«•■>-«-• 

HUM 
MrlKC'l. 

0««up*4i«n. 

WlinDLML 

TenKyck.  Egbert....— 

N.  Y.iADrillS.  1779 

N.  Y. 'Lawyer... 

April  11, 1K44 

Whitl.iiiore,  Kllsba..- 

N.  H. 

,N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

N    I 

Ind  . .  1  Lawyer. . . 

Oet.    !l.     1M4H 

Whlttl.M.y,  Kll»lia...- 

Conn 

Lawyer... 

I'a... 

Auk.    2,    1K4M 

WIckllllV.  Charles  A..D 

Kv... 

June  8.  17H8  Ky... 

Lawyer. . . 

I'a... 

1777 

Dhio. 

I'hysleian 

Dec.    '2,    18.'»2 

Wnilains.  Lewis — 

N.  C. 

1782 

.V.C.. 

Unknown. 

Fel>.  23,  1842 

Tln»iiipson,  Wiley D 

Va... 

Oa. . . 

Unknown. 

Wil.son.  Henry — 

Pa... 

1778 

Po.  .. 

Unknown. 

Aug.  13,  1826 

Conn. 

Dec.  31,  17H0 

Conn. 

Lawyer... 

Oet.    K.   ISM 

Wilson,  Jame» U 

Pa... 

April  28,1779 

Po.  .. 

H<»;hanlc. 

Tre/viiiit.  .lames — 

TriiiibU'    David D 

Va... 

Va... 
Ky... 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Sept,  2,  1«41 

Wilson,  John — 

Wilson,  William - 

S.  C. 
N.  H. 

8.  C. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Va... 

Juno  -,  17S2 

Ohio. 

May  2»,  1817 

N.  J.. 

1758 

N..r. 

Jurist 

Sept.  ij,  imr> 

Wing,  Austin  E — 

Mass. 

1701   Mich. 

Unknown. 

Aug.  2.'*,  1H49 

TiiektT,  Starling — 

Valii'e,  J.)si-ph D 

Vim  Honii',  Espy D 

Van  ItensSflaer,  Step.— 

N.  f. 



.s.  c. 

Unknown. 

Feb.  4.   1834 

Wolf,  Oeorge D 

Pa... 

Aug.  12,  1777  Pa... 

Lawyer... 

Mar.  21,  178(i 

Ohio. 

Merchant. 

Aug.  2B.  IKll 

Wood-.  .lohn — 

Pa... 

171)4  Ohio. 

Lawyer. . . 

July  ;X),  18M 

I'a. . . 

Pa.  . . 

Unknown. 

Junei.').  1«2» 

\v.,.,.l.  Silii> n 

N.  Y. 

171)1)  N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

N.  Y. 

Nov.  — ,  ]7(HlN.  Y. 

Unknown. 

Jan.  26,  1831) 

Woiihimr'on.Thos.C  — 

Md... 

'Md... 

Unknt»wn. 

June  1»,  1827 

I7S3  Mass. 

Lawyer. .. 

July  23,  1838 

Wiiuht.  JohnC D 

Conn 

1783  Ohio. 

Jurist 

Feb.  13.  1801 

N.  V. 

Auir.   6,  I780|N.  Y. 

Val-led.... 

Mai-.  18,  1870 

Wurts.  John — 

N.  J. 

IPn.. 

Unknown. 

\'intnn,  Sfiiiiu.'I  F W 

Mass. 

Sept.25,17S)2'0hla. 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

May  -.  1862 

Young.  Williams.. .D 

Ky... 

iKy... 

Unknown. 

Wales,  (IriM-k'c  E — 

Ward.  Aanin D 

Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 

Total  Representatives, 

N.  Y. 

July    !>.  17!») 

Mar.  2,   1877 

828.    Occupation   Unknown,  99.     Lawyer*,  92. 

Wel)»ter,  Daniel W 

N.  H 

Jan.  18,  17H2,Mass.    Lawyer... 

Oet.  24,  18.12 

Jurists,  7.    Pliysicians, 

1.   Merchants,   O.   Varli-d.    «.   M.-ehanles.  8.  Agrl- 

Weenis.  J..lin  C — 

Whipple.  Tlios.,  .Ir.  ..— 

Md... 
Mass. 

17«8;n.  H. 

I'nknown. 
Physieian 

Jan.'  ■la,  1835 

culturists,  S.    Teacher,  1.    Clergyman,    1.   I'aperuuiker,    1.  Journalist,    1. 

White,  Barlow  W....— 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

Soldier,  1.    Foreign  Born,  St    Including  Ireland,  2. 

White,  Joseph  M D 

Ky... 

|pia.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.   19,  1839 

Twentieth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1827  to  1829, 


1827— Hal  ri^oii  Dyar  operated  nn  eli<lrit' 
ti-l.u'iiipli  line,  two  miles  lonk'.  "n  I-'-iii,' 
l>liUiii.N.  Y.  Signals  wenMninsniitlni 
hy  tin;  chemical  action  of  electricity  on 
litmus  paper. 

IH28-Clmiles  Carroll,  of  Carrollton,  a  signer 
of  the  De<-*laration  of  Independence, 
then  more  than  ninety  years  old,  set 
the  comer-Mtone  of  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Kailroad.  The  road  was  designed 
for  hoi-se-cars  only. 

]828— Wm.  Howard,  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  was 
accorded  the  first  patent  in  the  United 
States  fur  a  locomotive  steam-engine, 
Dec.  10. 


tTohn  Q.  Adnms,  Oth  PreHldent. 

.Tohn  C.  Calhoun,  nf  S.  C,  Vice-Prea.  Henry  Clay, 
of  Ky.,  See'y  of  State.  Richard  Rush,  of  Pa..  Sec'y  nf 
Treaa.  James  Barbour,  of  Va..  and  Peter  B.  Porter,  of 
N.  Y.,  Sec'ys  of  War.  Samuel  L.  Southard,  of  N.  J.. 
Sec'y  f>f  Navy.  William  Wirt,  of  Va..  Att'yOen.  Andrew 
Stevenson,  of  Va.,  Speaker  of  House  of  Represen- 
tatives. 


IH^  Wcttflt  I  "m  nictfonary  (Irnt  published, 
printed  in  two  iiiiarto  volumes. 

Ift28--OrIando  Bourne  estahlUhed  the  Ilrnt 
advertising  agency  in  the  t'nited  States. 

1828 — Wood  worth's  pIaninK-nia<'liine  in- 
vented and  patented  in  the  I'nlted 
States. 

1829— Postinawter-Oeneral  Barry  became  a 
member  of  the  President's  Cal>inet. 
Previously  Jt  won  not  a  Cabinet  oftlce, 

1829-Chlcago.  Ill,  laid  out.  and  first  build- 
ing lots  changed  owners. 

Irt2i>— First  Horticultural  Society  founded  in 
the  United  States. 


F,  indicates  Federalist;     D,  Democrat;     "W,  Whig;     R,  Republican. 


Wi 

I    '■ 

1  Me 

J  Fo 


SENATORS. 

^"^         When  Bora. 

state 
Rcprt- 
Mated. 

0„„„..,„„ 

Wbet.  Wed. 

Barnard.  Isaac  D. . . 



Pa... 

July  18,  1791;Pa... 

Lawyer.. . 

Feb.  28.   1834 

'.D 

Mo... 
N.  J.. 
N.  H. 

Unknown. 
Physician 
Jurist. .  . . 

Sept.  28. 1837 

Bateman.  Ephraira. 

Bcll.Si.TlllHl 

N,  J 

1770 

Jan.  29,  1829 

N.  H. 

Keb.    9,  1770 

Dee.  23.  1850 

I!enI..Ii,TlMirHiisH.. 

1) 

N.  C. 

Mar.  14,  17«2  Mo... 

Lawyer... 

April  10. 18.58 

Berri.ii    .Inlio  M  .... 

I) 

N.  J.. 

Aug.  23,  1781  Oa..  . 

Lawyer. . . 

Jan.     1.  18.56 



Lou. . 

Lou . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Mar.    5.  1833 

0 

N.  C. 

Nov.    4,  1782,  N.    C. 

LaAvyer. . . 

Jan.    4,  ISB3 

Bui'net,  Jacob 



N.  J.. 

t'eb.  22,  1770lOhio. 

Jurist 

April  27. 1853 

Chaee.  Dudley 

-^ 

N.  H. 

Dec.  30,  1771  IVt.... 

Lawyer.. . 

Feb.  23,   1846 

W 

Md... 

Keb.  28,  1788  Md... 

Lawyer... 

Jan.  30,   1867 

Chandler.  John 

11 

N.  H. 

Me... 

Ag'cult'st. 

Sept.  -.  1841 

Cohh.  Thomas  W... 

_ 

Ga.  . 

1784  Ga... 

Lawyer... 

Feb.    1,    1830 

1> 

N.  J.. 

Aprill7,1770N.  J.. 

Lawvei'. . . 

Oct.    5.    1853 

Dudley.  Charles  E.. 

.  1) 

Eni^.. 

May  23,  1780  N.  Y. 

Jlerchant. 

Jan.  23.  1841 

Eaton.  John  H 

1) 

Tenn. 

1790  Tenn. 

LaAvyer... 

Nov.  17,  18.56 

Ellis,  Powhatan.... 

1> 

Va... 

Miss.. 

Jurist 

April21.1842 

Foote.  Samuel  A... 

w 

Conn 

Nov.  8.    1780  Conn. 

Merchant. 

Sept.  1.5.  1846 

Harrison.  Win.  H.. 

w 

Va... 

Feb.    9.    17730hio. 

Soldier.... 

April  4.  1841 

Hayne.  Hobert  Y... 

1) 

.S.  C. 

Nov.  10,  1791  !s.  C. 

Lawyer... 

Sept.  24,  1839 

Hendricks,  William 

1) 

Pa... 

1783, Ind.. 

Unknown. 

May   16,  18.50 

Holmes.  John 

1> 

Mass. 

Mar.  -,  1773; Me... 

Lawyer... 

July    7.  1843 

Iredell,  James 

N.  C. 

I788'n.C.. 

Jurist 

April  13,  IS53 

Johnson,  Rich'd  M. 

1) 

Ky... 

Oct.    17.  1781  Ky... 

L  iwver. . . 

.\'ov.  19.  18.50 

Johnston.  JosiahS. . 

i> 

Conn. 

Nov.  2.^.  17.*4  Lou.. 

Lawyer... 

May  19,  1833 

Kane.  Klias  K 

1) 

N.  Y. 

June  7,  1790  III.... 

Lawyer. . . 

Dee.  11.  1835 

Kint,'.  William  R... 

1) 

N.  C. 

April  7.  17'<0!  .Ma.. 

Lawyer. . , 

April  18. 1853 

Knifht.  Nehemiah  R.W 

R.  I.. 

Dec.  31,  17X0  R.    1.. 

Banker.. . 

April  19,  IS.54 

Macon.  Nathaniel. 

n 

N.  C. 

1757tN.   C. 

Soldier 

June  29.  1837 

1) 

Va. . . 

|Ala.. 

Lawyer. , . 

July  19,  18,52 

McL^uie,  Louis 

1) 

Del... 

May  28,  1786'Del  .. 

Lawyer.. . 

Oet.    7.    1857 

.0 

1780 

Pa.... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

April  10, 1858 

Ind  .  . 
Me... 

Keb.  26,  1831 

Panis.  MblonK... 

Me... 

Jan.   19,1788 

Feb.   11,1857 

.'.F 

Va 

Oa... 
Del    . 

Lawyer... 
Lawj'er. . . 

Oct.     9.   1837 

RidKely.  Heni-y  M. 

1778 

Aug.    7,  1847 

Kobbins.  Asher 

.w 

Conn 

1757 

R.  1   . 

La\v5'er.. . 

Keb.  25,1845 

Kowan, John 



Pa... 

1773 

Kv... 

Lawyer. . . 

July  13.  1.8.53 

Uu^ri^les.  Benjamin. 

..u 

Conn. 

1703'Ohio. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  2,  1837 

Sauford.  Nathan. . . 

..D    N.  Y. 

Nov.    n.  1779  N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.    7.    1838 

Seyuuiur.  Horatio. . 

..1>    I'onn. 

Hay  31.  1778  Vt.... 

Lawyer. , . 

Nov.  21,  18.57 

Silsbee,  Nathaniel.. 

..D    Mass. 

1773  Mass. 

Merchant. 

July    1.    1850 

Smith.  Samuel 

..D    Pa.  .. 

July  27.  17.52  Md. . . 

Soldier  ... 

April  23, 1839 

Smith,  William 

..D  iN.  C. 

1762 

S.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

June  26,  1840 

T.izewell.  L.  W 

..D  Iva... 

Dec.  17,  1774 

Va. . . 

(Lawyer... 

May  6,    1860 

Thomas,  Jesse  B — 

—  1 

Ill  ... 

'Jurist 

Feb.  3.    1850 

Tvlci-,  J.din 

..D   Va... 

Mar.  29,  I79r 

Va. . . 

Lawyer... 

Jan.  IS.  1862 

Van  Biiren.  Martin 

..D    N.  Y. 

Dec.    ^.    1782 

N.   Y 

1  Lawyer. . . 

July  24.  1862 

Webster.  Daniel. . 

.W   N.  H. 

Jan. 18,  1782 

Mass. 

Lawyer.. . 

Oct.   24,  1852 

White,  HughL 

N.  C. 
Conn. 

Oct.  30,  1773 
Sept.  15.  177h 

Tenn 
Omtt 

.hirist 

Lawyer... 

April  10, 1840 

Willcv.  Calvin..    .. 

_ 

Auk.  23.  18.38 

Williams,  Thos.  H. 

.  n  N.  c. 

Miss,. 

Lawyer.. . 

Woodbury,  Levi... 

..D    N.  H. 

Dec.  22.  1789 

N.  H 

Jurist 

Sept.  7.  1851 

REPRESENTATIVES. 


...D 
...R 

.".'.  D 
...R 
..W 


Total  Senators,  53.  Lawyers,  33.  Jurists,  T.  Oecupation  tJnknown,  4. 
Merchants,  3.  Soldiers,  3.  Agriculturist,  1.  Banker,  1.  Physician,  1. 
Foreign  Bom,  1 :    Including  England,  1. 


Addams,  William...— 

Alexander,  Mark D 

Allen,  Robert D 

Allen,  Samuel  C — 

Alston.  Willis D 

Anderson,  John — 

Anderson,  Samuel — 

Angell,  William  G....D 

Archer,  William  S — 

Armstrong,  Williaui.W 

Bailey.  John D 

Baldwin,  John — 

Barber,  Noy es — 

Barbour,  John  S D 

Barbour.  Philip  P D 

Barker,  David.  Jr — 

Barlow,  Stephen — 

Barnard.  Daniel  D...— 

Barney.  John — 

Barringer,  Dan 'I  L 
Bartlett,  Ichabod.. 
Bartley,  Mordecai. 
Bassett,  Bur^vell... 

Bates,  Edward 

Bates,  Isaac  C 

Beecher,  Philemon..  .F 

Belden,  Oeorge  O — 

Bell,  John W 

Blair,  John D 

Blake,  Thomas  H R 

Brent,  William  L....W 

Bro^vIl,  Titus — 

Bryan,  John  H — 

Buchanan.  James — 

Buck.  Daniel  A.  A — 

Buckner.  Richard  A..R 

Bunner,  Rudolph R 

Bnrges.  Tristam F 

Butman,  Samuel — 

Cambreleng.  Ch.  C...D 

Carson.  Samuel  P — 

Carter.  John — 

Chambers,  John W 

Chase.  Samuel R 

Chilton,  Thomas — 

ClHiborne.  Nath'l  H.  .— 

Clark.  James W 

Clarke.  John  C... 

Condict.  Lewis 

Conner,  Henr>-  W. 
Coulter,  Richard. ,. 
Creighton.  Wm.  Jr, . .  D 

Crockett,  David W 

Crowninshield.  B.  W.D 

Culpeper,  John F 

Diiniel.  Henry D 

Davenport  John — 

Davenport,  Thos F 


Suta 
Rcprc- 
KDted. 


...D 
..W 

...D 


Pa... 
Va... 
Va... 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
.Me... 
Pa... 
R.  I.. 
Va... 
Ire-d. 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Va. . . 
Va... 
N.  H. 
Pa... 
Ma.ss. 
Md... . 
N.  C. 
,N.  H. 
iPa... 
Va... 
Va... 
I  Mass. 
iCoiin. 
IN.  Y. 
Tcun. 
Tenn. 
Md... 
Md... 
N.  H. 

:n.  c. 

Pa. . . 
Vt.... 

M  ass. 
iMc... 
IN.  C. 

N.  C. 

Is.  C. 

N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
\  a. .. 
Va... 
Conn. 
N.  J.. 
Va.  . 
Pa... 
Va.  . 
Tenn. 
5Iass. 
N.C. 
Va... 


Sept.  4, 


July  30, 
Jan.  5, 


July  17, 
Mar.  5, 
Dec.  23, 


April28, 
Aug.  8, 


Jan.   8, 


July  16, 

Oct.'  i'. 
July  24. 
Dec.  16. 

Sept'.  4.' 
May  14, 


Feb.  15, 
June  14, 


April  23. 
Jan.  16, 
July  16, 


Sept.  11 
Deo.   4, 


iMar.  8, 
Mar.  — , 

lAug.  -. 

Oct.'  2a. 

Aug.  17. 
Dec.  27, 


Vo., 


1776  Pa.  . . 

Va... 

1794  Va... 

1772  Matts. 
N.C. 

1792  Me... 

1774  Pa..  . 

1790  N.  Y. 
1789  Va. . . 
1782  Va... 

Mass. 

'Conn. 

1781  Conn. 
17S)0  Va... 
1799  Va... 
1797  N.  H. 

Pa... 

1797  N.  Y'. 

1785  Md... 

1788  N.  C. 

1786  N.  H. 
I78:j  Ohio. 
1764  Va... 

1793  Mo. . . 
178(1  Mass. 

1775  Ohio. 
N.  Y. 

1797  Tenn. 

1798  Tenn. 

1792  Ind  .. 

Lou.. 

1786  N.  H. 
1798  N.  C. 

1791  Pa... 

1789  Vt.... 
1763  Kv... 
1779  N.  Y. 
1770  R.  I.. 

mm... 

1786  N.  Y. 
N.  0. 

1792  S.  C. 
1779  Kv. . . 

N.  Y. 

Kv... 

1767  Va... 
1779 

1793  N.  Y  . 

1773  N.  J. . 

1793  N.  C. 

Pa... 

1778  Ohio. 
1786  Tenn. 
1772  Mass. 

N.C. 

.1793  Kv... 

Ohio. 

Va... 


OecuitttioD. 


Unknown. 
Unkn  own. 
Lawyer. .. 
Varied... 
Unknown 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Teacher . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 


Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Ag'culfst. 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
La^vyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

La\vyer 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
MeiThnnt. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Unknown 
Physician 
Unknown 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Merchant. 
Clergyro'n 
■Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
1  Lawyer... 


Feb.  8.  1812 
April  10, 1837 
Aug.  21.  1853 
Jan.  17.  18.50 
Aug.  13,  1858 
Mar.  28.  1855 

ju'ne'26!  'l'835 


May  19.  1858 


Jan.    3. 

1843 

Jan.  12 

18.5.5 

Feb.  25 

1841 

April  I 

1834 

ApnI24,1861 


16. 


Oct 
Oct.  19. 
Oct.  1(1. 
Feb.  26. 
Mar.  25. 
Mar.  IB. 
Nov.  30, 

Se'iit.'in; 

July  9. 
Not.  28. 
July  7, 
Jan.  31. 


1&52 
1853 
1870 
1841 
I8«9 
1845 
1839 


1863 
1849 
1848 
1849 


June  1. 
Dec.  24. 
Dec.  8. 
July  -JIS. 
Oct.  13. 


April  30. 
Nov.  — . 
June20. 
Sept.  21 


Aug.  1ft. 
Aug.  27. 

Sin.v'-ili! 
Jali.  1.5. 
April  2 1 
Oct.  8. 
Mar.  6. 
Feb.  5, 


1868 
1841 
1847 
1837 
1853 
1864 
1862 
1840 
1850 
1832 


1839 
1839 
1852 
1862 
1866 
1852 
1831 
1836 
1831 


Oct.  5. 
July  25. 
Nov.  18, 


1873 
1855 
1838 


<)■; 


476 


KEPBESENTATIVES   OF   THE   TWENTIETH   CONOEESS. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Born. 


Stole 


Oceupatio 


Davis,  John W 

I)avis.  Warren  R — 

DeGraff.  John  i — 

Ilesha.  Robert — 

Dickinson.  John  D...W 

Doi-pev.  Clement — 

Drayton.  William D 

Duncan.  Joseph D 

Dwijrht.  Henry  W — 

Earll.  Jon.as.  Jr D 

Evel-ett.  Edward W 

Findlay.  James D 

Flovd.  John — 

Flovd.  John D 

Fort.  Tomlijison — 

Forwai-d.  Chaimcey.  .D 

Fry.  Joseph  Jr — 

Gale.  Levin — 

Garnsey.  Daniel  G D 

Garroiv.  N'athaniel. .  .D 
Gilmer,  George  R...,.D 
Gorhatii,  Benjamin... F 

Grei'ii.  James — 

Giirlev.  Henrv  H — 

H.cile.  William — 

Hall.  Thomas  H D 

Hallock.  John  Jr D 

Hamilton.  James D 

Harvey.  Jonathan... — 
Haynes.  Charles  K.  ..D 

Healv.  Joseph D 

Hinds.  Thomas D 

Hobble.  Selah  R D 

Hodfres,  James  L — 

Hoffman,  Michael D 

Holcombe,  George... D 

Holmes.  G.ibi-iel — 

Htmt,  Jonathan — 

Ingel-soll.  Ralph  J.... D 
Ingham.  Samnel  D...D 

Is.acks.  Jacob  C — 

Jennings.  Jonathan. — 

Johns.  Kensey  Jr — 

Johnson.  Jeromus. ...D 

Keese.  Richard D 

Kerr.  John  L W 

Kmg.  Adam D 

Kiemer,  George D 

Lawrence.  Joseph.  ..D 

Lea.  Pryor D 

Lecompte,  Joseph D 

Leffler.  Isaac — 

Letcher.  Robert  P...W 

Little. Peter D 

Livingstone,  Edw'd  ..D 

Locke.  John — 

Long.Joh'i — 

Lumpkin.  Wilson D 

Lvon.  Ciiitt<:.iiden D 

McCoy.  Williaui D 

HIcDume.  <;cortre D 

McHaitou.  Robert.  ...D 

Mclntir...  Kulus D 

.McKeaii.  Samuel D 

McKee.  John — 

McLean.  William — 

Magee.  John D 

Mallary.  Rollin  C — 

Marable.  John  H — 

Markcll.  Henry D 

Martin.  William  D....D 

Martindale.  H.  C W 

Maivin.  Dudley D 

Maxwell.  Lewis — 

Mavnard.  .John W 

Mercer.  Charles  F D 

Jlervin.  Oi-ange — 

Metcalfe.  Thonias D 

Miller.  Daniel  H D 

Miner.  Chaides  F 

Mitchell,  James  C — 

Mitchell.  John — 

Mitchell,  Thomas  R. .— 

Moore,  fiabriel — 

Moore.  Thomas  P D 

Muhlenberg.  F.  8 — 


Mass. 
S.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Conn 
Md. . . 
Fla.. 
,Ky.. 
Mass. 

Mass. 
Pa... 
S.  C. 
Va 


Conn. 

Pa.. 

Md... 

N.  Y. 

Ga!!! 
Mass. 
Pa..  . 
Conn. 


N.  C 

N.  y. 
s.  c. 

N.  H. 
Va.  . 
N.  H. 


N.  Y. 

Mass. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
N.  C. 
vt . . . 
Conn 
Pa... 
Pa... 
N.  J.. 
Del... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
Pa... 
Pa... 
Pa... 
Tenn. 
Ky... 
Pa... 
Va... 
Pa.... 
N.  y.. 

Mass. 

Va... 

Va... 

Vt... 

Va... 

Ga... 

Va... 

Me... 

Pa... 

Va.-. 

N.  J.. 

N.  Y. 

Conn. 

Va. . . 

N.  Y. 

.S.  C. 

Mass. 
iConn. 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

Va... 
Icotm. 

Va. .. 

Pa... 

Conn. 

N.  C. 

Pa.. 

S.  C. 

N.  C 

Va.. 

Pa.. 


Dec.  30, 
Feb.    — 


1787  Mass. 
.  1793;S.  C. 
N.  Y. 
.  Tenn. 
N.  Y, 
.Md... 
C. 


.  1767 


April  II, 
Oct."  3,' 


1776 
1794  111 

Ma: 

17«(i  N 


1794 
1775 
1769 


.1787 
.1793 


April  1 1 
Feb.   13, 


Mass. 
Ohio. 
Ga... 
Va... 
Ga... 
Pa.  ., 
Pa... 
Md... 

N.  y. 

N.  Y. 

Ga. . . 

Mass. 

Pa... 

Lou,. 

Miss.. 

N.  C. 

N.  Y, 
17S9i,S.  C. 
1780  N.  H. 

Ga. 


1790 
177.'> 


.  1787 
.  1797 
.  1783 


Miir.  10, 
Aug.  7. 


1771i  N.  H. 

1775  Miss.. 

1797  N.  Y. 

1790  M;uis. 

1788  N.  Y. 

1786  N.  J.. 

1764  N.  C. 

]Vt... 

IConn. 

Sept.  16, 1779, Pa.   . 

Tenn. 

Ind... 

Dec.  10,  1791  Del... 
IN.  Y.. 

1794!n.  Y. 

1780  Md... 
iPa... 

1775!  Pa... 

1788  Pa... 

1794  Tenn. 

iKy... 

1788,  Va... 

.   ...  Ky... 

|Md... 

May 26.  1764  Lou.. 

1764  Mass. 
N.  C. 


Nov.  23. 
Jan.  IS.  : 


Dec.  19,  1774 


Oct.  20. 
May  6, 
May  6, 


,  1783, Ga 
.  1786  Ky. . . 

Va... 

.  1788  S.  C. . 

Ky... 

Me... 

Pa... 

Ala . . 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

Vt.... 

Tenn. 

N.  Y. 

S.  C, 


June  6.  1778 


Mar.  20. 
Feb.'  ii,' 


1795 

April  22, 1795 


1780  N.  Y. 
1786, N.  Y. 

Va. . . 

N.  Y. 

Md... 

Conn 

Kv... 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Tenn. 

Pa... 

s.  c. 

Ala.. 
Ky... 
Ohio. 


Lawyer.  . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
L'nknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Law.ver. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
l.'h-i  gym'n 
Unknown. 
Boat-Bld'r 
Uukiiown. 
Physician 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Jurist...  . 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
lUnknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
lUnknown. 

Varied 

IPhysician 

ILawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Paper  M'r. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

[Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

I  Physician 

lUnknown 

Agr'cult'st 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

L.awyer. . . 

Mechanic. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Agr'cult'st 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Unknown. 

Unknown 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. , . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown 

Mechanic. 

Unknown 

Journalist 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 


April  19. 
Jan.  29, 
June  26. 
Feb.  8. 
Jan.  28. 
Aug.  6. 
May  24, 
Jan.  15. 
Feb.  21, 
Oct.  1 1 , 
Jan.  15. 
Dec.  28, 
June  24. 
Aug.  16, 
May  11, 
Oct.  19, 


1854 
1835 
1848 
1849 
1841 
1846 
1846 
1844 
1S45 
1846 
1865 
1835 
1839 
1837 
1859 
1839 


Nov.  15,  ia59 
Sept.  27. 1855 


1832 

Mar.    7.  1837 
June  30, 1853 


Nov.  15, 
Aug.  23, 


18.57 
1850 


Oct.  10. 
Aug.  23, 
Mar.  23, 
Mar.  8. 
Sept.  27. 
Jan.  14. 
Sept.  26, 
May  14. 
Aug.  27, 
April  13, 


1861 
1840 
1854 
1846 
1848 
1828 
1829 
1832 
1872 
1833 


July  26, 1834 
Mar.  28.  1857 
Sept.  7,  1846 


Feb.  21,  1844 
May  6,  1835 


April  1 


Jan.  24,  1861 
Feb.  5.  1830 
May  23,  1836 
Mar.  29,  1855 


1871 

Nov.  8,  1842 


Mar.  11,  1851 


April  28, 1866 
June  23,  1840 


Oct.  12.  1839 
April  5.  1868 
April  16. 1831 


Nov.  17.  1833 
April  22, 1860 
June  25, 1856 


Mar.  24,  1850 
May  4,    1858 


Aug.  18, 185.5 

Oct.  26',  18(i5 
Aug.  7.    1*43 


Nov.  2,  1837 
June  9.  1844 
July  21,  1853 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


st&t« 


Ocnupnitnn  W  Un  Died. 


Newton.  Thomas D 

Nnckidls,  Win.  C — 

Oakley.  Thos.  J D 

O'Brien,  Jeremiah — 

Orr,  Robert D 

Owen.  George  W j— 

Pearce.  Dutee  J D 

Phelps,  Elisha D 

Pierson.  Isaac — 

Plant.  David — 

Polk.  James  K W 

Ramsey.  William D 

Randolph,  James  F.  .— 

Randolph.  John D 

Reed,  John W 

Richardson,  Joseph.  .— 

Ripley,  James  W D 

Rives,  William  C D 

Roane,  John D 

Russell,  William D 

Sawyer,  Lemuel D 

Sergeant,  John F 

Sevier,  Ambrose  H..W 
Sheppard,  August's  H — 
Sinnickson.  Thomas..— 

Slo.ane,  John — 

Smith,  Oliver  H D 

Smyth,  Alexander D 

Sprague,  Peleg W 

Sprigg,  Michael  C. . . . — 
Stanberry,  William.. .D 

Sterigere.  John  B D 

Stevenson,  Andrew . . .  D 

Stevenson,  Jas.  S — 

Stewart,  Andrew D 

Storrs.  Henry  R P 

Stower,  John  G D 

Strong,  James F 

Sutherland,  Joel  B...D 

Swan,  Samuel — 

Swift,  Benjamin W 

Taber,  Thonias  (2d).D 

Taliaferro.  John D 

Taylor,  John  W D 

Thompson,  Hedge — — 

Thompson.  Wiley D 

Tracy,  Phineas  L D 

Trezvant.  James — 

Tucker,  Ebenezer — 

Tucker,  Starling — 

Turner,  Daniel  — 

Vance,  Joseph D 

Van  Horn.  Espy D 

Van  Rensselaer.  Ste., — 

Varnum.  John — 

Verplanck,  Gulian  C.  D 

Vinton,  Samuel  F W 

"Wales,  George  E — 

Ward.  .Aaron D 

Washington.  Geo.  C.W 

Weeiiis.  John  C — 

Whipiil.-,  Thomas  Jr. 


Wh 
WhiH 
Wicki 
Wild. 

•Williams.  I.ruis — 

Wilson.  Eiihiaiin  K..— 

Wilson.  James D 

Wing,  Austin  E — 

Wingate.  Joseph  F.  ..D 

Wolf.  George l> 

Woodcock,  David D 

Wood,  John  J D 

Wood,  Silas D 

Woods.  .loliii — 

Wright,  ,IohnC D 

Wright.  Silas D 

Yancey,  Joel D 


|,h  M 
l.jlsha.  ..— 
ll.■,l■lcs  A.— 
;.i,l  H D 


Va... 

B.C.. 

N.  Y. 

Me... 

Pa... 

Va.  . . 

R.  I.. 

Conn. 

N.  J.. 

Conn. 

N.  C. 

Pa... 

N.  J. . 

Va. . . 

Mass. 

Mass, 

Mass. 

Va.  .. 

Va. .. 

Ire'd. 

N.   O. 

Pa... 

Tenn. 

N.  C. 

N.  J. 

Pa... 

S.3.. 

Ire'd. 

Mass. 

Md... 

N.    J. 

Pa... 

Va. .. 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Conn. 

N.  Y. 

Conn. 

Pa.  .. 

N.  J.. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

N.  J.. 

Va... 

Conn. 

Va... 

N.  J. . 

N.  C. 

N.  C. 

Pa... 

Pa... 

N.  Y. 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

Mass. 

Vt.... 

N.  Y. 

Va. .. 

Md... 

Mass. 

Ky... 

Conn. 

Ky... 

Ired. 

N.  C. 

Pa.'!! 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Conn. 
Mass. 


Nov.  7. 
Aug.  15, 

n'ov!'-2!' 
Sept.  7, 
June  26, 
June  2, 


.  1769,  Va... 

S.  C 
!'l'783  N.  y! 
.  1768,  Me... 
1785, Pa... 
.  1798  Ala.. 
.  1789  R.  I.. 


Feb.  1, 
May  4, 


779 
1770 

'l'7'95 
1779 
1791 
1773 
1781 
1778 

i'793 
1754 


Dec.  13, 
dct."2'3, 


.1777 
1779 
:i802 

"l786 
1779 
1794 
1765 
1792 


June—  1792 


Conn. 
N.  J.. 
Conn. 
Tenn. 
Pa... 
N.  J.. 
Va. . . 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Me... 
Va... 
Va... 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Ark.. 
N.  C. 
N.  J.. 
Ohio. 
Ind  .. 
Va... 
Me... 
5Id... 
Ohio. 
Pa... 
Va... 
Pa... 
Pa. 


April  5, 
May  19, 


.  1785'N.  Y. 

IN.  Y. 

.  1783  N.  Y. 

iPa... 

71  N.  J. 


1781 
1785 
1768 
1784 


Sept.  21, 
Mar.  21, 


1796 
1780 


Nov.  — , 


Aug.    6, 
Sept.  25, 


July  5, 
Aug.  20, 


Vt 
N.  Y. 
Va. . . 
N.  Y.. 
N.  J.. 
Ga... 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
N.  J. . 

s.  c  . 

N.  C. 

Ohio. 
Pa... 
N.  Y'. 
JIas 


1704 
1783 
178(1  X.  y. 
1792  llluo. 
Vt.... 


J-'M 
1789 


Oct.  19, 
June  8. 
Sept.  24. 


.  17.18 

'  1783 
1788 
1789 
1782 


April  28, 1779 
1791 


Aug.  12,  1777 


.  1769 


N.  y. 

Md. 
Md. 


N.  H. 
Fla  .. 
Ohio. 
Kv... 
Ga... 
N.  C. 
Md... 
Pa... 
Mich. 
-Me... 
Pa... 

N.  y. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 


1794  Oh 
1783:Ohio. 
May  24.  179.-., X.  Y. 
.iKy... 


La\vyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied  ... 
Unknown 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer... 
Physician 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Joui'nalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. .. 
Clergy  rn'n 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Law.ver... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Ag'cull'st. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Law^-er. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Soldier ... 
Meichant. 
Unknown. 
Unknown 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied  . . . 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Mechanic. 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Jul-ist 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 


May  11. 
May  30. 
May  '29. 
Aug.  18. 
May  9. 
April  18, 
Sept.  22. 
Oct.  18. 
June  1.5. 
Sept.  5. 
Mar.  19. 
May  24. 
Nov.  25, 
Sept.  2.5, 
June  17, 
April  26, 
Nov.  15 
Oct.  2, 
Jan.  9, 
Nov.  23, 
Dec.  21, 


May  15,  1856 
Mar.  19,  1849 
April  17. 1830 


Dec.  28.  1845 
Jan.  27,  1M72 


Jan.  25.  1857 
Oct.  17.  I.si31 
July  16.  1872 
July  29,  1837 


Aug.  5,  1847 


1857 
18.58 
1876 
1836 
1849 
1847 
18.33 
1851 
1849 
1831 
1871 
ia33 
1860 
1871 
1835 
1868 
1838 
1845 
1852 
18.52 
1848 


Aug.  8.  1847 
Nov.  15,  1861 
Aug.  24.  1844 
Nov.  1 1 ,  1847 
Mar,  21.  1802 
Aug.  12.  ia53 
Sept.  18.18,54 
July  20,  18-28 


Dec.  23,  1876 
Sept.  2.  1841 
Sept.  5,  1845 
Feb.  4,   1834 


Aug.  26,  1851 
June  25.  1829 
Jan.  26.  1839 
July  23.  1836 
Mar.  18.  1.870 
May  -. 1862 


Mnl-.  2.    1867 
July  17,  1854 


Jan.  23.  1835 
Oct.  111.  1839 
Jan.  7.  1863 
Oct.  31.  1869 
Sept.  10.  1.847 
Feb.  23,  1842 


July 
Aug. 


,  1868 
,1849 


Mar.  14,  1840 


Mar.  2.  1847 
July  .30.  1«)5 
Feb.  13.  1.861 
Aug.  27.  1847 


Total  Representatives.  323.  Lawyei-s,  »5.  Occupation  Unknown,  88. 
Physicians,  T.  Varied,  7.  Jurists,  R,  Merchants,  H.  Agriculturists,  4. 
Clergymen,  3.  Mechanics,  3.  Journalists,  Z.  Teacher,  1.  Soldier.  1, 
Paper-maker,  1.    Boat-builder,  1.    Foreign  Born,  4:    Including  Ireland,  4. 


>ii,V^\  '^lliXii^-^Sr^ -'*s^-r> 


_\_ 


:s^ 


M 


TWKNTY-KIKsr    CoNCHlKSS,    AM)    LKADINO    KVKNTS    itV    'iUE    'lIMi;. 


Twenty-first  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1829  to  1831. 


182!»— The  first  Horticultural  Society  wa« 
founduil  in  tlie  United  Stutes. 

18:29— Tin  was  tlrst  diwcovered  in  America  at 
(ioshen.  Conn.,  by  Prof.  Hitchcock,  or 
Aiulicitit  (,'ollrt,'o. 

1829— The  IVrkins  Institute,  the  flrst  asylum 
for  the  hlind  in  the  United  States,  was  In- 
eor))in;ilid  ut  Itoston,  but  was  not  opened 
until  is;(j 

18lii>— I'ower  looms  for  the  manufacture  of 
diaper-linen  were  established  at  Canter- 
bury. Conn.,  by  Wni.  Mason— the  tlrst  in 
the'world. 

182U— The  Canadian  Welland  Canal,  between 
Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  was  first  opened 
to  navigation. 


Andrew  tJnckMotii  tth  Frealdent. 

John  C.  Calhoun,  of  S.  C,  Vlce-Pres. ;  Martin  Van 
Hnren.  of  N,  Y.,  Sec'y  of  State;  Samuel  D.  InKhuin,  of 
I'a.,  Sec'y  of  Tre;ut.-.  John  H.  Katon.  of  Tenn..  See'y  of 
War;  John  Branch,  of  N.  C,  See'y  of  Navy;  Wm.  T. 
Harry,  of  Ky..  Po-stmaster-General:  John  M.  Berrien,  of 
Gil.,  Att'y-Oeneral;  Andrew  Stevenson,  of  Va.,  Speaker 
of  House  of  Uepresentatives. 


Ibao-Wobhtvr  juid  Hayne't*  celebrated  political 
debate  In  the  United  Staten  Senate  com- 
menced January  29. 

1830— The  Hint  rejfular  Mormon  Church  woii 
organized  by  Joseph  Smith,  at  Man- 
chester. N.  Y.,  April «. 

J83(^)— The  Unit  railway  bteameniflne  made  In 
America  made  itn  llri-t  run  on  the  th>t 
railway  built  for  loeoniotlves- llie  South 
Carolina  road.  It  wu.-*  dCfitcned  by  K.  L. 
Miller,  of  Charleston. 

1830— The  ttrnt  omnibus  wuit  mode  and  run  In 
New  York  City. 

1830— R.  M.  Hoo  made  the  llrst  cylinder  i)rlnt- 
ins  prct»tt  In  America. 


idicates  Federalist;   D,  Democ-iat;   W^  Whif?;  R,  Kei)ubliean. 


SENATORS. 

Wlipro 
Bora. 

When  Bora. 

s.nie 
Itcpre- 
aeotcU. 

Ocaupation 

Whon  Bled. 

Adams,  Robert  H. . 

Pa... 

1792 

n 

Conn. 

Sept.  7.    17H2 

Ill  ... 

Lawyer... 

Aug.   ().    1809 

lirwniird.  Isaac  D. . . 

. — 

Pa... 

July  18,  17!)1 

Pa... 

Lawyer... 

Feb.  28,  1834 

Kartoti.  David 

Mo... 

Unknown. 

.Sept.  28,  1837 

Bell,  Samuel 



N.  H. 

Feb.   9.    1770 

N.  H. 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec.  23.  IS.'Ml 

Benton.  Thomas  H.. 

.1) 

N.  C. 

Mar.  14,  17«2 

Mo... 

Lawyer. .. 

April  10,  18.')8 

Berrien,  John  M... 

1> 

N.  J.. 

Aug.  2a,  17SI 

Oa... 

Lawyer... 

J,an.    1.    18.T6 

Biblt.  (ieoitre  M 



Va... 

1772 

Kv... 

Lawyer. . . 

April  14,  IS.'iO 

Braneh,  .loliii 

.1) 

N.  C. 

Nov.  4,    17rt2 

S.  C. 

Lawyer... 

Jan.    4.     1803 

l> 

N.  C. 

17!)-) 

N.  C. 

Unknown. 

Dec.    6.    1870 

. — 

N.  J.. 

Feb.  22,  1770 

Ohio. 

Lawyer, .. 

April  27,  1853 

Chace.  Dudley 



N.  H. 

Dec.  30.  1771 

Vt... 

Lawyer.. . 

Feb.  23,  1848 

Chambers.  Ezekiel  F.W 

Md... 

Feb.  2H,  17.S8 

Md... 

Lawyer.  . . 

Jan,  30, 1867 

Chivton.  .lohn  M... 

W     Del... 

July  24,   17:l(i 

Del... 

Lawyer... 

Nov,   9,    ia->(i 

Diekrr-on.  M.dilon. 

.D    N.  J.. 

.\pril  17,1770 

V.  J..  Lawyer... 

Oct.    5.    1853 

Diiill.'V,  I'li.ules  E.. 

.D    Eng'd 

.May  2:j.  17,sll 

N.  Y. 

.Merirhant. 

Jan.  23.  1841 

Eaton.  John  H 

.D    Tenn. 

...: 1700 

Tenn. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  17,  ia56 

Ellis,  Powhatan.... 

.D  |Va... 

Miss  . 

Lawyer... 

Foote.  Samuel  A. . . . 

W    Conn. 

Nov.  8,   17.80 

Conn. 

Merchant. 

Sept.  15,  1846 

Forsvth.  John 

.D    Va. .. 

Oct.    2,    17.10 

Ga. .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.  21.  1841 

Frelinjrhuvsen.  Thee 

.R   N.  J.. 

Mar.  21.  17.87 

N.  J.. 

Lawyer. . . 

April  12.  1863 

Grun.lv,    Feh< 

.D    Va... 

Sept.  11,1777 

Ky... 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec.   19,  1840 

Havne.  Uobt  Y.... 

.D    S.    C 

Nov.  10,  1791 

S.  C. 

Lawyer.. . 

Sept.  24.  1N39 

Hendricks.  Wni.... 

.D    Pa... 

1783 

Ind.. 

Unknown. 

May   IB,  18.-i0 

Holmes,  John 

.D    Mass. 

Mar.  -,  1773 

Mb... 

Lawyer. . . 

July   7,    1843 

Iredell,  James 

.-    N.  C. 

1788 

N.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

April  13,  1853 

.Johnston,  Josiah  S 

.D   Conn. 

Nov.  2,1.  1784 

Lou.. 

Lawyer... 

May   19,  1833 

Kane,  Elias  K.,.   . 

.D    N.  Y. 

Jmie  7.  17il6 

ill  ... 

Lawyer... 

Dec.    11,  1835 

Kinu,  Wm.  R 

.D    N.  0. 

.\pril  7.   l7-<fi 

lla  . . 

Lawyer... 

April  18,1853 

Kninlit.NehemiahR.W    R.  1.. 

Dec.  m,  178" 

R.  1.. 

Banker... 

April  19,  1854 

I,ivini-^ton.  Edward.  D-  N.  Y. 

May  26,  171)4 

Lou.. 

Lawyer... 

May  23,  1836 

MelCinley,  John... 

.D    Va... 

Ala . . 

Lawyer... 

July    19,  1852 

McLane,  Lonis 

.D    DeL.. 

May  28,  1786 

Del... 

Lawyer... 

Oct.    7.    1857 

McLean.  John 

1780 

III.... 

Lawyer... 

Oct.   14.  1830 

.D 

.W 

Pa... 
Del... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

April  10,  1858 

Del... 

.Ian.  4,    1872 

Noble.  James 

.-  iVa... 

Ind . . 

Unknown. 

Feb,  26,  1831 

Poindexter,  George.  D  |Va. .. 

1779 

Miss. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  5,   1853 

Robhins,  Asher  ... 

.W  ,Conn. 

Sept.  — ,  1757 

R.  I.. 

Lawyer... 

Feb.  25,  1845 

Robinson.  John  M. . 

.D    Ky... 

1793 

m... 

Lawyer. . 

April  26,  1843 

.0 

1773 

K.y... 
Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer. .. 
I.awyer. .. 
Lawyer... 

July  13,  1853 

Rugirles,   Benjamin 
Sanford.  Nathan  . . 

Ponn. 

.  1763 

Sept.  2,    1837 

.D    N.  Y. 

Nov.  5.    1779 

Oct.    7.    1838 

Seymour.  Horatio. . 

.D    Conn. 

May  31,  1778 

Vt . .  . 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  21,  1857 

Silsbee.  Nathaniel.. 

.D    Mass. 

1773 

Mass. 

Merchant. 

July    1,   1850 

Smith.  Samuel 

.D    Pa.   . 

July  27,  1752 

Md... 

Soldier  . . . 

April  23.  1839 

Smith.  William 

..D    N.  C. 

....  ....17(r2 

S.  C.  . 

Lawyer. . . 

June  26,  1840 

Sprague.  Peleg 

Tazewell,  L.  W.... 

.W  iMass. 
.D    Va... 

Me... 

Va... 

Dec.  17,  1774 

Lawyer... 

May    6,    1860 

Troup.  George  M... 

..D    Ala.. 

Sept.  8.  1780 

O.a.... 

Lawyer. . . 

May    3,   18,56 

Tvler.  John 

..D    Va... 

Mar.  29,  173C 

Va... 

Lawyer... 

Webster,  Daniel... 

.W    N.  H. 

Jan.  18.  1782 

Mass. 

Lawyer... 

Oct.  24.  1852 

White,  Hugh  L 

.-  |N.  C. 

Oct.  30,  177E 

Tenn. 

Jurist 

April  10.  1840 

Woodbury,  Levi 

..D 

N.  H. 

Dec.  22,  1789 

N.  H. 

Lawyer... 

Sept.  7,  1851 

Total  Senators. 53.  Lawyers. 43.  Occupation  Unknown,©.  Merchants, 3. 
Banker,  1.  Jurist,  1-  Soldier,  1.  Foreign  Born,  1:  Including  England,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES, 


Alexander,  Mark D 

Allen,  Robert D 

Alston,  Willis D 

Anderson,  John — 

Anpeli,   Wm.G D 

Archer,  Wm.  S — 

Armstrong.  Wm W 

Arnold,  Benedict — 

Bailey,  John  S — 

Barber,  Noyes — 

Barbour,  John D 

Barbour,   Philip  P D 

Barnwell,  Robert  W..— 
BarrinKer.  Daniel  L..D 

Bartley.  Mordecai — 

Bates.  Inaiic  C — 

Baylor.  Robert  E.  B.  .— 
Beekman,  Thoniaa... — 
Bell.  John W 


Va... 
Va. .  . 
N.  C. 
Me... 
R.  I.. 
Va... 
Ire'd. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Va... 
Va. .. 
S.  C. 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Mass. 

.N.'T. 
I  Tenn, 


July  30, 


July  17 
Mar.  5. 
Dec.  23, 


April  28, 
Aug.  8, 


Va... 

1794:  Va... 

, |n.  c. 

,1792,Me... 
1790  N.  Y. 
1789|Va... 
1782  Va... 

N.  Y. 

Mass . 

Conn. 

Va... 


1781 
1790 


Aug.  10, 
Oct.    1. 
Dec.  Ifi, 
May  14. 


1799  Va, 
180liS.  C 
1788  N.  C. 
1783  Ohio. 
1780,  Mass. 

Ala.. 

N.  Y. 

1797 1  Term . 


Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Teacher . . 
Lawj'er. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer, . . 
Agr'clt'st. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 


April  10. 1837 
Aug.  21.  I.S.)3 
Aug.  13,  18rj8 
Mar.  28,  1855 


June  28.  183.'j 
Jan.  23. 1845 
Jan.  12,  1S55 
Feo.  25,  1841 


Oct.  16,  18.52 
Oct.  10.  1870 
Mar.  16,  1845 


Sept.  10,  1869 


Biddle.  John — 

Blair,  James D 

Blair.  John D 

Boekee.  Abraham..,. D 

Boon,  Katliir D 

Bor^t.Peterl D 

Bouidin,  ThomasT,.,D 

Brodheiid.  John — 

Briiwn.  Elias — 

Buchanan.  James.... D 

Burgcs,  Tristam F 

Butrnan,  Samuel — 

Cahoon.  Wm — 

Cambreling.  C.  C D 

Campbell.  John W 

Carbon,  Sanmel  P — 

Chandler,    Thomas... D 

Childs.  Timothy W 

Chilton.  Thomas — 

Claiborne,  Nath'n'l  H.— 

Clarke.  James W 

Clay,  Clement  C D 

Coke,  Richard  Jr D 

Coleman.  Nich.  D D 

Condict,  Lewis W 

Conner.  Henry  W D 

Cooper,  Richard  M. .  .— 

Coulter.  Richard — 

Cowles.  Henry  B — 

Craig,  Hector D 

Craig.  Robert D 

Crane.  Joseph  H W 

Crawford,  Thomas  H.D 
Creighton,  William.. U 

Crocheron,   Jacob D 

Crockett,  David W 

Crowninshield,  B.  W.D 

Daniel,  Henry D 

Davenport.  Thomas. .  F 

Davis,  John W 

Davis,  Warren  R D 

Deherry.  Edmund — 

Denny,  Harmar A-M 

Desha,  Robert — 

DeWitt.  Chas.  G D 

Dickinson.  John  D...W 
Doddridge,   Philip. ,  .— 

Dorsey,  Clement — 

Draper,  Joseph — 

Dravton.  William.,,. D 

Dudley,  Edward  B D 

Duncan,  Jo^^eph D 

Dwight,  Henry  W — 

Eager.  S.  W — 

Earll,  Joaas  Jr D 

Ellsworth.  Wm.   W..W 

Evans,  George W 

Evans.  Joshua D 

Everett,  Edward W 

Everett.  Horace W 

Finch.    Isaac D 

Findlay.  James D 

Fisher.  George — 

Ford.  James D 

Forward,  Chauncey..D 
Foster.  Thomas  F....D 

Fry,  Joseph  Jr — 

Oaither.  Xathan D 

Gilniore.  John D 

Goodenow.  John  M...D 

Gordon.  Wm.  F D 

Gorham,  Benjamin.  ..F 

Green,  Innis D 

Grennell.  George W 

G'irley.  Henry  H — 

Hall.  Thomas  H D 

Halsey,  Jehiai   H D 

H.amnions,  Joseph... — 
Harvey.  Jonathan... — 

Hawkins.  Joseph D 

Haynes.  Chas.  E D 

Hemphill,  Joseph D 


Whi-r* 
BotD. 

When  Bern. 

SMC 
RcjT.- 

Pa.  .. 

Bar.   9,   1789'Mieh.  ! 

S.    C. 

,S.  C. 

1798  Tenn. 

N.  y. 

1-83  N.  Y. 

N.  C. 

1781  InU  .. 

N.  Y. 

».  Y., 

Va... 

1772 

Va . . . 

1771 

S'.  H. 

Md... 

Md... 

Pa...  April 23, 1791 

Pa. .  . 

Mass.  Feb.  26,   1770 

K.  I.. 

Me.. 

«e. .. 

Vt . . . 

Vt  ... 

IN.  C. 

1786 

S.  Y. 

S.   C. 

s.  c. 

'N.  C. 

N.    C. 

N.  H.  Aug.  10,  1772 

N.  11. 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

iKy... 

Ky... 

vi... 

Nov.  14,  1767 

Va.  . . 

Va... 

1779 

Kv... 

Va... 

Dec.  17,   1789 

Ala  .. 

Va... 

Va.  .. 

Ky... 

1800 

Ky... 

n:  J..  Mar.  -,  1773 

N.  J.. 

Va...  Aug.  — ,   1793 

N.   C. 

N.  J..  1767 

N.  J.. 

Pa...' 

Pa... 

Conn  Mar.  18,  1798 

N.   Y. 

N.  Y 

N.  Y. 

Va      1 

Va... 

N    J 1782 

Ohio. 

Pa... 

Nov.  14,    1786 

Pa... 

Va... 

Oct.  29,    1778 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

Tenn.  Aug.  17,   1786 

Tenn. 

Mass.  Dec.  27,    1772 

Mats. 

Va 1793 

Ky... 

Va...  

Va... 

Moss.  Jan.  13,    KSI 

Mass. 

!s.  c.  iiay  8.  naa 

S.  C. 

IN.  C. 

Aug.  14.  1787 

N    C. 

Pa... 

1794 

Pa. . . 

IPa.... 

Tenn. 

In.  y. 

1802|N.  Y. 

Conn. 

1767 

N.  Y. 

■w.va net 

Va. . . 

Md       

Md... 

1  Va        

Va. . . 

iFla..  Dec.  30,  1776 

S.  C. 

N.  0.  1"71 

N.  C. 

Ky... 

Feb.  -,  1794 

Ill  ... 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

1786 

N.  Y. 

Nov.  10,  1791 

Conn. 

Mass. 

Jan.  12,   1797 

Me... 

Pa... 

iMass. 

April  i  1,1794 

Mass. 

178C 

Vt... 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Pa.... 

1775 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 
Pa.. 

1793 

Pa... 

Oa. . . 

Nov.  23.  1790 

Ga... 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Ky... 

lT85|Ky.. 

Pa... 

Pa... 
Ohio. 
Va... 

Va... 

Mass. 

Feb.  13,  1775  Mass. 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Mass. 

Dec.  25,   1788  Moss. 

.  1787 

Lou.. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 

N    C 

1783 

N.  Y. 

N.  H. 

N.  H. 

N    «. 

178(1 

N.  H. 
N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Va... 

Oa... 

Pa... 

1770 

Pa... 

I 


ISoldier  ...  Aug.  25.  18.59 
Unknown.  April  1.  1834 
Unknown.  Jnly  9.  1863 
Unknown.  June  1.  181^5 
Unknown.  Nov.2f>.  1M4 
Unknown.  Nov.  14.  l)-48 
l.awjer...   Feb.  II.  lKi4 

.  Cleiirjni'n  April  7.  18.38 
Unknown.  July  7.  1K57 
Lawyer...  June    1.  1868 

,  Jurist Oct.   13,  1K53 

lUnknown 1864 

.'Unknown.  May  30.  1833 

,  Merchant.  April .30. 1862 
Lawyer...  May  19,  1815 
Unknown.  Nov.  —.1840 
Vnrlid....  Jon.  28.  IMB 
Unknown.  Nov.   8.  1847 

.'Unkntwn.l 

.  Unknown.  Aug.  15.  1839 
Lawyer...  Aug.  27.183!! 
Lawyer...  Sept.   7.  1866 

.  Lawyer...  Mar.  30.  1851 

,  Lawyer...  May  11.  1^74 
PLysicliin-Woy  26.  11-62 

.  lUnknown  ,Jon.  15.1866 

,  Unknown. iMor.  10.1843 
lawyer...  April 21, 1852 

.'Lawyer...  

..Unknown. 

,  Unknown. 

, 'Lawyer.  ..Nov.  12.1852 
Lawyer...  Jan.  27,  1863 

.  Lawyer...  Oct.  8,  1851 
Unknown. 1 

.  Varied....  Mar.   6,  18:i6 

.  M.lebmt.  Feb.  5.  1851 
Lawyer..., Oct.    5,  1873 

,  Lawyer...  

.  Lows er...  April  19.18.54 

.  Lawyer...  Jan.  29.  1835 

,'Agi'cult'st  Dec.  12.  1859 
Lawyer...  I  Jan.  29,  1852 

.  Unknovn.  Feb.  8.  1849 
Unknown.  April  13. 18:)9 

.  Lawyer... 'Jnn.  28.1841 
Lawyer...  Nov.  19.  ls32 
Unknown.  Aug.  6.  1846 
Unknown 

.iVaried....  May    4.   1846 

.lUnknown.  Oct.  30.  18.').3 
Lawyer...  Jan.  15.  1844 
Unknown.  Feb.  21.  1845 

Unknown 

'unknown.  Oct.  11.  1846 

.'Lawyer...  I  Jan.  15.  1868 

, 'Lawyer.. .'April  5.  1867 

Unknown. 

Clergyni'n  Jan.  15.  1865 

.'Lawyer...  Jan.  30,1851 

Unknovn 

Unknown.  Dec.  28,  1835 

.  Unknown.' 

[Unknown.! 

'Lawyer...  :Oct.  19,1839 

Lawyer... 1 1847 

Unknown 

Pliysicinn 1862 

Unknown.  May   18,  1845 

Lawyer ■ 

Unknown.  July  2.  1858 
Lawyer. . .  Sept.  27. 1855 
Unknown 

,  Lawyer...  Nov.  20.  1832 

.  JuriSt 1832 

Physician   JuueSO,  1853 

.  Un  know-n.  

,  U.i  known 

,  Unknown.  Aug.  23,  1858 

.  Jurist May    9,   1832 

Unknown.  

.  Lawyer...  May  29.  1842 


T 


478 


TWENTY-FIRST    AND    TWENTY-SECOND    CONGRESSES,     AND    LEADING    EVENTS    or    THE    'I'IME. 


REPRESENTATIVES.      i.T 


Repre- 


Hinds.  Thomas D 

Hodtres,  James  L — 

Hoffman.  Michael D 

Holland.  Cor.ielius. .  .— 

Howard.  Benj.  C D 

Hnbbard.  Henry D 

Hu^rhes,  Thomas  H..— 

Hunt.  Jonathan — 

Huntinj?ton.  Jabez  W— 

Ihrie,  Peter D 

IngersoU.Ralph  J....D 

Irvin.  Wra.  W D 

Irwin,  Thomas — 

Isacks,  Jacob  C — 

tjarvis,  Leonard D 

Jennings.  Jonathan.  .— 

Johns.    Kensey — 

Johnson.  Cave D 

Johnson.  Richard  M..D 
Kendall.  Joseph  G..— 
Kennon.  William, .     .D 

Kincaid.  John D 

King.  .\dam D 

Kuitr.  Perkins D 

Lamar,  Henry  G D 

Lea,  Prvor D 

Leavitt'.  H.  H D 

Lecompte.  Joseph. ,,,D 

Leiper,  George  C D 

Lent.  James D 

Letcher.  Robert  P D 

Lewis,  Dixon  H D 

Loyall,  George D 

Lumpkin,  Wilson D 

Lvon.  Chittenden D 

McCoy,  William D 

McCreedy,  William.. — 

McDutlie',  George D 

Mclntire.  Rufus D 

Magee,  John  D 

Mallary.  Rollin  C....— 

Marr,   Alan D 

.Martin.  William  D...D 
Martindale.  Henry  C.W 

Maxwell,  Lewis W 

Maxwell,  Thomas D 

Mercer,  Chais.  F D 

Miller,  Daniel  H D 

Mitchell.  George  E,..D 

Monell.  Robert D 

Mnhlenburg.  H,  A D 

Newton.  Thomas D 

Norton.  Ebenezer  F.  .D 

Nuckolls.  Wm,  C — 

Overton.  W,  H D 

Patt«n..Iohn  M I) 

I'eaice.  Dutee  J D 

Pettis.  Spencer -  - 

Pierson,  Isaac — 

Polk.  James  K D 

I'otter.  Robert D 

Powers,   Gershom t> 

Kamsav,  William, ..D 

Randolph,  Jos,  F — 

Reed,  Joshua  W 


I 

[Mass.  Aug.  7. 

IN.  Y.  

'July  9. 

Md..   INov.  5, 
N.  H,  May   3, 

N,  J,   

vt . . . ! 

Conn.  Nov.  8, 

Pa... 

Conn, 


Pa, 
Pa, 
Mass,  Oct,   19 

N.  J.   , 

Del,,.  Dec.  10, 

Tenu,  Jan.  11, 

Ky,..,Oct,  17, 

Mass, 

Pa... 

Ky... 

Pa... 

Mass. 

Ga... 

Tenn. 

Conn, 

Ky... 

Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Va... 
Va... 
Va... 
Vt,,. 
Va... 
Pa... 
Ga,.. 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
Conn, 
Pa,,, 
S,  C, 
Mass, 
Va,,, 


Pa... 
Md,,, 
N,  Y. 
Pa... 
Va.  .. 

N.  y. 

S.  C. 

Tenn. 
Va.., 


R,  I 
Va. .. 

,N.  J. 

'N.  C. 

;n.  c. 


1775  Miss. 

1790  Ma.ss. 
1788  N,  Y. 

1783  Me... 

1791  Md... 

1784  N.  H 
N,  J,. 

Vt... 

1788  Conn, 
Pa... 

'Conn 

lOhio. 

Pa,.. 

.  ....iTenn, 

1781  Me,.. 
Ind., 

1791  Del,, 

1793  Tenn, 

1781  Ky,,, 

1788  Mass. 
Ohio. 

Ky... 

Pa... 

1784  N.  Y. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Born 


Aug.  10, 
May  29, 
Jan.  14. 


Dec.  19, 


Oct,  20, 
May  6, 


May  13, 


Pa... 

jN.  J. 
Mass. 


Aug.  15, 
Nov,  2, 


Sept,  7, 
June  26, 


1794  Tenn, 
1796  Ohio, 

Ky... 

1786  Pa... 

IN.  Y. 

|Ky... 

1802  Ala  . . 
1789  Va... 

1783  Ga, .. 

1786  Ky,,, 

Va,., 

Pa,.. 

1788  S.  C, , 
1774  Me... 

N.  y. 

1784  Vt... 
Pa... 

1789  S.  C 

1780  N   Y. 

iVa... 

N.  Y. 

1778  Va.., 

Pa... 

Md,.. 

N.  Y, 

1782  Pa... 

1769  Va. . . 
.  ...  N.  Y. 
S.  C. 

1783  Lou. . 
1796  Va... 
1789  R.  I.. 
1802  Mo... 

1770  N.  J.. 

1795  Tenn. 

N.  C. 

N,  Y. 

1779  Pa... 
1791  N.  J.. 

1781  Mass. 


Unknown. 

Cnknow  n. 

Varied,  . , 

Physician, 

Lawyer, . . 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. .. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawj'er, , . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Physician. 
Lawyer. . . 

.Jurist 

Lawyer... 

Lawj'er. .. 

Unknown. 

Merchant, 

Merchant, 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . 

Unknown. 

Unknown, 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Lawj'er. .. 

Unknown 

Unknown 

La.vyer, .. 

Clergym'n 

Lawyer... 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Physician 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Unknown 
Lawyer, , , 
Journalist 
Lawyer,.. 


Aug.  23,  1840 
-Mar,  H.  ]K4i; 
Sept,  27,  1H4H 
June  2,  1870 
Mar,  6,  1872 
June  5,   1857 


May   14,  1832 
Nov,    1,    1847 


Aug.  27.  1872 
April  19,  1842 


Sept.  18.  IS,^ 
July  2H.  1834 
Mai-.  28,  1857 
Nov.  13,  1866 
Nov,  19,  1850 
Oct,    2,    1847 


May    6,    1835 
Nov.  29,  1875 


Nov 

17 

1868 

HVb, 

211 

1K33 

Jan, 

24 

1861 

Oct, 

25, 

1848 

1871 

Nov.  8,    1842 


Mar.  11.  1851 
April  28. 18«J« 
April  ry.  18(18 
April  16.  iH;n 

Nov'.'i7Vl83:J 
April  22,  1860 


May    4.    IR'iS 

IMi; 

June  28,  is;!2 

18(H) 

Aug.  12.  1844 
Aug.  5,    1847 


Jan.  4.  1S46 
Oct.  29,  18.'>ft 
May  9.  \S49 
Aug.  26,  1831 
Sept.  22,  1833 
June  15,  1849 


Sept.  5.  1831 
Mar.  19,  1871 
Nov.  25,  1860 


Rencher.  Abraham,  ,W 
Richardson.  Joseph.. — 

Ripley,  Jaw.  W H 

Ituane.  John D 

Rose,  Robert  S — 

Russell.  William D 

Sanford.  Jonah D 

Hcott,  John — 

Semmes,  Benedict  I..D 
Sevier,  Ambrose  H...W 

Shepard.  Wm.  B W 

Sheppard.  Aug.  H — 

Shields,  James D 

Sill.  Thomas  H W 

Smith,  Samuel  A D 

Smyth,  Alexander D 

Speight,  Jesse D 

Spencer,  Ambrose D 

Speneer,  Richard D 

Sprigg,  Michael  C — 

Stanberry.  William.  .D 

Standifer.  James W 

Stephen^.   Philander. D 

Sterigere.  John  B D 

Stevenson.  Andrew., .D 

Storns,  Henry  R — 

Storrs,  William  L — 

Strong,  James P 

Sutherland,  JoelB...D 

Swan,  Samuel — 

Swift.  Benjamin W 

Taliaferro,  John D 

Tavlor.  John  W I) 

Test.  John W 

Thomson,  John D 

Thompson,  Wiley D 

Tracy,  Phineas  L D 

Trezvant,  James — 

Tucker,  Starling — 

Vance.  Joseph D 

Vai-num,  John — 

Verplanck,  Gulian  CD 

Vinton,  Samuel  F W 

"Washington.  G.  C.W 

Wavne,  James  M D 

Weeks,  John  W..  ..— 
White,  Campbell  P. .  .D 

White,  Edward  D W 

White.  Joseph  M D 

Whittlesey.  Elisha...— 
Wickliffe,  Chas.  A...,D 
Wilde,  Richard  H. . .  .D 
Wingate,  Joseph  F. .  .D 

Williams,   Lewis — 

Wilson,  Ephraiui  K.. — 

Wright,  Silas .U 

Tancey,  Joel I) 

Young,  Ebenezer W 


N.  C 

Mass.  Feb.     1 

Mass 

Va 

Va 

Ire'd 

N.  Y 

Pa...  I 

Md...  Nov.    1. 

Tenn 

N.  C 

N.  C. 

Ohio 

Conn 

Pa..., 

Ire'd.' 

N.  C.  Sept.  22. 
Conn.  Dec.  I'd, 

Md...l. 

Md,..l 

N.  J. 


Pa. 


I, 


Va...' 

Conn 

Conn.  Mar.  25, 

Conn. 

Pa. 

N.  J 

N.  Y. 

Va, 

N.  Y 

N.  J, 

Pa.., 

Va. 

Conn. 

Va... 

N.  C. 

Pa... 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

Mass. 

Va. .. 

Ga... 

N.  H. 

N.  Y. 

Tenn. 

Ky... 

Conn. 

Ky... 

Ire'd. 

Mass. 

N,  C. 


Mass. 
Conn, 


Aug.  6, 
Sept.  25, 
Aug.  20, 


Oct.  19, 

June  8, 
Sept.  24, 


May  24, 


....  N.  C. 
1778  Ma-ss. 
....  Me... 
1754  Va. . . 
1772  N.  Y. 

....  Ohi... 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

1789  Md... 
1802  Ark.. 
1799  N.  C. 

N.  C. 

Ohio. 

[Pa... 

Pa... 

1765, Va... 
179.3  N.  C. 
1765  N.  Y. 

....  Md... 

Md... 

Ohio. 

Tenn. 

1788  Pa... 
....  Pa... 

1784  Va. . . 

1785  N.  Y. 
1795  Conn 

1783  N.  Y. 
Pa... 

1771  N. J.. 

1781  Vt... 
1768  Va... 

1784  N.  Y. 
Ind.. 

1777  Ohio. 
Ga. .. 

1786  N.  Y. 

Va... 

S.  C 

1786  Ohio. 
1783  Mass. 
1786  N.  Y. 
1792  Ohio. 

1789  Md... 

1790  Ga. .. 
1799  N.  H. 

N.  Y. 

Lou.. 

Fla... 

1783  Ohio. 

1788  Kv... 

1789  Ga. . . 
....  Me... 

1782  N.  C. 
,  ....  Md... 
1795  N.  Y. 
Ky... 

1784  Conn 


Ocrupation. 


I 


Lawyer. . . 
Clergym'n 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 

lUnknown 
Varied 

!  Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer  . . 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Lawj'er. . . 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.., 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Physician 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer... 
Unknown 
Merchant. 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawj'er... 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Jiuist 

Mechanic. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer . . . 
Law-j'er. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. , 
Merchant. 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer... 
Unknown 
Unknown 


Sept.  25, 1871 
June  17,1835 
Nov.  15,  1838 
Nov.  24,  183r> 
Oct.    2.    1845 


July  17,  1831 


Dec.   21,  1848 
June  20,  1852 


April  17,  1830 
May  5,  1847 
Mar.  13,  1848 


Dee.  28.  184.'> 
Jan.  27, 1872 
Aug.  24,  1837 
July  8,    1842 


Jan.  25, 
July  29, 
June  25, 
Aug.  8. 
Nov.  15, 


1857 
1837 
1861 
1847 
1861 


Aug, 

24 

1844 

Nov. 

n. 

1847 

Aug. 

12 

1853 

Sept. 

18 

18:)4 

Oct. 

9, 

1849 

Dec. 

-• 

1852 

Dec. 

23, 

1876 

Sept 

2, 

1841 

Feb. 

4 

1834 

Aug. 

26 

1851 

July 

23 

183G 

Mar. 

18 

1870 

.May 

— . 

18(i2 

July 

17 

1854 

July 

b, 

1867 
1853 

Feh, 

12 

1859 

Aprl 

8 

MiT 

Oct. 

19 

18,39 

Jan. 

7, 

1863 

Oct. 

31 

1869 

Sept 

,10 

1847 

Feb. 

23 

1842 

Aug. 

27 

1847 

Aug. 

18 

1851 

Total  Representatives,  324.     Occupation  Unknown,  93.    Lawyers,  OS. 

Varied,  ».  Physicians,  "T.  Merchants, '7.  Juiists,  «.  Clergymen, -4-  Agricul- 
turists, 2.  Teacher,  1.  Soldier,  1,  Journalist,  1. Mechanic,  1.  Foreign 
Born,  4:  Including  Ireland,  4. 


Twenty-second  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1831  to  1833. 


1831— Mormon  settlements  made  in  Ohio  and 

Missouri. 
IH31— First  patent  issuer!  for  fluid  Jndia-rub- 

ber,  for  rendering  articles  water-proof, 

to  Geo.  H.  Richards.  Washington,  D.  C. 
IH3I— Fairbanks'  Scales,  invented  by  Thad- 

deus  Fairbanks,  patented  June  13. 
1831— National  Anti-Ma.sonic  Convention  met 

at  Baltimore  and  nominated  Wm.  Wirt, 

of  Md.,  for  President. 
1832-'First  appfarance  of  Asiatic  Cholera  in 

New  YorkCity.  June  27.     Nearly  3.50<J 

deaths  occurred  within  two  months. 


Andrew  tJ»eki«ou,  7th  PreMldeiit. 

John  C.  Calhoun,  of  S.  C,  Vice-Pres.  Edward  Living- 
ston, of  Lou.,  Sec'y  of  State.  Louis  McLane.  of  Del., 
Sec'y  of  Treas.  Lewis  Ca'^s,  of  Mich.,  Sec'y  of  War.  Levi 
Woodbury,  of  N.  H.,  Sec'y  of  Navy.  Wm.  T.  Barry,  of 
Ky.,  Postmaster-General.  Roger  B.  Taney,  of  ,Md., 
Attorney-General.  Andrew  Stevenson,  of  Va..  Speaker 
of  House  of  Representatives. 


1832— The  discovery  of  chloroform  by  Dr. 
Samuel  Guthrie  was  announced. 

1832— Prof.  S.  F.  B.  Morse,  with  friends,  orig- 
inated the  idea  of  electric  telegraph. 

1832— Brigham  Young  joined  the  Mormons. 

1833 — Great  National  Temperance  Convention 
held  at  Philadelphia,  in  May. 

1833— "Hussey's  reapers  first  tried  in  public, 
July  2. 

1833 — The  New  York  Daily  Sun  first  issued. 
Sept.  3. 


F»  indicates  Federalist;    I>>  Democrat;    "W,  W'hlg;     R,  Republican. 


i 


SENATORS. 

wh.w 
Dora. 

When  Bora. 

8Ut« 
Ropr.. 

Occupilion, 

Wbon  DM. 

_ 

N.  H, 

Feb.    9,  1770 

N.  H. 

Jurist,,  ., 

Dec.   23,  lavi 

1) 

N.  C. 

Mar.  14,  1782 

Mo... 

Lawyer, , , 

April  10,  18,58 

Bibb.  Ccorsre  M 



Va.,. 

1772 

Ky... 
Mlii«.. 

JurlBt 

April  14,  lS,-i9 

I)  ack.  John 

W 

Va,., 

Jurist 

AUR,  2!),  18,54 

,1) 

N,  C, 

1795 

«J.  C. 

Unknown, 

l>cc,    6,     1870 

Huckner,  Alexander 



Intl., 

Mo. . . 

Unknown, 

June  15, 1833 

Calhoun.  John  C. .. 

,1) 

a,  c. 

Mar.  IS.  1782 

s  v.. 

Lawyer, , , 

Mar,  31,  18511 

w 

Md.., 

Feb,  2H,  17HK 

M>\... 

Lawyer,  ,, 

Jan.  30,   1867 

Clay.    Henry 

w 

Va... 

April  12. 1777, Kv,,, 

Lawvcr... 

Jinie  29,  1852 

w 

Del  ,, 

July  24,  17l«lillel  ,, 

JiirlBt 

Nov,   9,    1856 

[> 

Pa... 

July   1(1,  17921  Pa.,, 

Lawyer., . 

IVc,  31,  1864 

Dlckerxon.Mahlon,, 

II 

N.  J, , 

April  17,177"  N.  J, 

I,aw,ver,,. 

Oct,    5,    18,53 

I)ii.lb-v,(:harlei.  K., 

I) 

Knit'd  May  23,  1780|N,  Y, 

Merchant. 

Jan,  23,  1841 

£lhH,  I>owhatan  — 

,1) 

Va. , . 

'Ml>», 

Jurist 

SUM 

SENATORS. 

Borit 

Wb«i  Bora. 

B«pn. 

footed. 

Ocoupoaon 

Vibta  blod. 

EwinR,  Thoina.s W 

Va,,, 

Dec.  28,    1 792 

Oliio, 

Lawyer... 

Oct.   2B,  1871 

Poote,  Samuel  A W 

Conn, 

Nov,   8,    1T8I1 

Coilll 

Merchant. 

Sept,  15,1846 

Forsyth,  John   I> 

Va,   , 

Oct,    2,    1780 

lia, ,, 

Lawyer... 

Oct.    21,  1841 

Frelini,rhuvsen.TIieo,W 

N.  J,, 

Mar,  28,  178- 

N,  J,, 

Lawyer... 

April  12,1862 

Orundv,  Felix 1) 

Va, , , 

Sept,  11.1777 

Tenn, 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec,  IS),  184« 

Hanna,  Uohert W 

s,  c. 

April   6,  1786 

Inil.. 

Unknown. 

Nov,  19,  1858 

Hiivnc,  Uoliert  Y I) 

S.  C. 

Nov,   10,  17111 

8.  C. . 

Lawyer., , 

Scrt,  24,1831) 

Hendricks,  William,,!) 

Pa... 

1783 

Ind  . . 

Unknown, 

May   1(1,  I«i0 

Hill,    Isaac I) 

Mass. 

April  0,    1778 

N.  H 

Journalist 

Mar,  22,  1851 

Holmes,  Jidin 11 

Mass. 

Mar,     -,   1773 

Me.,, 

Lawvcr.. . 

July    7,   1843 

.lobnston,  JoslabS,,,ll 

(\mn. 

Nov,  25,  1784 

Lou, . 

Jurist 

May  1!1,   IKIH 

Kane,  F.llas    K 11 

N,  V, 

June   7,   17!Ki 

111... 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec,    11,  1835 

KInif,  William   K 11 

N,   C, 

April  7,  178H 

Ala.. 

Ag'culfat, 

April  18.  1853 

Knight,  NcbcmlahH,W 

K,  I.. 

Dec,  31,   1780 

R.  I.. 

Banker,,, 

April  1!),  18,54 

-^5: 


? 


KEI'KlvSK.NTAriVES    OK    THK    TWENTY-8EC0KI)    C'ONUKESS. 


479 


SENATORS. 


MiinKum,  W.  P W 

M.uvv,  Wm.  I D 

Milici-.  Stc-ph.n  I> I) 

M(.urf.  liiil.i  j.-l — 

Nail.liiili.   Am.. 1(1.... W 
I'.iiiiilextii.    i;.-..i-Be.D 

riL'iitl.-^s.   Suinuel W 

Rives.  Win.  C D 

HuhWna.  Asher W 

Robinson,  John  M....D 
ICiik-t'lis,  I!.iij"inin...D 

N.Mii •,  II... alio. ...I) 

Sil-I ,  N.illi..iiifl....D 

Kniilli.  SiiniUL'l D 

Spiii^ue,  I'eleK W 

'rnzewell.  I..  W D 

Tipton,  ,Tohn — 

Toniliiison,  Gideon,.— 

T1..1.1..  li.-o.  M D 

T.vl.  r,  .lohli D 

Wi.k'k'iunan,  Geo.  A.W 

Wil.»t.'i'.  Daniel W 

While.  HuK'hL — 

Wilkins.   Wni D 

WriKlit,  ,Sila8 D 


Horn. 


N.    C, 

Mass. 
s.  C. 
N.  C. 
Del... 
Va.., 
Conn, 
Va, , . 
Conn, 
Ky,,, 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Mass. 
Va, . . 
Tenn. 
Conn, 
Ala,, 
Va,,. 


N.  H, 

N,  C, 
Pa.., 
Mass. 


IFfato 
HnUd. 


Dec,  12. 
May  «. 


1792 
1781> 
17X7 


Mar,  31, 

May  4, 
Sept,  ~ 


May  31, 
July  27, 


Dec,  17, 
Aug,  — 
Dec.  31, 
Sept,  H. 
Mar,  2i) 


Jan,  18, 
Oct,  31), 


May  24, 


177i) 
17H2 
1793 
17.')7 
1793 
1 703 
177H 
1773 
1752 
,1792 
1774 
1785 
1780 
1780 
17ill 
,17i«> 
178: 
1773 
1779 
1795 


N,  C. 
N.  Y. 
S.C.. 
.Ma.. 
Del... 
Miss.. 
Vt..., 
Va. , , 
R.  I,. 
Ill  ,,, 
Ghio, 
Vt,.,, 
Mass, 
.Md,., 
Me,., 
Va, ,. 
Ind„, 
Conn, 
(5a,, , 
Va.  . . 
Lou. . 
Mass, 
Tenn, 
Pa  , , , 
N,  Y, 


Jurist 

Jui-ist 

Lawyer,,. 
Lawyer, . . 
Unknown, 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer.,, 
Varied,,,, 

Jiirist 

Lawyer,, , 
L.iwyer,,, 
Meriliant, 
lied,,,. 
Lawyer,,, 
Lawyer. . . 
,\g"eult'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyt-r. ,, 
Lawyer, ,, 
Varied,,,, 
Lawyer, , , 

Jurist 

Lawyer, , 
Lawyer,, 


Sept.  14, 
July    4, 
Mar,    H, 
June  9, 
Jan,    4, 
Sept.  5, 
Jan,  15, 
April  2«, 
Feb,  25, 
April  2(i, 
Sept,  2. 
.Nov,  21, 
July   1, 
April  23, 
July   I, 
May  (J, 
April  5, 
Oct,    8, 
May  3. 
Jan,  18, 
Mar,  23, 
Get,   24, 
ApriUO, 
June  23, 
1  Aug.  27, 


IKfil 
lK,'i7 
1M3M 
1844 
1872 
1853 
1857 
18l!8 
1815 
1843 
1837 
18.57 
18,50 
1839 
1878 
181)0 
1839 
1854 
185B 
1862 
1843 
1852 
1840 
1805 
1847 


T..tal  Senators,  53.  Lawyers,  26,  Jui-ists,  12.  Occupation  Unknown,  5. 
Varied.  3.  Merchants,  3.  Aprieiilturists,  2.  Banker,  1.  Joui-nalist,  1. 
Foreign  Bom,  1:    Including  England,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Where 
llorn. 

When  Il^rn. 

Siftte 

l<„.,e. 

sfntpii. 

Ocoiipfttion. 

\Fhcn  Died. 

Adair,  John 

D 

S.  C.'Aug.  Ifi,  17.59  Kv...' Soldier  ... 

May  19,  1S40 

W 

Mass.  July  11,  17U7  Mass.   Lawyer... 

Feb.  2a.  1H4H 

AlcxuiiiU-r.  Mark... 

1> 

Va,,,|  (Va.,,  Unknown, 

Allan.  ci.iUon 

D 

Va. , ,  1  Api-il  6,   nSRiKy, , ,  1  Varied. , . . 

Sept.  3,  1858 

W 

Vt  ,..| 17761  Vt...  Lawyer.,, 

Dec.  11,  1844 

.D 

Va,,.  July  30,  1794lva.,. 
Pa iPa,,, 

Alli>nn,    Robert 

Unknown. 

— 

Me,,, 

1792Me,.,    Lawyer,,, 

Aue.  21,1853 

Aiik'ill.    Wm.  G 

.1) 

R,  I,, 

July  17.  1790 

N.  Y. 

Varied.... 

Aug.  13,  1858 

W 

N,  H, 

Oct,   6,    1779 

Mass. 

Man'fact'r 

July  14,  1861 

Ai.li.r,  Wm.  S 

w 

Va, ,  , 

,Mar,   5.   1789 

Va... 

Lawyer... 

Mar.  1>8,  1855 

Anii>IriiMpr.  Will 

Aiiioki   Thos  D 

w 

.w 
w 

Irerd  Dec,  23.  1782 

Va... 

Tenn. 
Mo... 

Tenn, 

Unknown. 
Merchant. 

Ashley.  William  H.. 

Va,,, 

1778 

Mar.  iJC,  1838 

Bftbcoek.  William. 

— 

N,  Y, 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

Banks.  John 

.— 

Pa,  ,. 

Oct.    17,  1793 

Pa... 

Lawyer... 

AprU  3.  18(;4 

liarlxT.  Noyes 



Conn 

.\pnl28,  1781 

Conn. 

Lawyer.. 

Jan.    3.  1H4.^> 

I{:ulH.ur.  John  S.... 

.1) 

Va,,, 

Auu.  8,    171101  Va... 

Lawyer... 

Jan.  12.  1855 

S,  C, 
N,  C, 

Aug.  10,  1811]  ,s.  C. 
Oct.    1,     I788|N.  C. 

BarriiiKer.  Daniel  L 

Lawyer... 

Oct.    ItJ,  18.^2 

Barstow.  G.  H 

— 

N,  V, 

1785 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

April  — ,  1865 

Bates,  Isaac  C 



Mass, 

May  14,   1780 

Mass. 

Lawyer... 

Mar.  16,  1845 

'd 

Me, 

Me... 
N.  Y. 

lU'iinlsU'v,  Samuel. 

N,  Y, 

Jurist 

May    6.    I8fiti 

n.ll  .lolm 

.w 
'.n 

Tenn. 
N."6', 

Feb.  15,  1797 

Tenn. 
N.  Y. 

N.  C. 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Sept.  1(1. 18(!9 

lUtliune.  Laughlin. 

I85U 

Blair,  Jamea 

.i> 

S,  C. 

S.  C. 

Unknown. 

April    1.  1834 

Blair.  John 

.D 

Tenn. 

1798 

Tenn: 

Unknown. 

July    9,    1863 

BoiK'h.  Joseph 

. — 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

Ho.m.Kntlifr 

.D 

N.ll, 

1781 

Ind... 

Unknown 

Nov.  20.  1844 

li.iiil.ltn,  Thomas  T. 

.l> 

Va,,, 

1772' Va... 

Jurist 

Feb.   11,  1834 

Bi  iiTirii,  John 

.i» 

N,  C, 

Nov,    4,  1782, N.C., 

Lawyer... 

Jan.   4,     18(>3 

Hni-'i:'^.  "leurge  N... 

.W 

Mass, 

April  13, 1796  Mass, 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  12.  1861 

Hn.iuiluiid.  John... 

.1) 

N,  Y. 

Unknown. 

:E 

N.  H. 
Pa... 
Pa.  .. 

Clergym'n 

Jurist 

Unknown 

April  7,  1838 
Dot.  26.  1851 

liii.luT.  Juhn  C 

Pa... 

Buni.  Kcorge 

1796 

Jan.  13.    1844 

Burire-.  Tristam 

.w 

Mass. 

Feb.  26,    1770  R.  I,, 

Lawyer. . . 

<l<t     1.3,    1853 

Buliur.l.  Henry  A... 

.w 

Mass. 

Sept,  9,    1781  Lou,, 

Jurist 

April  17.1851 

'.D 

Vt.... 
N.  C. 

Vt,,. 

1786  N,  Y, 

Unknown. 
Merchant. 

Mav  31).  1833 
April  30. 1862 

Cambri^leng,  C.  C. . 

.D 

Ind.. 
N.C.. 

Unknown, 
Unknown. 

Jan.  20   1845 

Carson.  Samuel  P.. 

N,  C, 

Nov.  — .  1840 

Chaiiiik-r.  Tlionias. 

.D 

N,  H, 

Aug.  10,  1772  N,  H, 

Varied.... 

Jan.  28. 1866 

Chlllll.   Jnsrph  W... 

D 

Va. . , 

Va,,, 

Unknown. 

Dec.  5.    1840 

(.'hnati-.    Hulu- 

.W 

Mass, 

Oct,    1,    1799  Mass. 

Lawyer. .. 

July  13.  1850 

ClailjuruL'.  Nath'n'l  H.— 

Va... 

Not,  14,  1767|Va.,, 

Unknown. 

Aug.  15,  1839 

Clay.  Clement  C. . . . 

.D 

Va,,, 

Dec,  17,   1789  Ala.. 

Jurist 

Sept.    7.  1806 

Clayton.  Augusts.. 

.U 

Va,,. 

Nov,  27,  1783  Ga,,, 

Jurist 

June21.  1839 

■  U 
.D 

Va, , , 

Va... 
N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Colli.T,  Jului  A 

N,  Y, 

1787 

Mar.  24.  1873 

Cniiiiirt.   U■^^\^    

.W 

N.J,, 

Mar,  -,  1773  N,  J,, 

Physician 

May  26.  1862 

Cundirc.    Sihi^   

.D 
,D 

N.  J., 

.  1777 

N.  J.. 

N.  C. 

Unknown 
Unknown. 

Nov.  29    1861 

ConniT.  Htuiv  W. . 

Va, ,, 

1793 

Jan.    15,  1866 

Cooke,  Eleutheros. 

— 

N,  \ . 

Dec.  25,  17871  Ohio. 

Lawyer. . . 

Dee.  28,  1864 

Cooke,   Bates A 

,M 

N,  Y, 

In.  Y, 

Unknown. 

1841 

Coo|)er,  Richard  M. 

,— 

N.J,, 

1767IN,  J,, 

Unknown. 

Mar.  10,  1843 

('i)rwin,  Thomas 

VV 

Ky,,,  July  29,  17941  Ohio, 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec.  18.  1865 

r...,iiri,  Itichard... 

Pa ., IPa,,, 

Lawyer... 

April  21. 1852 

("nnu:,  Robert 

,D 
w 
n 

Va, , , 
N,  J,, 

)  Va.  , . 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

1782 

Ohio. 
Pa... 

Crawford,  Thomas  E 

Pa,,. 

Not,  14,  1786 

Jan.  27.  1863 

Creighton.  William 

I) 

Va,,. 

Oct,  29,   1778  Ohio 

Lawyer... 

Oct.    8.    1851 

,D 

F 

Va,,, 
Va,,. 

1793, Ky,,. 

|va,,. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Davenport.  Thomas 

Nov.  18.  1838 

Davis,  John 

W 

Mass, 

Jan,  13,  1787  Mass, 

Lawyer. . . 

April  19.18.54 

Davis.  Warren  R... 

l> 

S,  C, 

1793  S,  C, 

Lawyer... 

Jan.  29,  18.35 

Dayan.  Charles 

.1) 

N.  Y, 

July  16,  1792  N,  Y, 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec.  25,  1877 

Dearborn.  H.  A.  S... 

N,  H, 

1783 

Mass. 

Lawyer. .  . 

July  29,  1851 

REPRESENTATIVES. 


IturD. 


Denny,  Harlnar W 

Ilewart,  Lewis D 

Dickson.  John W 

Doddridge.   Philip,,,— 

DouWeday.  U.  F D 

Draiier,  Joseph — 

Drayton,  William — 

Duncan,  Jose|)h D 

Ellsworth,  Wm,  W,  ,W 

ETans,  George W 

Evans,  Joshua D 

Everett,  Edwai^d W 

Everett,  Horace,,    ,.W 

Felder,  JohnM D 

Findla.v,  James D 

Fitzgerald,  Win D 

Ford,  James I> 

Foster,  Thomas  P,  ,,,U 

Oalthcr.  Nathan D 

Oilmore,  John D 

Oordon.  Wni,  F D 

Grennell,  George W 

(Iriffln,  John  K W 

Hall,  inland W 

Hall,  Thomas  H D 

Hiill.   William D 

llaillinoMs,  ,Ioseph,,,— 
Harper,  Joseph  M,,,.D 

Hawes,  Albert  V, D 

Hawkins,  Mii-ajahT.,D 

Heister,  William W 

Hodges,  Ji.ntes  L. . . ,, — 
Hotlniiin,  Mi<li:iel,,,,D 

Hogiin.  Willi. .Ill   D 

Holland.  Cornelius,,, — 

Horn,  Henry D 

Howaid.  Benj,  C D 

Hubbard,   Henr>' D 

Hughes,  Thomas  H,,— 

Hunt,  Jonathan — 

Huutiiigl..u,  Jabez.  ,W 

Ihrie,  Peter D 

Ingei-soll,  R^lph  J — D 

Irvin,  William  W D 

Isacks,  Jacob  C — 

tjarvis.  Leonai'd D 

Jenifer,    D.ariiel W 

Jewett,  Freeborn  G,  ,D 

Johnson,  Cave D 

Johnson.  Joseph D 

Johnson.  Rich'd  M....D 

Johnston.  Chas.  C — 

K.ivanagh,  Edw'd,,,D 
Ken. l.Tll.  Joseph  G...— 

Keniu.u.  William D 

Kerr.  J<.)in  L W 

King,  Adam D 

King,  Henry D 

King,  John D 

Ijainar.  Henry   G...  D 

Lan^niu',  ll.rnt  V D 

Leavitl,  IIiin.i.l.r'yH.D 

Lecoinpte,  Ji.tseph U 

Lent,  James D 

Letcher,  Uobert  P, ,.D 

Lewis,  Di-xon  H D 

Lyon.  Chittenden D 

McCai-t,v,  Jonathan. W 

McCoy,  Robert — 

McCoy,  William D 

McDuffle.  George D 

Melntire.  Rufus D 

McKay.  James  J D 

McKennan.  T.  M.  F,  .W 

^lann.Joel  K D 

Mardis.  Samuel  W D 

Marshall.  Thos.  A W 

Mason,  John  Y D 

Slaxwell,  Lewis W 

Mercer,  Cha  ries  F D 

Milligan.  John  J W 

Mitchell.  Geo,  E D 

Mitchell,  Thomas  R,  ,— 
Muhlenberg,  H.  A,,,,D 

Nelson,  Jeremiah — 

Newman,   Daniel D 

Newton.  Thomas D 

Nuckolls,  Wm,  C — 

Patton,  JohnM D 

Pearee,  Dutee  J D 

Pendleton,  E,   H W 

Pierson,  Job D 

Pitcher.  Nathaniel, ,,D 
Plummer,  Frank  E, ,  ,— 

Polk,  James  K D 

Potts,  David W 

Randolph.  James  F.— 

Reed.  F.dward  C D 

Reed,  John W 

Rencher,  Abraham,. W 

Roane,  John  J D 

Root,  Erastus D 

Russell,  William D 

Semmes,  Benedict  I,.D 
Sevier,  .\mbrose  H.  ,W 
Sewall.Chas,  S — 


Pa,,, 
Pa,,, 

vt,,,, 

W,  Va 

N,  Y, 

Va,  , , 

Fla,, 

Ky,, 

Conn 

Mass, 

Pa,,, 

Maas, 

Vt  ,,, 

8,  C. 

Pa... 

Tenn. 


Dec.  30, 
Feb.  - 
Nov.  10, 
Jan.  12, 


April  1 1 


July  7. 


Ga... 

Ky... 

Pa... 

Va.. 

Mass, 

S.  C, 

Vt.,. 

N,  C, 

Va... 

N,  H 

Me,,. 

Ky,,. 

N.  C. 

Pa... 

Ma-ss. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 


Md,,, 
N,  H, 

N,  J„ 
Vt.,, 
Conn. 
Pa,  , 
Conn, 

Pa,','! 
Mass, 
Md,,, 
N,  Y, 
Tenn, 
N,  Y. 
Ky,.. 
Va. ,, 

Mass. 
Pa.., 
Md,., 
Pa... 
Mass, 


Dec,  25, 
July '26' 


Aug,   7, 


July  9, 


Not,  5, 
May    3, 


Not.  8,    1788 


Oct,   19,  1781 


171X1 
1793 
1785 
1781 


Ga,., 
N,  Y 
Conn 
Ky,,, 
N.  Y,. 
Va.., 
Va,,. 
Vt.,,, 
Tenn, 
Pa,,. 
Va, , , 
Ga,., 
Me.,. 
N,  C, 
Pa... 


Jan,  11, 
Dec,  19. 
Oct,   17. 

April'27, 


1794  Pa,,, 
,    .,,  Pa,  ,, 

N,  V, 

1768  Va, ,, 
1794  N,  Y, 

Va, , , 

1776  8.  C, 
1794  111  ,,, 
1791  Conn, 
1797  Me,,. 
Pa... 

1794  Mass. 
1780  Vt.,,, 
1782  8,0., 
1775  Ohio, 

Tenn 

Pa,,, 

1790  Ga, , , 

1785  Ky., 

Pa,,, 

Va,,, 

1786  Mass, 
8.  C. 

1795  Vt.... 
17K!  N.  C. 
1774, Tenn. 

.  ,,.  N,  H, 
1787:N,  H, 

Ky,,, 

N.  C, 

.1791  iPa... 
1790  Mass, 
1788!N.  Y, 
,I792|N,  Y, 
1783!Me,,, 

iPa,,, 

1791 'Md,,, 
1784  N,  H, 
N.J,. 
Vt.  ,. 
Conn 
Pa... 
Conn 
Ohio. 
Tenn. 
Me... 
.Md  ,, 
N,  Y, 
Tenn 
Va, , , 
Ky,, 
Va.. 


Jan.  15,  1781! 


.  1790 
.  1775 


.1783 
,  1796 


Aug.  10, 


1802 
1786 


.  1788 
I,  1774 
,1793 


Jan,   15, 
April  18, 


Ala. 
Ky,. 

Va,, 

Va,,. 

Va,..  June  6, 

Md,,,iDec,  10. 

Md,,.  

S.   C, 

Pa..  ..May  13, 


1780 
1801 
1794 
1799 


Sept,  14, 


Mass, 
N,  C, 
Va... 
S.  C, 
Va,.. 
R.  I.. 


N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Va... 
N.  C.  Not.  2. 

Pa 

N.  J..  June  26, 
N.  H.  Mar.  8. 

Mass 

N.  C.| 

Va.,,1 

Conn,  Mar.  16, 

Ire'd 

Md...  Nov.   1. 

Tenn 

Md 


1795 

1788M,.^- 
111. I.. 
M.I .., 
Pa. . . 
Pa... 
N.  Y 
Oa. 
N.  V. 
Ohio. 
Ky.. 
N.  Y. 
Ky.. 
Ala. 
Ky.., 
Ind. 
Pa,,, 
Va, , 
8.  C. 
Me,,, 
N.  C, 
Pa., 
Pa,  , 
Ala, 
Ky., 
Va., 
Va, , 
Va,, 
Del., 
Md.. 
S.  C. 
Pa... 
Mas> 
Ga.. 
Va... 
8.  C. 
Va... 
R.  I., 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ml.ss 
Tenn. 
Pa... 
N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
Mass, 
N.  C. 
Va... 
N.  Y, 
Ohio. 
Md... 
Ark 
Md. 


1778 
1795 


1782 
1769 


1791 
1777 


1795 
1793 
1791 
1793 
1781 


1789 
1«)2 


Lawyer. . . 

Jan. 

29. 

1852 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . , 

Nov. 

19, 

i«;)2 

Journalist 

Mar. 

11, 

1808 

Unknown, 

Varied,,,, 

May 

24. 

184(1 

Lawyer,,, 

Jan. 

15. 

1844 

Lawyer, , , 

Jan. 

1.5. 

1868 

Lawyer, . , 

AprI 

5. 

181 17 

Unknown, 

Clergym'n 

Jan, 

15, 

18115 

Lawyer,,, 

Jan, 

:»>. 

1851 

[Lawyer,,. 

Sept, 

1, 

18.'.! 

Unknown. 

Dec. 

28, 

IH!J.-> 

jLawyer, ,, 

1847 

'Physician, 

1862 

Unknown, 

May 

18. 

1845 

Unknown, 

July 

2, 

18,58 

Lawyer,.. 

Nov, 

20, 

1877 

Unknown. 

Aug, 

1, 

1H4I 

Lawyer... 

nee. 

18, 

1885 

Physician 

June 

30. 

18.53 

Unknown. 
Physician 

Jan, 

14. 

1805 

Unknown. 

Apri 

14 

1849 

Unknown. 

Dec, 

22, 

1S,')8 

Agr'cit'st. 

Oct, 

14, 

18,53 

Unknown. 

Slar, 

8 

1840 

Varied.... 

Sept, 

27 

1H48 

Law,yer,., 

Physician 

June 

2, 

1870 

Lawyer, ,, 

Mar. 

6. 

1872 

Lawyer,,, 

June 

•5, 

1857 

Unknown, 

Lawyer., . 

May 

14. 

1832 

[Lawyer... 

Nov. 

1. 

1847 

Unknown. 

Law  ver. . . 

Aug. 

27. 

1872 

'Lawyer... 

April  19 

1842 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Sept 

18 

18,54 

Magistrate 

De<-. 

18. 

18.55 

Lawyer... 

|.'eb. 

23 

1858 

Jurist 

Nov. 

13 

1866 

Unknown. 

Feb. 

27. 

1877 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov. 

19 

1850 

Lawyer. , . 

June  17 

1832 

Lawyer, , . 

Jan. 

20 

1844 

rnki....wn. 

Oct. 

2, 

1847 

I  nkiiown. 

Law^er,,, 

Feb. 

21 

1844 

Physician, 

May 

6. 

1835 

Lawyer, ,, 

July 

13 

1861 

\  nknown. 

Sept 

1, 

1838 

Jurist 

Vnknown. 

Jan. 

3. 

1862 

Unknown. 
Mercliant. 

Feo. 

20. 

IK-ti 

Lawyer,., 

Jan. 

24. 

1861 

Lawyer, , , 

0<:t. 

2.1. 

1M8 

Unknown. 

Nov 

8, 

lfM2 

Unknown, 

18.55 

Unknown, 

June  7, 

1849 

Unknown, 
Lawyer,., 

Mar. 

11 

1851 

Lawyer, , , 

Apri  128 

1866 

Lawyer, , , 

Sept 

14 

18,53 

Lawyer,  . . 

July 

9. 

18.5:' 

Unknown. 

Sept 

■T, 

1»57 

Unknown. 

Dec. 

2 

1836 

Lawyer... 

Apri 

17 

1871 

Jurist 

(Xt. 

3, 

1859 

Lawyer... 

May 

4, 

ia58 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

June  28 

1832 

Lawyer... 

Nov 

o_ 

18:17 

Clergym'n 

Aug 

12 

1844 

Merchant. 

Oct. 

o_ 

1838 

Varied 

Jan. 

16 

1851 

Lawyer... 

Aug 

o. 

1847 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied  ... 

Oct. 

29, 

18.58 

Lawyer... 

May 

9. 

1849 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Unknown. 

May 

25 

1836 

Lawyer... 

Sepi 

24 

1802 

Lawyer. , , 

June  15 

1849 

Unknown, 

Jan. 

17 

1863 

JournalLst 

Mar 

19 

1871 

Lawyer,, , 

Lawyer, . , 

Not 

2o 

1860 

Lawyer, , , 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Dee. 

24 

1846 

Unknown. 

Oct. 

•2, 

1845 

Law^yer.. . 

Dec. 

21 

1848 

Unknown. 

:Ci/ — 


:<5: 


4S0 


TVVENTY-SECOND    AMD    TWENTY-TIIIRI)    CONGEESSES,    AND    LEADING    EVENTS    OF    THE    TIME. 


REPRESENTATIVES.       r'", 


Shepard.  Wm.  B W 

Shepparil.  .\ueu&t'sH  — 

Sladc.   William W 

Smith,  .Samuel  A D 

Soule,  N.athan D 

Southard,   Isaac D 

Speight,  Jesse D 

Spence,  John  S D 

Stanbury,  William — D 

Standifer,  Jai:;cs W 

Stephens,  Philai'der.D 
Steven.son,  Andrew . . .  D 

Stewart,  Andrew D 

Ston'S,  Wm.  L — 

Sutherland.  Joel  B...D 

Taylor,  J..hn  W 1> 

Thomas,  Fl'ancis D 

Thomas,  Philemon... — 

Thomson.  John D 

Thompson.  Wiley D 

Tomkins.  Chiis W 

Tracy,  Phine.-isL D 

Vance,  Joseph D 

Verplanck,  Gulian  C.  D 

Vinton,  Samuel  F W 

"Ward,  Aaron D 


N.  C. 
N.  C. 
Vt ... 


.  1799 


May  9,    178l> 


N.  Y. 

N.J. 

N.   C.  Sept.  22,: 

Md.. 

N.J. 


P.I.... 
Conn. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Va... 


Conn. 
Pa. .  . 
N.  Y. 
Mas.s. 
N.  Y. 


June  — 
M.ar.  25, 


1788 
1781 
1792 
1795 

'.  1784 

1790 

.1764 

.1777 


Dec.  25. 
Mar.  21, 
Aug.  6, 
Sept.  25, 
July    5, 


1786 
1786 
1786 


N.  C 

N.  C, 
Vt  . . 
Pa... 
N.  Y 
N.  J 
N.  C, 
Md... 
Ohio. 
Tcun. 
Pa... 
Va... 
Pa.  . . 
Conn. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Md. . . 
Lou. . 
Ohio. 
Ga... 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y 


1792  Ohio 
1790  N.  Y. 


Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Vaiied  . . . 
Unknown 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Lawyer 

Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Fhyaician 
Unknown. 
Jurist...  . 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Law>  er. .. 


June  20,  18!'.2 
Jan.'i8','i'859 


May  5, 
Oct.  29. 
Jan.  27, 
Aug.  24, 
July  8, 
Jan.  25, 
July  16. 
June  25. 
Nov.  15, 
Sept.  18, 
Jan.  22, 
Nov.  18, 
Dec.  2, 


1847 
1840 
1872 
1837 
1842 
1857 
1872 
1861 
1861 
1854 
1876 
1847 
ia52 


1845 

Dec.  23. 1ST6 
Aug.  26,  1851 
Mar.  18,  1870 
Hay  — ,  1862 
Mar.  2.  1867 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Warden,  Diiniel D 

Washington,  Geo.  C.W 
Watmough.  John  G.. — 

Wayne,  .lames  M D 

Weeks.  John   W — 

Wheeler,  lirattau  H.— 
White,  Campl.eil  P.  ..D 

White,  Edward  D W 

White,  Joseph  M D 

Whittlesey,  Elisha.  ..— 
Whittlesey,  Fred'k.  .— 
WicklilTe,  Charles  A.D 

Wilde,  Richard  H D 

Wilkin,  Samuel  J D 

Williams.  Lewis — 

Wing.  .Austin  F. — 

Worthington,  J.  T.  H.  D 
Young,  Ebenezer...W 


SlAtO 

aenieil. 


R.  I.. 

May  28,  1791 

N.  Y. 

Va. .. 

Aug.  20,  1789 

Md... 

Del... 

Dec.  6,    1793 

Pa... 

jB. 

1790 

Ga.    . 

N.  H. 
N.  Y. 

1799 

N.  H. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Tenn. 
Ky... 

Lou.. 

Fla  .. 

Jonn. 

Oct.    19,  1783 

Ohio. 

Jonn. 

June  16,  1799 

N.  Y. 

Ky... 

June  8,  1788 

Ky... 

Ire'd.  Sept.  24,  1789 

Ga.  .. 

1.  Y.l 1790 

N.  Y. 

)i.  C 1782 

N.  C. 

Mass 1791 

Mich. 

Md 

Md... 

^onn 

1784 

Conn. 

Lawver. .. 
Varied.... 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Mechanic. 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. .  . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 


Mai.  27, 
July  17, 
Nov.  29, 
July   5, 


Feb.  12, 
Apiil  8, 
Oct.  19. 
Jan.  7. 
Sept.  19, 
Oct.  31, 
Sept.  10, 
Mar.  II, 
Feb.  23. 
Aug.  25, 
April  27 
Aug.  18, 


1878 
1K54 
1861 
1867 
18.'j3 
18.52 
18.59 
1847 
1839 
1863 
1K51 
1869 
1S47 
1866 
1842 
1849 
1849 
1851 


Total  Representatives,  S20.  Lawyers,  ©4,.  Occupation  Unknown,  80. 
Varied,  11.  Jurists,  11.  Physicians,  '7.  Merchants,  O.  Clergymen,  3. 
Soldiers,  S.  Journalists,  S.  Manufacturer,  1.  Agriculturist,  1.  Magistrate^ 
1,  Mechanic,  1.    Foreign  Born,  3i    Including  Ireland,  3. 


Twenty-third  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1833  to  1835. 


1833— New  York  City  Ajiti-Slavery  Society 
organized,  Oet.*2. 

1833— Renmrkable  and  general  display  of 
"shooting-stars,"  Nov.  13. 

1833— First  steam-plow  in  the  United  States 
patented  by  E.  C.  Bellinger,  of  South 
Ca.ro  Una. 

1833 — Hot-air  blast  first  used  in  burning  an- 
thracite coal  in  this  country. 

1833 — First  water-proof  clothing  company 
chartered  in  Massachusetts. 

1834 — McCormick's  Reaper  first  patented, 
June  21. 


Andrew  «Juckson,  Tth  Prefildeiit. 

Martin  Van  Eiircn.  of  N.  Y.,  Vice-Pres.  Ed\«ard  Liv- 
ingston, of  Lou..  Louis  MrLane.  of  Del.,  and  John  For- 
syth, of  Ga.,  Sec'y.s  of  Stiite.  Louis  McLane.  of  Del.. 
Wm.  J.  Duane,  oV  Pa.,  tind  Levi  Woodbury,  of  N.  H.. 
Rec'ysof  Treas.  LewisCass,  of  Mich.  St-cy  of  War.  Levi 
Woodbury,  of  N.  IL,  Vnd  M;ihlon  Dickerson.  of  N.  J., 
Set'ys  of  "Navv.  Wm.  T.  Rarrv.  of  Ky..  and  Amos  Ken- 
dall, of  Kv..  PoBtm asters-General.  Roger  B.  Taney,  of 
Md..  and  Benj.  F.  Butler,  of  N.  Y..  Attorneys-General. 
Amlrew  Stevenson,  uf  Va.,  John  Bell,  of  Tenn.,  and 
Henry  Hubbard,  of  N.  H.,  Speakers  of  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. 


1834— Brutal  assault  upon  Anti-Slavery  par 
tisansin  New  York  City;  much  violence 
existed;  July  4. 

1834 — "Hovey's  Seedling  Strawberry"  first 
brought  to  public  notice. 

1834-5— Exceedingly  cold  weather  through- 
out the  country;  orange  and  fig-trees 
in  Florida  and  Georgia  were  killed  by 
frost. 

1835— Richard  Lawrence,  insane,  attempted 
to  assassinate  President  Jackson. 

1835 — A  mob  of  5,0()0  persons  broke  up  the 
Boston  Female  Anti-Slavery  Society, 
Oct.  21. 


F,  indicates  Federalist;     D,  Democrat;     W,  Whig;     IC,  Republican. 


SENATORS. 

Whrre 
Bora. 

When  Bom. 

Rcpre- 
Mnt«d. 

Occup»Uon 

Whoa  bkd. 

Bell,  Samue! 

^ 

N.  n. 

Feb.   9, 

1770 

N.  H. 

Jurist 

Dec.   23. 

1850 

Benton.  Thomas  H 

...D 

N.  C. 

Mar.  14, 

1782 

Mo... 

Lawver... 

April  10 

1858 

Bibb.  George  M 

Black,  John  . 

Va  . 

1V72 

Ky... 
Miss.. 
N.  C 

Juri!,t 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 

Api-il  14 
Aug.  29 
Dec.  6, 

1859 

Va. .. 

1854 

Brown,  Bedford.. 

N.  C. 

1795 

1870 

Buchanan,   Janiey. 

...l> 

Pa... 

April  23 

1791  IPa... 

Lawyer., . 

June   1. 

18G8 

Calhoun,  John  C 

...D 

s,  v.. 

Mar.  18 

1782  S.  C. 

Lawver. . . 

Mar.  31 

18.50 

Chambocs,  ICzek.  F 

..w 

Md... 

Feb.  23, 

1788  Md... 

Lawyer... 

Jan.  30. 

18117 

Clay.    Henry 

..w 

Va... 

April  12 

1777  Kv... 

Lawver. . . 

June  20 

18.52 

Clayton.  John  M. . 

..w 

Del... 

July  24 

179<;.Del.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  9. 

185B 

Cuthbirt,  Alfred.. 

..J) 

Ga... 

(la... 

Lawyer. . . 

July  9, 

185B 

Ewing,  Thomas.. 

..w 

Va. .. 

Dec.  2S, 

17.S9 

Ohio. 

Lawyei-. . . 

Oct.  20, 

18,1 

Forsyth.  John  .... 

...D 

Va... 

Oct.    2, 

1780 

Ga... 

Lawyer... 

Oct.  21. 

1841 

Freliiighuv^en,  Theo.W 

V.  J. 

Mar,  28, 

1-S7 

N.  J.. 

Lawyer... 

Arrill2 

iac2 

ttokMiurnutrh,  R. 

H.W 
D 

Md. .. 

1730 
1777 

Md... 
Tenn. 

Unknown 
Jurist 

Oct.    S, 
Dee.  19, 

1836 

Gruiidv.    Ft4i\  

Va... 

Sept.  11 

184(1 

Hendricks.  Willia 

m.D 
...T> 

Pa. . . 

1783 
17SS 

Ind.. 
N.  H. 

Unknown 
Journalist 

May  19 
Mar.  22 

1850 

Hill.  Isiuic 

MasK. 

April  fi, 

1851 

Kauo.  Elias  K 

,..D 

N.  Y. 

June  7, 

171111 

111.... 

JL.awyer... 

Dee.    11 

1835 

Kent,  Jo-;eph 

..W 

Md... 

1779 

Md... 

Phvtician 

Nov.  24 

183V 

Kintr  Jnhn  P 

-u 

ria. . . 
N.  C. 

April'T, 

'l786 

Ga. . . 
Ala.. 

(Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 

Kinu',  William   U.. 

April  18 

18.53 

Knit-'ht,  Nfhr.niahR.W 

R.  I.. 

Dee.  31. 

1780  R.    I.. 

Banker... 

April  IS 

18.54 

LeiKli.    B'-Hj.  W.. 

.,w 

Va. . . 

June  IS 

1781  |Va... 

Lawyer. . . 

Feb.   2, 

1849 

Linn.   Lewis  F 

...I> 

Ky... 

Nov.  5, 

1796, Mo  .. 

Phvt^ician. 

Oct.  3. 

1843 

...L) 
..W 

P.(... 

Pa... 
N.  C. 

Unknown 
'Jurist..  .. 

June  23 
Sept.  11 

1840 

Man-um.  W.    P... 

N.  C. 

1792 

1801 

Moore,  G  ibriel 

^ 

N.  C. 

'Ala.. 

[Lawyer. .. 

June  9, 

1844 

Morris.  Thos 

.    I) 

Va... 

Jan.  3, 

I77G  Ohio. 

'Juiiit 

Dec.  7, 

1844 

BTaurUin.  Arnold. 

..w 

Del.. 

.... 

'Del  .. 

Unknown 

Jan.    4, 

1872 

PoiiideKter,    George.  D 

Va... 

1779  Miss . 

'Lawyer... 

Selit.  5. 

1853 

Porter,  Alex.  J 

..w 

Iio'd. 

17SB  Lou.. 

Jurist 

Jan.   13 

1814 

Prentis-i,   Samuel. 

..w 

Conn. 

Mar.  31 

1782  Vt ... 

Jurist 

,Ian.   15 

18.57 

Pretton,  Wm.  C... 

...D 

Pa... 

Va... 

Dec.  27, 
May  4, 

1794  S.  C. . 
1793  Va... 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

May  22 
April  20 

18G0 

RivcH,  Wm.  C 

I> 

1868 

Robbins,  Asher 

..w 

Conn. 

Sept.  — 

1757  R.  I.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Feb.  25 

1845 

...I) 
...D 

Ky... 

1793  111... 
1790  Mo... 
1789  Mc... 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Juriht 

April  20 
Junc20, 
.I.an.  15, 

1843 

Mass. 
Mass. 

is'ov.'  2, 

1874 

Shepley,  Ether 

.1) 

1877 

...I) 
..W 

Ma«a. 
N.  J. 

1773  Mats. 
1787  N.  J.. 

Merchant. 
Jurist 

July  1, 
Juno2(i, 

18.50 

Southard,  Sani'l  L 

June  9, 

1842 

Sprague,  Peleg. . . 

..w 

Mas.H. 

1792  Mo... 

[Lawyer... 

Smi'h,  Nathan 

..w 

Conn. 

1770  Conn 

Lawyer... 

Dec.  0, 

1835 

Swirt.  Benjamin.. 

..w 

N.  Y. 

\prll  5, 

)7SI  Vt... 

'Lawyer... 

Nov.  11, 

1847 

Tallmadc'O,   Nathan. D 

N    Y. 

Feb.  8, 

1795  N.  Y. 

Lawyer, . . 

Nov.   2. 

1864 

Tenn. 
Conn. 

Aug.  — , 
Dec.  31, 

1785  Ind.. 
1780  Conn. 

lAR'cUlt'st. 

Lawver. . . 

Api'll  5 
Oct.    8. 

1839 

Tonillnson,   Gideon,.— 

18.54 

Tyler,  John 

1) 

Va... 

Mar.  29, 

1790  Va... 

Lawver. . . 

Jan.  18 

1802 

A.W 
..W 

1790  T.ou.. 
1782  Mass. 

Varied.... 
Lawver. . . 

Mar.  23 
Oct.  24. 

1843 

WebMter.  Daniel.. 

N.  H. 

Jan. 18, 

18.52 

N.  C. 
Pa... 

Oct.  30, 

1773  Tenn. 
1779  Pa... 
1795  N.  Y. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

April  10 
Jure  23, 
AUK.  27, 

1840 

...I) 
...D 

1805 

Wright,  KllaM 

Mass. 

May  24 

1847 

Total  Senators,  53.  Lawyers,  28.  Jurists,  IS.  Occupation  tJnknown,  «. 
Physicians,  3.  Agriculturist,!.  Banker,  1.  Journalist,  1,  Merchant,!. 
Varied,!,  Foreign  Bom,  1;    Including  Ireland,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

WhlTC- 

Unrii. 

WhpTi  Dcrn. 

Suu- 
lio,,,.. 
91'nteil. 

Ocfupatioii. 

Whio  Died. 

Adams,  John 

D 

N.  Y. 

April  26. 1808 

N.  Y.lLawyer... 

Sept.  28. 1R54 

Adams.  John    Q 

W 

M.ass. 

July  11,  1767 

Mass.  Lawyer... 

Feb.  23,  I84rt 

.Allan.  ChiUon 

II 

Va.  .. 

April  6,  1786 

Ky...  'Lawver. .. 

Sept.   3,   I8.W 

.W 
.D 

Vt.... 

1776 

VI...  Lawyer... 
Va. . .  Lawyer... 
Ohio.il.awyer... 

Dec.  IJ.  1844 

.\llen  John  J 

Va. .. 

July   Ui,  l^7y 

Allen,   William 

N.  C. 

1806 

Anthony.  Joseph  B 

— 

Pa... 

Pa.. .  IUnknown 

Jan.   17, IS51 

Archer,  Wni.  S 

W 

Va... 

Mar.   5,    1789 

Va. . .  IL.awvcr. .. 

Mar.  28,  185,') 

Ashley, W.lliamH.. 

w 

Va... 

1778  Mo...  Merchant. 

Mar.  26,  1838 

Banks,  John 

.— 

Pa... 

Oct.    17.    1703  Vn,  .  .    I.;iwv<  r..  . 

April  3,  1864 

Barber,  Noyes 



Conn. 

Apiil28,  ITSl  Ci.iiii.   Lawyer... 

Jan.    3,    1845 

Barnitz,  Chas.  A 

w 

Pa... 

Sept.  11.  1780  V:x...    Lawver... 

Jan.   8.    18,'iO 

Barrinfrer.  Daniel  L 

.1) 

N.  C. 

Oct.    1,     17.88  N.  C. 

Lawyer. .. 

Oct.    10.1852 

Mass. 

May  14,  1780  Mass. 

Lawyer... 

Mar.  Hi.  1H45 

Baylies.  Wm 

..D 

Mass. 

Oct.  16,  1783  Mass. 

Lawver... 

Sept.  27,1865 

',D 

Va... 

Va. . . 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 

Unknown 
Unknown 
Jurist 

Bean,  Benning M... 
Beardslev.  Samuel. 

N.  H. 
N.  Y. 

1782 

May   6,    1860 

Beatv.    Martin 

.  W 

Kv... 

Ky... 

rnknoMii 

Beaumont,   Andrew 

l> 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Unkiio\»n 

Oct.  30.  1853 

Bell,  James  M 

.U 
.W 

Ohio. 
Tenn. 

Ohio. 

Feb.  15,  1797  Tenn. 

I'n  known 
Lawyer... 

Bell.  John 

Sept.  10,  1869 

Binney,  Horiice 

.W 

Pa... 

Jan.  4,    1780  Pa... 

Lawyer... 

Aug.  12,  1875 

Blair,  James 

.1) 

S.  C 

Is.c. 

Unknown 

April    1.  1834 

Blair,  John 

1) 

Tenn. 

1798Tenn. 

Unknown 

July    9.    1863 

.D 

N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 

Unknown 
Unknown 

Bodle.   Charles 

1836 

Boon  BntlilT. ... 

.D 
.D 
.D 

.W 

N.  C. 

1781 

Ind.. 
Va... 
Va.  . . 

Mass. 

Unknown 
Unknown 

Jurist 

Lawyer.. . 

Nov.  20    1844 

Feb.  11. 1834 
Sept.  12.  1861 

Brigprs,  George  N... 

Mass. 

April  13,1796 

Brown,  John  W 

.1) 

Scot  . 

Oct.  11,   1788, N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.   e.  1875 

,'w 

Mo... 

Mo. , . 
Lou. . 

Unknown 
Lawvt'r... 

Bullard,  Henry  A... 

Mass. 

Sept.  9,  iVsi 

April  17,1851 

.w 
w 

1780 

Tenn. 
Pa... 
R.  I.. 

Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 

1796 

Jim     13    1844 

Burges,  Trlstam 

M.a8s. 

Fijb.  26,   1770 

Oc-t.    i;i.  18.^3 

.D 

n 

N.  II. 
N.  C. 

N.  H.  iUnknown 

1795N.  C.  .Lawyer.. 

Jiine  20.  1866 

Sept.  -,  1868 

<'age,  Henry 

Tenn. 

iMlss.  'Jurist 

Camlircleng.  C.  C. . 

D 

N    C 

1786  N.  y.  Merchant. 

April  30,  1862 

Campbell.  Kob't  H.. 

W 

S.  C. 

'S.  C. 

Unknown 

Cnrini.-hncl.  li.  B... 

.11 

Md.. 

'Md... 

LnwyiT... 

.D 
.D 

Ind.. 
111... 

Unknown 
Unknown 

Casev.  Zadok 

Ga... 

1798 

'*ept.  12.1862 

Chambers.  Ooo 

.w 

Pa... 

Fob.  4,    1786  Pa... 

lurlst 

liar.  25,  1860 

ChJiney,  John 

Chilton,  Thos 

.D 

Md... 

1801 

3hlo. 

Kv... 

«y... 

Unknown. 

Sfe= 


{(T — 


KEI'KESK.NTATIVKS    OK    TlIK    ■|\ViO^T V-TIIIKU    (;l)^•(;KES.S. 


4.S1 


i 


REPRESENTATrVES. 


Chinn,  Joseph  W D 

Choate.   Uufus W 

Cluiborne,  Nath'l.  H..— 

Clark,  Samuel D 

Clark,  William W 

Clay.  Clement.  C D 

Clayton,  AuRUi^lUH  S..D 

Clowney,  Wm.  K D 

Coffee,  John — 

Conner,  Henry  W D 

Corwin,  Thomas W 

Coulter.  Richard — 

Cramer,   John D 

Crane,  Joseph  H W 

Crockett.  David W 

Darhneton.  Edw'iL.W 
Davenport,  Thomas.. F 

Davis,  Amos W 

Davis.  John W 

Davis,  Warren  R h 

Day,  Rowland D 

Deherry,  Edmund — 

Deming,  Benj.  F W 

Dennis,  Littleton  P..W 

Denny,  Harmar W 

Dlckerson,  Philemon. D 
Dickinson,  David  W..D 

Dickson,  John W 

Duncan,   Joseph D 

Dunlap.  Wm.  C — 

JEllsworth.  Wm.  W..W 

Evans,  George W 

Everett.  Edward W 

Evt-rett,  Horace W 

Ewing,  John — 

Felder,  JohnM D 

Ferris,  Chas.  G D 

Fillmore,  Millard.... W 

Foote,  Samuel  A W 

Forester.  Jno.  B — 

Foster,  Thomas  F D 

Fowler,Sam'l D 

Fuller.  PhiloC W 

Fuller,  Wm.  K D 

Fulton,  John  H W 

Galbraith,   John D 

Gamble,  R.  L D 

Garland,  Rice W 

Gholson,  Jas.  H D 

ilillet.  Ransom  H D 

Cilmer,   Geo.  R D 

(iordon,  Wm.  F D 

Gorham,  Ben j — 

Graham,  James W 

Grayson,  Wm.  J W 

Grennell.  George W 

Griffin,  John   K W 

Hall,  Hiland W 

Hall,  Joseph D 

Hall,  Thomas  H D 

Halsey,  NicoU D 

Hamer,  Thos.  L — 

Hannegan,  Edw'd  A.  .D 

Hard.  Gideon W 

Hardin,    Benj W 

Harper,   James D 

Harper,  Joseph  M D 

Harrison,  Sam'l  S D 

Hathaway,   Sam'l  G.  .D 

Hawps,  Albert  G D 

Miiwkins.  MicajahT..D 

Hn/HJtine,  Abner W 

H<-;ith,  Jas.  P D 

Heister    William. ...W 
Henderson,  Joseph... D 

Howell,  Edward D 

Hubbard.    Henry D 

Huntington,  Abel D 

Huntington,    Jabez. . — 

Inge,  Wm.  M D 

•Jackson,    Ebenezer.W 

Jackson,  William W 

Janes,  Heni-y  F W 

Jarvis,  Leonard D 

Johnson,  Cave D 

Johnson,   Henry W 

Johnson.  fToadiali D 

Johnson,  Uich'd  M D 

Johnson,  Wm.  C W 

Jones.  Benjamin D 

Jones.  Seaborn D 

Kavanagh.  Edw'd, ,.D 

KiJirore,  Daniel D 

Kinu',  Henry D 

Kinnard.  Geo.  L D 

Lane.  Amos D 

Lansing,  Gerrit  Y D 

Laporte,  John D 

Lawrence,  Cornelius.  D 

Lay,  George  W W 

Leavitt.  Humphr'y  H.D 

Lea,  Luke D 

Lee,  Thomiis D    1 

Letcher,  Robert  P...W 

Lewis.  Dixon  H D    , 

Lincoln,  Levi W    , 


Where 
Burn 

WhooBom. 

stale 
Kepre 
■enteil 

Ocoui»Uon 

When  Dlcrl. 

Va... 

1                             Va 

I'nknown 

Dec.    5.   1840 

MOHS. 

Oct.    1,    hiiil  Mass. 

Lawyer.  . 

July  13.   1K.59 

Va. . . 

Nov.  14,  1707  Va... 

Unknown 

Aug.  10,  1839 

N.  Y. 

iN.  Y. 

Unknown 

Oct.    2.     1870 

Pa... 

Pa.  .. 
'Ala.. 

Unknown 
Jurist.... 

April  28.  1841 
Sept.   7,  IrtW 

Va... 

Dec.  17,  1730 

Va... 

Nov.  27,  1781 

Oa... 

Jurist 

June  21,  183U 

S.  C. 

S.  C. 
Ga... 
N.  C 

Unknown. 
Unknown 

.'lan."i.'i.'V8«8 

Va... 

Aug.  — ,  1703 

Ky... 

July  29,  1794 

Ohio. 

Lawyei'. . . 

Dec.  18,  1865 

Pa... 

Pa.  .. 

Law.vor. .. 

April  21, 1852 

N.  Y. 

Sept.  20,  177t 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

June   1,  1870 

N.  J.. 

1782  Onio. 

Lawyer... 

Nov.  12,  1852 

Tenn. 

Aug.  17,  1786iTcnn. 

Varied.... 

Mar.   6,  18;ic! 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

Va... 

Va... 

Lawyer... 

Nov.  18,  1838 

Ky... 

Ky... 
Mass. 

Mass. 

Jan.  13,  1787 

Lawyer...  lApril  19. 18.54 

S.  C. 

1793JS.  C.    iLawyer... 

Jan.  29,  1835 

N.  Y. 

I788(N.  Y.  [Unknown. 

In.  c. 

Aug.  14,  1787 

N.  CAgi-icul'.st. 

Dec.   12,  1850 

|Vt... 

Vt... 

Varied.... 

July  11,  1834 

Md. . . 

'.!!!'.'.'.'.'.'l794 

Md... 
Pa... 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

.    .              1834 

Pa... 

Jan.  29,  18.52 

N.  J.. 

1792 

N.  J. 

Lawyer... 

Dec.  10.    1862 

Tenn. 
Vt... 

1807 

Tenn. 
N.  y. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

April  27,  1845 

Ky... 

Feb.    —  1794 

Ill  ... 

Lawyer. .. 

Jan.  15,  1844 

Tenn. 
Conn 

Tenn. 
Conn. 

Unlcnown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  10,  1791 

Jan.  15.  1868 

.Mass. 

Jan.  12,   1797 

Me... 

Lawyer... 

April  5.   1867 

Mas.s. 

April!  1 ,  1794 

Mass. 

Clergym'n 

Jan.  15,  1865 

Vt . . . 

1780 

Vt .  . . 

Lawyer... 

Jan.  30,  1851 

AtSea 
S.  C. 

Ind  ..  Merchant. 
S.  C.  iLawyer. .. 

Dec.  — ,  18.57 
Sept.  1,  1851 

July  7,    1782 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

N.  Y. 

.Tan.  7,    1800 

N.y.. 

Lawyer... 

Mar.  8,   1874 

Conn. 

Nov.  8,   1780 

Conn. 

Merchant. 

Sept.  15, 1846 

Tenn. 
Ga... 

Tenn.  j  Unknown 
Ga...  Lawyer... 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'..' Ifiii 

Nov.  23,  1790 

N.  J. 

1779 

N.  J..  Physician. 
N.Y     Unknown. 

Feb.  21,  1844 
Aug.  16,  1855 

N.  Y.   Unknown. 
Va. ..  1  Unknown. 
Pa...  JLawyer. .. 

Va... 

June  Vs.' 1861) 

Pa... 

Ga... 

Ga...  ; Lawyer... 
Lou..  Law^yer. ., 
Va.  . .  La  A'yer. . . 

Dec.  20,  1847 

JuVy'bViSis 

Va. . . 

Va 179S 

N.  Y.  Jan.  27.  1800 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer... 

Oct.  24,  1876 

Ga...   April  11,1790 

Ga... 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  15,  1859 

Va . . . 

Va... 
Mass. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

July   2.    1858 
Sept.  27, 1855 

Mass.  Feb.  13,   1775 

N.  C.  Jan.  -.  1793 

N.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  — ,  1851 

S.  C. 

Nov.   2,    1788 

S.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.    4,    1863 

Mass. 

Dec.  25,  1786 

Mass. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  20,  1877 

S.  C. . 

S.   C. 

Vt.... 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Aug.   1,   1841 
Dee.  18.  1885 

Vt  . . . 

July  20,  179.5 

Mass. 

June  26,  1793 

Me... 

Merchant. 

1R.57 

N.  0. 

1783  N.C.. 

Physician 

June  30,  1853 

N.  Y. 

In.  y. 

Unknown. 

Pa  .. 

Ohio. 
Ind.. 
N   V 

Lawyer... 
Law.ver.. . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Dec.  3.    1846 
Feb.  25,  1859 

Ohio. 
Pa!". 

1784  ky... 

Sept.  24, 1852 

Ire'd. 
Me... 

1779 

Pa...  IMechanic. 
N.  H.  .Physician. 

Mar.  31,  1873 
Jan.  14,  1865 

June  21,  1787 

Md... 

iPa...  lUnlinown. 

Mass. 

July  18,  1780  N.  Y.  Sailor 

May  2,    1867 

Ky... 

Ky. , .  Unknown. 

April  14, 1849 

N.  C. 

N.  C.   Unknown. 

Dec.  22,  1858 

N.  Y. 
Del.. 

N.  Y.  Unknown. 

Dec.  21,  1777  Md...  Varied.... 

June  12,  1854 

Pa     . 

.  1791 

Pa...  lAgricul'st. 
Pa.. .   Unknown. 
N.  V     Unknown. 

Oct.  14,   1853 

Pa  . 



N.  H. 

May    3,  1784  N.  H.  Lawyer... 

June  5,  1857 

Conn. 

1776  N.  Y.  Physician 

May  18,  18.58 

Conn. 

Xov.  8,   1788  Conn.  .Lawyer. . . 

Nov.    1,  1847 

Tenn, 
Conn. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

1846 

Conn. 



Mass. 

Sept.  6,   i783;Mass. 

R.R.  Bldr 

Feb.  27,  1855 

Mass. 

3ct.    10,  1792  Vt.... 

Lawyer. . . 

Mass. 

-)ct.  19,  1781  Me. .. 

Unknown. 

Sept.  18,18.54 

Tenn. 

Jan.  1 1 .  1793  Tenn. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  13,  1866 

Tenn. 

Sept.  14,1783  Lou.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  4,   1864 

N.  y 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

April  4.  1839 

Ky... 

3ct.  17,  1781  Ky... 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  19,  1850 

Md... 

1806  Md... 

Lawyer... 

April  16, 1860 

Va.. 

lOhio. 

1788  Ga... 

Unknown 
Lawyer... 

Ga... 

1874 

April27, 1795Me... 

^awyer. . . 

Jan.  20,  1844 

Va... 

Ohio. 

jnknown 

Uec. 12.  1851 

1790 

Pa... 
Ind... 
Ind... 

Lawyer. . . 
Jnknown. 
Lawyer.. . 

July  13,  1861 
Nov.  25.  1836 
July  18,  1850 

1803 

N.  Y. 

[ 

M.  Y. 

1783  N.  Y.[ 

Jnknown 

Jan.    3,  1862 

Pa 

Pa. . . 

M.  y. 

Jnknown 
Merchant. 

N.  Y. 

Feb.  28,  1791 

Feb.  20,  1861 

V.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

^awyer. . . 

Dct.  28,  1860 

June  -,  1796  Ohio. 
Jan.  26,  1782  Tenn. 

N.  0. 

Varied 

June  17. 1851 

^.  J.. 

N.  J.. 

Jnknown. 

Va... 

IKy... 

jawver. .. 

Jon.  24,  1861 

Va. . . 

Aug.  10,  1802  Ala.. 

..aw^^'er. . . 

Dct.  25,  1848 

Mass. 

Oct.  25,  1782 

Mass.  I 

Lawyer... 

May  29,   1868 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

Wher. 
Horn. 

WbmUom. 

RttU 
It«t,r». 
MDIcd 

OcatipUlgg 

Vli«>DI«L 

r.ove,  James 

__ 

1... iKy... 

Unknown 

Loyall,  George 

..» 

Va.. 

May  29,  1789iVa... 

Unknown 

..U 
..D 
..D 
..D 

Va.. 

Va. . . 

)Ky... 

Mich. 

Ohio. 

Unknown 
Unknown 
Surveyor. 
Unknown. 

jiar.    4,  1858 
Nov.  8.  1842 
Sept.  25.  1H5I 
Dec.  21,  1831 

Lyon,  Chittenden. 

Vt... 

178* 

vt.. 

Lytle.  Kob't  T 

Mccarty.  Jonathan. W 

Tenn 

Ilnd.. 

Unknown. 

1855 

McConias,    Wni 

..W 
..D 

Va... 

Va... 
8.  C. 

Unknown. 

MeDulHe.  George.. 

Ga... 

I78S 

.Mar.  II.  1851 

Mclntlre,   Hufus. .. 
McKay,  James  J. . . 

..D 

Mc... 

Dec.  19,  1774iMo... 

Law  ycr. . . 

April  28. 1866 

..1) 
.W 
..D 

N.  C. 

Pa... 

178: 

N.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 

Sept.  14,  18.53 
July    0,   18.52 
April   I.  I8:« 

McKennan.  T.  M.  T 

Pa... 
Md... 

McKini,  Isaac 

Md... 

.McKlnlev.  John.... 

..U 

Va. . . 

Altt..  jLuwyer. .. 

July  19,  1R52 

McLene,  Jeremiah. 

l> 

i7ff; 

McVean.  Charles.. 

..I) 

N.  Y. 

1802 

N.  Y.  Lawyer... 

Dec.  2tt.  1H48 

Mann,  Abijah 

..D 

N.  Y. 

Sept.  24, 179; 

N.  Y.  Varied.... 

Sept.  6.  1868 

Mann.  .loci  K 

..D 

Pa... 

net 

Pa. . .  Unknown. 

Sept.  5,  1857 

Manning.  Kich'd  I. 

..1) 

S.  C. 

May   1,   1789 

S.  C. .  Unknown. 

Slay    I,   18.36 

Murdis,.S;iinuel  W. 

D 

Ala.. 

18<J1 

Dec.  2.    183« 

M  .r.sliall.  Thos.  A.. 

W 

Kv... 

Jan.  1.5,  17W 

Ky...  Lawver... 

April  17.  1871 

M:.rliTi,l:,l,-.  Henry  C.W 

Mass. 

,May   6.    I78t 

N.  Y.  Unknown. 

April22.1Mfyi 

M.i«,.n,  Ji.hM    Y.... 

.   1) 

Va... 

April  18, 17l)£ 

Va...  Jurl.st 

-Mu,-.oii.  Moses 

II 

.Mass. 

1791 

M.-iy.  Wm.  L 

..D 
..D 

Ky... 

Va... 

Juno  6,  1778 

III...    Unknown. 
Va...  Lawyer... 

Mercer,  Charles  F . 

May   4,   1858 

Miller.  .Tesse 

,1) 

Pa... 

Aug.  20,  1850 

Millig^.n.  John  J... 

.W 

Md... 

Dec.  10,  179.5  Del...  Lawver... 

1779  Conn.  Lawyer... 

1784  N.  Y.  Phviician 

Sept.  18,  1839 

Milch, 11.   Henry.... 

I) 

Conn. 

MilihcU.  Itohert... 

..1) 

Pa... 

Ohio.  Unknown. 

.Moore.  .Sam'l  M 

.w 

Va... 

1769  N.  Y.  Unknown. 

.May  13,   1782  Pa...  Clergjinn 

July  29,  1849 
Aug.  12,  1844 

Muhlenberg.  H.  A.. 

..D 

Pa.. 

Murphy,  John 

..I) 

S.  C. 

1786  Ala..  L.awyer... 

Sept- 21,  1841 

Osgood.  Gayton  P. 

..1) 

Mass. 

July    4,  1794,Mu.sa.  Lawyer... 

June  28,  1861 

Page.  Sherman 

.,!> 

Conn. 

In.  Y.  Unknown. 

Parker.  James 

.  1) 

N.  J. 

Mar.    1,    177B  N.  J..  Accoiinft. 

Parks.  Gorham 

..D 

..D 

D 

Mass. 
Md... 

1793 

Me... 

Patterson.  Wm 

Patton.  John  M 

Va... 

1796 

PeuT,-c.  DuteeJ 

.  I) 

R.  I.. 

1789 

R.  I.. 'Lawyer... 

.w 

W 

Tenn. 
Mass. 

riiillilis  Stephen  C 

Nov.    1.    1801 

Mass.   Varied.... 

June  26,  1857 

Picliciia.  rj^ineis  W 

.  D 

S.  C. 

April  7,1807  8.  C.  iLawyer... 

Jan.  25,  1860 

Pierce.  Franklin... 

1) 

N.  H. 

Nov.  23,  1804  N.    H.  Lawyer... 

Oct.    8,    1869 

Piei-son,  Job 

..D 

N.  Y. 

S.  C. 

1791  X.  Y.  Unknown. 

Sept. 24, 1794  S.  C. 'Lawyer... 

Pinckney.  Heni-y  L 

Feb.  3,    1863 

Plumnier.  Frank  E. 

— 

Va. . . 

!  Miss..  Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  24.  I«lr2 

Polk.  James  K 

.1) 

N.  C. 

Nov.  2,  1795  Tenn.  Lawver... 

June  15.  1H4;) 

Pope,  Patrick  H 

..D 
W 
W 

1808 

Ky.. .  Unknown. 
Pa...   Unknown. 

May   4.    1K41 

1793 

Rams,ay,  Robert.. 

Pa. . . 



.w 
.w 

..D 

Nov.  25,  I8C0 

N.  C. 
Pa... 



Feb.  26,  1788 

N.  C. 

III... 

Revnolils,  John 

Jurist 

Jiiy   8,  i'865 

Rtibeit^on,  John... 

.W 

Va... 

Va...  Unknown. 

S.-henck.  Ferd.  S... 

..1) 

N.  J. 

Pen.  11,  1790 

N.  J..  Physician 

::.ay  17,  1860 

.Schley,  William.... 

.    1) 

Md... 

Dec.  15,   1786 

Ga...  Jurist 

Nov.  20,  1808 

Selden,  Dudley 

..1) 

N.  Y.  Unknown. 

Nov.    7.  1835 

Sevier.  -Ambrose  H. 

W 

Tenn. 

1802 

Dec.  21,  1848 

Shepard.  Wm.  B... 

.W 

N.C.. 

1799 

N.  C.  ILawyer... 

June  20,  1852 

Sheppard.  Aug.  H.. 

, — 

N.  C. 

N.  C.  iLawyer... 

Shinn.  Wm.  N 

.   1) 

N.  J.. 

N.  J..lAg'eulfst. 

Slade,  Charles 

II 

July  -,  1834 
Jan.  18,  1859 

Slade.  William 

.W 

Vt  ... 

Hky  9,    i'786 

Vt....  Varied.... 

Sloane, Jonathan. . . 

w 

Mass. 

Ohio.  lUnknown. 

..D 
W 

Me. . . 

Me...| 

Ohio.l 

Spangler,  David 

Unknown 

Oct.  18,  1856 

Speight,  Jesse 

..U 

N.  C. 

Sept.  22,  1795 

N.  C.  (Unknown 

May   5.    1847 

Standifer.  James... 

W 

Aug.  24,  1837 

Steele.  John  N 

.W 

Md... 

Md...  .Unknown. 

Stevenson.  Andrew. 

II 

Va... 

1784  Va... 

^awyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Stewart.  Andrew... 

..D 

Pa... 

June  —.1792  Pa... 

July  16,  1872 

Stoddard,  John  T... 

1) 

Md. . . 

1790  Md... 

Jnknown. 

July  19.  1870 
Nov.  15.  1861 

Sutherland.  Joel  B. 

.1) 

Pa. . . 

Pa... 

Taylor.  William. . . 

.D 

Conn 

1793  N.  Y. 

'hysician 

Sept.  6,  1843 

Tavlor,  Wm.  T 

.W 

Va.   . 

.  Va 

Thoma.s.  Francis 

.D 

Md... 

Feb.    3,   1799  Md.    . 

^awver. . . 

Jan.  22,  1876 

Thomas.  Philemon. 

Thomson.  John 

Tompkins,  Chris 

'.D 
.W 
W 

N.  C. 

1764  Lou..  1  Unknown 

Nov.  18,  1847 
Dec.  2,    18.52 
1845 

Conn 

....!.'".' 'Kv..!l 

Jurist 

Trumbull,   Joseph.. 

dec.  7,    1782 

Varied.... 

Turner,  James 

.D 
D 

Md... 
Vt.... 

■.';.';'!!!'i'795 

Md...  Unknown. 

Turrill,  Joel 

Dec.  26,  1850 

Tweedy,   Sam'l 

Vance,  Joseph 

.1) 

Pa... 

Mar.  21, 1786 

Ohio,  i  Merchant. 

Aug.  26.  1851 

Vanderpoel,  Aaron. 

.D 

S.  Y. 

Feb.  5,    1799 

N.  Y.I  Lawver... 

July  18, 1870 

Van  Houten.  Isaac  B.D 

:j.  y. 

N.  Y.! Unknown. 

\  inton.  Sivmuel  F. . . 

W 

Mass. 

Sept.  25,  1792 

Ohio.  Lawyer... 

May  — ,  1882 

W  agener.  David  D 

.1) 

Pa... 



Pa...  Varied.... 

Ward.  .Aaron 

.D 

S.  Y.  .luly  5.    1790 

Mar.  2.  1867 

Warden.  Dan'l 

.D 

S.  1..  May  28,  1791  N.  Y.  LawVer... 

Mar.  27,  1878 

W^atmough.  Jno.  G.. 

. — 

Bel...  Dec.   6,   1793  Pa.. .  lUnknown 

Nov.  29,  1861 

D 

Jnly    5,  1867 

Websler,  Taylor 

D 
.D 

Pa.  ..  Ohio,  i Unknown 

Wliallon.   Reuben.. 

N.  J.; 1777 

N.  y.  'Unknown 

April  15, 1M3 

White.  Campbell  P. 

.D 

N.Y.  

N.  Y.  Meivhant. 

Feb.  12.  I8.5S) 

White,  Edward  D... 

W 

n 

Tenn.l 
Ky... 

Lou..  Jurist 

-April  8.  1847 
Oct.    19.    1830 
Jan.    7.    1S*>J 

White.  Joseph  M... 



Whittlesey,   Elisha. 

w 

Conn.  Oct.  19,  1783 

Ohio.  ILawver. . 

Whittlesev,  Fred'k.. 

— 

?onn.  June  16,  1799  K.  Y.  Lawyer... 

Sept.  19.  1851 

Wilde.  Rich'dH.... 

.D  llre'd.  Sept,  24.  1789  Ga...lLawver    . 

Sept.  10.  1S47 
Feb.  23,  1842 

Williams.  Lewis.... 

.-    N.  C 1782  N.  C.  Unknown 

Wilson.  Edgar  C 

W   iVtt Va...  Unknown 

May  — ,  1860 

5Vise,  Henry^A 

.D 

Va... 

Dec.  3,    1806 

Va...i 

Lawyer...! 

Septs,    1876 

^  iCx- — 


TWENTY-THIRD    AND    TWENTY-FOURTH    CONGRESSES,    AND    LEADING    EVENTS    OF    THE    TIME. 


Young.  Ebenezer...W    IConn.  | 1784(Conn.|Unknown.  Aug.  18,  1851 


Total  Representatives,  261.  Lawyers,  llO.  Occupation  Unknown, 
lOl.  Jurists,  13.  Varied.  lO.  Merchants.  9.  Physicians,  8.  Agricul- 
turists, 3.  Clergymen,  3.  Mechanic,  1.  Sailor,  1.  Railroad  Builder,  1. 
Surveyor.  1,  Accountant,  1.  Foreign  Bom,  4:  Including  Ireland,  2;  Scot- 
land, 1;  At  Sea,  1. 


Twenty-fourth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1835  to  1837, 


1835— A  great  fire  in  New  York  City  destroyed 
property  covering  45  acres  and  valued 
at  820,000,000,  Dec.  16. 

1835— The  Public  Debt  of  the  United  States 
was  practically  extinguished. 

1835— Gold  pens  were  first  made  in  America 
at  Detroit,  Mich.,  by  Levi  Brown. 

1835— Prof.  Morse's  Telegraph  first  exhibited 
in  New  York. 

183G— Colt's  Revolver  first  patented,  Feb.  25. 

1836— Independence  of  Texas  declared.  Mar.  2. 

1836— Patent  Office  and  Post  Office  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  burned,  Dec.  15. 


Andren'  •luckfioi),  7th  Prexideiit. 

Martin  Van  Buren,  of  N.  Y.,  V'ice-Pres.  John  Forsyth, 
of  Ga.,  Sec'y  of  State.  Levi  Woodbury,  of  N.  H.,  Sec'y 
of  Treas.  Lewis  Cass,  of  Mich.,  Sec'y  of  War.  Mahlon 
Dickerson,  of  N.  J..  Set'y  of  Navy.  Amos  Kendall,  of 
Ky..  Postmaster  General.  Benj.  F.  Butler,  of  N.  Y., 
Attorney-General.  James  K.  Polk,  of  Tenn.,  Speaker 
of  House  of  Representatives. 


1836— Daniel  Webster's  deep-soil  plow  was 
exhibited  at  his  farm  in  Ma^isachusett8. 

1837 — Banks  in  New  York  suspended  payment, 
causing  a  panic  and  general  stoppage 
of  business  throughout  the  country. 
Credit  was  destroyed,  and  even  the 
President's  salary  could  not  be  prompt- 
ly paid.     Speculation  led  to  this  i-esult. 

1837— Rev.  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy.  a  noted  Aboli- 
tionist. Jiving  at  Alton.  111.,  was  killed 
by  a  pro-slavery  mob.  and  the  material 
of  his  i)aper,  the  "Alton  observer,"  was 
destioyed,  Nov.  7. 

1837— Clocks  with  metal  wheels  were  first 
made  by  Chauncey  Jerome. 


F,  indicates  Federalist;    I>,  Democrat;    "W,  Whig;    R,  Republican;    A.-Ma  Anti-Mason. 


SENATORS. 

WhfTQ 

Born. 

TVhen  Dora. 

aeuted. 

Occupation 

When  Died. 

Bayard.  Rich'd  H. . 
Benton.  Thomas  H.. 

Del... 

1796 

Del... 
Mo... 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Mar.   4.  1868 

N.  C. 

Moi-.  14,  1782 

April  10, 1858 

Black,  John 

Brown,  Bedford 

Buchanan,  James.. 

.W 
.D 

r> 

Miss. . 
-V.  C. 
Pa..  . 

Jurist 

Unknown 
Lawyer..  . 

Aug.  29,  1854 

N.  C. 
Pa... 

.  179o 

Dec.  6.    1870 

April  23,  1791 

June   1.  1868 

1) 

S.    C. 

Mar.  18,  1782  S.  C. 

Lawyer... 

w 

Va... 

April  12,  1777  Ky.  .. 

Lawyer. . . 

June  29.  1852 

Clayton.  John  M 

Clayton.  Thos 

w 

Del...  July  24,  1796  Del  . 

Jurist 



Del...  Mar.  9.   17.58  Del... 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  21.  1854 

p 

Ky...  Sept.  10,  1786  Ky... 

Lawyer. . . 

July  26.  1863 

Cuthbirt,  Alfred... 

1) 

Ga... 

Ga..  . 

Lawyer. . . 

July   9.    1856 

1) 

Conn 

Api-il25, 1772  Me... 

Law  yer. . . 

Dec.  27,  1845 

w 

Mass. 

Jan.  13,  1787lMass. 

Lawyer. .. 

April  19,  1854 

w 

Va. . . 

Dec.  28,  1789  Ohio. 

Lawyer. .  . 

Oct.  26.  1871 

Euing.  Wm.  L.  D. . 



Ky... 

179.5  111... 

Lawyer. . . 

Mar.  25.  1846 

Fultun.  Win.  S 

n 

Md... 

June  2,   179,-)  Ark.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  15.  1844 

GoldsborouBh,  R.  H 

li. 

Md... 

1780  Md... 

Unknown 

Oct.    5,    1836 

(ininilv.   Felix 

i> 

Va... 

Sept.  11.  1777  Tenn. 

Jurist 

Dec.  19.  1840 

Hendricks,  William. D 
Hill,  Isaac D 

17S3 

Ind.. 
X.  H. 

Unknown 
Journalist 

May   16.  1850 

Mass. 

April  6,    1788 

Mar.  22.  1851 

Hubbard,   Henry. . . 

r> 

N.  H. 

May  3,    1784  N.  H. 

Lawyer. . . 

June  5,  1857 

Kane,  Ellas  K 

.1) 

N.  Y. 

June  7,  1796|II1.... 

Lawyer.. . 

Dec.   11,  1835 

Kent,  Jo,.^eph 

King,  John  P 

Kinir,  William  R... 

.w 

..D 

n 

Md 

1779, 

Md... 
Ga.  .. 
Ala  .. 

Physician 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  24,  1837 

Ga 

N.  C. 

April  7,  1786 

April  is,  1853 

Knight,  NehemiahR.W 

R.  I.. 

Dec.  31.  1780  R.    I.. 

Banker... 

April  19, 1854 

l.eifc'h.   Benj.  W.... 
Linn.  Lewis  F 

w 

Va... 

June  18,  1781  Va... 

Lawyer. . . 

Feb.   2.    1849 

n 

Ky... 

Nov.  5,    1796  Mo   . . 

Physician. 

Oct.   3.    1843 

Lvon,  Lucius 

McKean,  Samuel.. 
Mangum.  Willie  P.. 
Moore,  Gabriel 

..D 
..D 

.w 

Vt.. 

Mich. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Ala.. 

Surveyor  . 
Unknown 
Jurist..  .. 
Lawyer. .. 

Sept.  25,  1851 

;:::::::v.:::: 

June  23.  1840 

N.  C. 

N.  C. 

.  1792 

Sept.  14, 1861 

:::;:::;:.... 

June  9.  1844 

i> 

Va. . . 

Jan.  3.    1776  Ohio. 

Jurist 

Dec.  7,    1844 

11 

Lou.. 

Nov.  19,1804  Lou.. 

Lawyer... 

Xaudain,  Arnold... 
Nicholas,  Rob'tC. ,. 
Niles.  John  M 

.w 

..D 

.w 

T> 

Del  .. 
Lou, . 
Conn 
Mich. 

Unkno^vn 
Planter... 

Varied 

Jouinalist 

Jan.    4,  1872 

Va. .. 

Dec.  24,  1857 

Conn. 
Pa... 

1787 

May  31.  18.56 

April  11,1850 

n 

N.  H. 

May  21,  1787  N.  H. 

Varied.... 

Sept.   8,  1865 

Pai-ker,  Rich'd  E. . . 

w 

Va     . 

1777 

Va... 
Lou.. 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Nov.  e.    1840 

Ire'd. 

1786 

Jan.    13,  1844 

Prentiss,   Samuel.. 

w 

Conn. 

Mar.  31,  1782  Vt  ... 

Jurist 

Jan.   15,  1857 

I) 

Pa... 

Dec.  27,   1794  S.  C. . 

Lawyer. . . 

May  22.  1S60 

r> 

Va... 

May  4.    1793  Va... 

Lawyer. . . 

April  26. 1868 

Robbins,  AsherP,.. 

.w 

Conn. 

Sept.-,  17.')7  R.  I.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Feb.  2.5.  1845 

Robinson.  John  M. . 

1) 

Ky... 

1793  III... 

Jurist 

April  26. 1843 

Ruggles.  John 

Sevier,  Ambrose  H. 

I) 

Mass. 

1790  Me... 

Jurist 

1) 

Tenn. 

1802  Ark.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec.  21,  1848 

Sheplev.    Ethei- 

r> 

Mass. 

Nov.  2,   17.19  Me... 

Jurist 

Jan.   15.  1877 

w 

N.  J. 

Junes,    1787, N.  J.. 

Jurist 

June  26.  1842 

Md... 
Va... 

Sept.'in,  1796 

Md... 
N.  C. 

Lnknown. 
Jurist 

Oct.  29.  1840 

11 

Feb.  10,  1854 

w 

N.  Y. 

April  5,  lf81 

Vt  ... 

LaAvyer.  . . 

Nov.  11,  1847 

TallmadKc.  Nalh'lP.P 

N.  Y. 

Feb.  8,    179r> 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.    2,    1864 

. — 

Tenn. 

Aug.  — ,   1  "H.-. 

Ind.. 

Ag'culfst. 

— 

Conn. 

Dec.  31,   1780 

Conn. 

Lawyer... 

Tyler,  John 

•\Valker,  Rob't  J... 

I) 

Va... 

Mar.  29.  I7HO 

Va... 

Lawyer. . . 

Jan.   17.  1862 

11 

Pa... 

.luly  19.  IKOl 

Miss  . 

Lawyer... 

Wall,  Garret  D 

i> 

N.  J. . 

Mai-.  10,  178.1 

N.  J. 

Lawyer. . . 

w 

N.  H. 

Jan.  18,   1782 

Mass. 

Lawyer... 

White,  UuKhL 

Wright,  Silas 

N.  C. 

Oct.  30,    177;! 

Tenn. 

Jurist 

April  10, 1840 

..D 

Mass . 

May  24,  1795 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  27,  1847 

Total  Senators,  Ca.  Lawyers,  SI.  Juri.sts,  14.  Occupation  Unknown,  T. 
Journalists,  3.  Physicians,  2.  Varied,  S.  Banker,  1.  Surveyor,  1.  Planter, 
1.  Agriculturist,!.  Foreign  Bom,  1 :    Including  Ireland,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Vdamn.  John  Q W    Mass.  July  11,  1767  Mass.  Lawyer..  .Feb.  23,  1848 

Alford    Julius  C W     Ga...   Ga. ..  Lawyer.. .  

Allan,  Chilton n  IVa...!April  6,  1786|Ky..  .iLawyer.  ..ISept.  3,  18.58 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Where 
Bora. 

When  Born. 

Sute 
Re|ire- 
sented. 

Occupation. 

When  Died. 

.W 

Vt.... 

1776 

Vt.... 
Pa... 

Anthony,  Joseph  B 

Pa... 

Unkhown   Jan.   17.  1851 

Ash,  Michael  W 

.'w 
.w 
w 

Pa 

Pa... 
Mo... 

Ashley,  William  H.. 
Kailey,  Jeremiah. . 
Banks.  John 

1788 

R.  I.. 

Me... 
Pa..  . 

Pa... 

Oct.  17,  1793 

Lawyer...  April  3,  1864 

'.D 

"d 

N.  Y. 
Va 

N.  Y. 

Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 

Jurist 

Beale    Jas  51   H 

Va... 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 

Bean,  BenningM... 
Beardslev.  Samuel. 

N.  H. 
N.  Y. 

May   6.    1860 

Beaumont,  Andrew 

l> 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Unknown    Oct.  30.  1853 

Bell. John 

.w 

Tenn. 

Feb.  15,  1797  Tenn. 

Lawyer...  Sept.  10.  1869 

.D 
D 

Pa... 
N.  Y. 

Pa... 

1783  N.  Y. 

Unknown  ' 

Eockee,  Abraham. . 

Unknown  iJune   1.  IH65 

Boon  RatlilT 

.D 
.W 

N.  C. 
Md... 

1781 

Ind... 
Ohio. 

Unknown  !Nov.  20,  1844 

Bond,  Wm.  K 

Lawyer...  Feb.    17,  1S74 

Borden,  Nath'l  B. . . 

.D 

Mass. 

April  15, 1801,  Mass. 

Unknown    April  U'.  I.'^65 

Bouldjn,  J.1S.  W.... 

D 

Va... 

Va... 

Unknown    

■M 

N.  V. 
Tenn. 

In.  Y. 

Nov.  28,  1800  Kv... 

Unknown 
Agr'clt'st. 

Boyd,   Linn 



Dec.  16.  1859 

Briggs,  George  N... 

.w 

Mass. 

April  13, 1796  Mass.  Lawyer...  Sept.  12,1861 

Brown.  John  W 

n 

Scot. 

Oct.  11,  1786  N.  Y. 

Jurist ;Sept.  6,  1875 

.D 

.w 

Pa... 
Tenn. 

N.  H. 
N.   C. 

Unknown 
Unknown 

1786 

Sent.  5.  iSig 

Bnni'^    Ki'litM-t 

N.  H. 
N.  C. 

Unknown   June  20,  1866 

BMiuin,  .Irss,.  A.... 



1795 

Lawyer...  Sept.  — ,  1868 

Cjilluiiin,  .lolm 

.  w 

Ky... 

!Ky.-- 

Lawyer. . .  

Calhuiin.  Will.  B... 

w 

Mass. 

Dec.  29,    1796  Mass. 

Lawyer...  Inov.  8.   1865 

Canibvelenp,   CO.. 
Campbell.  Hob'tB.. 
Carr.  John 

.D 
W 

N.  C. 
S.  C. 

1786 

N.  V. 
S.  0.  . 

Meichant.  April 30.  1862 

D 

Ind... 

Unknown  'Jan.  20.  1845 

Carter.  Wm.  B 

VV 

Tenn. 

1812  Tenn. 

Varied....  lApril  17. 1848 

Casey.  Zadok 

.D 

Ga... 

1798  III... 

Clergym-n  Sept.  12.  1862 

Chambers.  John 

.W 

N.  J.. 

Dee.  4,    1779  Ky... 

Lawyer..     Sept.  21. 18.52 

Chambers,  (ieo 

,W 

Pa... 

Feb.  24,  1786  Pa... 

Jurist Mar.  25.  1866 

Chancy, John 

Cbnpin,  G.  H 

Chapnmn,   Ki-uben. 
Clietwuod,   Wm 

.D 
.D 
.D 

Md... 

1801 

Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Ala  . . 
N.  J.. 

Unknown. 

Conn. 
Va... 

.   .  1799 

Sent.  8.     1843 

1806 

N.  J.. 

1769 

Lawyer...  Dec.  18,   1857 

Chikls.  Tiniolhv.... 

W 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown   Nov.   8.  1847 

Claibnrni-.  Nath'l  H. 

_ 

Va... 

Nov.  14,  1767,  Va.  .. 

Unknown.  Aug.  15,  1839 

Claiborm-,  J.  F.  H.. 

1) 

Miss . 

Miss  . 

Lawyer. ..i 

Clurk.  William 

w 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Unknown.  April  28. 1.s41 

Cle.ivt-land,  Jesse  F 

.D 

Ga... 

Ga... 

Unknown.  May  19.   1841 

Coir.c.  Juhn 

— 

Ga.  .. 

Unknown.' M-.^.r, 

Coles.  Walter 

1) 

Va... 

1789  Va.  .. 

Agricul'st.  Nov.  9.   18.>7 

Conner,  H.  nry  W.. 

11 

Va... 

Aug.-,  1793  N.  0. 

Unknown.  Jan.   15.  18(W 

Coiwin.  Thomas.,.. 

.W 

Kv... 

July  29,   1794, Ohio. 

Lawyer...,  Dec.  18,  1865 

Craig.    KolKTt  

11 

Va. . . 

|va... 

Unknown.  1 

Cramer.   John 

I) 

N.  Y. 

Sept.  26,  1779  N.  Y. 

Unknown.  June   1.  1H70 

Crane.  Joseph  H 

.w 

N.  J. 

1782, Ohio. 

Lawyer... 

Nov.  12.  18.52 

Crary.  Isaac  K...... 

1> 

Conn. 

iMich. 

Lawyer... 

May    8,  18.54 

Cushing.  Ciih'b 

w 

Mass. 

Jan.    7,  1800  Mass. 

Jurist 

Jan.  2.    1879 

(.'usliiimii.  Sum'I 

1) 

N.  H. 

June  8,  1783  N.  H. 

Lawyer... 

May  20,    1851 

IJarlink'l.m,  K(iw..A-M 

Pa... 

|Pa... 

Unknown. 

Davis,  John  W 

..1) 

Pa... 

July  17,  1799  Ind  . . 

Physicion. 

Aug.  22, 18,59 

Dawson,  Win.  C 

w 

(Ja... 

Jan.  4,    1798  Ga. .. 

Lawyer. . . 

May    5.    1856 

Deberrv.  Ed  rnund. . 

.w 

N.  0. 

Aug.  14,  1787  N.  C. 

Agricul'st.  Dec.    12,  18,59 

Denny.  Harmar 

.w 

Pa... 

1794  Pa... 

Lawyer... 'Jan.  29.18.52 

Dickerson.  Philemon.  D 

N.J.. 

1792, N.  J.. 

Lawyer...!  Dec.  10.    1862 

Dickson,  David 



Miss  . 

Unknown. 1 1836 

I) 

N.  Y. 

1794 

N.  Y. 

.Tournnlist  Mar.  11.  1866 

Va... 

Va... 

April  27,  1847 

Dunlap,  Wm.  C... 

1) 

Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
S.C. 

Tenn. 
N.  Y. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Elmore,  Franklin  H 

Jan.  16,  1706  8.  C. 

May  29,   18.50 

Evans,  Gcnrtri' 

w 

Mass. 

Jan.  12,   1797  Me... 

Lawyer... 

April  5.  lMi7 

.w 
r> 

178i; 

Vt  . . . 
Me... 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Jon.  30.  1.V.1 

Fairll.ld,  .Inlin 

Me... 

Jan.  30,  1797 

Dec.  24.  1847 

Failin,  Diuibv 

\i 

N.  Y. 

IN.Y. 

Unknown. 

Sept.  26, 1837 

.'.r> 

Tenn. 
N.  J.. 

Tenn. 
N.  J.. 

Unknown 
Physician 

Fowler.  Sam'l 

1779 

Feb.  21,1844 

French,  Kirhiud. . . 

D 

Kv... 

!Kv... 

I.nwver. .. 

Fry,   Jacob, Jr 

..D 

Pa... 

Pa.  .. 

Unknown. 

M 


;g>'^~ 


T. 


lUil'lJKSKNTATlVlOS    OK    Till':    TWIONTV-Fi  ii:UTII    (:i)N(;i{ES.S. 


I-; 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


FiillcT.  I'hilo  C W 

Fiilli'i,  Will.  K 1) 

(iiilliraitll.    John D 

i.iiliriil,   Jainei^ U 

i..n  I  irid,  Klce W 

i.liuK.in,  Sam'lJ D 

i.iil.it.  liansom  H l> 

(;l.iM-iM.-k,  Tho3 U 

<;iMli:im,  James W 

iii:iii^'t'r.  Francis W 

I  ;i  nirliind,  Seaton...— 

..I  ,M-^.  Wni.  J W 

i,i,,iM>n,  Wm.  J W 

i.n  iirii'll,  (Jforge W 

i.iiilin,  .lohTi    K VV 

ll.ilrv.  Kli^li.i D 

Hall,    llihuiil W 

Hall,  Joai-ph D 

Hamer.  Tlioa.  L D 

HaciiTiiond,  Jas.  H...W 
Huiinc^'an.  KdwM  A..D 

ll.ir.l,  Ilid.'.Ml W 

ll.n^liii.    ll.'iij    W 

11.11  I.HI,  Jaiiios  W 

ll.iilHT.  James D 

ILu  I  L-on,  Albert  O...D 

ll:,in<cm.  Sam'l  S D 

ll.iu.    ,  .MhiM-t  Q 1) 

ll.iMkiii-,  Mii-ajah  T..D 

II  nr.i'...  riias.  E D 

II  [/..lliiw,   .Miner W 

H.i^t.r.   William. ...W 
11  nilLTson.  Joseph... D 

11  iivd.  Wm W 

Hiiir,  Samuel W 

11  .U.v.   H.ipkins D 

11. .11.  iirnii    D 

H.)|ikMiv,  Ceo.  W D 

H..«uid,   Ben.  C D 

H..ivi.|l,  Elias W 

Hiilili-v.  Edward   B...D 

limit.  Hiram  P W 

Hiiriungton,  Abel D 

lltiinsman,  Adam...W 
IiimiMill.  Joseph  B.W 

liiu'lii'n.   Samuel D 

,Ia.k> laliez D 

J, irk William....W 

.1 ,  Henry  F W 

.1,11  V  I-.   Leonard D 

.1.  iiitii-.  Daniel  W 

.l.iliii-<in.  Cave D 

Jolmsdii,  Henry W 

Johnson,  Joseph D 

Jolinson,  Rich'd  M. . .  .D 

Jones.  Benjamin D 

Jones,  Geo.  W D 

Jones.  John  W D 

Jndson,  Andrew  T D 

Krriiion.  Wm D 

KLl^'i-ri.iiiiih.  John...D 

Kil^'oir,  lianiel D 

Kiiiriard,  Geo.  L D 

Ijiii.-.  .\mo3 D 

I.aii-iii;j:,  tiarert  Y D 

Lali.irte.  John D 

Lawlor,  Joab W 

Lawrence.  Ahliott...W 

Lay,  (Jeorge  W W 

Lea.  Luke D 

Lee,    Gideon D 

Lee.  Joshua D 

Lee.  Thomas D 

Le..nanl.  .Stephen  B.  .D 

L.•^vl^.  l)i\on  H D 

Liin-nln.   Levi W 

Lui^'.in.   Henr,v D 

Lov,-.  Thos.  C W 

Luyall.  George D 

Liii-as.  Edward D 

LV..II.  Francis  S W 

M r.'a ity.  Jonathan . W 

Mc-r,,iiias.    Wm W 

.M.  Iviv,  Jjxmes  J D 

M.K.iinan.T.  M.  T.  ,.W 

,M.  K.'on.  John D 

MiKhii.  Isaac D 

M. 1.1  lie,  Jeremiah D 

JI. 11111.  Abijah D 

Mann.   Job D 

Manning.  Rich'd  I U 

Martin,  Joshua  L D 

Mason.  John  Y D 


When, 
Bom 

WboaBorn. 

Stuto 
Kuiiri.. 

■dDlod. 

N    Y. 



N.  Y. 

Pa... 

I'a. . . 

Va,  , 

1792 

Va... 

Va... 

Lou.. 

Va  . 

Miss.. 

N.  Y. 

Jan.  27 

1800 

N.  Y. 

N.  C. 

Jan.  — , 

1793 

N.  C. 

Conn. 

Dec.    1, 

1792 

N.  Y. 

Va... 

Oa... 

Kv... 

1805 

Kv... 

S.  0 

Nov.  -2, 

178H 

S.  C. 

.Mass, 

Dec.  25, 

I7HK 

Mass. 

S.  C. 

S.  C. 

Vt.... 

July  20. 

1795 

Vt.... 

Mass. 

June  26 

1793 

Me. . . 

Pa.  .. 

S.  C. 

Nov.  15. 

1807 

S.  C. 

Ohio. 

Ind.. 
N.  Y. 

Pa.  .. 

1784 

Ky... 

Ky... 

June  22 

MK) 

Kv... 

Ire'd. 

1779 

Pa... 

Ky... 

Mo... 

Md 

Pa... 

Ky... 

Ky... 

N    (1. 

N.  0. 

Ga..  . 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

1791 

Pa..  . 

Pa.. 

Pa.  .. 

Ind  .. 

Mass. 

May  18, 

1778 

Mass. 

1799 

Conn. 

Conn. 

Va... 

Feb.   22 

1804 

Va... 

Md... 

Nov.    5, 

1791 

Md... 

N.  J. 

Ohio. 

Pa... 

Pa.    . 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

1776 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

June  14 

1786 

Pa... 

Conn. 

Sept.  5, 

1793 

Conn. 

Ga... 

Ga... 

Mass. 

Sept.  6, 

1783 

Mass . 

Mass. 

Oct.    10, 

1792 

Vt  . . . 

Mass. 

Oct.  19. 

17K1 

Me... 

Md... 

Md... 

Tenn. 

Jan. 11. 

1793 

Tenn. 

Tenn. 

Sept.  14 

1783 

Lou.. 

N.  Y. 

Dec.   19, 

1785 

Va . . . 

Ky... 

Oct.  17, 

1781 

Kv... 

Va.. 

Ohio. 

Wis.. 

Va. .. 

Va... 

Conn. 

Nov.  29 

1784 

Conn. 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Va... 

1«03 

Ind  .. 

N.  Y. 

Ind.. 

N.  Y. 

1783 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

Pa... 

N.  C. 

June  12 

1796 

Ala  . . 

Mass. 

Dec.  16, 

1792 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

N.  C. 

Jan.  26, 

1782 

Tenn. 

Mass. 

.1777 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

N.  J.. 

N.  J.. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Va... 

Aug.  10, 

1802 

Ala.. 

.Mass. 

Oct.  25, 

1782 

Mass. 

Pa... 

Pa.  . . 

N.  Y. 

Va... 

May  29, 

1789 

Va. .. 

Va... 

Va... 

N.  C. 

Tenn. 

Ind., 

Va... 

Va.  . . 

N.  0. 

1793 

N.  C. 

Pa... 

Pa... 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Md... 

1767 
1793 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

Sept.  24 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

Mar.  31 

I7H.=i 

Pa... 

S.  C. 

May  1, 

1789 

S.  C. 
Ala.. 

Va... 

April  18 

1799 

Va... 

Ocoupatlui 


L'nknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer, ., 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. .. 
Soldier..., 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. .. 
La,vyer, .. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Mercllant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.. . 
Varied  ... 
Mechanic. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unkirown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown, 
-ig'cult'st. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown 
R.R.  B'ld'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Ag'cult'st. 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown 
I  'lergynrn 
Merchant, 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Jlerchant. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. ,. 

Merchant. 

Unknown. 

Merchant. 

Varied. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 


Aug.  16, 
June  15, 


1855 

isdo 


Oct.  24, 
May  9, 
Sept.  — , 
Aug.  28, 

.Sept!  27 i 
Oct.    4. 
Nov.  20, 
Aug.    1, 


187B 
1841 

1851 
1868 

i'8«8 
1863 
1877 
1841 


Dec.  18, 

Dec."  3.' 
Nov.  13, 
Feb.  25, 

Sept.'24,' 
Feb.  18, 
Mar.  31, 
Sept,  7, 

April  14, 
Dec.  22, 


1885 
1857 
1846 
1864 
1859 

'1852 
1863 
1873 
1839 

1849 
1858 


Oct.  14,  1853 


Nov.  2. 
Mar.  31, 

Mar! '2! 
Mar.  6, 
May  — . 
Feb.  23, 

May  is, 

Feb.  26! 


1856 
1859 

i's'ei 

1872 
1844 
1856 

'1858 

1868 


Feb.  27,  1855 


Sept.  18, 
Dec.  18, 
Nov.  13, 
Sept.  4, 
Feb.  27, 
Nov.  19, 


1854 
1855 
1866 
1864 
1877 
1850 


Jan.  29, 
Mar.  17. 


1848 
1853 


Dec.  12, 
Nov.  25 
July  18 
Jan.  3, 


1851 
1836 
1850 
1862 


May  8, 
Aug.  18, 
Oct.  28, 
June  17 
Aug.  21 


1838 
1855 
ISfJO 
1851 
1&41 


Oct.  25, 
May  29, 


1848 
1868 


Sept.  17, 
Mar.'V,' 


Sept.  14, 
July    9, 


1853 

1858 

1855 

1853 
1852 


April  1. 
Mar.  19, 
Sept.  6, 


1838 
1837 
1868 


Slay  1. 
Nov.  2, 
Oct.    3, 


1836 
1856 
1859 


REPRESENTATIVES.      K 


..w 

...D 
...D 


Mason,  Samson  ....W 

Mason,  Moses D 

.Mason.  Wm D 

Maury.  Abraham  P.  ,W 

May.Wm.  L D 

Moieei',  Charles F . . . ,D 

.Miller,  Je^^e D 

Miller,  Uiilfcr  B, . 
Millit'aii.  J.ilin  J... 
Muiitgumeiy,  Wm. 

Moore.  Ely 

Morgan.  Wm.  S. .. 

Morris,  Matthias W 

Muhlenberg,  H.  A...,D 

Owen».  Geo.  W _ 

Page.  Sherman D 

Parker,  James D 

Parks,  Gorhani 1) 

Patterson,  Wm D 

Patton,  John  M D 

Pearee,  Dutee  J D 

Pearee.  Jas.  A W 

Pettigrew,  Ebenezer,  W 

Peyton,  Baillie W 

Phelps.  Launcelot I) 

Phillips,  Stephen  C.  .W 
Pickens.  Francis  W,  D 

Pierce.    Franklin D 

Pierson,  John  J — 

Pinekney,  Henry  L..W 

Polk.  James   K D 

Potts,  David W 

Keed.  John W 

Rencher,  Abraham.. W 

Reynolds,  John D 

Reynolds,  Joseph D 

Richardson,  Jno.  P. .  .D 
Ripley,  Ebenezer  W,.D 

Roane.  John D 

Robertson,  John W 

Rogers.  James D 

Russell.  David W 

Sehcnek.  Ferd.  S D 

Seymour.  Wm D 

Shepard,  Wra,  B W 

Sheppard,  Aug,  H — 

Shields.  Ebenezer  J..  W 

Shinn.  Wm.   N D 

Sickles.  Nicholas D 

Slade,  William W 

Sloane,  Jonathan W 

Smith.  P.  O.J D 

Spangler.  David W 

Speight,  Jesse D 

Sprague.  Wm D 

Standifer.  James W 

Steele.  John  N ^V 

Storer.    Bellamv AV 

SutherKand,  JoelB...D 

XaliaCerro.  John D 

Taylor,  Wm D 

Thomas.  Fr.ancis D 

Thomson,  John D 

Thompson,  Waddy.  .W 

Towns,  Geo.  W D 

Toucey.  Isaac D 


Ohio. 
Mass. 
Conn., 


Juno  8,  1778 


Dec.  10. 


Ky... 
Va. . . 
Pa. . . 
N  Y. 
Md. . . 
N.  C. 

N.  J..  

Va. ..  Sept.  7, 

Pa.  ..' 

Pa...  May  13, 

Ga,      ' 

Conn. 

N.   J.  Mar. 

Mass. 

Md.. 

Va... 

R.  I.. 

D.C. 

N.  C. 

Tenn. 

Conn. 

Mass. 

S.  C. 


1785 
1791 

1801 
1785 
1782 
1798 

'1776 
1793 


17i« 


.1788  R.  1 


Dec.  14.  1805 


ll.r.rr. 
•rnie.1. 


Ohio. 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
III... 
Va... 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Del  . . 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Pa... 
I'a. . . 
Ga... 
N.  Y. . 
N.  J. 
Me... 
Ohio. 
Va 


Nov.   1, 
April  7, 
N.   H.  Nov.  23, 


S.  C. 
N.  C. 

Pa... 
Maxs. 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
S.  c. . 
N.  H. 
Va. . . 
Va... 
S.  C. 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
Conn. 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 
Ga... 
N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
Vt... 
Mass, 
Me... 


Turner,  James. 

Turrill.  Joel D 

Underwood,  J.  R W 

Vanderpoel.  Aaron, ..D 

Vinton,  Samuel  F W 

VTapener,  David  D..D 

Ward,  .\aron D 

W.ardell.  Dan'l D 

Washington.  Geo.  C.W 

W'ebsier,  Taylor D 

Weeks,  Joseph D 

White,  Joseph  M D 

White.  John W 

Whittlesey,  Elisha. ..— 
Whittle.wy,  Thos.  J.. D 
Wildman,  Zalmon..,.D 

Williams.    Lewis — 

Williams.  Sherrod.  ..W 

Wise.  Henrv  A D 

Tell.  Archibald D 

Young.  John W 


N.  C. 
R.  I.. 


Md. . . 

Me... 

Pa... 

Va... 

Conn. 

.Md... 

Pa... 

S.  C. 

Ga... 

Conn. 

Md... 

Vt... 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

[Mass. 

IPa... 

N.  Y. 

R.  I.. 

Va... 

Pa.. 

Mass. 

Ky. .. 


Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
N.  C 
Ky... 
Va. . . 
Ky... 
Vt.... 


Sept.  24, 
Nov.  2, 


Feb.  26, 
April  14, 


1801 
1807 
1804 

'1794 
1795 
1783 
1781 

1788 


.  1800 
.  1790 


.  1799 


iiay  9,    1786 


Sept.  22, 


Mar.  9,   1798 

!!!!!!.'.'!'i768 


Feb.   3,    1799 


Sept.  8, 
May  4. 
Nov.  5, 


Oct.  24 
Feb.   5. 

Sept.  25, 


July  5. 
May  28, 
Aug.  20, 


Md.    . 

N.  C. 

Tenn. 

Conn. 

Mass. 

S.  C. 

N.  H. 

Pa... 

8.  C. 

Tenn. 

Pa... 

Mass. 

N.  C. 
.  Ill  ... 

|N.  Y. 

1801  !s.    C. 

1782  Lou.. 

.  1754  Va... 

Va... 

S.  C. 

N.  Y. 

N    J.. 

N.  Y. 

N.   C. 

N.   C. 

Tenn. 

N.  J. 

N.  Y. 

Vt . . . 

Ohio. 

Me... 

Onio. 

N.  C. 

R.  I.. 

Tenn. 

Md... 

Ohio. 

Pa... 

Va. . . 

N.  Y. 

Md... 

1777  Ohio. 

1798  s.  C. 
lS02'Ga... 
1796'Conn. 

'Md... 

1795  N.  Y. 

1791  Ky... 

1799  N.  Y. 

1792  Ohio. 
Pa. 


1795 
1800 


Dec.  3. 
June  12 


1790  X.  Y, 

1791  X,  Y, 
17S9  Md... 

Ohio. 

X.  H. 

Fla... 

1805  Ky... 
1783  Ohio. 

Conn. 

,Conn. 

1782  N.  C. 
Ky... 

1806  Va... 
1797  Ark.. 
1802  N.  Y. 


Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Physleitin. 
Journalist 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Clergym'n 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Aecount't. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Varied.... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Law  yer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer, .. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Physician 

Unknown. 

I.nwyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Agricul'st. 

irnknown. 

Varied.... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Metchant. 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Physician 

L.awyer... 

Physician 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer., 

I-awyer... 

Unknown 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

I.»awyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Law^-er. , . 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Law-yer. . . 
Mechanic. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Lawyer 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 


June  25, 
jil'ly  22', ' 


May    4. 

Aug.  20. 
Nov.  13, 

Nov.'  '27. 
Jan.  26, 


1858 
18.50 
1»<77 

ri*»'4 
1880 


Nov.  9. 
Aug.  12, 


18.30 
IH44 

is-oe 


Oct.  29, 
Jlay  9, 
Dec.  20, 


18.58 
1849 
1862 


June  26,  1857 


Jan.  2.5, 
Oct.    8, 

Feb!  '3! ' 
June  15, 
Jan.  17. 
Nov.  25, 


1869 
18fi9 

I'tii:) 
1849 
1883 
I860 


May  8.    I88S 


Jan.  24, 
Mar.  2. 
Nov.  15, 


18<» 
1839 
1838 


Nov.  24. 
May  17, 


1881 
1860 


June  20, 
May  "26',' 


May  13. 
Jan.  18, 


1845 
1859 


Oct.  18. 
May  5. 
Oct.  19. 
Aug.  24, 


1876 
18.56 
1847 
ia56 
1837 


June  I, 
Nov.  15. 
Aug.  12. 
Sept.  6. 
Jan.  22. 
Dec.  2. 
Nov.  23. 
July  15. 
July  30, 

Dec!  26.' 
Aug.  23. 
July  18, 
May  -, 


1875 
1861 
ia53 
1843 
1876 
18-52 
1868 
18.54 
1869 

i'8.59 
1876 
1870 
1862 


Mar.  2. 
Mar.  27. 
July  17, 


1867 
1878 
1854 


Oct.  19. 
Sept.  22, 
Jan.  7. 

Dec! '16! 
Feb.  23, 

Sept.  5," 
Feb.  23. 
April  23, 


1S39 
1845 
1863 

'l'835 
1842 

'l'876 
1847 
1852 


Total  Representatives,  25'7.  Occupation  Unknown,  107.  Lawyers.  105. 
Varied.  9.  Merchants.  8.  Physicians,  Q**  Jurists,  6.  Agriculturists,  6. 
Clergj'men,  a.  Mechanics,  3,  Journalists,  S.  Soldier.  1.  Railroad  Builder, 
1.  -Accountant,  1.  Foreign  Bom,  S:    Including  Ireland,  1 ;  Scotland,  1. 


1 


ibi 


TWENTY-FIFTH    CONGRESS,     AND    LEADING    EVENTS    OF    THE    'l  IME. 


Twenty-fifth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1837  to  1839. 


1837- 
1837- 


-'•  Sons  of  Liberty"  Rebellion  in  Caiiadii. 
-The  "Jlexico."  from  Liverpool,  Eng.. 
was  wrecked  on  Lone  Island,  with  a 
loss  of  1U8  lives,  Jan.  3. 

1837— Michigan  adniitied  into  the  Union,  the 
26th  Stale,  Jan.  L'tj. 

1837— The  steamer  "  Ben  Sherrod,'*  on  the 
Mississippi  1  iver,  was  wrecked  at  Nat- 
cliez,  with  a  loss  of  175  lives.  May  9. 

1837— The  steamship  "  Home  "  was  wrecked  in 
Pamlico  Sound,  N.  C,  with  the  loss  of 
100  lives,  Oct.  9. 

1837— The  steamer  ■'Monmouth,"  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi river,  was  wrecked,  with  the 
loss,  of  234  lives. 

1837— First  railroad  opened  in  Cuba,  W.  I. 

1838 — The  first  steamships  of  regular  lines 
between  New  York  and  Liverpool  ar- 
rived from  En£rland— the  "  Sirius  "  and 
*'  Great  Western  ■'— .4pril  23. 


MnrlEn  Vnn  Biireli,  8tli  Pi-eMidellt. 

Kichard  M.  Johnson,  of  K.v..  Vicel'res.  John  Forsyth, 
of  Ga.,  Sec  y  of  State.  Levi  Woodbury,  of  N.  H.,  Sec'y 
of  Treas.  Joel  R.  Poinsett,  of  S.  C.  Sec'y  of  War.  Mah- 
lon  Dickersoir,  of  N.  J.,  and  Jas.  K.  Paulding,  of  K.  Y., 
Set'ys  of  Navy.  Amos  Kendall,  of  Ky.,  and  John  M.  Niles, 
of  Conn..  Postmasters  General.  Benj.  F.  Butler,  of  N.  Y., 
and  Felix  Grundy,  of  Tenn..  Attorneys  Gen*  ral.  James 
K.  Polk,  of  Tenn.,  Speaker  of  House  of  Representatives. 


1838- Charle-ston.  S.  C..  was  half-destroyed 
by  Hrc.  1.158  buildings  onil  83.000.010 
worth  of  property  having  been  burned, 
April  '27. 

1838— The  steamer  "Moselle."  on  the  Ohio 
river,  was  burned  at  Cincimati,  with 
the  loss  ot  131  lives,  April  2:>. 

1838— Pennsylvania  Hall,  at  I'lliladelphia.  in 
which  an  anti-slaveiy  meeting  con- 
vened, was  burned  by  a  mob.  May  17. 

1838 — Ericsson's  improved  propeller  wa-s  first 
used  on  the  Gi  eat  Lakes. 

1839— Charles  Goodyear  obtained  his  first 
patent  tor  vulcanized  (or  sulphurettedj 
india  rubber,  Feb.  24. 

1839— Harnden's  jiackage  express  established 
between  New  York  and  Boston,  Mar.  4. 
Adams'  Express  was  started  the  next 
year. 

1839  — First  Normal  School  in  America  was 
opened  at  Lexington,  Mass.,  July  3. 


F,  indicates  Federalist;     B,  Democrat;     "W,  Whif;     If.  l;i  i  nllii  an ;     A-M,  Anti-Mason;     A,  Abolitionist. 


SENATORS. 


Allen.  William D 

Biivard,  Kieh'dH...W 
Benton.  Thomas H....D 

Black.  John W 

Brown.  Bedford D 

Buchanan.  James D 

t'aihoiin.  Jolin  C D 

Clav.  Clement  C D 

Cl.i'y.    Henrv W 

Clayttm.  Thus - 

Crittenden,  Jno.  J,,.D 

Cuthbert.  Alfred D 

I>avis.  John W 

F">ter.  Ephraim  H,-W 

Fultc.ii.  Wm.  S D 

Oiimilv.  Felix D 

Hiilil/ard.  Henry D 

Kent.  Joseph W 

King, John  P D 

King,  William  B D 

Knight.  Xebemiah  It. W 

Linn.  Lewis  F D 

Lumpkin.  Wilson D 

Lyon,    Lucius D 

McKean.  Samuel., ..D 

Merrick,  Win.    D W 

Morris,  Thos D 

Mouton,  Alex  D 

Slieholas.  Rob't  0....D 

Niles,  John  M W 

Nor  veil,  John D 

Parker,  Uieh'd  E — 

Pierce,  Franklin D 

Prentiss,    Samuel.... W 


Preston.   Wm.  C. 

Rives,  Wm.  C 

Roane.  Wni.  H... 
Bobbins.  AsherP  . 
Robinson.  John  M. 

HngL-les,  John 

Sevier'.  Ambrose  H. 
SMiitli.  Oliver  H.. 

Smitli,    Perry 

Si'iitliard.  Sum'l  L. 

Spenee.  John  S 

Strange.   Robert 

Swift.  Ben.{amin W 

Tallmndge.  Nath'lP.P 

Tipton,  John — 

Trotter.  James  F. . 
Walker.  Rob't  J. . 
Wail.  Garret  !>.... 
Webster.  Daniel... 
While.  Hugh  L.... 
Willi;,ms.  Beuel... 
Williams,  Thos.  H. 

Wright.  Silas 

Young,  Rich.  M... 


.D 
...D 
...D 
..W 
...D 
..D 
..D 
.W 
..D 
W 
..D 
..D 


N.  C. 
Del... 
N.  C. 
Va... 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
S.  C. 
Va... 
Va... 
Del... 
Ky... 
Ga... 
M-ass 

jid... 
Va. . . 
,N.  H. 
.Md... 
Ua... 
N.  C. 
R.  1.. 
Ky... 
Va... 
Vt  . . . 
Pa... 
Md... 
Va... 
Lou, . 
Va... 
Conn. 
Pa... 
Va... 
N.  H. 
Conn. 
Pa... 
Va... 
Va. . . 
Conn. 
Ky... 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
N.  J.. 
Conn. 
N.  J. . 
Md... 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 


April  23, 
Mar.  18, 
Dee.  17. 
April  12, 
Mar.  y. 
Sept.  10, 


.  ISOfi 
.  17!J(i 
,  1782 

'  l'795 
1791 
1782 
1789 
1777 
1758 
1786 


.1. 


June  2, 
Sept.  II, 
May  3, 


state 

R«pre-      Occupation. 


April  7, 
Dec.  31, 
Nov.  5, 
Jan.   14, 


Jan.  3. 
Nov.  19, 


Nov.  23, 
Mar,  31 
Dec.  27, 
May  4, 


.1) 

11 

Pa... 

July  19. 

I) 

N.J,. 

Mar.  10, 

W 

N.  H. 

Jan.  18. 

_ 

N.   C. 

Oct.  30. 

i> 

Me... 

June  2, 

11 

Va... 

.11 

Mass. 

May  24 

.D 

Ky... 

Sept. 


Oct.  2.'i, 

June  9, 

Seiit'.'in, 
Ipril  5, 
Feb.  8, 
Aug. 


Ohio. 
Del... 
Mo... 
Miss. . 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
S.  C. 
Ala  .. 
Ky... 
Del... 
Ky... 
Ga... 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
Ark-. 
1777  Tenn. 

1784  N.  H. 
1779, Md... 

Ga... 

1786' Ala  .. 

1780  R.  L. 
1796  Mo  .. 
1783  Ga.  .. 

Mich. 

IPa... 

jMd... 

1776 'Ohio. 
1804:Lou.. 

'Lou.. 

1787 1  Conn. 
iMich. 

1777|Va... 

1804  N.  H. 

1782  Vt  ... 

1794  S.  C. . 

1793  Va. .. 

178K  Va..  . 

17,')7  R.  I.. 

1793  111  ... 
1790  Me. . . 
1802  Ark.. 

1794  Ind  .. 
Conn. 

1787  N.  J. 

Md... 

1796  N.  C. 

1781  Vt  ... 

1795  N.  Y. 

1785  Ind.. 
Miss  . 

1801  Miss  . 
I7H3  N.   J 

1782  Mass 


1773 
1783 


,  1795 


Tenn. 
Me... 

Miss. 
N.  Y. 
Ill  ... 


Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Unknown 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . , 
L.awyer. . 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.  . , 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Physician 
Unknown 

Lawyer 

Banker... 
Physician. 
Lawyer., . 
Surveyor . 
Unknown 
Unknown. 

Jui'ist 

Lawyer. . . 
Planter... 

Varied 

Journalist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 
Jurist , . . . . 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Ag'cnlt'st. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. , , 
Lawyer, , , 

Jurist 

Lawyer, , . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer, . , 
Jurist 


July  10. 
Mar.  4. 
April  10, 
Aug.  29, 
IDec.  6, 
June  1, 
Mar.  31. 
Sept.  7. 
June  29, 
Aug.  21, 
July  26, 
July  9. 
April  19, 
Sept.  4, 
Aug.  15, 
Dec.  19, 
June  5, 
Kov.  24, 

April  18, 
April  19, 
Oct.   3, 

Sept.'25, 
June  23, 
Feb.  5, 
Dec.  7, 


1879 
1868 
1858 
1854 
1870 
1868 
1S50 
1,S66 
1852 
1854 
1863 
1856 
1S54 
1854 
1844 
1S40 
18.57 
1837 

'1853 
1854 
1843 
1871 
1851 
1840 
1857 
1844 


Dec.  24, 
May  31, 
April  1 1, 
Nov.  6, 
Oct.  8, 
Jan.  15, 
May  22, 
April  26, 
May  11, 
Feb.  25. 
April  26, 
June  2f), 
Dec.  21, 
Mar.  19, 

'june'ifi. 
Oct.  -29. 
Feb.  10, 
Nov.  1 1 , 
Nov.  2. 
April  5, 

Nov.' 11.' 
Nov.  22, 
Oct.  24. 
ApiillO, 
July  23, 


1857 
1856 
1850 
1840 
1869 
1857 
1860 
1868 
1845 
1845 
1843 
1874 
1848 
1849 
ia52 
1842 
1840 
1854 
1847 
1864 
1839 

'l8Gl» 
1850 
1852 
1840 
1862 


Aug.  27,  1847 


Total  Senators,  :>8.  Lawyers,  30.  Jurists,  12.  Occupation  i'nknown,  8. 
Physicians,  !5.  Agriculturist,  1.  Banker,  1.  Journalist,  1.  Planter,  1.  Sur- 
veyor, 1,   Varicil,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Adams.  John  Q W 

Alexander.  James. 

Allen.  Ileman 

Allen,  John  W 

An'lers^in.  Hugh  J. 
Aiiflrews,  John  T.. 
Atli.rlim,  Chns.  O. 
Ayckrlgg.  ,Iohn  B. . 
lianks,  Linn 


w 

Mass, 

w 

Md,,, 

w 

VI  , , , 

w 

Conn, 

I) 

Mass, 

1) 

N.  Y. 

D 

N.  H, 

w 

N.  Y. 

July  11,  1707  Mnna,    Lawyer... 

Ohio.  Unknown, 

177(tiVt.. 

1802'Ohlo 

18()l|Me.. 

1HI0|N.  Y 

July  4,    18(>*  N.  K 

ix 


Va. 


Lawyer. 

Unknown. 

i  Vnricd 

i  Unknown. 

Lnwycr.. 

UnkniiWH. 

riikiii'M  n 


Feb. 
Aug. 
Dec. 


23.  184H 
«.  1840 
11,1844 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


.  ir>.  iKTiS 

'  14,'   IM'J 


Beatty.  William D 

Beers.  Cyrus D 

Beirne,  Andrew D 

Bell.  John W 

Bicknell.  Bennet D 

Biddle.    Itichard W 

Eird.-^all.    Samuel D 

R.iiKi,  Wm.  Key W 

Boon.  li;itliff D 

RuiiJ.-n.  Nathl  B D 

Bouldin,  Jas.  W D 

Brii^iis,  GeorgreN W 

Brodliead,  Jobn  C D 

Bron;-on ,  1  saac  H D 

Bniyn,  Andrew  D.  W.D 
Buoiianan.  Andrew. . .  D 

Bynuin,  Jesse  A D 

Calhoun,  John W 

Calhoun,  Wm.  B...    .W 

Cambrelcng-,   C.  C D 

Campbell.  Jobn D 

Campbell.  Wm.  B....W 

Carter.  Tiniothv  J D 

Carter,  Wm.  B W 

Casey.  Zadok D 

Chambers,  John W 

Chaney .  Jobn D 

Chapman,  Heubt-n.  ..D 
Chaimmn,  Win.  W...— 
Cheatham,  Rieb'd...W 

Childs,  Timothy W 

Cillty,  Jonathan D 

Claiborne.  J.  F.  H....D 

Clarke,  John  C D 

Cleaveland.  Jesse  F..D 

Clownev.  Wm.  K D 

Coffin,  Chas.  D W 

CoJes,  Walter D 

Conner,  Henry  W D 

Corwin,  Thomas W 

Crabb.  Oeorpe  W W 

Craii,'.   Kobert,  ]) 

Cranston,  Kub't  B...W 

Crary,  Isaac  E U 

Crockett.  John  W...W 

Curtis,  Kdwaid W 

Cusbinp.  Caleb W 

Cushni.-ui.  Sam'l D 

l>ailinu't"n.  Edw..A-M 

Davee,  'Ibonms D 

Davies.    Edward W 

Dawson.  Wm.  C W 

I>.b.-irv.K.lniuiid....W 

n.dini!,  Jnlm  I — 

Dennis,  .fubn ..— 

Doty.  Jmiirs  1) D 

Downinjf.  Charles — 

Dronig:oole.  (Jco.  C..— 
Duncan.  Alexander..— 

Dunn,  Geo.  H W 

Kdwards.  Jolin D 

Ehnore.  Kninklln  H.  .1) 

Evan.s.  (ieorpe W 

Kvorett.   Horace ^V 

Ewinir.  Jobn W 

Fairfield.  John D 

Farrinntcm.  .lanx-B. . .  1) 
Fillmoir.  Minard....W 

Fletcbcr.  Uiiae AM 

Fletcher.   l{iclmrd...W 

Foster.  Hi  nrv  A D 

Frv.  Jacob.  Jr D 

Gallup.  Albert  D 

Garland.   JanKrii D 

Oarland.  Rice W 

(JbolHon.Sam'l  J 1) 

Ctddiiit's,  .lu^lnm   U     .\ 


Wh,Tc 
Bora. 

When  Urn. 

svn  c.l. 

Occupation. 

When  Did. 

Ire'd.' IPa... 

Unknown.! 

s.  Y.I ;n.  y. 

Unknown.! 

[I'e'd.! Va.  .. 

Unknown.' 

Tenn.  Feb.  15,  I797lTenn. [Lawyer...  Sept.  10.  1869 

Conn. 
Pa... 

,     ,,1803  N.  Y.  Unknown.  1863 

Mar,25,  1796  Pa  . . .  iLawycr. ., 

July   7,    1847 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. , , 

Md...l Ohio. 

Feb,    17,  1874 

S,  C.I 1781  Ind.. 

Unknown. 

Nov.  20,  1844 

Mass.  April  15,  1801  M.ass. 

Unknown. 

April  10, 1865 

Vti...l Va.    . 

U  nknown. 

Mass.  1  April  13. 1796  Mass. 

Lawyer...  Sept.  12,1861 

1... N.  Y. 

Unknown.! 

N.  Y.iOct.  16,  1802  N.  Y. 

Lawyer., .lAug.  13,  1855 

S-.  Y.| N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . .  'July  27,  1838 

Pa...i Pa... 

Unknown,! 

N.  C.l 1795  N.  C. 

Lawyer...  Sept,-,  1868 

Ky...  Ky... 

Lawyer,,,  

Mass.  Dec.  29,  1796  Mass, 

Lawyer.,,  Nov.  8.   1865 

S.  C. 

1786  N.  Y. 

Merchant,  'April  30. 1862 

S.  C. 

S.  C. 

Lawyer,,., May  19,  1845 

Tenn. 

Me... 

Lawyer.,,  lAug.  19,  1867 

Mass. 

Lawyer,, ,iMnr,  14,  1838 

Tenn. 

1812  Tenn. 

Varied....  lApril  17,1848 

Ga.  .. 

1798  111... 

Clorgvni"n  Sept.  12,  1862 

S.  J.. 

Dec,  4,    1779  Ky... 

Lawyer...  Sept,  21.1852 

Md 

1801 

Ohio  . 
Ala... 
Iowa, 
Tenn. 

N,  Y. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 



Va 

1806 

Tenn. 

Mass. 

Nov,    a,  1847 

S.  H. 

July   2,  1802  Me. . , 

Varied,,,. 

Feb.  24,  1838 

Miss  . 

,,,. Miss  . 

Lawyer. . . 

:;onn. 

Mar.  8  ,  1793  N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

1852 

ja... 

jGa... 

Unknown.  May  19,  I84I 

S,  C.  . 

ig.C. 

Lawyer. , . 

Ohio. 
Va. . . 

Lawyer... 
Agricul'st. 

Va,,, 

1789 

Nov,  0.   1857 

Va,  . . 

Aug.—,  1793  N.    C. 

Unknown. 

Jan,  15, 1866 

Kv... 

July  23,  1794  Ohio. 

Lawyer... 

Dec,  18,  1865 

Ala... 

Unknown. 

1847 

Va. . . 

iVa... 

Unknown. 

It.  1., 

1791  R.  I.. 

Unknown. 

Conn, 

Mich. 

Lawyer. . . 

May    8,  1854 

Unknown. 

Nov,  '24,  18,52 

Vt,... 

:iN.  Y. 

Lawyer... 

Aug.    2,  ia56 

Mass. 

Jan.    7.    1800  Mn.ss.  Jui'ist 

.Ian,    2.  1879 

N.  H.lJnne  8,  1783  N.  H.iLawyer.,, 

May  20,  1851 

Pa,..  1   Pa..  .Unknown. 

Mass,  Dec,  9,  1797  Mc,  Meichant. 

Dec.  11,  1841 

Pa,,,! Pa,.. 

Unknown. 

Ga. . .  Jan.  4.    1798  Ga, . , 

Lawyer... 

May    5.   18,56 

N,  CI  Aug,  14,  1787:N.  C. 

Agricul'st. 

Dec.   12,  18.5<l 

N.  Y.i N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

June  2(i,  1848 

Md...' 1807  Md... 

Varied 

Nov.    1,   1859 

N.  Y 1800  Wis.. 

Unknown. 

Juno  11,  1865 

Va Fla.. 

Unknown. 

Oct.  24.    1841 

Va Va... 

Lawyer... 

April27, 1847 

Ohio. 

Physician. 

Mar.  2,   1852 

1 Ind.. 

Unknown. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

S.  C  Jan.  16,  1799  S.  C. 

Lawyer... 

May  29.  1850 

Mass.  Jan.  12,   1797  .Mc... 

Lawyer. . . 

April  5,  1867 

Vt      .1 178£l 

Vt  ... 
Ind,, 

Lawyer... 
Mei'chnnt. 

Jan,  30, 1851 

Dec.  — ,  1857 

Mc...  Jan.  30.  1797  Mc... 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec.  24,  1847 

N.  n.  Oct.  — ,  1791  N,  H, 

PhyBlt'lan. 

Oct.  2il,  1859 

N.  Y.ijnn,  7,    180O  N.  Y. 

Lawyer. .. 

Mat,  8,   1874 

Vt....i Vt... 

Unknown. 

Oct.    19.  1842 

Vt,,,  Jan,    8,  1788  Mass, 

Lawyer... 

Junc21,l«'.!> 

1 N,  Y. 

La  wycr. . . 

Pa,,  ,  Pa  ,., 

Unknown. 

N,  Y  ,1 N.  V  [Unknown. 

1K.-)I 

Va..,' 1792  Va... 

Lawyer.. 

Va Loll.. 

Lawyer... 

Va...  Miss. 

Lawyer.. . 

I'a,. 

Oct.    i;.     1795 

Ohio. 

Lawyer. . . 

May  27.  I's'lU 

? 


i;ki'i;i:si;.\ia-|'i\'i;s   ay  -lui;  ■r\VK.\TY-Kii"ni 


1-^." 


i 

7 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Stall. 

lUlin-       Occup&tior 
avntcil. 


Gln^'ofk,  Thos 

Cij.nli',  Patrick  G.. 
I  i  I  :ili.'iiit,  JaineM. . . . 
i.iiliiiii,  Williuiii.. 
(.1  iiii,  Ain-uimin  I' 
(i  I  I  ,it  kind,  SL-lllun 

l.l.,^.•,.  Will.  J 

';i,.\,    Ilirain 

niicll,  (ioorgo. . 

■  .nilhi,  .John  K.... 
Ili,l,.>,  |.:ii>ha 


II 


11.11 
llui 


U 


Ihlii 

■■i.l,  William.. .W 

I-,  Thus.  L D 

lonU.  Kob't  H,.U 

Ti,  James  W 

I-.  Alexamler.  .W 
MMi.  Albert  G...I) 
ik'^.   Will.  S.  ...W 

..    Itiiliard W 

llinvkiiis.  MicajallT.  .D 

llaviifs,  Chas.  E D 

li.riiv.  Thomas W 

II,  r..,l.   Will W 

ll..lltiKm.  Ogden W 

II..UI-V.   Hopkins D 

II. .11,  llrnn D 

ll..|.kiiis,  Geo.  W D 

ll.nv.iid,   Ben.  C D 

Ihil.li'V.  Edward   B...D 
lliiuter.  Uob't  M.T...D 

Iliiiil.r.  Win.  H D 

liik')i!ini,  Saninel U 

.1,1.  k>on,  Jabez D 

J.i..U»on,  Tlios.  B D 

Jeiiiter.    Daniel  W 

Jolinson,    Henry W 

Jolinaon,  Joseph D 

Johnson.  Wm.  C W 

Jones,  Geo.  W D 

Jones,  John  W D 

Junes.  Nathaniel D 

It,.iiii.  George  M D 

K,.|iil,le,  Gouverneur.D 

K.  jLiiedy,  John  P W 

Kilk','Tisinith,  John,..D 

Kilk^.ire.  Daniel D 

l,:iKl,.r.  Joab W 

I,,.;i.ll,etter.  Dan'l  P.  .D 

Lek'are.  Hugh  S D 

Ltwis.  Dixon  H D 

LiTi,.ulu.  Levi W 

I.,,^':iii.  Henry D 

I...., nils,  Andrew  W..W 

I.i„,iiiis,  Arphaxed D 

I,y,,M.  Francis  S W 

M.  <  'lellan,  Abraham. D 
M.ri.llan.  Robert. ...D 

Mi.(  lure.  Charles D 

.M..K:iv.  James  J D 

M.Kiiinan,  T.  M.  T.    .W 

.M..Kiin.  Isiuac D 

Mill, ,iy.  Francis W 

Ulai  till.  Joshua  L D 

Mmvin.  Richard  P.  .W 

Mii>,>n,  James  M D 

^l,i-,iii.  Samson  W 

M  iiirv.  Abraham  P.  .W 
M;.  ««ell.  John  P.  B..W 

M:iv,  Win.  L  D 

Miiute,-,  Rich'd  H...W 

M,  r.-.r,  Charles  F D 

Mill.-r,   John   1) 

Millik'an.  John  J 


Ga. .. 
Va.,, 
N.  C, 
Ind  ., 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Ky... 
N.  Y, 
Mass. 
S.  C. 
Conn, 
Vt.. 
N.  J, 
Pa... 
Pa... 
Ky... 
Ire'd. 
Ky... 
Mass. 
Va... 
N.  C. 
Va.  .. 
Ire'd. 

.V.'  y' 
Va. . . 
Conn 
Va... 
Md... 
Pa... 
Va. .. 


Jan.  — , 
Mar.  Hi, 

f'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 
'April  10, 
Dec.  25, 


.iJulyaO,  17a3 


IJune  22.  180U 


Feb.   6,    1797 


Conn, 
Ga.  . 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
Tenn, 

;n,  y. 

.Md... 
Ilnd.. 

Va... 

!n.  y. 

Pa... 

N.  Y. 

Md.., 
iPa.  ., 

Va.., 
;N.  C. 

Pa... 

S.  C. 

Va. .. 

Mass. 

Pa... 


May  3, 


Feb.  22, 
Nov.    5, 


iGa... 

Ohio. 

17t):)  N.  C. 
1782  Ind  .. 

,N.  Y. 

IGa... 

1805  Ky... 
1802  N.  Y. 
1780  Mass. 

S.  U.. 

Conn, 

Vt  ... 

N.  J.. 

Ohio. 

Pa... 

Ky... 
lOhio. 

Mo... 

Mass. 

Ky... 

N.  C 

Ga... 

Pa... 

[Ind.. 

1793  N.  Y. 
1799  Ga... 

IC-'onn. 

18(14 


1785 


1791 


April  21 
Sept.'  5, 


1809 


1793 


N.  Y, 

;n.  c, 
'n.'y! 

Pa... 
N.  C, 
Pa... 
Md.. 
iVa. .. 


N.  Y, 
Va.., 


Sept.  14, 
Deo.  19, 


Mar.  23, 
Oct.  25, 


1783 
1785 
1806 


June  12,  1796 


Jan.  2. 
Aug.  10. 
Oct.  23, 


Md... 

Pa... 

Va... 

Ohio. 

Conn, 

Ga... 

N.  Y. 

Md... 

Lou. . 

Va... 

Md... 

Wis.. 

Va... 

N.  Y. 
1805  Pa . . . 
1780  N.  Y. 
1795'Md... 

Pa... 

Gill,,. 

Ala  ,. 

Ohio. 

S.  C. 

Ala.. 


1797 
1802 
1782 


.  1793 


M 


M 


M 


Cha-s.  F w 

iilt;omery,  Wm D 

.■n-.EIv D 

r;.Mii.  Wm.   S D 

111-.    I'.ilvary W 

ni>.  Matthias W 

HI-,  Sain'l  W I) 

lil.ilberg,  H.  A....D 

Miiriav,  John  L D 

Navlor.  Chas W 

Noble,  Wm.  H D 

Noves,  Joseph  C W 

Ogle.  Charles W 

Owens,  Geo.  W _ 

Palmer,  John D 

Parker.  Amasa  J D 

Parmenter,  William . .  D 


Sept. 


May  13, 

Oct.  "e, 


Pa... 

Ohio. 

N.  Y., 

Ala.. 

Tenn. 

N.  Y. 

Pa.. 

N.  C, 

Pa... 

Md . . , 

Va... 

lAla,, 

!n.  Y. 

1798;  Va... 

Ohio. 

ITenn. 

1805  N.J. . 

illl... 

|Ky... 

1778  Va... 

!Mo,.. 

, 1793  Del  .. 
'N.  Y. 

1791IN.  C. 
N.  Y'. 

1801  Va, , 
Ohio, 

1785  Pa.,, 
.1788  Pa.., 

1782  Pa.., 
Ky... 

1806  Pa  . . , 
,  1788  N.  Y. 
,  1798  Me  . . . 
.  1798  Pa  . . . 

Ga . . . 

1785  N.  Y. 

1807  N.  Y. 
1789  Mass. 


Soldier.,.. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
I  Unlcnown. 
!  Lawyer. . . 
I  Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
[Unknown. 
I  Unknown. 
Lawyer.. . 
lAgricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Surveyor. 
Varied...-. 

Valued 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown, 
riikiiuwii. 
l-h.ik-.viu'n 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. .. 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
La\vyer. . . 
Lawyei-. . , 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Soldier  . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Journalist 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Clergym'n 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer 

Unknown. 


May    0,   1841 


Sept.  — , 
Aug.  17, 


1851 
185^ 


Sept.  27, 1848 


N,iv.  20, 
Aug.    I, 


Dec.   3, 
Fcb.'isi 


1877 
1841 

188.5 

"isie 

'i'863 


Sept.   7, 
Juno  17. 


1839 
1842 


July  27, 

ii.-iy  '  Y,' 
Mar.  31 

Mar.  "2',' 
Mar.  6, 
Feb.  23, 


1858 

iiiii 


18.56 
1859 

1861 
1872 
1856 


Dec.  18, 
.Sept.  4, 
Feb.  27, 
April  16, 


1,855 
1864 
1877 
1860 


Jan.  29. 
July  21. 
June  10. 
Sept.  2, 
Aug.  18, 

bee.  "12,' 
May    8, 


1848 
1866 
1861 
1875 
1870 

i'ssi 

1838 


June  20. 
Oct.  25, 
May  29, 


1843 
1848 
1868 


June  7, 
Feb.  8. 
Sept.  14, 
July  9. 
April  1, 
Mai-.  26, 
Nov.    2, 


1860 
1846 
18.53 
1852 
1838 
1860 
1856 


April28, 1871 


July  22, 
Nov.  14, 

Feb.' 21', 
May  4, 
Mar.  18, 


1848 
1845 

i'8'4i 
1853 
1S46 


Nov.  27, 
Jan.  26, 


Nov.  9, 
May  25, 
Aug.  12, 


1844 
1860 


1839 

1847 
1844 


Dec.  24, 
Feb.  5. 
July  21. 
May   10, 

Dec.' '  8,' 


1872 
1850 
1868 
1841 
1856 
1840 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Wl.tc 
Iluni. 

Wlicallcra. 

hUUe 
lt«i*r- 
•enied. 

win  DM. 

Parrls,  Virgil  D 

•  D 

M0...I [.Me... 

Lawyer...  Ijiine  14.  Ift70 

Patterson.  Wm 

.W 

N.  H.'Juno  4,  1789  N.  Y. 

Unknown.  Aiij^.  IH,  IKW 

Patlon,  John  M 

,D 

Va... 

17b6;Va... 

Viuleil lOct.  20.  IH.'iH 

Paynter,  Lemuel.. , 

.!> 

Del... 

Pa... 

Unknown. 

Peaiee.  Jas.  A 

.W 

D.C.. 

Dec.  14,  1805iMd... 

Lawy«T. . . 

Dec.  20,  18B2 

Peek,  Lutlier  U 

.W 

Conn. 

|N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

Feb.    16,  187B 

Pennybueker,   I.S.. 

,D 

Va. . . 

1806  Va... 

Lawyer... 

Jan.    12.  1847 

Peiriken.  David 

1) 

Pa.  .. 

]Pa..  . 

Unknown.  Mar.    I,    l>i47 

PlK-lps.  l.alincelot. . 

.1) 

Conn. 

Conn. 

ITnknown.' 

Phillips,  Stephen  C. 

,W 

Mass. 

Nov.   1.   1801  Mass. 

Vurleit 'Jiint-ai,  ISTil 

Pickens,  Francis  W 

D 

S,  C. 

April  7,  1807lS.  C 

Lawyer...|Jan.  25.  1869 

.1) 
..U 
..D 

Pa.  . . 

Pa.... 

Unknown. 

Polk,  James   K 

N.  C. 

Va... 

. 

Pope.  John 

1770. Ky... 

Lawyer...  [July  I'J,  1845 

Potter.  Wm.  W 

I) 

1780,Pa.. . 

Unknown.  Oct.  l*«.  iXiit 

Potts.  David  

,W 

.1) 

Pa. .  . 

1793 

Pa... 
N.   Y. 

Pratt,   Zadok 

N.  Y. 

Oct.  30.  1790 

Meehunic. .April  i;.   1871 

Prentiss,  John   H... 

.1) 

Ma.ss. 

Api-il  17. 1784  N.  Y. 

JoiirnulfHt!june2(S,  IM>4 

Prentiss,  Sergeant  & 

w 

.Me . . , 

Sept.  30.  1808  JlisB.. 

Lawyer...  July    I,    1850 

Putnam,  Harvey  ,, 

w 

N.  Y. 

1793  N.  Y. 

Lawyer...  Sept.  21.  1855 

Itandolpli,  Jos.  F. . 

.w 

.w 

.w 

I) 

N.  J.. 

1803 

N.  J.. 
Ind.. 

Lawyer Mar.  20,  1873 

Lawyer...' 

Ky... 

Heed,    John 

Mass. 

Pa... 

1781 

Heilv,  Luther 

Pa.  ..Physician.' 1839 

Reiicher.  Abraham. 

.w 

N,  C. 

N.  U.;Lawyer...l 

Rh.tt,  R,.b't  B 

D 

S.  C. 

Dec.  24,  1800  S.  C. 

Lawyer...  Sept.  14,1870 

Rii'hardsoii,  Jno.  P 

— 

S.  C. 

April  14, 1801 

S.  C. 

Lawyer...! Jan.  24,  1864 

Ridgwa.v.  James 

Ripley   Kle.azarW.. 

.w 

D 

Ohio. 

Unknown. 

N.  H. 

1782 

Mar.  2.    1839 

•  D 
.w 
.w 

.w 
w 

Va... 

Va... 
Va. . . 
Me. . . 

Unknown.  Nov. :«)_  iSfil 

Va... 

Unknown. 
Varied. ... 

Feb.  20,  1857 

Ruiiisey,  Edward. . . 
Russell,  David 

Ky  ., 

.Mass. 

1800 

NY 

Lawyer, . , 

Nov.  24.  1861 

Saltonstali,   L 

.w 

Mass. 

June  13,  1783 

Ma.s8. 

Lawyer. . . 

May    8.   1845 

Sawyer,  Samuel  T.. 
Sergeant,  John 

D 
W 

N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 

1800 

N.  U. 
Pa..  . 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  29,  1865 

Dec.    5,  1779 

Nov.  23,  1852 

Slieller,  Daniel 

.D 
.1) 

Pa 

Pa... 
N.  C. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Slupar.l.  Charles... 

N.  C. 

Dec.  5,    1807 

Oct.  31,  1843 

.D 
.W 

Pa.  .. 

Onio. 
N.  C. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Sll,-ppanl.Aug.  H. . . 

X.   C. 

Shields,  EbenezerJ. 

.w 

Ga.  .. 

Tenn.  Unknown. 

May  2I>,  1846 

Sibley,  .Mark  H 

,w 

Mass. 

1796 

N.  Y.  Lawyer... 

Sept.  8.    18.52 

Sialic,  William 

w 

Vt  . . . 

May   9,    1786 

Vt....  Varied.... 

Jan.  18.   1859 

Smith,  F.  0.  J 

D 

Me... 

Me... 

Lawyer... 

1876 

Snvder.  Adam  W... 

,1) 

1801 

111.... 

Unknown. 

May  14.  1842 

Soiithgate,  Wm.  \V. 

,w 

Ky... 

Ky... 

Unknown. 

Dec.  26.  1844 

Spencer,  James  B, . . 

,11 

X.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

Mar.  16.  1X48 

Stanly.  Edward 

W 

N.  C. 

N.  C. 

Lawyer... 

July   26.  1872 

.  w 
w 

Tenn. 
N.  J.. 

Tenn. 

N.   J. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Stratton,  Chas.  C... 

1796 

Mar.  30,  1839 

.w 

.D 
.D 
.D 

Va     . 

Va... 

Ohio. 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 

Unknown 
Unknown 

Unknown. 
Physician 

Sweaiingen,  Henry 

Aug.  12,  ia53 

Tavlor.  Wm.  F 

Conn. 

1793 

Sept.  6,  1843 

Thomas.  Francis 

l> 

Md... 

Feb.    3,    1799 

Mil... 

Lawyer... 

Jan.  22,  1876 

Thompson.  Waddy. 

.W 

S.  C. 

Sept,  8,    1798 

S.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  23,  1868 

Tillinghast.  Jos.  L.. 

.  w 

Mass. 

1791 

U.  I.. 

Lawyer... 

Dec.  30,  1844 

.D 
W 

Toland.  George  W. . 
Toucey, Isaac 

Pa     . 

Pa.    .lUnknown. 

.1) 

Conn. 

-Nov.  5,  17ii6  Conn. .Lawyer. .. 

July  :»,  1869 

Towns,  George  W  . 

l> 

Ga.., 

May  4,    1802  Ga... 

Lawyer.. . 

July  1.5.  1834 

Turiiey,  Hopkins  L. 

I) 

Tenn. 

Oct.    3,    1797  Tenn, 

Varied.... 

Aug.    1.  1857 

Underwood.  J.  R. . . 

w 

Va... 

Oct.  24,  1791  Ky. . . 

Lawyer... 

Aug.  3,    187K 

Vail.  Henry 

1) 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

June  25,  1833 

Vandeveer,  Abraham. D 

N.  Y. 

1781  N.  Y.i  Unknown. 

July  21,  1839 

Wagener,  David  D 

Webster,  Taylor 

"Weeks,  Joseph 

•White,  Alberts 

.D 
D 

Pa 

Ohio.  Unknown. 
\.  H.  Unknown. 

Mass.  1 

w 

N.  Y. 

Oct.  24,   1803  Ind. .Lawyer... 

Sept.  4.  1884 

.w 
.w 

1805 

Ohio. 

Lawyer. . 
I,awyer... 

Sept.  22,  1845 

Whittlesey,  Elisha.. 

Conn. 

Oct.   19,  1783 

Jan.    7,  1863 

■Wliittle.sey.  Thos.  T 

1) 

Conn. 

iConn. 

Lawj-er. . , 

Williams.  Chris.  H. 
Williams,  Jared  W. 

.w 

D 

Tenn. 
N.  H. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

N.  H. 

Sept.  29, 1864 

Williams.  Joseph  L. 
■Williams.   Lewis... 

W 

Tenn. 
N.  C. 

l'782  N.  C.  Unknown. 

Feb.  23,  1842 

w 

Kv... 

iKy...' Unknown. 

"Wise.  Henrv  A 

w 

\a.  . . 

Dec.  3,    1806  Va... 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  5,  1876 

w 

N.  C. 

Miss.. 

Unknown. 

Worthington.  J.  T.  H.  I) 

Md... 

Md... 

Unknown. 

.Api  1127,  i&i9 

"Veil,  .Archibald.... 
Yorke.  Thomas  J... 

..D 
.W 

Ky    . 

1797 

Ark.. 
X  J 

Jurist 

Feb.  23,  1847 

N.J.. 

Total  Representatives.  360.  Occupation  Unknown.  111.  Lawyers.  1  lO. 
Varied.  13j  Merchants.  S.  Physicians,  5.  Jurists,  4.  Agriculturists.  3. 
Clergymen,  3.  Journalists,  3.  Soldiers.  S.  Mechanic.  I.  Surveyor,  I. 
Foreign  Bom,  4:    Including  Ireland,  3;  At  Sea,  1. 


-^-B 


^ 


4bO 


TWENTY-SIXTH    CONGKESS,    AND    LEADING    EVENTS    OF    THE    TIME. 


Twenty-sixth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1839  to  1841, 


1839— The  Whig  party  made  its  lust  nomina- 
tion for  President  and  Vice-President 
uf  the  United  States,  Dec.  4.  Harrison 
and  Tyler  were  nominated  and  elected. 

1839— First  wheat  shii>ped  eastward  from  Chi- 
cago, HI.,  by  way  of  the  Lakes— 78  bu. 

1839 — First  carpet-weaving  power  loom  in- 
vented and  put  ill  operation. 

1839— Henry  Burden,  of  Troy,  N.  Y.,  patented 
a  machine  to  make  60  complete  spikes 
a  minute. 

1839— The  Mormons,  driven  from  Missouri, 
founded  the  city  of  Nauvoo,  111. 

1840 — Six  topers  at  Baltimore,  Md..  founded 
the  famous  temperance  society  known 
as  ■'  Washingtonians,"  April  2.* 

1S40— The  population  of  the  United  States 
was  17,069,453. 


Afartln  'Van  Bnren,  8th  President. 

Kichard  M.  Johnson,  of  Ky.,  Vire-Pres.  John  Forsytli. 
of  Ga.,  Secy  uf  State.  Levi  Woudbury,  of  N.  H.,  Sec'y 
of  Treas.  Joel  R.  Poinsett,  of  S.  C,  Sec'y  of  War.  Jas. 
K.  Paulding,  of  N.  Y.,  Sec'y  of  Xavy.  Amos  Kendall,  of 
Ky.,  and  John  M.  Niles.  of  Conn.,  Postmasters-General. 
Felix  Grundy,  of  Tenn.,  and  Heni->-  D.  Gilpin,  of  Pa., 
Attorneys-General.  Rob't  M.  T.  Hunter,  of  Va.,  Speaker 
of  House  of  Representatives. 


1840— First  •■  Commercial  College"  in  Ameri- 
ca was  opened  at  Boston. 

1841  — Imprisonment  fur  debt  aboli.>*hed  in  the 
Uniteil  States,  so  far  as  liability  to  the 
Guvernment  was  concerned. 

1841— The  ocean  steamship  President  sailed 
from  New  York  for  Entcland,  March  13, 
and  was  never  heard  from  afterward; 
109  persons  perished. 

1841— The  New  York  Tribune,  with  500  sub- 
scribers, was  first  issued,  by  Horace 
Greeley,  April  10. 

I84l~The  city  of  Cartago.  in  Costa  Rica,  Cen- 
tral America,  had  2,9<X)  houses,  out  of 
3,000.  destroyed  by  an  earthquake, 
Sept.  2,  including  six  out  of  seven 
churches, 

If^l — The  Bank  of  Pennsylvania  suspended. 


P,  indicates  Federalist;     1>,  Democrat;     "W^  Whig;     IS,  Republican;    A-M,  Anti-Mason;     A,  Abolitionist. 


SENATORS. 


Allen,  William D 

Anderson,  Alex D 

Bates,  Isaac  C — 

Bayard.  Rich'd  H. . .  .W 

Benton.  Thomas  H D 

Betts.  Thaddeus W 

Brown.  Bedford D 

Buchanan,  James... .D 

Calhoun.  John  C D 

Choate,  Rufus W 

Clay,  Clement  C D 

Cl.iv,   Henry W 

Clayton.  Thos — 

Crittenden,  Jno.  J...D 

Cuthbert.  Alfred T) 

Davis.  John W 

Pixon,  Xathan  F W 

Pulton.  Wm.  S D 

Graham.  Wm.  A....W 

Grundy.  Felix I) 

Ht-ii'ierson,  john...W 

Hubbard.  Henrv D 

Huntintrton.  J.  W W 

Kerr,  John  L W 

Kintr,  William  R D 

Knight.  NehemiahR.W 

Linn,  Lewis  F D 

Lumpkin.  Wihon D 

Manpuin.  Willie  P.. W 

Merrick,  Wm.   D W 

Mouton,  Alex  D 

Xicholas,  Rob't  C...  D 

Nicholson.  A.  O.  P I> 

Norvell,John D 

I»helps.  Samuel  S...W 

Pierce,  Franklin D 

Porter.  Aucu^tUii  S..W 

Prentiss,   Samuel W 

Pre^to^.  Wm.  c D 

Rives,  Wm.  C D 

Roane,  Wm.    H D 

Robinson.  Jolin  M. 

Rupu'Ics.  John , 

S.vier,  .\mbro-.eH 
Smith.  cMivei-   H.. 

Sriiitlj.    Perry , 

.S..iitli;in].Sam'l  L. 

SiM-nco.  John  S 1) 

Strantje.  Robert 1) 

Stuij-con.  Daniel D 

Tallmadffe,  Nath'lP.P 
Tapiiiin.  Benjamin. ..D 

Walker.  Rob't  J D 

Wall,  (iarret  D... 
W,-l,st.T,  Daniel.. 
Wb(t-'.  Alberts... 
Whit.-,  Hugh  L... 
Willi.ims.  Reuel.. 

Writfht.  Silas 

"I'nunK,  Rich.  M.. 


Total  Senators,  CO.  Lawyers,  35.  Jurists,  13.  Occupation  Unknown,  li. 
Varied,  2.  Agriculturist,  1.  Banker,  1.  Journalist,  1,  Physician,  1. 
Plnn1<r.  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Adams.  John  Q W 

Alford.JtiliUHC W 

Allen,  John  W W 

Allr-n.  Jndson D 

AnrlerMon,  Hugh  J  ...D 
-Viulorson  Simeon  H,  .— 
.\ndr<-WH.  Landaff  W.  W 
Alb.-rlon.  Cliax.  G....D 
It>i1t'-r,   (Krnvn      ,.      W 


R«I>r«-       Oucup&tioQ. 


Mass. 
Ga... 
Conn. 
Conn. 
.Mass. 
Ky... 
Ky... 
N.  II 


July  11.  1707  Mass.   Lawyer, ., 

(Ga.. .  Lftwvor. ,. 

1802  f>hlo.  Unknown, 

N.  V.  |Unkn()wn. 

l8(»l!Me...    Varied.... 

Mar.  2.  IHCrj  Ky.. .  iLawver. .. 
F.-b.  12.  18i):i  Kv...  Lawyer... 
July  4     Ih(t4;N,  H.   Lawy.-r... 


Mi. 


iw.    iw 


'  Ml 


Lnv 


Feb.  23, 1848 


Aug.  11.  1840 


Nov. 

Feb. 


r..  18r.3 
9,  1875 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Banks,  Linn D 

Barnard.  Dan'I  D W 

Beatty,  William D 

Beirne.  Andrew D 

Bell,  John W 

Biddle.   Richard W 

Black.Edw'dJ W 

Blackwell.  Julius  W.  .D 
Boardman.  Wm.  W.  .W 

Bond.  Wm.  Key W 

Botts,  John  M W 

Boyd,   Linn D 

Breckenridge.  H.  M..W 
Brewster,  David  P...D 

Briggs,  George  N W 

Brockway,  John  H..W 

Brown,  Aaron  V D 

Brown.  Albert  G D 

Brown,   Anson W 

Burke,  Edmund I) 

Butler,  Wm.  O D 

Butler.  Samson  II. . , . — 

Bvnuni.  Jesse  A D 

Calhoun.  Wm.B...    .W 

Campbell,  John D 

Campbell.  Wm.  B.. .  .W 

Carr,  John D 

Carroll,  James D 

Carter,  Wm.  B W 

Casey.  Zadok D 

Chapman,  Reuben... D 
Chapman.  Wm.  W. . . — 

Chinn,Thos.  W W 

Chittenden,  Thos.  C.W 

Clarke.  John  C W 

Clifford.  Nathan D 

Cole>.  Walter D 

Cohjuitt.  Waller   T.  .W 

Conner.  If.iirv   W D 

Cooper.  J:un.j> W 

Cooper,  Mark  A D 

Cooper,  Wm.  R D 

Corwin.  Thomas W 

Crabb,  G.-or^e  W....W 

Crait:,    U-ibi-rt  D 

CivniNton,  IJul.'l  H.  ..W 

Crarv,  Isaac  E D 

Crockett.  John  W...W 

Cross,  Edward D 

Curtis.  Edward W 

Cushing.  Caleb W 

,Uana,   Amasa D 

iiavre,  Thomas 1) 

Davii's,    Edward W 

Davis.  Garrett W 

Davis. ,Iohn D 

Davis,  J.dui  W D 

Dnwsnn.  Wm.  C W 

D<'b.-irv.Eiiinnn.i....W 

Dell.-n.  .I;im.> W 

Deniii-..lM|in — 

Dickcrsini.  I'hilenion.D 

Doane,  William D 

Dodge.  Aug.  C D 

Doe.  Nieholas  B W 

Dnig,  Andrew    W D 

l)oty..lain's  D D 

Downing.  Charles, . . . — 
Drumg<..,l.'.  (ieo.  0...D 
Dun. -.,11.  Alexander.  .— 
Kaill.  Nih.-miah  H..D 

Eastman.  Ira  A t> 

Edwards.  John W 

Ely,  John D 

Evans.  George W 

Everett.  Horace W 

Pillmure,  Millard... W 

Fine.  John D 

Fisher.  Charles 1) 


Va.  .. 
Mass. 
Ire'd. 
Ire'd. 
Tenn. 
Pa... 
S.  C. 
Va.  . . 
Conn. 
Md. . . 
Va.  . 
Tenn. 


July  16, 


Feb.  15 
Mar.  2.3 


N.  Y. 

Mass . 
Conn 
Va. . . 
S.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Vt... 
Ky... 
S.  C. . 
N.  C. 
Mass, 
S.  C. 
Tenn. 
Ind.. 
Md... 
Tenn, 
Ga. . . 
Va. . . 


Ky... 

Mass. 
Conn, 
N.  H. 
Va... 
Va... 
Va. . . 
Md... 
Ga... 


Tenn 
Va... 
R.  I.. 
Conn, 
Tenn. 
Tenn, 
Vt . . . 
Mass. 


Mii.ss, 
Po,... 
Ky... 
Pa... 
Po..  . 
Oa... 
N.  O. 
Ire'd. 
Md... 
N.  .1.. 
Me... 
Mo. . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Va. .. 


N.  Y. 
N.  H. 


Conn. 
Ma!>ti. 
Vt  . . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 


Oct.   10, 


Sept.  16, 
Nov.  28, 


April  13 


Aug.  15, 
May  31, 


Dec.  29, 


Va... 

1797, N.  Y. 

Pa... 

|Va... 

1797  Tenn. 
1796  Pa..  . 
180(5  Ga.  .  . 
'Tenn. 

1794  Conn. 
lOhio. 

1802]  Va... 

1800  Ky... 
Pa.  .. 

In.  y. 

,1796)  Mass. 
'Conn, 

1795  Tenn. 
1813. Miss.. 
1800iN.  Y. 
1809  N.  H. 
1793  Ky... 

S.C. 

17951 N.   C. 

1796  Mass. 
S 


Tenn. 
Ind.. 


Mar.  8  , 
Aug.  IS. 

Dec'  27. 
Aug.  — , 
May  8, 


.  1812  Tenn. 
.  1798  111 . . . 

Ala... 

Iowa. 

Lou.. 

N.  Y 

N.  Y. 

Me... 

Va . . . 


N.  C. 


July  29,  1794 


,  1791 


Jan.  7, 

Dec"  9,' 

Sept.'io' 

jii'ly'if, 
Jan.  4. 
Aug.  14. 


1793 
1803 
1789 
1799 
1793 
1810  Pa, 

Ga..  . 

N.  J. 

Ohio 

Ala... 

Va... 

R.  I.. 

Mich. 

Tenn. 

Ark.. 

N.  Y. 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

Me... 

Pa.... 

Ky... 

Pa... 

Ind  . . 

Ga. . . 

N.  C. 

Ala . . 
1807 1  Md... 
I792!N.  .1.. 

Idliiii. 

1812  low,, 

N.  Y. 


1800 
'l797 
'isiii 

17S8 
1799 
1798 
1787 
.1788 


Unknown, 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

L.awyer. . , 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer.  .  . 

Varied 

Agrieul'st. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

L.awyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Varied 

Clerg.vni'n 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

L'nknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Jurist 

Agricul'st. 

Varied 

Unknow  n. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer.. . 
Unkncwn. 

Jurist 

La  wyer. . . 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Mertduint. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.. . 

Varied 

Physieiun. 
Lawyer. , , 
Al-rii'Ul'st. 
Lawyer... 
Varied 


Jan.    14.  1S12 
April  24, 1861 


Sept.  10,  1869 
July  7,  1847 
1846 


Feb.  17,  1874 
Jan.  8,  1869 
Dee.  16.  1859 


Feb.  19.  1876 
Sept.  12.  I86I 


r.  8.    18.^,9 
June'ii'.lSlO 


Sept.  — .  1868 
Nov.  8.  1865 
May  19.  1845 
Aug.  19.  1867 
Jan.  20,  1845 


April  17, 1848 
Sept.  12,  1862 


18,52 

July  25,  1881 
Nov.  9,  18,57 
May  7,  1855 
Jan.  15,  1866 
Mai-.  1.  18G3 


Dec.  18,  1865 
1847 


■Inn.  27.  1873 
May  8.  18.54 
Nov.  24,  18.52 

Aug.'  '2,'  i'8'.56 
Jan.    2.  1879 


lur 


.  1800 


Jon.  7. 
Aug.  26. 
Oct.  20. 


N.  Y 

Wis. . 

Fla.. 

Va... 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

N.  H. 

Pa.  ,. 

N.  Y. 
1797  Me... 
1780,Vt.,.. 
18m'N.  Y. 
1784'N.  V. 
1789  N.   C. 


I'Mkuown. 

Unkn,,wn. 

Unknown. 

Vai-icd.... 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyei'... 

Pliysicinn 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer.. 

Lnwver. . . 

Lawyer... 

Ju  rist 

Lawyer. .. 


Dec.  II.  1841 

Sept.  22! 'l'8'72 
April  1.  1878 
Aug.  22.  18.59 
May  5.  18,56 
Dec.  12.  18.59 
Dec.  21.  1848 
Nov.  1.  18.59 
Dec.   10,  1862 


Nov.  20,  1883 


June  11,  1865 
Oi-t.  24.  1841 
April  27, 1847 
Mai-.  2,  1852 


April  5,  1867 
.Ion  .10.  1851 
Mai.  8.  1874 
Jan,  4.  1867 
Mov   7.    1849 


h 


Flytcher,  Isaac AM 

Floyd,  John  U B 

Foniance,  Joseph. ...D 

Galbiaith.  John D 

Garland,  James D 

Garland,  Ru;e W 

Gates, ScthM A 

Gentry,  Meredith  P. .  W 

Gerry,  James D 

Giddings.  Joshua  U.VV 

Goggin,  Wm.  L W 

(Joodo,  Patrick  G W 

Graham,  James W 

Granger.  Francis W 

Graves,  Wm.  J W 

Green,  Willis  W 

Griran,  John  K W 

Grinnell,  Moses  H...W 
Habersham.  K.  W...D 

Hall,  Hdand W 

Hammond.  Rob't  H.  .D 
Hand.  Augustus  C. ...D 

Hiistlngs.  John D 

Hastings,  Wm.  S....W 

Hawes,  Richard W 

Hawkins,  Micajah  T..D 

llftirv,  Thomas W 

Hill.  John D 

Hill,  John W 

llill.n.  Solomon D 

llullriian.Ogden W 

lli-jieman,  Joel D 

111. hues,  Isaac  E U 

11. lit,  Hines — 

11. ...k.  Enos D 

Hupkins,  Geo.  W D 

Howard,  T.  A D 

Hubbard,  David D 

Hunt,  Hirara  P W 

Hunter,  Rob't  M.  T...D 

tjackson,  Thos.  B D 

James,  Francis W 

Jameson,  John D 

Jenifer,   Daniel  W 

Johnson,  Cave D 

Johnson,  Joseph D 

Johnson,  Wm.  C W 

Johnston,  Charles. . .  W 

Jones,  John  W D 

Jones,  Nathaniel D 

K.-lm,  George  M I) 

Keinble,  Gouverneur.D 

Keinpshall.Thos W 

Kill.-,  Joseph D 

Kiiit,'.  T.  Butler W 

I^iuie.  Henry  S R 

Lawrence,  Abbott.  ..W 
Leadbetter,  Dan"!  P.  .D 

Leet,  Isaac... D 

Leonard.  Stephen  B.  .D 

Lewis,  Dixon  H 1) 

Lincoln,  Levi W 

Lowell.  Joshua  A D 

Lucas,  William D 

McCarty.  Wm.  M...W 
McCIellan.Abr.aham. .  D 

McClure.  Charles D 

McCulloch,  George.  ..D 

McKay,  James  J D 

Mallory.  Francis W 

Mallory,  Meredith D 

Marchiind,  Albert  G.  .D 
Marvin,  Richard  P.  .W 

Mason,  Samson W 

Medill,   William D 

Mercer,  Charles  F D 

Miller,  John  D 

Mitchell,   Chas.  F....W 
Montanya,  J.  De  La.  .1) 

Montgomery,  Wm D 

Moore,  John W 

Morgan,  Christoph'r.W 

Morris,    Calvary W 

Morris,  Sam'l  W D 

Morrow,  Jere W 

Munroe,  James W 

Wayl  or,  Chas W 

Newhard,  Peter D 


Vt... 

N.  Y.. 

Po... 

Pa.. 

Va... 

Va... 

N.  Y.. 

N.  0.. 

Md . . . 

Pa . . . 

Va... 

Va... 

N.  C. 

Conn. 

Ky.. 

Va. . 

S.  C. 

Mass 

Oa.. 

Vt... 

Pa.. 

Vt.. 


r.  3,    1803 

1786 

July  20,  17B5 


Mass. 

Va... 

N.  C. 

Ire'd. 

N.  C. 

Va. .. 

Md... 

N.  Y. 

Va... 

a.  C. 

Qa. .. 

Pa... 

Va... 

S.  C. 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

Ky... 

Md... 

Tenn. 

N.  Y. 

Md... 

Conn. 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

N.  Y. 

Eng'd 

N.  J.. 

Mass. 

Ky... 

Mass. 

Pa... 

Pa.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Va... 

Mass. 

Mass. 

Va. .. 

Va... 

Tenn. 

Pa... 

Pa... 

N.  C. 

Va... 

Conn. 

Pa... 

N.  Y. 

Ohio. 

Del... 

Va. .. 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

N.  C 

Va. .. 

N.  Y. 

Va 

Pa. 

Pa. 

Va, 

Pa. 

Pa 


Fob.  6,    1797 
'.'.'.'.'."1785 


1813 

May  3,  1793 
Oct.  1,  1799 
April  6,  1796 


Feb.  22,  1804 
Nov.  14,  1797 


AprH21,1809 


Oct.    le,  1800 
1811 


Oct.    G,    179; 
May  31,  1807 


Jan.  — ,  1793 
Dec.  1,  1792 
1800 


Jan.  11,  1793 
Dec.  19,  1785, 
1806 


Mar.  23,  1805! 
1780, 


Aug.  27,  1804 
Feb.  24,  1811 
Dec.  16,  1792 


4ug.  10,  1802 
Oct.  25,  1782 
Mar.  20,  1801 


June  6,  1778 


1791 

1788 

June  4,  1808 


.  1788 
.  1770 


Oct.    6,    1806 


Vt  ... 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Pa.  . . 
Va... 
Lou.. 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Pa..  . 
Ohio. 
Va... 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y.. 
Ky... 
Ky... 
S.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Ga. .. 
Vt.... 
Pa.  . 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Va.  .. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
S.  C. 
Ga... 
Pa.  .. 
Va. . . 
Ind.. 
Ala.. 
N.  Y. 
Va.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Mo... 
Md... 
Tenn. 
Va... 
Md. . . 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Ga.  . 
Ind.. 
Mass . 
Ohio. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Ala,. 
Mass. 
Me... 
Va. .. 
Va... 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Va. . . 
Mo... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Lou.. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Pa.  .. 


Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Surveyor. 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. , 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
La^vyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Surveyor. 

Varied 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Law^yer. . . 
La^vyer... 
Soldier  . . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Physician 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
La^vyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Soldier — 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 


Oct.  19,  1842 


June  15,  1860 


Sept.  1,  1877 
Nov.  3,   1808 


May  27,  1864 
Jan.    5,    1870 


Sept.  — ,  1851 
Aug.  28,  1868 
Sept.  27, 1848 


Aug.  1.  1841 
Nov.  24,  1877 
Dec.  2.  1842 
Dec.  18,  1885 


Mar.  8,  1878 
Dec.  29.  1854 
June  17,  1842 


Dec.  22.  I8.-18 
July  27,  1H4:) 


May  1,  1856 
Aug.  5,  1844 
Feb.  25,  1867 


Mai-.  2.  1861 
Aug.  16,  1844 


Dec.  18.  1855 
Nov. 13, 1866 
F*b.  27.  1877 
April  16, 1860 


Jan.  29,  1848 
July  21,  1866 
June  10,  1861 
Sept.  2,  1875 
Jan.  14,  1865 


May  10,  1864 
June  18,  1881 
Aug.  18,  1855 


June  10,  18-14 


Oct.  25,  1848 
May  29,  1868 
Mar.  13,  1874 


Feb.  8,  1846 


Sept.  14,  1853 
Mar.  26,  1860 


Feb.  5,    1848 


Sept.  2,  1865 
May  4,  1858 
Mar.  18,  1846 


Nov.  27.  1844 
June  17,  1867 
April  3,  1877 


May  25,  1847 
Mar.  22,  1852 

1870 

Dec.  24,  1S72 


Nisbet,  Lugenlus  ,\..W 

Ogle,  Charles W 

Osborne.  Thos.  B W 

Palen,  Rufus W 

Parmeriter,  Wm D 

Parrls  Virgil  D D 

Parrisn,  Isaac D 

Paynter,  Lemuel D 

Peck,  Luther  C W 

Petriken,  David D 

Pickens,  Francis  W.  D 

Pope,  John D 

Prentiss.  John  H D 

Pr.illit.  (lif.>rgc  H W 

Kamsay,  Wm.  8 D 

Randall,  Benjamin.  .W 
Randolph.  Jos.  F....W 

Rariden.  James W 

Raynor.  Kenneth. . .  .W 

Reed.    John W 

Reynolds,  John D 

Rhett,  Rob't  B D 

Ridgway,  Joseph W 

Rives,  Francis  E D 

Robinson,  Thomas... — 

Rogers,  Edward D 

Rogers,  James D 

Russell,  David W 

Ryall,  Daniel  B D 

Saltonstall,  L W 

Samuel,  Green  B D 

Sergeant,  John W 

Shaw,  Tristan! D 

Shepard,  Charles D 

Simonton,  William.. W 

Slade,  William W 

Smith,  Albert D 

Smith,  John D 

Smith,  Thomas D 

Smith,  Truman W 

Stanly,  Edward W 

Starkweatlier,  D.  A...D 

Steenrod,  Lewis D 

Storrs.  Wm.  L W 

Strong,  Theron  R D 

Stuart,  John  T W 

Sumter,  Thos.  D D 

Sw-earingen,  Henry.. D 

Sweeney,  George  D 

Xaliaferro.  John D 

Taylor,  Jonathan D 

Thomas.  Francis D 

Thomas,  Philip  F D 

Thompson,  Jacob D 

Thompson,  John  B..W 
Thompson,  Waddy..W 
Tillinghast.  Jos.  L.  ..W 
Toland,  George  W...W 

Triplett.  Philip W 

Trumbull.  Joseph. ..W 
Turnev.  Hopkins  L.  ..D 
Underwood.  J.  R. . . .  W 
"Vanderpoel,  Aaron.. D 

Vroom.  Peter  D D 

"^agener,  David  D..D 

Wagner.  Peter  J W 

Warren,  Lett W 

Watterson,  H.  M D 

Weller,  John  B D 

White.  Edward  D W 

White.  John W 

Wick.  Wm.  W D 

Wiiriams.  Chris.  H.  .W 

Williams,  Henry D 

Williams,  Jared  W...D 
Williams,  Joseph  L.  .W 

Williams.   Lewis — 

Williams,  Shei-rod...W 
Williams,  Thos.  W..W 
Winthrop.  Rob't  C. . .  W 

Wise,  Henry  A W 

Worthington.  J.  T.  H.D 


Ga...* 1803Ga... 

Pa...i 1798  Pa.  .. 

Conn.  I7U7  Conn 


N.  Y. 

Mass.  Mar.  30,  1789 

Me... 

Ohio. 

Del... 

Conn. 

Pa..  . 

S.  C. 

Va... 

Mass. 


April  7,  1807 
1770 


N.  y 

Mass. 

Mo... 

Ohio. 

Pa... 

N.  Y. 

Pa.  .. 

S.  C. 

,Ky... 

April  17, 1784  N.  Y. 

tind.. 

June  12.  1810  Pa..  . 

1789  Mo... 

1803  N.  J 

Ind 

1808 

1781 

Feb.  26,  1788 
Dec.  24,  1800 
May  e,  1783 


Pa..  . 
.Mass. 
N.  J.. 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
C. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Del  .. 
Conn. 
S.  C. 
Mass. 
N.  J. 
Mass. 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
N.  H. 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Vt  ... 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Conn. 
N.  C. 
Conn. 
Va. . . 
Conn.  Mar.  25,  1795 


1787 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.  I'sfio 

Juiie  13,  Vfsi 

1806 

Dec.    5,   1779 

1787 

Dec.  5,    1807 

May  "9,  "1 786 
Jan.  3,  1793 
Aug.  14,  1789 

1800 

Nov.  27,  1791 


N.  C. 
Mass. 
111.  .. 
S.  C. 
Ohio. 
Va. .. 
Del.. 
N.  Y. 
S.C. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Moss. 
Va... 
Pa.... 
N.  H. 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Vt . . . 
Me. . . 
Vt . . . 
Ind 


Conn iN.  Y. 

Ky..      -  " 

Pa.  . 
Pa.. 
Pa.  . 


Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Journalist 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

I..awyer. . , 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Man'fact'r 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . , 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Mechanic. 
Conn,  j  Lawyer. .. 
N.  C.  Lawyer... 
Ohio.  iLawyer. .. 
Va.. .  jUnknown. 
Conn.  Lau-yer, 


Mar.  18,  1871 
May  10,  184 1 
Sept.  2.  1869 
April  2fS.  1841 
Feb.  25,  IWIKl 
Juno  14, 1874 


Feb.  1«,  1876 
Mar.  I,  1847 
Jan.  2.5,  1860 
July  12,  1M.15 
June  20,  IK<M 
Sept.  5,  IH47 
Oct.  17,  1840 
Oct.  14,  18.57 
Mar.  20,  1873 


Nov.  25,  1860 
May  8.  1865 
Sept.  14, 1876 

Xov.'36,"l86i 
Oct.  28,  1843 
May  23,   1857 


Moy  8,  1845 
Jan.  5.  1859 
Nov.  -Ja.  1852 
Mar.  14.  1843 
Oct.  31,  1843 
May  18.  1846 
Jan.  IH.  1859 
May  29,  1867 
Nov.  26,  1858 


Conn. 
Md... 
Md... 
N.  C. 
Ky... 
S.  C. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Va... 
Conn. 
Tenn. 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
Tenn. 
Ohio. 
Tenn. 

Pa.".'. 

Tenn. 
Ma.ss. 
N.  H. 
Tenn. 
N.  C. 
Ky... 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Va. . . 
Md... 


Nov.  10,  1807,111. 
S.  C. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Va... 
Ohio. 
Md... 
Md... 
Miss.. 
Ky... 
S.  C. . 
R.  I.. 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Conn. 
Tenn. 
Ky 


1768 

Feb!':')!  "1799 
Sept.  12,  1810 
May  15,  1810 

1810 

Sept.  8,    1798 
1791 


Dec. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Feb. 


Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unkno%vn. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. 


Aug.  1.  1857 
Aug.  23.  1876 
July  18,  1870 
Nov.  18.  1873 


7,    1782  ( 

3,    1797  1 

24, 1791  ■  . 

5,    1799  N.  Y.  Lawyer.. 

1791  N.  J. .  Lawyer. . 

Pa.  ..  .Merchant. 

N.  Y.  Unknown. 

Oct.  30,  17.97  Ga...  [Lawyer... 
Nov.  23,  1811  Tenn.  I  Journalist  . 

lOhio.  Unknown. 

Lou..  I  Lawyer. , 

1805  Ky...! Lawyer.. 

Feb.  23,  1796  Ind  . 

Tenn. 

Nov.  — ,  1804  Mass. 

N.  H'. 

Tenn. 

1782  N.  O. 

Ky., 

Sept.  28,  1789  Conn.  IMerchant. 

May  12,  1809  Mass.  Lawyer. . .    

Dec.  3,    18()6  Va...  La^vyer. ..  Sept.  5.  1876 
Md...  Unknown.  I.April 27. 1849 


Varied 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
,  i  Unknown. 
Unknow-n. 
Unknown. 


.Nov.  24,  1861 


July  26,  1872 


June  25.  1861 


Nov.  28.  1885 


Aug.  12,  1853 


Jan.  22,  1876 


Jan.  7.  1874 
Nov.  23,  18()8 
Dec.  30,   1844 


Aug.  7.  1855 
April  8.  1847 
Sept.  22.  1845 
Mav  19.  1868 


Sept.  29.  18G4 
Feb.'  '23,'  1842 


Total  Representatives,  238.  Lawyers,  118.  OccupaHon  Unknown,  »». 
Varied,  14.  Jurists,  6.  Merchants,  5.  Agriculturists,  4.  Physicians,  3. 
Surveyors,  3.  Soldiers.  3.  Journalists,  3.  Clergyman,!.  Manufacturer,  1. 
Mechanic,  1.  Foreign  Bom,  5;    Including  Ireland.  4;  England,  1. 


i 

i 


M^ 


-^'K 


T- 


4SS 


TWENTY-Sr:VENTlI    CONGEESS,    AND    LEAllING-    EVENTS    OF    THE    TIME. 


Twenty-seventh  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1841  to  1843, 


-I 


1841 — The  Steamer  Erie  was  burned  on  Lake 
Erie,  with  the  loss  of  17o  persons. 

1841— Mr.  Huglies,  of  New  York,  constructed 
the  rtr.st  steam  tire-engine  in  America, 
after  the  model  and  invention  of  Capt. 
John  Ericsson. 

1841— The  model  of  a  revolving  turret  for 
naval  vessels,  the  idea  of  which  was 
carried  out  in  building  the  celebrated 
"Monitor"  by  Capt.  Ericsson,  was  con- 
structed by  its  inventor,  Theodore  R. 
Quimby,  of  New  York. 

1842 — The  first  patent  for  a  sewing-machine 
was  taken  out  by  John  J.  Oreenough, 
F^;b.  21,but  the  machine  was  imprac- 
ticable. Howe's  patent  was  issued  about 
four  years  later. 

1842 — Ether  is  said  to  have  been  first  used  as 
an  aid  in  surgical  operations  at  Jeffer- 
son, Ga.,  fay  Dr.  C.  W.  Long,  March  30. 


'William  S.  BarrUon,  9th  President. 

John  Tyler,  lOtta  President. 

John  Tyler,  of  Ya.,  Vice-Pres.  Daniel  "NVebster,  of 
Mass.,  Sec'y  of  State.  Thos.  Ewing,  of  Ohio,  and  Walter 
Forward,  Pa.,  See'ys  of  Treas.  John  Bell,  of  Tenn.,  and 
John  C.  Spencer,  of  N.  Y.,  See'ys  of  War.  Geo.  E.  Bad- 
ger, of  N.  C.  and  Abel  P.  Upshur,  of  Va.,  See'ys  of  Navy. 
Francis  Granger,  of  N.  Y.  and,  Chas.  A.  Wickllffe,  of 
Ky.,  Postmasters-General.  John  J.  Crittenden,  of  Ky.. 
and  Hugh  S.  Legare,  of  S.  C,  Attorneys-General.  John 
White,  of  Ky.,  Speaker  of  House  of  Representatives. 


1842— John  C.  Fremont  explored  the  Rocky 
Mountain  region  under  the  authority 
of  the  United  States  government. 

1842 — Pure  white  starcb  was  first  niade  from 
Indian  corn  by  Thos.  Kingsford,  pro- 
prietor of  the  huge  btarch  works  at 
Oswego.  N.  Y. 

1843— Under  government  aid  and  patronage. 
Professor  Morse  established  an  experi- 
mental telegraph  line. 

1843 — General  Fremont  made  his  second  ex- 
ploration of  the  Hocky  Mt.  region. 

1843— Bunker  Hill  Monument,  near  Boston, 
was  dedicated.  Daniel  Webster  deliv- 
ered the  oration,  June  17. 

1S43 — Yale's  celebrated  locks  were  patented 
by  Linus  Yale,  of  Philadelphia. 

1843 — A  cow,  imported  from  Germany,  first 
brought  the  dreaded  cattle  disease, 
pleuro-pneumonia,  into  this  country. 


F,  indicates  Federalist;    I>,  Democrat;    "W,  Whig;    K,  Republican;    A-IW,  Anti-Mason;    A,  Abolitionist. 


SENATORS. 


State 
Repre- 
sented. 


Occupat 


Allen,  William D 

Archer,  William  S...W 
Bagby,  Arthur  P....D 
Barrow,  Alexander.  .W 

Bates.  Isaac  C W 

Bayard,  Rich'aH....W 
Benton,  Thomas H..  ..D 

Berrien.  John  51 D 

Buchanan,  James D 

Calhoun,  John  C D 

Choate.  Rufus W 

Clay,  Clement  C D 

Clay.  Henry W 

Clayton,  Thos — 

Conrad,  Chas.  M W 

Crafts,  Samuel  C — 

Crittenden,  Jno.  J...D 

Cuthbert,  Alfred D 

Daj'ton.  Wm.  I W 

Dixon,  Nathan  F W 

Evans,  George W 

Fulton,  Wm.  S D 

Graham.  Wm.  A....W 
Henderson,  John...W 

Huntington,  J.  W W 

Rerr,  JohnL W 

Kmg,  William  R D 

Linn,  Lewis  F D 

McDuthe,  George D 

:^IcRoberts.  Samuel.  .,D 
Mangum,  Willie  P. . .  W 

Jlerrick,  Wm.   D W 

Mil  ler,  Jacob  W W 

Morehead,  Jas.  T W 

Mouton,  Alex D 

Nicholson,  A.  O.  P D 

Phelps,  Samuel  S...W 

Pierce,  Franklin D 

Porter.  Augustus  S..W 

Prentiss,   Samuel W 

Preston,  Wm.  C D 

Kives,  Wm.  C D 

Sevier,  Ambrose  H...D 

Simmons,  Jas.  F W 

Smith,  Diiver  H W 

Smith,  Perry D 

Southard.  Sam'l  L. . . W 
Sprague,  William. . .  .W 

Sturgeon.  I>aniel D 

Tallmadge,  Nalh'l  P.D 
Tappan,  Benjamin... D 

Walker.  Rob't  J D 

White,  Albert  S W 

Wilcox,  Leonard D 

■Williams,  Reuel D 

Woodbridge.  Wm — 

Woodbury.  Levi D 

Wright,  Silas D 

Young,  Ridi.  M D 


N.  C. 
Va... 
Va... 
Tenn. 
Mass. 
Del... 
N.  C. 
N.  J.. 
Pa... 
S.  C. 
Mass. 
Va. .  . 
Va... 
Del... 
Va... 
Conn. 
Ky... 
Ga... 
N.  J. 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Md... 
N.  C. 


Conn, 
Md... 
N.  C. 
Ky... 
Ga... 
Ill  ... 
N.  C. 
Md. . . 
N.  J. 
Ky... 
Lou. , 
Tenn. 
Conn. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Pa... 


Mar.    5, 


May  14, 


Mar.  14, 
-\ug.  23, 
April  23, 
Mar.  18, 
Oct.  1, 
Dec.  17. 
.tprill2, 
Mar.  9, 

Oct."  6.' 
Sept.  10, 


Jan.  12, 
June  2, 
Sept.  5, 

Nov.' 8.' 
Jan.  1.), 
April  7, 
Nov.  5, 


180(5 
1789 
1794 
1801 
1780 
1796 
1782 
1781 
1791 
178; 


Oliio 
Va.. 
Ala. 
Lou. 
Mass 
Del.. 
Mo.. 
Ga.. 
Pa.. 
S.  C 


April  li 


Tenn. 
R.  I.. 
N.  J.. 
Conn. 
N.  J.. 
R.  I.. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
Me... 
Conn. 
N.  H. 
Mass. 
Ky... 


May  24, 
Nov.  10, 
Aug.  31. 
.May  i:i. 
Nov.  23. 
Jan.  18. 
.Mar.  31, 
Dec.  27, 
May  4, 

.Sept.' in, 
Oct.  23, 


June  9, 

Oct.'  '2'7,' 
Feb.  8. 
May  25, 
July  19, 
Oct.  24, 


June  2, 
AuR.  20, 
Dec.  22. 
May  24, 


1799  .Mass. 
1789  Ala. 
1777,  Ky... 
1758  Del... 
1804  Lou. . 
1768|Vt.... 
1786!  Kv... 

lG.a... 

1807  N.  J. , 
1774  R.  I.. 

1797  Me... 
179.''.'Aik.. 

1801  N.  C. 

1795  Miss.. 
1788  Conn 
1780  Md... 

1786  Ala., 

1796  Mo  .. 

1788  S.  C. 

1799  III.... 

1792  N.  C. 
iMci... 

1802  N.J. . 
I7971Ky... 
1804  Xou.. 
181X8  Tenn, 

1793  \'t  . . . 
ISIH  s.  H. 

1798  Micll. 
1782  Vt... 

1794  .S.  C. 

1793  Va. . . 
1802  Ark.. 

1795  R.  I.. 

1794  Ind.. 
Conn. 

1787  N.  J. 

1800  R.  I.. 

1789  Pa... 

1795  N.  Y. 
1773  tihio, 

1801  Miss  . 
181)3  Ind  .  . 

N.  H. 


1800 
1783' 
I78o: 
1789 
1795, 


Me. 
Mich. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Ill  ... 


,  Lawyer... 
.  'Lawyer... 
.  'Lawyer... 
.Varied 

Lawyer... 
.  Lawyer. . . 
,  Lawyer. . . 

,  Jurist 

.  Lawyer. . . 
.  Lawyer... 
,  Lawyer... 

,  Jurist 

,  L.iwyer. , . 

,  Jurist 

■  ■Lawyer... 

Unknown. 
.Lawyer... 
,  ILawj-er, .. 

.Jurist 

,  Lawyer... 

jLawyer. .. 
. ; Lawyer... 
,  'Lawyer... 
,  I  Lawyer... 

.'Jurist 

.  Lawyer... 
.Lawyer... 

Physician. 

Lawyer 

I  Jurist 

Jurist 

I  Unknown. 

I  Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 
;  Lawyer 

Varied  . . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied.,.. 

Lawyer..  . 

Lawyer... 

Jurist 

ilerchant. 

Unknown. 

Law.ver. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

L.awyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 


;July  10. 
jMar.  28, 
iSept.  21, 
Dee.  29, 
Mar.  16, 
Mar.  4. 
April  10, 
Jan.  1. 
June  1, 
Mar.  31, 
July  13, 
Sept.  7. 
June  29, 
Aug.  21, 
Feb.  12, 
Nor.  19, 
July  26, 
July  9, 
Dec.  1, 
Jan.  29, 
April  5, 
Aug.  15, 
lAug.  11, 

iNov.  "l',' 
Feb.  21, 
Api'illS, 
Oct.  3, 
Mar.  11, 
Mai-.  27, 
.Sept.  14, 
Feb.  5, 
Sept.  20, 
Dec.  28, 


^879 
1855 
1858 
1816 
1845 
1868 
1858 
18.56 
1868 
1850 
1859 
1866 
1852 
1854 
1878 
1853 
1863 
1856 
1S64 
1842 
1867 
1844 
1875 
1857 
1847 
1844 
1853 
1843 
1851 
1843 
1861 
1857 
1862 
1854 


Mar.  23,  1876 
Mar.  25,  1855 
Oct.  8,  1869 


Jan.  15, 
May  22, 
April  26, 
Dec.  21. 
July  10, 
Mar.  19, 


June  26, 
Oct.  19, 
July  3, 
Nov.  2. 
April  12. 
Nov.  II, 
Sept.  4, 

ju'l'y'23', 
Oct.  20, 
Sept.  7, 
Aug.  27, 


1857 
1860 
1868 
1848 
1864 
1849 
1852 
1842 
1856 
1878 
1864 
1857 
1869 
1864 
1850 
1862 
1861 
1851 
1847 


Total  Senators,  5©.    Lawyers,  :JC,    Jurists,  14.    Varied,  4.    Occupation 
Unknown,  3.    Merchant,!.    Physician,!. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Where 
R,)ru. 

When  Dem. 

8UW 

Koprc-      OooupatloD. 

"■"""'■ 

When  Died. 

Adams.  John  Q W 

Alford.  Julius  C W 

Mass. 
fia... 
Mass. 

Ky... 

July  11,  1767 

.Ian.'2H,'i'Mii4 
Feb.   112,  iwci 

Ma-sa. 
Ga... 
Me. . . 

nfiio' 

Lawyer.. 

Feb.  23,  1848 

Allen.  Elisha  H W 

Andrews,  Landall'  W.  W 

Lawyer... 

Andrews,  Sliirlo.-k  J.W 

Lawyer... 
M  an 'fact  "r 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.  ,. 

Appleton.  Nathan. ..W 
Arnold,  Thos.  D W 

N.  H. 
Tenn. 
N.  C. 
N.  H. 

Oct.  6,     177» 

July  14.  1861 

Arrintrton.  Areh'd  H..1) 
Atherton,  Chas.  O D 

IN.  C. 

July  4,    1804  N.  H. 

Nov.V5.'i'853 

7fe~~ 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Ayckrigg,  John  B. . .  .W 

Baboock,  Alfred W 

Baker,  Osmyn W 

Banks,  Linri D 

Bainard,  Daii'l  D....W 

Barton.  Ki.'h'.l  W W 

Beeson.Hcnrv  VV D 

Bidlack.  Benj.  A D 

Eirdseye,  Victory W 

Black,  Edw'dJ W 

Black,  Henry W 

Blair,  Barnard W 

Boardnian,  Wni.  W. .  W 
Borden.  Nath'l  B....W 

Botts.  JohnM W 

Bowne,  Samuel  S D 

Boyd,  Linn D 

Brewster,  David  P.  ..D 

Briggs,  George  N W 

Brockway,  John  H-.W 

Bronson.  David W 

Brown,  Aarun  V D 

Brown,  Charles D 

Brown,  Jeremiah W 

Brown,  Milton W 

Burke.  Edmund D 

Buniell,   Barker W 

Butler,  Samson  H — 

Butler,   William W 

Butl.r.  \Vi]i.  (1 D 

Caldu'i-ll.ia-c.'ii  W...D 
Caldwell,  Patrick  CD 

Calhoun,  Wm.  B W 

Campbell.  John D 

Campbell.  Thos.  J...W 
Campbell,  Wni.B....W 
Cai-uthers.  Rob't  L. .  W 

Cai-y,  George  B D 

Casey.  Zadok D 

Chapman,   Reuben. ..D 

Childs,  Timothy W 

Chittenden,  Thos.  C.W 

Clarke.  John  C W 

Clarke,  SlalevN W 

Clifford.  Nathan D 

Clinton.  James  G D 

Coles,  Walter D 

Colquitt.  Walter  T..W 

Cooper,  James W 

Cooper,  Mark  A D 

Cowen.  Benj.  S W 

Cranston.  Rob't  B...W 

Cravens.  Jas.  II — 

Crawford,  Geo.  W. ..W 

Cross,  Edward D 

Cushing,  Caleb W 

Daniel.  Jno.  R.  J D 

Davis,  Oarrett W 

Davis,  Ri(!haid  D D 

Dawson,  John  B D 

Dawson.  Wm.  C W 

I'can,  Ezra D 

Deberr.v. Edmund.  ...W 

Dimock.    Davis — 

Doane,  William D 

Dodge,  Aug.  C D 

Dodge.  Henry D 

Doig.  Andrew  W D 

Eastman,  Ira  A D 

K.dwaids.John W 

Edwards.  John  C — 

EgbiTl,  J,,s.|,h D 

Ev.ictl.   11. , race W 

Ferris,  Charles  O....D 
Kessenden.  Wni.  P...W 
Fillmore,  Millard.... W 
Flovd,  Charles  A D 


N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Va. . . 
Mass. 
Va. .. 
Pa..  . 
Pa.  .. 


May  18,  1800 


July  16,  1797 


Stuce 


S.  C. 

Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Va... 
Pa... 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
Vt... 
Mass. 
S.  C. 
S.  C. 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
S.  C. 
Mass. 
S.  C. 
Tenn. 
Tenn. 
Tenn. 
Va .  . 
Ga... 
Va... 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Conn. 

N.'  'h'. 
N.  Y. 
Va. .. 
Va... 
Md... 
Ga... 
N.  Y. 
R.  I.. 
Va. .. 
Ga... 
Tenn. 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Ga. . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Me... 
Mo... 
Ind . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 


Oct.  10, 
.Aprill5, 
Sept.  16, 

Nov'.'28i 

April  is] 


July  31, 


Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Vt... 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 


Aug.  15, 


April  13 
Deo.'29i 


Mar.  8, 
Aiig.'is, 


Dec.  27, 
May  8, 


Sept.  27, 


Dec.  22, 


Jan.   7, 
Se'pt.'i0, 


Aug.  14, 


Jan.   2. 
Oct.  12, 


N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 


Pa... 
Pa  . . . 

1782  N.  Y. 
.1806  Ga... 

1783  Pa  . . . 
N.  Y. 

1794  Conn. 

1801  Mass. 

1802  Va. .. 

1795  N.  Y. 
1800  Ky... 
N.  Y. 

,  1796  Mass . 

I  Conn. 

,Me... 

1795  Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 

1782  Pa... 

iTenn. 

1809  N.  H. 
.1798, Mass. 

S.C. 

Is.  C. 

1793  Ky... 
1811  N.  C. 

|S.  C. 

1796, Mass. 

|S.  C. 

1786  Tenn . 

iTenn. 

1800  Tenn. 

1811  !Va... 
,1798  HI... 
1806  Ala... 

,N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

1793  N.  Y. 
|N.  Y. 

1803  Me..  . 

N.  Y 

1789  Va... 
1799|Ga... 

1810  Pa. .. 

Ga..  . 

1793  Ohio  . 
1791  R.  I.. 
1798,  Ind.. 
1798  Ga. . . 

'I'sdo  Ma.ss! 

N.  C. 

ISOl  Ky... 

N.  Y. 

1800, Lou.. 
1798  Ga... 
1791  Ohio. 

1787  N.  C. 

Pa.  .. 

Ohio. 

1812  Iowa. 
1782  Wis.. 

N.  Y. 


Unknown 
Unknown. 
!  Lawyer. . . 
I  Unknown 
Lawyer. . , 
UnknovMi 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown, 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawj'er.. . 
Unknown. 

Juiist 

Unknown. 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 


Oct.  16, 
Jan.  7, 


N.  H. 

Pa..  . 

....      Mo... 

N.  Y. 

1780  Vt . . . 

In.  y. 

1806  Me... 

1800  N.  Y. 

iN.  Y. 


Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Clergym'n 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Un  known. 

Jiiri.st 

Unknown. 
Agricul'st. 
Vai'ied.... 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Varied 

Unknown. 
.\gricurst. 
Lawyer... 
Jurist  .... 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Agricul'st. 

Lawyer, . . 

Unknown 

Agricul'st. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Soldier 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 


Dec.  18.  1875 
Jan.  14. 1842 
April  24, 1861 
Mar.  15,  1859 


Feb.    6.   1849 
Sept.  16.  I&i3 

1846 

Nov.  28   1841 


April  10.  1865 
Jan.  8,  1869 
July  15,  1875 
Dec.  16,  1859 
Feb.  19.  1876 
Sept.  12. 1861 


Nov.  20,  1863 
Mar.  8,    1859 


Mar.  2,    1848 


June  4,  1843 


Nov.  8,  1865 
May  19,  1845 
April  13, 1850 
Aug.  19,  1867 

Mar.  5,  "itiid 
Sept.  12, 1862 


Nov.   8,  1847 


,  1852 


July  25,  1881 


Nov.  9,  18.57 
May  7,  18.55 
Mar.   1.    1863 

Sept'.  '27!  'I'seo 

Jan.  27,  ia73 


Jan.    2,  1879 


Sept.  22, 1872 


June  26,  1845 
May    5,    1856 


Dec.   12,  18.59 
Jan.  13,  1842 


Nov.  20,  1883 


w<?- 


1- 


EEPRESENTATIVES    OF    TIIK    TWENTY-SEVENTH    CONGRESS. 


48!t 


REPRESENTATIVES.        h  n,"        WbonBom.         Reprc.      OcoupaUon.  When  Di«d. 


Floyil.  John  G D 

Fornam-e,  Joseph. ...D 
Fo.-.ti.-r.  A.  Lawrence.W 

FontiM-.  Thos,  F D 

Gainljli-.  lioBtT  L....D 

littles,  .Si-tii  M W 

(iciitiy,  Mi.iuilithP..W 

Gerry.  Jaines D 

Gidiiings.  Jostiua  R..A 

GilineKThos.  VV W 

Gog(;in.  Wm.  L W 

Cooile.  Patriek  G W 

(iootie,  Wm.  O D 

Gordon,  Samuel D 

Graham,  James W 

Granger,  Francis W 

Green,  Willis W 

GreifJT.  John W 

Gustine.  Amos 1> 

Gwin,  Wm.  M D 

Habersham,  B.  W...D 

Hall.  Hiland W 

Halstead.  William. ..W 

Harris.  Wm.  A D 

Hastings,  John 1> 

llastiiiu-s,  Wm.  S W 

Hays.  Samuel   L D 

Henry.  Tliomas W 

Holmes.  Isaac  E D 

Hopkins,  Geo.  W D 

Houek,  Jacob 0 

Houston,  George  S. ..D 

Howard,  Jacob  M R 

Hubard.  Edmund  W.  .D 

Hudson.  Charles W 

Hunt.  Hiram  P W 

Hunter.  Rub't  M.  T...D 
Ingersoll,  Ohas.  J...,l) 
Ingeisoll.  Joseph  R.W 

Irvin,  James W 

Irwin,  William  W...W 

Jack.  William  D 

James,  Francis W 

Johnson.  Cave D 

Johnson,  Wm.  C W 

Jones,  Isaac  D W 

Jones.  John  W D 

Keim.  George  M D 

Kennedy.  Andrew D 

Kennedy,  John  P W 

King.  T.  Butler W 

l,ane,  Henry  S R 

Lawrence.  Joseph D 

Levy.  David D 

Lewis,  Dixon  H D 

Linn,  Arch'd  L W 

Littlefleld,  N.  S D 

Lowell.  Joshua  A 1> 

McClellan.  Abraham. D 

McClellan,  Robert D 

McKay,  James  J D 

McKeon,  John D 

McKennan,T.  M.  T.   .W 

Mallory,  Francis W 

Marchand,  Albert  G..D 

Marshall,    Alfred D 

Marshall.  Thus.  F. . .  .W 

Mason.  John  T D 

Mason.  Samson  W 

Mathews.  James D 

Mathiot,  Joshua W 

Mattocks.  John W 

Maxwell.  John  P.  B..W 

Maynard,  John W 

Medill,  William D 

Meriwether,  Jas.  A..W 

Miller,  John  D 

Mitchell ,   .Vnderson . .  — 

Moore,  John W 

Morgan,  Christoph'r.W 

Morris,    Calvary W 

Morrow.  Jeremiah.. W 

Newhard.  Peter D 

Nisbet,  Engenius  A.  .W 

Oliver,  Wm.  M D 

Osborne,  Thos.  B W 

Owsley,  Bi-yan  Y W 

Parmenter,  Wm D 

Partridge.  Samuel D 


N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 

Ga!'! 
Qa... 

N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Md... 
Pa.  .. 
Va... 
V'a. , . 
Va... 
Va. .. 
N.  Y, 
N.  O. 
Conn. 
Va... 
Scot  . 
Pa.  .. 
Tenn. 
Ga... 
Vt . . . 
N.    J. 


Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Ire'd. 
S.  C. 
Va.  . . 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Vt . . . 
Va . . . 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Pa,... 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa... 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Tenn. 
Md... 
Md... 
Va.  .. 
Pa..  . 
Ohio. 
Md. . . 
Mass, 
Ky... 
Pa... 
W.  I. 
Va... 
N.  Y, 
Me... 
Mass, 
Tenn 
N.  Y, 
N.  C. 
N.  Y 
Pa.. 
Va.. 
Pa.. 

kv'.'. 

Md.. 

Ohi.). 

Ohio. 

Ohio. 

Conn. 

N.  J.. 

N.  Y. 

DeL.. 

Ga... 

Ohio. 

N.  C. 

Va. . . 

N.  Y. 

Va... 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Ga. .. 

N.  Y.. 

Conn, 

Ky.. 

Mass, 

N.  y. 


Nov.  3, 
Oct.'  16,' 

Oct.'  'e, ' 

May  "si,': 

Sept.'  iei 

Jan.  — , 
Dec.    I, 

Aug'.' 6, 

dot." 'si, 

j'u'l'y  '20,' 
Aug.  "8, 


April  6, 
Feb.  22, 


Jan.  17, 
July  10, 


18(KJ 
1811 


I7S13 
17!); 


180.5 
178fi 
1705 


1785 
1796 
1804 


N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
Ga. .. 
N.  Y, 
Tenn. 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
Va. .. 
Va... 
Ohio. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y, 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
M  iss. . 
Ga.  .. 
Vt.... 
N.  J.. 
Va . . . 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
Va... 
Pa... 
C. 


1811 
1805 


Nov.  14,  179,') 


April2I, 
Oct.  3, 
June  14, 


1809 
1782 
1780 


,  1793 
.  1806 


Oct.  2.5. 
Aug.  27, 
Feu.  24, 


Sept.  20, 
Mar.  20, 


1805 
1810 
170: 
J  804 
1811 
1788 
1811 
I8O; 
181)2 
1.804 
1801 


1793 


June  7, 
May  9, 


1801 
1815 


N.  Y. 

Ala... 

Mich. 

Va... 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

Va. . . 

Pa..  . 

Pa.  . 

Pa... 

Pa.  .. 

Pa... 

Pa.  .. 

Tenn. 

Md... 

Md.. 

Va... 

Pa... 

Ind.. 

Md... 

Ga, .. 

Ind.. 

Pa.  .. 

Fla.. 

Ala . . 

N.  Y. 

Me... 

Me... 

Tenn 

N.  Y. 

N.    C, 

N.  Y 

Pa.. 

Va.. 

Pa.  . 

Me... 

Ky... 

Md... 

Ohio. 

Ohio. 

Ohio. 

Vt... 

N.  J.. 

N.  Y. 

Ohio. 

Ga. .. 

Mo... 

N.  C. 

Lou . . 

N.  Y. 

Ohio. 

Ohio. 

Pa... 
1803iGa... 

IN.  Y. 

1797!Conn. 

Ky... 

1789  Mass, 

N.  y. 


,1776 
,  1805 


,  1800 
,1788 
1808 

.'  'mo 


Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Lawyer 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyt.r. . . 
Lawyer... 
Law,ver... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Surveyor, 
rieci.... 
Unknown. 
Physic'lan 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
I'n  known. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer, . , 
Lawyer, . . 
Unknown. 
Olergym'n 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknowll. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Varied. ... 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. . . 
.\gi'icul'st. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Soldier 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer,, , 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
UnknowTi. 
Unknown. 


Dec.  20, 
Sept.  I, 
Nov.  3, 


May  27, 
Fob.  28, 
Jan.  5, 


July  3,  1859 


Sept.  — , 
Aug. 28, 


April  9,  1858 


Mar.  28,  1864 
Deo.  29.  1854 
June  17, 1842 


JulT  27,  1849 
Feb.  25,  18C7 
Mar.  2,  1861 


1847 
1847 
1877 
1860 


1864 
1844 
1870 


1851 


Dec.  2,  1842 
Dec.  18,  1885 


May  14,  1862 
Feb.  20,  1868 


Sept.  15, 1856 


Nov.  13, 
April  16, 


1866 
1860 


Jan.  29, 
June  10, 
Dec.  31, 
Aug.  18. 
May  10, 
June  18. 
April  17, 


1848 
1861 
1847 
1870 
1864 
1881 
1842 


Oct.  2.5, 
Oct.  10, 


1848 
1857 


Mar.  13,  1874 


June  7.  1860 
Sept.  14,  18.53 


July  9,  1852 
Mar.  26,  1860 
Feb.  5,  1848 


Sept.  22,  1864 
Mar.  28,  1873 


July  30,  1849 
Aug.  14.  1847 
N'.v.  14.  1845 
Mar.  24,  1850 
Sept.  2,  1865 


Mar.  18, 1846 


June  17,1867 
April  3,  1877 


Mar.  22,  1852 
jiar.  is'.'l'sVi 


Sept.  2,  1869 
Febi'&'.Ysiie 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Payne,  William  W...D 

Pcnrcc,  Jas.  A W 

Pendleton.  Nalhl  G.W 
Pickens.  Francis  W,  D 

Pluiner,  Arnold D 

Pope,  John D 

Powell,  Cnthbert W 

Promt.  George  H....W 

Ramsay,  Robert W 

Rjindall,  Alex W 

Kindall,  Henjnmin..W 
Itandolph.  Jos.  F....W 
Riiynor.  Kenneth.... W 

Iteail.  Alm.m  II D 

Kediiig,  JohnU D 

Item  li.  r,  Al.rnliam..W 

l(eMe.|.l-..l.jhn D 

Rliett,  Uoh'tB D 

Ridgway,  Joseph.... W 

Riggs.  Lewis D 

Rodney,  George  B...W 

Rogers,  James I) 

Roosevelt,  Jas.  1 1) 

Russell,  Jas.  M W 

Rns.sell,  William  W..W 

Saltonstall.  L W 

Sandford,  John  D 

Saunders,  Rom.  M D 

Sergiant,  John W 

Shaw,  Tristam 1) 

Sheppanl.Aug.  II,,,, W 

Shields,  Benj.  G W 

Sinionton.  William.. W 

Slade,  William W 

Smith.  Truman W 

Smith.  William D 

Snyder,  John D 

Sellers,  Ang.  R W 

Sprigg,  James  C — 

Stanly,  Edivard W 

Steenrod,  Lewis D 

Stokely.  Samuel W 

Stralton,  Chas.  C W 

Stuart,  Alex.  H.  11... W 

Stuart,  John  T W 

Summers.  Geo.  W...W 

Sumter.  Thos.  D D 

Sweeney,  George D 

Taliaferro,  John D 

Thompson,  Jacob D 

Thompson.  John  B..W 
Thompson.  Rich'd  M.W 
Tillinghast,  Jos.  L...W 
Toland,  George  W...W 
Tondinson,  Thos.  A.  .W 

Triplett.  Philip W 

TrottI,  S.  W — 

Trumbull.  Joseph. ..W 
Turney,  Hopkins  L...D 
I'mlerwcjod.  J.  R,...W 

Van  Buren.  John D 

Van  Rensselaer,  H  .W 

"Ward,  Aaron D 

Warren,  Lett W 

Waslnin.-ton,  W.  H..W 

Wi.tterson,   H.  M D 

Weller,  John  B D 

Westbrook,  John D 

White,  Edward  D W 

White,  John W 

White,  Joseph   L — 

Williams,  Chris.  n..W 
Willi.ams.  Joseph  L.  .W 

Williams.    Lewis — 

Williams.  Jas.  W D 

Williams,  Thos.  W..W 
Winthrop.  Rob'tC.W 

Wise,  Henry  A W 

Wood,  Fernando D 

Torke,  Thomas  J...W 

Young,  Augustus W 

Young,  John W 


Va. . .  IJan.  2, 
I).  CUec.  14, 
Ga.  ..  Aug.  — , 
8.  C.  April  7, 
Pa. 


Pa.  .. 
Md... 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
N.  C. 
Vt.... 
N.  H. 
N.  C. 
Pa. .  . 

-  C. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Del... 
C. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  . . 
Ire'd. 
Mass. 
N.  Y.. 
N.  C. 

*a.  .. 
N.  H. 
N.  C. 


Vt . . . 
Conn, 
Va. . . 


Feb.  2«, 
Dec.  24, 
May    6, 


1807  Ala . . 
I8()o  Md... 
1793  Ohio. 
1807  8.  C. 

iPa.  .. 

1770,Ky... 
1779  Va... 

Ind.. 

Pa..  . 

Md... 

Mo. . . 

N.  J.. 

N.  C. 

Pa.... 

N.  H. 
C. 


.  I78U 
.  1803 
.  1808 
.  1790 


1788 
1800 
1783 


,  1803 


Dec.  14, 

Nov.  10, 


Md... 
Md... 
N.  C 
Va... 
Ohio 
N.  J.. 
Va... 
Ky.., 
Va. . . 
Pa.. 
Pa... 


N.  O. 
Ky... 
Va... 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
S.  C. 
Conn, 
Tenn 


Mar.  — I 
Dec.  S, 


.May  9, 
Sov.  27, 
Sept.  6, 


III.  .. 

s.  c. 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

Del... 

S.  C. . 

1796  N.  Y. 
1786  Pa..  . 

lOhlo. 

,  178;i!Mass. 

N.  Y. 

,  1791  N.  C. 

1779  Pa..  . 
.  1787  N.  H . 

N.  C. 

Ala.. 

Pa... 

1786  Vt.... 

1791  Conn. 

1797  Va. . . 


April  2, 
Nov.  10, 


.  17S)6 


May  15, 


Dec.  7, 

Oct.   3, 

Va...  iOct.  24, 

N.  Y.l 

N.  Y.l 

N.  Y.  July  5, 
Ga...  Oct.  30, 
N.  C  Feb.  7. 
Tenn.  Nov.  23, 

Ohio.' 

Pa..  .1 

Tenn. I 


N,  Y.  

Tenn.' 

Tenn.  

N.  C.  

Md...  

Conn. 'Sept.  28, 
Mass.  May  12, 
Va. ..  Dec,  3. 
June  14, 


Pa.  . 
N.J. 
Vt... 
Vt .. 


Mar.  20, 
June  12, 


Md... 

Ky... 

N.  C. 

Va. .. 

Ohio. 

N.  J.. 

1807 1  Va... 
1807  111... 

:va... 

S.C. 

Ohio. 

1768  Va... 
1810  N.   C. 

1810  Ky... 
1809  Ind.. 
1791  R.  I.. 
IPa... 

In.  Y. 

IKy... 

S.  C. 

1782  Conn. 
1797  Tenn. 
1791  Ky... 
N.  Y. 

1811  N.  y. 

1790  N.  y. 

1797  

1813  N.  C. 
1811  Tenn. 

.Ohio. 

Pa.  .. 

ILou,. 

1805  Ky... 
Ind  . . 

Tenn. 

Tenn. 

N.  C. 

Md... 

Conn. 

Moss. 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

N.  J.. 

Vt  . . . 

N.  Y. 


1782 
1787 
1789 
1809 
1806 
1812 

'iim 

1802 


Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
I..awyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer. , , 
Man'fact'r 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer. . . 
[Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
I  Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. , . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . , 

La^vyer 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Soldier ... 

Lawyer.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Journalist 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Law^yer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Merchant. 

Law.yer... 

Lawyer. , . 

Merchant. 

Unknown. 

Law^yer. , . 

Lawyer, . . 


Dec.  20,    1862 


Jan.  25,  1869 


July  12,  1845 
.May  8,  1841) 
Sept.  5,   1817 


Oct,  14,    18.57 
Mar.  20,  1873 


June  3,  1844 


May    8,    1865 
Sept.  14, 1876 


April  5,  1875 
Dec.  20,  1870 
Oct.  2,  1845 
.May  8,  1H4.-. 
Oct.  7,  18.57 
.\pril2l,I867 
Nov.  23,  1852 
Mar.  14,  1*43 


May  18,  1*18 
Jan.  18,  1859 


July  26, 1872 


Mar.  30,  1859 
Nov.  28,  1885 


Aug.  12,  18.53 
ja'ii.'  'Y, '  I'fiii 
Dec.  30,'  I'sii 


Aug.  1.  1857 
Aug.  23,  1876 
Jan.  16,  18.55 
Mar.  23,  1864 
Mar.  2,  1867 


Aug.  12,  1860 
Aug.'  '7,'  'l'875 


April  8.  1847 
Sept.  22,  1845 
Jan.  — ,  1861 


Feb.  23,  1842 
Dec.  2,    1842 


Sept.  5,  1876 
Feb.  13,  1881 


June  17. 1857 
April  23, 18.52 


Total  Representatives,  ZaT.  Lawyers,  114.  Occupation  Unknown, 
103.  Varied,  l.'i.  Jurists,  't.  Agriculturists,  6.  Soldiers.  3.  Clergy- 
men, 3.  Manufacturers,  2.  Merchants.  3.  Physician,  1.  Surveyor,  1. 
Journalist,  1.    Foreign  Born.  3:    Including  Ireland,  2;  West  Indies,  1. 


1 


■«- 


■r> 

V 

J£. —    . 

^ 

^. 

iw 

TWENTY-EIGHTH    CONGRESS, 

AND    LEADING    EVENTS    OF    TUE    TIME. 

t 

Twenty-eighth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1843  to  1845, 


1843— April  was  set  ns  the  time  of  the  second 
coming  of  Christ,  by  \Vm.  Miller,  who 
succeeded  in  making  50.000  proselytes, 
and  thus  founded  the  Adventist  Church 
in  America. 

1843— The  great  comet,  which  unexpectedly 
appeared  in  the  southwestern  sky,  in 
March,  greatly  excited  the  people  and 
puzzled  the  astronomers. 

1844 — A  large  cannon,  known  as  "Peace- 
maker," while  being  tried  on  the  U.  S. 
steam-frigate  "  Princeton."  in  the  Poto- 
mac river,  exploded  and  killed  Abel  P. 
Upshur.  Sec'y  of  State,  and  Thos.  W. 
Gilmer,  Sec"y  of  Navy,  besides  injuring 
18  others.  Feb.  28. 

1844 — The  Dominican  Republic  was  formed 
in  the  Island  of  Hayti,  in  Februai-y. 

1844— Fourteen  persons  were  killed  and  about 
40  wounded  in  a  riot  between  "  Native 
Ajnerican  "  politicians  and  toreignera 
at  Philadelphia,  in  May. 

1S44— Prof.  Mon-e  erected  and  operated  a  line 
of  telegraph  between  Washington  and 
Baltimore. 

1844 — Joseph  Smith,  the  founder  of  the  Mor- 
mon Church,  was  shot  by  a  mob  at  Car- 
thage, 111.,  June  27. 

1844 — "Laughing-gas"  was  first  used  success- 
fully in  tht^  extraction  of  teeth  without 
pain,  by  Dr.  Horace  Wells,  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  in  December. 

1844 — The  Vnited  States  recognized  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  Sandwich  Isl'ds,  July  6. 

1844— A  commercial  treaty  between  the  Uni- 
ted States  and  China  was  concluded. 

1844 — Riots  in  Philadelphia.  Pa.,  in  May  and 
July,  resulted  in  the  destruction  of  Ro- 
man Catholic  Churches. 

1845— Florida,  the  27th  State,  was  admitted 
into  the  Union.  March  3. 

1845— Sir  John  Franklin  sailed  from  England 
on  his  last  voyage  of  discovery  in  thp 
Arctic  Regions,  May  2(J. 


^ 


«Tohu  Tyler,   lOtli  President. 

Willie  P.  Mangum,  of  N.  C,  acting  Vice-Pres.  and 
President  of  the  Senate.  Hugh  S.  Legare,  of  S.  C;  Abel 
P,  Upshur,  of  Va.,  and  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  S.  C,  Sec'ys 
of  State.  Walter  Forward,  Pa.,  and  Geo.  M.  Bibb,  of 
Ky.,  Sec'ys  of  Treas.  John  C.  Spencer,  of  X.  Y.,and 
Wm.  Wilkins.  of  Pa.,  Sec'ys  of  War.  Abel  P.  Upshur, 
of  Va. ;  David  Henshaw.  of  Mass.;  Thos.  W.  Gilmer,  of 
Ta..and  John  Y.  Mason,  of  Va.,  Set'ysof  Navy,  Chas,  A. 
Wickliffe,of  Ky..  Postmaster-General.  Hugh  S.  Legare. 
of  S.  C.  and  John  Nelson,  of  Md.,  Attorneys-General. 
John  W.  Jones,  of  Va.,  and  Geo.  W.  Hopkins,  of  Va., 
Speakers  of  House  of  Representatives. 


1845— By  a  fire.  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  had  about 
1,800  buildings  destroyed,  covering  56 
acres;   losses  $6,000,000,  April  10. 

1845— A  fire  in  New  York  City  burned  450 
buildings,  with  a  loss  of  $6,0(X),000, 
July  19. 

Two-thirds  of  the  city  of  Quebec.  Can., 
1,365  buildings,  were  burned.  June  28. 


1845 
1^5 


-1847— Captain-Gen'l  Valdez,  of  Cuba, 
W,  I,,  suppressed  the  slave  trade  in 
that  island. 

1845- First  Base  Ball  Club— the  "  Knicker- 
bocker "—organized  in  New  York  City 
in  September. 

1845— The  Naval  School  of  the  United  States 
Government  was  opened  at  Annapolis, 
Md.,  Oct.  10. 

1845— Texas,  the  28th  State,  was  admitted  in- 
to the  Union,  having  an  area  of  247,356 
square  miles.  Dec.  29. 

1845— The  question  of  a  canal  across  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama  was  discussed  by  the 
Government  of  France. 

1845— Petroleum  was  discovered  in  a  salt 
well  above  Pittsburgh.  Pa, 

1845— At  the  first  regular  regatta  in  America, 
July  17,  the  j-acht '■  Cygnet"  won  the 
race  against  nine  othei"s. 

1845— The  celebi'ated  "Anti-Rent"  disturb- 
ances began  on  the  Van  Rensselaer 
estate,  near  Albany.  N.  Y..  the  tenants 
resisting  the  collection  of  tiieir  rents. 
The  military  and  police  forces,  how- 
ever, with  some  loss  of  life,  overcame 
the  rioters  and  restored  peace. 

1845— France  and  England  declare  war  upon 
the  Argentine  Republic.  S.  A. 

1845- Outbreak  of  the  first  war  between  tlK- 
Sikhs,  in  India,  and  the  English. 

1845— Humboldt's    great    work,  "  The    Kos- 

mos,"  first  published. 
1845— Lake  Superior  copper  mines  developed. 


I>,  indicates    Democrat;     "W,  Whig;     S,  Republican;    A-M,  Anti-Mason;     A,  Abolitionist. 


SENATORS. 


Allen.  William D 

Archer,  William  S,  ..W 

Ashley.   Chester D 

Atchison,  David  R D 

Atherton.  Chas.  G D 

Bagby,  Arthur  P D 

Barrow.  Alexander.  .W 

Bates.  Isaac  C W 

Bayard,  Rich'd  H....W 
Benton,  Thomas  H....D 

Berrien,  John  M D 

Breese,  Sidney I) 

Buchanan,  James D 

Choate,  Rufus W 

Clayton,  Thos — 

Colquitt,  Walter  T.,.D 
Crittenden,  Jno,  J...D 

Wavton,  Wm.   I W 

Dickinson.  Dan'l  S D 

Dix.  .Tohn  A ,  ..D 

Evans.   George W 

Fairfield.  John D 

P'oster.  Ephraim  H.,W 

Foster.  Henry  A D 

Francis,  Jnhn  B — 

Fulton,  Wm.  S D 

llaunegan.  E(lw'd  A.D 

Haywood,  Wm.  H D 

Henderson.  John W 

Hugcr,  Daniel  E D 

Huntington.  J.  W W 

»Jarnig.an,  Spencer.. W 

JoIinsi>n.    Henry W 

Kintr.  William    K....D 

I.fwis.  Djx-.n  H D 

M'-Imilir.  (;forge.,,.D 
Manj/um,  Willii-  P. .  .W 

Merrick,  Win.    D W 

Miller,  Jacob  W W 

Morehead,  Jas.  T W 

7«ile-i.  John    M W 

Prarce,  Janii-H  A ^V 

Phelps,  Saniu.  I   S.,..W 

I'orler,  Alex.  J W 

Porter.  AuguistU!*  S..W 

Riven,  Wm.  C D 

Nemple.  JaineH D 

Hevior.  Ambrose  H D 

Simmons.  Jax.  F.         W 
SproKUe,  William D 


N.  C. 

Va... 

Mass. 

Kv. 

N.  H. 

Va..  . 

Tenn. 

Mass. 

Del... 

N.  C. 

N.J,, 

N.  Y. 

Pa.  . . 

Mass. 

Del... 

Va... 

K^T. 

fin. 
N.  H. 
Mass, 
Me... 


May  14, 


Pn... 
Md... 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 

s.'c. 

Conn. 
Tenn. 
Tenn. 
N.  C. 
V»... 
Ga... 
N.  C. 
Md... 
N'.  J. 
Ky... 
('onn. 
U.O.. 
Conn. 
Iri-Vl. 
X.  Y. 
Va... 

Ky  •■ 

Tenn. 
It.  I.. 

R.  I.. 


Mar.  D, 
I  line  1, 
Aug.  II 
July   4, 


1806 
I7«i 
17SI0 
1807 
1804 
1794 
1801 


state 
Rcpre- 


.Mai-.  14, 
.\ug.  23. 
July  1.5. 
.April  23, 
Oct.  1, 
Mar.  9, 
Dec;.  27, 
Sept.  10, 
(•■eb.  17, 
Sept.  11, 
July  24, 
.Ian.  12. 
Jan.  30, 


Ohio. 

Vii..  . 

Ark. , 

Mo.. 

X.  H 

Ala  .. 

Lou.  . 
1780  Mass. 
1796  Del... 
1782  Mo... 
1781, Ga..  . 
1S(X)  111  ... 
1791  Pa... 
1799  Mass. 
1758  Del. 
1799 
1786 
1807 
1800 
1798 
1797 
1797 


Occupation. 


May  31, 
June  2, 


1704 
179.'i 


.  1801 
.  1795 


Nor.  8,    1788 


Sept.  14, 
April  7, 
AUB.  10, 


1783 
178« 
1802 
17HH 
1792 


May  24, 


Dec.  14. 
May  13, 


.Ian.  18, 
May  4, 


.Sept.  10, 


Ga. .  . 
Ky... 
N.  J. . 
:N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Me.  . . 
Me... 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
K.  I,. 
Aik.. 
Ind.. 
N.  C. 
Miss. , 
S.  C.  . 
I  "onn. 
Tenn. 
Lou.. 
Ala  .. 
Ala  .. 
S.  C. 
N.  O. 
Md... 
N.  J.. 
Ky... 
Conn. 
Md... 
Vt.... 


1802 
1797 
1787 
ISO.I 
1793 
1786 
nns'Mlch 
1793  Va.., 
1800,111  .. 
18n2,Ark. 
179.1  It.  I. 
1800llt.  I. 


Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Law^yer. . . 
.\gricurst. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
La\vyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Varietl .... 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer.,, 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. , . 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied  ... 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer,. . . 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Merchant. 


July  10, 
Mar.  28, 
April  29, 
Jan.  lili, 
.Nov.  1.5, 
Sept.  21, 
Dec.  29, 
Mar.  16, 
Mar.  4. 
April  10, 
Jan.  1 , 
June  27, 
June  1. 
July  13, 
Aug.  21, 
May  7, 
July  2(!, 
Dec.  1 . 
April  12, 
April  21, 
"Vprll  5. 
Dec.  24, 
Sept.  4, 


1879 
1855 
1848 
i8H6 
18.53 
1858 
1846 
1845 
1868 
1858 
18.56 
1878 
1868 
1859 
1854 
1855 
18(i3 
1864 
1866 
1879 
1867 
1847 
1854 


Aug.  9. 
Aug.  15. 
Feb.  25, 
Oct.    6, 


Aug.  18, 
Nov.  1. 
June  24, 
Sept.  4, 
April  18, 

JiarVii', 
Sept.  14, 
Feb.  5. 
Sept.  20, 
Dec.  28, 
May  31, 
Dee.  20, 
Mar.  25, 
Jan.  13, 


1864 
1844 
ia59 
1852 
1857 
1854 
1847 
1851 
1864 
1853 

1851 
1861 
1807 
1862 
18.54 
1856 
1862 
ia55 
1844 


April  26.  1868 
Jnn.  27,  1867 
Dec.  21.  1848 
July  10,  1864 
Oct.    19,  18.58 


SENATORS. 

Where 
Born. 

When  Born. 

State 
Repre- 
Hcnied. 

Occupation. 

When 

Died. 

sturgeon,  Daniel. .. .,D 

Pa. . . ' 

Oct.  27, 

1789:Pa... 

Unknown. 

July  3, 

1878 

Tallniadge,  Nath'lP.D 

N.  Y. 

Feb.  8, 

1795  N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.   2. 

1864 

Taiipiin.  Benjamin. ..D 

Mass. 

May  25, 

1773l0hio. 

Varied.... 

April  12 

18.57 

Uphnm.    William. ..W 

Mass, 

Aug.  — , 

17921  Vt  ... 

Lawyer. . . 

Jan.   14 

1853 

■Walker.  l!..b't  J D 

Pa. . . 

July  19, 

1801,  Miss  . 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  11 

1869 

White.  Allxrt  S.,,    ..W 

N,  Y. 

Dct.   24, 

18113  Ind  . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  4. 

1864 

Wot.dbiiilde,  Wm....— 

Conn. 

Aug.  20, 

1780  Mich. 

Jurist 

Oct.  20. 

1861 

■VVo.Kiburv.  Levi D 

N.  H. 

Dee.  22, 

1789  N.  H, 

Jurist 

Sept.  7. 

1851 

Wright,  Silas D 

Mass, 

May  24, 

1795iN.  Y. 

L.awyer. . , 

Aug.  27 

1847 

Total  Senators,  59.  Lawyers,  S8.  Jurists,  11.  Varied,  6.  Occupation 
Unknown,  2.  Agriculturist,  1.  Merchant,!.  Foreign  Born,  1:  Including 
Ireland,  1. 


Abbott,  Amos W 

Adams.  John  Q W 

Anderson,  Joseph  H..D 
Arrington,  Areh'dH..D 

Ashe,  John  B W 

Atkinson.  Archibald. W 

Baker,  Osniyn W 

Barniird.  Dan'l  D W 

llarringer.  D.  M W 

Dnyley.  Thos.  H D 

Beardslev.  Samuel. ..D 

lielser,  Jas.  F. D 

Benton.  C:has.  S D 

Bidlack.  Ben.1.  A D 

niiiek,  F.dw'il  J W 

Black,  James D 

Black.  James  A D 

Blaekwell.  Julius  W..D 

Bossier.  Pierre  E D 

Bower,  Gustjivus  B. . .  D 

Bowlin,  James  B D 

Boyd.  Linn D 

Brengle.  Krnneis W 

BrinkerholT.  H.  II.... D 
Bi inkerhoir.  Jacob... D 
Bfodhend.  Hichard...D 

Blown.  Aaron  V D 

Brown.  .Toi"emiah....W 

Brown.  Milton W 

Brown.  Wllllani  J....D 
Bulllngton,  Joseph... 5V 


Mass. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 
Va.  .. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  0. 
Me... 
Pa.  .. 
S.  0. 
Pa..  . 
S.  C. 
Va... 
Lou.. 
IVa... 
Va... 
Tenn. 
Md... 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 


Sept.  10, 
July  11, 


1786 
1767 


Sept.  13, 
May  18. 
July  16, 
July  -, 
Dec.  11, 


1792 
I8(») 
1797 
1806 
1810 


.1806 


,  1793 


.  1804 
,  1800 
.  1806 
.1788 


Aug.  IS, 
Nov.  22, 


Mass. 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

N.   C. 

Tenn, 

Va.  . . 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

N.   O. 

Va.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Ala... 

N.  Y. 

Pa.  .. 

Qa. . . 

Pa... 
C. . 

Tenn. 

Lou.. 

Mo. . . 

Mo... 

Ky... 

Mil... 

Ohio. 

Ohio. 

;Pa... 

1795  Tenn. 
1782 1  Pa..  . 

iTenn. 

1805ilnd  .. 
:Pa.  ,. 


Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
I'nknown, 
Unknown, 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Law.ver. .. 

I  Jurist 

Jurist 

[Varied 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Agrienl'st. 
Unknown, 
Agrienl'st. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 


Nov.  2,    1868 
Feb.  23,  1848 


Jan.  — ,  1858 
Jan.  10,  1872 
Feb.  9.  1875 
April  24, 1861 


June  23,  1856 
May  6.  1860 
Jan.  16,  18,59 


Feb.    0,   1849 
1846 


April  3,  1848 
April24,'l844 


Dec.  16,  18.59 
Dec.  10.  1846 
April  30, 1844 


Sept.  17, 1863 
Mar.  8,  1859 
Mar.  2,    1848 


Mar.  18,  185" 


— O.'  ^ 


Iluilii',    KcImhiihI 1) 

II. nc.   ViiHistiuil I) 

«';,l.l».ll,  c;,.,i.  A I) 

CuiiiplMll.  John 1) 

Ciiify,  Jfrciiiliili  K,..I) 

CarpentiT.  Levi  U I) 

CiuToll.  Chaa.  H W 

r'..i\'.  Klicpard  D 

I'Htiiii,  licoi-fe'i'S D 

CniMM.  .1.  M.  S W 

rliii|i.ii:iii,  AUB.  A D 

('li.ijiniiiii.  Hi'uhpn,..T) 
('li;i|il»ll.  Ahsjiloin,.W 

C'liiltijii.  Samuel W 

Cli.iili,  Diiiiciiii  L....VV 
riiiik'iii.iii.  Thus.  L...W 

Clint. -n.  James  G D 

c.hli,  Il.nvell D 

Culi's.  Walter D 

([■oIlaiiK^r,  Jacob W 

Cransl.m,  Henry  Y. .W 

Ciiiss,  K.lward D 

('.ill.irti,  Alvan D 

l»:iri.i,   Amasa D 

I  la  II  if  I,. 1  no.  R.J D 

Darratjh.  Cornelius.  .W 

D.ivis.  Garrett W 

liavis,  John  W D 

liavis.  Richard  D D 

liawson.  .lohoB D 

Itt-an.    Kzra D 

n.-berrv.  Edmund. . .  .W 

liillit.  .lames W 

ln.liev.  .lohn W 

lii.kin>on.  D.  W W 

Uillinilliam,  Paul D 

U.i.li,-.-.  Auk.  C D 

II. ..lu'.',    Henrv D 

liiMii.-l,.s.  Stephen  A..D 
!ii.,mt-.i.3U-.  Geo.  C...D 
IMmran.  Alexander.  .W 

IliiiilMii,  Kob'tP W 

Elll.^.chesselden D 

Elini-r.  Lucius  Q.  C...D 

F.u-le.'.  Isaac  G — 

Fiiklin.  Orlando  B...D 

Fish.  Hamilton W 

Florence.   Elias W 

Foot,  Solomon W 

Foster.  Henr,v  D D 

French.  Richard  D 

Frick.   Henry W 

Fuller.  George D 

Oid.iinps.  Joshua  R..  A 

liiliiKT,  Thos.  W W 

(iOKfc-in.  Wm.  L W 

Gic' n,  Bvram D 

Green,  Willis  W 

Grider,  Henry W 

Grinnell,  Joseph W 

Hale,  John  P D 

Hamlin,  Edward  S. ,  .— 

Hamlin,  H  innibal D 

Hammett,  Wiu.'H D 

Haralson.  Hugh  A D 

Hardin.  John  J W 

Harper.  Alexander.  .W 

Hays.  Samuel   L D 

Henley.  Thomas  J D 

Herrick.  Joshua D 

Hoge.  Joseph  P D 

Holmes.  Isaac  E D 

Hopkins,  Geo.  W D 

Houston,  George  S,  ,.D 
Hubard,  Edmund  W.  ,D 

Hubhell,  Wm.  S D 

Hudson.  Charles W 

Hughes.  Jas.  M D 

Hungerford,  Ol-\'ille.  .D 

Hunt,  James  B D 

Hunt.  Wa.shington.  ,W 

Iiig.rsoli,  Chas.  J D 

Int-.'.^iill.  Joseph  R.W 

Irviii.  James W 

flamcs'.n,  John D 

.lenks.  Michael  H....W 

Johnson,  Andrew D 

Johnson,  Cave D 

Jnhns.,.i,  Perley  B...W 

J..ii.«,  I W D 

J..ii.'^.  J.ihii  W D 

K'Miiie.ly,  Andrew... D 
Kennedy. John  P. . .  .w 

King.  Daniel  P W 

King.    Preston D 

Kirkpatrick,  Littlet'n.D 
I.,abranche.  Alcee. . .  .D 

Leonard.  Moses  G D 

Levv.  David D 

Lewis,  Dixon  H D 

Lucas,  William D 

Lumpkin,  John  H D 

Lvon.   Lucius D 

M. I 'Ill-leu,  Wm.  CD 

M.ll.lland.Rob't D 

Mi.cl.rnand.  John  A.D 


Vt . . 

s.  c. 

Ky,, 

s.  c, 

R,  I 
X.  Y 

Md,. 
Me.. 
Conn, 
Md,,. 
Va... 
Va, . . 
Oa,., 
Va.  .. 
N.  O. 
N.  C. 
N,  Y. 
Ga. ,. 
Va.., 
N.  Y, 
R.  I,. 
Tenn. 
Ky.,, 


N,  C. 
Pa.., 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 

N.  y. 

Tenn, 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Ire'd. 
Pa.  .. 
Tenn 
Mass. 
Mo.. 
Ind. 
Vt.. 
Va.. 


Jan.  23,  1809 


April  30, 1803 
Juiie  7,' '  1794 


Sept.   7, 


Sept.  7,  1815 

1789 

1792 

Oct,    9,    1789 


Me,. 
N.  Y 

N.J. 

N.  J., 
Ky.. 
N.  Y. 

Va.., 
Vt  ,., 
Pa.,, 
Ky,,, 
Pa.,, 
Pa... 
Pa,  ,, 
Va,. 
Va,. 
N.  Y, 
Va. ., 
Ky.. 
Mass, 
N.  H 


1809 
.  1811 
.  1816 
.  1806 


1804 
1798 


N,  H. 

S.  C, 

Ky,,. 

S,  C. , 

N,  Y, 

N,  Y, 

N,  Y. 

Mo,,. 

Conn, 

Md.., 

Va... 

Ala... 

Ga. 

Va.. 

Ga.. 

N.  C 

N,  Y 

Ga,. 

Va.. 

Vt.. 

R.  I., 

Ark. 

Tenn. 

N.  Y, 

N.  C, 

Pa.  . 

Sept.  10,  ISnl  Ky.. 

July  17,  17!l»ilnd.. 

In,  y, 

1800  Lou,, 
Ohio, 
N,  C. 
Ala,.. 
Pa.  ,. 
Tenn 
Vt  .,, 
.va. 
Wis,, 
111,,. 
Va, . , 
Ohio, 
.Me,,, 
N,  Y, 
N,  J. 
N.  J.. 
111. 


1791 
Aug.  14,  1787 
1788 


1807 

Aug.  6,  1800 
Jan.  2,  1812 
Oct.  12,  1782 
.4pril23, 1813 


Dec,  16.  1808 
Aug.   3    -   " 


Nov.  19, 1802 
Dec.  19,  1812 


Oct.   6,    1795 


May  31,  1807 


July  16,  1796 
Nov.  17,  1788 
Mar,  31,  1806 


Me,, 

Va. 

Ga.. 

Ky.. 

Ire'd 

Va.. 

Ind. 

Mass 

Ohio 

S.  C. 

Va. . 

Tenn. 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

5Ia.ss. 

Ky... 

Conn. 

N,  Y, 

N,  Y. 

Pa.,, 

Pa . . , 

Pa.., 

Ky,., 

Pa.  .. 

N.  C. 

Tenn. 

Ohio. 


Va... 
Ohio. 
Md... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J. 
Lou.. 
Conn. 
W.  I. 


Aug.  27,  1809 


Not.  13,  1805 
1810 


1810 

Mar.  18,  1793 


Va. . , 
C,a. . 
'vt.. 
Ohio 
Pa.. 
Ky.. 


1808;n.  Y, 

Ohio. 

Vt ... 

Pa... 

Ky... 

Pa.  .. 

Pa... 

Ohio. 

Va... 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

Ky... 

Ky... 

Mass. 

N.  H. 

Ohio. 

Me... 

Miss. . 

Ga.  .. 

111... 

Ohio. 

Pa... 

Ind.. 

Me... 

111.  .. 
April  fi,  1796  S.  C. . 
Feb.  22.  ISOtlVa... 
Jan.  17.  1811  Ala.. 

Va... 

In.  Y. 

Nov.  14,  1795iMass. 

Mo... 

17901n.  Y. 

1799, Mich. 

Aug.  5  .  1811  In.  Y. 
Oct.  3.  1782, Pa.  .. 
June  14,  1786  Pa.  .. 

Pa... 

Mo... 

Pa... 

Tenn. 

Tenn. 

Ohio. 

Tenn, 

Va. .. 

Ind.. 

Md... 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

N.  J. . 

Lou.. 

N.  Y. 

Pla., 

Ala. 

Va.. 

Ga... 

Mich 

lOhio. 

Aug.  1,  1807  Mich, 
May  30,  1812  111,  ,. 


May  21,  1795 
Dec.  29,  1808 
Jan,   11,  1793 


Mar,  15,  1806 


1810 

Oct,  25,  1795 

1800 

Oct,  14,  1806 


1811 

Aug,  10,  1802 


June  13,  1812 


Varied,,. . 
awyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Law.ver. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricill'st. 

Jurl.st 

Varied.... 

Jurist 

Law.ver... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician. 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Unknown. 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
Un  known. 
Soldier.. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer,, , 

Pliysiclan 

Lawyer,,. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Unknown, 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer.. . 

Journalist 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . 

Lawyer. . , 

Lawyer. . , 

Unknown 

Surveyor. 

Lawyer. . . 

Merchant. 

Lawyer... 

Unknown, 

Lawyer. . , 

Clergyni'n 

Lawyer 

Lawyer... 

Unknown 

Unknown. 

Agricul'st. 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown. 
^Unknown. 
Clergym'n 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Law^'er. . . 

Varied 

Mechanic. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Mechanic. 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied — 
La^vyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Varied,... 
Lawyer., . 
Unknown, 
Lawyer.,, 
Surveyor, 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. , , 
Varied 


Sept.  17, 1866 
May  19,  1845 


June  8,  1865 
Aug.  12,  1866 
Dee.  26,  1851 
Jan.  30,  1861 


Jan.  14,  1867 
Nov.  27,  1849 


Oct.  9,  1868 
Nov.  9,  1857 
Nov.  9.  1865 
Feb.  12,  1864 


Jan,  20.  1855 
Sept,  22, 1872 
Aug,  22,  1859 

j'uiie'21!,'  i'&is 


Dec.  12,  1859 
Dec,  21,  1848 
Mar.  14,  18,53 
April  27, 1845 

Nov, 'in', 'l  883 
July  19,  18fi7 
Jiuie  3,  ISfil 
April  27,  1847 
Mar,  2,  18,52 
Oct.   20,  1859 


Mar,  28,  1866 


Mar.  I,  1844 


May  27,  1864 
Feb.  28,  1844 
Jan.  5,  1870 


Sept.  14, 1866 
Nov.'isji'OTS 


Oct.  6,  18,54 
Feb,  27,  1847 


Aug,  30,  1874 


Feb,  25,  1867 
Mar,  2,  1861 


.\pril  6,  1855 
Aug,  15,  1857 
Feb,  2,  1867 
May  14.  1862 
Feb.  20,  1868 


Oct.  16.  1867 
July  31,  1875 
Nov. 13, 1866 


.Tan.  29,1848 
Dec.  31,  1847 
Aug.  18.  1R70 
July  25.  18,50 
Nov. 13. 1865 
Aug.  15,  1859 


Oct.  25,  1848 


June  6.  1860 
;Sept.25,  1851 


McConnell,  Fclljt  G.,,D 

McDowell,  Jos.  J D 

Mcllvaine,  A.  R W 

Mt^Kay,  James  J D 

Maclay,  Wm,  B D 

Marsh.  George  P W 

Mathews,  James D 

Mlllen,  John D 

Moore,  Heman   A D 

Moi-rls,  Edward  J,,,  W 

Morris,  Joseph D 

Morse,  Freeman  H , , ,  W 

Morse,  Isaac  E D 

Moseley,  Wm,  A W 

Mnrphy,  Henry  C D 

Nes,  Henry — 

Newton,  Willoughhy  W 

Norris,  Moses D 

Owen,I!ob't  Dale D 

Parmenter,  Wni D 

Patterson,  Thos,  J. , .  W 
Payne.  William  W.,.D 

Pettit,  John D 

Peyton,  Joseph  H W 

Phoenix,  J,  Phillips.  .W 

Pollock.  James W 

Potter,  EUsha  R 'VV 

Potter,  Emery  D D 

Pratt.  Zadok D 

Preston.  Jacob  A W 

Purdy,  Smith  M D 

Ramsay,  Alex W 

Rathbun.  George D 

Rayner.  Kenneth W 

Read,  Almon  H D 

Reding.  John  R D 

Reed.  Chas,  M W 

Reid,  Davids D 

Relfe,  James  H D 

Rhett,Rob't  B D 

Ritter,  John D 

Roberts,  Rob't  W D 

Robinson,  Orville D 

Rockwell,  Julius W 

Rodney,  George  B.,.W 

Rogers.  Charles W 

Russell,  Jeremiah D 

St,  John,  Henry D 

Sample,  Sam'l  C W 

Saunders,  Rom,  M D 

Schenck,  Rob't  C,,.,W 

Sen ter,  William  T W 

Severance,  Luther, ..W 

Seymour,  David  T D 

Seymour,  Thos.  H P 

Simons.  Samuel D 

Simpson:  Richard  T.  .D 

Slidell,  John D 

Smith,  Albert W 

Smith,  Caleb  B W 

Smith.  JohnT — 

Smith,  Robert D 

Smith,  Thoma-s D 

Spence,  Thos,  A W 

Steenrod,  Lewis D 

Stephens,  Alex,  H W 

Stetson,  Lemuel D 

Stewart.  Andrew D 

Stewart,  John — 

Stiles.  Wm,  H D 

Stone,  Alfred  P D 

Stone,  James  W D 

Strong,  Selah  B D 

Summers,  Geo,  W. .  .W 

Sykes,  George D 

Taylor.  William D 

Tho'masson,  Wm,  P, .  W 

Thompson.   Jacob D 

Tibbatts.  John  W D 

Tilden.  Daniel  R W 

Tucker,  Tighlman  M.D 

Tyler,  .\sher W 

Vance.  Joseph W 

Vanmeter,  John  J...W 

Vinton.  Sanmel  F W 

■Weller,  John  B D 

Wentworth.  John D 

Wethered.  John ~ 

Wheaton.  Horace D 

White,  Benjamin D 

W^hite,  John W 

Wilkins.  William D 

Williams,  Henry D 

VVinthrop,  Rob't  0,  ..W 

Wise,  Henry  A W' 

Woodward,  Jos,  A D 

Wright,  Joseph  A,,.,D 

Wright,  William W 

Yancey,  William  L,  ,D 
Yost,  Jacobs D 


Tenn. 
N.  C. 
Pa. .  . 
N.  C. 
Y. 
Vt.... 
Ohio. 
Ga... 
Vt . . . 
Pa... 
Pa... 
Me... 
Lou.. 


Ala.. 
Ohio. 
Aug.  14,  18IM  Pa.  . . 
.  1793  N.  C. 
.  1815  N.Y.. 
Mar.  15,  1801  iVt.... 

Ohio. 

1804  Ga... 
1810  Ohio. 
July  16,  1815  Pa..  . 
Oct.  16.  1795;ohio. 
Feb.  18,  1807!Me  . . . 
May  22,  1809  Lou.. 

In.  y. 

1810:N.  Y. 
1799  Pa. .. 
Va. 


Sept.  10, 1846 


Nov.  8.  1799 
Nov.  7.  1801 
Mar.  30,  1789 


Jan.  2,  1807 
July  24,  1807 
1813 


June  20,  181 1 
Oct.  30,'  1790 


Sept.  8,  1815 


,  1808 
,1790 


June  i: 


April  19, 1813 


N.  Y. 

Pa... 

Va... 

N.  H. 

Scot.. 

Mass . 

N.  Y.. 

Va... 

N.  Y.. 

Tenn. 

N.  J.. 

Pa... 

R.  I.. 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

Md. . . 

N.  Y. 

Pa.  .. 

N.  Y. 

N.  C. 

Vt... 

N.  H. 

Pa... 

N.  C. 

Va. .. 

S.  C.Dec.  24,  1800 

Pa...  Feb.  6,    1779 

Del  ., 

N.  Y, 

Conn 

Del.. 

N.  Y, 

N.  Y 

N.  Y, 

Md... 

N.  C.  Mar.  — ,  1791 

Ohio.lOct.  4,    1809 

Tenn 180:- 

Mass. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
S.  C. 
N.  Y 

N.  y. 

Mass. 
Pa..  . 
N.  H. 
Pa... 
Md... 
Va... 
Ga... 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Conn. 
Ga... 


April  26, 1805 
1803 


Oct.  28.  1797 
Dec.   2,    1803 

1808 

1777 


June  12,  1802 

1800 

Feb.  20,  1810 


Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
N.  J.. 
Va... 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
Ky... 
Conn. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
t)hio. 
Mass. 
Ohio . 
N.  H. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
Me... 


Pa... 

Mass. 
Mass 

:va... 

IS.  C. 
iPa.  . 
N.  Y. 


.  1793 


April  16,  1808 


Feb.  11,  1812 


1792 
.  1791 


1818 

May  1,    1792 


N.  H. 
Ind.. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Ala.. 
Ind  .  . 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
K.  1.. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Md.. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
C. 
Pa.  . . 
N.  H. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Mo. . . 
S.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Miss,, 
N,  Y, 
Mass, 
Del.,, 
N.  Y, 
X.  Y, 
Ohio, 
Ind  ,, 
N,  C. 
Ohio, 
Tenn, 
Me... 
N.  Y 
Conn. 
Conn. 
S.  C. . 
Lou.. 
N.  Y. 
Ind  .. 
Pa..  . 
111.... 
Inil  .. 
Md. .. 
Va. .  . 
Ga... 
N.  Y. 
Pa..  . 
Conn. 
Ga... 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Va. . . 
N.  J.. 


May  15,  1810 
180:- 


Ky... 
N.  C, 
Ky,,, 

Ohio, 

Miss. 

May  10.  1798  N.  Y, 
Mar.  21,  178B  Ohio, 

Ohio 
Sept.  25, 1792  Ohio 

Ohio 

111... 

Md.. 

N.  Y 

Me.. 

Ky.. 

Pa, 


Mar,  5  ,  1815 


1805 

1779 

Nov,  — .  1804  Mass 
May  12,  1809iMas,s 
Dec,  3,    1806'|Va,,, 

S,  C, 

.Ipril  17, 1810  Ind, 
1794  N,  J. 

Ga.  ..  Aug.  18,  1814  Ala. 

Pa.  ..( 1801:Pa.. 


Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Agricul'st. 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied.... 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Varied.... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Law.ver... 

Physician 

Unknown. 

La  .vyer. . .  , 

Journalist 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawver... 

Phyilcinn 

Merchant. 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Mechanic. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
'Unknown. 
Unknown. 
I.awyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
ISfniU'tOr 
.Lawyer... 
iPhyslclan 
Law.ver... 
Journalist 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Ijiwyer... 
JUnknown. 
jUnknown. 
Unknown. 
I'liknown. 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
JouiTialist 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Physician. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer,,, 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
.Mechanic. 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
-\gricursl. 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
j  Unknown. 
1  Lawyer. . . 
iLawyer. . . 
'Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
I  Lawyer... 
'.Unknown. 
Journalist 
I'nknown. 
Unknown. 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer... 
;  Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
jMechanic. 

.[Varied 

.  lUnknown. 


Aug.  14. 
Sept. 14, 


July  24, 


i86.'< 
18.'>:i 
1882 
1882 


Oct.    15, 
April  3, 


1843 
1844 


Oel.   23,  1854 


Feb.   II 
Nov.  19, 


1868 
1873 


Sept.  10,  1850 


Jan.  11. 
June  24, 
Feb.  25, 


18.55 
1877 
1866 


June  17,  1877 
Nov.  12,  1845 
May    4,   18.59 


April  6,   1S71 


June  3,  1844 
bec.'l'6,"l8ri 


Sept.  14. 1876 
Nov.  24.  1851 


April21,18e7 


Aug.  28. 
Jan.  25, 
Oct.  11. 
Sept.  3. 
Jan.   13. 

jil'ly  29,' 

jan^  'si  ' 


1849 
1&55 

1867 
IStW 
1847 

'i8'-?i 


Dec.  21, 
Nov.'io,' 


Mar.  4.   1883 


July  16. 
.Sept.  16. 
Dec.  10. 
Aug.  1. 
Oct.    13, 


1872 
1860 
1865 
1865 
I&54 


Jan.  17,  1846 


July    5.  18.52 


Apiil  30. 18.59 
Aug.  10.  1875 
Aug.  26,  1851 


May  — ,  1862 
Aug.  7.  1875 


Sept.  22. 18)5 
June  23,  186S 


Sept.  5,  1876 


May  II.  1867 
Nov.  1.  1866 
July  28,  18(>3 
Mar.  7.    1872 


Total  Representatives.  S37.  Lawyers.  »3.  Occupation  Unknown.  •»». 
Varied.  SO.  .Agriculturists.  9.  Jurists.  8.  Physicians.  S.  Merchants.  6. 
Journalists,  5.  Mechanics.  S.  Clergymen.  8.  Surveyors,  2.  Soldier,!. 
Steamboat-Owner.  1.    Foreign  Bom,  4:    Including  Ireland,  2;  Scotland,  1: 

West  Indies,  1. 


Twenty-ninth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  184-5  to  1847, 


1845— General  Taylor,  with  about  4.0()0 
troops,  was  stationed  at  Corpus  Christi, 
Tex.,  to  resist  Mexican  ouiriiyes. 

1846— The  French  Government  authorized  an 
organization  for  cutting  a  canal  across 
the  Isthmus  at  Panama. 

1»46— The  first  loss  of  life  in  the  Mexican 
troubles  occurred  on  the  Texas  border, 
March  28. 

1846— War  was  declared  against  Mexico  by 
the  United  States,  May  11. 

1846— General  Taylor  invaded  Mexico  with 
his  army.  May  18. 

1846 — Mexico  declared  war  upon  the  United 
States,  May  28. 

1846— The  Northwestern  boundary  between 
the  United  States  and  the  British  Pos- 
sessions was  established.  June  15. 

1846— Hon.  David  Wilmot  introduced  his 
famous  '•  Wilmot  Proviso "  into  Con- 
gress, that  no  slavery  shouM  exist  in 
anj'  new  territory  ae<iuired  by  the  Uni- 
ted States.  It  passed  the  House,  but 
failed  to  become  a  law. 

1846— New  Tariff  Laws  passed  by  Congress, 
July  3. 

1846— Elias  Howe,  of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  pat- 
ented his  invention  of  the  Sewing-ma- 
chine. Sept.  10. 

1846— Iowa,  the  twenty-ninth  State,  admitted 
into  the  Union,  Dec.  28. 

1846 — A  great  famine  in  Ireland  appeals  to 
the  sympathy  and  aid  of  the  American 
people,  who  generously  respond. 

1846— Repeal  of  the  celebrated  English  Corn 
Laws. 

1846 — The  planet  Neptune  discovered. 

1846 — The  use  of  anaesthetics  introduced  in 
Boston  by  Dr.  Morton. 


=^ 


James  K.  Polk,  11th  President. 

Geo.  M.  Dallas,  of  Pa.,  Vice-Pres,  JaiiiPS  Buchanan, 
of  Pa.,  Sec'y  of  State.  Itob't  J.  Walkir,  of  Miss.,  Sec'y 
of  Treas.  TV"m.  L.  Marcy.  of  N.  Y.,  Sec'y  of  War.  Geo. 
Bancroft,  of  Mass.,  and  John  T.  5Iason,  of  Va.,Sec'ys 
of  Navy.  Cave  Johnson,  of  Tenn.,  Postmaster-General. 
John  Y.  Mason,  of  Va.,  and  Nathan  Clifford,  of  Me., 
Attorneys-General.  John  W.  Davis,  of  Ind.,  Speaker 
of  House  of  Representatives. 


1847— Famine  in  Ireland  severely  continues. 

1847— First  newspaper  published  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal,  —  *'  The  California  Star," 
Jan,  9. 

1&47— The  Hattle  of  Buena  Vista,  between 
20.(_»<)<'  .Mt.\K ms.  under  Santa  .\iiiia,  and 
5.tX_M.i  AiiiericanN.  under  General  Taylor, 
was  fou^i^lit.  Listing  nil  day,  with  a  loss 
of  2.(XKJ  Mexicans  and  746  Americans, 
Feb.  2a. 

1847— The  Uniied  States  Congress  appropria- 
ted funds  for  the  life-saving  service  at 
lighthouse  btations  on  American  coasts, 
March  3. 

1S47— General  Scott's  victory  at  Cerro  Gordo, 
Mexico.  April  18. 

1847—10.000  Mormon  emigranlsfrom  Illinois, 
led  by  Brighaiii  Young,  entered  Deseret 
(now  Utah)  and  founded  Salt  Lake 
City. 

1847— Battle  of  Contreras.  Mexico,  between 
the  American  troops,  under  General 
Smith,  and  the  Mexican  army,  6.1XX) 
strong,  under  General  Valencia.  The 
Americans  capture*!  80  officers,  2,000 
privatesoldiersand33cannon,  Aug.  21. 

1847- Battle  of  Molinos  del  Rey,  between 
4.000  Americans  and  14.0IA)  Mexicans 
under  Santa  Aiin.n.  Af'er  a  si  oi  t  but 
bloody  I  ght,  the  Mexicans  were  driven 
from  their  positions,  with  a  loss  of 
6,000  men;  American  loss,  800  men, 
Sept.  8. 

1847— General  Scott,  with  his  troops,  assault- 
ed the  castle  of  Chapultepec.  the  last 
stronghold  of  the  Mexicans  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  the  City  of  Mexico,  and  routed 
the  Mexican  forces  with  great  slaught- 
er, Sept.  13. 

1847— General  Scott  captured  the  City  of 
Mexico.  Sei:t.  14. 


D,  indicates  Democrat;     W,  Whig;     R,  Republican;     A-M,  Anti-Mason;     A,  Abolitionist;     X-A,  Native-American. 


SENATORS. 


i 


Allen.  William D 

Archer,  "William  S...W 

Ashley,  Chester D 

Atchison,  David   R...D 

Atherton,  Chas,  G D 

Badger,  Geo.  E W 

Bagby,  Arthur  P D 

Barrow,  .Alexander.  .W 
Benton.  Thomas  H.. .  .D 

Berrien,  John  M W 

Breese,  Sidney D 

Bright.  Jesse  D D 

BncTlianan,  James D 

Butler,  Andrew  P D 

Calhoun,  John  C I> 

Cameron,  Simon R 

C.ass,  Lewis D 

Chalmers,  Joa.  W D 

Cilley,  Joseph D 

Clayton,  John  M W 

Clayton,  Thos — 

Colquitt,  Walter  T...D 

Corwin,  Thomas W 

Crittenden,  Jno.  J. ..D 

Davis,  John W 

IXayton,  Wni.  I,. R 

Dickinson.  D.in"l  S D 

Dix.  John  A .D 

Evans.  Geor^^e  W 

Fairfield.  .lohn D 

Oreene.  Albert  C  .  W 
Haiin.-k-an.  KilwM  A.O 
Haywood.  Win.  II.... D 

Houston.  S.aniuel D 

lIuTitink-ton.,!.  W....W 
•larnigan,  S|ieMcer..W 

Jenness.  B^nj.  W — 

Johnson,   Henry W 

Johnson,  Reverdy.  ..W 

I^ewis,  Dixon  H D 

McllulBc,  George D 

Manirum,  Willie  P.  ..W 

Mason,  James  M W 

Miller.  Jacob  W W 

Morehead.  Jas,   T W 

Niles.John    M W 

Hearce,  James  A ....  W 

Peniiybacker,  I.  .S D 

Phelps.  Samuel  S....W 

Rusk.  Thomas  J D 

Sempie.  James D 

Sevier,  Ambrose  H D 

Simmons,  Jas.  K W 

Sonle,    I'len-e D 


N.  C. 
Va... 
Mass. 
Ky. 
N.  H. 
N.  C. 
Va... 
Tenn. 
N.  C. 
N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Pa. . . 
S.  C. 
S.  c. 
Pa... 
N.  H. 


Born. 


Mar.  5. 
June  1. 
Aug.  11. 
July  4. 
April  13, 


Mar.  H, 
Aug,  23, 
July  I.'J, 
Dec.  18, 
April  23, 
Nov.  19. 
Mar.  IS, 
Mar.  8, 
Oct.    9, 


H. 

Del... 

Del... 

Va... 

Ky... 

Ky... 

Mass. 

N.  J.. 

Conn. 

S.  H. 

Mass. 

Me... 

R.  I.. 

Ohio. 

N.  C. 

Va... 

Conn. 

Tenn. 

N.  H. 

Tonn. 

Md... 

Va... 

Oa.  .. 

N.  C. 

Va.. 

M.  J. . 

N.  C. 

Conn. 

n.  O. . 

Va... 

Conn. 

S.    C. 

Ky... 

Tenn. 

R.  I.. 

Fran. 


StAie 
Reprc- 
UDted, 


1,106  Ohio. 
ITSalVa... 
17tK-l|Ai-k.. 
1.SU7  Mo... 
I.SIUJ.N.  H. 
17a.j|.N'.  C. 
17y4  Ala.  . 


1801 
I7.S2 
I78I 
I.SUO 
IS12 
I79I 
1796 
1782 
1799 
1782 


Jan.  4, 
July  24, 
Mar.  », 
Dec.  27, 
July  29, 
Se|it.  10, 
Jan.  13, 
Veh.  17, 
Sept.  1 1 . 
July  24, 
Jan.  12, 
Jan.  30, 


I79I 

1796 

175S 

I 

1794 

17S6 

1787 

1K()7 


Lou.  . 
Mo..  . 
Ga..  . 
Ill  ... 
Ind  .. 
Pa..  . 
S.  C.  . 
S.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Mich. 
Miss  . 
N.  H. 
Del.,, 
lleL.. 
Ga... 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
Mass. 
N.J 


1»00[N.  Y. 

179s;n.  y. 

I7il7  Mo.  . 


.Mar.  2, 
Nov,  8, 


17 
1792 

'isiii 

1793 
1788 


Sept.  14, 
May  21, 
Aug.  10, 


1783 

1 

1802 

1788 

1792 


Nov,  3,   1798 
,  1802 


Dec.  14, 
May  ia. 


Me. 
R.  I.. 
Ind  . . 
N.  C.. 

Tex  .. 
Conn . 
Tenn. 
N.  H. 
l.on.  . 
Ml... 
Ma  .. 
S,  C. 

V.  c. 
Va... 
N.  J. 
N.  C. 
Conn. 
Md... 
Va.  . . 


Sept.  10, 


1787 
IRO.'i 
1806 
1793  Vt , 
'Tex 

1800  111  , 
181)2  Ark 
1795  H.  1 

1801  Lou 


Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawj-er. . . 
Varied .... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Soldier  .. . 
Jurist  .... 

Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied. . . . 
Law>*cr. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 
La%vyer. . . 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.., 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer.  . . 
rnknown. 
Varied,.., 
Lnwyer. .. 
Lawver. . . 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Varied  ... 
Lawver... 


July  III 
.Vur.  28, 
April  29. 
Jan.  215, 
Nov.  15, 
May  II, 
Sept.  21, 
Die.  29, 
April  10, 
Jan.  I, 
June  27, 
May  20, 
June  I. 
May  2.'i. 
Mar.  31, 


June  17, 1866 


1879 
185.5 
1848 
1886 
1853 
1865 
1858 
IS46 
1858 
1856 
1878 
1875 
1868 
1857 
1850 


Nov.  9, 

1856 

Aug.  21 

18,54 

May   7. 

1855 

Deo.  18 

1865 

July  26. 

1863 

April  19 

1854 

Dec.   1, 

1864 

April  12 

I8U; 

April  21 

1879 

April  5, 

I8C7 

Dec.  24 

1847 

Jan.  8. 

1863 

Feb.  25 

ia'9 

Oct.    6. 

18,52 

July  25 

18C3 

Nov.    I, 

1847 

June  24 

I85I 

Sept.  4, 

1864 

Feb.  10, 

1K7fi 

Oct.  25 

1848 

Mar.  11 

1851 

Sept.  14 

I86I 

April  28 

1871 

Sept.  20 

1862 

May 
Deo. 
Jan. 
Mar. 
July 
Jan. 
Dec. 
July 
Mar. 


31.  lasB 

20,  1862 
12.  1847 
25,  18,55 
29.  1856 
27,  1867 

21,  1848 

10,  ia«4 

16,  1870 


SENATORS. 

Wiirre 
Bom. 

1                                     1    btaU 

When  Com.      ,  Rcpte- 

1  seated. 

Occupation 

WlenPled. 

Speight,  Jesse 

D 

N.  C. 

Sept.  22. 

1705  Miss. 

Unknown. 

y.ay    5 

1847 

Sturgeon.   Itaniel... 

1) 

Pa.  . 

Oct.  27, 

1789  Pa. . 

Unknown, 

July  3," 

1878 

Turney,  Hopkins  L 

D 

Tenn 

Oct.  3, 

1797 

Tenn 

Aug.  1, 
Jan.  14 

18,57 

"Upham,   William.. 

W 

Mass. 

Aug.  — , 

1792 

Vt ., 

Lawyer. . . 

1853 

■Walker,  Rob't  J. . . 

.D 

Pa.  . 

'July  19. 

LSOl 

Miss 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  11 

1869 

Web.ster,  Daniel.... 

VV 

N.  H, 

'Jan.  18, 

1782  Mass 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.  24, 

1RV2 

Westcott.  James  D. 

.1) 

Va,  . 

May  -, 

It^nilFl.a.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Woodbridge,  \\  ni... 

— 

Conn 

Aug.  20, 

iT.'-niJlich. 

Juri:t 

Oct.  20, 

1861 

WoodbuiT,  Levi 

.1) 

N.  H. 

Dec.  22, 

1789  N.  H. 

Jurist 

Sept.  7, 

1851 

Xulee,  David  L 

.D 

W.  I. 

I8I1  Fla.. 

Varied... . 

Total  Senators,  C-1.  Lai^-yers,  38.  Jurists,  13.  Varied, '7.  Occupation 
Unknown,  4.  Agritulturist,  1.  Soldier,  1.  Foreign  Bom,  3:  Including 
France,  I ;  West  Indies,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVCG. 


WbeQ  Qcm. 


tUpre-       Oci'U  patio  r 


Abbott,  Amos W 

Adams,  John  Q W 

Adams,  Stephen D 

Anderson,  Joseph  H..D 

Arnold.  Lem'l  H — 

Ashinun,  George W 

Atkinson.  Archibald..]) 

Baker.  EdWd  P W 

Barringer.  D.  M W 

Baylcy,  Thos.  H I> 

Bedinger,  Henrv D 

Bell,  Joshua  V W 

Benton,  Chas.  S D 

Bigg-*.  Asa 1) 

Black,  James D 

Black.  James  A D 

BIan<'hard,  John W 

Bnwilcn,  Frank  W D 

Bowlin,  James  B 1> 

Bo;>'d.    Linn D 

BnnkerholT,  Jacob... D 
Hroi-kciibrough,  W.  11. D 
RiMdlKMiii.  l;ichard...D 

Itn.wii.    Milton W 

Brown.  William  0....D 
BufTlntrton,  Joseph... W 

Blirt.  Armistead D 

CabcM.  E.  C W 

Campbell,  John  TI..N-A 
Campbell.  Wm.  W.N-A 
Cn  rroII.ChiuIcsH...W 
Cathcart.Chas.    W...D 

Chapman.  Anjf.    A I) 

Chapman,  John  G...W 
Chapman,    Ucutien..,!) 


Mass. 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.... 
Mass. 
Va... 
Eiiff'd 
N.  C. 
Va... 

i::: 

N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
S  C. 
Vt . . . 
Ala... 
Va... 
Tenn. 
N.  Y 


Sept.  10, 
July  11, 


Jan.  29, 
Dec,  25, 
Sept.  13, 
Feb.  24, 
July  -, 
Dec   11, 


Feb.   4, 


Pa..., 
Ohio 
Vn... 


is.  C. 
Va . . 
Pa 


Not.  28, 


Sept.  25, 


N.  Y.  June  10, 
Md...:June  7, 

Mad'a 

Va...i 

|Md...lJuly  5, 


1786  Mass. 
1767  Mass. 

Miss. 

N.  Y. 

1792  R.  I.. 
1804IMass. 
1792|Va.  .. 
181 1 'ill.  .. 
1806  N.  C. 
1810  Va.  .. 

1810  Va.  ., 

Ky... 

N.  Y. 

1811  N.  C. 
Pa..  . 

1793  S.  C. . 

Pa... 

Ala.. 

1804  Mo... 

1800  Kv... 

Ohio. 

1813  Fl.a... 

Pa... 

Tenn. 

1801  Va.  .. 

Pa   . 

S.  C. 

1817  Fla... 

Pa... 

1806  N.  Y. 

1794  N.  Y. 
1809  Ind  .. 
18 1«  Va... 
1798  Md... 
18116  Ala  .. 


■Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
ITnknown. 
MeiChant. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Varied,... 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 

Nov.   2. 
Feb.  123 
May  U, 

18RS 
IH-1.S 
1857 

June  27 
July  .10 
Jan.  1(1. 
Oct.  21 

J«ne23 

Nov.  2n 
Aug.  2(1 

18.^.2 
187tl 
1872 
1801 

18r;8 
1870 

Aprii'3 
Mar.    8. 
June  8, 

)H4H 
1849 
1857 

AKriculVt. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Dec.  IB, 

1859 

June  — 
Sept.  17 

I8S0 
1863 

Lawyer... 

Jan.  19. 

i8r>8 

Varied.... 

June  8, 

1865 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

rec.  U). 

}fv>n 

—vO.- 


A. 


T 


REPKKSENTATIVES    OF    THE    'JWIiNTV-MNlll    CONGEESS. 


41)3 


REPRESENTATIVES.      fc"™ 

When  Ikrn. 

StaU. 

Ite|.r...       Occiipaiion. 

W1..1,  ni,j. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

Wti.n» 
Don. 

WhmBon., 

tiuu 
lUprf 

Oeeupuioi). 

Wbro  IH..]. 

Ch-.t^:-     1,11,1.11    U I) 

Vt.. 
Vt..  . 

Aug.   9,  1817  Tenn.  Unknown. 
Mich.  Unknown. 

Dec.  14,  1804 

McDowell,  James, . 
McDowell,  Jos,  J... 

..D 
l> 

1  Va. . 

1796 

Va... 
Ohio. 

Unknown. 

Au(f.  24.  1R.-.1 

CI. ,111,  .1..I.M  S D 

N.  C 

1801  N.  C.  Lawyer... 

Ai)ril  14, 1874 

McGnughey,  Kdw'd 

w 

Ind. 

Ind.. 

Unknown 

Au(f.  18,  IH52 

.Sept.   7,  1813  Ga..  .  Lawyer..  . 

Oct.    9,  I8«8 

McHeni-y,  John  H., 

,W 

Ky.. 

Tonn 

Tenn 

Unknown. 

McUvaine,  A,  R.... 

W 

Pa 

Aug.  14.  1804  Pa...  Agrieul'Mt 

Auk-  H.  IHtZi 

Jurist 

Nov.  9,   1865 

McKay,  JamesJ,.. 

D 

N.  C. 

1793  N.  C.  Lawyer... 

ISlSN.  Y.  Varied.... 

i'ollin.,lulin  V — 

N.  Y. 

April  30, 1802 

N.  Y. 

Agrlcnl'st. 

Mnclay,  Wm.  B.... 

,,D 

N.  Y. 

1'.. 111. 11.  .Ins.  L.  F....I) 

Md... 
Ala.. 

Lawyer.. . 
Unknown, 

Sept.  18,  IKi'i 

Marsh,  George  P.., 

.Martin,  Barclay 

Martin,  .lolin  P.,.. 

.W 
W 

Vt.... 

s.  c. 

Mar.  15.1801  Vt.,..;Lawyer... 

July  24,  1882 

(  raii^loji,  Hi-nry  Y,.W 

It.  I.. 

Oct.    9,    1789 

R.  I.. 

Lawyer. , . 

Feb,  12,  18(14 

D 

Va. . . 

Oct.  11,  1811  Ky,.,!unknown. 
|WI«..!Lawycr.,. 

Tenn 

Tenn 

Unknown. 

Martin,  Morgan  L. 

I) 

N,  Y, 

Cull. .111.  Alvan 1) 

Ky... 

Tenn 

Lawyer. . . 

Miller,  Wm.  S 

N.  y. 

N.  Y. 

N,  Y. 

Lawyer. . , 

Morris,  .losepii,,,. 
Morse,  Isaac  E 

,1) 

Pa... 

Oct.   in,  1795  Ohio.  iVarlcd.... 

Ohio. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  11,  1849 

I) 

Lou. . 

May  22,  1809,Lou. .  iLawvcr. , . 

Unknown. 

Moseley,  Wm.  A... 
Moulton,  Mace 

W 

X.  Y.  Unknown. 

Nov.  19.  1«73 

Danu'l,.liio.  Jt.  J D 

N.  C. 

N.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

N.  H. 

N.  0. 

Lawyer.. 



Va. , . 

Jan.  18,   1803 

Dm  riUjh,  Cornelius. .  W    |  Pii. . , 

Pa.  .. 

Unknown. 

Jan.  20,  18,-1.') 

Niven,  Arch'd  C... 

I) 

N,  y. 

N.  Y.  Unknown, 

Davis,  (larrett W 

Ky.,. 

Sept.  Ill,  ISfllKy... 

Lawyer... 

Sept.  22. 1872 

w 

Davis,  .lefTerson D 

Ky... 

,Iune  ;i,    1  HI  18  .Miss.. 

Varied.... 

Owen,  Rob't  Dale. 

D 

.Scot .  Nov.  7,   1801 

Davis,  John  W D 

Pa.  .. 

July  17,  17;i9'Ind  .. 

Physician 

Aug.  22,  18,59 

I'arrish.    Lsiuic 

1) 

Ohio 

Delano.  C<.liiiul>us...\V 

Vt . . . 

1809  Ohio, 

Lawyer... 

Payne.  William   W 

D 

Va. ..  Jan.   2,    1807'Ala..  Unknown. 

IN-  Y. 

Unktiown. 

Peiidl..fon.  John  S. 

W 

Va...' 

DilliMKliain.  I'aul n 

5Iass. 

Aug.    (1,  l»*)|Vt.., 

Lawyer. . . 

Penill,  Aug,  S 



Va...! 

Conn. 

Aug.  5,    IHH.Conn. 

Lawyer... 

Mar.  27.  1873 

Perry,  Tlioina,s 

I) 

Md.,.l 1808 

Md...  Lawver... 

June  '27.  IK7I 

Dobbin,  James  C D 

N.  C. 

Lawyer... 

Aug.    4,  18,'.7 

Pcttit,  John 

D 

N.  Y.  JulyS4,  18(17 

Ind  . , 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. .. 
Varied 

Doi-k.-rv.  Alfred W 

N.  C. 

Dec.  n,  17!)7iN.   C. 

Planter. . . 

Dec.  7.    1875 

Phelps,  Johns 

D 

Conn.  Dec.  22,  1814 

Mo,.. 

Do.lfe.  Aug.  C D 

Mo... 

Jan,    2.    1812|lowa. 

Unknown. 

Nov.  20,  18H3 

Pillsbury,  Timothy. 

1) 

Mass.  April  12, 1789 

Tex.  . 

Nov.  2^i,  1858 

DuuL'las.  .Steplien  A.  .D 

April  23, 1813 

111... 

Varied. , . . 

June  3,  1861 

Poe.  Washington,. 

W 

Ga.  . . 

Drotiiffoole,  Geo.  C...D 

Va. .. 

Va..  . 

Lawyer. . . 

April  27, 1847 

Pollock,  ,7ames 

W 

Pa.  ..1 

Pa,. 

Juriwt  .... 

Dunljip,  Rob't  P D 

Mo... 

1789 

Me... 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.  20,  18,59 

Price,  Sterling 

.   1) 

Va. . .  Sept.  — ,  18<» 

Mo... 

Sept,  29. 1867 

Vt :'.'. 

Pa,.  . 
Tenn. 

N.   J, 
Miss.. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

.W 

..D 

Pa... 
N.  Y 
N.  C. 
Mo. , . 

s  c 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Physician 
Lawyei'.., 
Unknown. 

Ellett.  Henry  T - 

liathbun,  George. . . 

N.  Y. 

Ellswortll,  Sam'i  8...D 

Erdman.  Jacob D 

July  20,  1«67 

Relfe,  .Tames  H 

Rhett,  Rob't  B 

,,D 
D 

Va...l..' I 

Ewing.  Edwin  H W 

Tenn. 'Unknown. 

S,  C.  Dec.  2i,  1800 

Sept.  14. 1876 

Ewini?,  Jolin  H W 

Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 

Pa.  ..  Unknown. 
Ohio.  Unknown. 

Kipliy,  Thos,  c 

Ritter,  John 

'd 

N.  Y.  

Pa...  Feb.  0.    1779 

N.  Y. 

Pa..  . 

Faran,  James  J D 

Nov.  24,  1851 

Fiel<iin.  Orlando  B...D 

Kv.., 

Dec.  16,    180S 

Ill ...  Lawyer... 

Roberts,  Rob't  W... 

11 

Del.. 

Miss,. 

Foot,  Solomon W 

Vt.  .. 

Nov.  19,1802 

Vt . . .  Lawyer. . . 

Mar.  28,  1866 

Roi.kwell,  John  A.. 

W 

Conn. 

1804 

Lawver... 

Feb.  10, 186 J 

Foster,  Henry  D D 

Pa... 

Dec.   19,  1812 

Pa. ..  Lawyer... 

Rockwell,  Julius... 

w 

\pril  26, 1805 

Ohio.  Phvsieian 

Nov.   13,  1866 

Root,  Joseph  M.... 

.w 
.w 

..D 

..D 

D 

S.  Y. 

N,  J.. 
N.  Y. 

N.  y. 

Me 

Oct.    7,    1817 

::::::":::::: 

Ohio.  Lawyer... 
N,  J..   Unknown. 
N,  Y.  lUnknown, 
Ohio.  ;Unknown. 

Garvin,  Wm.  S D 

Pa.  .. 

Pa.  .. 

Tenn. 
Ohio. 
Md... 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

N,  0. 
Pa.,  , 
Md... 

Nov.  3,    1866 
May  27,  1864 

Kllssell,  Josfiih 

St.  .lohn.  Henry.... 
Sawtelle,  Cnllen 

Giddinns.  Joshua R..W 

Oct.    6,    1795 
April  8,  1807 

Giles,  Wm.  F D 

G(n>dyear,  Charles.. .D 

N.  Y. 

April  26, 1805 

N,  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sawyer,  William,.. 

11 

Ohio. 

Ohio,  ;Unknown. 

Gordon.  Samuel D 

Unknown. 

Scammon.  John  F. , 

11 

Mass. 

Oct.   24,  1786 

Me.      Merchant. 

May  23,  1858 

Gniham,  James W 

N     C. 

Jan.  — ,  1793 

N.  0. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  — ,  1851 

Schenck,  Rob't  C. 

W 

Oct.  4.    1809 

Griiler,  Henry W 

Ky... 
Mass. 

July  16,  1796 
Nov.  17,  1788 

Ky... 
Mass. 

Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 

Sept,  14, 1866 

Seaman.  Henry  J. . , 
Seddoii,  James  A... 

N-A 
D 

N.  y. 

Va, 

N.y..  Unknown. 

Glllliiell,  Joseph W 

Va.  . . 

Varied 

Gr.n,  1.  Martin N-A 

N.   Y. 

N.  Y. 

Lawj'er... 

Aug.  23,  1875 

Severance.  Luther,. 

W 

Mass. 

Oct.  28.  i'797 

Me... 

Journalist 

Jan.  25,  1855 

H:(l...  Arteinas W 

Mass. 

Oct.  20.  1783 

Mass. 

Manfaefr 

Simpson,  Richard  F 

n 

S.  C. 

S.  C. 

La.vyer. . . 

Hamlin.  Hannibal D 

Me  . . 

Aug.  27,  1809 

Me... 

Sims,  Alex.  D 

Sims,  Leonard  H,.. 

..D 
D 

Va... 
N.  C. 

Juno  11.  1803 

S.  C. 
.Mo... 

Lawyer... 

Nov.  16,  1818 

llaiMiii.iM,  Jas.  G....W 

iV.  J.. 

N.  J.. 

Unknown. 

IhuiiUoii,   Hugh  A...D 

Ga... 

Nov.  13, 1805 

Ga..  . 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct,  6,     1854 

Slidell,  John 

D 

N.  y.. 

1793 

Lou, . 

Lawyer.. . 

July  29, 1871 

HaiMianson.  J.  H D 

Va.  .. 

Jan.  — ,  1803 

Lou.. 

Varied.... 

Oct.  25,  1850 

Smith,  Albert 

W 

N.y.. 



^    Y 

Unknown. 

Hari...r.  Alexander.. W 

Ire'd. 

Ohio. 

Unknown. 

w 

Mass. 

April  10,  INOM 

Vnried_ . . . 

Haviini,'s,  S.  Clinton.— 

Iowa. 
Ind.. 
III.    . 

Smith,  Robert 

Smith,  Thomas 

,D 
,D 

w 

N.  H. 
Pa... 
Conn. 
U.C. 

Juno  12,  18(12 

1800 

Nov.  27,  1701 

III.   ..  Lawyer... 
Ind  .,  Mechanic. 

Dec.  21,   1867 

Heiil.-v.  Thomas  J... .D 

Ind.. 

1810 

Agricul'st. 

H.^nrv.    John — 

Heiri|.k,  Hi.hd  P  ...W 

N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Ohio. 

1791 

.V.  Y. 

Ala.. 
HI.  .. 

Unknown. 
Varied. . . . 

June  20,  1846 

Stanton,  Fred,  P... 
Starkweather,  D.  A. 
Stephens.  Alex.  H... 
Stewart,  .\ndrew.   . 

,D 
.D 
W 

Tenn. 

Hilllanl.  Htiuy  W..W 

Aug.  8,    1808 

Conn. 
Oa 

Hiiire.  Joseph  P D 

Ga. ..  Lawyer... 

Mar.  4.    1883 

July   16, 1872 

Holmes,  Elias  B W 

Vt.  .. 

May  27.  1807 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

.1) 

Pa... 

June—'  17ti2 

Holmes,  Isaac  E D 

S.  C. 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Del... 

April  6,  1796  S.  C. . 
Feb.  22,   1804  Va... 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Feb.  25,  1867 
Mar.  2,  1861 

Strohm,  John 

Strong,  Stephen 

Sykes,  George...... 

Taylor,  William... 
Thibodeaux,  B,  G. , , 
Thomasson,  Wm,  P, 

.w 

.D 
,D 
,.D 
.W 

w 

Pa... 

Oct.   16,   1793 

Pa.  . . 
N.  Y. 

Hopkins.  Geo.  W D 

HoiiKli.  Will.  J D 

Jali.'"i7,V8li 

N.  Y. 
Ala.. 
Del... 
Va..  . 

N.  J 

N.  J. .  .Unknown. 
Va...  Lawyer... 
Lou..!Planter... 
Kv. . .  Lawyer... 

Jan.  17,  1846 

Honsl..|i,  J.jhn  W....W 

Hnbnid.  Edmund  W..D 

Va.  .. 

Unknown. 

Ky... 

Hubbard,  Sain'l  I>...W    Conn. 

Aug.  10,  1799 

Conn.  .Varied 

Oct.    8,    1855 

Thompson,  Benj 

w 

Mass, 

Aug.  5,    17518 

Mas.s.  Merchant. 

Sept.  24.  1862 

Hudson.  Charles W     JIass. 

Nov,  14,  1795 

Mass. 

Clergym'n 

Thompson,   Jacob. . 

11 

N.  C.  May  15,  I8111 

Mis.-^..  Lawyer... 

Hiini.'i..rford,  Oi-ville.  .D    Conn. 

1790  N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

April  6,  18,55 

D 

Pa.  ,.  Oct.    1.    ISOC 

Hunt,  James   B D     N.  Y. 

1799  Mich. 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  15,  1857 

Thurman,  Allen  G.. 

11 

Va . . . 

Nov. 13.  1813 

Ohio.  Juri.st 

Hunt.   Wa,shinpton..W   'N.  Y. 

Aug.   5  ,  1811  N.  Y. 
April21,1809  Va... 
Oct.    3,   1782  Pa,  ,. 
June  14,  1786  Pa.... 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawj-er... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawver. . . 

Feb.  2,    1867 

May  U,'  'l8G2 
Feb.  20,  1868 

Tibbatts.  John  W.,, 
Tilden,  Daniel  R.... 

Toombs.  Robert 

Towns,  George  W. . 

.D 

.W 

.W 

D 

Kv... 

1802 

Ky.. .  Lawyer... 

July    5.  1852 

Hunter.  Kob't  M.  T...D    iVa.  .. 

Ctinn. 
Ga... 
Ga... 

IiiKiisoll.  Cha,s.  J....D    |Pa.  .. 

July  2,    181(1 
May  4,    1802 

Ga... 

Lawyer... 

Ineeisi.ll,  Joseph  R.W    iPa.  .. 

Oa. . . 

Uiwyer... 

July  15,  1854 

Jenkins,  Timothy... D    Mass. 

Jan.  29,    1799  N.  Y. 

Lawyer... 

Dec.  24,  18.59 

11 

Va... 

Va. . . 

Johnson.  Andrew D 

N.  C. 

Dec,  29,  1808|Tenn. 

Mechanic. 

July  31,  1875 

Truinbo,  ..\ndrew... 

W 

Kv... 

Sept.  13,  1799 

Ky... 

^awyer. . . 

Vance,   Joseph 

Vinton,  Samuel  F. ., 

w 

Mir   21     1786 

Uerehant. 
I-awj-er. . . 

Aug.  26,  1851 
May  — ,  1862 

Johnson,  Joseph D 

N.  y. 

bee.  i'9,   1785  Va.  . .  (Unknown. 

Feb.  27,  1877 

w 

Mass. 

Sept,  25,  1792 

Ohio. 

Jones,  Geo-  W D 

Va... 
Ga... 

Wentworth.  John. 
Wheaton.  Horace. 
White.  Hugh 

,D 
,D 
W 

N.  H. 
X.  Y. 
X.  Y. 

Mar,    5  ,  1815 

III.... 

V     V 

^ouI•nali^t 

Jones,   Seaborn D 

1788 

Ga... 
Tex.  . 

Lawyer. . . 

1874 

Kaufman,  David  S.  .— 

Pa.  .. 

Dee.  18,    1813 

Lawyer. . . 

Jan.  31, 1851 

1799  N',  Y, 

Del.    B,    1870 

Kennedy,  Andrew D 

Ihio. 

1810  Ind.. 

Varied 

Dee.  31,  1847 

Wick,  William  W.. 

D 

Pa... 

Feb,  23,  1796  Ind.. 

Taried 

May  lii,  1868 

KiuL-.  Daniel  P W 

Mass, 

180O  Mass. 

Varied.... 

July  25,  1850 

D 

Vt... 

1798  Me.,, 

Oct.  24,  ia5r. 

Kint:.    Preston D     N.  Y. 

Dct.  14.  isne  N.  Y-. 

Varied.... 

Nov,  13, 1865 

Wilmot,  David 

11 

Pa, ,  , 

Jan.  20.  1814  Pa.,  . 

liar.  16,  1868 

Kiln.'.  T.  Butler W    Mass. 

Aug.  27,  1804  Ga. .. 

Lawyer... 
Unknown, 
[j'nknown. 

May  10,  1864 

Winlhiop.  Rob't  C.W 
Wood,  Bradford  R.,,,D 
WoodriifT,  Thos.  M.N-A 

Woodward,  Jos.  A D 

Woodworth,  Wm.  W.D 
Wright,  William...  W 

Mass. 
Conn. 

i'.c'.'. 

Conn, 
N,  Y. 

May  12.  1809;Mass.l 
N,  Y.j 

!.,.■«  S.  re.  Einile D    \ 

;.OU.. 

Lon.. 
N.  Y. 

«.  Y. 

N.Y'..  Unknown.! 

S    n     ilTnknown  1 

Leake,  Shelton  F D     Va... 

Nov.  30,  1812  Va.  . . 

Leffler,  Shepard D 

Leib,  Owen  D D 

'a.  .. 

[owa. 

Pa,    . 

Varied.... 

N.  Y. 

N.  J.. 

>a . . . 

Physician. 

lune  17,  1848 

^794 

Nov.   1,  1866 

Levin,  Lewis  C N-A     S.C.I 

<OT.  id,  1808  Pa,  ..  1 

Lawyer. . . 

Yancey,  William  L 
Yell,  Archibald 

D 

Ga... 

Aug.  18.  1814  Ala  ..1  Varied 1 

July  28,  1863 

Lewis,  Abner W      <_  Y'.  1 

U.  Y  1 

Jnknown. 

,11 
.D 

iv... 

\rk..  Jiirit^t 1 

:'a ...  Unknown. 

LiRon,  Thos.  W D 

Lont',  Edw'dH W 

Va  . 

*Id... 
Md... 

Pa 

1801 

Mar    7    1872 

Id... 

1808 

^awyer. . . 

Oct.  12,   1865 
lune  6.  1860 

Young,  Bryan   R 

Ky.   , 

McCl.an.  Moses — 

M.clilland,  Rob't....  D 

*a . . . 

1804 

Pa..  . 

aich. 

^awyer. .,  Oct.    1,    1870 
Lawyer...    

Total  Representatives,  S 
Varied,  33.    Merchants, 

640.    Lawyers,  103.    Occupation  Unknown,  TO. 

Pa... 

Aug.    I,    1807, 

7.    Jurists,  e.    Agriculturists,  4.    Journalists,  4. 

^Ii-Cl.l  Hand,  John    AD      Kv        [ 

Jay  30,  1812  111 

.'aried         

Mechanics,  4.    Physician 
Manufacturer.   1.    Foreij 
England,  1;  Sladeira,  1, 

»,  4.    Planters,  3.    Teacher,  1.    Clergyman.  1. 

MfConnell.  FelixG...D 
M,-Cr,il...  John  D....  U 
MfDaniel,  William.. .D 

ila.  . 
He... 
tto. . . 

.awyer. . .  Sept.  10, 1846 

"■::;l 

Bay    1,    18001 

Jnknown.  

Y 


.& 


^c^ 


t 


4y4 


TIIIKTIETII    COXGEESS,    AND    LEADING    EVENTS    OF    THE    TIME. 


Thirtieth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1847  to  !849. 


1847— The  name  of  San  Francisco.  CaK,  tin- 
present  city,  given  to  the  old  Sijanish 
town  of  "  Yerba  Buena,"  in  January. 

1847— Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  invested  by  Gener- 
al Scott  and  Conmiodore  Connor,  Mar. 
9.  Surrender  of  Vera  Cruz  and  San 
Juan  D'UlIoa  to  the  Anieiicans,  Mar.  29. 

1847— Battle  of  Contreras.  Mexico,  General 
Scutt  defeating  General  Valencia,  Aug. 
19.  20. 

I847~Battle  of  Cherubusco,  Mexico,  General 
Scott  defeating  Santa  Anna,  Aut,'-  20. 

1847— The  celebrated  "  Oneida  Coniiimnity," 
near  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  established  by 
John  H.  Noyes. 

1847— The  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science  organized. 

1347— The  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  from  the 
Swiss  Republic  decreed  by  the  Federal 
Diet. 

1847— Large  increase  of  Irish  immigration 
into  the  United  States,  owing  to  the 
continued  famine  in  Ireland. 

1848— Organization  of  the  Free-Soil  Party  in 
the  United  States,  looking  to  the  acces- 
sion of  territory  to  the  Union  free  from 
negro  slavery. 

1848— Outbreak  of  the  second  rebellion  of 
the  Sikhs  against  the  go\'ernment  of 
British  India. 

1848— First  edition  of  Macaulay's  "History 
of  England  "  issued. 

1848— Fin^t  nomination  for  President  of  the 
United  States  made  by  the  Free-Soil 
Party— Martin  Van  Buren  nominated 
—at  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

1848— Slavery  was  abolished  in  the  French 
West  Indies. 


4* 


James  K..  Polk,  11th  President. 

Geo.  M.  Dallas,  oC  Pa.,  Vice-Pres.  James  Buchanan. 
of  Pa.,  Sec'y  of  State.  Rob't  J.  Walker,  of  Miss.,  Sec'y 
of  Treas.  "Wm.  L.  Marcy,  of  N.  Y.,  Sec'y  of  War.  Jno. 
Y.  Mason,  of  Va.,  Sec'y  of  Navy.  Cave  Johnson,  of 
Tenn.,  Postmaster-General.  Nathan  Clifford,  of  Me., 
and  Isaac  Toucey,  of  Conn.,  Attorneys-General.  Rob't 
C.  Winthrop,  of  Mass..  and  Armistead  Burt,  of  S.  C, 
Speakers  of  House  of  Representatives. 


1848 — California,  Nevada,  Utah,  Arizona, 
New  Mexico,  etc.,  ceded  by  Mexico  to 
the  United  States. 

1848— Gold  discovered  in  California,  Jan.  19. 

1848— A  treaty  of  peace  signed  by  the  United 
States  and  Mexico,  Feb.  2  and  Mar.  10. 

1848— French  Revolution;  King  Louis  Phil- 
tippe  abdicates  the  throne,  Feb.  24. 

1848— A  commercial  treaty  between  the  Unit^ 
ed  States  and  Austria  effected.  May  8. 

1848— Wisconsin,  the  30th  State,  admitted  to 
the  Union,  May  29. 

1848 — Comer  Stone  of  the  Washington  Monu- 
ment laid  at  Washington,  D.  C,  July  4. 

1848— Louis  Napoleon  elected  President  of 
the  French  Republic,  Dee.  10. 

1849— The  '-Bloomer"  (or  short  dresses  for 
ladies)  movement  was  inaugurated  by 
Mrs.  Amelia  Bloomer,  of  Seneca  Falls, 
N.  Y..  by  the  issue  of  the  "Lily,"  the 
organ  of  the  reform,  Jan.  1. 

1849 — Citizens  of  Canada  (Upper  and  Lower) 
established  the  ■•  British- American 
League."  at  Montreal,  for  the  promo- 
tion of  the  interests  of  the  people. 

1849— The  Asiatic  Cholera  destroyed  an  enor- 
mous number  of  people  in  tlie  United 
States  and  Mexico. 

1S49— Treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
Brazil,  in  settlement  of  claims,  effected. 

1849— The  Government  established  the  De- 
partment of  the  Interior.  Mar.  3. 

1849— The  independence  of  Hungary  declared 
— Kossuth  declared  Governor,  April  18. 

1849— The  Macreadv  theatrical  riot  in  New 
York  City,  May  10. 

1849 — Rome.  Italy,  surrendered  to  the  French. 


D,  indicates  Democrat;    HV^  Whig;    R,  Republican;    A-SC*  Anti-Mason;    A,  Abolitionist;    K-A,  Native-American.    F-S,  Free-Soiler. 


SENATORS. 


Bom. 


i 


Allen.  William D 

Ashlev.   Chester D 

Atchison,  David  R...D 

Atherton.  Chas.  G D 

Batleer.  Geo.   E W 

Bai?by.  .\rthur  P I> 

Bafdwin.  Rogers W 

Bell.  John W 

Benton.  Thomas  H — D 

Berrien,  John  M W 

Borland.  .Solon D 

Bradburv,  James  W.  .D 

Breese,  Sidney D 

Bright.  Jesse  D D 

Butler.  Andl-ew  P D 

Calhoun,  John  C D 

Cameron,   Simon R 

Ca.ss.  Lewis D 

Clarke,  John  H  W 

Clayton,  .lohn  M W 

Colriuitt,  W.alter  T..,I) 

Corwin.  Thomas W 

Crittenden,  Jno.  J.  .,W 

Davis,  Jefferson T> 

Davis,  John W 

Dayton,  Wm.  I R 

Dickinson,  Dan'l  S. . .  .D 

Dix.  John  A D 

DodKC,  Aug.  C D 

Dodge,  Henry D 

Douglas,  Stephen  A..D 
Downs,  Solomon  W..D 

Pairfleld,  John D 

Felch.   Alpheus D 

Fitzgerald.  Thos — 

Fitzpatrick.  BenJ D 

Foote.  Henry  S D 

©rcene.  Albert  C,   ,  W 

lIale,JohnP A 

Hamlin,  Hannibal D 

Hanncgan,  Edw'd  A..D 

lIoust<)n.  Samuel D 

Hunter,  Rob't  M.T,..D 

.Johnson,  Henry W 

lohnson,  Hernohel  V.D 
.Johnson.   Reverdy...W 

Jones,  CJeorge  W D 

King,  William  R....D 

Lewis,  Dixon  H D 

Mangum.  Willie  P.. W 

Mason,  James  M W 

MeU-alfe,  Thomas D 

Miller.  Jacob  W W 

M.ior.  Wvrmn  B.  S..,D 

Nlles.John    M W 

Penrce,  James  A ^V 

Plolp^,  Si.niuel   S         W 


N.  C 
Mass 
Kv 
N,  H 
N.  C, 
Va.. 
Conn, 
Tenn 
N.  C, 
N.  J., 
Va... 
Me. , , 
N.  Y. 
N,  Y 
S.  C. 

s.  c. 

Pa.. 
N.  H 

N.  J., 
Del.,. 
Va.., 
Ky,.. 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Mass. 
N,  J., 
Conn, 
N.  H. 
Jto... 
Ind.. 
Vt.,,. 
Tenn. 
Me... 
Me... 

Ga. .. 

Va... 

!r.  I.. 

,N.  H. 
iMe... 

Ohio, 

Va... 

Va... 
iTenn, 

Ga, . . 

Md... 

Ind.. 

N.  C. 

Va.  ,. 

N.  C. 

Va... 

Va... 

N.  J.. 

Mo... 

Conn 

D.  C  , 


June  1, 
Aug.  11, 
July  4. 
April  Vi 


State 
R»pre- 


,Ian.  4, 
Feb.  I.i, 
Mar.  14, 
Aug.  23, 


July  15, 
Dec.  IS. 
Nov.  19, 
Mar,  IR, 
Mar.  8, 
Oct.    9, 

July  '24. 
Dec.  27, 
July  29, 
Sept,  10. 
June  3, 
Jan,  13. 
Feb,  17. 
Sept.  11, 
July  24. 
Jan.  2, 
Oct.  12. 
April  23, 

Jaii.  sol 
Sept,  28, 

jiineSO,' 
Sept.  20, 


ISOelOhio. 
1790  Ark . , 
1807  Mo... 
1K04  N.  H. 
179.5  N,  C. 
1794  Ala  .. 
1793  Conn. 
1797,  Tenn. 
1782  Mo,  .. 
1781|Ga.  .. 

Ark.. 

.Me.  .. 


Mar.  31, 
Aug.  27, 


Mar.  2. 
April  21 
Sept,  14, 
Sep*  IH, 
May  21, 


April  7. 
Aug,  10, 


Nov.  3, 
Mar,  20, 


Dec.  14 
May  13, 


1800  111 
1812  Ind,  . 
1796:S.  C. 
1782  S.  C.. 
1799  Pa.  .. 
1782  Mich, 

1791  R,  I.. 
1796  Del  .. 

1799  Ga. .. 
nOi  Ohio 
1781!  Kv.. 
1808  Miss  , 
1787  Mass, 
1807  N,  J.  . 

1800  N.  Y. 
1798  N.  Y. 
1812  Iowa. 
1782  Wis.. 
1813;ill  ... 

1801  I,ou.. 
n97lMe... 
1808, Mich. 
Mich. 

1802  Ala  .. 
1800, Miss  . 

1792  R.  I . . 
IHOR  N.  H, 
I809|Me... 

Ilnd.  . 

1793, Tex  .. 
1809, Va.  .. 
17H3  I,ou.  . 
l.-<12  (la... 
17911  Md... 

Iowa. 

17Sfi  Ala  ,. 
1802  Ala.  . 

1792  N.  C. 
1798  Va.  .. 
1780  Ky... 
1802  N.  J.. 
1814  Me... 
1787  Conn, 
180,',.Md,.. 

1793  Vt    , . 


Occupation 


Lawyer. .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer.. . 

Jurist 

Physician 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied  . . . 
Lawyer... 

I  Jurist 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Unknown 
Soldier — 

Jui'ist 

Lawyer... 
Law^^er.., 
Jurist,..  , 
Lawyer. . , 

Varied 

Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer, , 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer,. 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer. . 
Law>'cr. . 

Jui'ist 

Lawyer.. 
Mechanic 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer. . 
Varied. ,. 
Lawyer. . 

Ijurlst..., 


July  HI,  1879 
April  29, 1848 
Jan.  20,  18813 
Nov.  \o,  18,53 
May  11.  1865 
Sept.21,  1858 


SENATORS. 


Sept.  10,  1869 
April  10,  IS58 
Jan.  1.  1856 
Jan.  31,  1864 


June  27,  1878 
Mav  20,  1875 
May  25,  1857 
Mar.  31,  1850 

June  17,'  'I'siifi 

1870 

Not.  9,  1856 
May  7,  1855 
Deo.  18.  I8B5 
July  26,  1863 


April  19, 
Dec.  I. 
April  12. 
April  21. 
Nov.  20. 
June  19, 
June  3. 
Aug.  14. 
Dec.  24, 


1854 
1864 
1866 
1879 
1883 
1867 
1861 
1854 
1847 


Rusk.  Thomas  J D 

Sebastian,  Wm.  K...D 

Sevier.  Ambrose  H D 

Spruance,  Presley... W 

Sturgeon,  T'aniel D 

Turney,  Hopkins  L.,D 
Underwood.  Jos.  R. .  W 
Upham.   William. ...W 

"Wales,  John W 

Walker,  Isaac  P D 

Webster,  Daniel W 

Wescott,  James  D D 

Ytilee,  David  L D 


S,  C. 
Tenn. 
Tenn. 
Del... 
Pa.  .. 
Tenn. 
Va. . . 
Mass. 


N.  H. 
Va... 
W.  I. 


State 


Oct.  27, 
Oct.  3, 
Oct.  24, 
Aug.  — , 


Jan.  18, 
May  — , 


Tex.. 

Ark 
'l'8d2'Ark!! 
1785  Del... 
1789  Pa.  . . 
1797  Tenn. 
I79i;Ky... 
17921  Vt . . . 

Del... 

Wis.. 

1782!  Mass. 
1802  Fla... 
ISlliFla... 


Occupation 


Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Jurist  .... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 


July  29. 
May  20, 
Dec.  21. 
Feb.  13, 
July  3, 
Aug,  1, 
Aug.  23. 
'Jan.  14. 
jDec.   3, 


Mai-.  25,  1855 
Nov.  21,  1869 
May  20,  1880 
Jan.  8,  1863 
Nov.  18,  1873 


Feb.  25,  18.59 
July  25,  1863 

Se'iit.'i'.  "lS64 
Aug.  16.  1880 
Feb.  10,  1876 

Aprii'lS. '18.53 
Oct,  25.  1848 
Sept.  14.  1861 
April  28. 1871 
Aug.  18,  1K15 
Sei>t.-20,  1862 
Feb,  16,  18(1!) 
May  31,  18,';i! 
Dec,  20,  1862 
Mar.  2.5,  185.5 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Where 
Bom. 

Slate 

When  Bom.          Rcpre- 

senicii. 

Occupation, 

When  Died. 

Abbott,  Amos 

Adams,  Green 

Adams,  John  Q 

Asliinun.  George 

Atkinson.  Archibald 
Barringer,  D,  M, , , 
Barrow,  Washingt'n 
Bayley,  Thos,  H 

,W 
.W 

.w 

.w 

,D 

.w 

•  W 
..D 
..D 
..D 
.W 
..D 
..D 
..D 
.W 
.W 
..D 
,W 
..D 
..D 
..D 
.w 

Mass. 
Ky... 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Va... 
N.  C. 
Tenn. 
Va..  . 
Va... 
Va... 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.... 
Va... 

Sept,  10,  1786  Mass. 
Aug.  20,  1812  Ky. .. 
July  11,  1767  .Mass. 
Deo.  25,  1804  Mass. 
Sept.  13,  1792  Va. . . 
July  — ,  180(i  N.  C. 
Oct.    5.    1817  Tenn. 
Dec.   11,  1810  Va... 
May  22,   1819  Va... 

1810  Va... 

Jvine  10,  1790  Me... 
Dec.  16,  1808  Mich. 

N.  Y. 

1793  S.  C. 

N.  Y. 

Pa.  .. 

1815  Va.  .  . 

Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Law.ver. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.  . . 
Jurist 

Not.  2,   1868 

F'e'b!'23'.  Tsw 
July  10,  1870 
Jan.  10,  1872 

Oct, "I'g,  "I'wiii 

June  23.  1856 

Bediiiger,  Henry... 

ll.l.-lief,  lliram 

HiiirliiMii.  Kinsley,. 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Mcrehant. 
Unknown, 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  26.  18,58 
May  7,  18.57 
Oct.    5,   1801 

Black,  James  A 

April  3,  1848 

Blanchard.  John... 

Mar.    8.  1849 

Bolts.  John  M 

Va... 

Sept.  16,  1802  Va.  .. 

Jan.  8.  1889 
June  8,  1857 

Boyd.   Linn 

Boyden,  Nathaniel 
Brady.  Jasper  R. . . 
Ilrlilges,  Sam'l  A.... 
Brcilhead,  Hlchard, 

Tenn. 
Mass. 
N.   J. 

Nov,  28,  1800  Ky. . . 
Aug.  18,  1796  N.   C. 

Agrlcul'st, 
Varied 

Dec.  16,  18.59 

Varied,... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

..D 
..D 

Conn. 
Pa. .  . 

Jan.  27, 1802  Pa... 

Pa.  .. 

May  31,   1813  Miss  . 

Pa.  .. 

Sept.  25, 1801,  Va... 

Sept.'  i7,'i8G3 

..D  ;Pa,.. 

Unknown. 

Buekner,   Aylett, .. 
Burt.  Armistead... 

Butler.  Chester 

Cabell    i:,  C 

.W 
..D 

,W 

,w 
.w 

Kv... 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Planter... 
Unknown. 
Varied..    , 

's.'c. 

iPa... 

Va... 

S    C 

iiirl 'ei "nsis Pa.  '.'. 

1817  Fla... 

Oct."5,"l856 

CutlKMit,  ('has.    W 

,,1)     Mail'a 

I,sil9  Ind  .  . 

1856 
1865 
1848 
1863 
1878 
1857 
1876 
1853 
1863 


Oct.  24,  1852 


Total  Senators,  TO.  Lawyers,  39.  Jurists,  14.  Varied,  9.  Occupation 
Unknown,  4.  Mechanic,  1.  Mei-chant,  1.  Soldier,  1,  Physician,  1. 
Foreign  Born,  1 :   Including  West  Indies,  1. 


■A.(>— 


KEPEESKNTA'l'IVKS    OF    'I'lll-;    'rim:  PI  KTll     CONGRESS. 


49£ 


REPRESENTATIVES.      iH;: 


Chapman.  John  G,..W 

Chase,  Lueion  B !> 

Clapn.  AaaW.  n D 

Clarli.',  I-.,  viilv  L...  1) 

Clark,    I'lalildlll 1) 

CllnuiiKiii,Tl..is.  L...W 

Cobb,  llowull D 

Cobb,  Will.  K.W D 

COfko,  William   M...W 

Collamer,  Jacob W 

Colliii-i.  William D 

Cniik'iT,  Ilarmcjil  S.  .W 

CiiUi-l"ii,H.ib'tH W 

Cilslli-lil.  Jubn^\.,,.W 

Cro  noil,  John W 

Crozicr,  John  H W 

(Cummins,  John  U D 

naiiiil,.)iMi.  It.  J 1) 

llailii.i,-.  Mas.,11  C   ...,ll 

hlrlci'V.   J.ilni W 

IJifkilison.  Uuilolph..D 

Dixon,  James ^V 

Donnell.  Rich-d  S....W 

niicr,  William W 

Ilimciin,  Daniel W 

Ibiiu-.in.    Gainett W 

liiinn.  Ceorfro  G W 

Eekrit.  George  N...W 

HiNall.  Joseph  E D 

HilivariN,  Thos.  0....W 

Embiee.  Elisha W 

Evans,  Alexander. ..W 

Evans,  Nathan W 

Faran,  James  J D 

Farrelly,  John  W....W 

Keatherston.  W.  S D 

Kielilin.  iirhmdo  B...D 

richer.  Il.ivid W 

Klouniov.Thos.  S....W 

Fniilky.  John W 

Fn-iich,  Richard D 

Frii's.   George — 

Fulton,  Andrew  S W 

Qainea,  JohnP W 

Gajie,  John W 

Gentry.  Jleredith  P.  .W 
GiJclii'i^'s.  JosbuaR..W 

GoKk-in.  Will.  L W 

Golt,  D.uiiel W 

Greeley.  Horace W 

Gret.-n,  James  S D 

Gregory.  Dudley  S...W 

Grinneil,  Joseph W 

Hale,    Arleriias W 

Hall,  Nalliaii    K W 

Hall,  Willanl  1' D 

Haiiiiiinns,  liavid D 

llaiiii.lon,  Jas.  G W 

llaiiiiilon.  Moses W 

Haralson.  Hugh  A...D 

Harmanson,  J.  H D 

Harris,  S-impson  W. . — 

Haskell.  Wm.  T W 

Henley,  Thomas  J,... D 

Hem  V.  William W 

Hill,  Hugh  L.  W D 

Hilliard.  Henry  VV..W 

Holley,  JohnM — 

Holmes,  Elias  E W 

Holmes.  Isaac  E D 

Hornbeck.  John  W. . . — 
Houston.  George  S...D 
Houston.  John  W,,..W 
Hubbard.  Sam'l  D...W 

Hudson,  Charles AV 

Hunt,   Washington.. "W 

Inge,  Samuel  W D 

Tngersoll,  Chas.  J D 

Ingersoll,  Joseph  R.W 

Irvin.  Alexander "W 

Ivei'son.  Alfred  D 

tfackson,  David  S  .,  .D 

Jameson,  John D 

Jenkins,  Timothy D 

Johnson,  Andrew D 

Johnson,  J.as.  H — 

Johnson,  Rob't  W D 

Jones,  Geo.  W D 

Jones.  .TohnW W 

Kaufman,  David  S. . — 

Kellogg,    Orlando R 

Kenuon.  William D 

King,  Daniel  P W 

King.  T.  Butler W 

Lahin,  S  imuel D 

La  Sere,  Emile D 

Lawrence,  Sidney — 

Lawrence.  Wm.  T — 

Leffler,  Shepard D 

Levin,  Lewis  C N-A 

Ligon.  Thos.  W D 

Lincoln,  Abraham. ..W 
Lord.  Frederick  W, . . — 
Lumpkin.  John  H....D 

Lynde.  Wm.  P D 

McClelland.  Rob't... D 


.July  5, 
,  Aug,  a, 


Sept.  7, 
Juno  8. 


May  IS, 


May  25, 
July  22, 


Sept.  28, 
June  24, 


July  7, 


Dec.  1(1, 
Dec,  3, 


May  22, 


Sept.  U, 


Oct,  28, 
Nov.  Vi, 
Jan.  — , 
Feb.  23, 


Aug.  8, 
Nov.  — , 
May  27, 
April  6, 

Jan."  17, 


May   7, 

NoT.'io, 

Feb.'  12,' 
Dec.  11. 
June  13, 
Dee.  16, 
Atig.  1, 


1798  Md... 
1817  Tcnn. 

Mo... 

Ky... 

Mo... 

N,  O. 

ISl.l  Qa..  . 

1807  Ala... 

Tenn. 

17i)2  Vt... 

N,  Y. 

N.  Y. 

1791  R.  I.. 

1808  Md. . . 
.Ohio, 

Tenn. 

lohio. 

'N.  C. 

1801  Wis.. 

Pa.  .. 

171iM  Ohio. 

1814  Conn. 

In.  c. 

1805  N.  Y. 

1808  Ohio. 

Ky... 

1813  Ind  .. 

Pa.  . 

|N.   J. 

lOhio. 

1801  Ind . . 
Md... 

1804  Ohio. 
Ohio. 

1809  Pa. .. 
Miss.. 

1808  111... 

1794  Ohio. 

Va... 

1793  Pa.  .. 

Ky... 

Ohio. 

iVa... 

Ky... 

1792  Ala.. . 
1811  Tenn. 
179.'>  Ohio . 
1807  Va.  . . 

N.  Y. 

1811  N.  Y. 
1817  Mo... 

N.  J.. 

17HS  Mass. 
1783  Mass. 

1810  N.  Y. 

iMo... 

1807  Me. . . 

N.  J.. 

1803  Pa . . . 

1805  c.a... 
1803  Lou.. 

1809  Ala.  . 
.....  Tenn. 

1810  Ind  . . 

:Vt  ... 

Tenn. 

1S08  Ala 

1802  N.  Y 
1807  N.  Y. 
1796  S.  C. 
Pa... 

1811  Ala.. 
Del... 

1709  Conn. 

1795  Mass. 
1811  N.  Y. 

Ala.. 

1782  Pa. .. 

1786  Pa.  . . 
Pa.  .. 

1798, Ga... 

N.  Y. 

IMo... 

1799  N.  Y. 

1808, Tenn. 
N.  H. 

1 Q I  a  A  ,.|' 


Mass. 

Ga... 

Ohio. 

Lou.. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Iowa. 

Pa... 

Md... 
1809  111... 
1800  N.  Y. 
1812  Ga... 
1817  Wis.. 
1807  Mich. 


Dec.  11).  laiO 
Dec.  14,  1864 


Mai'.  17,  18G0 


Oct.     9,    1868 
Nov.  — ,  1864 


Jan.  27,  1873 


Sept.  U,  1849 

Mar.'i4,'i853 
Mar.  12,  1849 
Mar.  27,  1873 


Juno  18,  1849 
•Sept.' 4,  "1857 


July  20,  18(i4 


.;-li' 


1788 
1808 


rnknuwn. 
Lawyer... 
Meelianie. 
Physician 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown, 
Varied... . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Varied.... 
La\vj-er. . . 
Lawyer... 
Law.ver. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawj'er. , , 
Lawyer.  ■ . 


Nov.  9,  1865 


Mar.  7,  1863 


June  — ,  1864 
Dee.  8,  1851 


Nov.  13,  1866 


1858 

July  28,  1859 
Nov.  3.  1866 
May  27,  1864 
Jan.  5,  1870 


Nov.  29,  1872 
Jan.  19.  1870 
Dec.  8,  1874 


Mar.  2,  1874 


Oct.  6.  1854 
Oct.  25,  1850 
April—,  1857 
Mar,  20,  1859 


Mar.  8,  1848 


Feb.  25,  1867 
Jan,  16,  1848 


Oct.  8,  1855 
Feb.' 


1867 
1867 
May  14,  1862 
Feb.  20,  1868 


Mar.  5,  1874 


Dec.  24,  1859 
July  31,  1875 


Jan.  31, 1851 
Aug.  24, 1865 


July  25,  1850 
May  10.  1864 


April  15, 1865 
May  24,  1860 
June  6,  1860 
Dee.  18,  1885 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Mnrir]. 


McClemand.  John  A.I) 

McDowell,  Janies D 

McIIvaine,  A.  It W 

McKay,  James  J I» 

McLane,  Rob't  M D 

.Maelay.  Wm.  B D 

Mct^ueen,  John U 

Mann,  Horace W 

Mann,  Job D 

Marsh,  George  P W 

Marvin.  Dudley D 

Mea.le.  Uicli'd  K D 

Miller.  . I. ibii  K D 

Morebead.Clias.  S...W 
Morris,  Jonathan  D. .  .D 

Morse,  Isaac  E D 

Mullin,  Joseph — 

Murphy,  Henry  C D 

Nelson,  William W 

Nes,  Henry — 

Newell,  Wm.  A W 

Nicoll,  Henry D 

Outlaw,  David W 

Palfrey,  John  G....W 

Peaslec.  Chas.  H D 

Peek.  Lucius  B D 

Pendleton.  John  S.  ..W 

Petrie,  George — 

Pettit,  John 1) 

Peyton,  Sam'l  O D 

Phelps,  Johns I) 

Pillsbury,  Timothy. .  .1) 
Pollock,  James... '...W 
Preston,  William  B.  .W 

Putnam,  Harvey W 

Kevnolds,  Gideon.. W 

Rhett,  Rob't  B D 

Richardson,  Wm.  A.. I) 

Richie.   Thomas D 

Robinson.  John  L I) 

Rockhill,  William D 

Rockwell,  John  A.... W 

Rockwell.  Julius W 

Roman,  J.  Dixon W 

Root,  Joseph  M W 

Rose,  Rob't  L D 

Rumsey,  David W 

St.  John,  Dan'l  B....W 

Sawyer,  William 1) 

Sehenck,  Rob't  C....W 
Shepperd.  Aug.  H...W 
Sheirill.  Eliakim....W 

Sibley,  Henry  H  — 

Simpson,  Richard  F.  .D 

Sims,  Alex.  D D 

Slingerland,  John  I.  .W 

Smai't,  Eph.  K D 

Smith,  Caleb  B W 

Smith.  Robert D 

Smith.  Truman W 

Stanton.  Fred.  P D 

Starkweather.  G.  A. .. — 
Stephens,  Alex.  H....W 

Stewart,  Andrew D 

Strohm.  John W 

Strong.  William  D 

Stuart,  Chas.  E D 

Sylvester,  Peter  H .. .  W 
Tallmadge.  Fred.  A.W 

Taylor,  John  L W 

Thibodeaux.  B.  G....W 
Thomas,  James   H....D 

Thompson,   Jacob D 

Thompson,  James D 

Thompson,  John  B..'W 
Thompson,  Rich'd  M.  W 
Thompson,  Rob't  A..D 
Thompson,  ■William.. D 

Thurston,  Eenj.  B D 

Tompkins.  Pat'k  W.  .W 

Toombs.  Robert W 

Tuck,  Amos — 

Turner,  Thos.  J D 

Tweedy.  John  H W 

Van  Dyke.  John W 

Venable,  Abr'm  W...D 

Vinton,  .Samuel  F W 

"Wallace,  Daniel — 

Warren,  Cornelius.  .W 

Wentworth.  John D. 

White.  Hugh W 

Wick,  William  W D 

Wiley,  James  S D 

Williams.  Hezeklah..D 

Wilmot.   David D 

Wilson.  James W 

Winthrop.  Rob't  C...W 
Woodward.  Jos.  A D 


Ky... 
Va. .. 
Pa..  . 
N.  C. 
Del... 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Vt... 
Conn. 
Va. .. 
Ohio 


Ky... 
Ohio, 


01 

Lou.. 
Ire'd. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
N.  H. 
Vt  ... 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Va. .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 
Ky. . . 
N  J.. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Mich. 
S.  C. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
N.  H. 
Conn. 
D.C.. 
Conn. 
Ga. .. 
Pa . . . 
Pa . . . 
Conn. 
N.  Y.. 
N.  Y.. 
Conn. 
Va... 
Lou.. 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Ky... 
Va... 
Va... 
Pa... 
R.  I.. 
Ky... 
Ga... 
Me... 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
N.  J. 
Va... 
Mass. 
S.  C. 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Me.. 
Vt.. 
Pa.  . 
N.  H 
Mass 
.  C. 


Uay  30, 
Aug.'ii', 


May  4, 
Mar.  31, 
Mar.  15, 
May    0, 


1812  III.  .. 
17911  Va. .. 
1804  Pa..  . 
1793|N.  C 
lH15lMd... 
I8I5:n.  Y. 
Ihom's.  c. . 
l7«li.Ma»ii. 


1795 
1801 
1788 


Uay  22, 
June  29, 


Oct.   23,  1812 


May  2, 
Feb.  a, 


18()7 

1804 

1814 

April  I'i,  178il 


July  24 
Dec.'  '2; 


Dec.  24, 
Jan.  16, 


1802 
'I'gOt) 


1810 
1784 


Pa 

Vt.. . . 
N.  Y, 
Va... 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
Ohio. 
Lou.. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 


1790  Pa . 
,  N.  J. 


17U(i 

isot 

1804 


1800 
1811 


,  1804 
,1805 


Oct.    7. 
Oct.  12, 


Oct.    8, 

Oct.'  'i', 


1817 
1801 


Feb,  — ,  1811 


June  II, 
Mar.   1, 


April  16, 
Juno  12, 
Nov.  27, 


1803 
1804 
1813 
1808 
1 802 
1791 


Feb.  11, 
June  — 
Oct.  16, 
May  6. 
Nov.  25, 
Feb.  17, 
Aug.  '29, 
Mar.  7, 

Sept.'22', 
May  15, 
Oct.    1, 


1812 
1792 
1793 
1808 
1810 
I807 
17!I2 
1805 


N.  Y. 

N.  C. 
Mass. 
N.  H. 
Vt.... 

Va. . . 

N.  y 

Ind  . . 
Ky... 
Mo. . . 
Tex.  . 
Pa... 
Va... 
N.  Y.. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
111... 
Ohio. 
Ind  . . 
Ind  . . 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Md... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Wis.. 
S.  C. . 
S.  C. . 
N.  Y.. 
Me. . . 
Ind., 
111.... 
Conn. 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Ga.  . . 
Pa..  . 
Pa . . . 
Pa.  .. 
Mich. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Obi'). 
Lou . . 
Tenn. 
Miss.. 


June  9, 


1808 
1810 
1806;  Pa 
ISIOKv. 
1809|Ind 
Va. 


June  29, 
jul'y"2," 
April  5, 


.'lo 


va. 


Oct.  17, 
Sept.  25, 


1804  H.  I 

Miss.. 

1810  Ga... 

N.  H. 

1815  III.  .. 

IWis.. 

[N.  J.. 

1799, N.  C. 
1792  Ohio. 
S.  C.  , 


.  1790 
181 


Feb.  23,  1796 


1799  N.  Y. 


I 

Jan.  20, 

May'i2, 


1798 
1814 


1809 


N.  Y 
III. 


Ind.. 
Me... 
Me... 
Pa.  .. 
N.  H. 
Mass. 
S.  C. 


Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Atrricul'st. 
Law  ver. . , 

Varied 

Varied.... 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Varied.... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

I.awyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer, 

Lawyer. . . 

Phyclclan 

Physician 

La  wye 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied.... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Physician 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Varied — 
Lawyer... 
Agricul'st. 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
La-rt-yer. . . 
"Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Teacher... 
Lawyer... 
'Lawyer... 
[Lawyer... 
[Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Planter... 
'Lawyer... 
'Lawyer... 

t\  aried 

Law^'er... 

Voried 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Slerchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Journalist 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Law.ver. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lan'yer. . . 
Unknown. 


Aug.  24,  1851 
Aug.  14,  186.3 
Hc'pt.  14,  18.''>3 

!!!!".!!!'is82 

Aug.  30,  I8<I7 
Aug.  2,    1859 

July'  '24,  "I'sS-i 
June  25.  1856 
April  20, 18<12 

i)ec.'  'iit,  'l'»*(W 
May  IB,  1875 
Feb.  11,  18IWJ 


April  20, 
Sept.  20, 
Dee.  28, 
Nov.  19, 


1881 
1888 
18«n 

I8«« 


June  17 
Jan.   4, 


1877 
1870 


Nov.  23,  IWS 


Nov.  14, 
Sept.  21, 


Sept.  14, 
Dec.  27, 


1802 
1855 


1870 
1875 


Mar.  21, 
Fe'li.'iO,' 
jaii,  19, 


I860 

i'eei 

1887 


Nov.  10,  1848 
Oct.  26,  1861 


Jan.  8,    1864 
Dec.  21,   1867 


Mar.  4,    1883 
July   16,  1872 


Sept.  17,1869 
Sept.  6,  1870 
Mar.  II,  1866 


Jan.  7,   1874 


May  16,  1853 


April  3,1874 


Feb.  24,  1876 
Slay  — ,  1862 


July  28,  1849 


Oct.    6.    1870 
May  19,  1868 


Oct.  '24,  18.56 
Mar.  16,  1868 


Total  Representatives,  339.  Lawyers,  llJi.  Occupation  Unknown, 
53.  Varied,  33.  Merchants,  9.  Jurists,  t.  Physicians,  6.  Agricultur- 
ists, 5.  Planters,  S.  Journalists.  2.  Mechanics,  3.  Teacher,  1.  Manu. 
tacturer,  1.  Banker,!.  Clergyman,!.  Foreign  Bom,  3:  Including  Ire- 
land, 1;  Madeira,  1. 


Thirty-first  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1849  to  1851. 


1849— The  United  States  Government  granted 
its  first  public  land  subsidy  to  any  rail- 
roati  corporation— the  Mobile  and  Ohio 
Company—  1  .(-KXJ,(_iO<>  acres  between 
Mobile  and  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio 
river. 

1849— Territory  of  Minnesota  formed,  Mar.  3. 

1849— The  United  States  Government  issued 
a  proclamation  against  marauding 
parties  forming  to  sail  for  Cuba, 
Aug.  11. 

1849— Lopez's  "filibustering"  expedition 
from  the  United  States,  600  strong, 
landed  in  Cuba  and  captured  the  town 
of  Cardenas  from  the  Spaniards. 

1849— Philadelphia  and  New  York  ravaged 
by  the  cholera— more  than  o.OOO  per- 
sons died  in  the  latter  city. 

1849— First  State  Constitution  adopted  in 
California.  Sept.  1.  It  excluded  slavery. 

1849 — Commercial  Treaty  with  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  Dec.  20. 

1850— Great  iinmigi-ation  to  California,  on 
account  of  gold  discoveries. 

1850 — The  Grinnell  expedition  in  search  of 
Sir  John  Frankhn,  in  the  Arctic  regions, 
•       sailed  from  New  York  in  May. 

1850— The  Government  establishes  the  Terri- 
tory of  Utah. 

1850- The  Seventh  Census  of  the  United  States 
taken— population.  2S. 191.074. 

1850— Lopez's  second  ■'  filibustering  "  expedi- 
tion against  Cuba  repulsed.  May  17. 

1850 — Treaty  consummated  between  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain  for  a 
canal  for  juint  transportation  acn.ss 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  July  4. 


Zachary  Taylor,  13th  President. 
Millard  Fillmore,  13th  President. 

Millard  Fillmore,  of  N.  Y.,  and  Wm.  R.  King,  of  Ala.. 
Vice-Pres.  and  Pres.  of  the  Senate.  John  M.  Clayton,  of 
Del-,  and  Daniel  Webster,  of  Mass.,  Sec'ys  of  State. 
Wra.  M.  Meredith,  of  Pa.,  and  Thos.  Corwin,  of  Ohio, 
Sec'ys  of  Treas.  Geo.  W.  Crawford,  of  Ga.,  and  Chas. 
M.  Conrad,  of  Lou..  Sec'ys  of  War.  Wm.  B.  Preston,  of 
Va.,  Wm.  A.  Graham,  of  N.  C,  Sec'ys  of  Navy.  Thos. 
Ewing,  of  Ohio,  and  Alex.  H.  H.  Stuart,  of  Va..  Sec'ys  of 
Interior.  Jacob  Collamer,  of  Vt.,  and  Nathan  K.  Hall, 
of  N.  Y.,  Postmasters-General.  Reverdy  Johnson,  of 
Md.,  and  Jno.  J.  Crittenden,  of  Ky  ,  Attorneys-General. 
Howell  Cobb,  of  Ga.,  and  Rob't  C.  Winthrop,  of  Mass., 
Speakers  of  House  of  Representatives. 


-^l'^ 


^#-E 


18.50— Violent  debates  in  Congress  on  the 
slavery  f|uestion  and  the  admission  of 
California  as  a  free  State  into  the 
Union.  The  admission  of  that  State 
was  granted  Aug.  15. 

1850— Bills  were  passed  by  Congress  abolish- 
ing slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
and  requiring  escaped  slaves  to  be  re- 
turned Iroin  live  Slutes  to  their  mas- 
ters. Ttu-  lattiM-  bill,  which  became  a 
law  Sept.  IH.  impns.  (I  a  fine  of  S1,000 
and  six  numihs  imprisonment  on  any 
person  aiding  slaves  to  escape,  or  har- 
boring them.  This  law  remained  in 
force  for  several  years. 

1851 — A  convention  of  Southerners  assembled 
at  Charleston.  S.  C,  May  8,  to  discuss 
the  rights  of  Southern  States.  Resolu- 
tions were  adopted  favoring  a  dissolu- 
tion of  the  Union. 

1851— The  Coast  Survey  of  the  United  States 
Government  was  completed. 

1851— Letter  postage  was  reduced  to  three 
cents  to  all  parts  of  the  Union,  except- 
ing the  Western  Territories  and  Cali- 
fornia. 

1851 — Minnesota,  comprising  an  area  of 
21,000.000  acres,  was  purchased  by  the 
Govern riM-nt  from  the  Upper  Sioux 
Indians  for  8305.500  and  568,000  per 
annum  for  50  years. 

1851 — The  corner-stone  of  additional  build- 
ings to  the  Capitol  at  Washington  was 
laid  by  President  Polk,  July  4. 

1851 — Lopez's  last"  filibustering"  expedition 
to  Cuba  resulted  in  the  capture  and 
death  of  himself  and  several  of  his  fol- 
lowers, Aug.  l(i  and  Sept.  1. 


U,  indicates  Democrat;     W,  Whig;     It,  Republican;     JL-M,  Anti-Mason;     A,   Abolitionist;     X-A,  Native-American.     F-S,  Free-Soiler. 


SENATORS. 

Whfrc 
Born. 

Slate 

Wlicn  Ron.         Reprt- 

Mnted. 

Occupation 

When  Died. 

.4t^hison.  Diivid  R. 

D 

Kv... 

Aug.  1 1 .  1807  Mo ... '  Lawyer. . . 

Jan.  26,  1886 

Badger.  Geo.    E. . . 

.w 

N.    C. 

April  13,  1795  N.  C.  Jurist 

May  11,  1865 

Baldwin.  Rogers.. 

W 

Conn. 

Jan.     4.    1793  Conn.  Lawyer. .. 

Feb.  19,  1863 

B.irnwell.  Rob't  W. 

— 

.S.  C. 

Aug.  lO.  18111  S.  v..  Lawyer... 

Bell,  John 

w 

Tenn. 

Feb.  1,1,   1797  Tenn.  Lawyer... 

Sept.  lo,  1869 

Benton.  Thomas  H.. 

.!> 

N.  C. 

Mar.  14.    1782  .Mo. . .  Lawyer. . . 

April  10, 1858 

Berrien.  John  M... 

.W 

N.  J., 

Aug.  23,  1781  Ga...  Jurist 

Jan.    1,   18,56 

Borland,  Solon 

..D 

Va... 

lArk..  Physician 

Jan.  31,  1864 

..U 
.D 

Mass. 

1805 

Me... 
Ind  . . 

Bright.  .lesse  D 

N.  Y. 

Dec.  IS.   1812 

Lawyer, . . 

May  20,  1875 

Butler.  Andrew  1*.. 

..D 

S.  C. 

Nov.  19,  1796  S.  C. .  Jurist 

May  25,  1857 

Calhoun,  John  C. . . 

1) 

s.  c. 

Mar.  18.  1782  S.  C  Lawyer... 

Mar.  31.  1850 

Cass,  Lewis 

..1) 

N.  H. 

Oct.    9,   1782  Mich.  Lawyer. .. 

June  17,1866 

Ohase,  Salmon  P.. 

K-S 

N.  H. 

Jan.  13,  1808  Ohio.  Lawyer... 

May  7,    1873 

Clarke  John  H 

.w 
.w 

X.  J 

179! 

R.  I.. 
Kv... 

Varied 

1870 

Clay.  Henry 

Va...i  April  12.  1777 

Lawyer. . . 

June  29,  1852 

Clemens.  Jeremiah. 

.  .1) 

Ala...  Dec.  ^S,  1S14  Ala  . .  Vaiied. . . . 

May  25,    1865 

Cooper,  James 

w 

Md...  May  8,     1810  Pa..  .  Lawyer... 

Mar.   1.    1863 

Corwin,  Thomas 

..R 

Ky...;Jnlv2'.J,    1794  Ohio.  Lawyer... 

Dec.  18,  1865 

..D 

,w 

Ky. ..  June  a,  1808  5Iiss  . 
Mass.lJan.  13.    1787, Mass. 

Pavis,  John 

Lawyer. . . 

April  19, 1854 

Dawson,  William  C. 

,w 

fia...ijan.  4.    17:t8  (Ja.  ,. 

Jurist 

May   5,    1856 

Davton.  Wm.  I 

,R 

N.  J..iFeb.  17.    1807  N.  J.. 

Jui-ist 

Dec.   1.    1864 

Dickinson,  Dan'l  S,. 

,.l) 

Conn. 

Sept.  11,  1800  N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

.ipril  12,1866 

Dorlge.  Ang.  C 

,1) 

Mo... 

Jan.   2,    1812  Iowa. 

UnknoAvn. 

Nov.  20.  188:1 

Dodtje.  Henrv 

..u 

Ind.. 

Oct.    12,  1782,  Wis.. 

Soldier.... 

July  19,  1867 

DitUk'la.s.  Stephen  A 

,l> 

Vt.... 

ApriI23,  1813,111.  .. 

Jurist 

June  3,   1861 

Downs,  Solomon  W 

.1) 

Tenn. 

1801  Lou. . 

Lawyer. , . 

Aug.  14.  18.54 

Elmore,  Franklin  H.D 

S.  C..I.Ian.    III.  1799  S.  C 

Lawyer... 

May  29,  18,50 

KwinjT,  Thoiras 

.w 

Va...;Dee.  28,  178noliio. 

Lawyer... 

Oct,  26,  1871 

Peleh,  Alphens 

.1) 

Me,..  Sept.  2^*,  Lslli:  Mi.h.  ',Iiiiist 

Foote,  Henrv  S 

..I) 

Va... 

Sept.  2".  181111  Miss  .il.awver... 

May  20,   1880 

K-S 
w 

Ga. 

R.  I.. 

Jan,    21,  1813  Cal,., 
1792  R.  I., 

<ireene.  Albert  C  .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Jan.  8,    1863 

(iwjn,  William  M... 

D 

Tenn. 

Oct.     !),    180,1  Cal... 

Physician 

Hale.  John  P  

..A 

N.  H. 

Mar,  31.  1801!  X.  H. 

Lawyer, . , 

Nov.  18,  1873 

Hamlin,  Hannibal.. 

.1) 

Me... 

Aug.  27,  1809  Me... 

Lawyer. . . 

Hou^^ton.  Samuel... 

.1) 

Va... 

Mar.  2,    1793  Tex.. 

Lawyer. . . 

July  25,  1863 

Huntei-.  Uob't  M.  T. 

.1) 

Va... 

April  21,  18091  Va,.. 

Lawyer. . . 

..D 
.D 

Ind  .. 

Iowa, 
Ala  .. 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Kinit.  William   R.. 

N.  C. 

April  7.  17811 

April  18, 18,53 

Manirum,  Willie  P. 

.W 

N.  C. 

1792, N.  C. 

Jurist...   . 

Sept.  14,  1861 

.Mason,  James  M 

W 

Va... 

Nov.  3,    1 798 

Va... 

Lawyer... 

April  28. 1871 

.Millei,  .Iju»b  W 

.W 

N.J,. 

1802 

N.   J. 

Lawyer... 

Sept.  20,  1862 

.W 
D 

Va... 

Fla... 
N.  H. 

Merchant. 
Lawyer. .. 

Norris,  Moses 

N.  H. 

Nov.   8,  1799 

Jan.  11,  1855 

Pearee,  James  A... 

.W 

D.C.. 

Dec.  14.  ISO,')  Md... 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec,  20,  18B2 

Phelps.  .Samuel  S. .. 

.W 

Conn. 

May  13,  1793  Vt  ... 

Jurist 

Mar.  25,  1855 

Pralt.  Thomas  t;... 

.1) 

D.C.. 

18(1.-,  Md... 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov,  9,    18li!l 

Rantoul.  Itoberl... 

.1) 

Mass. 

Auk-  13,  180.i  Mass. 

Lawyer.. . 

Auk.  7    18.52 

Ithett,  R.  Barnwell. 

1) 

S.  C. 

Dec.  24.   1800  S.C.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sent,  14,1876 

Rusk.  Thomas  J 

.1) 

S.  C. 

Tex.. 

Jurist 

July  29,  18.56 

Sclm.stian.  Wm.  K. 

.D 

.W 

Tenn. 
N.  y. 

Ark.. 

N.  Y. 

Jurist 

May  20,  18(15 
Oct,   10,  1872 

Sewanl.  William  H, 

May  10,  isni 

Shields  ,Ia(ncs  

D 

Ire'd, 

1810  III..  . 

Ilirlst 

June   1,  1879 

Smith,  Ti-iiman 

R 

Honn. 

Nov.  27   1 79 r Conn. 

Lawyer. , . 

.11 
W 

Fran 

Del,,  . 

I,OII,, 

Del.    . 

Lawvi-r, . . 
Merebiint. 

Sfimanee,    Presley    , 

1 7H,% 

Feb.    13,  1HI13 

SENATORS. 

Where 
Born. 

When  Bom. 

State 

Rcprc-       OccupaUoo. 
aentcd. 

When  Died. 

Stewart,  David — 

Sturgeon,  Daniel D 

Turnev,  Hopkins  L.  .D 
XTnderwootl.  Jos.  R. .  W 
Upham,  William. ...W 
Wales.  John W 

Md... 
Pa..  . 
Tenn. 
Va... 
Mass. 

Oct."27,"l789 
Oct.  3,     1797 
Oct.  24.  1791 
Aug.  — ,   1792 

Md... 
Pa... 
Tenn. 
Ky... 
Vt  . . . 
Del... 
Wis.. 
Mass. 
Ind.  . 
Mass. 
Fla... 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer.., 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Oct.  5,  1858 
July  3,  1878 
Aug.  1,  1857 
Aug.  23,  1876 
Jan.  14,  1853 
Dec.  3,    1883 

Webster,  Daniel W 

Whitcomb,  James.,., D 
Winthrop,  Robert  C.W 
Yulee,  David  L D 

N.  H. 
Vt.  .. 
Mass. 
W.  I. 

Jan.  18,  1782 
Dee.   1,    1791 
May  12,  1809 
1811 

Oct.  24,  1852 
Oct.   *,    1852 

Vaiied. . . . 

Total  Senatoi-s,  6J>.  Lawyers,  43.  Jurists,  1 3.  Varied,  5.  Occupation 
Unknown,  4.  Merchants,  3,  Soldiers,  3.  Physicians,  3.  Foreign  Bom, 
3:  Including  W'est  Indies,  1;  France,  1;  Ireland,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Albertson,  Nath'l D 

Alexander,  Henry  P.W 

Allen,  Charles F-S 

Alston,  Wm.  J W 

Anderson,  Josiah  M.W 

Andrews.  Geo.  R W 

Ashe,  William  S D 

.\shmun,  George W 

.\verett,  Tlios    H D 

Baker,  Edw'd  D W 

Bay,  Win.  V.  N D 

Bayley,  Thos.  H D 

Beale,  James  M.  H D 

Bell,  John ...W 

Bennett,  Henry W 

Bingham.  Kinsley I) 

Bissell.  William  II D 

Bocock.  Thos.  S D 

Bokee,  David  A AV 

Booth,  W,alter F-S 

Bowdon.  Frank  W D 

Bowie,  Richard  T W 

Bowlin,  James  B D 

Bo.yd,   Linn D 

Brcck,  Daniel W 

Briggs,  George W 

Brishin.  John W 

Brooks,  James W 

Brown,  Alberto D 

Brown,  William  J D 

Biiel.  Alexander  W  ..D 
Ilullard,  Henry  A.,., W 
Burrows,  Lorenzo, ..W 

Burt,  Armistend D 

Butler,  Chester W 

Iblller,  Thomas  B,..W  I 

<'lll,ell.  K.  C W 


Where 


Va. .. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Ga... 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Va. .. 
Eng'd 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Va... 

N.'  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 

Va... 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Ala.. 
D.C.. 
Va... 
Tenn. 
Mass, 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Me... 
{S.  C. 
iKy... 
|Vt..., 
Moss, 
k'onn. 
Is.  C. 
Pa... 
Conn. 
Va,  .  . 


Bute 


Dec.  25, 
Feb!  24,' 
i)ec.'"ii' 


Sept.  29. 
Dec.  16. 
April  25, 

Oct.' '  6,' 
Dec.  8, 


Nov.  28, 
Feb,  12, 
May  6, 

Nov',  'lo! 
May  31. 
Nov,  22, 

Sept,  9, 


1804 

Van' 


Ilnd, 

.  1802  N.  Y 
,  1797  Mass 

Ala. 

Tenn 

......  N.  Y 

N.  C, 
Mass. 
Va.., 
111.  ., 

Mo... 

ISlOVa. .. 

Va... 

Ohio. 

1808!N.  Y. 

ISOS'Mich. 

I811JI11.  ., 

1815  Va... 

1815  N.  Y. 

1791  Conn 

lAla., 

1807,Md.,, 

ISO-llMo,., 

ISOOlKy,., 

1788' Ky... 

1805  N.  Y. 

tPa.. 

18101 N.  Y. 

1813  Miss.. 
,  l.S05|Ind,  , 

ISrslMich, 

nSllLou,. 

N.  Y. 

Is.  C. 

I798lPa..  . 
,  laO^iConn. 
.1817  Fla... 


When  Died. 


Unknown 
Meichont, 

Jurist 

Unknown 
Unknown. 
Un  known. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.  .. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Law.ver. .. 

Varied 

Vaiied.... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Agrleul'st. 

Juii-st 

Merellanl. 
Unknown. 
Journalist 

Jui-isI 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . , 
I'lanler. . . 


Feb.  22, 1867 
Aug.    6,  1869 


.luly  10,  1870 


Oct.  21,  1861 
Juiie  23,*  isSfi 


Oct.  5,  1861 
Mar  18,  1860 

.\lar,  iii,'  1860 

June  8,  1857 

ilee,"l(i.'i859 

julio"  i ,'  1869 

Api'iiao,'  1873 

jiar'.'ia  1857 
April  17,1888 
\piil  17,  1851 


Oct,    5,    ia5U 
Juno  8,  1873 


f- 


-^j/; 


KKPKKSKNTA'I'IVKS    OF    'I'lIK    '111  lIMY-KIKhT    CONGKESS. 


497 


fablf.Joscph D 

Calcl«i-ll.  Geo.  A D 

Oiilihvi'll.  Joseph  P..W 

Cftlvin.  Siiiniif) W 

Caliililjill.  L.'wls   D..VV 

Curttcr.  liiiviil  K D 

Casi-V,    .[(>«■!. Il   W 

Chancllcl-.  .Ills.  U W 

Chirlii-.c-liailcH  K....W 
l'lLV,.|i.ii.l  Clui-llc'.vK.l) 
Clmmiiiui.  Thus.  L...W 

Cobb,  Howell.... D 

Cobb.  Will.  11.  W D 

Colcoc'k.  William  F.  .— 


Cole.  ()i-.siiiniis 

Coiinei".  Haniioti  S 
Coniad,  Charles  M. 
Corwin.  Moses  B... 

Crowell.  John 

Daniel,  Jno.  R.  J.. 

Danner,  Joel  It 

llebciry,  Kiliiuuld. 
lii.-k.-v',  .l.'SM-  C... 
Ihiaml.  k.  Mil"  .M.. 
Disney.  Daviii  T. . . 

Dixon.  Nathan  F W 

Doty,  James  l> D 


Duel- 


..W 


William 
i,n.  Jain.sH.. 
Iiuiihaiii,  CmiH  L. 
Diirki-.-.  charl.-s... 
Edniuiidson.  11.  A. 

Eliot,  Samuel  A 

Evans,  Alexander. 

Evans,  Nathan W 

Ewing,  Andrew D 

Featherston,  W.  3. .  .D 

Filch,  Graham  S D 

Fowler,  Orin F-S 

Freedley,  John W 

FuUei-.  Thos.  J.  D D 

Gentry.  Meredith  P.W 

n.-nv,    Ell.ridce D 

GlcLlnii.'-,  J<i-liu;>R.F-S 

i;ill.,rl.  IvlMuid   D 

Gilmoie.  Allred — 

Goodenow,  Rufus  K.W 
Gorman,  Willis  A....D 

Gott.  Daniel 

Gonld.  Hermr.n    D 


Gr 


.n.  Jiuii 


..W 

..w 

...D 

..W 

.D 

.D 


..W 
.W 
..D 


■II.   J..M.|.ll 

Hu.-kitt.  Tims. 
Hall.  Willard  P. 
Hallnwav,  Ransom.  .W 
Haiiillt..h,  Wm.  T....D 
Haiiim.ind,  Edward.. D 

Haiiipliin.  Moses W 

Haralson.   Huirh  A...D 

Harlan,  .\ndrew  J D 

Harmanson,  J.  H D 

Harris,  Isham  G D 

Harris.  Sampson  W..D 

Harris.  Thos,  L  D 

Hay,   Vndrew  K W 

HavTn.md.   Thos.  S. 
Heiiard,   William.. 

Henry,  William 

Hibbard,  Harry... 
Hilliard.  Henry  W..W 

Hoajjrland,  Moses D 

H.ill.iil.iy.  Alex.  R D 

H.ilm.v  Isaac  E D 

H.mstun.  John  W....W 
Howard,  Volney  E...D 

Howe,  John  W W 

Hubbard,  David D 

Hunter,  William   F.  .W 

Inge,  Samuel  W D 

tjackson,  Joseph  W.  ,D 
Jackson,  William  T..W 

Johnson,  Andrew D 

Johnson,  Ja.s.  L W 

Johnson.  Rob't  W D 

Jones,  Geo.  W D 

Julian,  George  W R 

Kaufman.  David- S.. — 

Kerr.  John  B W 

KiuK,  Daniel  P W 

King,  George  C W 

King.  James  G W 

King.John   A W 

King.  Preston D 

Xj&  Sere.  Emile. D 

Leffler.  Shepard D 

Levin,  Lewis  C N-A 

Littlelield,  Nath'lS...D 
McClernand.  JohnA.D 

McDonald,  Jos.  E D 

McDowell.  James D 

McGaughey,  Ed.  W.  .W 
McKis,sock.  Thomas. W 
McLanahan,  Jas.  X...D 

McLane,  Rob't  M D 

McLean,  Finis  E W 

McMuUen,  Fayette., .D 


Ohio. 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
Pa. .  , 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Conn, 
N-.  C. 
Ga. . . 
Tenn 
S.  C. . 
N.  Y. 
Conn, 
Va... 
Ky.., 
Conn. 
N.  C. 


N.  C 
Pa.. 
Pa..., 
Md.. 

R.  I. 
N.  Y 
N.  Y 
Mass, 
N.  Y, 
Vt  .. 
Va... 
Mass. 
Md... 
Ohio. 
Tenn 
Tenn 
N.  Y. 
Conn 
Pa... 
Vt  ... 
N.  0. 
.Me... 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Pa,  .. 
N.  H. 
Ky... 
Conn, 
Conn 
Va.  .. 
Mass, 
;Oa. ., 
|Va. .. 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
'Md... 


July  30, 
Aug.   a, 


lOhlo, 

|Ky.. 

ISnS'N.  C. 
,  181i:Pa... 

1811  Ohio. 

Ohio. 

IPa... 

17112Pa.., 

April  8,  17iK)  N.  Y. 

1799:Conn 
N.  C. 


Sept.  7, 
June  8, 


Jan.  5, 


Aug.  14. 


May 


181.') 
1807 


May  25, 
Dec.  5, 


Dec.   10, 
iiar. '  5, 


Ga... 

Ohio. 
Va... 
Tenn, 
Ga.  ., 
Conn, 
Mass. 
Va... 
Conn, 
N.  H. 
Vt... 
N.  C. 
Ohio. 
Va.  .. 
S.  C. 
Del  .. 
Me. . . 
N.  H. 
Va 
Va 

N.  C. 
Ga. ., 
N.  Y. 
N.  C, 
Ky.. 
|Ky.., 
Va.., 
Ind., 
Pa.  .. 
,'Md... 
I  Mass. 
R.  I 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y'. 
N.  Y 
Lou. . 
Pa... 
S.  C. . 
Me... 
Ky... 
Ohio. 
Va. . . 
Ind.. 
N.  Y. 
Pa..  . 
DeL.. 
Ky... 
Va.  .. 


Dec.  7. 
July  2!), 
May  22, 
Mar.  17, 

Dec."  6,' 
Oct.    6, 


April  24, 
Jan.  12, 


Feb.  28, 
Nov.  17, 


Sept.  8,    1820 


Oct.  28. 
Nov.  13, 
Mar.  29, 
Jan.  — , 


Feb.  23, 
Oct.  29, 


July    1, 
Aug.  8, 


April  6, 


Ga, 
Ala.  . 
S.  C. 
Wis. . 
N.  Y. 

1804  Lou.. 
17S0  Ohio. 

Ohio. 

N.  C. 

Pa.,. 

1787  N.  C. 

Pa..  . 

Pa.  .. 

1803  Ohio. 
1812  R.  1.. 
1800  Wis.. 

1805  N.  Y. 
1703  Mass. 

Ind  . . 

1805  Wis. . 

Va  .. 

1798  Mass. 
Md... 

1804  Ohio. 
Tenn. 

'Hiss  . 

1810  Ind.  . 
1791  Mass. 
1793  Pa. .. 
1808  Me... 
ISUlTenn. 

1815  Me... 

1795  Ohio. 
Cal, 
Pa. 

1790 

1816  Ind. 
N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

1817  Mo... 

1788  Mass. 
Ga..  . 
Mo... 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
Md... 

1803  Pa. .. 
1S05  Ga... 
1815, Ind.  . 
1803'Lou.. 
I8I8;Tenn. 
1809iAIa... 
1816  111.  .. 

N.   J. 

Va... 

Vt . . . 

Vt... 
1816  N.  H. 
I808iAIa.. 

lOhio. 

Va... 

1796  S.  C. . 

Del.. 

Tex.  . 

Pa 


Dec.  10, 


ila 


Deo.  29, 
Dec.  29, 


Mar.  15, 
May  5, 
Dee.  18, 
Mar.    5, 


May  8, 
Jan.  3. 
Oct.   14, 


Nov.  10, 
Sept.  20, 
May  30, 
Aug.  29, 


1808  Ohio. 

lAla.  . 

|Ga... 

1794|n.  Y. 
1808|Tenn. 

jKy... 

18141  Ai-k.. 
1806  Tenn. 
1817  Ind.. 
1813ITex.  . 
1809;Md... 
1800  Ma.ss. 

R.  I.. 

1791  N.J. . 
1788  N.  Y. 
1806  N.  Y. 

Lou.. 

I  Iowa. 

1808Pa.  .. 
1804  Me... 
1812  111.  .. 
1819  Ind.  . 
1796  Va.  . . 

Ilnd.  . 

1798  N.  Y. 

1809  Pa  . . . 
1815  Md... 
Ky... 


Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied. . . . 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Agrieurst 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied . .  , 
Merchant. 
Lawyer, . . 
Merchant. 

Varied 

Lawyer, .. 

Unknown. 

i^lnknown 

I'hysiciaij 

Cleigym'n 

Varied. .. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . , 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . , 

Unknown 

Unknown, 

Varied 

Lawyer.. . 

Unknown 

Unknown, 

Lawyer,. . 

Merchant, 

Unknown 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer, 

Unknown. 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Varied.... 

Lawyer. . 

Lawyer. . , 

Lawyer. . , 

Unknown 

Unknown 

[Jurist 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Mechanic. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Mechanic. 
Varied.. .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Varied 


Sept.  17,  1886 
Jan.  3,    1853 


1880 

Doc.  29,  1863 


Oct.    9,  1868 
Nov.  — ,  1864 


Feb.  11,   1878 
April  7,  1872 


Dec.  12,  1859 

Nov. '21',  1872 
.Mai-.  14,  1857 
Feb.  3,  IHHl 
June  II,  1865 

Fell.'  8.' '  1869 
Oct.  15,  18,50 
Jan.   14,  1870 

Jan.'  '26,*  1862 


July  20,  1864 

Sept.'  a, '  i'8'52 
Dec.  8,    1851 

1876 

Nov.  3,    1866 


May  27,  1864 
1863 


Mar.  24,  1863 
May  20,  1876 


Jan.   19,  1870 


Oct.    8,   1851 


April  6,    1851 


Oct.  6,     1854 
Oct.'  '25,'  i'8'56 


April  — ,  1857 
Nov.  24,  1858 


Oct.   22.  1875 

juiy  '2'7,"  i's'ra 


Feb.  25,  1867 


1867 

Sept.  20,  1854 


July  31,  1875 
Feb.  12,  1877 


Jan.  31,  1851 
Jan.  28,  1878 
July  25,  18.50 
July  17,  1870 
Oct.  3,  1853 
July  7,  1867 
Nov.  13,  1865 


Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer.  . . 
Varied. . . .  I . 

Lawyer... ' 

Unknown.  Aug.  24, 1851 
Unknown.  Aug.  18,  1852 

Varied 

Lawyer 1864 

Varied 

Unknown 

Unknown 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Horn 


McQueen,  John I) 

McWIllie,   William. ..D 

Mann,  Htirace F-S 

Mann,  Job I) 

Marshall,  Humphr'y.W 

Mason,  John  C D 

Matteson,  O.  H W 

Jleaehiiin,  James W 

Meaile,  Rieh'd  K D 

Miller,  Daniel  F W 

Miller,  J.ihn  K D 

Millson.  Jolin  S D 

Monro,  Henry   B W 

Mondiead,  Chas.  S...W 
.MoiTis.  Jonathan  D. . 
Morrison.  George  W. 

Morse,  Isaac  E 

Morton,  Jeremiah. 
Kelson,  William. 

Nes,  Henry 

Newell,  Win,  A 

Ogle,  Andrew  J.., 

Olds,  Edson  B 

Orr,  James  L 

Otis,  John 

Outlaw,  David W 

Owen,  Allen  F W 


..D 
.D 
.D 
..D 
,.W 

'.'w 

.w 

..D 
..D 
.W 


Parker,  Richard. 
Peaslee.  Chas.  H.. 
Peck,  Lucius  B. .. 

Penn,  Alex.  G 

Phelps,  John  S 

Phcenix,  J.  Phillip 
Pitman.  Charles  V 
Potter,  Emery  D. . 
Powell,  Paulus... 
Putnam.  Harvey. 
Reed,  Robert  R. . 
Reynolds.  Gideon. 
Ricliardson,  "Wm. 

Risley,  Elijah 

Robbins,  John D 

Robinson,  John  L D 

Rockwell.  Julius W 

Root,  Joseph  M W 

Rose,  Rob't  L D 

Ross,  Thomas D 

Rumsey,  David W 

Sackett,  William  A.W 

Savage,  John  H D 

.Sawlelle,  Cullen D 

Schenck,  Rob't  C. ...W 
Schernierhorn,  A.  M.W 
Schoolcraft,  Jno.  L.  .W 

Seddon.  James  A D 

Shepperd,  Aug.  H...W 

Sibley.  Heniy  H  — 

Spaiilding,  p:lliridge.W 
Sprague,  William.  ..F-S 

Stanley,   Edward W 

Stanton,  Fred.  P D 

Stanton,  Rieh'd  H D 

Stephens,  Alex.  H....W 

Stetson,  Charles D 

Stevens,   Thaddeus.  .W 

Strong,  William  D 

Sweetser,  Charles  ..,D 
Sylvester,  Peter  H. . .  W 

Taylor,  John  L W 

Thomas,  James  H D 

Thompson,   Jacob D 

Thompson,  James D 

Thompson,  John  B..W 
Thompson.  William.. D 

Thurman,  John  R W 

Thurston.  Samuel  R.  .D 

Toombs,  Robert D 

Tuck,  Amos FS 

Underhill,  Walter.  .W 

Van  Dyke,  John W 

Venable,  Abr'm  W...D 

Vinton.  Samuel  F W 

"Walden.  Hiram D 

Waldo,  Loren  P D 

Wallace,  Daniel — 

Watkins,  Albert  G...W 
Welbom,  Marshall  J.D 

Wentworth.  John D 

White,  Hugh W 

Whittlesey,  Wm.  A.  ..D 

Wildrick.  Isaac D 

Williams.  Chl-is.  H..W 
..D 


W'ilmot,  David. 

Wilson,  James w 

Winthrop,  Rob't  C...W 

Wood,  Amos  E D 

Woodward,  Jos.  A D 

Wright,  George  W...D 
Young,  Timothy  R..D 


S.  C. 
N.  O. 
Mass. 
Ptt..  . 
Ky... 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Vt... 
Va. .. 
Md... 
Ohio. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Kv... 
Ohio. 
Vt... 
Lou.. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
Pa... 
Vt... 

s.  c. 

Me... 

N.  C. 

N.  C. 

Va... 

N.  H. 

Vt.. . . 

Va... 

Conn. 

N.  J. 

N.  J.. 

Ohio. 

Va. .. 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

N,  Y. 

Ky... 

Conn. 

Pa.  .. 

Ky... 

Conn. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Tenn. 

Me... 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Va. .. 

N.  C. 

Mich. 

N.  Y. 

R.  I.. 

N.  C. 

D.C.. 

Va. . . 

Ga. .. 

N.  H. 

Vt. .  . 
Conn. 

Vt.  .. 
N.  Y'.. 

Va. . . 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
Ga... 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Va... 
Ma,ss. 
Vt.... 
Conn. 
S.  C. 
Tenn. 
Ga.  .. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
N.  J.. 
Tenn. 
Pa... 
N.  H. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. . 
Mass. 
N.  H. 


Wlicii  llorn.  ItrfTi'.       Occupktlqn.  Whrn  Dl«.i, 


Nov,  17. 
May  4, 
Mar.  31, 
Jan.  13, 


Oct.    1 , 
April  13, 


May  22, 

'ju'iio'ao, 


May  12, 


1808  S.  C. 

1795  Miss. 

1796  MauB, 
1795  Pa . . . 
1812  Ky... 

Ky... 

IN.  Y. 

1810, Vt.  .. 

Va... 

1814  Iowa. 

Ohio. 

1808  Va. . . 
1817  Pa.  .. 
1802  Ky... 
Ohio. 

N.  H. 

Lou,. 

Va... 

1784  N.  Y. 
1799  Pa... 

IN.  J.. 

1822, Pa. .. 

!ohlo. 

I822:S.  O. . 


1809 


[■'eb.    6, 
Dec,'  22' 


1804 
1804 


1814 


1793 


Jan.  16, 


1811 
1780 


\pril2fi, 
Oct.  7. 
Oct.  12, 


1805 
1817 
1804 


Oct.  4,     1809 


Feb.  — , 
Feb.  -24, 


Feb,  11, 
Nov.  7, 
April  4, 
-May   6, 


Feb.  17, 
Mar.  7, 
Sept.  22, 
May  15, 
Oct.    I, 


.  1801  Me 

N.  C. 

Ga... 

Va. .. 

N.  H. 

Vt.  . . 

Lou.. 

Mo. . . 

N.Y.. 

P»... 

Ohio. 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

N.  Y. 

IIL... 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

Ind.. 

Moss. 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

Pa..  . 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Tenn. 

Me... 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Va... 

N.  C. 

Minn. 

N.  Y. 
..i.Mich. 
..:N.  O. 

Tenn. 

Ky.. 

Ga. . . 

Me... 

Pa.  .. 

Pa..  . 

Ohio. 
1807  N.  Y. 
1805  Ohio. 


181 1 
1809 


1812 
1801 

1792 
1808 


1808 
1810 
1806 
1810 


July  2,  1810 


Oct.  17, 
Sept.  25, 
Aug.  29, 
Feb.  2, 


1799 
1792 
18O0 
1802 


May  5,  1818 


Mar.  5,  1815 


|Jau.  20, 
May"l2,' 


Tenn. 
Miss. . 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Iowa. 
N.  Y 
Ore. 
Ga.. 
X.  H 

y.  Y 

X.J 


1809 
1810 


X.  C. 
Ohio. 
Y. 
Conn. 
S.  C.  . 
Tenn. 
Ga... 
111.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio . 
N.  J.. 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
X.  H. 
Ma.<s. 
Ohio. 
S.  C. 
Cal... 
III.  .. 


.  Lftwvcr...  Aufir.  30,  1807 

VarM Mar.  3,    imi) 

Varied...,  Aug.  '2.   1809 

LawycT 

Varied....  Mar. 28,  1872 

Unknown. I 

Unknown.! 

Cler(fym'n,Aufr.2y.  IKOe 
Lawyer... 'April  20, 1863 

;Lawyer,.. ' 

;  Unknown.  I 

|Ijiwyer...:Feb.  20,  1873 

I  Varied....  

Lawyer...  I  Dec.  23,  1868 
LaMyer...|May  16,  1875 

I  Lawyer...  

Lawyer...  Feb.  11,1860 

(Unknown.' 

Ijiwycr...  lOcl.  2.  1860 
Pbyficlnn.  Sept.  10,  ISOO 

PhvMlcian.' 

Unknown 1802 

iPhyhicion.  Jan.  24,1869 
Varied May    6.  18r3 

[Lawyer...  Oct.  17,   1856 

iLawyiT...  

I  Unknown. 

Lawyer...    

:  Lawyer...  I  Sept.  2n,  1H66 

iLawyer...  Dec.  28,  Iftrjfi 

jVarled....  May   8,    1866 

Lawyer... ' 

Merchant.  May    4,   1850 

I  Unknown. ' 

Lawyer... ' 

I  Unknown 

Lawyer...  jSept.  21, 1855 
Physician.  I  Dec.  15,  1864 

I  Un  known. ' 

Lawyer,  ..'Dec.  27,  1875 
Unknown. ! Jan.   9,   1870 

'Man'foct'ri 

Unknown. I Slar.  21,  I860 

Lawyer...  [ 

Lawyer...  

Agricul'st. 

Unknown. , 

Unknown.! 

Unknown.  I 

Lawyer...! 

Lawyer...  j 

Lawyer..  J 

Unknown.  Aug.  22,  1855 
Mercbanti  May  11,  1860 

Varied 

Lawyer... ' 

Merchant.  ' 

Lawj'er 

Unknown 1851 

Lawyer...  July  26,  1872 

Lawyer. ..  

Lawyer...! 

Lawyer...  [Mar.  4.    1883 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer...  Aug.  11,  1868 

Lawyer...  

Unknown.  I 

Lawyer. . 

Lawyer...  Sept.  C,  1870 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Capitalist. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Unknown, 

ILawyer. .. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Mechanic. 

Lawyer.. . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Journalist 

Unknown. 

Lawj-er. . . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

•igricul'st. 

Unknown. 

Varied 

Unknown, 


Jan,   7,    1874 


1854 

April  0,  I85I 


Feb.  24,  1876 
1862 


Oct.    6,    1870 


Mar.  10,  1868 


Nov.  19,1850 


Total  Representatives,  243.  La'wyers,  102.  Occupation  Unkno'wn,  69. 
Varied,  33.  Merchants,  lO.  Jurists,  O.  Physicians,  S.  Agriculturists, 
4.  Mechanics,  3.  Clergymen,  2.  Journalists,  2.  Planter,  1.  Manufact- 
urer,  1.    Capitalist,  1.    Foreign  Born,  1:  Including  England,  1. 


i 


31 


-spi^ 


498 


THIRTY-SECOND    CONGRESS,    AND    LEADING    EVENTS    OF    THE    TIME. 


Thirty-second  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1851  to  1853, 


1851— The  great  World's  Fnir.  in  tlif  Crys- 
tal Palace,  at  London.  Eiig.,  opened  by 
Queen  Victoria,  May  1. 

1851 — Vigilance  Committee,  for  the  summary 
punishment  of  criminals,  organized  at 
San  Francisco,  Cal„  June  9. 

1851— Commercial  Treaty  with  Peru,  S.  A., 
concluded,  July  26. 

1851— Great  Anti-Slavery  riot  and  rescue  of 
a  captured  fugitive  slave.  Jerrj-  Logiien, 
at  Syracuse,  N.  Y..  Oct.  1. 

1851— Great  discoveries  of  gold  deposits  in 
Australia. 

1851— Louis  Kossuth,  the  great  Hungarian 
patriot,  exiled  from  home,  arrived  in 
New  York,  Dec.  5. 

1851 — Louis  Napoleon  elected,  for  a  tenn  of 
ten  years.  President  of  the  Republic  of 
France,  Dec.  20,  lil. 

1851— The  First  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation in  America  was  organized  at 
Montreal,  Can. 

1851-The  celebrated  "  Maine  Liquor  Law," 
for  the  supression  of  the  liquor  traffic, 
passed. 

1851— The  Library  of  the  United  States,  in 
the  Capitol  at  Washington,  destroyed 
by  fire;  35,000  volumes,  out  of  ■'SS.OOO. 
were  burned,  with  many  valuable  stat- 
ues, paintings,  etc.,  Dec.  24. 

1851— Return  of  Griunell  Arctic  expedition. 

1852— Mrs.  Stowe's  *' Uncle  Tom's  Cabin" 
published. 


'-^'^ij£as#®#033^-^ 


Millard  Ftllmore,   13th  President. 

Wm.  R.  King,  of  Ala.,  and  David  R.  Atchison,  of  Mo., 
Presidents  of  the  Senate,  and  acting  Vice-Presidents. 
Daniel  Webster,  of  Mass.,  and  Edward  Everett,  of  Mass., 
Sec'ys  of  State.  Thos.  Corwin,  of  Ohio,  Secy  of  Treas. 
Chas.  M.  Conrad,  of  La..  Sec'y  of  War.  Win.  A.  Graham, 
of  N.  C,  and  John  P.  Kennedy,  of  Md.,  Sec'ys  of  Navy. 
Alex.  H.  H.  Stuart,  of  Va.,  Sec'y  of  Interior.  Nathan  K. 
Hall,  of  N.  Y.,  and  Sam'l  D.  Hubbard,  of  Conn.,  Post- 
masters-General. Jno.  J.  Crittenden,  of  Ky.,  Attorney- 
General.  Linn  Boyd,  of  Ky,,  Speaker  of  House  of 
Representatives. 


t^n/iAi 


XWy^- 


1K.)2— Com.  Perry's  expedition  to  Japan. 

18.'>2— First  National  Atrrieultural  Convention 
was  held  at  Washington,  D.  C,  June  24. 

1852— United  States  Mint  cs.tablished  at  San 
Franciso.  Cal.,  July  3. 

1852 — First  college  Iwat^race  rowed,  between 
Harvard  and  Yale  crews,  on  Lake  Win- 
nipiseogee,  N.  H.,  Aug.  3  —  Harvard 
winning. 

1852— John  P.  Hale,  of  N.  H.,  and  George  W. 
Julian,  of  Ind..  nominated  lor  Presi- 
dent and  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States,  Ijv  the  Free-Soil  Nationul  Con- 
vention, at  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  Aug.  12. 

1852— The  steamer  Atlantic  lost  on  Lake  Erie, 
with  250  lives,  Aug.  20. 

1852 — The  French  Empire  restored,  and  Louis 
Napoleon  proclaimed  Emperor,  Dec.  2. 

1852 — Great  Britain  subdued  the  Burman 
Empire,  in  India,  and  acquired  new 
territory  in  Pegu. 

1853— The  "Know-Nothing,"  or  "Native. 
Anieric.in,"  political  party  organized 
in  New  York. 

1853— The  Claims  Treaty  ^vith  Great  Britain 
concluded,  Feb.  8. 

1853— Washington  Ter.  organized.  Mar.  2. 

1853 — Dr.  Kane's  Arctic  expedition  sailed. 

1853 — Commencement  of  Crimean  war  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  Russia. 

1853 — The  World's  Fair,  in  New  York,  opened 
by  President  Pierce,  July  14. 


D,  indicates  Democrat;     "W^,  Whig;     R,  Republican;    .A.-lhI,  Anti-Mason;     A.,  Abolitionist;     X-A,  Native-American;     F-S,  Fi-ee-Soiler. 


SENATORS. 


Pi 

I  Hi 

1  «' 

I  Se 

I  SIi 

J*  Sii 


Adams.  Stephen D 

Atcliisoii,  David  R D 

Badger.  Geo.   E W 

Bayard.  James  A D 

Beil.  John W 

Berrien.  John  M W 

Borland.  Solon D 

Bradbury.  James  W..D 

Bright,  Je.sse  D D 

Brodhead.  Richard. ..D 

Brooke,  Walter — 

Butler.  Andrew  P D 

C.a.ss,  Lems D 

Catheart,  Chas.  W...D 
Charlton,  Rob't  M. . .  .— 
Chase,  Salmon  P...F-S 

Clarke.John  H W 

Clay.  Henry W 

Clemens.  Jeremiah . . .  D 

Cooper,  Jiime.s W 

Dayis.  John W 

Dawson.  William  C.  .W 
DeSau.ssure.  Wm.  F.  .— 

Dixon.  Archibald W 

Dodge,  Aug.  C D 

Dodge.  Henry D 

Douglas.  Stephen  A . .  D 
Downs.  Solomon  W..D 

Felch.  Alphens D 

Fish.  Hamilton W 

Fitzpatrick.  Benj D 

Foote.  Henry  S 1> 

Foot.  Solomon R 

Oeyer.  Henry  S — 

Gwin,  William  M D 

Hale,  John  P A 

Hamlin,  Hannibal D 

Houston,  Samuel D 

Hunter,  Rob't  M.T...D 

.lames.  Charles  T D 

Jones.Oeorgc  W I) 

Jones,  James  C W 

King.  William  R. ...D 

Mi-Rae.  John  I D 

Mallorv,  Stephen  R.  .D 
Mangum.  Willie  P...W 

Mason.  James  M D 

Meriwether,    David . . .  D 

Miller.  JacobW W 

Morton.  Jackson W 

Norris,  Moses D 

I*earce,  James  A D 

Petttt,  John D 

Phelps.  Samuel  S....W 

Pratt.  Thomas  O D 

Rhett.  U.  Barnwell.  .D 

Rusk.  Thomas  J D 

Sebastian.  Wm.  K...I) 
Seward.  William  H..W 

Shlelrls  James 1) 

Smith.  Truman R 


Tenn. 
Kv... 
N.  C. 

Del  .. 
Tenn. 
N.  J.. 
Va... 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
Pa.. 

s' c'.'. 

N.  H. 
Mad'a 
Ga. .. 
N.  H. 
N.  J.. 
Va... 
Ala.. 
.Md... 
Ma.ss . 
Ga. .. 
S.  C. 
N.  C. 
Mo... 
Ind.  . 
Vt.... 
Tenn. 
Mo. . . 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
Va. .. 
Vt..  . 
Md... 
Tenn. 
N.  H. 
Me. . . 
Va. .. 
Va... 
|R.  I.. 
Ind.  . 
Tenn. 
N.  C. 
Miss.. 
Tri'd. 
N.  C. 
Va... 
Ky... 
N.  J.. 
Va... 
N.  H. 
D.  C. . 
N.  Y'. 
Conn. 
D.  C. . 
S.  C. 
S.  C. 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Ire'd. 
t'onn. 


Dec.  18. 


Nov'.  19, 
Oct.    9, 


Jan. 19. 
Jan.  I'd, 


stau 

Repre-       Occupatioi 


Aug.  11. 
April  13, 
Nov.  13. 
Feb.  l.'). 
Aug.  23, 


Miss.. 

1807  Miss.. 
1795  N.  C. 
1799  Del.., 
I 797  Tenn 
1781  Ga... 

Ark., 

,  Me.., 


April  12, 
Dec.  28. 
Slay  8. 
Jan.  13, 
Jan.  4, 


April  2, 
Jan.  2. 
Out.  12, 
April  23, 

Sept,'  2«, 
Aug.  3. 
Juno3n, 
Sept.  211, 
Nov,  19, 


Oct.  9. 
Mar.  31. 
Aug.  27. 
Mar.  2. 
April  21, 


June  8, 
April  7, 


Nov. '3, 


Nov.  8, 
Dec.  14. 
July  24. 
May  13. 


1812  Ind 

Pa.  .. 

Miss.. 

1796  S.  C 
17,82  Mich. 

1809  Ind.  . 

1807  Ga.  . . 

1808  Ohio. 

1791  R.  I.. 
1777iKy... 
1814  Ala.  . 

1810  Pa..  . 
1787  Mass. 
1798  Ga.  . . 

1792  S.  C. 
1802  Kv... 

1812  Iowa. 
17H2  Wis.. 

1813  111.  .. 
18IJ1  Lou.  . 
Iftoi;  Mich. 
1«|)H  N.  Y  . 
1.^(12  Ala  .. 

I8li<)  Ml^^.. 
18112  \'t  ... 
1798  Mo... 
18(ra  Cal... 
180(1  N.  H. 

1809  Me. . . 

1793  Tex.. 
lS09;Va... 
1804'R.  I.. 

Iowa. 

18tli>  Tenn, 
178(i  Ala,  . 
Ml.sa.. 

1810  Kla... 

1792  N.  C. 
1798  Va... 

Ky... 

1802  N.  J.. 

Fla... 

171)9  N.  H, 
lam  Md... 
1807  Ind.  . 

1793  Vt 


Dec.'  24, 

jiay  |(i, 
Nov, '27, 


180,: 
18(K) 


Md,.. 

S.  C. 

Tex.  . 

Ark.. 

N.  Y. 
1810  111..  . 
1791iConn, 


Jurist 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Physician. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
La\vyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Soldier — 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawj'er. . . 
L.awyer. . . 
Physician. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Machinist. 
Lawyer... 
Agricul'st. 
Law.ver. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyei". . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Law.ver. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 


May  2.'i,  1857 
June  17.  1866 


May  II,  1857 
Jan.  26, 1886 
May  11,  1865 
June  13.  1880 
Sept.  10,  1869 
Jan.  1.  18.56 
Jan.  31.  1864 


May  20,  1875 
Sept.  17,1863 


Jan.  8, 
May    7, 


1854 
1873 
1870 
June  29,  1852 
May  25,  1865 
Mar.  1.  1863 
April  19. 1854 
May   5,    1856 


.tpril24,1876 
Nov.  20.  1883 
July  19.  1867 
June  3.  1861 
Aug.  14.  1854 


Nov.  21.  1869 
May  20.  1880 
Mar.  28,  1866 
Mar.  5,  1859 

N'ov'.'i8i'l'8'73 

j'u'l'y  '25,'  i'863 


Oct.    17,  1862 

Oct.'  '29.'  1859 
April  18, 1853 
May  30,  1868 
Nov,  i),  1873 
Sept,  14,  1861 
April  28, 18-1 

Se'pi,'26,'  'l'862 


Jan,  11. 
Dec.  20. 
Jime  17, 
Mar.  25, 
Nov,  », 
Sept.  14. 
July  29, 
May  20, 
Oct.  10, 
June   1, 


18.55 
1862 
1877 
18.55 
1869 
1870 
18.50 
1865 
1872 
1879 


SENATORS. 

Whprp 
Born. 

mien  Born. 

R*pre-  1   OceupBtion 
MnWd. 

When  Died. 

Soule.   Pierre 

D 

Fran.' I8OIIL0U.. 

Lawyer.. . 

Mar.  16,  1870 

Spruance.  Presley.. 
Stockton,  Rob't  P.. 

W 

Del...  1785|Del... 

Merchant. 

Feb.  13.  1863 

1) 

N.   J. 

1795jN.     J. 

N'v'lOBie'r 

Oct.    7.   1866 

Sumner.  Charles. . . 

..A 

Mass. 

Jan.   6.   1811  Ma.ss. 

Lawyer... 

Mar.  11.  1874 

Xoucev,  Isaac 

1) 

Conn. 

Nov.  5,  1796'Conn. 

Lawver. . . 

July  30. 1869 

iLTnderwood,  Jos,  R. 

.W 

Va. . . 

Oct.  24,  1791  Kv... 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  23.  1876 

Upham.  William... 

W 

M.ass. 

Aug.  — .  I792'Vl.  .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Jan.   14.  1853 

Wade,  Benj.  F 

K, 

Mass. 

Oct.   27,  18001  Ohio. 

Jurist 

Mar.   2,  1878 

..D 

.,D 

Wis.. 
Cal... 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Weller.  John  B 

Ohio. 

Aug.  7,  1875 

Whiteomb,  James.. 

..D 

Vt.... 

Dec.   i,    1791  llnd  .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Oct.   4,    1852 

Total  Senators,  TS.  Lawyers,  40.  Jurists,  16.  Varied,  4.  Occui)ation 
Unknown,  4.  Physicians,  S.  Merchants,  S.  Soldier,  1.  Machinist,  1. 
Agriculturist,!.  Naval  Officer,  1.  Foreign  Born  4:  Including  France,  1; 
Ireland,  1;  Madeira,  1:  Trinidad,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Whcco 
Born. 

WlicnBcrn. 

Stato 
Rcprr. 

senrp.t. 

Occupalio.i      1        Wl.,-i,  I»,t,l. 
1 

.w 

..D 

F-S 

Ga 

Ala... 
S.  C. 

Unknown. 

Agl-icul'st. 
Jui-ist 

1860 

Aiken,  William,... 

S.  C. . 

1806 

.\llen.  Charles 

Mass. 

Aug.    9,   1797 

Mass. 

Aug.   6,  1869 

.^Ueu.  Willis  .   . 

..D 
.W 

Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 

1807 

111.... 
Pa... 

Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 

April  7,  1859 

Allison,  John 

Aug.  5,    1812 

D 

Me... 

1814 

Me... 

April  30, 1852 

Appleton.  John 

.  D 

Mass. 

Feb.  11,  1815 

Me... 

Varied.... 

Aug.  22,  1864 

Applelun.  William. 

.W 

Mass. 

Nov.  16,  1786 

Mass. 

Val'ied 

Feb.  15,  1862 

..D 

,D 

N.  C. 
Va. . . 

N.  C. 
Va. .. 

Aveiett.  Thos    H,. 

Unknown. 

Babcock.  Leander 

..D 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Lawyer... 

Bailey,  David  J 

.1) 

Ga... 

Ga.,. 

Unknown. 

Barrere,  Nelson 

.W 

Ohio, 

Unknown. 

Bartlett,  Thomas. . 

..D 

Vt.  . . 

June  18, 1808 

Vt.  . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  8,   1876 

Bayley.  Thos,  H. . . 

..I> 

Va... 

Dec.  11,  1810 

Va.  . . 

Jurist 

June  23.  1856 

Beale.  James  M.  H. 

1) 

Va. .. 

Va... 

Unknown. 

.W 

.w 
Vw 

Vt.  . . 

Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Utah. 
Pa.  .. 

Unknown. 

Ilennelt.  H«'urv 

BernhiM-!  .I.ilui  ,M  . 

N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 

Sept.  29.  1808 

June  23, 1799 

1816 

Physician, 
Unknown. 

Bil>igli:iiis,  Th..^,  M 

Bis.sell.  Willinin  11. 

D 

N.  Y. 

April  25,  1811 

111.  .. 

Vai'ied 

Mar.  18,  1860 

Bocoek.  Thos.  s.... 

..1) 

Va... 

1810 

Va.  . , 

Lawyer... 

Bowie,  Richard  T. . 

.w 

D.O.. 

Juno  23, 1807 

Md... 

Lawyer. . . 

Bowne.  Obarliah... 

.W 

N.  Y. 

May  19,  1822 

N.  Y. 

Varied 

April27,1874 

Boyd.  John  II 

,w 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

July    1,    1868 

Boyd,   Linn 

,,D 

Tenn. 

Nov,  28,  1800 

Kv... 

Agricul'st. 

Dec.  16,  I8r>9 

D 

N.  (;. 

Ala... 

Jurist 

Breckenridgc.  Jno. 

M) 

Ky... 

Jan.  21,   1825 

Kv... 

Lawyer. .. 

May  17,  1875 

Brenton.  Samuel.. 

W 

Ky...  Nov.  22,  isin 

Ind.  . 

Clergym'n 

Mar.  29,  1857 

,W 

N.  Y.   Mav    rl.     IMIl-.K-.   V. 

Mfictiant. 

June  1.    1S69 

.w 

Me,..  Nov.  in.  181(1  N.  vLl.iurlinllst 

April  30. 1873 

Brown.  Albert  G... 

i> 

S.  C.   May  31,   1813, Miss.. 

Lawyer... 

Brown.  George  H.. 

.w 

N.J. .[, 

N.  J.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Buell.  Alexander  H 

I) 

N.  Y.  July  14,  I80I 

N.  Y. 

Merchant. 

Jon.  29,  1853 

Burrows.  Lorenzo. 

.w 

Conn 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

..D 

S.  C 

S.  C. 

Lawyer... 

BiihIiv.  George  H.. 

..D 

Pa...  July  10,  1704  Ohio. 

Varied.... 

<•ab.ll.  V,.  C 

Cable,, loseph 

.w 

.  n 

Va       !                   lHI7,l.'lii    . 

Planter... 

Ohio. 

Ohio. 

I'll  known. 

i;i':riii':sioNTA-i'ivKs  nw  tiil;  tiiikty-secoku  cokokess. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Ciild«fll.  Joseph  P..W 
Cuniplii'll,  Lewis  I).  .W 
Camiilifll,  Tlumipson.D 

OutT.i.  Diivid  K D 

^■;l^ki.•.  J..I111S I> 

CliiiiiilkT.  .lux.  U W 

t'hill'mjill,  Cliiis W 

Cll:iit<lMl,  Ellj.ill  W..I) 
c'lmnlnv.'U,  Win.  51.. U 

(.'liuk.  Lincoln L) 

Cli-lnt'iis.  SlieiTnrd...I> 
Clevflunil.  Chft'ne'y  F.D 
clmiiiiiuTi,  Tims.  L...— 

(■ Will,    n.  W D 

IMIr.ick.  William  F..— 

CuiiKfi'.  JaiiiLS  1 F-S 

CotMlian.  Josepll  S..W 

Culloin.  William W 

Curtis.  Carlton  B W 

naiii,-l,.liin.  It,  J D 

liarliv..l.iliii  F W 

llavis,  ilr..ig.-  T W 

Davis,  JoliM   fi D 

Dawsun.Julin  L 1> 

Dean,  Gilliei-t D 

Diinmick.  Milo  M D 

Disney,  David  T D 

DoduM-y.  Airied W 

Doty,  James  D D 

Duncan,  James  H....W 

Dunham,  Cvi'us  L D 

Duikee,  Charles.  ...F-S 

Eastman.  Benj.  C D 

ICdmnndson.  H.  A D 

Edi-enon,  ,\lfiedP...D 
Evans,  .\lexunder. ..  W 

Ewins.  Presley W 

Faulkner,  Chas.  J....D 

K.iv.  Fi.uieis  B W 

Fiekliii.  (irlando  B...D 

Filrh,  (Irahain  N D 

|.|..i.  lire.  Thos.    B....D 

F1<>\<1.  .l-jlin  G D 

Fowler.Orrin F-S 

Freeman,  John  D.... — 

Fuller.  Henry  M W 

Fuller,  Thos.  J.  D D 

O.aml'le,  James D 

flavl"nl.,Iani.'s  M — 

(leiinv,  .Meiiclith  P,W 
(liildint,-s,  Joshua  R. F-S 

Gilmoie,  Allred — 

Goodenow,  Rob't W 

Goodrich,  John  Z — 

Gorman,  Willis  A D 

Green,  Fred,  W D 

Giey,  Benj.E W 

Grow,  Galusha  A H 

Hall.  WillardP D 

HaiiuUi.n,  Wm,  T,,,,D 
lliuiiin.iiid.  Edward.. D 

Harper,  Alex W 

Hauls,  Isham  G D 

1I:li  1  is.  s.iinpson  W..D 

Hart,  ICmanuel  B D 

Hascall,  Aug.  P W 

Haven.  Solomon  G,.W 
Hawes.  J.  H.Hobart.W 
Hebard.  William,,,, W 
Hendricks,  Thoa.  A...D 

Hcnn.  Beinhart D 

Hihbard,   Harry D 

Hillver.  Junius D 

Holfaday.  Alex,  K D 

Hosford,  Jedediah,..W 
Houston,  George  S.  ..D 
Howard,  Volney  E..,D 

Howe,  John  W W 

Howe,  Thos,  M W 

Howe.  Thos.  Y T> 

Hunter.  William  F. .W 

luKer^oll,  Colin  M D 

Ives.  Willard D 

•lackson,  Joseph  W.  .D 

Jenkins,  Timothy D 

Johnson,  Andrew D 

Johnson,  Jas — 

Johnson,  John — 

Johnson,  Rob't  W D 

Jones,  Daniel  T D 

Jones,  Geo.  W D 

Jones,  J.  Glancy D 

King,  George  C W 

Kim.'.  Piest.in F-S 

Kuliiis,  J.iseph  H  ...W 
Kiiitz,  William  H,,,.D 
I.andiy,  J,  Aristide.W 

Lane,  Joseph D 

Letcher,  John D 

Little,  Edward  P  ....D 
Loekhait,  James D 

Mel'.ilkle,  Jos.  \V,.,,D 

MeIion:il.l,  Moses D 

Mrl.,,iiahan.  Jas,  X...D 
MeMnllen.  Fayette.  ..D 
Mi-Nair,  John D 


N.  C, 
Ohio. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 

Va... 
Mass, 
Conn. 
S.  ('.  , 
Tcnn. 
Mass. 
Va. . . 
Conn, 
N.  C. 
Tenn, 
S,  C. 
N.  J.. 
Md... 
Tenn 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Ky.,, 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Fa.  .. 
Md. . . 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 


N.  Y. 

Vt... 

Va.'."! 
X.  Y. 
Md... 
Ky... 
Va... 
Mass. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
N.  J.. 
Pa... 
Vt .  . . 
Pa... 
Ohi<.. 
N.  C. 
Pa.  . . 
Pa.  .. 
N.  H. 
Mass. 
Ky... 
Md... 
Ky... 
Conn. 
Va... 
Md... 
Md... 
Ire'd. 
Tenn. 
Ga. .. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Ga... 
Va. . . 
Vt.  .. 
Tenn. 
Me... 
N.  H. 
,Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Conn. 
N.  Y, 
Ga.  .. 
Mass. 

In.  c. 

N.  O. 
Ii-e'd, 
IKy... 
Conn, 
|Va... 
IPa.  .. 
R.  I.. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  . 
Pa.  . 
Lou. 
N.  C 
Va... 
Mass, 
N,  Y. 
Ohio. 
Me... 
Pa.  .. 
iVa... 
IPa.  ,. 


1808  N.  C. 
Aug.   a,  1811  Ohio. 

111... 

Ohio. 

|Va..  . 

1792, Pa... 

179a  Conn. 

....   iGa... 

Tenn. 

ISllO  Iowa. 

1«1!(!  Va. . . 

iTM  Conn. 
N.  C. 
Juno  8,  1807  Ala.  . 

S.C.. 

....IMich. 

!80a  Md... 
Tenn. 


June  H, 
April  28, ; 


Dee.  lU, 
Jan.  12, 
Oct.  10, 
Feb.  7, 


Aug.  18, 
Dec! '17,' 181  i 


1803 
1810 
IMIO 
1813 


1803 
1737 
1800 
1793 

'1805 


Dec.  11, 
Dec,  5, 
Dec!  "ui 


June  12, 
Dec.  1«, 
Dec.  7, 
Jan.  26, 


July  29,  1791 


.Tan.  3. 
Mar.  17, 


Oct.   6, 

,!lune'i6! 
Sept.  27, 
Jan.  12, 


Pa. 

N.  C. 

Mo... 

Mass. 

Ind.  . 

Pa.  ., 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

Ohio. 

N.  C. 

Wis.. 

Mass. 

Ind., 

Wis.. 

Wis.. 

Va... 

Ohio. 

Md... 

Ky... 
1806,  Va... 
1793  Mass. 
1808,111.  .. 
ISIOilnd.. 
1812  Pa... 

N.  Y. 

Mass. 

Miss  . 
1820  Pa... 
ISOS'Me... 

iPa..  . 

lOhio. 

ISlliTenn. 
179.1  Ohio. 

Pa.  . . 


I 


1800 
1801 
1816 


Aug.  31 
s'e'pt.'S, 


1823 


1820 


Feb.  23, 
Oct.  29, 


.1818 


Sept.   7, 


July   1. 
April  23, 


Dec.  10, 

jul'y'7,' 

Jaii!  '29, 
Dec.  29, 


M.ar,  15, 
Oct.    7, 


Me... 

Mass. 

Ind.  . 

Ohio. 

Ky... 

Pa.  .. 

Mo... 

Md... 

Md... 

Ohio, 

Tenn. 
18091 A  la... 
1811, N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 

In.  y. 

IN.  Y. 

!Vt.  .. 

1819  Ind.  . 
. .  Iowa. 

1816  N.  n. 

1807  Ga.  . . 

Va.  .. 

N.  Y. 

1811  Ala.  . 

Tex. . 

Pa... 

Pa.  .. 

N.  Y. 

1808  Ohio. 

1820  Conn. 
1806  N.  Y. 

Ga..  . 

1799  N.  Y. 
1808  Tenn. 
1811  Ga. .. 
1808  Ohio. 
1814  Ark.. 

N,  Y. 

1806  Tenn. 


1811 


Oct.  14,  1806 


Dec.  14, 
Mar.  29, 


Feb.  13, 
!April  's! 


1801 
1813 


Pa 

R.  I,. 
N,  Y, 
Pa,  . 
Pa.... 
Lou.. 
Ore.. 
Va... 


1788  Mass. 
1806  Ind.  , 

Cal.,, 

1815  Me,,, 
1809  Pa. .. 

iVa... 

1800,  Pa.  .. 


Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Miner 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Varied. .. . 
Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

.lurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer... 
Planter.. . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Merchant. 

Unknown, 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Vai'ied..   . 

Lawyer.. , 

Lawyer. .. 

Merchant. 

Lawyer, . . 

Phy.sicinn. 

Mechanic, 

Unknown, 

Clergy  in 'n 

Unknown, 

Lawyer,.. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer 

Varied. 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

iLawyer 

Lawy 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer.. . 

Lawyer. . . 

Merchant. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Jurist 

Law.vei'. .. 
Unknown. 
Law.yer. ., 
Ljiwyer, .. 
Unknown, 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Banker .. . 
Unknown 


Lawyer 
lAgrieul'st. 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . . 
Mechanic. 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st, 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Mechanic. 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. , . 

Vai'ied 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Varied. . . . 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown, 


Jan.  3, 
Dec!'?!  ' 
Dc3!'i6,' 
!viiB.'7! 


1869 
1880 
1869 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


BtatK 
11.,,,.. 

■rn'P.l, 


OcuT«tlon, 


1864 
!  'l'8'(53 


Juno  17, 
Jan.  18, 
Sept.  18, 
Oct.  12. 
Nov.  21, 
Mar.  14, 
Dec.  7, 
June  1 1 , 
Feb.  8, 
Oct,  15, 
Jan.  14, 
Feb.   5, 


.Sept.  27, 
Nov.  1, 
Oct.  6, 


1877 
1860 
1870 
1870 
1872 
1857 
1875 
1865 
1869 
IKiO 
1870 
18.56 


1854 
1884 
1876 


July  3, 
.Sept.'  '3, ' 
Dec.'  26! 


1875 

im-2 


1860 
1876 


1866 
1864 


April—,  1857 


Dec.  24. 
Oct.  22! 


1861 
1875 


July  27,  1872 


Jan.  14,  1875 


Sept.  20, 
Dee.  24, 
July  31, 


1854 
1859 
1875 


Mar.  24, 
July  17, 
Nov.  13, 


1877 
1870 
1865 


AprU  19, 1881 


Sept.  7, 
Oct.'  'I's! 


1869 
1864 


Aug.   7,  1861 


McQueen,  John D 

Mace,  Daniel D 

Mann,  Horace K-3 

Marshall,  Edward  C..-- 
Marshall,  Humphr'y.W 


N.  C. 
lohio.  .Sept. 


...D 


Martin.  Fred.  S. 

Mason,  John  C 

Meaehain,  James. 
Meade,  Uieh'd  K. . 

Miller.  John  G 

Millson.  John  S. .. 
Miner,  Ahinian  L. 

.Molonv.  Ulch'd  S D 

Moore.  Henry   B W 

Moore,  John W 

Morehead,  Jas.  T. 
Morrison.  John  A. 
Murphy,  Charles. 

Murray,  William D 

Rlabers,  BenJ.  D — 

Newton,  Eben W 

Olds,  Edson  B D 

Orr,  .lames  L D 

Outlaw,  David W 

Parker,  Andrew D 

Parker,  Sam'l  W W 

Peaslee,  Chas.  H D 

Penn,  Alex.  G D 

Penniinan,  Eben.  J..W 

Perkins,  Jared W 

Phelps,  Johns D 

Polk,  William  H D 

Porter.  Gilchrist W 

Powell,  I'nulus I) 

Preston,  William. ...W 

Price.  R<.dmanM D 

Rantoul.  Robert D 

Reed,  Isaac W 

Richardson.  Wm.  A..D 

Riddle,  George  R D 

Robbins.  John D 

Rohie.  Reuben D 

Robinson,  John  L I) 

Ross.  Thomas  D 

Russell  Joseph D 

Sabin,     Lorenzo W 

Sackett,  William  A,.W 

St.  Martin,  Louis — 

Savage,  JohuH D 

Sehermerhorn,  A.  M.W 
Schoolcraft,  Jno,  L,,W 
Schoonmaker,  Mar's. W 

Scudder,  Zeno W 

Scurry,  Richardson,  ,- 

Seymour,  David  L D 

Seymour,  Origen  S. .  .D 

Sibley,  Henry  H  — 

Skelton,  Chai-Ies D 

Smart,  Eph.  K D 

Smith,  Win.  R W 

Snow,  William  W....D 
Stanley,  Edward.... W 
Stanton,  Benjamin,. W 


Muss 
[Ky.. 
JKy,, 
IVl.. 

Ky.. 

iVt.. 
IVa.. 
Ky. 


May    4, 


Jan.   13. 
April  25, 


I«|H 
1811 
17911 

'  i's'i'i 

1794 


Stanton,  Fred.  P. 
Stanton.  Rich'd  H.. 

Stephens,  A.  P 

Stephens,  .\lex.  H... 
Stevens.   Thaddeus. 

Stone.  J.ames  W 

Stratton,  Nathan  T. 
Strolher,  James  S. 

Stuart.  Chas.  E 

Sutherland.  Josiah. 
Sweetser.  Charles  . 
Taylor,  John  L. . . 
Thompson.  Benj. . . 
Thompson.  Geo.  W, 
Thurston,  Benj.  B. . 

Toombs.  Robert D 

Townshend.  Norton  S.  D 

Tuck,  Amos F  S 

"Venable,  Abr'ni  W..D 
■W.albridge.  H.  S.  "" 
Wall.ace.  Daniel... 
Walsh.  Thos.  Y..., 
Ward,  William  T. . 
Washburn.  Israel  . 
Watkins.  .ilbert  G. 
Weightnian,  R.  H. 

■\Veloh,  .John W 

Wells,  John W 

■White,  Addison w 

White,  Alexander. ..W 

Wilcox,  John  A W 

"Wildrick,  Isaac D 

Williams.  Chris.  H..W 
Woodward.  Jos.  A. ...  D 
Xates.    Richard W 


.D 
.D 
..W 
..D 
..D 
..D 
.W 
.W 
.D 
D 


.W 


..w 

...D 


S.  C. 
Ind  ,. 
Mans. 
Cal... 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Vt.  .. 
Va... 
Mo... 


Va... 

Oct.    1,    1808  Va... 

Vt 

Vt.  .. 
III.... 

N.  H. 



N.  Y. 

Apriiib,  I's'lTIPa.  .. 

Va... 

1788 

Lou.. 
N.  C. 

N.  C. 

Pa..  . 

IPa... 

S.  C. 

jGa... 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Tenn. 
Conn. 

Hiss.. 

Oct.  18,   1795 

Ohio, 

Vt.... 

Ohio. 

S.  C. 

May  12,  i'822 

S.  C, . 

N.  C. 

n.  c. 

Pa.  .. 

Pa.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Sept.  9,  1805 
Feb.  C,  1801 

Ind.  . 

N.  H. 

N.  H. 

Va... 

Lou.. 

N.  Y. 

Mieh. 

N.  H. 

N.  11. 

Dec.  22,  mi 

Mo... 

Tenn. 

May -24,   1H15 

Tenn. 

Va... 

Mo... 

Va... 

Va... 

Ky... 

Oct.  10,   1816 

Ky... 

N.J.. 

Nov,    5,   1816 

N.  J. . 

Ma.ss. 

Aug.  13, 1805 

Ma.ss. 

Me... 

1810  Me... 

Kv... 

Jan.  16,    1811  III.  .. 

Del. 

.  1817 

Del... 
Pa.  .. 

Pa... 

Vt.  .. 

-:n.  y. 

Ky... 

Ilnd.. 

Pa... 

!Pa..  . 

N.  V. 

N.  Y. 

N.  H. 

Feb.  28,  ISOSlMass. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Tenn. 

N.  Y. 

N.Y.. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 
Mass. 

N.  Y. 

Aug.  18,  1807 

Mass. 

Tenn. 

.   .  . 

Tex.  . 

Conn. 

Dee.   2,    1803 

N.  Y. 

Conn. 

Feb.  9,    1804 

Conn. 

Mich. 

Feb.  — ,  1811 

Wis., 

Pa... 

N,  J.. 

1813 

Me... 

Ala.  . 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

N.  C. 

N.  C. 

Ohio. 

June  4,  1809 

Ohio. 

D.  C 

Tenn. 

Va. . . 

Sept.  9,  1812 

Ky... 

N.  Y.. 

N.  Y. 

Ga. .. 

Feb.  11.  1812!Ga... 

Vt.... 

April  4,  1792  Pa,  .. 

Ky 

I8I3IKV... 

N.  J.. 

N.  J. . 

Va. . . 

Sept.  4.  1811 

Va... 

N.  Y. 

Nov.  25,  1810 

Mich. 

N.  Y. 

N    Y. 

Vt..  . 

Ohio. 

Va. . . 

Mar.  7,    1805 

Ohio. 

Mass. 

Aug.  5,   1798 

Mass. 

Ohio. 
R.  I.. 

.  1806 

Va. . . 

June  29,  1804 

R.  I.. 

Ga... 

July  2,    1810 

Ga... 

Ohio. 

Me...' 

N.  H. 

Va...  Oct.  17,   1799 

N.  C. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

S.  C. . 

S.  C. 

Md.  . 

Md... 

Ky... 

Ky... 

Me... 

June  6,  1813 

Me... 

Tenn. 

May  5,    1818 

Tenn. 

.Md... 

. 

N.  M. 

Ohio. 

Oct.  28,   is05'ohio. 

N.  Y. 

In.  y. 

Kv,    . 

|Ky... 

Tenn. 

Oct.  16,   1810'Ala.. 

N.  C. 

.^prlUS,  1819;Miss.. 

N.  J.. 

N.  J.. 

Tenn. 

Tenn. 

S.  C. 

S.  C. . 

Ky... 

Jan.  18,  IS18 

111.    . 

Lawyer. .. 
Vuil)-d.... 
Unknown. 
ViirfeU.... 

Varied 

t' 11  know  II. 
CUTKynrn 
Liiwyvr... 
L'nhnown. 
Liiwyer., . 
Unknown. 
I'll  yxic  fun. 
Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

.Jurist 

I'lijuiclan. 
VHriud.... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Voried.... 
Merctinnt. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown, 
jl.awyer... 

|\'aried 

.Lawyer... 
iMcrcliant, 
.Lawyer.. , 
Varied..., 
Maii'faet'r 
Unknown, 
Unknown, 
Unknown. 
Unknown, 
Mere  linn  t. 
Unknown 
Unknown, 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
La'wyer... 
Law.\er.. . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Laivyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unkiiiiwn. 
Lawyer... 
Mercli.'int. 
Lawyer.. . 
Merchant. 
Lawytr... 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
La'wyer. , , ' 
Lawj'er. . . 
UnknowTi. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Un  known- 
La  wytT... 


Aug.  30, 
July  »!. 
AU(?.  -2. 


Mar.  28,  I8TJ 


Au(r.22, 
April  20. 
May  II. 
Feb.  2fl, 


Juno  17, 1867 


Jan.  24, 
May    C, 


Sept.  20. 
May   8, 


18«J7 
IWt7 


IKW 
1873 


1869 
1873 


184m 
1866 


Oct.  14, 
Dec.*  16, 


18&4 
1*862 


Aug.  7.  1852 


Dec.  27. 
Mar.  29, 


1875 
1867 


Mar.  21, 

April  14 


Aug.  22 

May  11, 


1860 

1877 


1855 
1860 


June2«,  1857 


Oct.  II. 
Aug.  12. 


1867 
1881 


July  26,  1872 


Mar.  4. 
Aug.  1 1 . 

Oct.  la, 


1883 
1R68 
1&54 


Sept.  21,  1860 


Sept.  G. 
Sept.  24, 


1870 
1852 


Feb.  24,  1876 


May   12,  1883 


Feb.  7,    1SG4 


Nov. 


.  1873 


Total  Representatives.  243.  Lawyers,  91.  Occupation  Unknown,  81. 
Varied,  28.  Merchants,  12.  Jurist.^.  lO.  Agriculturists,  5.  Physicians, 
4.  Clergymen.  3-  Slechanics.  3.  Planters,  2.  Journalist,  1.  Banker, 
1.  Miner,  1.  Manufactiirer.  1.  Foreign  Bom.  3:  Including  Ireland,  2; 
England,  1. 


5011 


TIIIUTV-THIRD    CONGRESS,    AJJD    LEADING    EVENTS    OF    THE    TIME. 


Thirty-third  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1853  to  1855. 


1853- 


1S53— The  Anti-Catholic  lectures  oi  Gavazzi. 
at  Montreal  and  Quebec,  Can.,  occasion 
great  riots,  wliich  were  suppressed 
only  by  military  interference.  June  6-9. 

1853— At  Cuinana.  Vf-nezuela.  S.  A.,  an  earth- 
quake killed  600  persons,  July  15. 

1853— Paper  collars,  for  men.  first  appeared 
in  use  ill  New  York  City. 

1853— Nearly  15,000  Jives  were  destroyed  by 
yellow  fever  at  New  Orleans  and  other 
cities  along  the  Southern  coast. 
-Walker's  ••filibustering"  expedition 
departs  from  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  to 
capture  Me.vico,  in  October. 

1853— Extradition  treaties  signed  with  Bava- 
ria I  Sept.  12 1,  Wurtemberg  (Oct.  13). 
and  Meeklenburff  (Nov.  26). 

1854— Loss  of  the  steamer  San  Francisco,  at 
sea,  with  240  United  States  soldiers, 
Jan.  5. 

1854— The  Astor  Library,  in  New  York  City, 
was  opened  with  70,tKX)  volumes,  Jan.  9. 

1854— The  steamship  Glasgow,  on  the  voyage 
from  Liverpool  to  Philadelphia,  lost  at 
sea,  with  480  lives. 

1854— Republican  party  organized  in  Wiscon- 
sin, Mar.  20. 

1854 — Commercial  treaty  between  the  United 
States  and  Japan  signed.  Mar.  31. 

1854— Return  of  Walker,  the  Mexican  "fili- 
buster "  to  Califoraia,  May  15.  He  sur- 
renders to  the  U.  S.  Government,  is 
tried  and  acquitted. 


-^^•^iCiSiS^^^Ocjiaria^ 


Franklin  Pierce,  14th  President. 

Wm.  R.  King-,  of  Ala..  Vice-Presidt-nt.  David  R. 
Atchison,  of  Mo.;  Lewis  Cass,  of  Mich.,  and  Jesse  D. 
Bright,  of  Ind.,  Presidents  of  the  Senate  and  Acting 
Vice-Presidents.  Wm.  L.  Marcy,  of  N.  Y.,  Sec'y  of 
State.  Jas.  Guthrie,  of  Ky.,  Sec'y  of  Treas.  Jefferson 
Davis,  of  Miss.,  Sec'y  of  War.  Jas.  C-  Dobbin,  of  N.  C. 
Set'y  of  Navy.  Rob't  McClelland,  of  Mich.,  Sec'y  of 
Interior.  Jas.  Campbell,  of  Pa.,  Postmaster  General. 
Caleb  Gushing,  of  Mass..  Attorney-General.  Linn  Boyd, 
of  Ky.,  Speaker  of  House  of  Representatives. 


'-^^''T£i2i^^#3;zj3TA^ 


1854 — Two  new  Territories— Kansas  ami  Ne- 
braska—added to  the  Union,  May  30. 

1854— The  Reciprocity  Treaty  with  Canada 
concluded. 

1854 — Grevtown.  Nicaragua,  bombarded  by 
Coiiimodore  Holiins,  lor  indignities  to 
the  United  States.  July  13. 

1854— Battle  of  Balaklava,  in  the  Crimea- 
Russians  defeated  by  the  Englt&h  and 
their  allies,  Oct.  25. 

1855— Walker's  second  "  filibustering"  expe- 
dition to  Nicaragua,  May  4. 

1855— The  World's  Exposition  at  Paris, 
France,  opened,  May  15. 

1855  — The  Native-American  political  party— 
the  '•  Know-Nothings"— disrupted. 

1855— General  Harney  chastises  the  Sioux 
Indians  in  the  far  west. 

1855— Serious  troubles  in  Kansas  over  the 
slavery  question. 

1855— The  British  Minister  at  Waishington, 
and  the  Briti.-^h  Consuls  at  New  York 
and  Cincinnati,  dismissed  by  the  Unit- 
ed States  Government  for  sanctioning 
enlistments  in  this  country  for  the 
Crimean  War. 

1855— Railroad  from  Panama  to  Aspinwall, 
on  the  Isthmus,  opened,  Jan.  28. 

1855— Granada,  Nicaragua,  captured  by 
Walker's  **  filibusters."  t)ct.  13.  He 
established  a  government  there. 

1855— Battle  of  Sevastopol.  Russia.  Sept.  5-9. 
Russians  evacuated  the  fortress,  Sept.  9. 


D,  Indicates  Democrat;    "W,  Whig;    S,  Republican;    A,  Abolitionist;    N-A,  Native-American;    F-S,  Free-Soiler. 


SENATORS. 

Where 
Born. 

WbenCorn. 

Slate 
Sented. 

Occup&tioD. 

When  Died. 

Adams.  Stephen... 

D 

Tenn. 

Miss.. 

Jurist 

May  11,  1857 

Allen.  Philip 

D 

R.  I.. 

Sept.    1,    1785 

R.  I.. 

Varied 

Atchison.  David  R.. 

l> 

Ky... 

Aug.  11,  1807 

Mo... 

Jurist 

..1) 

N    H 

July  4.    18CH 

N.  H. 

Lawyer. ; . 

Nov.  15,  1853 

Badljei-,  Geo.   E 

W 

N.  C. 

April  1.3,  1795 

N.  C. 

Jurist 

May  11.  1865 

1) 

Del.. 

Nov.  l.'i,  1799 

Del  .. 

Lawyer. . . 

June  13.  1880 

Bell.  John 

W 

Tenn. 

Feb.  15,   1797 

Tenn. 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  10,  1869 

Benjamin.  Judah  P. 

w 

W.  I. 

1812 

Lou.. 

Lawyer. . . 

May    7,   1884 

Brainerd.  Lawr'nce 

f-S 
D 

N.  y. 

Dec. 18,  1812 

Ind.  . 

Lawyer. . . 

May  20,  1875 

Brodhead.  Richard. 

1) 

Pa.  .. 

Pa..  . 

Unknown. 

Sept. 17,1863 

Blown,  Albeit  G... 

D 

S.  C. 

May  31,  1813 

Miss.. 

Jurist 

D 

S,  C. 

Nov.  19,  1796 

S.  C. 

Jurist 

Moy  25,  1857 

Cass,  Lewis 

l> 

N.  H. 

Oct.     9,   1782 

Slich. 

Lawyer... 

June  17,1866 

K-S 

N.  H. 

Jan.  13,    1808 

Ohio. 

Jurist 

May    7,    1873 

Clay.  Clement  C 

Clayton.  .John  M 

D 

.W 

1819 

Ala.  . 
Del... 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Jan.    3.   1882 

Del  .. 

July  24,   1796 

Nov.  9,    1856 

Cooper,  James 

vv 

Md... 

May  8,    1810 

Pa.  .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Mar.    1,    1863 

nawson.  William  C.W 

Ga. .. 

Jan.  4.    1798 

Ga... 

Lawyer. . . 

May  5,    1856 

Dixon.  Ai-chibald... 

w 

N.  C. 

April  2,  1802 

Kv... 

Lawyer... 

April  24,  1876 

Dodtrc,  Aug.  C 

1) 

Mo... 

Jan.    2.    1812 

Iowa. 

Unknown. 

Dodge.  Henry 

..1) 

Ind.  . 

Oct.    12.  1782, Wis..  Soldier.... 

Douglas.  Stephen  A 

.1) 

Vt.... 

April2:l,  ls|:i  111.    ..  .hinst 

II 

S.  C. 

Nov.  27.  17M-.  S,  t'..  Jiiri>t 

Evei-ett,  Edwaril. . . 

W 

Mass. 

April  1 1 .  1 794  -Ma^s. ,  Clt.rgvin'n 

Jan.   15,  1865 

Fesseiiden,  Wm.  P. 

R 

N.  H. 

Oct.  l(i,  180<5Me... 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  8,  1869 

W 

N.  Y. 

Aug.  3.    1808lN.  Y. 

Lawyer... 

,  D 

Ga.  .. 

June  30,  1802 

Ala... 

Varied.... 

Nov.  21,  1869 

R 

Vt..  . 

Not.  19,  1802 

Vt.  .. 

Lawyer... 

Mar.  28.  1866 

Geyer.  Henry  S 

Md... 

1798 

Md... 

Lawyer... 

Mar.  5,  1859 

Gillette.  Francis... 

F,S 

Conn. 

Conn. 

Lawyer. . . 

Owin.  William  M... 

D 

Tenn. 

Oct.    9.    1805 

Cal... 

Physician. 

I) 

Me... 

Aug.  27.   IHOOiMe. .. 

Lawyer. . . 

D 

Va. .. 

Miir.   2.     I7MH  Texas;Lawyer... 

July  25,  1863 

Hiint.-r,  Uob't  >1.T. 

T> 

Va. . . 

April21,  18119, Va..  .Lawyer... 

n 

R.  I.. 

1804IR.  I.I  Machinist. 

Oct.    17,  1862 

.I.>hn»on.  Rob't  W.. 

..D 

KV... 

1814  Ark.. 

Lavryer. . . 

I) 

Ind.  . 

Iowa. 

Lawyer. . . 

w 

Tenn. 

June  8,  18(».Tenn. 

Agrlcul'st. 

Oct.  29,  18.59 

Mallorv.  Stephen  1 

D 

Trl'd. 

1810 

Fla... 

Lawyer, . . 

Mason.  Jamen  M. .. 

D 

Va... 

Nov.  3,   1796 

Va... 

Lawyer. .. 

W 

Va 

Fla... 

Merchant. 

D 

N.  H. 

Nov.    8,    1799 

N.  H.;Lawver... 

Jan.  11,  18.55 

n 

D.C.. 

Dec    14,   IHII.-. 

Md... 

Lawyer... 

Pfttit,   .lohn 

I) 

N.  y. 

July  21.    18117 

Ind.  . 

Lawyer... 

June  17,  1877 

Phelps,  Samuel  S. . 

w 

Conn. 

May  13,  1791; 

Vt.... 

Jurist 

Mar.  25.  1855 

Pratt.  Thomai*  G. . 

D 

D.C.. 

180.-)  Md... 

Lawyer. . . 

Rehl,  Davids 

D 

N.  C. 

April  19.1813  N.  C. 

Lawyer... 

Rockwell.  Julius... 

W 

Conn. 

April26, 180.jMass. 

Lawyer... 

D 

S.  C. 

Texiu 

Jurist 

Sebastian    Wm.  K 

..D 

Tenn. 

Ark.. 

Jurist 

May  20.  1865 

Seward,  William  H 

W 

N.  y. 

May  10,  1801  N.  Y. 

Lawyer. .. 

(let.    10,  1872 

..D 

Ire'd. 

1810  111.. 

Jurist 

Slldell,  John 

1) 

N.  Y. 

1793  Lou.. 

Lawyer... 

July  29,  1871 

Smith.  Ti-nman 

..R 

.D 

Conn. 
N.  y. 

Nov.  27.  1791  Conn 
Nov.  2.->.  1810  Mich. 

Lawyer... 

K-S 

Ma»8. 

.Ian.   n.    1811  Mass. 

Lawyer. . . 

Mar.  ii,  1874 

Thoini.w.n,  Jol.n    B.W 
ThoTii  on    .lolin    R,    ..1) 

Ky... 

181f 

Ky... 
N.  J.. 

Lawyer. . , 
Merchant. 

Jan.    7,  1874 

Pa.  .. 

Sept.  .•>,  I80f 

Sept.  12. 1802 

1) 

Ga... 

July    2,  IHIOGa... 

Lawyer... 

Touccy,  Isaac 

..D 

Conn. 

Nov.  0,  1791) 

tNiiin 

Lawyer... 

SENATORS. 


Wade.  Benj.  F R 

Walker.  Isaac  P D 

Weller.  John  B D 

Wells,  John  S — 

Williams,  Jared  W.  ..D 

Wilson,  Henry F-S 

Wright,  William D 


Ohio. 
N.  H. 

N.  H. 
N.  H. 
N.  y. 


Oct.  27,  1800 


Feb.  16,  1812 
1794 


Sute 

Repre.      Occupatio 


Ohio.lLawyer... 
Wis. .  Unknown. 
Cal.. .  Unknown. 
N.  H.JLawyer... 
N.  H.  jLawyer. .. 
Mass.  iMechanic. 
N.  J. .  IMechanic. 


Mar.  2, 

1878 

Aug.  7, 

1875 

1860 

Sept.  29 

1864 

Nov.  22 

1875 

Nov.    1. 

1866 

Total  Senators,  68.  Lawyers,  38.  Jurists,  14.  Occupation  Unkno\vn, 
S.  Merchants,  SS  Mechanics,  S.  Varied,  8.  Agriculturist,!.  Physician, 
1.  Soldier,!.  Clergyman,!.  Machinist,!.  Foreign  Born  3:  Including 
Trinidad,  1;  West  Indies,  1;  Ireland,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Abercrombie.  Jas.  ..W 

Aiken,  William D 

Allen,  James  O D 

Allen.  Willis D 

Appleton.  William.  ..W 

Ashe.  William  S D 

Bailey.  David  J D 

Ball,  Edward W 

Banks.  N.  P I) 

Barksdale,  Wm D 

Barry,  Wm.  T.  S D 

Bayley,  Thns.  H 1) 

Beicher.  Nathan D 

Bell.  Peter  H D 

Bennetl.  Henry W 

Benson.  Samuel  P...W 

Benton,  Thomas  H D 

Bernhi-el.  John  M — 

Bissell.  William  H....D 

Bliss.  George D 

Bocock.Thos,  S D 

Boycc,  Wm.  W D 

Boyd.   Linn D 

Bivckenriilge.  Jno.  CD 

Bridges.  Sam'l  A D 

Bristow,  Francis  M..W 

Brooks  Preston  S D 

Bugg.  Robert  M — 

Campbell.  Lewis  D..W 

Carpenter.  Davis W 

Caruthers.  Samuel.. W 

Caskie.  John  S, D 

Chamberlain,  E.  M...D 

Chandler.  Joa.  R W 

Chase.  George  W W 

Chastnln.  Klljah  W..D 

Chilsman.  Jas.  .S D 

Churehwell   Wm.  M..D 
Clark,  Samuel ...... .  I) 

Cllngnmn.  Thos.  L. ..— 

Cc.bh.  Will.  R.  W D 

roliiiiitt.  Alfre.l  H....D 


Where 
Born 

When  Bern. 

Stale 
Kepre. 

— "■ 

When  Died. 

Ga 

,Ma.  . 
S.  c. 

Unknown. 
Agricul'st. 

S.  C. 

1806 

Ky... 

Jan.  28.  1823 

111.  .. 

Lawyer. ., 

Tenn. 

181.17 

111. .. 

Varied 

April  7,  1H59 

Mass. 

Nov.  16.  1786 

Mass 

Varied.... 

Feb.  15,  1862 

N     C. 

N,   C. 

Lawyer... 

Ga... 
Ohio 
Ma.ss. 

Va... 

Mass. 

Jan.  30.  1816 

Varied.... 

Tenn.  Aug.  21,  1821 'Miss.. 

Varied 

July  2,    1863 

Miss..  Dec.  12.  1821  Miss.. 

Lawyer... 

Jan.  29.    1868 

Va.  ..  'Dec.    11,  IHlu 

Va.  . . 

Jurist 

June  23.  1856 

Conn.  June  23.  1813 

Conn. 

Varied 

Va... 

Texas 

Lawyer. . . 

N.  Y. 

Sept.  29, 1808 

N.  Y. 

Law  yer. . . 

Me... 

Me... 

Lawyer.. . 

Aug.  12.  1876 

N.  C. 

Mar.  14.  17,82 

Mo... 

Lawyer... 

April  10, 1858 

Pa.  .. 

June  2.1.  771111 

Utali, 

Pl.Ysiclim. 

N.  Y. 

Apiil25.  ISII 

Til.  .. 

Varied.... 

Mar.  18,  I860 

Vt . . . 

Jan.    1,    18l:i'obio. 

Jurist 

Va... 

1815  Va... 

Lawyer... 

R.  C. 

Oct.  24.    1819  R.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

Tenn. 

Nov.  28.  1800  Kv.  . . 

Agricul'st. 

Pec.  IB,   )H59 

Ky...!.Ian.21.   1825  Ky... 

Lawyer... 

May  17,   1875 

Conn.  Jan.  27,  1802  Pa.  .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Kv... 

Aug.  11.  1804  Ky... 

Varied.... 

June  \6, 1864 

8.0, 

Aug.  10,  1819  S.  C. . 

Varied....  Jan.  27,  1857 

Tenn 
Ohio. 

ITenn. 

Aug.   9,  18U  Ohio. 

Varied..., 

N.  H. 

Dec.  25,  1799 

N.  Y. 

Physician. 

Mo... 

Oct.   13,  1820 

Mo. . . 

Lawyer... 

.Inly  20,  1860 

Va... 

Va... 

Jurist... 

Dec.   16.  1869 

Me... 

Aug.  20,  1805 

Ind.  . 

Varied... 

Pa.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Varied 

1880 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 

May    1,    181*7 

S.  C. 

Ga... 

£>•  • 

Tenn. 
Mich. 
N.  C. 
Ala.  . 

Unknown. 

Tenn.'.'!!!.'.*!!*.*.!!.. 

N.  Y 

N.C 

Tenn.  Juno  8,  1807 

Unknown 
Unknown. 

Oct.    2,    1870 

Varied.".; 

Nov.  — ,  1864 

Ga... 

! 1823 

Ua..  . 

Unknown. 

^^S 


\|:(>- 


T- 


EEPRESENTATIVES    OK    TIIK    Tlllli  TV-ri:;  l;l  i    CONGRESS. 


501 


REPRESENTATIVES.  jj"  ^V),„,llor„,  lUprr.       Ocoupation.  Wl,„„W,,l, 


Cook,  John  P W 

Corwm,  Moses  It W 

Cox.  Leonilii- M \V 

Crait'f.  liiiitoii 1) 

Ciocktr,  SaiiiiRl    L..W 

CulloTii,  Willi. LIll W 

CilliipiiJiLK.TIi..s.  W...1) 

I'liitis.i'iultuii  B W 

CiiCliTi;.-,  H'n.iii'is  I). ..I) 

IJinis.Joliii    li 1) 

Ilavis.TlLonms I) 

Diiwsoii,  John  L 1> 

Ilcaii,  (iilbert I) 

IliTlt.  Win.  11.  W 1) 

DrWin,  .Vlcxuiider.N-.-V 

Dili;.  .F,.lili W 

1)1,  kin, CO,  F.dw'd W 

Disni'V.  IJiivid  T I> 

Dowaell.Jus.  F I) 

Drum,  AiiKustus U 

Dunbar,  William D 

DunhiUH.  I'viiis  h D 

,  JU-iij.  C....D 

II., in D 

,  AllieilP...D 

,  J,  Wiley.  .W 

Edinun(l.ion,  Henry  A.D 

Eliot,  Tlioina-^  D — 

Klliotl.  J..I111  M D 

Ulll.sun,  Aii.liru- D 

Enjtlish,  Wi...  H D 

Ethel  idi^.\  lOiiierson.AV 
Everhartt,   William, W 


E.l.ly,  N,. 
Edfe'ert.m 
Edmanl., 


Ewing.  r 
Farley,  E,  Wiidei-.. 
Faulknei-.  Clias,  J.. 
Fenton.  Keuben  E. 

Flagler,  Thus.  T 

Florence,  Thos.  It.. 
Franklin.  John  R. . . 
Fuller,  Thos.  J.  D... 
<Julki,-"».  Jose  M... 
(lainl.lc,  J 


D 
W 
.D 
.0 
,D 
(li.liliiiirs..lo-l.ii.ilt,l"-S 

(ioo.l...  Will. .11.1  O 1) 

lioo.lrii-l.,  J.il.nZ,,..W 
Ooodwin,  Henry  C  ..K 

Gi-een.Fred.  W D 

Green"  ood,  Alf.  B. ..D 

Grey,  BenJ.  E W 

Grow,  Galu.sha  A R 

Hamilton.  Win.  T D 

Harlan,  .\aron W 

Harlan,  Andrew  J D 

Harris,  Sampson  W..D 

Harris,  Wiley  I' D 

Harrison,  John  S....W 

Hastings',  George D 

Haven,  Solomon  G.  .W 
Hendricks.  Thos.  A.,.D 

Henn.  Bei-nhart D 

Hibbard,   Harr.v D 

Hiester,  Isaac  E W 

Hill,  Clements D 

Hillyer,  Junius D 

Houston,  George  S. . ,  D 

Howe.  Thos.  M W 

Hughes.    Charles D 

Hunt,  Theo.U.io(;...W 

Ingersoll,  Colin  M D 

cjohnson,  Harvey  II.  .D 

Jones,  Daniel  T li 

Jones,  Geo.  W D 

Jones,  J.  Glancy 1> 

Jones,  Roland D 

Kerr,  John W 

Kidwell,  ZedekiaU D 

Keitt,  L.  M D 

Kittredge,  Geo.  W....D 

Knox,  James W 

Kurtz,  William  H D 

L.amb.  Alfred  W D 

Lancaster,  Columbia. — 

Lane,  James  H D 

Lane,  Joseph D 

Latham,  Milton  S D 

Letcher,  John D 

Lewis,  Charles  S D 

Lilly,  Samuel D 

Lindley,  James  J, . .  W 

Llndsley,  Wm.  D D 

Lyon,  Caleb — 

Mcculloch,  John.... W 

McDonald,  Moses D 

McDougall,  Jas.  A D 

McMuUen.  Fayette. ..D 

lilcXair,  John D 

JIcQucen,  John D 

Mace,  Daniel D 

Macy,  John  B D 

Matteson,0.  It W 

Maurice.  James D 

May,  Henry D 

Jlayall.  Samuel D 

Maxwell,  Aug.  E D 

Meacham,  James W 


N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Va. .  . 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Ire'd. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
Mass. 
Pa..  . 
Mass. 
Md... 
Ga... 
Pa... 


^^.  Y. 

X.'  y'. 

N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Va... 
Mass. 
Va... 
Ire'd. 
Ind.. 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Mo 


Va... 
N,  Y 


Pa.  . 
.Md. . 
Vt.  . 
N.  M 
Pa.  . 
Pa.. 
Va... 
Mass . 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
Ga. . . 
Ky. . . 
Conn 
Md... 
Ohio. 
Ohio . 
Ga. . . 
Miss.. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Pa... 
Ky... 
Ga... 
Tenn, 
Vt.  .. 
Ga,.. 
S.  C. 
Conn. 
Vt . . . 
Conn. 
Va. . . 
Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 
K.  C. 
Va... 
S.  C. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 


Ind.  . 
N.  O. 
Ohio. 
Va.  .. 
Va. .. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Ohio. 


Y. 

Y. 
D.C.. 
Me... 
Ga... 
Vt.  .. 


Mar.  13,  mil 
Mai-.  31 ,  1804 


Deo.  17,  IHll 

l«l).'i 

Oct.   10,  1810 

Feb."?, 'i'sii 


April  2,  1708 


Jan.    1,  18li:i 

18f« 

,N"ov.  26,  1818 


Mar.   1,   1800  Mass, 


Mar.  20,  1808 
May  16,  1820^ 


Aug.  27,  1822 
Sept.  28,  1819 


1818 

1806 

July   1,    1819 


Jan.  26,  IM12 
May  6,  1820 
Mar.  17,  180s 
Nov.  14,  1815 


Oct.  6,  nsn 
Sept.  16,1798 
Sept.  27,  1801 
June  25,  1824 


July  11,  1811 


Iowa. 
Ohio , 
Ky... 

n:  c. 

Mass . 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
R.  I.. 
Pa . . . 
N.  Y. 
Ga.  .. 
IMass. 
I'a.  .. 
Muss, 
Ohio. 
Ala... 
Pa..  . 
Lou.. 
Ind,  . 
Wis.. 
Ind.  . 
Ohio. 
Ml 
Va, 
Mass. 
Ky... 
Ohio, 
Ind  ,. 
Tenn, 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Me... 
Va, , . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Pa,., 
Md... 
Me.  , , 
N.  M. 
Pa... 
Ohio, 
Va.  ,. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Ark.. 


April  7,  1872 


Dec.  29,  1875 


June  26,  1870 
Jan,  18,    181)0 


Sept,  18,  1870 
Oct.  12,  1870 
Sept.  «,  IS.").") 


June  16,  1H74 
Mar.  14,  1857 


Oct.  15,  1856 
Feb.  5.  IS.^lt 
Jan.  28,  1872 


Jan.  31,  1877 


June  12,  1870 
Mar.  26,  1879 


Sept.  27,  1854 

ii'isiii 


Nov. 


Not.  12,  1860 


Aug.  ;u.  1823 
Sept.  8.  ],S20 
Sept,  8,  1802 
Mar.  29,  1815 
Feb.  23,   1809 


Mar.  13,  1807 
Sept  ."7,  1819 
jul.v    1^1816 


April  23, 1807 
Jan.  17,  1811 


Mar.  15,  1806 
Oct.    7,    1811 


J.an.  4,    1814 
Oct.  4,    1824 


July   4,  1807 


June  22, 
Dec.  14, 
M.iy  23, 
Mar.  29, 


1814 
1801 
1827 
1813 


Jan. 
Dec.' 


April  8, 
Nov.  19, 


1815 
1817 

!Vao6 

.  1808 
,  1811 


Pa.  ,. 
Md,,. 
Ohio. 
Ind.  . 
Ala.  . 
Miss.. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.. 
Iowa. 
N.  H. 
Pa... 
Ky... 
Ga.  .. 
Ala.  . 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Lou. . 
Conn. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Tenn, 
Pa,.. 
Lou,. 
N.  C. 
Va... 
S.  C. 
N.  H. 
111.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Mo... 
W,  T. 
Ind.  . 
Ore. . 
Cal... 
Va... 
Va. . . 
N.  J.. 
Mo... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  . . 
Me. . . 
Cal.. . 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
S.  C. . 
Ind.  . 
Wis.. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Md 


Sept.  21,1820 
1810 


Me.. 
Fla. 
Vt.  . 


Unknown. 

Lawyer 

Unknown, 

Lawyer,, . 

Man'I'act'r 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyel-,.. 

Agricul'st, 

Man'Iact'r 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer, . . 

Lawyer... 

Varii'd.... 

.Merchant. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer.  .. 

Val-led.... 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Varied..., 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Unknown, 

Merchant. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown, 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Unknown. 

Mechanic.  I  July  3,   1875 

Lawyer...  Jan.  11,  1878 

Lawyer...! 1876 

Unknown.! 

Lawyer...! 

Lawyer...  I  May  27,  1864 
La\^er. ..  July    3,  1859 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Agricul'st.  May  26,  1878 
Lawyer. . .  Aug,  29,  1866 
Lawyer. ,,  iDec,  24,  1861 
'L.awyer. ..  Nov.  25,  1885 
[Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
B.anker.  . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer, . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Mechanic. 
Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer, , . 
Varied..  . 
Lawyer... 
Physician. 
Varied. . . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown.  July  II,  1866 
Unknown. lApril  19, 1881 

Lawyer...  I 

Varied Jan.  26,  1884 

Unknown.  I 

Physician. ' 

Lawyer...  I 

Unknown.  I 

Unknown. 'Sept.  8,    1875 

Unknown. ' 

Lawyer... 'Oct.  18,  1869 
Lawyer...  I  Sept.  3,  1867 

Unknown 

Unknown.  Aug.  7.  1861 
Lawyer...  Aug.  So,  1867 
Lawyer. . .  July  26,  1867 
Unknown.  Sept.  24,  1856 

Unknown 

Unknown.  ,.,. 

Lawyer. . .  Sept.  25,  1863 

Unknown 

Lawyer 

Clergym'n  Aug.  22,  18.56 


April—,  1857 


July  27,  1872 
Feb.  6,    1871 


Mar.  24,  1877 


April  27, 1873 
June  2,  1864 
Jan.  25.  1878 


REPRESENTATIVES.      ii"°      wi...,jk„,,       n,,,,,.     ocour«.i<.n.        wi... 


.Miilill.s«nrth,Ner,,,W 

Mlll.r,  J..hnG W 

Miller.  Smith D 

Mlllson,  John  S D 

Morgan.  Edwin  B....R 
MorriBon,  Geo.  W....D 
Muhlenberg,  H.  A....U 

Murray,  William U 

Nichols,  Matthias  II, R 

Noble,  David  A l> 

Norton.  Jesse  O It 

Ohls,  Edson  B D 

Oliver,  .\ndrew D 

Oliver,  Mordeeal W 

Orr,  James  L D 

Packer.  Asa D 

Parker.  Sani'l  W W 

Peck.Jaied  V D 

Peckham.  Kuru8W...D 
Pennington,  A.  C.  M.W 

Perkins,  Bishop D 

Pei'kins,  John I) 

Phelps,  .lohn  S D 

Phillips,  Philip D 

Powell.   Paulus. ......  I) 

Pratt,  James  T D 

Preston,  William W 

Priligle,  Benjamin.  ..W 
Puryear.  Richard  C. . W 

Ready.  Charles W 

Reese,  David   K W 

Rice,  Henry  M D 

Richardson.  Win.  A..D 

Riddle,  George  R D 

Ritchie,  David W 

Ritehie.  Thomas D 

Robhins,  John I) 

Rogers,  SionH W 

Rowe.  Peter D 

Ruffln,  Thomas I) 

Russell,  .Sam'l  S W 

Sabin.   Alvah W 

Sage,   Russell W 

Sapp,  William  R W 

Scudtler,  Zeno W 

Sewai-d,  James  L D 

Seymour,  Origen  S...D 

Shannon,  Wilson D 

Shaw,  Henry  M D 

Shower.    Jacob — 

Simmons,    Geo.  .\ W 

Singleton,  Olho  R D 

Skelton .  Charles D 

Smith.  Gerrit A 

Smith,  Samuel  A D 

Smith,  William D 

Smith,  Wm,  R W 

Smyth,  George  W D 

Snodgrass,  Jno.   F.  ...D 

Sellers.  Aug.  R W 

Stanton,  Fred.  P D 

Stanton,  Rich "d  H D 

Stephens,  Alex.  H W 

Stevens,  Hestor  L D 

Stratton,  Nathan  T.  ..D 
Straub.  Christian  M.,D 

Stuart,  Andrew D 

Stuart,  David D 

Taylor.  John  J D 

Taylor,  John  L W 

Taylor,  Nath'l  Q W 

Teller,  Isaac W 

Thurston,  Benj.  B D 

Traey,   Andrew W 

Trout,  Michael  C D 

Tweed,  William  M.,.,D 
TJphaii'.  Charles  W,W 

■Vail.  George D 

Van  Sant,  Joshua D 

Wade.  Edward F-S 

Wnlbridge,  H.  S D 

Walker,  William  A..,D 

Walley.  Sam'l  H W 

Walsh.  Michael D 

Wan-en.  Edward  A, ,  .D 
Washburne,  Elibu  B.W 
Washburn,  Israel,  ...W 

Wells.  Daniel D 

Wentworth,  John D 

Wentworth,  Tappan.W 
Westbrook,  Theo.  R.  .D 

Wheeler,  John D 

Whitfield.  J.  W D 

Witte.  William   H....D 

Wi-ight.  Daniel  B D 

Wright,  Hendrick  B.  .D 

Yates,   Richard W 

Zollieoffer.  Felix  K.W 


N.  J.. 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Vt . . . 
Pa..  . 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Mass. 
Vt.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
S.  C. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
N.  H. 
Lou.. 
Conn. 
S.  C. 
Va... 
Conn. 
Ky,,, 
N,  Y, 
Va... 
Tenn 
S.  C.  , 
Vt.  . , 
Ky.., 
Del.. 
Pa.  . 
Pa.  . 
Pu .  . 
N.  C 
N.  Y 
N.  C 
Pa.  . 
Vt.  ., 
N,  Y 
Ohio, 
Mass, 
Ga,  ,, 
Conn. 
Ohio. 
R.  I.. 
Md... 
N.  H. 
Ky... 
Pa... 
N.  Y, 
Tenn. 
Va. ,. 
Ala.  . 
N.  C. 
Va... 
Md... 
D.C.. 
Va. . . 
Ga... 
N.  Y.. 
N.  J.. 
Pa... 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Va... 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
R.  I.. 
Vt.... 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.B.. 
N.  J.. 
Md... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
Mass. 
Ire'd. 
Ala... 
Me. . . 
Me... 
Me... 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Tenn. 
N.  J.. 
Tenn. 
Pa... 
Ky... 
Tenn. 


Oct.    I, 
May    2, 

july- 

Oct.' '  3, 

Diic.  25, 


Oct.  22, 
May  12, 
Dec.  20. 
Sept.  «, 


July  1, 
Dee.  22, 
Dec.  13, 


Oct.  16, 
Nov.  9, 
Feb.  9. 
Dec.  22, 

Nov.  29^ 
Jan. 16, 

AligVig, 
Sept.  30, 


Pa... 

1812  .Mo... 
.  .,  Ind.  . 
1808  Va... 
1808  N.  Y. 

N.  H. 

1823,  Pa. .. 

In.  y. 

1824  Ohio, 
IMIeh, 

1812111.  .. 

lOhlo. 

IN.  Y. 

1819  Mo... 

1822  S.  C.  . 

180(i  Pa..  . 

1805  Ind.  , 
N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

1811  N.  J. 
|N.  Y. 

1819  Lou.. 

1814  Mo... 

1807  Ala.  . 

Va... 

1805  Conn. 

1816  Ky... 

1807  N.  Y. 

1801  X,   C, 

1802  i-enn. 


Jan.  9,    1854 
Sept.  15,' 1862 


Unknown., June  2.   1865 

Unknown.  May  II,  18.56 

Unknown, 

Law.ier...  Feb.  2B,  1873 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . , 

Lawyer, . . 

Unknown 

Varieil 

Lawj  er. . , 

Lawyer...   Aug.    3,  1875 

Physician.  Jan.  24,  1809 

Jurist I 

Lawyer...  

Varied....  May    6,    1873 

Varied....  May  17,  1879 

Lawyer.  ..I 

Unknown. 

Nov.  2.3,  1873 
Jan.  25,  1867 


Oct.  23, 
Aug.  4, 


Aug.  18,  1807 


181)1 
1811 
1817 
1812 


1825 


1793 
1816 


Feb.  y. 
Feb.  24, 
Nov.  20, 


.Mar.  B, 
Juno  26 
Sept.  6, 


.Sept.  9. 
Feb.  11 
Oct.  — , 


Mar.  7, 
Dec.  29, 


April  3, 
May    4, 


Nov.  22, 
Feb.   2, 

Aug. '31, 
Mar.  7, 
.May  2, 
Sept.  23, 
June  6. 

Mai-'. '  5'.' 
Sept.  24, 


May  7, 

April  24, 
Jan.  18, 
May  19. 


Minn. 
111,,.. 
Del... 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.  ., 
N.  Y, 
Ohio. 
.Mass . 
Ga,.  . 
181)4  Conn. 

1802  Ohio. 
1819  N.  C. 

.Md,,. 

1791  N.  Y. 

1814  Miss.. 
N.  J.. 

1797  N.  Y, 

1822  Tenn, 

1797  Va,.  . 

Ala.  . 

,  Texas 

1804  Va. .  . 

Md... 

Tenn. 

1812  Kv... 

1812  Ga..  . 

1803  Mich . 

IN.  J.. 

IPa..  . 

lOhio. 

.Muh. 

N.  V, 

1805  Ohio, 
1819  Tenn, 

1798  N.  Y. 
181>4  R.  I., 

Vt.  ., 

Pa.  .. 

18-23  N.  Y. 

1802  Mass, 

1803  N.  J.. 

1804  Md... 
1803  Ohio. 
1821  N.  Y, 
N.  Y. 

1805  Mass, 
1810  Md... 
1818  Ark.. 
1816  111.  .. 

1813  Me. 
Wis 

1815  111.  ,. 
1802  Ma-ss. 
N.  Y. 

1823  N.  Y. 

Kan.. 

1818  Pa... 

Miss. . 

1808  Pa,  , 
1818  111.  .. 
1812  Tenn. 


Lawyer. , 
Lawyei-... 
Unknown, 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.  - . 
Unknown. 
Agrieul'sl, 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer, .. 
Varied,,.. 

iLawyer,., 

lUnknown. 
Man'fact'r 
Lawyer... 
Unknown, 
Lawyer. , . 
Unknown. 
Clergrjni*n 
Merchant. 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Physician 
Unknown 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown, 
Lawyer., . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. ,. 
Unknown. 

;  Unknown. 

lUnknown. 
Unknown. 

I  Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 

■  Varied 

Unknown. 

Merchant. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Mechanic. 

Varied.... 

Tele^Tap'r 

Mechanic, 

Lawyer... 

Varied,,,. 

Unknown. 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
(Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 
iVaried 

Journalist 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Vaiied 

Unknown. 

Merchant. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Journalist 


Dec.  27.  IH75 
Mar,  ^9,  IWiT 
Jan. 24.   1H67 


Aug.  14,  1874 
Oct.' '  8,'  1863 


June  26.  1857 


Aug.  12.  IK81 
Sept.  I.  1»77 
Feb.  23.  IHG4 


Oct.  27,  1857 


Dec.  28,  1874 


June  5,  1854 


Mar.  4.    1883 
May    7,    1864 


Sept.  6,  1870 
April30,'l868 
Oct. '28. '1868 


April  12,1878 
June  lf>.  1875 
May  23.  1875 


Aug.  7.  1862 
Dec.  6.  1870 
Dec.  18.  1S61 
Aug.  27,  1877 
Mar.  17.  1859 
July    2,   1875 


May   12.  1883 
1858 


June  12, 1875 


Nov,  24.  1876 


Nov.  27,  1873 
Jan.  19.  1862 


Total  Representatives,  S46.  Lawyers.  103.  Occupation  Unknown.  "Jl. 
Varied,  38.  Physicians.  6.  Jurist?,  S.  Merchants.  5.  Agriculturists.  5. 
Mechanics,  4.  Manufacturers,  3.  Clereymen,  2.  Journalists,  S.  Banker, 
1.  Telegrapher,!,  Foreign  Bom,  4:  Including  Ireland,  3;  New  Bruns- 
wick, I. 


:;cT 


i 


Thirty-fourth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1855  to  1857. 


1855— California  underwent  severe  financial 
panic,  in  February. 

1855— The  Supreme  Court  of  Wisconsin  de- 
clared the  Furtive  Slave  Law  (Eor  the 
return  of  runaway  negroes  to  their 
masters)  unconstitutional,  Feb.  3. 

1855— The  first  Suspension  Bridge  at  Niagara 
Falls  was  crossed  by  the  first  rallwuy 
train,  Mar.  14. 

1H55— The  proprietors  of  leading  daily  pa- 
pers in  New  York  Ciiy  formed  the  now 
widely  known  '*  Associated  Press,"  for 
the  distribution  of  news  dispatches 
throughout  the  Union. 

1855_Dr.  E.  K.  Kane,  the  Arctic  explorer,  after 
an  absence  of  2^  yeai^  in  the  Polar 
regions,  returned  to  New  York  City, 
Oct.  11. 

1855— Great  trial  of  reaping  machines  of  all 
nations  at  Paris.  France.  The  Amer- 
ican reapers  surpassed  all  othei-s. 

],^ii6—The  steamship  •■Pacific"  sailed  from 
Liverpool.  Eng.,  for  New  York.  Jan.  23, 
but  was  never  heard  from  afterwards. 
She  had  on  board  186  persons. 

1H56— Loss,  at  sea,  of  the  Chilian  war-steamer 
■■  Cazador,"  with  318  lives,  Jan.  30. 

1856— The  new  "  Xative-American  Party " 
(the  "Know-Nothings")  held  a  na- 
tional convention.  Feb.  28,  and  nom- 
inated Millard  Fillmore  for  PreMdent. 
with  Andrew  J.  Donelson.  of  Tenn..  for 
Vice-President.  In  the  following  elec- 
tion this  ticket  carried  8  electoral 
votes. 

1856— Walker,  the  California  "filibuster," 
defeated  at  Costa  Rica,  Mar.  20. 


Franklin  Pierce,  14th  President. 

Jesse  1>.  Bright,  of  Ind.,  Charles  E.  Stuart,  of  Mich., 
and  James  M.  M.^son,  of  Va..  Acting  Vice-Presidents  and 
Presidents  of  the  Senate.  William  L.  Marcy,  of  N.  Y., 
Sec'y  of  State.  James  Guthrie,  of  Ky.,Sec'yof  Treas. 
Jefferson  Davis,  of  Miss.,  Sec'y  of  War.  James  C.  Dub- 
bin, of  N.  C,  Sec'y  of  Navy.  Robert  McClelland,  of 
Mich-.  Sec'y  of  Interior.  James  Campbell,  of  Pa..  Post- 
master-Gen'I.  Caleb  Cushing.  of  Mass..  Att'y-General. 
Nathaniel  P.  Banks,  of  Mass,  Speaker  of  House  of 
Representatives. 


1856— Thirty  persons,  passengers  on  the 
Panama  Railroad,  were  killed  in  a 
riot.  April  15. 

1856 — Senator  Charles  Sumner,  of  Mass.,  was 
assaulted  in  the  Senate  Chamber  at 
Washington  by  Preston  S.  Brooks,  a 
Representative  from  South  Carolina. 
The  weapon  used  was  a  cane,  and  the 
Senator  received  severe  injuries,  from 
which  he  never  recovered.  May  22. 
The  provocation  for  the  assault  grew 
out  of  the  discussion  of  the  slavery 
question  in  Congress. 

1856— Lost  Island,  a  popular  pleasure  resort 
on  the  coast  of  Louisiana,  was  sub- 
merged by  a  terrible  storm  in  the  Gulf, 
and  173  persons  peii^hed,  Aug.  10. 

1856 — Cuba,  in  the  West  Indies,  was  visited, 
for  the  first  and  only  time,  by  snow, 
accompanied  by  cold  weather.  Dec.  24. 

1857— The  celebrated  "  Dred  Scott  Decision" 
made  by  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court,  that  negroes  were  not  persons, 
but  chattels,  and  had  no  rights  that 
white  men  were  bound  to  respect.  Mar. 
6.  Great  excitement  ensued  thiough- 
out  the  North. 

1857— "Filibuster"  Walker  surrenders  to  the 
United  States  Government,  after  hav- 
ing been  elected  President  of  Nicara- 
gua, May  1. 

1857 — A  great  financial  revulsion  began 
Aug.  24,  and  swept  over  the  whole 
country,  destroying  all  commercial 
confidence,  and  ruining  a  multitude  of 
business  men. 

1857— The  Kansas  Constitutional  Convention 
agree  upon  a  State  Constitution,  Nov.  7. 


D,   indicates  Democrat:     R*  Republican;     W,  Whig;     A.,  Abolitionist;     N-A,  N  itive-American.     F-S,  Free-Soiler. 


SENATORS. 


Adams.  Stephen D 

Allen.  Philip D 

Bayaril.  .lames  A D 

Bell,  James W 

Bell.  John W 

Benjamin.  Judah  P.  .W 

Biggs.  Asa D 

Bigler,   William D 

Bright.  Jesse  D D 

Brodhead.  Richard.   .D 

Bro^vn.  Albert  G D 

Butler.  Andrew  P D 

Cass,  Lewis D 

Clay.  Clement  C D 

Clayton,  John  M W 

Collamer,  Jacob R 

CoMieg^'S.  Joseph  P. . — 
(litt'-iiden,  John  J...D 

IJndge.  Henry D 

Douglas,  Stephen  A.  .D 

Durkee,  Charles R 

Evans,  Josiah  J D 

Fessenden,  Wm.  P.  .,R 

Fish.  Hamilton R 

Fitch.  Graham  N D 

Fit7,|>atrick.  Benj D 

Foot.  .Solomon R 

Foster,  Lafayette  S...U 

Geyer.  Henry  S R 

Green.  James  S     D 

Gwin,  William  W D 

Hale.  John  P F-S 

Hamlin.  Hannibal..  ..R 

Harlan.  James W 

Houston,  Samuel D 

Hutiter.  Kob'tM.  T...D 

Iverson.  Alfred D 

•James,  Charles  T....D 
Johnson.  Robert  W...D 

Jones,  George  W D 

Jones.  Janie;!  C W 

Mullorv.  Stephen  R..D 

Miison.  JamesM D 

Nourse,  Amos — 

Pearce.  James  A D 

Pratt.  Thomas  G D 

Pugh.  George  E D 

Reld.  David  S D 

Rusk.Thoma-*  J D 

Sebastian.  Win.  K....D 
Sewurd.  Willi.im  H..W 

Slldi'll,  John   D 

Stuart,  Charles  E D 

Sumner.  Charles A 

Thompson,  John  B.  ,W 

Thomson,  John  R D 

Toombs,  Robert D 

Touccy,  iMoac D 


Tenn 
R.  I. 
Del . . 
N.  H. 
Tenn 
W.  I 
X.  c 
Pa.  . 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  . 
S.  C. 

s.  c. 

N.  H 

Ala. 
Del.. 
N.  y 
Del.. 
Ky... 
Ind.  . 
Vt.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
S.  C. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
Vt.  .. 
Conn. 
Md... 
Va.  . . 
Tenn. 
N.  H. 
Me... 
III.  .. 
Va... 
Va. . . 
Ga... 
R.  I., 
Ky... 
Iml.  . 
Tenn. 
Tri'd. 
Va.  .. 


Sept.  I, 
Nov.  15. 
Nov.  13. 
Feb.  15, 

Feb.'  '4;' 
Dec.  — . 
Dec.  18, 


1785 
1799 
\SM 
1797 
1812 
1811 
1813 
1812 


Miss. . 
R.  1.. 
Del... 
N.  H. 
Tenn. 
La.  .. 
N.  C 


May  3J. 
Nov.  19, 
Oct.  9. 


1813 
1796 
1782 


July  24,  1 


Dec.  29, 
Sept.  10, 
Oct.  12. 
April  23, 
Dec  10. 
Nov.  27, 
Oct.  16, 
Aug.  3. 
Dec.  7. 
June  30. 
Nov.  IH, 
Nov.  22, 

i  Feb.'  28, 
Oct.  0. 
Mar.  31, 
Aug.  27, 
Aug.  2«, 
Mar.  2, 
April  21, 
Dec.    3, 


1782 
1813 
17 


Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer. , . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 
...  .Lawyer... 
Pa.  ..Journalist 
Ind.. .'Lawyer, 


Pa 

Miss. 

S.  C. 

Mich 

Ala. 

Del.. 

Vt.  . 

Del.. 

Ky.. 

Wis 


1782 
1813 
1805 

1786,9.  C 
1806  Me.  . 
1808  N.  Y 
1810  Ind. 
1802  Ala 


Unknown. 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer.. . 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Soldier.,.. 

111.  ..I Jurist 

Wis. .  Merchant, 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Physician. 

Lawyer. . . 


May  11. 
Dec.  16. 
June  13, 
Mav  26. 
Sept.  10, 
May  7, 
Mar.  6. 
Aug.  9. 
May  20. 
Sept.  17, 


1857 
1865 
1880 
1857 
1869 
1884 
1878 
1880 
1875 
1863 


May  25,  1857 
June  17,  1866 
Jan.  3,  1882 
Nov.  9,  1856 
Nov.  9,    1865 

July  2t;,'  lais 

July  19,  1867 
June  3,  1861 
Jan.  14,  1870 
May  6,  1858 
Sept.  8,  1869 


SENATORS. 

Where 
Born. 

When  Bom. 

btftte 
Repre- 
Beoted, 

Occupation 

When  Died. 

..R 
..R 
..D 
F-S 
..D 
..D 

Conn.loet.   12.  1813 

111.  .. 

Ohio. 

Pal 

"Wade.  Benjamin  F 
Weller,  John  B 

Mass. 
Ohio. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
W.   I. 

Oct.    27,  1«)0 

Law.ver. . . 
Unknown. 
Mechanic. 
Mechanic. 
Varied 

Mar.    2.   1878 

.A.ug.  7.  '.a--> 

Nov.  22,  1875 
Nov.     1.1866 

Wilson.  Henry 

Wright.  William.... 
Yulee.  David  L 

Feb,  ie,  1812lMa!is. 

17941N.  J.. 

1811  Fla.  . 

Total  Senators.  64.  Lawyers,  38.  Jurists,  11.  Physicians,  3.  Varied, -8. 
Occupation  Unknown,  2.  Merchants,  2.  Mechanics,  2.  Journalist,  1. 
Soldier,  1.  Machinist,!.  Agriculturist,!.  Foreign  Bom  3:  Including 
West  Indies,  2.  Trinidad,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Whci  Bcrr 


State 


Oocupatio 


June  8, 
Nov. 'a. 


18(J2  Vt.  ..  Law>'er, 
18(16  Conn.  Lawyer... 
1798  Mo. ..  Lawyer... 
1817  Mo...  Lawyer... 

1805  Cal . .  IPhysician. 

1806  N.  H.  [Lawyer... 
1809  Me.  ..Lawyer... 
1820  ]ow,a.  Lawyer... 
1793  Texas  Kawyer. . . 
1809  Va.  ..  Lawyer... 

179H;Ga...!Jurist 

1804;  R.  I..  Machinist. 

,1814  Ark..  Lawyer... 

Iowa.  Lawyer... 

1809  Tenn.  Agricul'st. 


.1810  Flp 
179K  Va. 
.1795  Mf. 
Dec.  14,  I80r.  Md. 
1805,  Md. 


D.  C. 
D.  C. 

Ohio. 

N.  C. 

S.  C. 

Tenn. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y.INov.  25, 

Mass.. Tan.    6, 

Ky...  

Pa.  ..'.Sept.  5, 
Ga.  . .  July  2, 
Conn.  Nov.  5, 


Nov.  28, 
April  19, 


May  16, 


Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 
Physician. 
.Lawyer. .. 
.'Lawyer. 


I822;Ohio.lLawyer., 


1813 


1801 
1793 
1810 
1811 
1810 
18rN) 
I8IU 
1796 


N.   C.  Lawyer 

Texas  Jurist 

Ark.  .  Jurist 

N.  Y.  Lawyer.. , 
La. . .  Lawyer. . , 
Mich.  Lawyer.. . 
Mass.  Lawyer.., 
Ky. . .  Lawyer.., 
N.  J..  Merchant, 
Ga.. .  I*awyer.. 
Conn.  Lawyer.. 


Nov. 

21, 

1869 

Mar. 

28 

1«6« 

Sept. 

19. 

1880 

Mar. 

S, 

l«i9 

Jan. 

19, 

1870 

Nov. 

18, 

1873 

JnVy 

25, 

1863 

Mar. 

5. 

1874 

Oct. 

17, 

18132 

Oct.' 

'ia 

VA59 

Nov 

!). 

INKf 

.\pr\ 

28 

1871 

.Vprim 

1877 

Pec. 

■J" 

18H2 

Nov 

», 

18(«) 

July 

19 

1870 

JillV 

23 

18.16 

Mav 

20 

180.5 

Oct. 

>(> 

1872 

July 

29 

1871 

Mar 

11 

1874 

Jan.    7,   1874 
Sept.  12,  1862 


iJuly  30,1869 


Aiken.  William D 

Akers.  Thomas  P.  .  .N-.\ 
Albright.  Charles  J... R 

Allen,  James  C D 

Allison.  John W 

Anderson.  J.  Patton.  .D 

Ball,  Edward  R 

Banks,  Nath'l  P N-A 

Barbour,  Lucien R 

Barclay,  David D 

Barksdale,  William.. D 
Bavlev.  Thomas  H.,.D 

Bcil.  Peter  H I) 

Ri-nnetf.  Henry  S D 

ll,.,,,i..tt    H..,irv W 

1;.  ,,...,,.  s.,iiirelP....R 
11.  ,-,,li,-i.|  .i.ihn  M....— 
M,lliiiK'l,„i--i.  Charles. R 
lt,ni;haiii.  .li.hn  A...,R 

llivli.,|i.  J.imes W 

Bliss,  Pluleinon R 

Bocoek,  Thomas  S D 

Bowie,  Thomas  F W 

Bovce,  William  W D 

Bradshaw.  Sam'lC.W 
Branch.  Lawi-cnco  0..n 

Bl'enton,  Samuel W 

Brooks,  Preston  S E 

Broom,  Ja<!ob W 

Bufflngton.  James. .N-A 
Burlinenine.  A.S,  ..N-A 

l'.,irneft,  Itenrv  C D 

<-u.lw,,l;Ml,.r.  .!ohn...l) 
CimplMll.  .James  H..W 
Cnnpbell.  John  P.  .N-A 
Campbell,  Lewis  I)... R 

Carllle.  John  S — 

Caruthers.  Samuel..  .W 

Ca.sklc,  John  S D 

Chaffee.  <:alvin  C..N-A 
Chapman,  Bird  B — 


S.  C, 


Pa.,, 
Ky... 
Pa... 
Tenn. 
Va.  ., 
Mass. 
Conn 
Pa..  . 
Tenn, 
Va.  . 
Va.  . 
Tenn, 
N.  Y. 
Me.  . 
Pa..  . 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  , . 
N.J.. 
Conn. 
Va.  .. 
Md... 
S.  C. . 
Pa.  . . 
N.  C. 
Ky... 

a.  c. . 

Md... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Pa.  . . 
I'a.  .. 
Ky... 
Ohio. 
Va... 
Mo.,. 
Va... 
N.  y. 
Conn. 


Jan.  28, 
Aug.  5, 


1806  S     0. 

Mo.  .. 

Ohio. 

1823  111. 


1812 


Jan.  30, 
Mar.  4, 


Aug.  21, 
Dec.    11, 


Mar.  7. 
Sept.  29, 


June  23, 
July  27, 


July  28, 

April'  7,' 
Oct.  24, 
Juno  10, 
July  7. 
Nov.  22, 
Aug.  10, 
July  2.3, 
Mar.  16, 
Nov.  14, 
Oct.  5. 
April  1, 
Feb.    8. 

Aug.' 9, 
Dee.  16. 
Oct.   13, 


1816 
1811 

1821 
1810 

isd' 

1808 

'l'799 
1818 
181 

I'sU 
1815 
1808 
1819 
1809 
1820 
1810 
1819 
1808 
1817 
1822 
1825 
1805 
1820 

I's'li 
1817 
1820 


Aug.  28,  181 


Pa.  .. 
W.  T. 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
Ind.. 
Pa...  I 
Miss. 
Va...| 
Texa.s 
Miss.. 
N.  Y. 
Mc. .. 
Utah. 
Wia.. 
Ohio. 
N.  J . . 
Ohio. 
Va  .. 
Md... 
S.  C. 
Pa.  . . 
N.  C. 
Ind.  . 
S.  C. . 
Pa.  .. 
Mass . 
Mass . 
Ky.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Ohio. 
Va.  . . 
Mo.  .. 
Va.  .. 
MaHS. 
iNeb.. 


AgricuPst. 
Unknown, 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown 
Unknown 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Jurist 

Lawj'cr. . . 

Jui-ist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Physician. 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer  . . 
Merchant. 

Jul  ist 

Law.ver... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician. 
La'wyd-  . 
Cleryyni'n 

Varied 

Unknuw.n. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Varied.... 
Varied  . . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Physician. 
Unknown, 


July   2.    1863 
June  23.  1856 


Aug.  18,  1865 


Oct.   30,  1869 


Sept 

17 

1862 

Mnr. 

29 

18,i7 

27 

1857 

Nov. 

— 

1864 

Mar. 

7^ 

1875 

Feb. 

" 

1873 
18(16 

Oct. 

'24 

r878 

July 

20 

186(1 

Dec. 

16 

1869 

A 


EKPBESENTATIVKS    OF    Till';    TIIIETY-FOUKTII    C'ONGltKSS. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


i 


Chililrt,  Tlinina? W 

('laiki!,  Hiiyard W 

Clark,  Kzra II 

Clawson,  Isaiah  L)...W 
Clinginan,  ThonmsL.l) 

Cobb,  Howell I) 

Cobb,  Williamson  B.W 

Colfax,  Si-hiiyliT R 

Coinins,  Linus  B..  .N-A 

Covotle,  John W 

Cox,  Leander  M K-A 

CraKln,  Aaron  U. .  .N-A 

Craige,  Uurton D 

Crawford,  Martin  J..  .D 
CuUen,  Elisliii  I)... N-A 
Cuniback,  Williiun. .  .li 
Damrell,  Will.  S...N-A 
Davidson,  TlioinadG.D 

Davis,  H.  Wlntur R 

Davis,  Jacob  C — 

Davis,  Timothy N-A 

Day.  Timothy  C R 

Doan,  Sidney N-A 

Denver,  James  W D 

DeWitt.  Alex N-A 

Dick,  John W 

Dickson,  Samuel W 

Dodd ,  Kd  ward W 

Dowdell,  James  F D 

Dunn,  George  O R 

Durfee.  Nath'l  B. . .  N-A 

Edie,  John  R W 

Edmundson,  H.  A D 

Edwards,  p'rancis  S.  N-A 

Elliott,  John  M D 

Emrie,  Joseph  It R 

English,  William  H.,D 
Etberidpe.  Emer'n.  N-A 

Eustis,  George N-A 

Evans,  Lemuel  D..N-A 
Faulkner.  Charles  J..  D 
Flagler.  Thomas  T. .  ,W 
Florence.  Thomas  B.  .D 
Foster,  Nath'l  G,.  .N-A 
Fuller,  Henry  M....  W 
Fuller.  Thomas  J. D...D 

Gallegos,  Jose  51 D 

Galloway.  Samuel R 

Garnett.  Museoe  K.  II  ,D 
Gldding.s.  Joshualt.  F-S 
Gilbert.  William  A..  W 

Goode.  Willium  O D 

Grant-  r.  Amos  r....W 
Greenwood,  Allred  B.D 

Gl-ow,  Galusha  A R 

Hall,  Augustus D 

Hall,  Roberts N-A 

Harlan.  Aaron R 

Harris,  J.  Morrls'n.N-A 

Harris,  Thomas  L D 

Harris.  Sampson  W.,D 

Harrison.  John  S W 

Haven,  Solomon  G..,W 
Herbert.  Philemon  T.D 

Hickman.  John D 

Hodges,  George  T. . .  .R 

Hoffman.  H.  W N-A 

HoUowav.  David  P. .  .R 
Horton ,  Thomas  11. . .  W 
Horton,  Valentine  B.R 
Houston,  George  S...D 
Howard,  W^illiam  .\.  .R 
Hughston.  Jonas  A..W 

Jewett.  Joshua  H D 

Jones.  George  W D 

Jones.  J.  Glancy D 

Keitt,   LawrenceM..D 

Kelly,  John D 

Kelsey,  William  H..,W 
Kennett,  Luther  M.  N-A 

Kidwell.  Zedekiah D 

King.  Rnfus  H W 

Knapp.  Chauncey.  .N  A 
Knight.  Jonathan.  .W 
Knowlton,  Ebenezer.R 

Knox,  James W 

Kunkel.  JohnC W 

l^ake,  William  A. .  N-.l 

Lane.  Joseph D 

Leiter.  Benjamin  F.  ..R 

Letcher,  John D 

Lindley,  James  J W 

Lumpkin,  John  11 D 

MeCarty,  Andrew  Z.W 
McMullen,  Fayette. . . .  D 

McQueen.  John D 

Maee.  Daniel R 

Marshall,  Alex.  K..  N-.A 
Mai-ahall,  Humjj'y.  N-A 
Marshall.  Samuel  S..  .D 
Matteson.  Orsa,  B...W 
Maxwell,  August.  E..D 

Meacham.  James W 

Miller,  John  G W 

Miller.  Killian W 

Miller,  Smith D 


N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.... 
N.  J.. 
N.  O. 
Ga. .. 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Va... 
Vt.... 
N.  0. 
Oa.  .. 
Del... 
Ind.  . 
N.  H. 
Miss.. 
Md... 


Mar.  17, 
Hal-'.  30,' 


182 


Sept.  7, 
June  8, 
Mar.  23, 


1815 
1807 
1823 
.1817 
1808 


Feb.  1, 
Mar.  13, 
Mar.  17, 


1821 
1811 
1820 


Mass. 
Ohio. 
Conn, 
Va.  .. 
Mass, 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 


.Mar.  24, 
Nov.  20, 
.Aug.  6. 
Aug.  IS, 


1829 
1809 
1801 
1817 


April  12, 
Nov.'lS,' 
April  2, 


1821 


1818 
1818 
1798 


R.  L. 
Pa.  .. 
Va... 
Conn. 
Va... 

ind.' '. 
N.  C. 
La.  .. 
Tenn. 
Va, 


Nov.  26, 
S'e'p't'.'29, 


1807 
1805 
1818 
1813 
1812 


May  28, 
May   16, 

Aug.'  '27.' 
Sept.  28, 
Sept.  28, 


1818 
1820 

1822 
1819 
1828 


1 


Pa.  .. 
Ga... 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.... 
N.  M. 
Pa.  . . 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
Conn. 
Va... 
Conn. 
Ga.  .. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
Md... 
Conn. 
Ga... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Ala.. 
Pa... 
Vt.  .. 
Md... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Tenn. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
Va... 
Pa. . . 
S.  C. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
\'t.  . . 
Pa... 
N.H. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Md... 
N.  C. 
Hd... 
Va... 
Ohio. 
Ga. .. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
N.  C. 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
Ky... 
111.  .. 
N.  T. 
Ga. . . 
Vt.  .. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 


Jan.  26; 
.\ug.  2."> 
Jan.  3. 
Mar.  1 7, 
Nov.  14, 
Mar.  20, 


.1806 

■  '1812 
1,S09 
1820 
180S 
1815 
1811 


Oct.  6,  1795 


Sept.  16, 
June  — , 
July  11, 
Aug.  31. 
April  29 
Jan.  28, 
Sept.   8, 

Oel;."2'9, 
Feb.  23, 


Sept.  11, 
July  4, 


1798 
1789 
1811 
1.823 
1814 
1812 
iai2 
1821 
1816 
1809 


1810 
1789 


Dec.    6,   1809 


Jan.  29, 
Jan.   17, 


Sept.  13 
Mar.  15, 
Oct.  7. 
Oct.  4, 
April  21, 
Oct.  2, 
Mar.  15, 
Jan.    4, 

Feb.'  '26,' 
Nov.  22, 


July   4,  1807 


1802 
1811 


181 

1807 

1811 

1824 

1821 

1S12 

180e 

1814 

I'sdo 

1787 


Deo.  14, 
Oct.  13, 
Mar.  29, 
Jan.  1. 
June  13, 


1801 
1813 
1813 
1822 
181: 


Sept    5, 


.1808 
1811 


Jan.   13,  1812 
Mar.  18, 


N.  y. 

N.  Y. 
Conn. 
N.  J.. 
N.  C. 
Ga... 
Ala.. 
Ind.  . 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
N.  H. 
N.  C. 
Oa... 
Del.  . 
Ind.  . 
Mass. 
La.  .. 
Md... 
111.  .. 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
Cal.  . 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ala.  . 
Ind.  . 
R.  I.. 
Pa.  .. 
Va.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Ohio. 
Ind.  . 
Tenn. 
La.  . . 
Texas 
Va.  . 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Ga.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Me.  .. 
M. 
Ohio. 
Va... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Va.  . . 
N.  Y. 
\rk . . 
Pa.  .. 
Iowa. 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
Md... 
III.  .. 
Ala.  . 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Cal.  . 
Pa.  . 
Vt.  . 
Md.. 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Ala.  . 
Mich . 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
S.  C. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Mo. . . 
Va.  . . 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Me... 
111.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Miss. . 
Ore. . 
Ohio. 
Va.  .. 
Mo... 
Ga... 
N.  Y. 
Va.  .. 
S.  C. 
Ind.  . 
Ky... 
Ky 


Sept.  21, 


1821  111.  . 
N.  Y 


Oct.    4,, 
July  30, 


1820 
1810 
1812 
1785 


Fla. 
Vt.  .. 
Mo... 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 


Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Physician. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 

Varied 

Journalist 

Varied 

Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.  . 
Lawyer. .. 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Mechanic 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied.... 

Merchant. 

Physician. 

Merchant. 

Varied. ... 

Lawyer.  . 

Agricul'st. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

!  Lawyer. . 

'Lawyer... 

lUnknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer.. . 

Lawyer... 

If  nknown . 

Mechanic. 

Lawyer. . 

Lawyer. . 

Lawyer.. 

Unknown, 

Lawyer.. 

Lawyer.. 

Lawyer.. 

Unknown 

Lawyer. . 

Merchant 

Jurist 

Lawyer.. 

Lawyer. . 

Clergym'n 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

j  Varied 

Unknown. 
Journalist 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
L.awyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Mecluanic 
Varied. . .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Mechanic. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Journalist 
Engineer. 
Unknown. 
Varied.... 

Lawyer 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.. 
Varied. . . 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Clergym'n 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 


Oct.  y,  1868 
Nov.  — ,  1864 
Jan.   13,  1885 


Dec.  29, 1875 


May  17,  1860 
Sept.  11,  1883 
Dec.  20,  1805 


April  15, 1869 


May   3.   1858 


Sept.  4.  1857 
Nov.  12,  1872 


Mar.  26,  1879 


Mar..  15,  1872 
N'ov."ii"l'883 
jul'y'a,  "I'sTS 


Dec.  26, 


18(>0 
1876 


April  5,  1872 
May  '2'7,'  'I'sei 


July   3,   1859 
Aug.  20,  1866 


Feb.    1,   1861 


Nov.  24,  1858 
Api-il— ,  1857 
May  26,  1878 
Dec.  24.  1861 


Mar.  23,  1875 
Sept.  9,  1860 


Mar.  24,  1877 
June  2,   1764 


April  27, 1872 


Nov.  22,  1858 


.iprll  19,  1881 
ja'ii.'  '26,'  'l's84 
jime  'e,'  1860 


Aug.  30.  1R67 
July  20.  1867 


Aug.  22,  1856 
May  11,  1856 


REPRESENTATIVES.    I  Yi.r      »>"ii"».       ■<•>'-     o««p«io..        vt,«,i>M. 


Millsoii.  Johns D 

Milliv,>i.l.  William.. .W 

M,...ir,  1  is'-ar  F R 

.Morgan.  Edwin  B R 

Monill.  Justin  S R 

Morrison,  James  D. . .  W 

Mott,  Richard R 

Murray,  Ambrose  8..  .R 
Nichols,  Matthias  II.  R 

Norton.  Jesse  O R 

Oliver,  Andrew D 

Oliver,  Mordecal W 

Orr,  James  L D 

Otero,  Miguel  A — 

Packer,  Asa D 

Paine,  Robert  T N-A 

Parker,  .lohn  M W 

Pearee,  John  J W 

Peck,  George  W D 

Pelton,  Guy  R W 

Pennington,  A.  C.  M.W 

Prrrv,  .lohn  J R 

I'c  tld.  .lohnU R 

riulps.  JdlinS D 

Pike,  J.iims N  A 

Porter,  Gilchrist W 

Powell,  Paulus D 

Pringle,  Benjamin..  .W 
Purviance.  Sam'l  A..W 
Puryear,  Rich'd  C.  .N-A 

Quitman.  John  A D 

Reade,  Edwin  G..N-A 

Ready.  Charles W 

Ricaud,  James  B. .  .N'-A 

Rice,  Henry  M D 

Richardson.  Vfui.  A..D 

Ritchie,  David W 

Rivers  Thomas. .. -N-A 
Robbins.  George  R.  .W 
Roberts.  Anthony  E.W 
Robinson,  David  F..W 

Ruffin,  Thomas D 

Rust.  Albert D 

Sabin.  Alvah W 

Sage.  Russell W' 

Sandidge.  John  M D 

Sapp.  William  R W 

Savage.  John  H D 

Scott,  Harvey  D R 

Seward,  James  L D 

Sherman.  John R 

Shoiter,  Eli  S D 

Simmons,  George  A.W 

Smith.  Samuel  A D 

Smith.  William D 

Smith,  William  R.  .N-A 
Sneed.  William  A..N-.\ 
Spinner,  Francis  E..  D 
Stanton.  Benjamin.  ..R 

Stephens.  Alex.  H D 

Stewart,  James  A D 

Stranahan.  James  S.W 
Swope.  Samuel  F..N-A 

Talbott,  Albert  G D 

Tappan,  Mason  W.  N-.\ 

Taylor,  Miles D 

Thorington,  James..  .R 
Thurston.  Benj.  B.  N-.\ 

Todd.  Lemuel W 

Trafton.    Mark N-.\ 

Trippe,  Robert  P..  N-.4 

Trumbull,  Lvman R 

Tvson,  JobR W 

Underwood,  W.  L.  N-A 

Vail,  George D 

Valk,  William  W..N-A 

"Wade.  Edward R 

Wakeman.  Abrani.  N-A 
Walbridge.  David  S..R 

Waldron.  Henry R 

Walker,  Percy N-A 

Warner.  Hiram D 

Washburne,  Cad.  C.  .R 
Washburne,  Elihu  B.W 

Washburn,  Israel R 

Watkins,  A.  G W 

Watson,  Cooper  K R 

Welch,  William  W.N-A 

Wells.  Daniel D 

Wheeler,  John D 

Whitfleld.  John  W...I> 
Whitney,  Thos.  R.  .N-.A 

Williams,  John D 

Winslow.  Warren  —  D 

Wood,  John  M R 

Woodruff,  John — N--V 
Woodworth.  Jas.  H..  .R 

Wright.  Daniel  B D 

Wright.  John  V D 

ZoUicotfer.  Felix  K.W 


Va.  .. 

Pa.  . . 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
VI.  .. 
111.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Vt.  . . 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
S.  C. 
N.  M. 
Conn. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
(.'onn. 
Mass. 
Va.... 
Va.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Va.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N,  C. 
Tenn. 

Md. . . 

Vt.  .. 

Ky... 

Pa... 
Tenn. 

N.  J.. 

Pa.  .. 

Pa.  .. 

N.  C. 

Va.  .. 

Vt.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Oa. . 

Ohio. 

Tenn, 

Ohio. 

Ga... 

Ohio. 

Ga... 

N.  H. 

Tenn 

Va.  ., 

Ala.  . 

Tenn 

N.  Y. 

Ohio. 

Ga... 

Md... 

N.  Y. 

Ky... 

Ky... 

N.  H. 

N.  Y, 

N.  C. 

R.  I.. 

Pa.. 

Me.. 

Ga.. 

Conn, 

Pa.. 

Va., 

N.J, 

S.  C 

Mass, 

Conn. 

Vt.  .. 

N.  y. 

Ala.  . 
Mass. 
Me... 
Me... 
Me... 
Tenn. 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
.Me... 
Conn. 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  T. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Conn 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Tenn 
Tenn. 


May    2. 

,\prll  14, 
April  12, 
July  21, 

Oct.";)', 
Dec.  25, 

Oct. '22, 
May  12, 
Juno  21, 
Dec.  '20, 


Juno  14,  1805 


June  4, 
Aug.  3, 


Aug.  2, 


Dec.  : 
Nov. 


Nov.  9, 

Nov.  8, 
Feb.  9. 
Sept.  1, 
Nov.  13. 
Di'c.  22. 
Feb.  11, 
Nov.  '29. 
Jan.  16, 
Aug.  19, 


1808iVa. .. 

iPa.  .. 

lOhlo. 

1806  N.  Y. 
1810, Vt.  .. 
1816  111.  .. 
1804  Ohio. 

N.  y. 

18'24  Ohio. 
1812  III.  .. 

N.  Y. 

1819  Mo... 
1822  S.  C, 


1829 
1806 


1818 
1825 
1811 
1811 


,  1814 
,  1818 


1807 
1809 
1801 
1799 
1812 
1802 
1808 
1816 
1811 
1812 


S.  M. 

Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 

N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Mich. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Me... 
Ind.  . 
Mo... 

N.  n. 

Mo... 
Va.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  . . 
N.  C. 
Miss.. 
N.  C. 
Tenn. 
Md... 
Minn. 


Sept.  24, 
Oct.  — , 


1812 
1803 


Oct.  23, 
Aug.  4, 
Jan.  7, 


1793 
1816 
1817 


May  10, 
Mar.  15, 


June  26, 
Sept.  6, 


Jan.  21, 
Juno  4. 
Feb.  11, 
Nov.  24, 


18-23 
1823 
,1791 
18-22 
179' 


I80: 
1809 
1812 
1808 


June  29, 
July  29, 


1804 
1817 


Oct.  12, 
Feb.  12 
Aug.  7, 


Nov.  22, 
May  31, 
July  30, 
Oct.  11, 

Oct.'  29, 
.\pril  22, 
Sept.  23 
June  6, 
May  5, 


Dec.  10, 


Jan.  1. 
Nov.  17. 
Feb.  12, 
Dec.  4. 

June  iW, 
May   19 


Pa.  . 
Tenn 
N.J. 
Pa.  . 
Pa.  . 
N.  0, 
Ark. 
Vt.  . 
N.  Y. 
La... 
Ohio 
Tenn. 
Ind. 
Ga.. 
Ohio 
Ala. . 

N.  y. 

Tenn 

Va.  .. 

Ala.. 

Tenn, 

N.  Y. 

Ohio. 

Ga... 

Md... 

N.  Y. 

Ky... 

Ky... 

N.  H. 

La.  .. 

Iowa. 

R.  I.. 

Pa.  .. 

Miiss. 

iOa... 

1813  111.  .. 

,  1804  Pa. .. 

1808  Kv... 

.1803,n:  J.. 

In.  y. 

1803;0hio. 

1824  N.  Y. 

1802  Mich. 

1819  Mich. 

Ala.  . 

.  1802  Ga... 
.1818  Wis.. 

1816  III.  .. 

1813  Me. . . 

1818  Tenn. 

Ohio. 

1818  Conn. 

I  Wis.. 

1823  N.  Y. 

Kan.. 

1804  N.  Y. 

1807  N.  Y. 

1810  X.  C. 

1813  Me... 
:.  1826, Conn. 

1804  111.  .. 

Miss.. 

18-28  Tenn. 

1812  Tenn. 


Lawyer.. . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Varied... 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Varici].... 
Lawyer  .. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Clergym'n 
.lournalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Clergym'n 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Physician. 

Clerk 

Unknown. 

Lawyer.. 

Lawyer. . 

Clergym'n 

Merchant. 

Agricul'st. 

Unknown. 

Law 


Fob.  26, 1873 


8ept.  IS,  1862 
Aug.  3,   1875 


May  8,  1873 
Ma3r"i7,"l'879 


Jan.  25,  1867 


50a       v>> 


July  17,  J 858 


Jan.  24,  1866 


Dec.  27,  1875 
Jan.  24. 1867 


Oct.    8,   1863 
April  3,  1870 


Oct.  27,  1857 


Mar.  4,  1883 


Unknown. 

Lawytr... 

Lawyer. . 

Varied. ., 

Lawyer, , 

Lawyer., 

Varied.., 

Varied... 

Unknown. 

Varied. , . 

Varied... 

Lawyer. 

Jurist. . . . 

Unknown.  | 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Merchant. 

Lawyer... 

Clergym'n 

Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
ITeletrrap'r  : 

Unknown.  

Lawver...  Aug.  7,   1862 


June  27,  1858 


May  23, 1875 


Lawyer. . . 
Varied  ... 
Unknown. 
jVaried.... 
Jurist..... 
.Varied.... 
Lawyer,, . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Physician. 

Varied 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Journalist 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. , . 
Contract'r 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
,  Unknown, 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 


June  15.  1868 


.1881 
.1882 


May  12,  1883 


Ai>rill2,I858 
Mar.  26.  1875 
June  11.  1863 
Dec.  24,  1864 
May  20,1868 


Jan.    19,  1862 


Total  Representatives,  JS4T.  Lawyers,  103.  Occupation  Unkno^vn.  S3. 
Varied.  38.  Jurists,  18.  Merchants,  lO.  Physicians.  7.  Clergrmen,  t. 
Journalists,  «.  Mechanics.  4.  Agriculturists,  3.  Engineer,  1.  Clerk,  1. 
Telegrapher,  1.    Contractor,  1. 


>i<]:(3. — 


? 


b04: 


THIRTY-FIFTH    CONGRESS,    AND    LEADING    EVENTS    OF   THE    TIME. 


Thirty-fifth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1857  to  1859- 


1857— Geo.  Peabody  donated  $3iXt,000  for  a 
free  Literary  and  ScientiHc  Institute 
at  Baltimore.  Md.,  Feb.  12. 

1857— The  Anglo-Persian  War  ended. 

l857_The  Sepoy  mutiny  in  British  India. 
Massacre  of  Europeans  at  Cawnpore, 
by  Nana  Sahib  and  his  rebels.  July  15. 

1857 — Loss  of  the  ocean  steamship  "  Central 
America  ''  off  Cape  May,  N.  J. ,  with  450 
lives.  Sept.  8. 

1857 — Great  earthquake  at  Naples,  Italy, 
Dec.  16. 

1857 — Number  of  commercial  failure*  in  the 
United  States,  5.123,  aggi-epating  about 
S291.757,»X)0. 

1857— Canton,  China,  captured  by  the  allied 
French  and  English  troops,  Dec.  29, 

1858 — Corinth,  Greece,  nearly  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake.  Feb.  21. 

1858 — The  Canadian  seat  of  government  per- 
manently located  at  Ottawa. 

J858 — Congress  votes  to  admit  the  Territory 
of  Kansas  into  the  Union,  April  30. 

1858 — Minnesota,  the  thirty-second  State,  ad- 
mitted into  the  Union.  May  11. 

1858— The  peaceful  settlement  of  the  Mormon 
troubles  in  Utah  announced  to  Con- 
gress by  the  President.  June  10. 

1858— A  treaty  of  friendship  between  the 
United  States  and  China  concluded, 
June  13. 


James  Bnchanan*  ISth  President. 

John  C.  Breekenridge,  of  Ky.,  Vice-Pre.sidert-  Lewis 
Cass,  of  Mich.,  Sec'y  of  State.  Howell  Cobb,  of  Ga.,  Sec'y 
ofTreas.  John  B.  Floyd,  of  Va.,  Sec'y  of  War.  Isaac 
Toucey.  of  Conn..  Sec'y  of  Xavy,  Jacob  Thompson,  of 
Miss.,  Sec'y  of  Interior,  Aaron  V.  Brown,  of  Tenn,, 
and  Joseph  Holt,  of  Ky.,  Postmasters-Gen'l.  Jeremiah 
S.  Black,  of  Pa..  Att'y-General.  James  L.  Orr,  of  S.  C, 
Speaker  of  House  of  Representatives. 


r^i#^ 


^ 


1858 — Bi-itiiih  Columbia  incorporated  aa  a 
dibtinct  colony,  Aug.  2. 

1858— The  National  Teachers'  Asjiociation 
held  its  Hrst  annual  session  at  Cin- 
cinnati. O..  Aug.  II. 

1858 — The  First  Atlantic  Ocean  cable  between 
Newfoundland,  N.  A.,  and  Ireland, 
completed,  iind  nies.sages  of  conprratu- 
lation  passed  over  it  between  Queen 
Victoria  and  President  Buchanan,  Aug. 
17.  A  few  weeks  later  allcommunica. 
tion  over  it  permanently  ceased.  The 
next  cable  was  laid  in  1866. 

1858— Rule  of  the  East  India  Compan/.  in 
India,  comes  to  an  end,  Sept.  1. 

1858— First  American  overland  mail  left  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  for  California,  Sept.  16. 

1858 — Crystal  Palace,  at  New  'Sork.  burned, 
Oct.  5. 

1859 — Oregon .  the  thirty-third  State,  admitted 
to  the  Union,  Feb.  14. 

1859 — Rich  gold  discoveries  at  Pike's  Peak, 
Col.,  ci-eate  general  excitement  and 
immigration.  May  6. 

1859— Wise,  the  seronaut,  began  his  1,200- 
mile  trip,  in  his  balloon,  from  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  to  New  York,  July  1. 

1859 — John  Brown's  raid  at  Harper's  Ferry; 
slaves  incited  to  lise  against  their 
masters  and  fight  fur  freedom,  Oct.  17. 


I>,   indicates  Democrat:     R,  Republican;    "W,  Wtig;    A-,  Abolitionist;    X-A,  Native-.\merican;     F-S,  FreeSoiler. 


SENATORS. 


Allen.  Philip D 

Bates,  Martin  \V D 

Bayard,  James  A D 

Bell.  John W 

Benjamin.  Judah  P.  .W 

Bigler,  William D 

Biggs,  Asa D 

Bright.  Jesse  D D 

Broderick,  David  C. . .  D 

Bro^rri.  Albert  G D 

Cameron,  Simon R 

Chandler,  Zaehariah.R 

Chestnut,  James D 

Clark.  Daniel R 

Clay.  Clement  C D 

Clingman,  Thomas  L.  D 

Collamer,  Jacob R 

Crittenden.  John  J. .  .D 

Davis.  Jefferson D 

Dixon,  James R 

Doolittle,  James  R. . . .  R 
Douglas.  Stephen  A.  .D 

Durkee,  Charles R 

Evans.  Josiah  J D 

Fessenden.  Wm.  P.  ..R 

Fitch,  Graham  N D 

Fitzpatrick.  Benj D 

Foot,  Solomon R 

Foster,  Lafayette  S.  ..R 

Green.  James  S D 

Gwin,  William  M D 

Hale.  John  P F-S 

Hamlin.  Hannibal R 

Hammond.  James  H..D 

Harlan,  James W 

Hayne,  Arthur  P D 

Henderson.  J.  f- D 

Houston,  Samuel D 

Hunter,  Rob't  M.  T.  ..D 

Jverson,  Alfred D 

.Johnson.  Andrew D 

Johnson.  Robert  W...D 

Jones,  George  W D 

Kennedy,  -\nthony..— 

King.  Preston R 

I.ane,  Joseph D 

Mallory,  Stephen  R..D 

Mason,  James  M D 

Pearce.  James  A D 

Polk.  Trustcn D 

Pugh,  George  F, D 

Keld.  David  S D 

Rice.  Henry  M D 

Rusk,  Thomas  J D 

Sebantian.  Wm.  K...  D 
Seward,  William  H..W 

Shields.  James D 

Simmons.  James  F.  ..W 

Slldell,  John D 

Smith.  Delazon D 

Stuart,  Charles  E I) 

Sumner.  Charles.  ,    ..  R 
Th'.mr.'on    .Inhn  1:     ^\' 


R.  I.. 
Conn. 
Del... 
Tenn. 
W.  I. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
D.  C. 
S.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  H. 
S.  C. 
N.  H. 
Ala.  . 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
vt. .. 
vt.  .. 
s.  c. 

N.  H. 
N.  Y. 

Ga... 
IVt.  .. 
I  Conn. 
Va.  .. 
Tenn. 
N.  H. 
Me... 
S.  C. 
111.  .. 
IS.  c. 
N.  C. 
jva... 
IVa... 
Ga. .. 
N.  C 
Kv... 
Irid.  . 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
!N.  C. 
(Ti-l'd. 
Va.  , . 
D.  C. 
Del.  . 
Ohio. 
N,  O, 
Vt.  ,. 
S.  C. 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Iro'd. 
R.  I.. 
N.  Y. 
X.  Y. 
N  Y. 
Mass. 
K  V   ,  . 


Repre-      Occupatioo 


Sept.  1. 
Feb.  24, 
Nov.  15, 
Feb.  15, 

Dec.  —, 
Feb.  4, 
Dec.  18, 
Dec.  — , 
May  31, 
Mar.  8, 
Dec.   10, 

Oct. '24, 


Sept.  10, 
June  3, 
Aug.  5, 
Jan.  3, 
April '23, 
Dec.  10, 
Nov.  27, 
Oct.  16, 
Dec.  7, 
June  30, 
Nov.  19, 
Nov.  22. 
Feb.  28, 
Oct.  9, 
Mar.  31, 
Aug.  27, 
Nov.  15, 
Aug.  26. 
Mar.  12, 
Mar.  31, 
Mar.  2, 
April  21, 
Dec.  3, 
Deo.  29, 


1785IR.  I.. 
1787, Del... 
1799:Del... 
1797, Tenn. 
1812  Lou.. 
ISialPa.  .. 

1811  N.    C. 

1812  Ind... 

1818  Cal... 
ISlSMiss.. 
1799  Pa. . . 
1813, .Mich. 
1815  S.  C. 
18091N.  H. 

1819  Ala.  . 

N.  C. 

1792  Va.  .. 
1786, Ky... 
1808  Miss.. 
1814lConn. 
1815  Wis.. 

1813  111.  .. 

1805  Wis.. 
1786  S.  C. 

1806  Me.  .. 
1810  Ind.  . 


1802 
1802 
1806 
1817 
1805 
1806 
1809 
1807 
1820 


Ala.  . 
Vt.  .. 
Conn. 
Mo... 
Cal.. 
N.  H. 
Me  . . 

s.  c. 

Iowa. 


1788  8.  C. 


1808 
1793 
1809 
1798 
1808 
1814 


Oct.  14, 
Dec.   14, 

Nov. '3,' 
Dec.   14, 

May  29, 
Nov.  2K, 
April  19, 
Nov.  29, 


.1811 
1806 
1801 
1810 


Texas 
Texas 
Va.  .. 
Ga... 
Tenn. 
Ark.. 
Iowa. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
Ore.  . 
Fla.  . 


1798  Va, 
lK0.-,iMil. 
IKIl  Mo. 
IM22  Ohi, 
1MI3  N.  C, 
1810 


May  16, 
Sept.'  ioi 


Nov.  25, 
Jan.    e. 


Minn. 

Texas, 

Ark.  . 

N.  Y. 

Minn 

It.  1.. 

I.ou. . 

Ore,  . 
I«in;Mlch. 
1811  Mass. 
1810  Ky... 


1801 
1810 
1791 
1793 


Varied 

Lawyer 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Journalist 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Mechanic. 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied ... . 
Slerchant. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer,. . 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyfer. . . 
Physician. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Mechanic. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer, . . 
I  Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.    . 

Varied 

1  Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
I.awyer..  . 
Lawyer  , . 


Dec.  16, 
Jan.  1. 
June  13, 
Sept,  10, 
May  7, 
Aug,  9, 
Mar.  6. 
May  20, 
Sept.  16, 


1865 
1869 
1880 
1869 
1884 
1880 
1878 
1875 
1859 


Nov.  1,  1879 


Jan.  3,  1882 


Nov.  9.  1865 
July  26,  1863 


Mar.  27,  1873 


June  3,  1861 
Jan.  14,  1870 
May  6.  1858 
Sept,  8,  1869 


Nov.  21,  1869 
Mar.  28.  1866 
Sept.  19,  1880 
Jan,  19,  1870 


Nov.  18,  1873 


Nov.  13,  1864 


Jan.  6,  1867 
June  4,  1858 
July  25,  1863 


Mar.  5,  1874 
July  31,  1875 


Nov.  13,  1865 
April  19, 1881 
Nov.  9.  1873 
April  28. 1871 
Dec.  20,  1862 
April  16, 1876 
July  19,  1870 


July  29,  18,56 
May  20, 1865 
Oct.  10,  1872 
,Tune  1,  1879 
July  10, 1804 
July  29, 1871 
Nov.  17,  1860 


SENATORS. 

Wh,r, 
Bgm. 

When  Boni. 

state 

Bepre- 
MDted. 

Occupation 

Wben  Died. 

Thomson.  John  R. . . 
Toombs.  Robt-rt 

.D 
.D 
.R 
.R 
.D 
F-S 
..D 
.D 

Pa.  .. 
Ga.  .. 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Ga... 

Sept.  5,  1800 
July  2,  1810 
Oct.  12.  1813 
Oct.   27,  I8IX) 

N.  J.. 

Ga... 

111. .. 

Ohio. 
Texas 

Merchant. 

Sept.  12. 1862 

Trumbull.  Lyman.. 
Wade.  Benjamin  F 
Ward.  Matthias  . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Mechanic. 
Mechanic. 
Varied. .. . 

liar,  "i' '1878 
Oct.   13,  1861 

Wilson.  Henry 

Wright,  William.... 
Yulee,  David  L 

N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
W.  I. 

Feb,  16,  1812 

1794 

1811 

Mass. 

N.  J.. 
Fla.  . 

Nov.  22,  1875 
Nov.     1,  1866 

Total  Senators.  Tl,  Lawyers,  41,  Varied,  lO.  Juri.sts,  8.  Mechanics,  4. 
Merchants,  3.  Occupation  Unkno^vn,  3.  Physicians,  2.  Journalist,  1. 
Foreign  Bom  4:    Including  West  Indies,  2.  Trinidad,  1,    Ireland,  1, 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Where 
Bom. 


When  Ben 


nied. 


Mar.  11,  1874 
Jan.    7,    1874 


Abbott,  Nehemiah, .  .R 

Adi'ain.  Gamett  B D 

Ahl,  John  A D 

Anderson,  Thos.  L.  .N-A 
Andrews,  Samuel  G..R 

Arnold,  Samuel D 

Atkins,  John  D,  C D 

Avery,  William  T..  ..D 
Banks.  Nalhl  P.  .  .N-A 
Barksdale,  William.. D 

Barr,  Thomas  F D 

Bennett.  Henry R 

Bernhisel.  John  M — 

Billinghurst.  Charles. R 

Bingham.  John  A R 

Bishop.  Willi.-im  D....D 
Blair,  Fr.-.M.-is  P.... F-S 

Bliss.  I'liilfToon R 

Bocock.  Tli..ii.,isS....D 
Bonham.  Milk-dge  L.  .D 

Bowie,  Thomas  F W 

Bo.yce,  William  W D 

Branch,  Lawrence  0',D 
Bravton.  William  D.  ,R 

Bryan,  Guy  M D 

Btiffinton.  James R 

Burlingamc.  A,S    ..N-A 

Burnett,  Henry  C D 

Hums.  .Joseph ;,D 

Burroughs,  Silas  M,,.R 
Campbell.  Lewis  D...R 
Canithers.  Samuel — D 

Case,  Charles R 

Caskle,  Johns D 

Cavanaugh,  James  M,— 
ChafTco.  Calvin  C..,N-A 

Chapman,  Henry D 

Clark,  Ezra R 

Clark,  Horace  F D 

Clark,  John  B D 

Clawson,  Isaiah  D.. .  .R 

Clay,  James  B D 

Clemens.  Sherrard. .  .D 
Clingman.  Thomas  T,.D 
Cobb,  Williamson  R  .D 


Me... 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  . 
Ky... 
Conn. 
Conn, 
Tenn. 
Tenn 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  J.. 
Ky... 
Conn. 
Va.  .. 
S.  C. 
Md... 
S.  C. 
N.  C. 
R.  1.. 
Mo. . . 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Va.  . 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Mo... 
Ohio. 
Va. . . 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Conn. 
Ky... 
N.  J.. 

n.  c. 

Va.  .. 

N.  O. 
Tenn. 


Mar.  29. 
Dec.  20, 
Aug.  9, 
Dec,  8, 
Oct,  16, 
June  1, 
June  4, 
Nov.  11, 
Jan.  30, 
Aug.  21, 

Sept.29. 
June  23, 
July  27, 


Sept,  14, 
Feb.  19, 
July  28, 


May  6, 
April  7, 
Oct.  24, 
July  7, 
Nov.  6. 
June  12. 
Mar.  16, 
Nov,  14, 
Oct.  5, 
Mar.  11, 


ISOelMe.  .. 

ISielN.  J.. 

18;5|Pa. .. 

1808IMO  .. 

1799, N.  Y. 

1806  Conn. 

1825  Tenn. 

1819  Tenn. 

1816  Mass. 

1.821  Miss. 

1812  N.  Y. 

ISOS  N     V. 

1799  Utah. 

1818 

Ohio 
Conn 
Mo. 
Ohio 
Va. 
S.  C, 
Md 

S.  C. 
N.  C, 
R.  I 
Texas 
Mass 


.1815 
18-27 
18-21 
1814 

.1815 
1815 
1808 
1819 
1820 
1815 
1821 
1817 


Aug.  9, 
Oct.  13, 
Dec.  21, 


1822  Ma.ss, 
1825]Ky.  ., 
1800  Ohio, 

;N,  Y. 
Ohio, 
Mo... 
Ind.  . 


1811 
18-20 
1817 


July  4. 
Aug.  28. 
Jan.    16, 


1823 
1811 
1805 


April  17, 
Mar,  30. 
Nov.  9, 
April  2« 

Jiine  8, 


1815 
180-,> 


Minn. 

Mass. 

Pa.  .. 

Conn. 

N.  Y. 

Mo.  . . 
2  N.  J.. 
1817  Ky... 
18-26  Va.  . . 

IN.  C. 

1807  Ala.  . 


Occupatio 


When  Died. 


Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied 

Agiicul'st, 
Lawyer.. . 

Varied 

Vaiied 

Hotel-kp-r 
Lawyer. . , 
Physician 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer .. . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer.. . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Vai-ied. .. . 
I^nknown, 

Varied 

L.awyer. . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Varied.... 
rhvslclan. 
.Turlst,.,. 
Unknown, 

.awyer.,. 

.awyer. . . 
.'hyslcian. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 


July  26,  1877 
Aug.  17,  1878 


July   2.    1863 


Aug.  18,  1885 
juVy'8,"l'875 


Oct.   30,  1869 
Se'pt.'i7,'i862 


M«r.  7,  1875 
Feb.  23,  1873 
1866 


June  3,  18(i<) 
July '26,' 1866 

itetj.'ie.'isiig 


June  19, 1873 


Jan.  26.  1864 

Nov.'— ,' 1864 


KKi'iii:sKN'i'A'ri\i;s  hk    iiik  ■riiiK'iv-i'iK'iii   congress. 


i 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Cochrane,  Clarke B..R 

Cochrane,  John D 

Cockerlll.  Joseph  R.  .1) 

Colli. X.  Si-lnivler R 

Coiinn-.  Mi.ns  II..  .N-A 

Coriiiiik',  Kni^tua D 

Covocle.  John W 

Cox.Sainnel  S D 

CruKin.  Aaron  H.,  .N-A 

Ci"aip.  Jainps D 

Cralire.  lUirton D 

Ciauloi.l.  M.irtln  J...U 
Cunv.  J:iIk/.  I..  M....D 

Cnrti»,  SiUiiuel  R It 

Danirell,  Will.  S..  .N-A 
Davidson,  Thomas  G.D 

Davla,  H.  Winter R 

Davis,  John  G D 

Davis.  Reuben D 

Davis,  Timothy R 

Davi.s,    Timothy R 

Dawes,  Henry  L R 

Dean.  Sidney N-A 

Dewart,  William  L. .  .D 

Dick,  John W 

Dinimiek,  William  H.D 

Dodd,  Edward W 

Dowdell,  James  F D 

Durfce.  Nath'l  B...N-A 

Edie,  John  R W 

Edmundson,  H.  A D 

Elliott,  John  M P 

English,  William  H..D 

Eustis,  George N-A 

Famsworth.  John  F-.R 
Faulkner.  ChailesJ.  .D 
Fenton,  Reuben  F,...W 

Ferpuson.  Fenner D 

Florence.  Thomas  B.  .D 

Foley.  James  B D 

Foster.  Stephen  C R 

Garnett.  Muscoe  R.  H.D 

Gartrell,  Lucius  J D 

Oiddings,  Joshua  R.  F-S 

Qillis.  James  L D 

Gilman,  Charles  J  —  R 

Gilmer,  John  A N-A 

Gooch,  Daniel  W R 

Goode,  William  O J 

Goo.hvin,  H.nrvC.  ..R 
Qraiii,""  r.  Ar.ios  P. . . .  W 

GroKH,  Jani.-K  M D 

Greenwood.  .Vlfred  B.D 

Groesbeck,  Wm.  S D 

Grover.  Lafayette. . . .D 

Grow,  Galusha  A R 

Hall,  Lawrence  W..  .D 

Hall,  RobertB N-A 

Harlan,  Aaron R 

Harris,  J.  Morris 'n. N-A 

Harris,  Thomas  L D 

Haskln,  John  B D 

Hatch,  Israeli D 

Hawkins,  George  S. . .  D 

Hickman,  John D 

Hill,  Joshua N-A 

Hoard,  Charles  B R 

Hodges,  Charles  D..R 
Hopkins,  George  W.  .D 
Horton,  Valentine  B.R 
Houston,  George  S. .  .D 
Howard,  William  A.  .R 

Hughes,  James D 

Huyler,  John D 

•Jackson,  James D 

Jenkins,  Albeit  G....D 

Jewett,  Joshua  H D 

Jones,  George  W D 

Jones,  J.  Glaney D 

Jones,  Owen D 

Keiin,  William  H....D 
Keitt.  Lawrence  M.  ..D 

Kellogg.  William R 

Kelly.  John D 

Kelscv.  William  H...W 

Kilg..r.-,  l>:.vid R 

Kini.'^lnn.v,Wiii.  W...D 
Knapp,  Ciiauncey.  .N-A 

Kunkel,  Jacob  M D 

Kunkel,  JohnC W 

I^aniar.  Lucius  Q.  C.  .D 

Lantly,  James D 

Lane,  .l..sc|.h     D 

Lawr.'iL.r,  William.. .D 

Leach.  IJcWitt  C R 

Leidy,  Paul D 

Leiter,  Benjamin  F. .  .R 

Letcher,  John D 

Lovejoy,  Owen R 

Mckibben.  Joseph  CD 
Maclay,   William  B...D 

McQueen.  John D 

McRae,  John  J D 

Marshall,  Humpy.  N-A 
Marshall.  Samuel  S. .  .D 
Mason,  John  C D 


N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Vt.... 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
«a... 
Ga. .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
Miss. . 
Md... 

^^■■■ 
Tenn. 

N.  J.. 

Mass. 

Mass. 

Conn. 

Pa.  .. 

Pa.  .. 

Pa.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Ga. .. 

R.  I.. 

Pa.  .. 

Va. .. 

Va... 

Ind.  . 

Lou. . 

Can.. 

Va. .. 

N.  y. 

N.  Y. 

Pa.  .. 

Ky... 

Me... 

Va... 

Ga... 

Pa... 

N.  Y. 

N.  H. 

N.  C. 

Me... 

a. . . 

.  Y. 
Conn. 
Va... 
Ga... 
N.  Y, 
Me... 
Conn. 
Ohio. 
Mass . 
Ohio. 
Md. .. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
S.  O.. 
Vt.... 


Oeoupallon. 


May  31 
Aug.  27, 


Mar.  23. 

iiee.'  14, 
Mar.  17, 
Sept.  31), 
Feb.  1. 
May.  7, 
Mar.  13, 
Mai.  17. 
June  fi, 
Feb.  3, 
Nov.  20, 
Aug.  6. 
Aug.  Hi, 
Oct.  lO. 
Jan.  IH. 
Mar.  -. 
April  12 
Oct.  30, 
Nov.  16, 


ISl.'.'M.  Y 

1813  N.  Y, 

lOhio. 

1H17  ^1.' 


[Lawyer.. 
Lawyer. . 
I'nknown. 
.biurnalist 


■d. 


lKO> 


'III 


1H24 
l«2lN  " 
lS20,-\lo.  . 
isil  N.  C 
IH2tl|*''l-  - 
IH2.'»,Ala  . 
IHo7;lowa 
lHll'.)'Mass 
181).-.;  Lou. 
1817  M'l.. 
IMin  I"d. 

I7'.lt'l"»a 
IK2i:M.-.ss 
181(5  Mas; 


M. 


\"; 


'hant, 
i.cl.... 
i-d. 


1818 


Nov.  28, 
Sept.  29, 


181.5 
18(1.' 
1818 
1812 


May  16, 
Aug.  27, 
Sept.  28, 
Mar.  27, 


July  1. 
AprU25, 
Jan.  26, 


1820 

182 

1828 

1820 

18IXi 

181 

1814 

ISl: 


Dec.  24,  1799 


Jan.  7, 
Oct.  6, 
Oct.    2, 

Nov.  4, 
Jan.  8, 
Sept.  16, 
June  2.5, 
June  — , 
June  26, 
July  11, 


Va. .. 

Vt.  .. 
Tenn. 
Vt.  .. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 


Aug.  31, 


Jan  .  28, 
Sept.   8, 


Oct.  29. 
Aug.  7, 


Sept.  11, 
Jan.  10, 
June  28, 


Feb.  22, 
Jan.  29, 
Jan.  17, 

Nov.'  24.' 
June  16, 


-Md... 
Va... 
Pa... 
Pa... 
Pa... 
C. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Pa... 
Vt.  .. 
Md... 
Pa.  .. 
Ga. .. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  . 
Md.. 
Va.. 
Me.. 
Pa.  . 
N.  Y 
N.  C. 
Miss. 
Kt.. 
111.  . 

Ky.. 


Nov.  10, 
Sept.  13, 
Mar.  15, 
Oct.    7, 


18; 

1795 
1792 

i'scis 

1820 
1798 
1824 
1789 
1806 
1811 
.1826 
.1823 
1823 
.181 
1812 
1802 
1821 
1816 
1821 
1808 


1810 
181: 
1805 


June  13. 

Dct. 

4, 

July 

8, 

Apri 

21, 

:)ct. 

■J 

Apri 

3. 

June 

4 

Feb. 

2(i, 

July 

23, 

Sept 

17, 

Oct. 

13, 

Dec. 

14, 

Sept 

:> 

Nov. 

23, 

Nov. 

21 

Oct. 

13, 

Mar. 

29, 

Jan. 

6, 

1804 
1802 
1811 

i'8'2.3 
1809 
1819 
1830 
1812 
1806 
1811 

1813 
1824 
1814 
1821 
1812 
18(14 
1S2.S 
l.SOli 

18; 

'1825 
1813 
1801 
1814 
1822 
1813 
1813 
1813 
1811 


.1815 
.1808 


Jan.   13, 
Mar.  18, 


1812 
1821 


Conn 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ala.. 
R.  I. . 
Pa.  .. 
Va, 


Ky... 
Ind.  . 
Lou. . 
111.  .. 
Va.  . 
N.  Y. 
Neb.. 
Pa.  .. 
Ind.  . 
Me.  .. 
Va.  .. 
Ga.  .. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
Me... 
N.  C. 
Mass . 
Va.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Ark.. 
Ohio. 
Ore.  . 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
M.i.ss. 
Ohio. 
Md. . . 
111.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Fla.  . 
Pa.  .. 
Ga... 
N.  Y. 
111.  .. 
Va... 
Ohio. 
Ala.  . 

Mlrh, 

Ind.  . 
N.  J.. 
Ga.  .. 
Va.  .. 
Ky... 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa... 
Pa.  .. 
S.  C. 
111.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N,  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Minn. 
.Mass . 
Md... 
Pa... 
Miss . 
Pa... 
Ore.. 
Ohio. 
Mich. 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
Va.  .. 
111... 
Cal.  . 
N  Y. 
S.  C. 

Miss. 
Ky... 

111.  .. 

Ky... 


Luwyer... 
L;i\vyer. ., 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer.. . 
Lnwyer. . . 
Mi;i'liaiiic 
Liiwyor. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Af^iiuul'st 
Varied  . . . 
Unknown. 
Merc- hant. 
Varied.... 

Varied 

Lnwyer.  . 
Mo  re  hant. 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 

Varied 

Agricul'st. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Jurist 

Mechanic, 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer., , 
Lawyer. . . 
Mechanic. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer, . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Clergy  ni'n 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . , 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. . , 

Varied 

Unknown. 

Jurist 

Varied. . . . 
Lawyer... 


\.:i\\\er... 

.Tuji>t 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Mechanic. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

:  Jurist 

■Meehnnic. 
Lawyer, , . 

Jili-ist 

1  iiknnwn. 
Journalist 
!  Lawyer... 
i  Lawyer.,. 

iVaried 

I  Varied, . . . 
I  Unknown. 

I  Varied 

Unknown. 
[Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

jVaried 

I  Clergy  ni'n 
Unknown 
Varied..., 
Lawyer, . 
Lawyer. . , 

Varied 

Jurist 

Unknown 


Oct.  25. 
Jan.   13, 


iHTr. 

1885 


Dec.  29,  1875 


Dec.  25. 
May  17, 
Sept.  1 1 . 
Dee.  20, 
Jan.  18, 
Dec.   15, 


IHfJO 
IH7:i 
iBGfj 
1866 
1873 


Aug:,  2,  1861 
Nov!  *12,'  1872 


Mar.  26, 
Mar.'  is" 


Nov.    1, 
July's,* 


1879 
1872 

'1884 


1875 


May  27,  1864 


May  14,  1868 


July  3. 
Nov,  12, 
Aug.  20, 


1859 
1860 
1866 


Jan.  26, 1863 


Nov.  24, 
Sept.  24* 


1858 
'l875 
1875 


Mar.  2,    1861 


Jan.  — , 
May  '7, 


1870 
1864 


Mar.  24,  1877 


May  18. 
June  2, 
Dec.  20, 


1862 
1864 
1872 


April  9,  1870 


Aprill9, 1881 


Jan.  26, 
Mar.  25, 


1884 
1864 


Aug.  30. 
May  30, 
Mar.  28, 


1882 
1867 
1868 
1872 


REPRESENTATrVES. 


Oecupfttlof 


MattcBon.  (Jrsa.  B 

Maynard.  Horace W 

Miles.  William  P D 

Miller.  Joseph D 

Mlilson.  John  8 D 


Moon-.  Sydi-iiliain. 
Mon(K"mcT  V.  Wm. 
Morgan.  Edwin  11.. 
Morrill.  Justin  S... 
Morris,  Edward  J. . 

Morris,  Isaac  N 

Morse,  Freeman  H. 

Morse.  Oliver  A 

Mott.  Richard R 

Murray,  Ambrose  S..  .R 
Nibliick.  William  E..D 
Nichols.  Matthias  11.  .R 

Olin.  Abram  B H 

(.irr.  James  L D 

CHero.  Mii^nel  A — 

Halmer,  George  W..  .R 

Parker,  John  ,M W 

Parrott,  Marcus  J R 

Pendleton,  GeorgeH.D 

Pettit,  John  LT R 

Peyton,  Samuel  O D 

Phelps,  Johns  D 

Phelps,  William  W...D 
Philliijs.  Heni-y  M....D 

Pike.  James N-A 

Potter,  John  F R 

Pottle,  Emery  B R 

Powell.  Paulus D 

Purviance,  Sam'l  A..W 

Quitman.  John  A D 

Keady,  Charles W 

Reagan,  John  H D 

Reilly,  Wilson D 

Ricautl,  James  B. .  .N-A 

Ritchie.  David R 

Robbins,  George  R...R 
Roberts.  Anthony  E.W 

Royce,  Homer  E R 

Ruffin,  Thomas D 

Ru.ssell,  William  F.  ..D 

Sandidge,  John  M D 

Savage,  John  H D 

.Scales,  Alfred  M D 

Scott,  Charles  L D 

Searing,  John  A D 

Seward,  James  L D 

Shaw,  Aaron D 

Shaw,  Henry  M D 

Sherman.  John R 

Sherman,  Judson  W.  .R 

Shoiter,  Eli  S D 

Sickles,  Daniel  E D 

SinKleton,  Otho  R D 

Smith,  Robert D 

Smith,  Samuel  A D 

Smith,  William D 

Spinner,  Fi-aneisE..  D 
Stallworth.  James  A..D 
Stanton.  Benjamin... R 

Stephens.  Alex.  H D 

Stevens.  Isaac  I D 

Stepvenson,  John  W.D 

Stewart,  James  A D 

Stewart,  William R 

Xalbott,  Albert  G....D 
Tappan,  Ma.son  W...R 

Taylor,  George D 

Taylor,  Miles D 

Thayer,  Eli R 

Thompson,  John R 

Tompkins.  CydnorB.R 
Trippe,  Robert  P..  N-A 
X^nderwood.  W.  L.  N-.\ 
Vance.  Zebulon  B..N-A 
Vallan(ligham,  C.  L.  .D 

Wade,  Edward R 

Walbridge.  David  S..R 

Waldron.  Henrj- R 

Walton.  Ezekiel  B....R 

Ward,  Elijah D 

Warren,  Edward  A... D 
Washburne,  Cad.  C..R 
Washbui-ne,  Elihu  B..R 

Washburn,  Israel R 

Watkins,  A.  O D 

White,  Addison  W 

Whiteley,  William  G.D 

Wilson,  James R 

Winslow,  Warren  ....D 

Wood.  John  M R 

Woodson.  Sam'l.  H.N-A 
Wortendyke.  Jacob  R.D 
Wright,  Augustus  B..D 

Wright.  John  V D 

ZoUicoCfer,  Feli-x  K.W 


N,  Y. 

MlUiH. 

S.  C. 
(^hlo. 
Va.  ., 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Pa.  . . 
Ohio. 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
N.  J.. 
Vt.  .. 
8.  C. 
N.  M. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Conn. 
Mich. 
Pa.  .. 
Mass. 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
Va.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
.Md... 
Pa.  .. 
N.  J.. 
Pa..  . 
Vt.  .. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
Tenn. 
N.  C. 
Va.  . . 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
N.  Y 
R.  I. 
Ohio 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
N.  Y. 
Ky. . . 
N.  H. 
Tenn. 
Va,  .. 
N.  T. 
Ala.  . 
Ohio. 
Ga... 
Mass. 
Va.  . . 
Md... 
Pa.  .. 
[Ky... 
N.  H. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
I  Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Ga.. 
Va. . . 
N.  C. 
Ohio . 
Mass. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  . . 
N.  Y. 
Ala . . 
Me... 
Me... 
Me... 
Tenn- 
Ky... 
Del... 
Ind.  . 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
N.  J.. 
Ga,j. 
Tenn. 
|Tenn. 


Aug.  13, 
July  -, 


Oct. 


April  11. 
Mav  2, 
Api'll  II, 
Jiilv  III, 
Jan.  22. 
Feb.  18. 
Mar.  2(i, 
July  21, 

siiiy  "ill, 
Oct.    3, 

May"  12,' 
June  21, 
Jan,  13, 
June  14, 
Oct.  27. 
July  25, 


N.  Y. 

1814Tcnn, 
1828's.  C. . 

Ohio. 

1808  Va.  .. 
....  |Ala  .. 
1819  Pa.  .. 
I806  ,S.  Y. 
1810!vt.  .. 
1815  Pa.  .. 
lKI2!lll.  .. 
l8'i7;Mc... 

IMJ.'. 


Dec.  22 
June  1, 


Nov.  — , 
May   11, 


18(14 

'l'8'22 
1824 
1812 
1822 
1829 
1818 
1805 
1828 
1825 

.181)4 
,  1814 
1826 

'  Ts'i's 

1817 


Nov.  8, 
Sept.  1, 
Dec.  22, 
Oct.    8, 

Fe'b."l'l,' 
Aug.  19, 
Sept.  24, 
Oct.  — , 


1809 
1799 
1802 
1818 

'l'8<J8 
1812 
1812 
1803 
1819 


Jan.  7,  1817 


Nov.  26, 
Jan.  23, 
May  14, 


1827 
1827 
1805 


'n<)v.'2'o'. 
May   10, 


Ohio. 
N,  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Ohio 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
N.  M, 
N.  Y, 
N.  Y. 
Kan.. 
Ohio. 
Ind.  . 
Ky... 
Mo... 
Minn. 
Pa.  . , 
N.  H. 
Wis.. 
N.  Y. 
Va.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Miss.. 
Tenn. 
Texas 
Pa.  . . 
Md... 
Pa.  .. 
N.  J.. 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.  . . 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
La... 
Tenn. 
N.  C. 
Cal... 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 


June 
Sept.  11, 
Jan.  21 
April  7, 
June  4, 
Feb.  11, 


Mar.  15, 
Oct.  -, 
O.'t.   14. 


■  12 


May  4, 
Nov.  24, 
Sept.  16, 


.1811 
1819  N.   C. 
1823  Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

1823  Ala. . 
182rN.  Y. 
1814  .Miss.. 
18(12  111.  .. 
1822  Tenn. 
17U7;Va.  .. 
I802:N.  Y. 
1822  Ala.  . 
1809  Ohio. 
1812'Ga... 
1818  W.  T. 
1812,  Kv... 
1808  Md... 


1811 


Oct.    19,  1820 


June  11, 
July  4  , 
Nov.  8, 

Aug' '7'.' 
Mav    13, 

Jul'v  2:1. 
Nov.  22, 
July  31.1, 
Oct.  11, 
Feb.  17, 
Sept,  15 
Mav  2. 
A 1  in  122 
Sept.  2:1, 
June  6, 
Jlay    5, 


1819 


Pa... 
Ky... 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Lou.. 
Mass. 


1809  N.  Y. 
1810,0hio. 

Ga... 

ISOft  Ky... 
183(1  N.  C. 
lN2(i  (.ihio. 
Is(i3  Ohio. 
1.8(12  Mich. 
18I9  Mich. 
1S12  Vt.... 
181K  X.  Y. 
1818  .^rk.. 
1818,  Wis. . 
1816  111.  .. 


1813 
1818 


April  9, 
Jan.  1. 
Nov.  17. 
Oct.  24, 
Nov.  27. 
June  16. 
June  IX, 
May    19. 


182 


Me. 
Tenn, 
Ky... 
Del.  . 
Ind 


1810|N.  C. 
1813  Me... 
1815  Mo... 
1818:N.  J.. 
1813  Ga... 
182«Tenn. 
1812  Tenn 


Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer  . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
I'nknown. 
Lawyer... 
Meichant. 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

■nrlst 

'hyslclan. 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Clergyin'n 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 

Varied 

Law-yer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Physician. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Aericul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Agricul'st. 
Law-yer, . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician. 
Lawyer.  . 
Unknown. 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Unkno^vn. 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied  . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Educator. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

L,awyer... 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Varied.... 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Varied. .. . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Law-yer. , . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 

Jurist 

Law-yer. . . 
Journalist 


May   3,  I8S2 


Feb.   20,  1873 
Moy"2,   "1876 


April  2U,  1870 


Sept.  IS,  1862 

1878 

May    e,  1873 


Jan.    4,  1870 
!'.'.'.'.  ."l'873 


July  17,  1858 


Jan.  24, 1886 
Jan.  24,  1867 


Oct.    8,   1863 


May    6,   1878 
Feb,'  '23,'  I's&i 


Dec.  21,  1867 


Mar.   4.    1883 
Sept.  6,  1862 


June  17,  1871 
Aug.  7.  1862 
June  15,  1868 


July  2,  1875 
1882 


May  12,  1883 


Aug.  8,  1867 
June  11,  1863 
Dec.  24,  1864 

NoT."7','i'8B8 

ja'ii.   19.  186-2 


Total  Representatives,  aiil.  Law-yers,  180.  Varied,  4©.  Occupation 
Unknown.  S8.  Jurists,  20.  Merchants.  9.  Physicians.  6.  Agricultur- 
ists, 6.  Mechanics.  5.  Clei'g5-men,  3,  Journalists,  3.  Educator,!.  Hotel 
Keeper,  1.     Foreign  Bom,  1.    Including  Canada.  1. 


=<r^ 


506 


THIRTY-SIXTH    CONGEESS,    AND    LEADING    EVENTS    OF    THE    TIME. 


Thirty-sixth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1859  to  1861. 


1859— A  conflap-ation  at  Key  West.  Fla..  de- 
stroyed 110  houses  and  property  esti- 
mated at  $2.750.CX»,  May  16. 

1859— Civil  "War  in  Venezuela,  S.  A.  Monagas, 
the  Dictator,  overthrown,  in  July. 

1859— Revolution  in  Costa  Rica— President 
Mora  deposed,  Aug.  14. 

1859— Alex.  H.  Stephens,  of  Georgia,  advo- 
cates the  formation  of  a  Southei-n  Cc-n- 
federacy,  July  4. 

1859— The  Papal  War  in  Italy— the  Pope  ap- 
peals to  Europe  against  the  King  of 
Sardinia.  July  12. 

1859— Garibaldi  exhorts  the  Italians  to  arm, 
July  19. 

1859— Spain  declares  war  against  Morocco 
(Northern  Africa  I.  Oct.  22. 

1859— Execution  of  John  Brown  ("Osawat- 
tamie  "}  at  Charlestown,  Va..  for  insti- 
gating an  insurrection  among  the  ne- 
groes at  Harper's  Ferry.  Dec.  2. 

1860— Eighth  census  of  the  United  States; 
population,  31.443.332. 

1860— Arrival  of  the  first  official  Japanese 
Embassy  in  the  United  States,  Mar.  27. 

I860— Abraham  Lincoln  nominated  for  Presi- 
dent, at  Chicago,  Slay  17. 

I860— First  arrival  of  the  famous  British 
steamship  "  Great  Eastern  "  at  New 
York,  June  28. 

1860 — Departure  from  BostO".  of  Dr.  Hayes' 
Arctic  Expedition,  July  7. 


James  Buchannu,   liith  Prealdent. 

John  C.  Breckenridge,  of  Ky,,  Vice-President.  Lewis 
Cass,  of  Slich.,  and  Jeremiah  S.  Black,  of  Pa.,  Sec'ys  of 
State.  Philip  F.  Thomas,  of  Md.,  and  John  A.  Dix,  of 
N.  Y.,  Sec'ys  of  Treas.  John  B.  Floyd,  of  Va..  and  Jos. 
Holt,  of  Ky,,  Sec'ys  of  War,  Isaac  Toucey,  of  Conn., 
Set'y  of  Kavy.  Jacob  Thompson,  of  Miss.,  Sec'y  of 
Interior.  Joseph  Holt,  of  Ky..  and  Horatio  King,  of 
Me.,  Postmasters.GeneraI.  Jeremiah  S.  Black,  of  Pa., 
and  Edwin  M.  Stanton,  of  Ohio,  Attorneys-General. 
WilUam  Pennington,  of  N.  J.,  Speaker  of  House  of 
Rei-resentativcs. 


I860— Gai-ihaldi  defeats  the  Xeapolitans,  May 
15  and  July  21. 

1860- Garibaldi  enters  Naples  and  becomes 
Dictator  of  Italy,  Sept.  8. 

1860— Papal  troops  defeated  by  the  Sardin- 
ians in  Italy,  Sept.  18. 

18t^)— Arrival  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  in  the 
United  States,  Sept.  21. 

1860— Pekin.  the  Chinese  capital,  surrendered 
to  the  allied  English  and  French  troops, 
Oct.  12. 

1860— Naples  and  Sicily  annexed  to  the 
Kingdom  of  Sardinia,  Oct.  21. 

1860— South  Carolina  secedes  from  the  Union, 
Dec.  20. 

1860— John  J.  Crittenden,  ot  Ky..  in  behalf 
of  the  Southern  States,  submits  com- 
promise resolutions  to  Congress, 
Dec.  18. 

1861— Southern  Confederacy  formed  at  Mont- 
gomery, Ala.,  Feb.  8. 

1861— Imperial  order  issued  for  the  total 
emancipation  of  Russia's  23,000,000 
serfs  within  two  years.  Mar,  3. 

1861— The  new  Kingdom  of  Italy  established, 
Mar.  14.— Three  days  afterward.  Victor 
Emmanuel  II.,  of  Sardinia,  was  declared 
King  of  Italy. 

1861— The  Civil  War  between  the  Northern 
and  Southern  States  of  North  America 
begun  bv  the  siege  and  destruction  of 
Fort  Sumter,  Charleston,  S.  C,  April  12 
and  13. 


D,  indicates  Democrat;    "W,  Whig;    R,  Republican;    A,  Abolitionist;    N-A,  Native-American;    F-S,  Free-Soiler. 


SENATORS. 


StAt« 

VtheaBorn.        lUpra-      Occup&tion. 
seated. 


Anthony,  Henry  B. ..R 
Baker,  Edward  D....R 

Bavard.  James  A D 

Benjamin.  Judah  P..W 

Bigler,  William D 

Bingham,  Kinsley  S.  .R 

Bragg.  Thomas D 

Bright,  Jesse  D D 

Broderick,  David  C,,.D 

Brown.  Albeit  G D 

Cameron,  Simon R 

Chandler,  Zachariah.R 

Chestnut,  James D 

Clark.  Daniel R 

Clay.  Clement  C D 

Clingman,  Thos.  L. ..D 

Collamer.  Jacob R 

Crittenden.  John  J..W 

IJavis,  Jelferson D 

Dixon,  James R 

Doolittle,  Jas.  R  ..  ..R 
Douglas.  Stephen  A.  .D 

Durkee.  Charles R 

Fessenden.  Wm.  P. ..R 

Fitch.  Graham  N D 

Fitzpatriek.  Benj D 

Foot.  Solomon R 

Foster,  Lafayette  S,,R 

dreen,  Jas.S D 

Gi-imes.  Jas.  W R 

Gwin.  William  M I) 

Hale.  John  P R 

Hamlin,  Hannibal R 

Hammond,  Jas.  H 1) 

H.arlan.  James W 

Haun.  Henry  P I) 

Hemphill.  John D 

Hunter.  Itob't  M.T...D 

Iver.-*on,   Alfred D 

•lohnson,  Andrew,.., D 

Johnson,  Kob't  W D 

Kennedy,  Anthony. . — 

King.  Preston R 

I*ane.  Joseph 1> 

Latham,  Milton   S D 

Mallory, Stephen  U. . D 

Mjuson,  James  M D 

Morrill,  Lot  M R 

Nicholson,  A,  O,  P,  ,,D 

Pearce,  Jameti  A D 

Polk,  Trusten D 

Powell,  Lazarus  W...I) 

Pugh,  (icorgf!    E- D 

Rice,  Henry  M D 

Hnulsbury,  Wlllard.,I> 
Sebastian.  Wm.  K....D 
Seward,  William  H,,,R 

Simmons,  Jas.  F W 

Slldell.  John D 

Sumner.   Charles R 

Ten  Evck.  Jno.  C — 

Th..ni-..n,  .tolin    R   .1) 


R.  !.. 
Eng'd 
Del... 
W.  I. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
D.C.. 
S.  C. 
Pa.  . 
N.  H. 
S.  C. 
N.  H. 
Ala.  . 
N.  O. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Conn. 

N.  y. 

Vt.... 
Vt.  . . 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Ga.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Conn. 
Va. .. 
N.  H. 
Tenn. 
N.  H. 
Me.  . . 
S.  C 
111.... 
Kv... 
S.  C. 
Va. . . 
Ga. . . 
N.  C. 
Ky.,. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Ohio. 
Tri'd. 
Va. .. 
Mo... 
Tenn. 
D.  C. 
Del  . 
Ky... 
Ohio 
Vt.  . 
Del. 
Tenn 
N.  Y 
R.  I. 
N.  Y. 
Mass 
N.J. 
Pa. 


April  1, 
Feb.  24, 
Nov,  15, 

Dec,  — ,* 
Dec.  16, 
Nov,  9, 
Dec,  IS, 
Dec.  — . 
May  31, 
Mar.  8, 
Dec.  10, 


1815  R.  I.. 

181l|Ore.. 
1799  Del... 
1812, Lou.. 
1813  Pa.  .. 
1808 1  Mich. 
ISlOiN.  C. 
1812|Ind.  . 
1818  Cal.  . 
1813  Miss.. 
1799  Pa..  . 
1813  Mich 


Oct.  24, 


Sept.  10, 
June  3, 
Aug.  .'i. 
Jan.  3. 
April  2:), 
Dec.  1", 
Oct.  If., 
Dec.  7. 
June  311, 
Nov.  lu, 
Nov.  22, 
Feb,  28, 
Oct.  20. 
Oct.  9, 
Mar.  31, 
Aug,  27. 
Nov,  15, 
Aug.  2(i, 
Jan.  18, 

April'2i,' 
Dec,  3, 
Dec,  29, 


,S,  C. 
N.  H. 
Ala.  . 
N.  C. 
Vt..  , 
Ky... 
Miss. 


1815 
1809 
1819 

'  1792 
1786 
1808 

1814  Conn, 
isi.')  Wis.. 
1H13  lit.  . 
IM".-)  Wis.. 
IMlHi  Me... 
181(1  Ind  . 
1S02  Ala.  . 
lM(i2,Vt.... 
IHtMiiConn 


Oct.  14, 
Dec,  14, 
May  23, 

Nov. '  3.' 
May  3. 
Aug.  31. 
Dec.  14, 
May  2SI. 
Oct.  n, 
Nov,  '28, 
Nov.  29, 
June  2, 

May  iVi,' 
Sept,  10, 

.iaii, '  6, 
Mar,  12. 

s.-i.t,  r,. 


1817 

Mo... 

1816 

Iowa, 

18()5 

Cal... 

IKtXi 

N.  H. 

18(19 

Me... 

1807 

S.  C. 

18-20 

Iowa. 

IKL'i 

Cal... 

Texas 

181 1!1 

Va.,  . 

1798 

Ga.,, 

1808 

Tenn. 

1814 

Ark.. 

1811 

Md... 

I80(i 

N.  Y. 

1801 

Ore.  . 

1K27 

Cal. . . 

1810 

Fla. . . 

1798 

Va.  , . 

1813 

Me.  . . 

1808 

Tenn. 

181).', 

Md... 

1811 

Mo... 

1812 

Kv... 

1822 

Ohio. 

181H 

MIttn. 

18-2(1 

Del... 

Ark., 

18111 

N.  Y. 

171I.''. 

R.  I  . 

1793 

Lou. . 

IHlllMass. 
ihuIn.  J.. 

INIXI  N.  .1., 


Journalist 
Lawytr. . . 
Lawyer,. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer, , . 
Mechanic. 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Merchant. 
Unknown. 
t.a.vryer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer, . , 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Juriet 

Jurist 

Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Physician. 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Physician. 
Lawyer... 
Lawj'er... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.., 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Mechanic. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Unknown. 
T.,awyer... 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
VarU-d... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyei-... 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Varied. ... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. .. 
MiM-chant. 


.Sept.  2. 
Oct.  21, 
June  13, 
May  7, 
Aug.  9, 
Oct.  5, 
Jan.  21, 
May  20. 
Sept.  le. 


1884 
1S61 
1880 
1884 
1880 
1861 
1872 
1875 
1859 


Nov.  1,    1879 


Jan.    3,  1882 


Nov.  9,  1865 
July  26,  1863 

iiar.  27,' 1*873 

June'  3,'  1861 
Jan.  14, 1870 
Sept.  8,   1869 

Nov.  2i','l869 
Mar.  28,  1866 
Sept.  19, 1880 
June  19,  1870 
Feb.   7,    1872 

Nov.'i8Vl*873 


Nov.  13,  1864 


May   6,    1860 
Jan.    4,    1862 


Mar.  5,    1874 
July  31,  1875 


Nov.  13,  1865 
April  19, 1881 


Nov.  9.  1873 
April  28, 1871 
,Tan.  10,  1883 

Dec*  20,'  1*863 
April  16, 1876 

.Jul*y*i9,"V876 
July    5,  1867 


May  20.  1865 
Oct.  10,  1872 
July  10,  1864 
July  29,  1871 
Mar.  11,  1874 

Si'pt.  "r2.  r8i!2 


SENATORS. 


State  _ 

Repre-      OccupMion.  When  DUd. 

sentcd. 


Toombs.  Robert D  Ga...  July    2,  1810  Ga.  ..Lawyer... 

Trumbull.  Lyman. ...R  Conn.  Oct.    12,  1813  111..  .Uurist ' 

\V;uii',  B.-iij.  F R  Mass.  Oct.   27,  1800  Ohio.  ;Lawyer. ..  Mar.  2,    1878 

\V;ir<i,    Jhitlhias D  Oa...   Texas'Lawyer. . .  Oct.  13.    1861 

^Vl^,-lall.  LnuisT D  Va...  .Texas  Lawyer...  Feb.  14,   1874 

Wilkin.son.  Morton  S.R  N.  Y.  Jan.  22.  1819  Minn. [Lawyer 

Wilson,   Henry R  N.  H.  Feb.  16,  1812  Mass.  iMechanic.  Nov.  22,  1875 

Yulee.  David  L D  W^.  I.l 1811  Fla.. .!  Varied 

Total  Senators, 'TO.  Lawyers,  41.  Varied,  lO.  Jurists,  7.  Merchants,  8. 
Mechanics.  ».  Journalists,  S,  Physicians,  3,  Occupation  Unknown,  S. 
Foreign  Born,  4:     Including  West  Indies,  2;  England, 1;  Trinidad,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

'2'r   ^""i!'". 

stale 
Repro 

senicl. 

Occupalion. 

Wben  Died. 

Adams,  Chas.  F R 

Mass,  'Aug.  18,  1807, Mass- 

Lawyer,. . 

Adams,  Green N-A 

Ky..,  AUL-.  20,  1812  Kv... 

Jurist 

Adrain,  Garrett  B,...D 

N.  Y.  Dec.  20,   1816, N,  J.. 

Lawj-er. . . 

Aug.  17,  1878 

Aldricli.  Cyrus R 

R.  I..  [June  7,  1808  5Iinn. 

Varied.... 

Oct,    5,  1871 

Allen,   William I> 

Alley,  John  B R 

Ander,-;on,  Thos.  L D 

Ohio.  Aug.  13,  1827;Ohio. 

Ky. ..  Dec.  8,    18*8  Mo... 

Lawyer. . . 

Ky...  Dec.   6.    1826  Ky... 

Lawyer. . . 

Dec.  23,  1861 

Ashley.  James  M R 

Pa.  ..  Nov.  14,  1824  Ohio, 

\  aried 

Asliniore.  John  D D 

S,  C,  Aug.  7,    1819  S.  C. . 

Agrieul'st. 

Dec,  6,   1871 

Aven-.  William  T D 

Tenn.  Nov.  11,  1819  Tenn. 

Lawyer... 

Babbitt,  Elijah — 

Barksiiale,  ■William.  .P 

Pa... 
Miss.. 

Tenn.  Aug.  21,  1821 

Varied.... 

July  2,    1863 

Barr,  Thomas  J I) 

N.  Y 1812  N.  Y. 

Hotehkp'r 

Barrett.  .lames  R D 

Ky |Mo... 

Unknown. 

Beale,  Charles  L R 

N.  y.'Mar,  5,    1824|N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

Pa...  1815  Ohio. 

Lawyer. . . 

Blair,  Francis  P F-S 

Ky..,'Feb.  19,  I821;Mo,., 

Varied.... 

July  8.    1875 

Blair,  Samuel  S R 

Blake,  Harrison  0,,,,R 

Pa,  ,.| Pa..  . 

Vt.  ..Mar.  17,  1818  Ohio. 

liawyer. . . 

Bncock,  Thos.  S D 

Va...  1815  Va... 

Lawyer. . , 

S.  C. .  May    6,    1815  S.  C. . 

Lawyer, , , 

Boteler,  Alex.  R....N-A 

Va...iMay  16,   1815,  Va.,. 

Varied 

BouHkuv,  John  E.  .N-A 

Lou..  Feb.    5,    1824  Lou,, 

Lawyer... 

Feb,  20,  1864 

Bovee,  Wm.  W I) 

S.  C. 

Oct.  24,  1819, S,  C. 

Lawyer... 

Brabson,  Reese  B W 

Tenn. 

Tenn. 

Unknown. 

Branch,  Lawrence  O'.D 

N.  C. 

July  7,    1820iS,  C. 

Lawyer... 

Sept,  17, 1862 

Bniyton.  Wm.  D R 

R.  1.. 

Nov.   G,  1815  R.  I.. 

Merchant. 

N,  Y. 

May    0.    1805|N.  Y. 

Merchant. 

June  I,   1869 

Brlslow,  Francis  M..W 

Ky... 

Aug.  11.  1804|Ky... 

Varied.... 

June  10, 1804 

Ky.   . 

June  28.  1835  Ky... 

Lawyer. .. 

BufUnton,  James R 

Mass.lMar.  Hi,  1817|Mas8. 

Varied 

Mar,  7,  1875 

Burch,  John  C D 

Mo,,. 

Feb.    1,    1826Cal.,, 

Varied.... 

N.  Y. 

Nov,  14,  1822>Masa, 

Lawyer... 

Feli.ia,  V873 

IhirnhuiM    ,\lfn  ,]  ,\  ,  ,.R 

Conn. 

Mnr.  8,    ISlOIConn, 

Lawyer. . . 

Va... 

Oct.   5,    1825  Ky, . . 

Lawyer. . . 

I86B 

BurrouKhs,  Sil.e  M...K 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Unknown. 
i;nknown. 

June  3,  1860 

Campbell,  Jas.  11 R 

Pa.  .. 

Feb.   a.    18-2(1  Pa.  .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Carev.  John It 

Va... 

April  5,  1792  Ohio, 

Varied.... 

Carter.  Luther  C R 

Me... 

Feb.  25.  18(15  N.  Y. 

Varied.... 

Case,  Charles R 

Ohio. 

Dec.  21,  1817  Ind,  , 

Lawyer. . . 

Clark,  Horace  F I) 

Conn. 

181.'.  N.  Y. 

Lawyer. . . 

June  19, 1873 

Clark,  John  B I) 

Ky... 

April  17,  IHdL 

Mo... 

Lawyer... 

^  •!(>~'~" 


"^ 

,Gr 

cy 

K 

'^ 

\ 

BEPKESENTATIVKS    01'     III 

1-;  'I'iiii;tv-s;,\tii   (;ok(;k 

ESS.                                                      .507 

vj- 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

Where 

When  RrTtn. 

sut« 

Ocqup.tlon.            Wi,.„  pi..]. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

Wl..™ 
Dom. 

Vhim  Ilcrn. 

Huu 

Mntcl. 

Vbn  Iii«J. 

1 

Clemens.   Sherrard...D 

Clopton.   David D 

Cobb.  Will.  R.  W D 

Coburn,    Stephen R 

Cochrane,  Clarke  B.  .R 

Cochrane.  John D 

Colfax.  Schuyler R 

Conkllng,    Roscou R 

Cooper,  George  B — 

Corwin,  Tiiomas R 

Covode.  John R 

Cox,  Samuel  S D 

Craige,  Burton D 

Craig.  James D 

Crawfoid.M:ntiii  J...D 
Curry,  .l;il"/.  I.   M....D 

Curii-.  S.ii.Kul  K K 

Daily.  Samu-1  G R 

Davidson,  Thos.  G D 

Davis.Jolin   0 D 

Davis,  H.  Winter It 

Davis,  Reuben D 

Dawes,  Henry  L R 

De  Jarnette,  Danl  CD 

Delano.  Charles R 

Dimmii-k.  Wni.  H D 

Duetl.    K.  Holland.... R 

Dunn.  William  M R 

Ea^-^tal.M.ok,  Experi..D 

Edgcrtnii.    Sidney R 

Edrnundsnti,  MciiiyA.D 
Edwaids,   Thos.  M....R 

Eliot.  Thomas  D — 

Ely.   Alfred R 

English.  Wm.  H D 

Etheridge,  Emer. .  ,N-A 
Farnsworth.  John  F.R 
Fenton.  Reuben  E...W 

Ferry,  Orris  S R 

Florence.  Thos.    B D 

Foster,  Stephen  C R 

Fouke,  Philip  B D 

Frank.  Augustus R 

French.  Ezra  B R 

Garnett,  Muscoe  R.  H.D 

Gartrell,  Lucius  J D 

Gilmer,  John  A N-A 

Gooch,  Daniel  W R 

Graham,  James  H....R 

Grow,  Galusha  A R 

Gnrley,  John  A R 

Hale,  James  T R 

Hall,Chapin R 

Hamilton,  And.  J R 

Hardeman.  Thos. ..N-A 
Harris,  J.  Morrison. N-A 

Harris,  John  T D 

Haskin,  John  B D 

Hatton,    Robert.. ..N-A 

Hawkins,  Geo.  S D 

Helmick,  William.... R 

Hickman .  John D 

Hill.  Joshua N-A 

Hindman.  Thos.  C D 

Hoard.  Chas.  B R 

Holman,  William  S...D 
Hooper.  William  H. . — 
Houston,  ^;.•<.r^'e  S...D 

Howuni.  Wilham D 

Howard.  William  A.  .R 
Hughes,  Gcoige  W...D 
Humphrey,  James.... R 

Hutchins.  John R 

Irvine.  William R 

Jackson,  James D 

Jenkins.  Albert  G D 

Jones,  John  J D 

Junkins.  Benj.  F R 

Keitt.  Law.  M D 

Kellogg.  Francis  W.  .R 
Kellogg.  William  ....R 
Kenynn.  William  S...R 

KUgure.    I'avid R 

Killing.-)',  Juliti  W.,..R 

Kunkel.  Jacob  M D 

Lamar,  Lucius  Q.  C.  .D 

Landrum.  John  lil D 

Larrabee.  Charles  H.D 

Leach,  DeWitc  C R 

Leach,  James  M W 

Leake,  Shelton  F D 

Lee,  Lindley  M R 

Logan,  John  A D 

Longnecker,  H.  C It 

Loomis.  Dwight It 

Love,  Peter  E D 

Lovejoy.  Owen R 

McClernand.  Jno.  A.D 

McKean,  James  B R 

McKentv,  Jacob  K — 

McKnight,   Robert. ...R 
Maclav.  William  B...D 

McPherson,  Edw'd R 

McQueen,  John D 

McRae.  John  J D 

Mallory,  Robert D 

Va...lApril28, 1826  Va... 

Ga...! Ala... 

Tenn.lJune  «,  18U7  Ala.  . 

Me...' Mo... 

N.  H.:M.ay31,  1815  N.  Y. 
N.  Y.tAuB.  27,  1813  N.  Y. 
N,  Y.'Mai-,  23,  1823  Ind,  . 
N.  Y.  Oct.  30,  1829  N.  Y. 
N.  J..ljune  li,  lH(».Mich. 
Ky,..  July  211.  1794  (Jhio. 

Marston.  Gilnian H    'N.  H. 

Aug.  20,  1811  N.  H. 

Unknown. 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Ohio. 
Va... 

Unknown, 
t'nknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Nov.  — ,  1864 

Va... 

Maynard,  Hora(-e. .  ..VV 
Miles,  W.  Poi-eher....D 

Millson,  John  S D 

Millward,  William. ..W 

Montgomery.  Wm U 

Mcoie,  Lallan   T.  ...N-A 

Ml. ore.  Svdenllaiii D 

.Moorhead.Jas.  K R 

Morrill,  Justin  S H 

Morris,  Edward  J R 

Morris,  Isaac  N D 

Morse.  Freeman  H . . . .  K 
Nelson,  Thos.  A.  11. .  .— 
Niblack.  William  E...D 

Nixon.  John  T K 

Noell,John  W D 

Olin,  Abram  B U 

Otero,  Miguel  A — 

Palmer.  George  W..R 

Parrott.  Marcus  J R 

Pendleton.  Geo.  H D 

Penninglon.  Wm W 

Perrv.  John  J H 

Pettit.John  U R 

Peyton,  Samuel  O D 

Phelps,  John  S D 

Mass . 
S.  C. . 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Va... 
Tenn. 
Pa..  . 
VI.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Me... 
Tenn. 
Ind.  . 
N.  J.. 

Aug.  13,  1814 

Moy  »,   18B2 

Mar.  .1.    1867 

July   — ,  1828  .S.  C.  . 
Oct.    1,    1808  Va... 

Pit... 

April  11,  1819  Pa... 
Jan.   13,  1820  Ky... 

Ala.  . 

Seiit.  7.  1806  Pa..  . 
April  14. 1810, Vt.  .. 
July  1(1,  1815  Pa. . . 

Lawyer 

Journalist  Jan.  13,   1883 

Lawyer 

.Mrnrhant 

Lawyer...  Dec.  18,  18«5 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer...  Dec.  29,  1875 

Lawyer 

\'aried 

Lawyer 

Varied Dec.  25,  1868 

Lawyer... 
t'nknown. 
Lawyer... 

Feb.  as,  1S73 
Miy"2,"r87'6 

I'a.  .. 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 
Pa.  . . 

i:a... 
Ga. . . 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 

Mai-.  17.  1M08  Pa,.. 
Sept.30,  1H24  Ohio. 
Mar.  13,  1811  N.   C. 
May   7,   1820  Mo. . . 
Mai-.  17,  1820  Ga... 
June   5,   1825  Al:i... 
Feb.  3,    181)7  Iowa. 

Varied.... 

Varied.... 

Jan.  22.  1812  111.  .. 
Feb.  18,  1807  Me... 

Tenn, 

May  19,   I822'Ind.  . 

].,awyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Jurlttt 

Aiig.'  8,'  'l'873 

1819 

Neb.  . 
tJ'OU.. 
Ind.  . 

riiknown.  Sept.  14,  1865 
Lawyer,..,  Sept.  11,  1883 
Agrleurst.  Jan.  18,   1806 

18-20 

N.  J.. 
Mo... 
N.  Y. 
N.  M 

Miss.. 
Ky... 
Md... 
Tenn. 
Mass. 
Va.  .. 
Mass. 
Pa..  . 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
N.  H. 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Ind.  . 
N.  C. 
Can.. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Pa... 
Mo... 

in.  .. 

N.  Y. 

N.  H. 
Va  . 

Aug.  (),    1805 
Oct.    10,   1810 

Va... 

Vt.... 

Feb.   15,  1816 
1812 

Lawyer... 

Mai-.  14,  1863 

Aug.  in,  lH17|Md... 

N.  M. 
N.  Y. 

S.C. 
Ohio. 
N   J. 

Jan.  18,  18l3'Miss..'\'jii-ie(l iDee.  15.1873 

Jan.  13,  1818  N.  Y. 
Oct.  27,  1828!  Kan.. 
July  25,  1825!olilo. 

Oct.   30,  1816  Mass. 

Varii-d.... 

1H22  Va... 

1820  Mass. 

Dec.  211.  18l5:Pa.>. 
Hoc.  20,    1,s24!n.  y. 

Agricul'st. 
Lawyer... 
La.i-yer. .. 
Lawyer... 



Aug."2,"i8ei 

1797 

N.  J.. 
Me... 
Ind.  . 

Lawyer., , 

Feb.  16,  186-.! 

N.  H. 
N.  Y. 

Ky. .. 

Aug.   2,    1811 

JurlKt 

Dec.  12.    1814 
Apiilao,  1813 
1818 

jiai-.'  20,'  iVfw 

Ind.  . 
Neb.. 
Ohio. 
Va.  . . 
N.  II. 
M.ass. 

18()4 

PhyHicion. 

Jan.  4,   I»70 

Conn. 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
Vo... 
Ga.  .. 
Va... 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
S.J.. 
R.  I.. 
III.  .. 
Vt,  .. 

Dec.  22,  1814 

Porter,  Albeit  G R 

Pottle,  Kiiiory  B R 

Potter,JolinF R 

Pryor,  Roger  A D 

Fugb,  James  L D 

Quailes.  James  M. .N-A 

Keagan.John  H D 

Reynolds,  Edwin  R. ..R 
Reynolds.  John  H....R 

Rice,  Alex.  H R 

Riggs.  JelurR R 

Robinson.  Chris R 

Robinson.  Jas.  C D 

Royce,  Homer  E R 

Ruffin,  Thomas D 

Rust,  Albert  D 

Schwartz.  John D 

Scott,  Charles  L D 

Scranton.  Geo.  W R 

Sedgw-ick,  Chas.  B R 

Sherman.  John R 

Sickles,  Daniel  E D 

Simms,  William  E D 

Singleton.  Otho  R D 

Smith,  Wm.  N.  H...N-A 

Smith,  William D 

Somes,  Daniel  E R 

Spauldiiig,  Elb'dgc  G.— 
Spinner,  Francis  E...R 

Stallworth.  Jas.  A D 

Stanton.  Benj R 

Stevens,  Isaac  I D 

Stevens,  Thaddeus. ..R 

Stevenson,  Jno.  W D 

Stewart,  James  A D 

Stewart.  William R 

Stokes.  William  B...W 

Stout,  Lansing D 

Stratton,  Jno.  L.  N...R 
Tappan,  Mason  W...R 

Taylor,  Miles D 

Thayer,  Eli R 

Theaker,  Thos.  C...  .R 

Thomas.  James  H D 

Tompkins.  Cydnor  B.R 

Train,  Charles  R R 

Trimble,  Carey  A K 

Underwood,  J.  W.  H.D 
Vallandigham.C.  L.D 
Vanc-e,  Zebulon  B.  .N-A 
Vandever.  William... R 
Van  Wvek,  Chas.  H..R 

Verree,  John  P R 

"Wilde,  Edward R 

Waldi-on,  Henrv R 

Walton,  Ezekiel  P....R 
Washburne.  Cad.C.R 
Washburne,  Elihu  B.R 

W*ashburn.  Israel R 

Webster.  Edwin  H...R 

Wells,  Alfred R 

Whiteley,  Wm.   G....D 

Wilson.  James R 

Windom,  William. ...R 
Winslow.  Warren. ...D 

Wood,  John R 

Woodruff,  .Tohn....N-A 
Woodson,  Sam-I    H.N-A 
Wright.  John  V n 

April  20, 18-24lin"d.  , 

N.   Y. 

May  11,   18171  Wis.. 
July  19,  18-28,  Va... 

1820  Ala.  . 

Feb.   8.    1823:Tenn. 
Oct.    H.     1818  Texas 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Varied 

June  12,  1870 

ijov.'2i,"i'875 
July  3,   1875 

Oct.  "  3i  "l'876 

Varied 

Feb.    18,  1815  N.  Y. 
Auf.  27,  1822  Ind.  . 
Sept.  28,  1819, Tenn. 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Miir.  27,  1820,111.   ..;  Lawyer... 
July    1,    1819  N.   Y.iValied.... 
Aug.  15,  1823'Culin.  I.nwvci-... 
Jan.  26,  1812,P;i.  ..   M...hanic. 
De.\  24,  179951.-.  ..  1  Vailed..    . 

K.-b.    Hi.  IHli; 
June  21.  1MI9 
.\iig.  30.  18IX 
June  20,  1809 

!!!!!!!!!'i822 

1819 

N.  V. 
V.  V. 
Ma.-H. 
N.  J.. 
R.  1.. 
III.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  C. 
Ark.. 
Pa... 
Cal... 
Pa.  .. 
-V.  Y. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Miss.. 
N.  C. 
Va... 
Me... 
.V.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ala.  . 
Ohio. 

Lawyer... 
Lawver... 
Mai.'faefr 
Physician. 

Si'pt.'24!l'875 
Nov'.'  '5,'  i'»69 

Jan.   23, 1818 
July  17,  1826 

111.  ..'Vai-ied.... 
N.  Y.  M.ichant. 

Lawyer... 

N.  C. 

Va 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied 

Oct.    8.    18B3 
April   3.  1870 
June -20,  I860 

siai-!'2-4,  "I'wii 

Va     . 

Lawvel- 

Ga.  .. 
N.  C 
Me... 

Conn. 
Conn. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Ala.  . 
(ia..  . 
Md... 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
S.  C. 
Tenn. 
Vt  . . . 
-nd.  . 
Md... 
Tenn. 
Va... 

Jan.    7,    1821 
Nov.  4,    1805 
Jan.  8,    1820 

Aug."3'i,"'l'8'23 
Dec.    9,    1813 
Oct.   — ,   1810 
July  12,  1816 
Jiin.  28,  1815 
Jan.  12,  1825 

1821 

May   8,    1825 
Aug.  7,   1821 
1827 

Ga... 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Pa..  . 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Te-xas 
Ga... 
Md... 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Fla.  . 
Ohio . 
Pa... 
Ga.  .. 
Ai-k. . 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Utah. 
Ala.  . 
Ohio. 
Mich. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
Va.. . 
Ga.  .. 
Pa.  . . 
S.  C. 
Mich. 
III.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Pa... 
Md... 
Miss.. 
Lou.. 
Wis.. 
Mich. 
N.  C. 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
III.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Conn. 
Ga... 
111.  .. 
III.  .. 

Pa.  .. 

Va... 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y-. 
Kv... 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
Va... 
N.  H. 
N.  y. 
N.  Y. 
Ala.  . 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
Vt.  .. 
Va... 
Md... 
Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 

Oct.  27,  1793 
Jan.  23,  1827 
May    11,1811 
Mar.  — ,  1815 
May  10,  1823 
Oct.  — ,  1821 

iici'.'u'.'wi-i 

Sept.  24,  1812 
Sept.  6,  1797 

F'L-b!'24!'l'8lJ9 
Jan.  21,  1802 
Apl-il  7,  1822 
June  4,    1809 

Lawyei-. .. 

May  14,  1868 

Unknow-n. 
Lawyer. . . 
clergyni'n 
Jurist 

Aug.'  I'li,"  i'863 
April  7,  1865 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

April  1 1 ,  1875 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Man'facfr 
Lawyer... 
Varied 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

June  1,  1862 

Varied.... 

Sept.  6,    1817 
Sept.  11,  1810 
Jan.  10,  1812 

Ma^;"23,"l'8'75 

1818' W.  T. 

April  4,  1792  Pa... 
May    4.    1812  Kv... 
No*.  24,  1808  Mi;.. . 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Sept.  6,   1862 
Aug.  11,1868 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  28, 1868 

June  28,  1805 
Sept.  6,    1822 
Dec.  13,  1813 
Jan.  17,  1811 

Sept.  16,1811  Pa..  . 

Jurist 

Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Sept.  9.  1814 
Mar.  27,  182H 
1817 

Tt-nn. 
Ore.. 
N.  J.. 
N.  H. 
Lou.. 

A^n^'cul'st. 
Lawyer... 

.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.  i'876 

N.  H. 
N.  Y. 

Ma.ss. 
Pa..  . 
N.  C. 
Ohio. 

juiie'ii!'l819 
Feb.    1.    1812 

Vl.  .. 

Lawyer. . . 

N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Ohio. 

Ga! '. ! 

1806 

CivilEng'r 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Mass. 
Ohio 

Educator . 
Machinist. 

Oct.    9,    1811 
July  25,  1812 

Dee.    4,  1865 

Sept.  22,  1808  Tenn. 
Nov.    8,   ISloOhio. 
(.let.  18.  1817  Mass. 

Lawver... 
Varied.... 

Va. . . 
Ga... 
Pa.  .. 
S.  C. 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 

iid.'.'. 
Ga... 
S.  C, 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  0. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
III.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Conn. 
Ga... 
Me... 
Ky... 
N,  Y. 
Pa.  .. 

Nov.  lO,  1830 
Nov.  13,  1824 
Nov.  12,  18-22 
Oct.   4.    1824 
May  30,  1810 
July  8,    1814 

Agricul'st. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer..  . 
Lawyer. , . 
Man'facfr 

Jurist 

Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Jurist 

May   7,  1864 

j'u'ne  '2,'  i's'&i 
Dec!  '26,  i'8'-'2 

Ohio.  Sent.  13.  1813  Ohio. 

Ga... 
Ohio. 

N.  C. 
Md  . 

Nov.  20.  IMIfi  Ga..  . 
July  29.  1820  Ohio. 
May  13,  1820  N.  (:. 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

j'unei7,"i87i 

Iowa. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  . 

Ohio. 
Mich. 
Vt.  .. 
Wis.. 
III.  .. 
Me... 

Unknown. 

N.  Y^. 
Pa.  .. 

Nov.  —.1824 
1819 

Man'facfr 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Varied 

Varied.... 
Lawj'er. .. 
Unknown. 
Lawver... 

April  3,  1804 
Sept.  18,  1825 
July  23,  1822 
Sept.  17, 1825 
July  3,   1815 
Nov.  9,    1820 
Nov.  23,  1822 

Sov.'iu,  1812 
M.ay  29,  1805 
Feb.    9.    1826 
.\prin7,  1825 
July  27,  1-821 
July    7,   1818 
J.an.  6,    1811 
May  30,    1812 

:\prii'B!'l'876 

Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  . . 
Me... 
Me.  . . 
Me... 
Md... 
Del... 
Del... 

Nov.  22,  1803 
Oct.    11.  1819 
Feb.  17,  1812 
April  22,  1818 
Sept.  23,  1816 
June  6.  1813 

Aug.  7.  1862 

!!!!!!!!!'i'882 

jiay  ii',  i'883 

Unknown. 

M.ar.  31,  1829  Md... 
.May  27,  1814, N.  Y. 

1867 

Del... 
Ind.  . 

Physician. 

Ind.  . 

April  9.   1822 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  8,  1867 

May  10.  1827  Minn. 

Lawyer... 
Law-yer... 

Jurist 

Clergvin'n 
Varied 

Sept.  18, 1871 
Ma'r'.'23;'l'864 

N.  C.  Jan.    1.    1810  N.    C. 

Pa.  ..1 IKlRiPa..  . 

Conn.  Feb.   12,  18-26  Conn. 
Ky...  Oct.  24.  1815  Mo... 
Tenn.  June -28,  1828, Tenn. 

Law-yer. . . 
Man'facfr 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

June  11,1863 
May  '26,'  'l'868 

.lug.    5,  1821  N.  \. 

Total  Representatives,  248.    Lawyers,  148.    Varied.  48.    Occupation 
Unknown,  85.    Jurists,  12.    Agriculturists,  6.    Merchants,  0.    Manufact- 
urers, 0.     Physicians,  3.     Clergymen,  2.     Journalist,  1.     Mechanic,  1. 
Hotel  Keeper,  1.    Civil  Engineer,  1,    Educator,  1.    Machinist,  1.    Foreign 
Born,  1:  Including  Canada,  1. 

Pa.  .. 
Pa.  . . 

N    V 

Law-yer. . . 
Law-yer. . . 
Varied. 

Jan.  3,    1866 
!'!!  "l'882 

Pa. 

1820 

N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Miss.. 
Va... 

1815 

July  31,  1830  Pa... 

1808  S.C. 

Miss.. 

Nov.  15,  1815  Ky... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . 
I.awyer... 
Agricul'st. 

Aug.  30.  1867 
May  30,  1868 

'i^. 

/ 

\ 

^: 

m 

:6^ 

^.•- 

^ 

Thirty-seventh  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1861  to  1863. 


1861- 
1861 
1861- 
1861- 
1861 
1861 


1861- 
1861 


-Secession  of  the  State  of  Mississippi 

from  the  Union,  Jan.  9. 
'Secession  of  the  Slate  of  Florida  from 

the  Union,  Jan.  10. 
-Secession  of  the  State  of  Alabama  from 

the  Union,  Jan.  Jl. 
-Members  of  Congress  from  Mississippi 

withdraw  from  the  House,  Jan.  12. 
-Secession  of  the  State  of  Geor^a  from 

the  Union,  Jan.  19. 
-Secession  of  the  State  of  Louisiana  from 

the  Union,  Jan.  'je.    The  United  States 

Mint  and  Custom  House  at  New  Orleans 

seized  by  the  seceders,  Jan.  31. 
-Members  of  Congress  from  Alabama 

and  Florida  withdraw  from  the  House, 

and  Jefferson    D.-ivis  from  the  Senate, 

Jan.  21. 
-Secession  of  the  State  of  Texas  from 

the  Union,  Feb.  1. 
-Messrs.  Benjamin  and  Slidell  withdraw 

from  the  United  States  Senate,  Feb.  4. 


^,.o4o.,$E 


.ckbruham  rdiicoln,  16th  PrcHldent. 

Hannibal  Hamlin,  of  Me.,  Vice-Pre.sident.  William  ri. 
Seward,  of  X.  Y..  Sec'.v  of  State.  Salmon  P.  Ciiase,  of 
Ohio,  See'y  of  Treas.  Simon  Cameron,  of  Pa.,  Sec'y  of 
War.  Gideon  Welles,  of  C.mn..  Sec'y  of  Navy.  Caleb 
B.  Smith,  of  Ind.,  and  John  P.  Usher,  of  Ind.,  Sec'ys  of 
Interior.  Montgomery  Blair,  of  Md.,  Postmaster-Gen'l. 
Edward  Bates,  of  Mo.,  Att'y-General.  Galushu  A.  Grow, 
of  Pa.,  Speaker  of   House  of  Representatives, 


1862— Jesse  D.  Bright  expelled  from  the 
United  States  Senate,  Feb.  5. 

1862— Jefferson  Davis  inaugurated  President 
of  tlie  Southern  Confederacy  for  a  term 
of  six  years,  and  meeting  of  the  First 
Contederate  (Jongress,  Feb.  22. 

1862— Andrew  Johnson  appointed  Militai-y 
Governor  of  Tennessee.  3Iar.  4. 

1862— English  newspaper  correspondents  ex- 
pelled from  United  Sates  army,  Apr.5. 

1862 — Polygamy  prohibited  by  act  of  Con- 
gress, July  I. 

1862— Slaves  of  seceders  freed  by  act  of  Con- 
gress, July  17. 

1863— President  Lincoln  issues  his  famous 
Emancipation  Proclamation,  Jan.  1. 

1863— Arizona  Territory  formed  by  act  of 
Congress,  Feb.  24. 

1863— The  law  creating  the  present  National 
Banking  system  approved,  Feb.  25. 

1863— Idaho  Territor,v  formed  by  act  of  Con- 
gress, Feb.  25. 


]>,  Indicates  Democrat;    R,  Republican;     W,  Whig. 


SENATORS. 


Anthony  Henry  B...R 

Arnold.  Samuel  G R 

Baker.  Edward  D R 

Bayard,  James  A D 

Bingham.  Kmsley  S..D 
Breckenridge.  J.  C...D 

Bright.  Jesse  D ..D 

Browning,  Orville  H.R 

Cameron,  Simon R 

Carliie.  John  S R 

Chandler,  Zachariah.R 

Chase,  Salmon  P R 

CLark,  Daniel R 

Collamer,  Jacob D 

Cowan,  Edgar R 

Davis,  Garrett W 

Dixon.  James R 

Doolittle,  James  R..  ..R 
Douglas,  Stephen  A.  .D 
Fessenden,  Wm.  P...R 

Field,  Richard  S R 

Foot.  Solomon  R 

Foster.  Lafayette  S...R 

Grimes,  James  W R 

Hale,  John  P R 

Harding.  Benjamin  F.  R 

Harlan,  James VV 

Harris,  Ira R 

Henderson.  John  B...D 

Hicks.  Thomas  H R 

Howard,  Jacob  M R 

Howe,  Timothy  O R 

Johnson,  Andrew D 

Johnson,  Waldo  P.... D 
Itt-nnedy.  Anthony..-— 

King.  Preston R 

Ijane,  Henry  S R 

Lane,  James  H R 

Litham,  Milton  S D 

McDougall,  Jas.  A...D 

Morrill,  LotM R 

Nesmith,  James  W. .  .D 

I*earce.  James  A D 

Polk.  Trusten D 

Pomero.v.  Samuel  C..R 
Powell,  Lazarus  W...D 

Rice,  Henry  M D 

Rich.ardson,  Wm.  A..D 
Saulsbury,  Wlllard.D 

Sherman.  John " 

Simmons,  James  F..  .W 

.Stark,  Benjamin D 

Simmer,  Charles R 

Ten  Evck,  JohnC....R 
Thompson,  John  B. . .  W 

Trumbull.  Lyman H 

Twrple,  Ilavlil.... D 

W.-uh-.  Benjamin  F.  .R 

Wall.  James  W I) 

Wilklnsim.  Morton  S.K 
Wilhy.  Walteman  T.H 

Wilmot,  David D 

Wilson,  Henry R 

WilMir>n,  Robert — 

Wright,  Joseph  A D 


state 
lUprc-  I    Occupation. 


R.  I.. 
R.  I.. 
Eng'd 
Del... 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 
Va.  . . 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
Ala.  . 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
vt. .. 
In.  h. 

N.  J-. 
|vt. .. 
Conn. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
Pa.  .. 
111.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Va.  .. 
Md.  . 
Vt.  .. 
Me... 
N.  C. 


April  1, 
April  12. 
Feb.  24, 
Nov.  15, 
Dec.  16, 
Jan.  21. 
Dec.  18, 
Feb.  10, 
Mar.  8, 
Dec.  16. 
Dec  10, 
Jan.  13, 
Oct.  24, 

Sept'.  19,' 
Sept.  10, 
Aug.  5, 
Jan.  3. 
April  23, 
Oct.  16, 

Nov.' 19, 
Nov.  22, 
Oct.  20. 
Mar.  31, 
Jan.  4. 
Aug.  26, 
May  31, 
Nov.  16, 
Sept.  2. 
July  1", 
Feb.  24, 
Dec.  29, 


1815 
1821 
1811 
1799 
1808 
1825 
1812 
1806 
1799 
1817 
1813 
1808 
1809 
1819 
1815 
1801 
1814 
1815 
1813 
1806 

'I'sd-i 


I.. 

I.. 
Ore.  . 
Del... 
Mich. 
Ky... 
Ind.  . 
111.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Va.  .. 
Mich, 
Ohio. 
N.  H. 
Ala.  . 
Pa.  .. 
Ky. . . 
Conn. 
Wis.. 
111.  .. 
Me.  .. 
N.  J.. 
Vt. 


1806  Conn. 


1816 
1806 
1823 
1820 
1802 
1826 
1 


Md... 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Ind.  . 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
Me  ., 
D.  C. 
Del.  . 
Mass. 
Ky... 
Vt.  .. 
Ky... 
Del... 
Ohio. 
R.  I.. 
Lou.. 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
Ky... 
(.'onn. 
Ohio. 
Mass . 
N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
Va.  .. 
Pa..  . 
N,  H. 


Oct.  14, 
Feb.  24, 
June  22, 
May  23, 
Nov.  19, 
May  3, 
July  23, 
Dec.  14, 
May  29, 
Jan.  3, 
Oct.  6, 
Nov.  29, 
Jan.  IH, 
June  2, 
May  10, 
Sept.  10, 
June  26, 
Jan.  6, 
Mar.  12, 

Oct.'  '12,' 
July  8, 
Oct.  27, 

Jan.  22, 
Oct.  18. 
Jan.  20, 
Feb.  18, 


Pa,.  .  April  17, 


Iowa, 
N.  H. 
Ore.  . 
Iowa, 
N.  Y. 
Mo  .. 
«  Md... 
lUli.'t  Mi,li- 

1816  Wis.. 
1808  Tenn. 

Mo,.. 

1811  Md... 
1806  N-  Y. 
1811  Ind... 
1814  Kan., 

1827  Cal  ,. 

1817  Cal.  . 

1813  Me... 

1828  Ore.  . 
1805  Md... 

1811  Mo... 
1816  Kan,. 

1812  Kv... 
1816  Minn, 
1811  111.  ., 
1820  Del,., 
1823  Ohio, 
1795  R.  I.. 
1820  Ore. 
1811  Mass. 

1814  N.  J,. 

1810  Kv... 

1813  111.  .. 

1829  Intl.  . 
1800  Ohio, 
1820  N,  J,. 
1819  Minn, 

1811  Va,  .. 

1814  Pa  .. 

1812  Ma.ss 

Mo.  . . 

1810  Ind.  . 


Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied 

Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyel-. . . 
Lawyer. . , 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Mechanic. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . , 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.  . 
Varied.... 

Varied 

Lawyer.., 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

,Iui-lst 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Mechanic. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 


Sept.  2,  1884 

Oct. '  21','  I'sei 

June  13,  1860 
Oct.  5,  1861 
May  17.  1875 
May  20,  1875 
Aug.  10,  1881 

Oct.  2'4,'i'87'8 
Nov.  1,  1879 
May    7,   1873 

jam's,  'i882 


Sept.  22,  1872 
Mar.  27,  1873 

juiie  "3','  isei 
Sept.  8,  1869 
May  25,  1870 
Mar.  28,  1866 
Sept.  19,  1880 
Feb.  7,  1872 
Nov.  18,  1873 


Dec.   2.   1875 
Feb!  'is',  'l'865 


May  25,  1883 
July  31,  1875 


Nov.  13, 
June  18, 
July  11, 

Sept.  si 
Jan.  10, 

bet:.  20, 
April  16, 


1865 
1881 
1866 

'1S7 
1883 

1876 


July  5, 
Deo.'  '27, 


1875 


July  10,  1864 
Mar.'  'I'i,'  'l'8'74 
ja'li."7',"l'874 


Mar.   2,    1878 
June  9,    1872 


Mnr.  18,  1868 
Nov.  22,  1875 


May  11.1887 


Total  Senators,  OH.  Lawyon*,  42.  Varied,  8,  Jurists,  5.  Occupation 
Unknown,  ,1.  Mechanics.  2.  Merchants,  2.  Journalist,  1.  Foreign 
H"t-n  li     Including  Englantl,  I 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Aldrich,  Cvrus R 

Allen.  William D 

Allen.  William  J U 

Alley,  John  B B 

Ancona.  Sydenham  E.  D 
Appleton.  William.. W 

Arnold,  Isaac  N R 

Ashley.  James  M R 

Babbitt,  Elijah R 

Bailey,  Goldsmith  F..R 

Baily.  Joseph D 

Baker.  Stephen R 

Baxter.  Port  us R 

Beanian.  Fernando  C.R 

Bennett,  Hiram  P — 

Bernhisel,  John  M — — 

Biddle,  Charles  J D 

Bingham,  John  A R 

Blair,  Francis  P R 

Blair,  Jacob  B — 

Blair,  Samuel  S R 

Blake,  Harrison  G...R 
Bridges.  Geol-ge  W..  .— 
Browne,  tleoige  H.  .. — 
Brown.  William  G... — 

Buffinton,  James R 

Burnett,  Henry  C — 

Bui-nham,  Alfietl  A...R 
Calveit,  Charles B...W 
Campbell,  James  H..  .R 

Carliie,  Jtihn  S — 

Casey,  Samuel  L — 

Chamberlain.  Jacob. .R 
Clark.  Ambrose  W...R 
Clements,  .\nrirew  J..R 

Cobb,  George  T  D 

Colfax.  Si-htivlci It 

Conkhm.-,   Ki.  Ilk  A...R 

Conkling.  Hoscoe R 

Conway.  Martin  F..  .R 
Cooper.  Thomas  B...D 

Corning.  Erasttis D 

Covode,  John W 

Cox,  Samuel  S D 

Cradlebaitgh,  John... — 
Cravens,  James  A....D 

Crislhlil,  J..hn  W R 

(flit. -lid. ti,  .lohn  J.  ..— 

fiirtis,  s^.iiiuel  R R 

Cutl.r,  William  P,...R 

Bally,  Samuel  G R 

Davis,  William  M....R 

Dawi'.s,  Henry  L R 

Dclan.i.  fliiiiles R 

Delapl.iiii.',  Is..;.,-  (■..— 
Dlveii.  .M.-\..ii.l.rS...R 
Duell.  H,  ll...lland-  ,.  R 
Dunla]),  George  W...— 

Dunn,  W.  McKee R 

Edgerton,  Sidney R 

Edwards,  Thomas  M.R 

Eliot.  Thomas  U — 

Ely,  Alfred R 

English,  James  E D 

Pchton,  Reuben  E,..W 
Fessenden,  Thos.  A.  U.R 

Fessenden.  3.  C R 

Fisher.  Gorge  P K 

Flanil.-fs.  B.-nJ.  F....— 

Fouke,  IMiilll.  B D 

Krani-hal,  Ill.-haril, , .  .R 


K.  I.. 
Ohio. 
Tenn. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Ma.ss. 
N.  Y. 
Pa,  .. 
K.  I.. 
N.  H. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Me... 
Pa.  .. 
Pa... 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Va.  .. 
Pa... 

Tenn. 
IR.  I.. 
iVa,.. 
Mass. 
Va... 
Conn. 
,Md... 
iPa. .. 
Va.  . 
iKy... 
Mass . 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
N.  J.. 
N.   Y. 

N.  y. 

N.  Y. 

S.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Conn. 
Pa.  . 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Va.  .. 
Md... 
Ky... 
N.  Y, 
Ohio. 
Ind.  . 
Pa... 
Mass. 
Mass , 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Kv... 
Inil.  . 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
Mass, 
Conn, 
(\mn. 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
Me... 
Del.  . 
N.  H. 
III.  .. 
N.  Y. 


June  7. 
.iug.  13, 
June  9, 
Jan.  7, 
Nov.  20, 
Nov.  16, 
Nov.  30, 
Nov.  14, 

July  'l'7. 
Mar.  18, 
Aug.  12, 

jiine  28, 
Sept.  2, 
June  23, 


Mar.  17, 
Oct.  9, 
Jan.  6, 
Sept.  25, 
Mar.  16, 
Oct.  5, 
Mar.  8, 
Aug.  24, 
Feb.  8, 
Dee.   16, 


1808, Minn. 
1827:Ohio. 
1828:111. 


Feb.  19, 
April  1 1 , 


1817 
1824 
1786 
1815 
1824 
.1796 
1823 
1810 
1819 

i'8i4 
1826 
1799 
1819 
1815 
1821 
1821 


Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Mass. 
III.  .. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
Mass . 
Pa.  . . 
N.  Y'. 
Vt.  .. 
Mich. 
Col. . . 
Utah. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Mo.  . . 
Va.  ., 


1818 
1825 
1811 
1801 
1817 
1825 


Pa, 


Mar.  23, 
Aug.  22, 
Oct.   30, 


Dec.  29, 
Dec.  14. 
Mar.  17, 
Sept.  30, 


Nov.  4, 
Nov.  6 
S.-|.t.li. 
F.-l.,  :i, 
July   12 


Ohio. 
Tenn. 
R.  I.. 
Va... 
Mass . 
Kv   .. 

1819  Conn. 
1808  Md... 

1820  Pa,  . . 
1817,  Va.  .. 

Ky  .. 

N.  Y. 

1810  N,  Y. 
1832,Tenn. 
'N.  J.. 

1823  Ind.  . 
1816,N.  Y. 
1829N.  Y. 
1830  Kan.. 
1823:Pa... 
1794'n,  Y. 
1808  Pa.... 

1824  Ohio, 

Nev.. 

1818Tnd.  . 
],808'Md 


Feb.  15, 
Dec.  20, 
Feb.  22, 
Dee.   12, 


Mar.  20, 
Feb.  18, 
Mar.  -, 
July  1. 
Jali.  23, 
Mar.  7. 
Oct.  13, 
Jan.  26, 
Jan,  23, 


1  7,H6 

I  SI  17  Iowa, 
1813  Ohio. 
1819, Nob.. 
Pa.  .. 

1816  Mass. 
1820  Mass. 

N.  Y. 

1S09  N.  Y. 
1824  N.  Y. 

1813  Kv,.. 

1814  liiil.  . 

1818  Ohio. 

In,  11. 

1808  Miiss. 

1815  N.  Y. 
1812  Conn. 

1819  N.  Y, 
1826  Me.  .. 

1815  Me... 

1817  Del... 

1816  Lou,. 

1818  111.  .. 
,1816  N.  y 


Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

, Merchant. 
R.  R.Offi-r 

Vai'ied 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied. ... 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 

Lawyer 

Physician. 
Lawyer. . , 
La^vyer.. . 

Varied 

Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

I  Varied 

JLawyer. .. 
Lawyer... 
lAgrieurst. 
'Lawyer,.. 
[Varied.... 
Lawyer. ,. 
Unknown. 
J.mrnalist 
Physician. 
Unknown. 
Journalist 
Merehont. 
Lawyer... 

Juiist 

Physician. 
Merchant. 
Varied. ... 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer.., 
I.iwv.r... 
Vi.ti'.-.l,... 
li,  IMlffl'r 
Ilnknown. 
Unknown, 
Varied,... 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Li.wyer.. . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer., , 
Varied.... 
Varied.... 
Lawver. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawver... 
Varied  ... 
Varied.... 
Varied.... 


Oct.     5,    1871 


Feb.  15, 
Api'il24, 


1862 
1884 


May  8,  1862 


June  9. 
Mar.  4, 


1875 
1868 


Sept.  28, 
July  "sl' 


1873 
i'8'7.5 


Mar,  7, 
iioy  I'i.' 

o<-t.'  '24,' 


1875 
1866 


1864 
1878 


Jan.  13,1885 


April  4. 
April  9. 


1862 
1872 


July  26, 
Dec.  25, 


1863 
1868 


Sept.  14.  1865 


June  12,  1870 


Sept,  28,  1868 


Oct,    S, 

Nov.  23, 


1876 

1875 


T- 


THIRTY-SEVENTH    ANI>    Tinii'J' V-KlUflTII    (.'ONCJKESSKS,     AM)    I-EAJlIMi    K\'1:NTS    (  iF    llIK    'I  IMI' 


r.(l!t 


i 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


|}.,ri 


Flunk.  Aiiprustus R 

Ou.M-h.  D.inifl  W R 

Uoudwm,  .luhiiN R 

GranKor.  Bradley  K..R 

Orlckr,  H.niy W 

rirow,  GahlKha  A R 

(liiilc-v.  .Icihii  A R 

||;.liii.    Mi.li;.,-! — 

lliuflil.  K.luiu-d D 

ll,nl.-..IiulR-s   T R 

ll.ill,  William  A D 

H;inihi>tt,  Luther. ...R 

Harding.  Aaron — 

Harrison.  Richard  A.D 

Hickman.  .loiin D 

Hoi  man,  William  S..  .U 

Hooper.  Samuel R 

Hoi-I'ni.  Valentine  B.R 

lliililiiiis.  John R 

tlaelv^c.n.  James  S,..— 

Jollnsoii,  I'liilip D 

Julian.  lle..ri.'e  W R 

Kcliev.  William  D...R 
Kclloui,',  Fnincis  W..R 

Kell.ini.'.  William R 

Kenitran,  lames  E..,D 
Killinuer.  John  W....R 
Knapp,  Anthony  L. ..D 
Liansing.  William  E.,R 

Law,  John D 

Lazear,  Jes-ie D 

Leary.  Conelius  L.  L.— 
Leiiiiian,  William  E..D 

Logran,  John   A D 

Loomis,  Dwight R 

Lovejoy.  Owen R 

Low.  Frederick  F R 

McClemand.  John  A.D 
Melndoe.  Walter  D...R 

McKean,  James  B R 

MeKniRht,  Edward.,. R 
SlcPherson,  Edward  ,R 

Mallory,  Robei-t D 

Mai-ston,  Oilman R 

May,  Heni-y D 

Maynard.  Horace W 

Menzies,  John  W — 

Mitchell,  William.... R 

Morrill,  Anson  P R 

Morrill,  Justin  S R 

Moorhead.  James  K.  .R 

MoiTis,  James  R D 

Nixon,  John  T R 

Noble,  Wai-ren  P D 

Noell,  John  W D 

Norton,  Elijah  H D 

NuKen.  Robert  H. ..  .D 

Odell.  Moses  F D 

Olin.  Abram  B R 

Patton.  John R 

Pendleton.  George  H.D 

Perry.  Nehemiah D 

Phelps,  John  S  D 

Phelps,  Timothy  G..,R 
Pike,  Frederick  A...,R 

Pomei-oy.  Theo.  M R 

Porter,  Albert  G R 

Potter,  John  F R 

Price,  Thomas  L D 

Keid,  John  W D 


N.  Y 

Me,  .. 

Me... 

N.  Y. 

Ky... 

Conn. 

Conn. 

Bav.. 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

Me,,. 

Ohio. 

Ky... 

Eng,. 

Pa. . . 

Ind.  . 

Mass. 

Vt.  .. 

i^hio, 

Ky... 

N.  J.. 

Ind.  . 

Pa.  .. 

Mass. 

Ohio. 

Ire'd. 


N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Pa.  . 
Md... 
Pa.., 
Ill,  .. 
Conn. 
Me... 
Me... 
Ky... 
Scot.. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Pa... 
Va.  . . 
N.  H. 
D.  C. 
Mass. 
Ky.,, 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
Vt.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa... 
N.  J.. 
Pa.  .. 
Va. .. 
Ky,., 
Pa... 
N.  Y, 
Vt,  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Me... 


July  17, 
Jan.  M 
Oct,   18. 

JuYy'io,' 
Aug,  31, 
Dec.  !1, 

Nov.  7, 
Mar,  2B, 
Oct,    — , 


Oct.  25,  1825 


Sept.  1 1 , 
Sept,  8, 
Feb.  8, 
Jan.  ai, 
July  25, 

Jan.'lT, 
May,  5, 
Api-il  12, 
May  311, 
July   8, 

Sept.  IS, 
June  14, 


l«2(i  X.  Y. 
1K20  Mass. 
1H24  Me... 

Mich. 

1798  Ky.,, 
1823  Pa. . . 
1813  Ohio. 
1830  I.ou,, 
1817  N.  V. 
1810  Pa.  .. 

Mo  .. 

Wis.. 

Ohio! 
Pa. 


Dec,  12, 
Oct.  22, 
Aug.  21, 
Feb.  9, 
July  27, 
Jan,    6, 


May  30. 
Mar,  30, 
Aug.  5. 

jilVy  3l', 
Nov.  15, 
Aug.  20, 


Aug.  13 
April  12 


June  10. 
April  14, 
Sept,  7, 
Jan.  10, 

June  14, 
Feb.  15, 
Nov.  24, 


July  25, 
Mar.  30, 
Dec.  22, 


Dec,  9, 
Dec.  31, 
April  20, 
May  11, 


1827 
1810 
1822  Ind.  . 
1808  Mass. 

1802  Ohio. 

1812  Ohio. 
1822  Ky... 

1818  I'a.  .. 
1817  Ind.  . 
1814  Pa.  .. 

1810  Mich. 

1814  III.  .. 
N.  Y. 

1825  Pa. .. 
1828  111.  .. 
1822  N.  Y. 
1796  Ind.  . 
1804  Pa. .. 

1813  Md.,, 
1822  Pa.  .. 

1826  111.  .. 
1821  Conn. 

1811  111.  ,. 
1828  Cal.  . 

1812  III.  .. 

1819  Wis.. 
1821  N.  Y. 

1820  Pa.  . . 
1830  Pa.  . . 

1815  Ky... 
T811  N.  H. 
Md... 

1814  Tenn, 

1819  Ky... 
Ind. . 

1803  Mo... 
1810  Vt.  .. 
1806  Pa.  ., 

1820  Ohio. 
,1820  N.  J.. 

1821  Ohio 

1816  Mo,. 
1821  Mo.. 
1809  Ohio 
1818  N.  Y 
1812  N.  Y 

Pa.  . 

1825  Ohio 
1816  N.  J. 
1814  Mo.  . 

Cal.. 


Mei'chant. 

Lii 


Va.  .June  14, 


1817  Me 
1824  N.  Y 
1824  Ind. 
1817  Wis. 

Mo.. 

1821  Mo.. 


Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer. . . 
Clergy  ni'n 
Lawyei'. . , 
Vaiied... 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Vai'ied. . . , 
Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer., . 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Merchant. 
Varied.... 
Lawyer., , 
Lawyer,,. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Vai'ied 

Manufac'r, 

Jurist 

Unknown, 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 

Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 
(Hergym'n 

Varied 

Varied,.,, 
Merchant, 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer, , . 

Varied 

Agricul'st, 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer,,. 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Varied 

Varied  ... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
La^vyer. , . 
Lawyer.. , 
Lawyer,. . 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown, 
Lawyer, . , 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
UnknoAvn. 
Lawyer. . . 


Sept.  14,  1866 


Aug.  19,  1863 

April  "7,"l8e5 
Nov.'  26,'  i'882 


Oct.     8,  1862 
Jan.  29,  1867 


Mar.  23,  1875 


Feb.  14,  1875 


Oct.    7.   1873 
Sept.    2,  1877 


Mar.  25,  1864 


Sept.  25, 1863 
May    3,   1882 


Sept.  11,  1865 


REPRESENTATIVES.      T™' 


Mar.  14,  1883 
jiineia,  1866 


July  15,  1870 


Rice,  Alexander  n,...R 

Rice,  John  H R 

Itichardson,  Wm.  A..D 

Riddle.  Alberto R 

Robinson.  James  C. . .  I> 
Rollins,  Edward  H...R 

Rollins,  James  S — 

Sargent,  Aaron  A R 

Sedgwick,  Charles  B,R 

Segar,  Joseph  E — 

Shanks.  John  P.  C..,.R 
SheHield,  Wllllain  P.,— 
Shellabarger,  Sam'I..R 
Sherm,'in,  Socrates  N.R 

Shell,  George  K D 

Sloan,  A.  Scott R 

Smith,  Edward  H ~ 

Spaulding,  ElbridgcR 

Steele,  John  B D 

Steele.  William  G.,..D 
Stevens.  Thaddeus — R 

Stiles.  John  D D 

Sti-atton,  John  L.  N..  .R 

Xhoinas.  Benj.  F — 

Thomas,  Francis R 

Todd,,Iohn  B  S R 

Train,  Charles  R R 

Trimble,  f^arey  A R 

Trowbridge,  Rr,rd  E.R 

Upton,  Charles  H R 

Vallandighain,C.  L.  .D 
Vandever,  William. ..R 

Van  Horn,  Burt R 

Van  Valkenbui-gh,  R.R 
Van  Wyck.  Chas.  H..R 

Verree.  JohnP R 

Vibbard,  Chauncey. , .  D 
Voorhees  Daniel  W,.  .D 
■^adsworth.  Wm.  H.D 

Walker.  Amasa R 

Wall.  William R 

Wallace,  John  W.  ...R 
Wallace.  William  H.  .R 
Walton,  Charles  W...R 
Walton.  Ezekiel  B....R 

Ward.  Elijah D 

Washburne.  Elihu  B..R 

Watts.  John  S R 

Web.ster,  Edwin  H...R 
Whaley,  Killian  V,,.R 
Wheeler,  William  A,.R 

White,  Albert  S R 

White,  Chiton  A D 

Wickliffe,  Charles  A.W 

Wilson,  James  F R 

Windom,  William R 

Wood,  Benjamin D 

Woodruff,  George  C.  .D 
Worcester,  Samuel  T.R 
Wright,  Hendrick  B,  .D 
Yeaman,  George  H. .— 


Mass. 
Me... 
Ky... 
Mass. 
111.  ., 
N.  H. 
Ky... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Va.  . . 
Va,  .. 
R.  I.. 
Ohio, 
Vt.  .. 
Ire'd. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Vt.... 
Pa,  ,. 
N.  J.. 
Mass. 
Md... 
Ky.,. 
Mass. 
lOhlo, 
N,  Y, 
Me.,, 
Ohio, 
Md,,. 
N.  Y. 

In.  y, 

!N.  Y, 
Pa.  . . 
|N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Kv... 
Conn. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
iMe... 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Me. . . 
Ky... 
Md... 
N.  Y. 

In.  y. 

N.  Y. 
Ohio. 

Ohio! 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
Conn 
N.  H. 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 


KuW 


Aug.  30. 
Feb.  5, 
Jan,  16, 
May  18, 

Oct.  "a! ' 

April  111, 
■  pi-  28, 
Mar.  , 
June  I, 
June  17, 
Aug,  30. 
Dec,    10. 


Feb.  24, 
Mai-,  28, 
Doc,  17, 
April  4, 
Jan.   15, 

F^eV).  12,' 
Feb,  3, 
April  4, 
Oct.  18, 
Sept,  13 
June  \^. 
Aug.  23. 
May  29, 


Oct.  28, 
Sept.  4, 
Nov,  — , 


Nov.  II, 
Sept,  2«, 
July  4. 
May    4, 

Mar,  21), 
Dec,  20. 
July  17, 
Dec.  9. 
Feb,  17, 
Sept.  15, 
Sept.  23. 
Jan.  19, 
Mar.  31, 
May  6, 
June  30, 
Oct,  24, 
Feb.  -, 
June  8. 
Oct.  1!). 
May  11), 
Oct.  13, 
Dec,  1 , 
Aug.  30, 
■April  24, 
INov.    1, 


1818  Mass. 
18111  Me... 

1811  III... 
181(1  Ohio. 

1822  111... 
1824  N.  H. 

1812  Mo... 

1827  Cal.  . 
181.',  N.  Y. 
1804  Va.  ,. 
1826  Ind.  . 
1820;R.  I.. 
1817  Ohio. 
....  N.  Y. 

Ore.  . 

1820  Wis.. 
1809  N.  Y. 
1809  N.  Y. 
1814  N.  Y. 

1820  N.  J.. 
1792  Pa. .. 

1823  Pa.  .. 
1817  N.  J.. 

1813  Mass. 
1799  Md... 

1814  1).  T. 

1817  Mass. 
1M13  Ohio. 

1821  ^li.h. 
IH12  Va.  .. 
1H20  Ollif)  . 
Iowa. 

1823  N.  Y. 
182rN.  Y. 

1824  N.  Y. 
1819  Pa.  .. 
1811  N.  \. 

1828  Ind.  . 
1821  Kv... 
1799  Mass. 
1801  N.  Y. 
1818, Pa.  .. 
181l|w.  T. 

1819  Me... 
1812, Vt.... 

1818  N.  Y. 
1816  III.... 
1816  N.  M. 

1829  Md... 
1821  Va... 

1819  N.  Y. 
18(.)3  Ind.  . 

1820  Ohio, 
17H8  Kv... 
I82M  I,,wa 
1827  Minn. 

1820  N.  Y. 
1805  Conn. 
1804  Ohio. 
1804  Pa..  . 
18-29  Ky... 


Maniifac'r. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Merchant, 

Lawyer, . . 

Varle-d... 

Lawyer,,. 

Unknown, 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer.. . 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Agricul'st. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Vorled.... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied  ... 

Lawyer.    . 

Varied 

Agricul'st. 

Unknown. 

Varied. . . 

Unknown. 

Varieil 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer...   . 

Manufae'r 

R.  R.  Olfl'r 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Merchant. 

Mechanic. 

Physician. 
.Unknown. 

Voried.... 
jjournallst 

Juiist 

Varied 

Lawyer.. , 

Unknown. 

Manufae'r. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer.. . 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Journalist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 


Dec.  27,  1875 


Sept.  24,  1868 

Aiig'.'ii.'rses 


Jan.  22. 1876 
Jan.    5,    1872 


June  17,  1877 
June  17,  1871 


April  20, 1872 


Sept.   4,1884 

bet.  "s'i.'i'ses 


Total  Representatives.  808.  Lawyers.  99.  Varied.  «».  Occupation 
Unknown.  80.  5I?i-chants.  18.  Jurists.  lO.  Agriculturists,  5.  Physi- 
cians, 4.  Journalists.  4.  Manufacturers.  4.  Railroad  Officers.  3.  Cler- 
gymen. 8*  Mechanic,  1.  Foreign  Bom,  5:  Including  Ireland,  2;  Scot- 
land,!;   England,!;    Bavaria,  1. 


Thirty-eighth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  (863  to  1865. 


1863— Thirty-nine  Sioux  Indians  were  hanged 
by  order  of  the  Government,  at  Man- 
kato,  Minn.,  for  the  barbarous  murder 
of  700  whites  in  Minnesota  and  Dakota 
in  the  fall  of  1862,  Feb.  28. 

1863— Congress  founded  tlie  National  Acad- 
emy of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Mar.  4. 

1863— The  ocean  steamer  "  Anglo-Saxon  "  lost 
at  sea,  and  237  persons  perished, 
April  27. 

1863— Clement  L.  Vallandigham  arrested  for 
making  treasonable  addresses^  (May  4), 
and  sentenced  to  confinement  during 
the  war;  but,  instead,  he  wa.s  banished 
from  Northern  territory,  and  lied  to 
Canada. 

1863— French  troops  seize  the  City  of  Mexico, 
June  10.     Empire  established. 

1863— West  Virginia  admitted  to  the  Union, 
the  thirty-fifth  State.  June  20. 

1864— First  Lodge  of  Knights  of  Pythias  or- 
ganized at  Washington,  D.  C  Feb.  19. 

1864 — First  "  accidental-insurance  "  policy 
issued  at  Hartford.  Conn.,  in  March. 

1864 — Final  conquest  of  the  Circassians  by 
the  Russians. 


Abraham  I^lncoln,  16th  President. 

Hannibal  Hamlin,  of  Me.,  Vice-President.  William  H. 
Seward,  of  N.  Y.,  Sec'y  of  State.  Salmon  P.  Chase,  of 
Ohio,  and  WUliam  P.  Fessenden,  of  Me-.  Sec'ys  of  Treas. 
Edwin  M.  Stanton,  of  Ohio,  Sec'y  of  War.  Gideon 
Welles,  of  Conn.,  Sec'y  of  Navy.  John  P.  Usher,  of  Ind, 
Sec'y  of  Interior.  Montgomery  Blair,  of  Md..  and  Wm. 
Dennison,  of  Ohio.  Fostmasters-Gt-n'l.  Edward  Bates, 
of  Mo.,  and  James  Speed,  of  Ky..  Att>s-General. 
Schuyler  Colfax,  of  Ind..  Speaker  of  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. 


1864— Congress  repealed  the  Fugitive  Slave 
law  of  IK'jO;  passed  an  Income-Tax 
iaw;  a  Revenue  law  taxing  domeslir 
manufactures,  and  the  National  Bank 
law;  adjourned  July  2- 

18G4 — Sailing  of  Captain  HallV  second  .\rctic 
Kxpeditlun.with  Captain  T.uddington, 
July  30.     He  returned  in  1869. 

1864 — A  beet-root  su gar-fact orj*  was  estab- 
lished at  Chatsworth,  111.,  with  flatter- 
ing success. 

1864— George  M.Pullman's  improved  sleeping 
and  parlor  cars  first  made. 

1864 — Famous  grasshopper  raids  in  several 
States  caused  considerable  destruction 
of  crops  and  created  much  excitement. 

1865— The  13th  Amendment  to  the  Constitu- 
tion passed  Congres.*.  Jan.  3i.  and  was 
afterward  ratitlf  d  by  the  several  States 
and  went  into  force  before  1866. 

1865 — The  "  Freedman's  Bureau"  was  estab- 
lished by  Congress.  Mai-.  3. 

1865— Capture  of  Jefferson  Davis,  near  Irwin- 
ville.  Ga.,  May  10. 


D,   indicates  Democrat;    R,  Republican;    "W,  Whig. 


SENATORS. 


a^ud. 


Anthony  Henry  B...R  :R.  I.. 

Baviiid.  James  A.  ..D  Del... 

Buwden.  LeniuelJ...—  ,Va.  .. 

Blown.  B.  Gratz R  jKy.  ., 

Bufkalew,  Chas.  R...D  Pa... 

Carliie.  John  S B  Va.  . . 

Chandler,  Zachariah.R  N.  H. 

Clark.  Daniel R  N.  H. 

Coilamer,  Jacob D  Ala.. 

Conness,  John R  Ire'd. 

Cowan.  Edgar R  Pa... 

Davis.  Garrett W  Ky... 

Dixon.  James R  Conn. 

Doolittle.  JamesR....R  N.  Y. 

Farwell,  Nathan  A... R  Me... 

Fessenden,  Win.  P...W  N.  H. 

Foot,  Solomon R  Vt.  .. 

F.>>trT.  Lafayette  S...R  Conn. 

<Wi s.  James  W....R  N.  H. 

H.,1.  .  .John  P R  N.  H. 

li;it(!iiit?.  BenjaminF.R  Pa.  .. 

Harlan,  James VI  HI .  . . 

Harris.  Ira R  N.  Y. 

Henderson.  John  B..  .D  Va.  , . 

Hendricks.  Thos.  A. .D  Ohio. 

Hieks.  Thomas  H R  Md.    . 

Howard,  Jacol)  M R  Vt.  . . 

Howe,  Timothy  O R  Me... 

Johnson.  Reverdy...D  Md... 

I,.ane.  Henry  S II  Ky. . . 

Lane.  .lames  H R  Ind .  . 

>I.li.iim-all.  Jas.  A...D  N.  Y. 

M'lru'an,  Edwin  D R  Mass. 

MMriill.  Lot  M R  Me... 

Xesiiiith,  James  W. .  .D  Me. . . 

.N.ve.  James  W R  N.  Y. 

Pomeio.v,  Samuel  C.  .R  Mass. 

Powell.  Lazarus  W. .  .D  Ky. . . 

Ramsey,  Alexander. R  Pa... 

Kirhardson,  Win.  A..D  Ky... 

Hi.lill.-.GeorseR...  D  Del... 

SiuUl.ury,  Wlllard..D  Del.  . 

Slit  ri!i  III,  .Tohn li  Ohio. 

s|.i  i^-iH-,  William. ...R  R.  I.. 

st.'u.rt.  Willi.amM..R  N.  Y. 

.Sinniii-r,  Charles R  Mass. 

T.  II  F.vik.  John  C....R  N.  J.. 

Tniinl.ull.  Lvinan....R  iConn. 

Van  Winkle,  P.  <:....—  N.  Y, 

^Val,  ,  lliiiiaminF.  .R  Mass. 

Wilkuison,  Morton  S.R  N.  Y. 

Will. -v.  Walteinan  T.R  Va.  .. 

Wilson,  Henry B  :N.  H. 

Wilson,  Rohert —     

Wright,  William  D...D  !n.  Y. 


April  1, 
Nov.  15. 
Jan,  16, 
Mav  28, 
Dec.  28. 
Dec.  16, 
Dec.  10, 
Oct.   24, 

Sep't^  20, 
Sept,  19, 
Sept.  10. 
Aug.  5. 
Jan.    3, 

Oct'.'Ve,' 
Nov.  19, 
Nov.  22, 
Oct.  20, 
Mar.  31, 
Jan.  4, 
Aug.  26, 
May  31, 
Nov.  18, 
Sept.  7, 
Sept.  2, 
July  10. 
Feb.  24, 
May  21, 
Feb.  24, 
June  22, 
Nov,  19, 
Feb.  3, 
May  3, 
July  23, 
June  10, 
Jan.  3. 
Oct.  6, 
Sept.  8, 
Jan.  16, 

June  2, 
Mav  10, 
Sept.  12, 
Aug.  9, 
Jan.  6. 
Mar.  12, 
Oct.  12, 
Sept.  7, 
Oct.  27, 
Jan.  22, 
Oct.  18, 
Feb,  IB, 


1815  R.  I. 
1799  Del.. 


1815 
1826 
1821 
1817 
1813 
1869 
1819 
1821 
1815 
1801 
1814 
1SI5 
1812 
1806 
1802 
1806 
1816 
1806 
1823 
1820 
1802 
1826 
1819 
1798 


1805 
1816 
1796 


V 
Mo.. 
Pa.  . 
Va.  . 
Mich 
N.  H 
Ala. 
Cal.  . 
Pa.  . 
Ky.. 
Conn 
Wis. 
Me.  . 
Me.  . 
Vt.  ., 
Conn 
Iowa. 
H 
Ore.  , 
Iowa 
N.  Y 
Mo.  . 
Ind.  , 
-Md. 


Mich. 

Wis.. 

Md... 

isil  Ind... 
1814,  Kan. . 
1817  Cal .. 

1811  X  Y. 

1813  Me  .  . 
1820  Ore.  . 

1815  Nev.. 

1816  Kan.. 

1812  Kv... 
1815, Minn. 
1811,111.  .. 
1817lDel... 
1820  Del. . . 
1823  Ohio. 
1830  R.  I.. 
1827  Nev.. 
1811  Mass. 

1814  N.  J.. 

1813  111.  .. 
1808  W  Va 
18(X)  Ohio. 
1819  Minn. 

1811  Va.  .. 

1812  Mass. 

Mo... 

.1794  N.  J.. 


Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

La^vyer.. . 
Varied. . , . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer, , . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer.  , 
Lawyer. . . 
L'nknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
L^nknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Clerk 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufae'r 

Varied 

Lawyer.  . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Mechanic. 
Unknown. 
Mechanic. 


Sept.  2,  1884 
June  13.  I860 
Jan.  2,  1864 
Dec.  13,  1885 


Oct.   24,  1878 
Nov,    1,   1879 


Jan.  3,  1882 


Sept.  22,  1872 
Mar.  27,  1873 


Sept.  8,  1869 
Mar.  28,  1866 
Sept.  19,  1880 
Feb,  7.  1872 
Nov,  18.  1873 


Dec.  2,  1875 


Nov.  25,  1885 
Feb.  13,  1865 


May  25,  1883 
Feb.  10.  1876 
June  18.  1881 
July  11.  1866 
Sept.  3.  1867 
Feb.  14,  1883 
Jan.  10,  1883 


Dec,  25,  1876 
July '  5,'  'l867 


Dee.  27,  1875 
Mar  29,  1867 


Mar.  11,  1874 


Mar.  2,   1878 


Nov.  22,  1875 
Nov.'  "l,"  1866 


Total  Senators,  SS.  Lawyers,  33.  Varied,  "7.  Occupation  Unknown,  4. 
Merchants,  3.  Jurists,  3.  Mechanics,  3.  Journalist,  1.  Manufacturer,  1, 
Clerk,  1.    Foreign  Born  1:    Including  Ireland,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Horn. 


Allen,  James  C D 

Allen,  WilliamJ U 

Alley,  John  B R 

Allison.  William  B...R 

Ames.  Ojikes R 

.\ii<  oiia,  .Syilenham  E.  D 

.Viid.Tson.  Lueien R 

.\ni..]d,  Isaac  N R 

Ashley., lames  M R 

Bailv,  Joseiih D 

K.aldwiii,  .\ugustU3  0.D 

Baldwin.  ,Iohn  D R 

Baxter.  Purtus R 

Heaiiian,  Fernando  C.R 

Bennett,  Hii-ain  P — 

Bl,iinp,  James  G R 

Blair,  Francis  P R 

Blair,  Jacob  B — 

Bliss,  George D 

Blow,  HenrvT R 

Boiitwell,  George  S..  .11 
Boyd,Sc-mpronlusH..R 

Brandegee,  Aug R 

Brooks  James I> 

Bi-ooinall,  John  M B 

Brown,  James  S D 

Brown,  William  G... — 
C.'hanlcr,  John  W...  D 
Clark.  Ambrose  W...R 

Clarke.  Freeman B 

Clay,  BrutusJ — 

Cobb,  Amasa R 

Cortroth,  Alex.  H D 

Cole,  f?omelius R 

Cole,  George  E 1) 

Colfax,  Schuyler it 

Cox,  Samuel  S D 

Cravens, James  A....1) 
Cresswell,  John  A.  J. — 


,Ky... 
'Tenn. 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Vt.  .. 

vt.  .. 
Me... 
Pa... 
Ky... 
Va.  .. 
vt. .. 
Va... 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
Conn. 
Me... 
Pa.  .. 
Mo... 
Va.., 
N.  Y. 

N.  y. 

N.  Y. 
Ky... 
111.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Va.  ,, 
Md... 


state 
aenird. 


Jan.  28. 
June  9, 
Jan.  7, 
Mar,  2, 
Jan,  10, 
Nov.  20, 
June  — , 
Nov.  30, 
No  v..  14. 
Mar.  18, 
Dec.  24, 
Sept.  28, 

jiliie  28,' 
Sept.  2, 
Jan.  31, 
Feb.  1!), 
April  11, 
,Ian.  1, 
July  15, 
,Ian,  28, 
May  28, 
July  15, 
Nov.  II), 
Jan.  19, 
Fi'b.  1 , 
Sept.  25, 


Fob. IB, 
Mar,  22, 
July  1, 
Sept,  27, 
May  18, 
Sept.  17, 
D.-c.  23, 
Mar.  23, 
Siqit,  30, 
Nov.  4. 
Nov.  18, 


1823II1I.  .. 

1828  111.  .. 
1817  M.ass. 

1829  Iowa. 
1804  Mass. 
1824  Pa.  .. 
1824  Kv... 
1815,111.  .. 
lS24'ohio. 
1810  Pa.  .. 
1817  Mich. 
1810  Mass. 

iVt.  .. 

1814  Mich. 
1826  Col... 

1830  Me.  .. 
1821  Mo.  ,. 

1821  Va.  .. 
1813  Ohio. 

1817  Mo.  ,. 

1818  Mass. 
1828  Mo... 
1828  Conn. 
1810  N.  Y. 
1816  Pa.  .. 
1824  Wis,, 
I80rVa.  .. 
1826, N.  Y. 

1810  N.  y. 

1809  N.  Y. 
1808  Kv... 
1823  Mo... 
1828  Pa... 

1822  Cal.  . 
1826  W.  T. 

1823  Ind.  . 

1824  Ohio. 
1818  Ind.  . 
1828  Md... 


Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufae'r 
R.  R. Offir 
Lawyer. . . 
La^vyer. . . 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Journalist 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer... 
Varied,.., 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Varied..,. 
Agricul'st. 
Varied.,.. 
Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer. . . 
llnknown. 
Journalist 
Vni-led.... 
Agrlcul'st. 
Unknown. 


May   8,   1873 


April  24, 1884 


Mar.  4,   1868 


July   8,   1875 
Sept'. 'li  ,'1875 


April  30,  1873 
0(;t."l9,"l'8l'7 


Jan.  13,  1885 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Daily,  Samuel  Q R 

Davis,  H.  Winter K 

Davis,  Thomas  T — 

D,awes,  Henry  L R 

Dawson,  John  L D 

Denting,  Henry  C R 

Denison.  Charles D 

Dixon,  Nathan  F R 

Donnellv,  Ignatius. ..R 

Driggs.  John  F R 

Dumont,  Ebenezer...— 
Ecklev.  Ephraim  R.  .R 

Eden.  John  B D 

Edgerton,  Joseph  K..D 
Eldridge.  Chai'les  A.  .D 

Eliot.  Thomas  D — 

English.  James  E D 

Farnsworth.  John  F.B 
Fenton.  Reuben  E...W 

Finck.  William  E D 

Frank,  Augustus B 

Ganson,  John D 

Garfield,  James  A B 

Gooch,  Daniel  W B 

Grider,  H.niv W 

Grinn.ll.  Jii-iah  B....B 

Griswnhl.  .I.,hn  X D 

Hale,  .laiiiis  T R 

Hall.  William  A D 

Harding,  Aaron — 

Harrington,  H.  W D 

Harris,  Benjamin  G.  .D 

Harris,  Charles  M D 

Herrick,  .\nson D 

Higbv,  William B 

Holinan,  William  S...D 

Hooper.  Samuel R 

Hotchkiss,  Giles  W...B 
Hubbard,  Asahel  W.  .B 

Hubbard,  John  H B 

Hulbnrd.  Cilvin  T....n 
Hutchins,  Wells  A....D 

iTiger^uH.  Elton  C R 

Javnf.  William R 

Jeti.-k's,  Th.itiias  A...R 

Joliii-uti.  I'hilip D 

Jolni^oti.  William D 

Julian,  li.a.rge  W....R 
Italbllei^clt.  Martin. .D 

Kasson,  John  A — 

Kelley,  William  D R 

Kellogg,  Francis  W..R 

Kellogg,  Orlando R 

Kernan,  Francis D 

Kinney,  John  F D 

King,  Austin  A D 

Knapp,  Anthony  L...D 

Knox,  Samuel R 

Ijaw,  John D 

Lazear,  Jesse D 

LeBIond,  Francis  C,  ..D 
Littlejohn.  DeWitt  C.R 

Loan,  Benjamin  F R 

Long,  .\lexander D 

Loiigvcar,  John  W.  ..R 

I.oyeiov,  Owen  R 

McAllister,  Archib'd.D 

McBrlilf,  John  R R 

McClurg,  Joseph  W,.R 
MclJowell.  JaiiicsF...U 
Mclndoe,  Walter  D...B 
McKinite,v.  John  F... — 

McLean,  Samuel D 

Mallory,  Bobert D 

Marcy,  Daniel D 

Marvin,  James  M B 

Mifltlleton.  George.  ..D 

Milli-f,  SaitiUPl  F R 

MIII.T.  Willhint  H D 

.M Ii.a.l,.l.ititc.s  K..R 

M"irill,.lit~liit  S R 

Mortis.  Itantil R 

Monis,  JiiiiiisR 1) 

.Mirriis.iii,  William  R.D 

Moll,  Gonlon   N • 

My.i^,  Amos B 

My.i^.  l,.-.,iianl R 

Nelson,  ll.iliicr  A D 

Noble,  Warren  P D 

Norton,  Jesse  O R 

Odell,  Moses  P D 

O'Neill,  Charies R 

O'Neill.  John D 

Orth.  GodloveS B 

I'attofson.  James  W.R 
1',  Itcllc-lnll,  ili-orgo  II. 1) 

I'l-ica.    Krati.'Isfo I( 

I'erliaiii,   SidfifV R 

IVrrv.  N.li.iiiiah 1) 

Plli.'.  If.-dirl.k  A....R 
Potii.i..y,  Tli.o,  M....R 
Postoii.  Chailes  D....R 

Price,  Hiram R 

Pruyn,  John  V,  L I) 


Ind,  , 
Md... 
Vt.  .. 
Mass. 
Pa..  . 
Conn 
Pa..  . 
R.  I.. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
Vt.... 
Vt.  .. 
Mass. 
Conn 
Can,. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Me. . . 
Ky... 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Me... 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Md. .. 
Ky... 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Mass . 
N.  Y. 
Conn, 
Conn, 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
111.  .. 
R.  I.. 
N.  J.. 
Ire'd. 
Ind.  . 
Hoi.. 
Vt..  . 
Pa.  .. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 


Aug.  16, 
Aug.  22, 
Oct.  30, 
Feb.  7, 


Jan.  23, 
May  1, 
Nov.  3, 
Mar.  8. 
Nov.  23, 
Dec.  9, 
Feb,  1, 
Feb.  16. 
Feb.  27, 
Mar.  20, 
Mar.  — . 
Mar.  27, 
July  1. 
iSep't.  1. 
July  17, 
,Ian.  1, 
Nov.  19, 
,Ian.  8. 
July  16. 
Dec.  22, 

Oct."—, 


1819  Neb.. 
lS17lMd... 
ISlOiN.  Y. 
1816lMass. 
1813iPa. .. 

jConn. 

1818'Pa.  .. 
1812JR.  I.. 
1831  Minn. 


1813 
1814 
1812 
1826 
1818 
1821 
1808 


Mich 

Ind. 

Ohio 

111.  ., 

Ind. 

Wis . 

Mass 


1812  Conn 
1820|II1..  . 
1819  N    Y, 


182: 
1826 
1818 
1831 
1820 
1796 
1821 
1822 
1810 


Sept.  12, 
Dec,  13, 
April  10, 
Jan,  21, 
Aug.  18, 
Sept,  6, 
Feb.  8, 
Oct.  25, 
Jan.   19, 


1825 
1806 
1821 
1812 
1813 
182: 


Ohio 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
Ky... 
Iowa. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Mo... 
Kv... 
Ind.  . 
Md.  .. 
111.... 

N.  y. 

Cal... 
Ind.  . 


June  5, 
Oct.  8, 
Dec.  12, 
Oct.  8, 
Nov.  2, 
Jan.  17, 


May  5, 
Feb.  6. 
Jan.  11, 
April  12, 
May  30, 
June  18, 
April  2, 
Jan.  14, 
Sept.  20, 
June  14, 


Dec,  12, 


Feb.  7, 
Oct.  4, 
Dec.  24, 
Dec.  22, 
Jan,     6, 


Aug. '22, 
,  IPeb.  22, 

Dec.  3. 
.Mar.  30, 

April  12, 

Nov.'  15, 
Nov.  7, 
Feb.  27, 
Oct.  14, 
May  27, 
Jan,  29, 
Sept.  7. 
April  14, 
Jan.  4, 
Jan.  Ill, 
Sept.  14, 
Oct.  21, 
April  2.3, 
Nov.  13, 
Aug.  31, 
June  14, 
Dec,  25, 
Feb.  24, 
Mar.  21, 
Dec.  17. 
Api'il  22, 
July  2. 
July  25, 
Jan.  9, 
Mar.  27, 
Mar.  30, 
Dec.  9, 
Dec.  31, 
April  20, 
Jan.   10, 


1818  Ma: 

1815  N.  Y. 
1818,Io^va, 
1805  Conn 

1809  N.  Y. 
1818  Ohio, 

1831  111... 

1826  D.  T. 
1818  R.  I. 

1818  Pa.  . 

1819  Ohio 

1817  Ind. 
1804  N.  Y. 

1822  Iowa. 
1814  Pa..  . 

1810  Mich. 
1809  N.  Y. 

1816  N.  Y. 
1816  Utah. 
1801  Mo... 

1828  HI.... 

iMo... 

1796  Ind.  . 
1804  Pa.  .. 
lOhio. 

1818  N.  Y. 

1819  Mo... 

1816  Ohio. 

1820  Mich . 

1811  111.... 
1814  Pa.  .. 

1832  Ore . 

1818  Mo... 
1825  Inil.  . 

1819  Wis. 

1827  Ohio. 

M.  T. 

I81.t  Ky. . 
1809  N.  H. 

1809  N.  Y. 

1811  N.  J  . 
18'27N.  Y. 
18-28  Pa.  .. 
181)6  Pa.  .. 

1810  Vt.  .. 

1812  N.  Y. 
18-20  Ohio. 
1825  111.... 
1812  Nev.. 
1824  Pa.  . . 
1827  Pa.  . . 

1829  N.  Y. 

1821  Ohio. 
1812  III.... 

1818  N.  Y. 
1821  Pa.  .. 
1821  Ohio. 

1817  Inil.  . 

1823  N.  II. 
18-25, Ohio. 
I83I  N.  M. 

1819  Me... 

1816  N.  J.. 

1817  Me... 

1824  N.  Y. 

1825  Ariz.. 
1814  Iowa. 

1811  N.  Y. 


Unknown. 

Varied 

Varied.... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Law.yer. . . 
Law^-er. . . 
Agricul'st. 

Varied 

Jurist 

Jurist 

La^vyer. . . 
Lawyer.  . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Law-yer... 

*  Jurist 

Merchant. 
I.aAvyer. .. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
1  Varied 


Sept.  14.  1865 
Dec.  20.  1865 
May     2.  1872 

Sept.  1><  ISTli 
Oct.  9,  I  STL- 
June  27.  lst;7 
Feb.    3,  1JS8I 

Dec.'  'l'-?,'  \'sii 


Lawyer, 

Lawyer, . 

Physician. 

Ljv\vyer. 

Lawyer. 

Lawyer. 

Lawyer. 

Chemist 

Law-yer. 

Varied. . 

Manufae'r 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Law-yer... 

Jurist 

iLaw-yer. .. 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Miller 

Law-yer. . . 
LaAvyer. . . 
Law-yer . . . 
Clergy-m'n 
Manufae'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Mei-chant. 

Varied 

Meichant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
-Agricul'st, 

Varied 

Hotel-kp'r 
Mechanic. 

Varied 

Unknow-n. 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer.. . 
Unknow-n. 
Law-yer. . . 

Jurist 

Law-yer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer  .. 
Law-yer... 
Mei'chant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Law  yer. . . 
Unknown. 
Varied.... 
Merchant. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Vai'ied.... 
Banker.  . . 
Lawyer, . . 


June  12,  1S70 


Sept.  28,  1874 
Sept.  19,  I88I 


Sept.  14,  1866 


Oct.  31,  1872 
April  7,  1865 


Feb.    5,  1868 


Feb.    14,  1875 
Oct.      5    1878 


May  31 , 1879 

Nov."  i'. '  i'875 
Jan.  29,  1867 
May    3,    1866 


Feb.    12,1873 


Aug.  24,  1865 


April  22, 1870 


Oct.    7,    1873 
Sept.  2,  1877 


Mar.  12,  1875 
Mar.  25,  1864 


Sept.  12, 1870 


Aug.  3,  1875 
June  13,  1806 


1882 


Not.  21,  1877 


M-g^ 


THIKTY-EI(JHTJ(    AND    TUIKTY-NINTU    CUMUISESSES,    ANll    LI';AmNO-    EVENTS    OF    THE    TIMJ£. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Wlicro 
Dora. 

When  Dcrn. 

Ocoupfttlon. 

1       Wbon  Diet 
1 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

Whvro 
lium 

Wliea  ll«ra. 

IU|.1«. 

WUn  I>l..). 

K.Kin.l.l.  Willi.un.. 

.D 
.D 
.U 
U 
.R 
.D 
.D 
.R 

'.D 
.R 

.R 
.1) 
.R 
.R 

'.U 
.R 
.R 
.D 
.D 
.D 
.R 
.D 
.D 
.D 
.D 
.R 
.R 
.D 

'.R 

N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Ky.   . 

June  24,  1814 
Oct.  10,   1828 

N.   V. 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Mass. 
Me... 
III.  .. 
N.  J.. 
N.  11. 
Mo. . . 
111.  .. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  . . 
Mo.  . . 
Cal... 
Wis.. 
Ky... 

Del 

Merchant. 
Merchant. 

Jan.  18,  1870 

Hilton,  I'liailes  II.    .11 
Van  Valkentiuri;li.  K.K 
Voorhees,  Dan'l   \V...Ii 
■Wadsworth.  Win.  II.  U 
Wallace,  William  11. .11 

Ward.  p:iljuh 1) 

Washburne,  Klihu  B..K 
Washburn.  Win.  B...R 
Welistei-,  Kdwln  11. ..U 
Whaley.  Killian   V...R 

Whcelei-.  I->.ra I) 

White,  Chilton  A U 

White.  Josepli  W D 

Wilder.  Carler  A R 

Williams.  Tlionias  ,..R 

Wilson.  James  F R 

Wiiidom.  William.... R 
Winlleld,  l.has.    11.... D 

Wood,  Benjamin D 

Wood.  Fernando 11 

Woodbridt'c,  Fred.K.R 
Worthinffton,   H.  G..— 
"Veaman,  George  11.  .— 

Conn.  Mar.  19,  1821 
N.  v., Sept.  4,    1821 
Ind.  .jSept.  2C1.  1828 
Ky...  July  4.    1821 
Olllo.ljiilv   17,  1811 
N.    Y.'.S.-l.l.  1.-.,  1818 

.Mich.  Lawyer... 
N.   Y.   Lawver. 

Riiniiall.  \Viii,  U 

Ind.  . 

nice.  Ale\;in.lcrH.. 
Rice,  John  H. 

Mas8. 
Mo... 
III.  .. 
N.  J.. 
N.  11. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  . . 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Del.  . 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 

Aug.  30,  1818 
Feb.   5,    1816 

1822 

July    1,    1828 
Oct.   3,     18-.>4 
April  19,  1812 
Dec.   8,    1812 
Oct.    4.     1809 
Mar.  1 1 ,  1817 
Dec.  2(!,  1819 
1827 

Manufac'r 
Varied 

N.  Y. 

111.  .. 

Md... 
Va... 

Win.. 

Ohio. 
<Uilo. 
Kan.. 
Pa.  . . 
Iowa. 
Minn. 
N.  Y 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y, 
Vt.... 
Nev . . 
Ky... 

Lawyer,,, 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 

Hoirers,  Andrew  J.. 
UollinH,   Kilward  II. 

Varied.... 

Varied 

Merchant. 

Mass. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 

Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
Pa.  . . 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Md... 
Ky... 

Jan.  31,  1820 
Mar.  31,  1829 
May    0,   1821 

1820 

Feb.    — ,  1826 
Oct.     2.    1822 
Mar.  18.  1828 
Aug.  28.  l8(Ki 
Oct.  19.    1828 
May    lO,  18-27 
April  22.  18-22 
Oi-t.    13,   18-20 
June  14.  1812 
Aug.  29.  18IK 
Fell.    9,    1828 
Nov.    1.    1829 

UollitiH.  James  S 

Unknown. 
Manufac'r 

Uoss.  Lewi^  W 

Lawyer. . . 

Si-hcn.-k,  Hnli't  0 

Scolleld,  (ilcnni  W. 

Scott,  John  G 

Shannon,   Thos.  11 

Jurist 

Miner 

.Merchant. 

Lawyer... 

Merchant. 

Pec,  23,  1875 

Siiiilli,  linen  Clay.. 
Sjiiilliri-s    N.ilirl    B 

July    2,    1830 
Oct.    8,    1818 

Spalding',  Kill  us  P.. 

May  3,    1798  Ohio. 

Jurist 

1818 

N.  J.. 

N     Y 

Mel-chant. 
Banker.  .. 

.lournallMt 
Merchant. 
Varied.... 
Lawyer.., 
Lawyer... 

Stebbins,  Heni-y  G.. 

Steele,  John  B 

Steele,  William  G.. 
Stevens,  Thaddeus.. 

Stiles,  John  D 

Stronse,  Meyer 

Stnai-t,  John  T 

Sweat,  Lorenzo  D.  M 
Thayer,  Russell  M. 
Thomas,  Fi-anois... 
Todd  John  B.  S. 

N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J. . 
Vt.  .. 
Pa.  . . 
Ger'y 
Ky... 
Me.  . . 
Va. .  . 
Md.  . . 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 

.1812 

Feb.   13,1881 

Mar.  28,  1814  N.  Y. 
Dec.  17.    1820  N.  J.. 
April  4,  1792  Pa.  . . 
Jan.  1.1,   1823  Pa.  .. 
Dec.  18.   isa.";  Pa.  .. 
Nov.  in.  1807  III.  .. 
May  2R,    I8IM  Me... 
Jan.  27.  1819  Pa.  .. 
Feb.    3,    17aa  Md... 
Api-il  4.  1814  13.  T.. 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Sept.  24,  18611 
.Vug.'  i'l','  1868 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Kel)."ii'.'l878 
Nov.  28,  1885 

Total  Representatives, 
Occupation  Unknown.  1 
Manufacturers.  i>.    Ban 
Chemist,  1,  Physician, 
Foreign  Bom,  S:  Includ 
Germany,  1. 

1»9.    Lawyers,  96.  Varied,  »5.    Merchants,  16. 
S.    Jurists,  la.    Journalists.  7.    Agricnlturists,  5. 
cers.  3.     Mei-hanic,  1.    Cleriryman,  1.    Miner,  1. 

Lawyer... 
Varied... 
Merchant. 
Varied 

Jan.  22,  1876 
Jan.  5,    1872 

.    Hotel-keeper,!.    .Miller,!.    Itaili-oad  Offlccr.  !. 
ng Canada,  1;    Ireland,  1;  Holland,  1;   Scotland,  1 ; 

N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 

Tracy,  Henry  W... 

Sept.  24.  1807 

Thirty-ninth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1866  to  1867. 


18(56- 


-Execution  of  David  E.  Harold,  George 
A.  Atzerott.  Lewi3  P.  Powell  and  Mrs. 
Mary  E.  Surratt,  accomplices  with 
Booth  in  the  assassination  of  President 
Lincoln,  July  7. 

-The  following  State  convention.s  assem- 
bled to  repeal  their  ordinances  of 
secession  from  the  Union:  Mississippi. 
Aug.  '1'1\  Alabama,  Sept.  1";  South 
Carolina,  Sept.  13;  North  Carolina, 
Oct.  2;  Florida  and  Georgia,  Oct.  25. 

-Execution,  by  the  Government,  of  H. 
Wirz,  the  briitul  keeper  of  Anders(m- 
ville  Prison  during  the  War,  Nov.  lU. 

-The  Thirteenth  Amendment  to  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution,  abolishing  involun- 
tary servitude  in  the  United  States, 
adopted,  Dec.  18. 

-Passage,  by  Congress,  of  the  Civil 
Rights  bill  over  President  Johnson's 
veto,  April  9. 

-Great  Fenian  raid  on  Canada  inaugu- 
rated, June  1. 

-Great  fire  at  Portland,  Me.  caused  by 
a  tire-cracker;  one-third  of  thecitvand 
property  valued  at  S15,000,fXKJ  de- 
stroyed, July  4. 


Abraham  I.<lncolu,   16th  President. 
Andrew  «}ohnfion,   ITth  Premldent. 

Andrew  Jiihnsoii,  of  Tenn.,  Vice-President.  Lafayette 
S.Foster,  of  (Jonn..  and  Benjamin  F.  Wade,  of  Ohio, 
Presidents  of  the  Senate  and  Acting  Vice-Presidents. 
William  H.  Seward,  of  N-  Y.,  Sec'y  of  State.  Hugh 
McCulloch,  of  Ind.,  Sec'y  of  Treas.  Edwin  M.  Stanton, 
of  Ohio,  Sec'y  of  War.  Gideon  Welles,  of  Conn.,  Sec'y 
of  Navy.  John  P.  Usher,  of  Ind.;  James  Harlan,  of 
Iowa,  and  Orville  H.  Browning,  of  111.,  Sec'ys  of  Interior. 
William  Dennison,  of  Ohio,  and  Alex.  W.  Randall,  of 
Wis.,  Postmasters-General.  James  Speed,  of  Ky.,  and 
Henry  Staubery,  of  Ky.,  Attorneys-General.  Schuyler 
Colfax,  of  Ind.,  Speaker  of  House  of  Representatives. 


I>,  indicates  Democrat;     K.,  Republican. 


1866- 
186G- 

18(56- 
1867- 

1H67- 
1867- 
1867- 

1867- 
1867- 
1H67- 
1867- 


-.Snccessful  laying  of  the  second  Atlan- 
tic cable  to  Great  Britain,  July  27. 

■Loss  of  the  steamship  "  Evening  Star,'' 
from  New  York,  on  Tybee  Island,  Ga., 
with  253  lives,  Oct.  2. 

-North  German  Confederation  formed, 
Oct.  21. 

-Impeachment  of  President  Johnson 
proposed  in  the  lower  House  of  Con- 
gress, Jan.  7. 

-Nebraska  admitted  into  the  Union  aa 
the  thirty-seventh  State,  March  1. 

-Congress  passed  tlie  Tenureof-Office 
bill  over  the  President's  veto.  Mar,  2. 

-Congress  passed  the  bill  reconstructing 
the  Federal  Union,  over  the  President's 
veto.  Mar.  2. 

-Jlexico  evacuated  by  the  French, 
Maich  16. 

-Jefferson  Davis  released  on  bail. 
May  2<). 

-Alaska  ceded  to  the  United  States  by 
Russia— treaty  ratified,  June  20. 
-Treaty  with  Nicaragua  made,  June  21. 


SENATORS. 


Dora. 


Anthony,  Heni-y  B. .  .R 

Brown,  B.  Gratz R 

Buckalew,  Chas.  R...D 

Cattell,  Alex.   G R 

Chandler,  Zachariah.R 

Clark,  Daniel R 

Conness,  John R 

Cowan,  Edgar R 

Cragin,  Aaron  H R 

Cresswell,  John  A.  J. — 

Davis,   Garrett W 

Dixon,  James R 

Doolittle,  Jas.  R R 

Edmunds,  Geo.  F....R 
Fessenden.  Wm.  P. . .  R 

Fogg,  George  G R 

Foot,  Solomon R 

Fostur.  Lafayette  S.  .R 

Fowler.  .lnsr|,h    S R 

FrrliiiKliiiys.'ii,  F.  T.  .R 

Grimes,  Jas.  W R 

Guthrie,  James D 

Harlan,  James W 

Harris,  Ira R 

Hendei-son,  Jno.  B...D 
Hendricks,  Thus.  A...D 

Howard.  Jacob  M R 

Howe,  Timothy  O R 

tTohnson,  Reverdy.,.R 
Kiikwood.  Sam'l  J.  .R 

Liane,  Henry  S  R 

Lane,  Jas.  H R 

McDougall,  Jas.  A...D 
Morgan.  Edward  D.  ..R 
Morrill,  Lot  M   R 


R.  I.. 
Ky... 
Pa.  ., 

N.  J.. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
Ire'd. 
Pa,.. 
Vt.  .. 
Md. . . 
Ky... 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
Vt.  .. 
Conn. 
Ohio. 
N.  J.. 
N.  H. 
Ky... 
111.... 
N.  Y. 
Va. .. 
Ohio. 
Vt.  .. 
Me... 
Md... 
Md... 
Kj-... 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Me. . . 


Am-il  1, 
May  28, 
Dee.  28, 
Feb.  12. 
Dee.  10, 
Oet.  24. 
Sept.  20. 
Sept.  19, 
Feb.  1, 
Nov.  18, 
Sept.  10, 
Aug.  5, 
Jan.  3, 
Feb.  1. 
Oct.  16. 
May  26, 
Nov.  19, 
Nov.  22, 
Aug.  31, 
Aug.  4. 
Oct.  20, 
Dec.  .5. 
Aug.  26, 
May  31. 
Nov.  16, 
Sept.  7. 
July  lo, 
Feb.  24. 
May  21, 
Dec.  20. 
Feb.  24. 
June  22. 
Nov.  19, 
Feb.  3. 
May  3. 


1815 
1826 
1821 
1816 


SUM 

Repr..      Occup.tioD 

Mnted. 


R.  I. 
Ho.. 
Pa.  . 
X.J. 


1813, Mich 
1809  N.  H 
1821  Cal... 


1815 
1821 
1828 
1,801 
1814 
1815 
1828 
1806 
1813 
1802 
1806 
1822 
1817 
1816 
1792 
1820 
ISO: 


Pa 

N.  H. 

Md... 

Ky... 

Conn. 

Wis. . 

Vt.  .. 

Me... 

N.  H. 

Vt.... 

Conn. 

Tenn. 

N.  J.. 

Iowa. 

Ky... 

Iowa. 

N.  Y. 


1R26  Mf 
1819  hid.  , 
180n|Mieh. 
1816  Ml 


1796 
1813 
1811 
1814 
1817 


Md... 
Iowa 
Ind,  . 
Kaii.- 

1-,. 


1811  N, 
1813  Me 


Journalist 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

i  Varied 

Merchant. 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer... 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer. , . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 
I'liknown. 
L:i  uver. . . 
.Meiehant. 
Lawyer... 


Sept.  2,  1884 
Dee.  13,  1885 


Nov.   1,    1879 


Sept.  22,  1872 
Mar.  27,  1873 


Sept.  8,  1869 
Oet.  12,  1880 
Mar.  28.  1866 
Sept.  19,  1880 


Feb.  7,    1872 
Mar.  13,  1869 


Dec.  2,    1875 
Nov.'2'5,'  1885 


Mar.  25,  1883 
Feb.  10, 1876 


June  18.  1881 
July  11,  1866 
Sept.  3.  1867 
Feb.  14.  1883 
Jan.  10.   IS83 


SENATORS. 

Wh.r. 
Bom. 

VTbenDoni.       |R«>r.. 

OecupUion. 

WliTODiwl. 

.D 
.U 

'.R 
.R 
.D 
.R 
.D 
.R 
.R 
.R 

'.R 
.R 

'.R 
.R 
.R 
.R 
.D 
.R 

Me... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y'. 
Tenn. 
Vt.  .. 
Mass, 
Pa... 
Del 

July  23.  1820  Ore.  . 
April  12, 1829  Minn. 
June  10.  1815  Nev.. 
Feb.  28,  1819  Tenn. 
Nov.    1,    1815  Vt.  .. 
Jan.   3.    1816  Kan.. 

I'nknown- 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Norton ,  Daniel  S 

Nye.  James  W 

July  14,  1870 
Dec.  25,  1876 

Poland.  Luke  P 

Jurist 

Pomerov.  Sam'  I  C. . 

I'nknown. 

Sept.  8,  1815  .Minn. 

Clerk 

Riddle.  George  R... 
Ross,  Edmund  G 

.     .  1817 

Del. 

Vnrtert 

Mar.  29, 1867 

Ohio. 
Del.. 
Ohio. 
R.  I.. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Mass. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Va.  . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 

Dee.    7,   1826 

Kan. .  Journalist 

Saulsbury,  Wiliard 

June  2,   18201)el... 
Mav  10.  1823  Ohio.| 
Sejit.  12,  1830  R.   !,. 
Aug.   9.    1827  Xev.. 
Aug.    2,    1826  N.  J.. 
Jan.    6.   1811  Mass. 
Oct.   12,  1813  III..  ., 
Sept.  7.  1808,W.Vai 

Sherman,  John 

Sprague,  William.. 

.awyer. .. 
Uanufacfr 

Stewart,  Wm.  M 

Stockton,  John  P 

Sumner,  Charles... 
Trumbull.  Lyman. 

jawyer. .. 
.awyer... 

Mar.'ii',V874 

■Van  Winkle.  P.  G.. 

V.aried.... 

"Wade.  Benj.  F 

Willey.  Waitman  T. 
Williams.  Geo.  H... 

Wilson,  Henry 

Wright.  William... 

Oct.   27.  1800 
Oct.  18.    1811 
Mar.  23.  1823 
Feb.  16.  1812 
1794 

Ohio. 
Va..  . 
Ore.. 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
III..  . 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Iiirisl 

ileehanic. 
VIeebanic. 
Lawyer... 

Mar.  2,   1878 

Nov.  22,' 1875 
Nov.    1     1866 

Yates.  Richard 

Jan.  18,  1818 

Nov.  27. 1873 

Total  Senators.  S8.  Lawyers.  31.  Varied,  lO.  Jurists.  5.  Occupation 
Unknown.  4.  Journalists,  3.  Mechanics,  2.  Merchants,  2.  Clerk,  1. 
Manufacturer,  1.     Foreign  Born,  1:     Including  Ireland.  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Wh*n  Borr 


WbenDifd. 


AlIev.JohnB R     Ma,ss.|Jan.     7.   1S17  Mass  (Merchant.  1 

Allison.  Wm.  B R  |Ohio.  Mar.    2,    |S29  |lowa  lL:iwver. . .  I . 

.\mes.  Oakes K     Mass.  Jan.    in.  1M1I4  ,  Ma-.-,   M:iniif.ier    M-tv 


AncoDa,  Sydenham  E .  D 


Anilert-on,  Ueu.  W 

Arnell,  Samuel  M K 

Ashlev,  Delos  K U 

Avhlev,  James  M U 

Baker,  Jeliu R 

Baldwin,  Julm  D It 

Banks,  Nath'lP It 

Barker,  Abraham  A.  .H 

B.axter,  Portus H 

Beamiin,  Fernando  C.R 
Benjamin.  John  F. . . .  D 

Bergen,  Tennis  G D 

Bidwell,  John R 

Bingham.  John  A R 

Blaine,  James  G R 

Blow.  Henry   T R 

Boutwell,   Geo.  S R 

Boyer,  Benj.  M D 

Bradfoi-d,  Allen  A K 

Brandegee,  August. ..R 

Brooks,  James U 

Bromall,  Jno.  M R 

Brooinwell,  H.  P.  H..R 
Duckland,  RalphP...R 
Bundy.  Hezekiah  S.  ..R 
Burleigh,  Walter  A.  ,— 
Campbell,  Wm.  B...W 
Chanler,  John  W  ..  .D 
Chaves,  J.  Francisco. R 
Clarke,  Reader  W... .It 

Clarke,  Sidney It 

Cobb,  Amasa R 

Coffroth,  Alex.  H D 

Colfax,  Schuyler It 

Conkling.  Roscoe. ...R 

Cook.  Burton  C It 

Coopei',  Edmund — 

Cullom,  Shelby  M R 

Culver,  Charles  V R 

Darling,  Wni.A R 

Ilavis,  Thos.  T R 

Dawes,  Henry  L It 

Dawson,  John  L D 

De trees,  Joseph  il R 

Delano,  Columbus It 

Deming,  Heni'y  C It 

Denison,  Charles D 

Denny,  Arthur  A — 

Dixon,  Nathan  F U 

Dodge,  William  E It 

Donnelly,  Ignatius.  ..It 

Driggs,John   F It 

Duniont,  Ebenezer... — 
Eckley,  Epliraiin  R.  .R 

Eggleston,  Benj It 

Efdridge,  Chas.  A D 

Eliot.  Thoma-s  D — 

Famsworth.  JolulFMt 

Farquhar,  John  H It 

Ferry,  Thos.  W It 

Fink,  William  E.... 
Garfield,  James  A. . 
Glossbrenner,  A.  J. 
Goodwin.  John  N. . . 
(ioodyear,  Charles, 

Grider,  Henry 

Grinnell,  Josiah  B. . 

Griswold,  John  A D 

Hale,  Robert  S R 

Harding,  Aaron — 

Harding.  AbnerC R 

Harris.  Benj.  G D 

Hart.  Roswell 11 

Hawkins,  Isaac  R  —  R 
Hayes,  Rutherfoid  B.R 
Henderson,  Jno.  H.  D.It 

Iligbv.    William R 

Hill,  R:ilph R 

lli~.-.    Elijah I> 

Hitchcock.  I'hin.  W..II 

HoKaii,.Iohn D 

Holbrook.  E.  D D 

Holmes,  Sidney  T II 

Hooper.  S^imiiel It 

II.M.pcT-.  Willi. Mil  H.." 
Hot,  hla^~.  i:il.~  W...II 
llubbuKl,  Asahcl  W..It 
Hubbard,  ChesterI>..R 

Hubbard,  Demas R 

Hubbard.  John  H R 

Hubbell,  Edwin  N,...D 

lliibbell,  Ja«.  R It 

llulbuid,  Calvin  T It 

lliiiiiphi-ey,  James. . .  .R 
Humphrey,  Jan.  M....D 

Hunter,  John   W — 

Ingers«dl,  Ebon  C. ...R 

ticnckes,  Thos.  A R 

Johnson,  Philip D 

,IoneM,  Morgan I) 

.liiUan,  George  W R 

Kasson.Jolin  A II 

Kelley,Wm.   D R 

Kelso,  John  R -- 

Kerr,  Michael  C O 


Pa.  .. 
Tenn. 
Tenn. 
Ark.. 
Pa... 
Ky... 
t:onn. 
Mass. 
Me... 
Vt. .  . 
Vt.... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  . . 
Va. . . 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Me. . . 
Conn. 
Me... 
Pa... 
.Md... 
Mass. 
Ohio. 

Tenn. 
N.  Y. 

N.  M. 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
111.  .. 
Pa..  . 
.V.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y'. 
Tenn. 
Ky... 
N.Y.. 
N.  J.. 
Vt.  .. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Tenn. 
Vt.... 
Cojui. 
Pa.  .. 
Ind.  . 
R.  I.. 
Conn. 
Pa..  . 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  . . 
Mass. 
Can.. 
Md... 
Mich. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Md. . . 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
|K-y... 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Ky... 
Conn. 
iMd... 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Ire'd. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
M.ass. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 

n.  I.. 

N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Vt.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Pa... 


Nov.  20, 
May  22, 
May  3, 
Feb.  19, 
Nov.  14, 
Nov.  -i, 
Sept.  28, 
Jan. 30, 
Mar,  30, 

June  28, 
Jan.  23, 
Oct.  6, 
Aug,  5, 

ja'ii.'  31,' 
July  15, 
Jan.  28, 
Jan.  22, 
July  23, 
July  lo, 
Nov.  in, 
Jan.  19, 
Aug.  213, 
Jan.  20, 
Aug.  15, 


June  27, 
May  18, 
Oct.  16, 
Sept.  27, 
May  18, 
Mar.  23, 
Oct.  30, 
May  1 1 , 
Sept.  11 
Nov.  22, 
Sept.  6. 
Dec.  17, 
Aug.  22, 
Oct.  30, 
Feb.  7, 
May  13, 


Jan.  23, 
May  7, 
-May  1, 
Sept.  4, 
Nov.  3. 
Mar.  8. 
Nov.  23, 
Dec.  9, 
Jan.  3, 
Feb.  27, 
.Mar.  20, 
.Mar.  27, 
Dec.  20, 
June  1, 
Sept.  1. 
Nov.  19, 
Aug.  31, 
Oct.  l.-i. 
April  211. 
July  IH, 
Dec.  22, 

Sept.ii", 

Feb.'io,' 
Dec.  13, 

M.ay  IB,' 
Oct.  4, 
July  23, 
Aug.  18, 
Oct.  12, 
July  4, 
Nov.  30, 
Jan.  2, 

'\ug.  7, 
Feb.  8, 
Dec.  13, 
Oct.  2."i, 
.Ian.  19, 
Nov.  25, 
Jan.  17, 


June  5, 
Oct.  9. 
Sept.  21, 
Oct.  15, 
Dec.  12, 
Nov.  2, 
Jan.  17. 
Feb.  20, 
May  S, 
Jan.  II, 
April  12. 
Mar.  21. 
Mar.  15, 


1824  Pa.  .. 

1832  Mo... 

1833  Tenn. 
1828  Nev. . 
1824  Ohio. 

1822  111.  .. 
1810  Mass. 
1816  .Moss. 

1816  Pa... 
Vt.  .. 

1814  Mich. 

1817  .Mo... 

1806  N.  Y. 

1819  Cal... 

1815  Ohio. 

1830  Me... 

1817  Mo... 

1818  Mass. 

1823  Pa. .. 

1815  Col... 
1S28  Conn. 
ISIO  N.  Y. 

1816  Pa... 
1823  111.  .. 
1812  Ohio. 

1817  Ohio. 

D.  T.. 

'Tenn. 

1820  X.  Y. 
1833  N.  M. 

1812  Ohio. 

1831  Kan.. 
1823  Mo... 

1828  Pa. .. 

1823  Ind.  . 

1829  N.  y. 
1SI9  111.  .. 
IS2I;Tenn. 

1829  HI.  .. 

1830  Pa. . . 

1817  N.  Y. 
1810  N.  Y. 
1816  Mass. 

1813  Pa.  .. 
1812  Ind.  . 

1809  Ohio. 
Conn. 

1818  Pa.  .. 
1822  W.  T. 

1812  U.  I.. 

1805  N.  y. 

1831  Minn. 

1813  Mich. 

1814  Ind.  . 

1812  Ohio. 

1816  Ohio. 

1821  Wis.. 
1808  Mass. 

1820  111.  .. 
1818  Ind.  . 
1S27  .Mkli. 
1.S22  Ohio. 
1.S31  Ohio, 
isio  Pa... 

1824  Me... 
ISO.-.  X.  Y. 
ITliOKy... 

1821  Iowa. 

1822  N.  y. 
1822  N.  Y. 
Ky... 

1807  111.  .. 

1806  Md... 
1824  N.  Y. 

1818  Tenn. 
1822  Ohio. 

1810  Ore.  . 

1813  Cal... 
1827  Ind.  . 
1802  Ky... 
1831  Neb.. 
1.MI5  Mo... 
1836  Idaho 

1815  N.  Y. 

1808  Miuss. 

1813  Utah. 
1815  X.  Y. 
18IH  Iowa. 

1814  W.Va 
1800  N.  Y. 
180.-1  Conn. 
1S15'N.  y. 
182J  Ohio. 

1809  X.  Y. 

1811  N.  y. 

1819  N.  Y. 

1807  N.  Y. 
1831  111.  .. 
1818  It.  I.. 
1818  Pa... 

18.32  N.  y. 

1817  Ind.  . 
1822  Iowa. 
1814  Pa.  .. 
1831  Mo... 
1HJ7  Inrl.  . 


R.  R.  OffiT 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.,, 
Varied..,, 
Lawyer.,, 
Journalist 
Varied..., 
Lumbrm'n 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Varied.... 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Lawjer... 
Varied. . . . 
Lavycr... 
Varied.... 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . 
Varied... 
Varied... 
Journalist 

Varied 

Lawyer.. . 
Journalist 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Merchant. 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
[Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
i  Vai'ied.... 
Law.ver, . . 
'Lawyer... 
[Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Journalist 

Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Agrirul'st. 
Vai'ied. . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. .. 
Varied.... 

Varied 

Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.. .. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
V^aried,... 
Lawvei-. .. 
Vailed.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Banker . . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer... 
Meehanlc. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Educator. 
Lawyer... 


Mar.  4, 
iiar! '«! 


1868 
'l'8'77 


Sept.  11,  1875 


April  30, 1873 


Aug.  19, 
Oct.  18, 


1867 
1877 


May  23,  1872 


Jan.  13,   1885 


May    2,   1872 


Sept.  18, 
Dec.  21, 


Oct.    9. 
June  27, 


Feb.  3. 
Feb.    9. 


1870 
1885 


1872 
1867 


1881 
1883 


Dec.   17,  1877 


June  12,  1870 


Sept.  19, 1881 


Sept.  14, 
Oct.  31, 


1866 
'l'872 


May   8,    1867 


June  18, 
Feb."i4, 


Oct.    5, 
S'e'pt."2',' 


1870 
'l'8'75 

i's'ra 


1873 


Juno  16,  1860 


May  31, 
Nov.  4. 
Jan.  29, 


1871) 
1875 
1887 


Aug.  19, 1870 


Ketcham.John  H R 

Kociitz,  William  H. .  .R 

Kuykendall.  A.  Z R 

Lallin,  Addison  H It 

Latham,  Geo.  R R 

Lawrence,  Geo.  V...,R 

Lawrence.  Win R 

Le  Blond,  Francis  C.  .D 

Leftwich,  John  W D 

Loan,  Benj.  F — 

Lungyear,  John  W...R 

Lviicii.  John R 

McClurg.  Joseph  W.R 
MeCullough,  Hiram.. I> 
Mclndoe.  Walter D... It 

McKee,  Samuel H 

McLean,  Samuel D 

McRuer,  Donald  C. ..  .R 
Marshall,  Samuel  S. .  .D 

Marston,  Gilman R 

Marvin,  James  M R 

Maynal-d,  Horace R 

Mercur,  Ul.vs.ses R 

Miller,  Geoi-ge  F R 

Moorhead.  Jas.  K R 

Morrill,  Justin  S R 


..It 
..R 
..R 
..R 
.D 
.D 


Morris,  Daniel. 
Moulton.  Sam'l  W.. 

Mvcis.   L.onaid 

Kcwell,  William  A. 
Mblack.  William  E. 
Nicholson.  John  A.. 

Noell.  Thomas  E R 

O'Neill.  Charles It 

Orth,  GodloveS R 

Paine,  Halbert  E....R 

Patterson.  Jas.  W R 

Perham.  Sidney R 

Phelps,  Chas.   E D 

Pike,  Frederick  A R 

Plants,  Tobias  .4 R 

Pomeroy,  Theo.  M D 

Pri.e.    Hii.iiii R 

Riulf.iid.  William. ...D 

Haiidall.  Saiii'l  J 11 

Randall.  Wm.  H R 

Raymond,  Henry  J. .  .It 

Rice,  Alex.  H R 

Rice.Jobn   H R 

Rittcr.  Biuwell  C — 

P.. Kirs.  Aiidicw  J....D 
liollllis.  Edward  H...R 

Ro.ss.  Lewis  W D 

Rousseau.  Lovell  H..R 
Sawyer,  Philetus,  ...R 
Sihenck.  Rob't  C. . . . 
.ScMlleld.  (ih-iiniW... 

Sliaiikliii.l^ci.  R 

SlHlluli;ir[.nr,   Sam'l. 

Silgrea\  c~.  ('has 

Sloan.  ItlMiii.arC. ... 
Smith,  lin  en  Clav.. 
Spalding.  KufusP. .. 

Stair.  John  V 

Steven-.    Tliaddeus. . 

Slillwell,  1li"S.  L 

Stokes.  William  B... 

Strouse,  Meyer 

Taber,  Stephen D 

Taylor,  Nath'lG — 

Taylor,   Nelson D 

Thayer,  Russell  M R 

TliOm,a,s,   Francis It 

Thoiiias,  John  L R 

Thornton,  Anthony.. D 
Trimble,  Lawrence  S.D 

Trowbi'idge,  R.  E It 

XJpson,  Charles R 

Van  Aeriiam,  II... 

Van  Horn,  Buit 

Van  Horn,  Robt  T. 
Vborhees,  Dan'l  W. 
^Vard.  AndiewH.. 
"Ward,  Hamilton... 
Warner,  Sam'l  L. .. 
Washhurne.  Elil.u  B.R 
Washburn.  Ilcnrv  D.It 
Washburn,  Wm.  B...II 

Wclker,  Martin 

^Ventwol'th,  John. 
Whalev.Kllllan  V. 
Williiii'iis.  Thomas, 
WiK.iii.  .billies  !■•.. 
AVilM.ii.st.  ilien  F. 
Will, I, nil.  William., 
Wiiill.'ld.  I  bus.  H. 
Wuiidliiidi;'  .Fred.  E.It 
Wriglil.  K.lwluR,  V..D 


N.  Y. 

Pa.  .. 
III.  .. 
Mass. 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Va... 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Me. . . 
Mo... 
Md... 
Scot.. 
Ky... 

Me! ! ! 

111.  .. 
N.  H. 

N.  y. 

Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  . . 
Pa..  . 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Ind.  . 
Del... 
Mo... 
Pa.  .. 
Pa..  . 
Ohio. 
N.  H. 
Me... 
Vt.  .. 
Me.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Pa, 


Dec.  21,  1832  N.  Y. 
July  15,  1830  Pa. . . 
Mar.  3,  1815  III.  .. 
Oct.  24,  1823  N.  y. 
Mar.  9,    1832  W.Va 

1818  Pa. .. 

June 26,  1819  Ohio. 

.Ohio. 

Sept.  7,  1826  Tenn. 
Oct.  4,  1819  Mo  .. 
Oct.  22,  1820  Mich. 
Feb.  18,  1825  Me... 
Feb.  22.  1818  Mo... 
Sept.20,18IS'Md... 
Mar.  30,  1819  Wis. . 
Nov.  5,  1833  Ky.  . 

M.  T 

1826  Cal... 

Mar.  18,  1821  III.  .. 
Aug.  20,  1811  N.  H. 
Feb.  27,  1809  N.  Y. 
Aug.  13,  1814  Tenn. 
.\ug.  12,  1818  Pa... 
Sept.  5,  I809  Pa.  .. 
Sept.  7.  1806  Pa.  .. 
April  14, 1810  Vt.  ., 
Jan.  4,  1812iN.  Y. 
Jan.  21,  1822  111. 


Nov.  13,  1827 


Pa.  . 
N.  J. 
Ind. 
Del.. 
Mo.. 
Pa.. 
Ind. 


Agricul'st. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer, . . 
Man'lact'r 

Varied 

Agricul'st. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawy  er. . . 
.Merchant. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . , 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Hotel-kp'r 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Physicia"n. 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Varied.... 
Lawyer,. . 

Varied 

Lawyer... 


May  19.  1822 

Nov.  17,  1827 

April  3,  1839 

Mar.  21.  1821 

April  22, 1817 

Feb.  4,    1826!  Wis. 

July    2,  1823  N.  H. 

Mar.  27,  1819  .Me... 

May    1,    1833, Md... 

Dec.  9.    I817iMe... 

Mar.  17,  ISlllOhio. 

Dec.  31,  1824, N.  Y.iLawyer 
...  Jan.  10,  1814iIown.:Banker 

N.  Y.  June  24,  1814'N.  Y.  "   ' 

Pa.  ..Oct.  10,  1828:Pa..  . 

Ky...' IKy... 

N.  Y.  Jon.  24,  1820  N.  Y. 
Mass.  Aug.  30,  1818  Mass. 
Me...  Feb.  5,  1816  Me... 
Ky...'Jan.  6,  1810  Ky... 
N.  J..  July  1,  1828  N.  J.. 
N.  H.  Oct.  3,  1824  N.  H. 
N.  Y.  Dec.  8,  1812  111.  .. 
Ky...!Aug.  4,  1818  Ky... 
Vt.  ..Sept.  22, 1816  Wis.. 
Ohio.  Oct.  4.  1809  Ohio. 
N.  Y.  Mar.  11,  1817  Pa.  . 

Kv...| IKy... 

tihio.;Dec.  10,  1817|Ohio, 
Pa..  .|April22,  1803iN.  J.. 

N.  Y.  Iwis.. 

Kv.  ..'July  2,  1830  Ky... 
Mass.  :May    3,  1798  Ohio. 

Pa..  .  1818  N.  J.. 

Vt.  ..  Api'il  4,  lT92|Pa... 
ohio.'Aug.  29,  1830  Ind.  . 
N.  C.  Sept.  9,  1814  Tenn. 
Germ  Dec.  16,  1825, Pa..  . 
N.  Y.  Mar.  7,  1821IN.  Y. 
Tenn.  Dec.  29,  1819iTenn. 
Conn.  June  8,  1821|N.  Y. 
Va. ..  Jan.  27,  1819  Pn  , ,  . 
Md...  Feb.  3,  1799  Md... 
Md. ..  May  20,  1835  Md... 
Ky...lNov.  9,  1814,111.  .. 
Ky. . .  lAug.  26.  1825;  Ky. . . 
N.  Y.'June  18,  1821. Mich. 
Conn.  Mar.  10,  1821  Mich. 
N.  Y.  Mar.  11,1819  N.  Y 


N.  Y. 
Pa. ,. 

Ind.  , 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Me... 
Vt.... 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Pa, 


Oct.  28.  1823, N.  Y. 
May  19,  IS'24  .Mo... 
Sept.  26,  1828|lnd.  . 

Ky... 

July    3,  1829  N.  Y. 
.  1829  Conn 


Sept.  23, 1816 
Mar.  28,  1832 
Jan. 31,  1820 
Aprll25,1819 
Mar.  5,  1815 
May  «,  1821 
Aug.  28,  1806 
Ohio. 'Oct.  19,1828 
Pa.  ..  Sept.  4.  1821 
Ohio.  May  10,  18'27 
N.  Y.  !April22, 1822 
Vt.  ..I  Aug.  29,  1818 
N.  J..!jan.  2,    1812 


111 
Ind.  . 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
111.  .. 
W.Va 
Pa... 
Iowa. 
Pa... 
Minn. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  J.. 


June—    1870 


Mar.  12,  1875 


May  3,  1882 


Oct.    4,  1867 


June  18,  1870 


June  18, 1869 


Mai'.  17,  1878 


Aug.  11,1868 
Jan.  14,  1874 


Feb.  11,  1878 


Jan.  22, 1876 


Jan.  19,  1876 


Total  Representatives,  SOT,  Lawyers, 9S.  Varied,  46.  Merchants,  lO, 
Jurists,  11.  Occupation  Unknown,  lO,  Journalists.  S,  Agriculturists,  7. 
Manufacturers,  3,  Lumbermen,  it.  Bankers,  8.  Physicians,  S,  Railroad 
onicer,  1,  Mechanic,!,  Educator,  1,  Hotel-Keeper,  1.  Foreign  Born,  4 : 
Including  Ireland,  1;  Canada,  1 :  Scotland,  1;  Germany,!. 


:;3} 


^ 


>; 


Fortieth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1867  to  1869. 


-? 


1HG7— The  Dominion  of  flanada  formed, 
July  1. 

1H67— Reciprocity  Treaty  lietween  the  United 
States  ami  Saiuiwich  L^'lands,  July  11. 

1867  — IVoiiifui  Surt'rane  rejeotetl  by  the  Now 
York  Statu  Constitutional  Cimvention, 
July  24. 

1H67— The  Pi-osident  issues  an  amnesty  proc- 
lamation, Sept.  8. 

I8fi7— Whisky  riot  in  I'hiladelpliia,  Oct.  3. 

1867— Denmark  sells  the  Islands  of  San  Juan, 
St.  Thomas  ami  Santa  Cruz  to  the  Unit- 
ed States,  Nov.  14. 

IHBS— The  ffovemment  Military  Asylum  at 
Auj?usta,  Me.,  burned,  Jan.  5. 

1868— The  Government  Eight-hour  Labor  Bill 
piissed  in  Congress,  Jan.  6. 

IH68— The  Secretary  of  State  announced  to 
Congress  that  twenty-one  States  had 
ratirted  the  Fourteenth  Amendment  to 
the  Constitution,  Jan.  10, 

1868— The  thermometer  registered  51  de- 
grees below    zero  in  Wisconsin,  Feb.  5. 

1868— Congress  abolihhes  Government  tax  on 
manufactures.  Mar.  V2. 

1868— Impeachment  trial  of  President  An- 
drew Johnson  begun,  liar.  23. 

1868— Negro  suffrage  in  Michigan  rejected, 
April  6. 

1868 — The  Impeachment  Court  finds  Presi- 
dent Johnson  not  guilty  of  the  "  crimes 
and  misden'eanors"  charged  against 
him,  May  26. 

1868 — Arkansas  readmitted  to  the  Union  by 
Congress,  June  24. 


^.o^o..^ 


Aiitlreu'  tlohiiNoii,    l"}!!!  I'renldent. 

VICE-I'RESlUliNT  (ACTING)— BKNJAMIN  K.   WADB,  OP  OHIO. 

Sce'y  of  State {  William  H.  Seward,  of  N.  Y. 

Sec'yof  Treas {  Hugh  McCulIoch,  oflnd. 

Sec'vs  of  War  5  Edwin  M.  Stanton,  of  Ohio. 

hecysor  war ^  John  M.  Scolleld,  of  N.  Y. 

Sec'y  of   Navy ^  Gideon  Welles,  of  Conn. 

Sec'vHof  Interior       S  JamoK  Harlan,  of  Iowa. 

Hec  ys  DC  interior. . ,  |  orville  H.  Hrowning,  of  III. 

I>nstma«ter8-Gen-1...  j  !^j"'\'?  ^}f"^i^oxi,  of  Ohio. 

(  Alex,  W.  Randall,  of  Wis. 

(  James  Speed,  of  Ky. 

Attorneys-Gen'l {  Henrv  Stanbery,  of  Ky. 

(  William  M.  Evarts.  of  N.  Y. 

Speaker  of  House  of  )  q„i,„^i,.„ /-i«i#™-   ..<•  i-^ 

Representatives.. .  )  Schuyler  Colfax,  of  Ind. 


..o^..^ 


1868-Fanure  of  the  Atlantic  Cable  of  18CG 
to  tranMnilt  Intelllgcnec.  Aujp.  3. 

1808  TenibloeartlKjuuke  in  South  America; 
lOHM  of  life  in  h<.uador  uml  Peru  eeli- 
mated  at  30,0(X;  ]tfVnonn,  Aug.  13. 

1868— Iowa  and  Slinnenrjta  adopt  Negro  Buf- 
frage,  Nov,  3. 

1868— Unlvci-HalamneMty  pruclumatioii  iiwued 
by  President  Johiihon,  L)ee.  20. 

1860— Th(f  Fifteenth  Amendment  to  the  Fed- 
eral Con«lltutinn  of  the  United  Stutt-H, 
guaranteeing  the  right  of  huffrage  to 
all  eitizens  of  the  United  Slalet*.  wlth- 
uut  regard  to  race,  color  or  pievlouti 
condition  of  nervltude,  won  pu»>ed  by 
Congress.  Feb,  li6.  In  March,  1870.  it 
having  been  ratified  by  three-fourths 
of  all  the  Stales,  it  was  declared  in 
force. 

1869— Mr.  Schenck's  bill.  In  Congresn,  provid- 
ing for  the  payment  of  all  national 
indebtedness    in    coin,  wat*  patsHcd  in 

March, 

1869~Congress  aulliorlzod  the  formation  of 
a  Hoard  of  Indian  Commis^ione^*.  nine 
in  niniilier,  to  t-erve,  without  salary,  in 
Iin.Miling  for  the  better  care  and  pro- 
tection of  the  Indians.  April  10.  This 
'•  peace  policy  "  proved  eminently  buc- 
ceMsful  when  put  into  practice. 

1869— The  Senate  rejects  the  treaty  wltli  Eng- 
land respecting  the  "  Alabama  "  claims, 
-    April  13, 

1869— No  reduction  of  laborers'  wages  by  the 
fJoverament.  on  account  of  the  poitsage 
of  the  Eight-hour  law,  proclaimed  by 
the  President.  May  19. 


D|  Indicates  Democrat;    R*  Republican. 


SENATORS. 


Abbott,  Joseph  C R 

Anthony,  Henry  B R 

Bayard,  James  A. . .  .1) 
Buckalew,  Chas.  R.  ,.D 

Cameron,  Simon II 

Cattell.  Alex.  G R 

Chandler,  Zachariah.R 

Cole.  Cornelius R 

Conkling,  Roscoe.  ...R 

Conness,  John R 

Corbett,  Henry  W, . ,  .R 

Cragiii,  Aaron  H R 

Mavis,  Garrett R 

Dixon,  James R 

Doolittle.  Jas.  R R 

Drake.  Chas.  D R 

Edmunds,  Geo.  F R 

Ferry.  Orris  S R 

Fessenden,  Wm.    P.  ..R 

Fowier.  Joseph  S R 

Frelinghuysen.  F.  T.  .R 

Orimes,  Jas.  W R 

Guthrie,  .James D 

Harlan,  James R 

Harris.  Johns R 

Hendei-son,  Jno.  B...D 
Hendricks.  Thos.  A. . .  D 

Howard.  Jacob  M R 

Howe,  Timothy  O R 

fjohnion,  Reverdy...R 
Kellogg.  William  P..R 
McCreery.Thos.  C.    .D 

McDonald.  Alex R 

Morgan.  Edward  D...R 

Morrill.  Justin  S R 

Morrill,  Lot  M  R 

Morton.  Oliver  P R 

Norton,  Daniel  S D 

Nye,  James  W R 

Osborn,  Thos.  W R 

Patterson,  David  T..D 

Patterson,  Jas.  W R 

Pomeroy,  Sam'  1  C R 

Pool,  John — 

Kamsey.  Alex R 

Rice.  Benjamin  F R 

Riddle,  George  R D 

Robertson.  Thf.s.  J,..R 

Ross,  Edmund  G R 

Saulsbury,  Willard..D 

Sawyer.  Fred'k   A R 

Sheinian.  John R 

Spencer,  Geo.   E R 

Sprague,  Willium R 

Stewart,  Wm.  M R 

Sumner,   Charles R 

Thayer.  John    M R 

Tipton.  Thos.  W R 

Trumbull,  Lyman R 


N.  H. 
R.  I.. 
Del... 
Pa.  ,. 
Pa.  .. 
N,  J.. 
N,  H. 
N.  Y. 
N,  Y. 
Ire'd. 
Mass. 
Vt.  .. 
Ky... 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Vt.  .. 
Conn. 
N.  H. 
Ohio. 
N.  J.. 
N.  H. 
Ky... 
111.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Va.  .. 
Ohio. 
Vt.... 
Me... 
Ma. . . 
Vt.  .. 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 
Mass. 
Vt.  .. 
Me. . . 
Ind.  . 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
S.J.. 
Tenn. 
N.  H. 
Mass. 
N.  C, 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Del.  . 
S.  C... 
Ohio. 
Del.  . 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
R.  I.. 
N.  Y. 
Mass . 
Mas-; . 
Ohio. 
Conn. 


SUte 
Mnted. 


July  15, 
April  I, 
Nov.  1.'), 
Dee.  28. 
Mar.  8, 
Feb.  12. 
Dec.  10. 
Sept.  17, 
Oct.  30, 
Sept.  20, 
Feb.  18, 
Feb.  1, 
Sept.  10, 
Aug.  5, 
Jan.  3, 
April  11, 
Feb.  1, 
Auff.  15, 
Oct.  IB. 
Aug.  31, 
Aug.  4. 
Oct.  20, 
Dec.  5, 
Aug.  26, 
Dec.  18. 
Nov.  16, 
Sept.  7, 
July  10, 
Feb.  24, 
May  21, 
Dec.      8, 


1825  N.  C, 
1815  R.  1.. 
17il»lDel... 
IjPa. 


April  10, 
Feb.  3, 
April  14, 
May  3, 
Aug.  4, 
April  12, 
June  10, 
Mar.  9, 
Feb.  28, 
July  2, 
Jan.  3, 
June  16, 
Sept.  8, 
May   28, 


Aug.  3, 
Dee.  7. 
June  2. 
Dec.  12. 
May  10, 
Nov.  I. 
Sept.  12. 

Aug.  9. 
Jan.  fi. 
Jan.  24. 
Aug.  5. 
Oct.    12, 


17ua 

1816 

1813 

1822 

1829 

1821 

1827 

1821 

1801 

1814 

181 

1811 

1828 

1823 

1806 

182: 

1817 

1816 

1792 

1820 

18: 

1826 

1819 

1805 

1816 

1796 

1830 

1817 

1832 

1811 

1810 

1813 

1823 

1829 

1815 

1836 

1819 

1823 

1816 

1826 

1815 

1828 

1817 

1823 

1826 

1820 

1822 

1823 

1836 

1830 

1827 

1811 

IS20 


Pa. 
N.  J.. 
Mich . 
Cal... 
N.  Y. 
Cal. . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
Ky... 
Conn. 
Wis.. 
Mo.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Conn. 
Me... 
Tenn. 
N.  J.. 
Iowa. 
Ky... 
Iowa. 
Lou. . 
Teun. 
Ind.  . 
Mich . 
Wis.. 
Md... 
Lou.. 
Ky... 
Ark.. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Me.  .. 
Ind.  . 
Minn. 
Nev. . 
Fla... 
Tenn. 
N.  H. 
Kan.. 
N.  C. 
Minn. 

k.. 
Del... 

C. 
Kan.. 
Del.. 
S.  C. 
Ohio. 
Ala.  . 
R.  I.. 
Nev.. 
Ma.ss . 
Neb 


1881 

Sept.    2,  1884 


Not.    1,  1879 


Sept.  22,  1872 
Mar.  27,  1873 


Not.  21,  1875 


Feb.     7.  1872 
Mar.  13,  1869 


Not.  25,  1885 


1817  Neb. 
1813  III.  . 


Varied 

Journalist 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Vaiied.... 

Varied 

Merchant. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied... 

Merchant. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer, . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. .. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer.. . 
'Lawyer. . . 

I  Vaiied 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
'Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Agricul'st. 

[Varied 

Merchant. 

Vaiied 

Lawyer.. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
La\vyer... 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Agricul'st. 
Journalist 
Lawyer... 
Educator. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Rlanufac'r  

VSricd...  

Lajvyer...  Mar.  11.  1874 

Lawyer. . . , 

Varied 

Lawyer. . .  1 


Mar.  25,  1883 
Feb.  10,  1876 


Feb.  14,  1883 

Jan."i6,"l883 
Nov.  1,1877 
July  14,  1870 
Dec.  25,  1876 


Mar.  29, 1867 


SENATORS. 

Wtl.TO 

Bora. 

When  Born. 

Bum 

OcoupMion 

When  Died. 

Van  Winkle.  P.  (J....R 

N.  y.lsept.    7,  1808  W.Va 
Md...lNov.  19,  1801  Mil.  .. 
Mass.:<>ct.   27,  IHlK.iOhio. 
Ohio.:Sept.    4.  1826:Ala.  . 

Varied.... 

Vickers,  George D 

Wade,  Benj.  F H 

Warner,  Willard K 

Lawyer... 

Mar.    2,1878 

Welch,  Adonljah  S  ..R 

Conn. 
Md... 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Ky... 

IHliliFla...  Educator. 

Whyte,  W.  PInckney.D 
Willey,  Waitman  T..R 
Williams.  Geo.  H R 

Aug.    9.  lHi:4!Md... 
Oct.    18,  1811  [W.Va 
Mar,  23.  1823  Ore,. 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer,,, 
Jurist 

Wilson,   Henry R 

Yates,  Richard R 

Feb.  16,  1812  Mass. 
Jan.  18.  I8I8  111.  .. 

Mechanic. 
Lawyer.,. 

Nov.  22.  iK75 
Nov.  27,  1873 

Total  Senators,  eo.  Lawyers,  3'?.  Varied,  14.  Occupation  Unknown,  4. 
Jurists,  8.  Merchants,  3.  Journalists,  a.  Agriculturists,  a.  Educators,  2. 
Manufacturer,!.    Mechanic,!.    Foreign  Corn,  1 :  Including  Ireland,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Adams,  Geo.  M D 

Allison,  Wm.  B R 

Ames.  Oakes R 

Anderson.  Geo.  W R 

Archer.  Stevenson D 

Arnell,  Samuel  M R 

Ashley,  Delos  R R 

Ashley.  James  M R 

Axtell.Sam'l  B D 

Bailey,  Alex.  H R 

Baker.  .lehu R 

Baldwin.  John  D R 

Banks,  Nath'l  P R 

Barnes,  Demas D 

Barnum,  Wm.  H D 

Bashford,  Coles — 

Beainan.  Fernando  C,R 

Beatty.  John R 

Beck.  James  B D 

Benjamin.  John  F, ...D 

Benton,  Jacob .  .R 

Bingham,  John  A It 

Blackburn.  W.  Jasp..R 

Blaine.  James  G R 

Blair,  Austin R 

Boles,  Thomas R 

Boutwell.   Geo.  S R 

Bowen.  Chris.  C R 

Boyden.  Nath'l R 

Boyer,  Benj.  M I> 

Brooks,  James D 

Brooniall.  Jno.  M R 

Eromwell.  H.  P.  H...R 
Buckland,  Ralph  P...R 
Buckley.  Chas.  W....R 
Burleigh.  Walter  .A.  .— 

Burr.  Albert  G D 

Butler,  Benj.  F R 

Butler,  Roderick  R...R 


Ky... 
Ohio. 
iMa-ss. 
Tenn 
Md . . . 
Tenn 
Ark.. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Conn. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.... 
Ohio. 
Scot.. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  . . 
Pa.  .. 
Ark.. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ark.. 
Mass. 
R.  I.. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Jle.  . . 
Pa.  .. 
Md. . . 
Ma.ss. 

N.  y. 


111.... 

N.  H. 
Iva... 


Stat« 
Repre- 
sented. 


Dec.  20. 
Mar.  2. 
Jan.  10, 
May  22, 
Feb.  28, 
May  3, 
Feb.  19, 
Nov.  14. 
Oct.  14, 
Aug.  14, 
Nov.  4, 
Sept.  28, 
Jan.  30, 
April  4. 
Sept.  18, 
Jan.  24. 
June  28, 
Dec.  16. 
Feb.  13. 
Jan.  23, 
Aug.  14, 


July  24, 
Jan.  31, 
Feb.  8, 
July  16, 
Jan.  28, 
Jan.  5, 
Aug.  16. 
Jan.  22. 
Nov.  10. 
Jan.  19. 
Aug.  26, 
Jan.  20, 
Feb.   18, 


Nov.    5, 
April  8, 


1837  Kv. . 

1829  Iowa. 
1H04  Mass. 
18.32  Mo... 

1827  Md... 
18:i3  Tenn. 

1828  Nev.. 
1824  Ohio. 
1819  Cal... 

1817  N.  Y. 
1822  III.  .. 
1810  Mass. 
1816  Mass. 

1827  N.  Y. 

1818  Conn. 

1816  Ariz.. 

1814  Mich. 

1828  Ohio. 

1822  Ky... 

1817  Mo. .. 
1819, N.  H. 

1815  Ohio. 
1820'Lou.. 

1830  Me... 

1818  Mich. 
18371  Ark.. 
1818'Mass. 
1832  S.  C. . 
1796  N.  C. 
1R23  Pa.  . . 
1810  N.  Y. 

1816  Pa. .. 

1823  111.  .. 
1812  Ohio. 
1835  Ala.  . 

D.  T.. 

1S29  111.. 
1818  Mass. 
1827,Tenn. 


Lawyer. 
Lawyer. 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer... 
Unknown 
La 

Varied . 
Lawyer 
Lawyer 
Law- 
Journalist 
Varied. .. 
Merchant 
M  anufac'r 
Lawyer. 
Lawyer. 
Banker, 

Lawyer. 

Lawyer. 

Varied.. 

Lawyer. 

Journalist 

Journalist 

Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer.,. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. , . 

Jonmalist 

Lawver. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Unknown. 

Unkno^vn. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 


May    8,  1873 


April25,1878 


Mar.    8,  1877 


April  30, 1873 


>^:(>-- 


32 


Cake.  Henry  L R 

Callis.John  B K 

Cary,  Sam'i  F .R 

Cavanaugh,  Jas.  M.  ..D 
Chanler.  John  W...  .D 

Chilcott.  Geo.  M R 

Churchill.  John  C....R 

Clarke.  Reader  W R 

Clarke.  Sidney R 

Ckver.  Chas.  P — 

Clif  t,  Joseph  W R 

Cobb,  .\niasa R 

Coburn,  John R 

Colfax.  Schuyler R 

Cook,  Burton  C R 

Curiey,  Simeon R 

Cornell.  Thomas R 

Covode.  John R 

CuUom.  Shelby  M. ...R 

Uawes.  Henry  L R 

Delano,  Columbus R 

Denison.  Charles D 

Deweese.  John  T R 

liickey.  Oliver  J R 

Dixon,  Nathan  F R 

lioekery.  Oliver  H R 

Dodge.  Grenville  M. .  .R 
Donnelly,  Ignatitis...R 

Driggs,Johu  F R 

Eckley.  Ephraim  R.  .R 

Edwards,  Wm.  P R 

Eggleston.  Benj R 

Ela.  Jacob  H R 

EldridKe.  Chas.  A D 

Eliot.  Thomas  D — 

Elliott.  James  T R 

Farnsworth,  John  F.R 

Ferriss.  Orange R 

FeriT.Thos.  W......,R 

Fields,  Wm.  C B 

Finney,  Darwin  A R 

Flandei-s,  Alvan R 

Fox,  John D 

French.  John  R R 

Garheld.  Jaiues  .\ R 

Getz.  J.  Lawrence D 

Glossbrenner.  A.  J.  ..D 

GolIad,ay.  J.acob  S D 

Goss,  James  H — 

Gove.  Samuel  F — 

Gravely,  Joseph  J R 

Griswold,  John  A D 

Grover,  Asa  P D 

Haight,  Charles D 

ILiNt-v.  George  A R 

lI:niiiiton,  Chas.  M...R 
Hamilton,  Cornelius. R 
Harding,  Abner  C. ...B 
Huughey,  Thomas...— 

Hawkins,  Isaac  R R 

Hayes,  Rutherford  B.R 

III  aton,  David R 

lliu'ltv.  William R 

Hill,  John R 

Hinds,  James R 

Hidbrook.  E.  D D 

H I .Iman,  William  S. .. D 

Hooper,  Samuel R 

Hi.iilier,  William  H..— 

Hiilikins,  Benj.  F R 

Hori-hkiss.  Julius D 

Hubbard.  AsahelW..R 
H  ubbard,  Chester  D.  .R 
Hubbard.  Rich'd  D...D 
Hulburd.  Calvin  T....R 

Humphrey,  Jas.  M D 

iiiiTiter,  Morton  C R 

lijfrsoll,  EbonC.-R 

.I.nckes,  Thos.  A R 

Johnson,  Jas.  A D 

Jones,  Alex.  H R 

Jones,  Thos.  L D 

Judd.  Norman  B R 

Julian.  Oeoige  W B 

K.lli-y,  Wm.    D R 

Ki-llogg.  Francis  W..R 

K.Ney.  Wnl.  H R 

K.rr.  Michael  C D 

Ki-t<iham.  John    II R 

Kil<bin.  liithuel    M- .R 

Knott.  J.  I'ro.-tor D 

Ko.Mitz.  Willi.im  II. ..R 
I^allln.  Addiion  H....R 

La^h,  Israel  G R 

Lawrence,  Geo.  V R 

Lawrence.  Wm R 

Lincoln.  Wm.  S R 

Loan.  Benj.  F R 

I,ogan.  John  A R 

Longhrldk'O.  Wm B 

LvTHh.  John R 

l\l'C'jirthv,  Dennis. ..R 
.Ml  cliirg.  Joseph  W..B 

Mil'orinlck.,In».  R D 

McCulloiigh,  Hiram.. I> 
McKec.  Httinnol B 


Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.... 
N.  Y. 
Ohio 
Mass. 
Prus. 
Mass. 
HI.  .. 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
N.  Y, 
Pa... 
Ky... 
Mass. 
Vt..  . 
Pa... 
Ark. . 
Pa.  .. 
R.  I.. 
N-.  C. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Ohio . 
Ga. .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
Vt.... 
Mass. 
Ga... 
Can.. 
N.  Y. 
Mich. 
N.  Y.. 
Vt.  . . 
N.  H. 
.S'.  Y. 
N.  H. 
Ohio. 
Pa..  . 
Md... 


Feb.  18, 
July  4, 

Jaii;  ■  2.' 
Jan.  17. 
May  18, 
Oct.  16. 
Feb.  23. 
Sept.  1. 
Sept.  27, 
Oct.  27, 
Mar.  23, 
May  11, 
Feb.  10. 
Jan.  27, 
Mar.  17. 
Nov.  22. 
Oct.  30. 


Jan.  3. 
July  18. 
Feb.  27. 
Mir-  2", 
April  22, 
Mar.  27. 
Nov.  2(1. 
June  1 . 
Feb.  13. 
Aug.  11. 
Aug,  2. 
June  30, 
May  28, 
Nov.  19. 
Sept,  14, 
Aug.  31, 


S.  C. 

Mass. 

Va . . . 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

N.  J.. 

N.  J.. 

Pa..  . 

Ohio. 

Conn. 

Scot.. 

Tenn. 

Ohio. 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y, 

N.  Y. 

Ohio. 

Ind.  . 

-Mass. 

Mrt. . . 

N,  Y. 

Conn. 

Conn. 

Conn. 

Conn. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Ind,  . 

N.  Y. 

R,  I.. 

S.  C. . 

N.  0. 

N,  C. 

N.  Y. 

Ind.  . 

Pa... 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

Pa.  .. 
JN.  Y. 
IW.Va 

Ky... 

Pa.  .. 

Mass. 
,N.  C. 

Pa.  .. 

Ohio. 
'N.  Y. 

Ky... 

III.  .. 
lOhio. 

Me.  .. 

N.  Y, 

Mo... 

Mo... 

Md... 
'Ky.., 


Jan.  23, 
June  4. 
.April  6. 
May  1. 
Aui.  12. 
.April  12 
Nov.  3. 
Mar.  8. 
Dec.  9, 


1827 
1.828 
1814 
1823 
182li 
1828 
1821 
1812 
1831 
1830 
1836 
1823 
182.-) 
1.823 
1819 
1823 
1814 
1808 
1829 
1816 
1809 
1818 
183.'i 
1823 
1812 
1830 
1,831 
1831 
1813 
1812 


1816 
1820' 
1.S2I 
1  ,SI  H 
1  y-S.i 
1H2U 

1814; 

I827| 
1804, 
1814; 
18251 
1835 
1819, 
1831 
1821 
1810, 


Aug.  9, 
Mar.  9, 


Feb.  18, 
Jan.  4, 
Dec.  7, 
Nov.  1, 
Jan.  2, 
Feb.  10, 


May  16, 
Oct.  4, 
Mar,  10, 
Aug.  18, 
June  10, 
Dec.  5, 


Sept.  6, 
Feb.  8. 
Dec  13. 
April  22. 
Julv  11. 
Jan.  19, 
Nov.  25, 
Sept.  7. 
June  5, 
Sept.  21, 
Feb,  5. 
Dec.  12. 
Nov.  2, 
May  16, 
July  21, 
J.an.  22, 
Jan.  10, 
May  5. 
April  12, 
May  30, 
Oct.  2. 
Mar.  15. 
Dec.  21. 
Mar  31. 
Aug.  211. 
July  1,'.. 
Oct,  24, 
Aug.  18, 

jiino26i 
Aug.  13, 
Oct.  4, 
Feb.  9. 
July  11, 
Feb.  18, 
Mar.  19, 
Feb.  22, 
Aug,  1, 
Sept,  20, 
Nov,  .'>, 


1820 

1822 

1828 

1822 

1819 

1838 

1827 

1840 

1821 

1807 

1826 

1818 

1822 

1823 

1813 

1821 

1833 

1836 

!,S22 

1808 

1813 

1829 

ISIO 

ISIS 

1814 

1818 

1809 

1819 

1825 

1831 

1818 

1829 

1822 

1819 

1815 

1817 

1814 

1810 

1KI2 

1827 

1832 

1812 

1  h:{( 

I,S30 

1823 

1810 

1818' 

1819 

1813 

1819 

1826 

1827 

1825 

1814 

1818 

1824 

1818 

1833 


Pa.  .. 

Ala.  . 

Ohio. 

.M.  T, 

N,  Y. 

Col... 

N.  Y. 

Ohio. 

Kan.. 

N.  M. 

Ga... 

Mo... 

Ind.  . 

lud.  . 

111.  .. 

S.  C. 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

III.  .. 

Mass . 

Ohio. 

Pa.  ,. 

N.  C. 

Pa.  .. 

R.  I.. 

N.  C. 

Iowa. 

Minn. 

Mich. 

Ohio. 

Ga... 

Ohio. 

N.  H. 

Wis.. 

.Mass. 

Ark.. 

III.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Mich. 

N.  Y. 

Pa.  .. 

W.  T. 

N.  Y. 

N.  O. 

Ohio. 

Pa... 

Pa... 

Ky... 

S.  C 

Ga... 

Mo... 

N.  Y. 

Ky... 

N.  J.. 

N.  J.. 

Fla... 

Ohio. 

111.  .. 

Ala... 

Tenn. 

Ohio. 

N.  C. 

Cal... 

N.  J.. 

Ark.. 

Idaho 

Ind.  . 

Mass. 

Utah. 

Wis  . 

Conn. 

Iowa. 

W.Va 

Conn. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Ind.  . 

III.  ., 

R.  I.. 

Cal... 

N.  C. 

Ky. . . 

HI.  .. 

Ind.  . 

Pa... 

Ala.  . 

N.  Y. 

Ind.  . 

N.  Y. 

W.Va 
I  Kv... 
I  Pa... 

N.  Y. 

,N.  C. 

|Pa.  .. 

Ohio, 

!N.  Y. 

Mo. . . 

111.  .. 

Iowa. 

Me... 

N.  Y. 

Mo... 

Mo... 

Md... 

Ky... 


Varied 

Unknown, 
Varied. . . . 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer  ., 
Journalist 
Lawyer. , . 
Varied.... 

Varied 

Jurist 

Journalist 
Lawyer. . , 

Vai-ied 

Banker , . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Vai'ied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
-igricul'st. 
CivilEng'r 
Lawyer... 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer, . . 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer, . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Mechanic. 
Journalist 

Varied 

Varied 

Journalist 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Agricul'st. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer,., 

Varied 

Varied 

Physician, 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 

Varied 

Varied. . . . 
Manufac'r 

Jurist 

Varied. . , . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Laivyer. . , 
Lawyer, , . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Vai-ied — 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lnmbrtn'n 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Aglicul'st, 
.\Brlcul'»t, 
Lawyer... 
[Lawyer., . 
1  Manufac'r 
Varied. ... 
Agricul'st. 
Jurist, 
Varied ... . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Merchant. 
Varied.... 
Varied. ... 
Physician, 
Lawyer,, , 
Lawyer., , 


Oct.  19,  1877 


Jan.  13,  1885 


May  23,  1872 


June  27, 1867 


April  2 1,1876 
Feb,  3,    1881 


June  12,  1870 
July  28,  1875 


Aug,  25,  1868 


Sept.  19, 1881 


Oct.  31,  1872 


Dec.  21,  1867 


June  25, 1870 


Oct.  22.  1868 
June  18,  1870 


Feb.   14,  1875 


Jan.    1,   1870 
Dec.  23,  1878 


Feb.  28,  1884 


May  31,   1879 
Nov.  4,   1875 


Mallory,  Rufus R 

Mann.  James U 

Marshall,  Samuel  S..,D 

Marvin,  James  M R 

.Maynard,  Horace R 

Mercur,  Ulysses R 

Miller,  George  F R 

Moore,  William B 

Moorhead.  Jas.  K B 

Morgan,  Geo.  W D 

Morrell,  Daniel  J R 

Morrissey,  John D 

Mullins,  James R 

Mungen,  William D 

Myers,  Leonard R 

Newcomb.  Carin'n  A.R 

Newshani.  Jos.  P B 

Niblack,  William  E. .  .D 

Nicholson.  John  A D 

Noell.  Thomas  E R 

NoiTis.  Benj.  W B 

Nunn,  David  A R 

O'Neill,   Charles R 

Orth.  GodloveS R 

Paine,  Halbert  E....R 

Perham.  Sidney R 

Petei-s.  John  A. 


Pettis,  Newton  S R 

Phelps,  Chas.   E D 

Pierce.  Chas.  W — 

Pike.  Frederick  A R 

Pile,  William  A B 

Plants,  Tobias  A B 

Poland,  LukeP R 

Polsley,  Daniel R 

Pomeroy,  Tlieo.  31 R 

Price,  Hiram R 

Prince,  Charles  H R 

Pruyn,  John  V.  L D 

Kandall,  Sam'l  J D 

Riuim,  Gre.n  B R 

Robertson.  Wm.  H...R 

Robinson.  Win,  E D 

Roots,  I.,.giiii    H R 

Ross.  Lewis  W D 

Sawyer,   Philetus  ...B 

Schenck.  Rob't  C R 

Scfleld.  GlenniW....R 

Selve,  Lewis B 

Shanks.  John  P.  C R 

Shellabarger.  Sam'l.. R 

Sitgreaves,  Chas D 

Smith,  Worthington..R 
Spalding.  Rufus  P.... R 
Starkweather,  H.  H..R 

Stevens,  Aaron  F R 

Stevens,  Thaddeus. ..R 

Stewai-t.  Thos.  E R 

Stokes,  William  B R 

Stone.  Frederick D 

Stover.John  H R 

Sypher,  Jay  H R 

Taber,  Stephen D 

Tatfe.  John R 

Taylor,  Caleb  N R 

Thomas,  Francis R 

Tift,  Nelson R 

Trimble,  John R 

Trimble,  Lawrence  S.D 

Tiowbi-idge.  R,  E R 

Twitchell.  Ginery. ..  R 

TIpson,  Charles R 

"Van  Aeriiam,   H B 

Van  Auken.  Dan'l  M.  .D 

Van  Horn.  Hurt B 

Van  Horn.  Rob't  T.  ..R 
Vail  Tniiiip.  Phila....D 
Van  Wvili.  Ch.as.  H..R 

Viilal.  Mi,li,ii-I R 

Walil,  IIaTlillton....R 
Waxliliiirii.  ,  Cad.C.  ..R 
Wiisliliiiriic  Klihu  B.R 
Washburn.  Henry  D.B 
Washhurn.  Wm.  B...R 

Welker,  Martin R 

Whittemoi-e.  B.  P....— 
Williams,  Thomas. ...R 

Williams,  Wm R 

Wilsi.n,  .huiirs   P R 

Wils.m,  John  T R 

Wilson.  siiphenF B 

Wiiidi.iii.  William. ...B 

Wood.  Feiiiundo D 

Woodbridge.  Fred.  E.R 
Wooilward,  Geo.  W..D 
Young,  Pierce  M.  B.  .D 


N.  Y- 
Me... 
HI.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa... 
Pa.  .. 
Pa..  . 
Me... 
Ire'd. 
Tenn. 
Md... 
Pa.  .. 
Pa,  .. 
111.  .. 
Ind.  . 
Del... 
Mo... 
Me... 
Tenn. 
Pa... 
Pa,  .. 
Ohio. 
Me... 
Me... 
Ohio. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y, 
Me... 
Ind,  . 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.  . . 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Me... 
N.  T. 
Pa. .  , 
111.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ire'd. 
II.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  . . 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Ohio. 
Pa..  . 
Vt.... 
Mass. 
Conn. 
N.  H. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Md... 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Pa.  .. 
Md... 


Jan.  10, 

j  Mai''. 'is! 
Feb.  27, 
lAug.  13, 
Aug.  12, 
Sept.  5, 
Dec.  25, 
Sept.  7, 
Sept.  20, 
Aug.  8. 
Feb.  12. 
Sept.  15, 
May  12. 
Nov.  13, 
July    1, 

May  'l'9,' 
Nov.  17, 
April  3, 


Mar.  21. 
April  22, 
Feb.  4. 
Mar.  27, 
Oct.    9, 


lasi  Ore.  . 
1822  Lou.. 
1821  HI.  .. 

1809  N.  Y. 
1814  Tenn. 
1818, Pa.  .. 
1809|Pa. .. 

1810  Pa. 


May    1, 

Deo."  9,' 
Feb.  n, 
Mar.  17, 
Nov.  1, 
Nov.  28, 
Dec.  31, 
Jan.  10, 
May   9, 


Oct.  10, 
Dec.  3, 
Oct.  10, 
May  6, 
Mar.  26, 
Dec.  8, 
Sept.  22, 
:Oct.  4. 
Mar.  11, 
:  July  11, 
IJune  17, 
Dec.  10. 
April  22, 
April  23, 
May  3, 
April  29. 
Aug.  9. 
April  4. 
Sept.  22, 
Sept.  9, 
Feb.  7. 
April  24 
July  22. 
Mar.  7, 
Jan.  30, 
July  27, 
Feb.   3, 


1806 

1820 

1821 

1831 

18U7 

1821 

1827 

1830 

1839 

18; 

1827 

1839 

1819 

1835 

1821 

1817 

1826 

1819 

1822 

1828 

1833 

1823 

1817 

1829 

1811 

1815 

1803 

1824 

1814 

1837 

1811 

18-28 

1829 

1823 


Pa.  .. 

Ohio. 

Pa... 

N.  Y. 

Tenn. 

Ohio. 

Pa.  .. 

Mo... 

Lou,. 

Ind.  . 

Del... 

Mo... 

Ala.  . 

Tenn, 

Pa..  . 

Ind.  . 

Wis.. 

Me. . . 

Me... 

Pa..  . 

Md... 

Ala.  . 

Me... 

Mo... 

Ohio. 

Vt,  .. 

W.Va 

N.  Y 

Iowa. 

Ga.  . 

N.  Y 

Pa.  . 

111.  . 

N. 


Tenn 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Conn, 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Fran. 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
Me... 
Vt.  . . 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Pa... 
Ohio . 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.  . . 
Pa.  .. 
S.  C, 


Feb.  7. 
Aug.  26. 
June  18, 
Aug.  26, 
Mai-.  19, 
Mar.  11, 
Jan,  1^>, 
Oct.  28, 
May  19, 
Nov.  15, 
Nov.  — , 

July"  3,' 

.April  22, 
Sept.  23, 
Mar.  28, 
Jan.  31, 
April  25, 

Aug.'is, 
May  11. 
Oct.  19. 
April  16, 
Sept.  4, 
May  10, 
June  14, 
Aug.  29, 
Mar.  26, 


Y, 

1814|N.  \. 
1841 1  Ark.. 
1812;ill.  ,. 
1816|Wis.. 
1809  Ohio. 

1817  Pa... 
1808, N.  Y'. 

1826  Ind.  . 
1817|Ohio. 
1803'n.  J.. 
1823, Vt. .. 

1798  Ohio. 
1826'Conn. 
1810'N.  H. 
1792  Pa..  . 
1.824  N.  Y. 
1814, Tenn. 
1820,  Md... 
18:W  Mo... 
1837,  Lou.. 

1821 :n.  Y. 

1827  Neb.. 
1813  Pa. 

1799  Md. 

Ga. 

Tenn. 

Ky.. 

Mich 

181l|Mass 
1821 1  Mich 

1819  N.  Y 
18215  Pa.  . 
1.823  N,  Y'. 
1824  Mo.. 
1810:ohio. 
1824  N.  Y. 

!lou. 

1829  N.  Y, 
1818|Wi8. 
181B1111.  . 
1832  Ind,  , 

1820  Mass. 
1819lOhio. 
1824:s.  C. . 
1806  Pa.  .. 
1821 1  Ind.  . 

1828  Iowa, 

1811  Ohio, 
1X21  Pa..  . 
1827  Minn 

1812  N.  Y. 

1818  Vt.  ., 
1809  Pa.  .. 
1838;Ga... 


1812 
1825 
1821 


Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Jurist...  . 
Hotel-kp'r 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Varied. . , . 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 

Vniied 

Mechanic. 

Vai-ied 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Varied 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. .. 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Clergym'n 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Varied. . . . 
Lawyer... 
Banker.  . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. , . 
Lumbrm'n 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Maiiufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
La  .vyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer... 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer, . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . , 

Varied 

.\gricurst 
R.  R.  OfB'r 
Lawyer, . , 
Physician, 
L.awyer. . . 

Varied 

Unknown. 

Journalist 

Lawyer 

Joui-nalist 

Lawyer. . 

Varied. . . 

Varied... 

Varied... 

Varied... 

Jui-lst. . . . 

Varied. . . 

Lawyer.. 

Lawyer.. 

Lawyer. . 

Varied... 

Varied... 

Lawyer. . 

Mel-chant 

Varied... 

Jurist 

Soldier... 


April  26, 1878 


Oct.    4.   1867 
Jan.  27.  1873 


Aug.  26.  1868 


May  3,   1882 


May    1,   1878 


Oct.  14,  1876 


Nov.  21,  1877 


Mar.  17,  1878 


Jan.  28,  1876 
Aug.'ii,"l8(i8 


Jan.  22,  187i 


Feb,  13,  1881 
May"  io,  1875 


Total  Representatives,  241.  Lawyei-s,  105.  Vai-ied.  SO.  Jurists,  16. 
Occupation  l-'nknown,  13.  Journalists,  lO.  Merchants,  lO.  Agricultur- 
ists, S.  Manufacturers,  S.  Mechanics,  :i.  Bankers,  :t.  Physicians,  8. 
Lumbciineu,  3.  Hotel-keeper,  1.  Railroad  Ollicer.  1.  Civil  Engineer.  1. 
Clergyman,  1.  Soldier,  1.  Foreign  Born,  Oi  Including  Scotland,  2;  Irrv 
land,  2;  Canada,  1;  Franco,  1, 


FUKTY-FIKST    UONGKICSS,     Ai\l)    I.iiADINU    KVKNI.S    111-     THK     IIMK. 


.".I.J 


Forty-first  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1869  to  1871. 


1869— Electric  cable  communication  opened 
between  France  and  the  United  States; 
lengtti  of  cable  3,HJ7  miles;  July  14. 

1869 — A  iiiaKnilicent  eclipse  of  the  sun  occur- 
red Aug.  7. 

1869— "  Black  Friday"  In  Wall  street,  caused 
by  the  efforts  of  Jay  Gould  and  James 
Fislc,  Jr.,  to  create  a  "comer"  in  the 
gold-nmrket.  and  numerous  specula- 
tors were  ruined,  Sept.  24. 

1869— A  severe  hurricane,  in  Cuba,  destroyed 
U.IXJO  lives. 

1869— The  steamer  "  Stonewall."  of  St.  Louis, 
was  lost  near  Cairo,  Hi.,  with  220  lives, 
Oct.  27. 

1869— The  National  Woman-Suffrage  Conven- 
tion, met  at  Cleveland,  O.,  and  Henry 
Ward  Beecher  presided,  Nov.  24. 

1869 — By  a  popular  vote  the  people  of  New- 
foundland refused  to  unite  with  the 
Dominion  of  Canada,  in  November. 


ITIyMea  N.  Oriint,    1 8tli  Pri-alclent. 

VICE-PIIKSIDKNT— SCHUYLER  COI>irAX,  OK  INDIA.VA. 

Sec'ya  of  State J    KlihuB.  W^shburnc,  of  Illinois. 

■'  J   Hamilton    Fish,  of    New  York. 

Sec'y  of  Treas {    Georgo  S.  Boutwell,  of  Mass. 

Sec'ys  of  War J    ^5?!" '^^  '\"-»'l"f;  »' """"If- 

■*  (    Williant  W.  Belknap,  of  Iowa. 

Sec'ysofNavy i    A''"'"*' m' P,"'/'''' °"'",-„    , 

•^  ■'  I    Geor(;e  M.  l{(ibeson,  of  N.  J. 

Sec'ys  of  Interior..   ..)   -i"';"'' I'- '^?,''', "' °'''"^„ 
■'  ..   ..J   Columbus  Delano,  of  Ohio. 

Postmoster-Gen'l ^   John  A.  J.  Crcswell,  of  Md. 

Attomeys-Geni 5   fben.  R.  Hoar,  of  Moss 

•^  \   AinosT.  .\ckerman,  of  Ga. 

James  G.  Blaine,  of  Maine. 


Speaker  of  House  of 
Representatives. . 


1870-Papal  Infulilbillty  adopted  by  the  Vat 
lean  Council,  at  Home,  July  ]H. 

1870 — The  French-German  War— Napoleon 
III.  declarei*  war  on  Fnissla,  July  19. 

1870— Siege  of  Parl«,  France.  Aug.  7. 

1870— Battle  of  .Metz— the  Germans  defeat 
Basialne,  Aug.  :il. 

1870— Battle  of  the  Sedan— French  defeated 

by  the  Germans.  Sept.  1. 
1870— Napoleon  III.  prisoner  of  war,  Sept.  2. 
1871 — German  Kmpire  restored,  and  v.'IIllam, 

King  of  ]*russia,  proclaimed  Knijferor, 

Jan.  18. 
1871— The  Germans  enter  Paris,  Mar.  1. 

1871— Treaty  of  Wa-shlngton,  for  the  settle- 
ment of  the  "  Alabama  "claims  ques- 
tion. May  rt. 

1871 — Communist  outrages  in  Paris,  May  24. 

1871— Thiers  proclaimed  President  of  the 
Republic  of  France,  Aug.  31. 


D,  Indicates  Democrat;    K,  Republican:     W,  Whig. 


SENATORS. 


Abbott,  Joseph  C R 

Ames,  Adeibert — 

Anthony,  Henry  B...R 
B.avard,  Thomas  F..  .D 

Blaii".  Francis  P D 

Boreman,  Arthur  I...R 
Brownlow.  Wni.  G....R 
Buckingham.  Win.  A.R 

Cameron.  Simon R 

Carpenter,  Matt.  H..  .R 

Casserlv,  Eugene D 

Cattell.,  Alexander  G.R 
Chandler,  Zacbariah.R 

Cole.  Cornelius R 

Conkling.  Roscoe R 

Corbett.  Henry  W R 

Cragin,  Aaron  H R 

Davis.  Garrett R 

Drake,  Charles  D R 

Edmunds.  Geo.  F R 

Penton.  Reuben  E...— 

Ferry.  Orris  S R 

Fessenden.  Wm.  P...R 

Flanagan.  J.  W R 

Fowler.  Joseph  S R 

Gilbert,  Abljah R 

Grimes.  James  W R 

Hamilton.  Morgan C.R 
Hiimilton.  Wm.  T.  ...D 

Hamlin,  Hannibal R 

Harlan,  James R 

Harris,  John  S R 

Hill,  Joshua — 

Howard,  Jacob  M,  . . .  R 
Howe.  Timothy  O....R 

Howell.  James  B R 

tjohnson.  John  W... — 
Kellogg.  William  P.R 

IdCwis,  John  F R 

McCreerv.  Thos.  C...D 

McDonald',  Alex R 

Miller.  H,  V.  M — 

Morrill,  Justin  S R 

Morrill,  Lot  M R 

Morton,  Oliver  P R 

Norton.  Daniel  S D 

Nve.  James  W R 

O>borne.  Thomas  ^V.R 
Patterson.  James  W.R 
Pomeroy.  Samuel  C.R 

Pool,  John — 

Pratt,  Daniel  D R 

Ramsev.  Alexander. R 

Revels.  Hiram  R R 

Rice.  Benjamin  F R 

Robertson.  Thos.  J...R 

Ross.  Edmund  G R 

Saulsbury.  Willard..D 

Sawyer,  Fred'k  A R 

Schurz,  Carl R 

Scott.  John R 

Sherm.-in.  John R 

SpencPr,  George  E....R 

Sprague,  William R 

Stearns.  Ozora  P. . .  . — 
Stewart.  William  M..R 

Stockton,  John  P D 

Sumner,  Charles R 

Thaver  John  M R 

Thurman.  Allen  G D 

Tijiton.  Thomas  W...R 

Trumbull.  Lyman R 

"Vickers,  George D 

learner.  Willard R 

Willey  Waiteman  T..R 


N.  H 
Me.  . 
R.  1.. 
Del.. 
Ky... 
Pa... 
Va.  . 
Conn 
Pa.  . 
Vt.  . 
Ire'd 
N.  J.. 
N.  H, 
N.  Y 
N.  Y, 
Mass. 
Vt.  . 
Ky.. 
Ohio. 
Vt.  ., 
N.  Y. 
Conn 
N.  H. 
Va.  . . 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
H. 
Ala . . 
Md... 
Me... 
111.  .. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Vt.  .. 
Me... 
N.  J.. 
III.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Va.  . 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 


It«pre.  ]    Occupatio 

flCDItd.    I 


July  l.">, 
Oct.  31, 
April  I, 
Oct.  29, 
Feb.  19, 
Julv  24, 
Aug.  29, 
Slav  2H, 
M.ir.  8. 
Dec.   22, 


Feb.  12. 
Dec.  10, 
Sept.  17, 
Oct.  30. 
Feb.  18, 
Feb.  1 , 
Sept.  10, 
April  II, 
Feb.  1, 
July  1. 
Aug.  ir.. 
Oct.  16, 
Sept.  .'), 
Aug.  31, 
June  18, 
Oct.  20, 
Feb.  2.5, 
Sept.  8, 
Aug.  27. 
Aug.  26. 
Dec.  18. 
Jan.  10. 
July  10. 
Feb.  24, 
July  4, 
Sept.  9, 
Dec.  8, 
Mar.    1, 


Varied.... 

Soldier.... 

Journalist 

Lawyer.. 

Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Varied 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer.    . 
Varied. .. . 

Varied 

Merchant 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer. . 
Merchant 


1825  N.    C. 
1835  Miss. 

1815  R.  I.. 

1828  Del... 

1821  Mo.  .. 

1823  W.Va 
180.)  Teiin. 

1804  Conn 
1799  Pa.  . . 

1824  Wis.. 
.1823  Cal.  . 

1816  N.  J.. 
1813  Mich. 

1822  Cal.  . 

1829  N.  Y. 

1827  N.  Y-. 

1821  N.  H.  Lawyer. 
1801  Ky.  ..Lawyer. 

1811  Mo.  ..: Lawyer. 

1828  Vt.  ..  Lawyer... 

1819  N.  Y.IVaried... 

1823  Conn.  Lawyer.. 
1806  Me...  Lawyer.. 

1805  Texas  Varied. .. 

1822  Tenn.  Lawyer. . 

1806  Fla.  .Merchant. 
1816  Iowa.  Lawyer. 
1809  Texas  Merchant. 

1820  Md.  ..  Lawyer.. 
1809  Me.  ..iLawyer.. 
1820  Iowa.  La^vyer.. 

1825  Lou... Varied. .. 

1812  Ga. . .  Lawyer,. 
1805  Mich.  Lawyer.. 
1816  Wis..  I  Lawyer.. 


Sept.  2,  1864 
July's,' 1875 


April  29, 1877 
Feb.     5,  1875 


Feb.  24,  1881 
June  14,  1883 


Vt.  .. 
Me... 
Ind.  . 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.J.. 
N.  H. 
Mass. 

0. 
Me... 
Pa.  . 
N.  C. 

Y. 
S.  C. 
Ohio . 
Del.  . 
.Moss. 
Ger'y 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
R.  I.. 


April  10, 


April  14, 
May  3, 
Aug.  4. 
April  12, 
June  10, 
Mar.  9, 
July  2. 
Jan.  3- 
June  16. 
Oct.  26. 
Sept.  8, 
Sept.  1 . 
May  28, 
.Aug.  3, 
Dec.  7, 
June  2. 
Dec.  12. 
Mar.  2, 
July  14. 
May  10, 
Nov.  1, 
Sept.  12. 


1816  Iowa, 
1818  Va. . 
1830  Lou. 
1818  Va.  . 

1817  Ky.  ., 
1832  Ark.. 

Ga... 

1810  Vt..., 
1813  Me... 
1823  Inil.  . 
1829  Minn.  Lawyer, 

1815  Nev.    • 
1836  Fla. 
1823  N.  H 

1816  Kan. 
1826  N.  C 
1813  Ind 


Varied. 

Jurist 

Jurist 

-^gricul'st. 
Agricui'st. 

Varied 

Unknown, 

Varied 

Lawyer.. . 
Varied 


Nov.    1,  1879 


Sept.  22,  1872 


Nov.  21,  1879 


Feb.    7,  1872 


Mar.  25,  1883 


Jan.  10,  1883 
Nov.  1,  1877 
July  14,  18711 


1815  Minn.  Unk 

1822  Jliss. .  Clergym'n 


Lawyer...  Dec.  25,  1876 

Lawyer. . . 

Unkho^vn. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer 

Lawyer. . . 


1828  Ark. 
1823  S.  C. 
1.826  Kan. 
1.820  Del.. 
1822  S.  C. 

1829  Mo. 


,  Law-yer 
Agricui'st. 

,  Journalist 

,!  Lawyer. .. 
Educator. 

.'Journalist 


1.824  Pa.  ..ILawyer... 
1823  Ohio.  iLawyer, 
1836  .\la... 'Lawyer, 


N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Va.  .. 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
Md... 
Ohio. 
Va . .  . 


Aug.  9, 
.\ug.  2, 
.Ian.  6. 
Jan.  24, 
Nov.  13. 
Aug.  5. 
Oct.  12. 
Nov.  19. 
Sept.  4. 
Oct.    18, 


1830  R.  I.. 

Minn. 

1827  Nev.. 
1826  Cal... 
1811  Mass. 
1820  Neb. . 
1813  Ohio.  Jurist. 
I8I7  Neb..  Varied 


Manufac'r 
Unlcnown. 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
La^vyer, . . 
Lawyer... 


1«113 
1801 
1826 
1811 


III 

.Md. 

Ala. 


Law.ver. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unkno^vn. 


W.Va  Lawyer., 


June  17,  1877 


Mar.  U,  1874 


Tlfc 


SENATORS.           1  ^",7 

WbeaBom. 

8.at« 
lU^ire. 
a«nl(.d. 

OcmpMion 

tthraBi.! 

Williams.  George  H..R    N.  Y.  Mar.  23.  1823  Ore.  . 

Wilson.  Henry R    'Mass.  Feb.  16,  1812  Ma.s8 

Windom,  William.... R    lOhio.  May  10,  1837  Minn. 

Jurist 

Me<*hanlc 

Nov.'  '22,"  I'STS 

Tates,  Richard  R   iKv... 

Jan.   18,  1818I1II.  .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov. 27, 1873 

Total  Senators,  79.  Lawyers,  38.  Varied,  l.'i.  Occupation  Unknown,  fl. 
Jurists,  5.  Merchants,  4.  Journalists,  3.  .\griculturists,  3.  Soldier,  1. 
Clergyman,  1.  Manufacturer,  1.  Educator,  1.  Mechanic,  1.  Foreign 
Born,  2:    Including  Ireland,  1 ;  Germany,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


6ut« 

RciiTt-      Occupaliot 

HDIed. 


Adams,  George  M —  D 
Allison,  William  B...R 

Ambler,  Jacob  A R 

Ames,  Ojikes R 

Archer,  Stevenson D 

Armstrong.  Wm.  H...H 

Arnell,  Samuel  M R 

Asper,  Joel  F R 

Atwood.  David R 

Axtell. Samuel  B D 

-4yer,  Richard  S R 

Bailcv.  Alex.  H R 

Banks.  Nathaniel  P..R 
Bainum. William  H..D 

Barry,  Henr.v  W R 

Beainan.  Fernando. ..R 

Eeatty,  John R 

Beck,  James  B D 

Beniainin.  John  F D 

Bennett,  David  S R 

Benton,  Jacob R 

Betliune,  Marion — 

Biggs,  Benjamin  T...D 

Bingham.  John  A R 

Bird,  JohnT D 

Blaine,  James  G R 

Blair,  Austin R 

Boles,  Thomas R 

Booker,  George  W. . . — 
Boutwell.  George  S...R 
Bowen,  Christopher.  .R 
Body.  Sempronius  H.R 

Brodford.  Allen  A R 

Brooks,  George  M R 

Brooks,  James D 

Buck,  Alfred  E R 

Buckley,  Charles  W.  .R 

BuRinton.  James R 

Burchard.  Horatio  C.R 

Burdett.  Samuel  S R 

Burr,  Alberto D 

Butler,  Benjamin  F..R 
Butler.  Roderick  C.R 

Cake.  Henrj-  L R 

Calkin.  Hervey  C D 

Cavanaugh.  Jas.  M...D 

Cessna,  John R 

Chaves,  J.  Francisco.  R 
Churchill.  John  C...R 

Clai-ke.  Sidney R 

Clark.  William  T R 

Cleveland,  Orestes. ..II 

Cobb,  Amasa R 

Cobb.  Clinton  L R 

Coburn.  John R 

Conger.  Omar  D R 

Conner.  John  C D 

Cook,  Burton  C R 

Corker,  Stephen  C — 

Covode.  Joan  R 


Ky... 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 

Mass. 
Md... 
Pa.  .. 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  H. 
Ohio. 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Ohio. 
Scot.. 
N.  Y. 


Dec.  20, 
Mar.  2. 
Feb.  18, 
Jan.  10. 
Feb.  28. 
Sept.  7, 
May  3, 
April  20. 
Dec.  15, 
lOct.  14, 
Oct.  9, 
Aug.  14, 
.Ian.  30, 
Sept.  17, 

June  28, 
Dec.  16, 
Feb.  13. 
Jan.  23, 


Vt.  ..Aug.  14, 


Del... 
Pa.  .. 
N.  J.. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Ark.. 
Va.  .. 
Mass. 
R.  I.. 
Tenn. 
Me... 
Mass. 
Me... 
Me. . . 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Eng.. 
III.  .. 
N.  H. 
Va. .. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  T. 
Mass. 
Pa.  . . 
N.  M. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
III.  .. 
N.  C. 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
N.  y. 


Oct.      1 


'Aug.  16, 
IJan.  31, 
I  Feb.  8, 
July  16, 
Dec.  5, 
Jan.  28, 
'Jan.  5. 
May  28, 
'July  23. 
July  26, 
Nov.  10, 
Feb.  7, 
iFeb.  18, 
Mar.  16. 
Sept.  22, 
Feb.  21, 

Nov.  '5, 
lApril  8. 

Oct.    e. 

Mar.  23. 
July  4, 
June  29. 
June  27, 
Jan,  17, 
Oct.  16. 
!june29. 
Mar.  2, 
Sept.  27, 
.\ug.  2.5, 
Oct.  27, 

Oct, '27,' 
May  II  . 


Pa., 


ia37  Ky... 
ia29llowa. 
1829  I'a.  .. 
1804 '.Mass. 
1827|Md... 
1824  Pa.  .. 
1833  Tenn. 
1822  Mo... 

1815  Wis.. 
1819  Cal. 
1829  Va... 

1817  N.  Y. 

1816  Mass. 

1818  Conn. 

Mi.s-s.. 

1814  Mich. 

1828  Ohio. 

1822  Ky.. . 

1817  Mo.  . 
N.  Y. 

1819  N.  H. 
Ga... 

1821  Del.  . 
.1812  Ohio. 

1829  N.  J.. 

1830  Me.  .. 

1818  Mich. 
1837  Ark.. 
1821  Va. .. 
1818  ila.ss. 

1832  S.  C. 
1828  Mo... 
181.5  Col.  . 

1824  .Mass. 
1810  N.  Y. 
ia,-)2  Ala  .. 
18.35  Ala.  . 

1817  Mass. 

1825  111.... 
1836  Mo... 
1825  III.... 
19I8  Mass. 
1827  Tenn. 

1827  Pa.  . . 

1828  N.  Y. 

1823  M.  T. 
1821  Pa.  .. 

1833  N.  M. 

1821  N.  y. 

18:il  Kan.. 
18.34  Texas 

1829  N.  J.. 
1823  Mo  .. 
1842  N.  C. 
18-25  Ind    . 

1818  Mieh. 
1842  Texas 

1819  III.  .. 

Gil... 

1808  Pa. .. 


I 


!  La^vy  er, 

Law-yer. ..  

Jurist ' 

Manufac'r  May 
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jVaried. . . . 
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Varied. . . . 
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;  Varied 

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April20,I874 


June  7,  1875 


Mar.    8,  1877 


AprilaO,  1873 


Mar.  7,  1875 


i 


i 


Cowles.  George  W R 

Cox.  Samuel  S D 

Crebs,  John  M D 

Cullom.  Shelby  M R 

Buriall.  Chester  B...R 

Davis.  Noah R 

Dawes,  Henry  L R 

Degener.  Edward R 

Deweese.  John  T R 

Dickinson,  Edw'd  F.  .D 

Dickey.  Oliver  J R 

Dixon,  Joseph — 

Dixon.  Nathan  F..,...R 

Dockery.  Oli ver  H R 

Donlev.  Joseph  B  ...R 

Dox.  Peter  M D 

Duke.  Richard  T.  W..U 

Duval.  Isaac  H R 

Dver.  David  P R 

JEla.  Jacob  H R 

Eldridge  Charles  A, .  .D 
Fiirnsworth.  John  F.R 

Ferriss.  Orange K 

Ferry.  Thomas  W R 

Finkelnburg.  Oust.  A.R 

Fisher.  John R 

Fitch.  Thomas R 

Fox.  John D 

Garfield.  James  A — R 
Gartielde,  Seleucius,  .R 
Getz.  J.  Lawrence. ,.  .D 

Gibson.  James  K D 

Gilflllan.  Calvin  W...R 

Golladay,  J.  S D 

Greene.  George  W D 

(inswi.Id.  JolmA D 

H  .ik-ht.  Charles D 

II  iM.'inan.  Rich'd  J..D 

Hale.  Eugene R 

Hanibleton.  Samuel.  .1) 

Hamill,  P.atrick D 

Hamilton.  Chas.  M...R 

Harris.  George  E R 

Hawkins.  Isaac  R.  ...R 

Hawley.John  B R 

Hay.  John  B R 

Hays.  Charles R 

Heaton.  David R 

Hellin.  Robert  S R 

Hill.  John R 

Ho.ag.  Truman  H D 

Hoar.  George  F R 

Hoge.  Solomon  L R 

Holman,  William  S...D 
Holmes,  Charles  H.  ..— 

Hooper,  Samuel R 

Hi.iiper.  William  H..— 
Ih.iikins.  Benjamin  F.R 
li.it.  hkiss.  Giles  W...R 

Ingcrsoll,  Ebon  C R 

Jenckes.  Thomas  A.  .R 

Johnson.  James  A D 

Jones,  Alexander  H..R 

Jones.  Thomas  L D 

Judd.  Norman  B R 

Julian.  George  W R 

Kellev.  William  D..,D 
Kellogg.  Stephen  W..R 
Kelsev.  William  H...R 

Kerr.'Miehael  C D 

Ketcham.  John  H R 

Knapp.  Charles R 

Knott,  J.  Proctor D 

Larlin.  Addison  H —  R 

Lash,  Israel  O R 

Lawrence,  William..  .R 

Lewis.  Joseph  H I) 

Logan,  John  A R 

Long.  JetTerson  F. ...— 

Loughrldge.  Wm R 

I.vii.li,  John R 

>r  r.irthv.  I'ennis..  .R 
M.r,.rniHk,  J. lilies  R.U 
MrlMrilllrk,   Rl'-ll'd  C  — 

.MrCrary,  George  W.  R 

McGrew,  James  C R 

McKee.  George  C R 

McKenzie,  Lewis R 

MiN.<lv.TliMiiipson..D 

.M;iMiiliig.  J..I111   D 

Mai'-h:in.  Sllllllrl  S...1) 
.M.iyluua,  Stephen  L.  .D 

Maynard.  Horace R 

Mercur.  Ulysses R 

Milnes,   William R 

Jlolfet,  John D 

Moore,  Ellakim  H.,..R 

Moore,  Jesse  H R 

Moore,  William R 

Mon-y.  Frank R 

Morgan,  George  W.,D 
Ml, r|>hlH.  Joseph  L..,.R 
Moi  fell,  Daniel  J  ....H 
Morrill.  Samuel  P.  ...K 

Morrissey.  John D 

Mungen,  William. ...D 


N,  Y. 
.Ohio. 
Ind.  . 
Ky... 
Pa  .. 
N.  H. 
Mass, 
Ger'y 
Ark.  . 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 

R.'l.! 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
N.  Y 
Va.  . 
Va.  .. 
Va.  .. 
N.  H. 
Vt.  .. 
Can.  . 
N.  Y. 
Mich. 
Prus. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Vt..  . 
Pa.  .. 
Va... 
Pa... 


Sept.  30. 
April  9, 
Nov.  22, 
June  24, 
Sept.  10. 
Oct.  30. 
Oct.  20. 
June  4. 
Jan.  21. 
April  6, 

iiay'i,' 
Aug.  12. 
Oct.  10, 
Sept.  1 1 . 
June  6, 
Sept.  1. 
Feb.  12. 
July  18, 
Feb.  27. 
Mar.  27. 
Nov.  26. 
June  1, 
Apiil  6, 
Mar.  13. 
Jan.  27, 
June  30, 
Nov.  19. 
Dec.  8. 
Sept.  14, 
Feb.  18, 
Feb.  20, 


N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Pa... 
Me... 
Md... 
Md... 
Pa..  . 
N.  C. 
Tenn, 
Conn- 
Ill.  .. 
Ala.  . 
Ohio. 
Ga.  . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Mass, 
Ohio. 
Ind.  . 


Mass. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y 
N.  Y. 
R.  I.. 
S.  C. 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 
N.  V. 
Ind.  . 
Pa.  .. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Pa..  . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Moss. 
N.  C, 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
111.  .. 

Ohio^ 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
Mo. . . 

N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Va... 
111.... 
Va.  .. 
111.... 
N.  C. 
111.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Eng'd 
Ire'd. 
Mass. 
III..  . 
Pa.  .. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Tenn. 
Me... 
Me... 
Ire'd. 
Md... 


1824 
1830 
1829 
1842 
1818 
1H16 
1809 
1835 
1829 
1823 

i's'i-i 

1830 
1838 
1813 
182; 
1824 
1838 
1820 
1811 
1820 
1814 
1827 
1837 
1806 
1838 
1835 
1831 
1822 
1821 
1812 
1832 


July  4, 

Jan.  4. 
May  19, 
June  9, 

Apiil  28i 
Nov.  1, 
Jan.  6, 
May  16, 
Feb.  9, 
Jan.  8. 
Feb.  2. 
Mar.  10, 
April  15, 
Juno  10, 
April  9, 
Aug.  29, 


1831 
1827 
1838 
1831 
1836 
1812 
1817 
1840 
1827 
1818 
1831 
1834 
1834 
1823 
1815 
1821 
1816 
1826 


Sept.  6,  1822 


Feb.  8. 
Dec.  13, 
April  22. 
Oct.  25. 
Dec.  12. 
Nov.  2, 
May  16, 
July  21. 
Jan.  22. 
Jan.  10, 
May  5, 
April  12, 
April  5, 
Oct.  2, 
Mar.  15, 
Dec.  21, 
Oct.  8, 
Aug.  29, 
Oct.  24, 
Aug.  IS. 
June  26, 
Oct.  29. 
Feb.    9, 

jii'ly  Vl,' 
Feb,  18, 
Mar.  19, 
Aug.     1 , 

Aug.  29,' 
.Sept.  14, 
Oct.  2, 
Oct.  7. 
Oct.  .'., 
July  3, 
Mar.  18, 
Oct.  8, 
Aug.  13, 
Aug.  12. 
Dec.     8, 

Juno  19, 
April  22. 
Dec.  25, 
July  II. 
.Sep't.  20. 
April  17, 
Aug.  8. 
Feb.  II, 
Fell.  12, 
May  12, 


IHO8 

1813 
18291 
1815, 
1831; 
1818 
1829 
1822 
1819' 
1815 
1817 
1814 
18221 
1812 
1827 
1832 
1797 
1830 
1823, 
1810, 
18191 
1824 
1826 

1827 
1825 
1814 
1824 
1832, 
1835 
1813 
1837 
1810 
1835 
1830 
1821' 
1825' 
1814 
1818' 
1827 
1832 
1812 
1817 
1810 
1849 
1820 
1831 
1821 
1810 
1831 
1821 


N  Y. 
N.  Y. 
III..  . 
HI.  .. 
Lou,. 
N,  Y, 
Mass. 
Texas 
N,  C, 
Ohio 
Pa,  , 
N.  C 
R.  I. 
N.  C. 
Pa.  . 
Ala. 
Va.. 
W.Va 
Mo... 
N.  H. 
Wis.. 
111.... 
N.  Y. 
Mich . 
Mo... 
N.  Y. 
Nev. . 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
W.  T. 
Pa.  .. 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Pa.  .. 
Me... 
Md... 
.Md... 
Fla.  . 
Miss.. 
Tenn. 
III.... 
III.... 
Ala.. 
N.  C. 
Ala.  . 
N.  J.. 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
S.  C. 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Utah. 
Wis . . 
N.  Y. 
111... 
R.  I.. 
Cal... 
N.  C. 
Ky... 
III.... 
Ind.  . 
Pa..  . 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
N.  O 
Ohio 
Ky.. 
111.  .. 
lOa. .. 
Iowa. 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
Mo... 
Ar.  T. 
Iowa. 
W.Va 
Miss. 
Va... 
111.  .. 
N.  C. 
111.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
Va. . . 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Ill,  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Lou.. 
Ohio. 
Miss.. 
Pa.  .. 
Me. . . 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 


Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician. 

Jurist . 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'sl. 
Educator. 

Varied 

Lawyer.. . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Journalist 
Mechanic. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
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Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

'Lawyer 

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Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
-igricul'st, 
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Lawyer... 
Merchant. 
Forward'r 
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Merchant. 

Varied 

[Varied 

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Lawyer... 
Lawyer  . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

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Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied . 

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.Agricul'st. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 

Varied 

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Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer 

Unknr- 

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Merchii 

Varied 


Sept.  19,  1881 


June  25,  1870 
Feb.    5,  1870 


jiown 


:hant. 


V  urieu. . . . 

Phy.sleian 
Varied.... 
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Varied. . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 


Lawyer. , 

Lawyer., 

Jurist... 

Lawyer. , 

Lawyer., 

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Varied. 


Druggist. 


Banker.  . 
Educator 
Varied  ,. 
Varied... 
Lawyer-  - 
Agric  " 
Manu 
Cleri 
Varl 


ll'st. 
jfftcY 
ergvm'n 
■  d. 


Varied. 


April2I,1876 
Feb.' '  '3,'  'I'ssi 


Feb.   14,  1875 


Jan.  1.1.870 
Oct.  5,  1878 
May  31, 1879 
Nov.    4,  1875 


Aug.  19,  1876 


May     3,  1882 


April  26, 1878 


May     1,  1878 


Myers,  Leonard R 

Negley,  James  S R 

Newsham.  Joseph  P.  .R 
Niblack,  William  E,.D 
Nuckolls,  Stephen  F,  .D 

O'Neill.  Chailes R 

Orth.Godlove  S R 

Packard.  Jasper R 

Packer.  John  B R 

Paine,  Halbcrt  E R 

Paine,  William  W.. .  .— 

Palmer.  Frank  W R 

Peck,  Erasmus  D R 

Perce,  Legrand  W . . . .  R 

Peters.  John  A R 

Phelps.  Darwin R 

Pliitt,  James  H R 

Poland,  Luke  P R 

Pomerov.  Charles R 

Porter,  Charles li 

Potter.  Clarkson  N...D 

Price.  William  P D 

Pr..ss,-r.  William  F...R 
Kaiii,-v,  ,I.,-eph  H.,..R 
Uunilall.  Samuel  J... .D 

Reading.  John  H D 

Reeves.   Henry  A D 

Rice,  John  M D 

Ridgway,  Robert D 

Rogers.  Anthony  A.CR 

Roots.  Logan  H R 

Sanford.  Stephen R 

Sargent.  Aaron  A R 

Sawyer.  Philetus R 

Schenck,  Robert  C..-R 
Schumaker.  John  G..D 
Scolield.  Glenni  W.  ..R 

Shafer.  J.acob  K D 

Shanks.  John  P.  C....R 
Sheldon,  Lionel  A — R 

Sheldon.  Porter R 

Sherrod.  William  CD 

Shober.  Francis  E D 

Slocum.  Henry  W D 

Smith.  John  A R 

Smith.  Joseph  S D 

Smith,  William  J — 

Smitti,  W..rlhington,R 

Smvtli.  William R 

Spink,  S-  L R 

Starkweather.  H,  H..R 

Stevens,  .\aron  F R 

Stevenson.  Job.  E R 

Stiles.  John  D D 

Stokes.  William  B....R 

Stone,  Frederick D 

Stoughton,  Wm,  L,..R 

Strader.  Peter  W D 

Strickland.  Ran'ph...R 

Strong,  Julius  L R 

Swann.  Thomas D 

Sweeney.  William  N.— 

Svpher.  J.  Hale R 

Taffe,  John R 

Tanner,  Adolphus  H..R 

Taylor,  Caleb  N R 

Tillman,  Lewis R 

Townsend.  Wash'ton.R 
Trimble.  Lawrence  S.  D 

Twichell.  Ginery R 

Tvner.  James  N R 

I) pson.  William  11..  .14 
"Van  Auken.  Dan'l  M.D 
Van  Horn.  Robert  T..R 

Van  Trump.  Phila D 

Van  Wvik  Chas.  II. .R 
Voorheis,  Daniel  W,,D 
^Vallaie,  Ales.    S....R 

Ward.   Hamillon R 

Waslll.ulIle.Cad.  C.,R 
Waslilminr,  lOlihu  B.R 
WaslilMirii,  Wm,  B...lt 

W.lkei,  Jlirlin R 

Wells.  Kra^tus D 

Wheeler,  William  A,.R 
Whiteley,  Richard  H,  R 
Whitmoro,  Geo,  W...R 

Whittemore.  It.  F — 

WilkiM"oii.  Morton  S.R 
Willaid,  rliarles  W,,R 
Williams,  William,,  R 
Wilson,  Eugene  M,.,.D 

Wilson,  John  T R 

Winans,  James  J It 

Winchester,  Boyd I) 

Wileli.-i,  Johns R 

\V.i..(l,    Kniiaiido 1) 

W Iu-,r.l,  i;,-,..  W.,D 

1'oiliig,  I'lereeM,  B..I) 


Pa.  . . 
Pa.  . . 
111.  .. 
Ind.  . 
Va.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 


Nov.  13, 
Dec.  22, 


Ind.. 
Conn- 
N.  Y. 
Me.., 
Conn. 
Can.. 
Vt.  . . 
Conn- 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ga. .. 
Pa... 
S.  C. 
Pa.  . . 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Va. .. 
Tenn. 
Ill-  .. 
N.  Y. 
M.ass. 
Vt.  .. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Va.  .. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ala.  . 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  . . 
Eng'd 
Vt.  .. 
Ire'd. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
N.  H. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Va.  .. 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Tenn- 
Pa... 
Ky... 
Mass. 
ind.  . 
Oliio. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
S.  C. 
N-  Y. 
Me... 
Me... 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ire'd. 
Tenn. 
Mjvss. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  . . 
Pa.  .. 
Va.  . . 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
Lou.. 
Va.  . . 
Pa... 
Pa  -  . . 
S.  ('.. 


May  19, 
Aug.  16, 
Mar.  21, 
April  22, 
Feb.  I, 
Mar.  21, 
Feb.     4, 


1827 
1826 
1839 
1822 
18-25 
1821 
1817 
1832 
1824 
1826 


Pa.  . .  La^vyer... 

Pa..  .  Soldier 

Lou..  Varied,... 

Ind.  .  Jurist 

Wv.  T  Merchant. 


Oct.  II, 
Sept.  16, 
June  19, 
Oct.      9, 

jiily  '13, 
Nov.  1, 
Sept.    3, 


182' 
1808 
1836 
18: 

'l'8'37 
1815 
1825 


Jan.  29, 
Mar.  16. 
June  21, 
Oct.  10. 
Nov.  1, 
Dec.     7, 


182: 
1835 
1834 
183: 
1828 
1826 
18 


Feb.  14, 
Mar.  26, 
May  26, 
Sept.  28, 
Sept.  22, 
Oct.  4, 
June  '27, 
Mar.  11. 
Dec-  '26, 
June  17, 
.4ug.  30. 
Sept.  29, 
Aug.  17, 
Mar.  12. 
Sept.  24. 
Sept.  23. 
June  20. 
Sept.  24. 
April  23, 
Jan.  3, 
Mar.  20, 
April  29, 
Aug.  9, 
Feb.  10, 
Jan.  15. 
Sept.  9, 
Feb.  7, 
Mar  20, 
Nov.  6, 
Feb.  4, 
Nov.    8, 


I'a. 
ind.  . 
Ind. 


Law  yer. . 
Lawyer, 
Varied. 


Pa.  ..Lawyer... 


May  5, 
July  22, 
Jan.  30, 
May  -23, 
July  27, 
Aug.  18, 


Aug.  26, 
Aug.  26, 
Jan.  17, 
Jan.  11. 
Jan.  15, 
May  19 . 
Nov.  15, 
Nov.  — , 
Sept.  26, 
Dec.  30, 
July  3, 
April  22, 
Sept.  23, 
Jan.  31, 
April  25, 
Dec.  2, 
June  30. 
Dec.  22, 
Aug.  26, 

ji.'ii.'  22,' 
June  18, 
May  11, 
Dec.  25, 
iVpril  16, 
June  7. 
Sept.  23, 
July  15, 
June  14, 
Mar.  26, 


1821 

1841 

1826 

1827 

1816 

1809 

1826 

181 

1823 

1826 

1831 

1.831 

1835 

1831 

18-29 

1814 

1825 

1823 

1823 

1824 

1831 

1826 

1810 

1831 

1823 

1814 

1820 

18'27, 

1818 

18-23; 

1828i 

1806 

1832 

1837 

1827 

1833 

1813 

1816 

1813 

1825 

1811 

1826 

1823 

1826 

18-24 

1810 

1824 

1828 

1810 

1829 

1818 

1816 

1820 

1819 

1823 

i8ie 

1830 
1824 
1824 

1819 
18-27 
1821 
1833 
1811 
1818 
1836 
1839 
1812 
1809 
18:J8 


Lawyer, 

Unknown. 

Journalist 

Physician, 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer.. . 

Lawyer. . . 

Physician. 

Jurist 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Varied.... 

Varied 

Varied. . . . 
Mechanic. 
Merchant. 
Physician. 

Vai-ied 

Unknown 
Journalist 
Merchant. 

Varied 

Manufac'r 

Varied 

Lumber'n. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Agi-icul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 

N.  Y'.  Varied 

Ohio. 'Lawyer... 
Ol-e-  -  [Lawyer. .. 

Tenn.iVaried 

Vt.  ..Manufac'r 
Iowa.  Lawyer... 

Dak..iVaried 

Conn. 'Lawyer. . 
N.  H,  Lawyer.,, 
Ohio.  Lawyer.. , 
Pa.  . .  Lawyer... 
Tenn.  Agricul'st 


Wis, 
Ga... 
Iowa. 
>bio. 
Miss. . 
Me... 
Pa.  .. 
Va... 
Vt.  .. 
Iowa 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Ga.  .. 
Tenn. 
S.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Va... 
Ark.. 
Ark.. 
N.  Y. 
Cal... 
Wis.. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  . . 
Ida.T 
Ind.  . 
Lou.. 

N.  y. 

Ala.  . 
N.  C 


Md. 

Mich . 

Ohio. 

Mich. 

Conn. 

Md... 

Ky... 

Lou . . 

Neb.. 

N.  Y. 

Pa..  . 

Tenn. 

Pa.  .. 

Ky... 

Mass. 

Ind.  . 

Ohio. 

Pa.  .. 

Mo... 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

Ind.  . 

S.  C. 

N.  y. 

Wis.. 
111.  .. 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
Mo... 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
Texas 
S.  C. 
Minn. 
Vt.  .. 
Ind.  . 
Minn. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Ky. . . 
W  Va 
NY. 
Pa.  .. 
Ga... 'Soldier.. 


Lawyer, 
Lawyer. . 

Varied 

Varied... 
Lawyer.. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Agi-icuTst. 
.\gricul'st. 
Varied  . . . 

Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknow-n. 
Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Law-yer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Varied — 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Law-yer. . . 

Vai-ied 

Lawyer.., 
Varied..,, 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 

Juri.st 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Merchant. 
Jurist 


I 


Oct.  17,  1869 


Jan.  28, 1876 


Sept.  7.  1872 
July  24,  1883 


Feb.   13,  1881 
May   10,  1875 


Total  Rpproapntatlves.  aeS.  Lawyers.  113.  Varied,  63.  Jurists.  22. 
Occupation  Unknown,  lit.  Merchants,  ISS.  Agriculturists,  9.  Journal- 
ists, tf.  ManufactnrtTs,  C  Physicians,  5.  Educators,!!.  SoMicrs,  ;8. 
Bankers.  2.  Mfchanlc:*,  2.  Cloruryinan,  1.  DrutrKist,  1.  LumlxTinan.  I. 
Forwarder,  1.  Foreiifn  Horn.  12:  Includinj?  Ireland,  4;  Kngland,  3; 
Cana<la.2;    Scotland,  1:    Oonnany,  1;    Prussia,  1.  


m^ 


FOKTY-oECOND    OUNOKESS,    AND    L1CA1)1N(J    EVE.NTS    UK     IIIK    TIME. 


Forty-second  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1871  to  1873. 


! 


1871- 

IS71- 
1871- 
1871- 

1871- 
1872 
1873- 


-OrnneeCatholfe  riot  in  New  York  City. 
in  winch  ilve  soldiers  anil  aliout  100 
rioters  were  killed,  July  12. 

-Explosion  of  a  powder  nia^'azine  in 
the  Government  Arsenal  at  Washing- 
ton caused  great  loss  of  property, 
July  22. 

-rnitcd  States  Express  wagon  robbed 
of  SOO.IXX)  in  the  streets  of  St.  Louis, 
Mo..  July  2.5. 

-Great  fire  at  Bloomington,  111. ;  loss, 
$300,(K)O,  Sept.  !i. 

—Arrest  of  Mormon  dignitaries  in  Utah, 
for  polygamy,  Oct.  2,  3. 

—Great  fires  In  Chicago,  desolating  the 
city;  losses  about  ?200.(«IO.CKXJ.  Oct.  7, 
8,  and  9. 

-Great  forest  fires  in  Wisconsin,  Michi- 
gan and  otlier  States,  Oct.  5-10. 

—James  Fisk,  Jr.,  killed  by  Edward  S. 
Stokes,  in  New  York  City.  Jan.  6. 

—Dr.  Jayne's  Building,  in  Philadelphia, 
Fa.,  burned;  loss,  8478,  UOO,  May  19. 


Ulyiiaeii  8.  Ornnl,  IHtli  I*t'i->l<li-nl. 

VICR-PRKSIDKNT— ScnUYLKK  COLKAX,  Ol--  I.SUIANA. 

Sec'y  of  Stale ;  Hamilton  Fish,  of  N.  Y. 

Sec'y  of  Trcas .;  Geo.  S.  Routwell,  of  Mass. 

Sec'y  of  War •;  Wm.  W.  Hclknap,  of  Iowa. 

Sec'y  of  Navy {  Geo.  M.  Kobeson,  of  N.  J. 

Sec'y  of  Interior i  Columbus  Delano,  of  Ohio. 

Postniaster-Gen'l....  \  John  A.  J.  Creswell,  of  Md. 

A  ,.*....».>.,.,  n««'i  5  Amos  T.  Akerman,  of  Ga. 

Attorneys-Gen  1 j  g„^  „   Williams,  of  Ore. 

Speaker  of  House  of  )  j  Blaine,  of  Me. 

Representatives...  (""'"c^"-  "i»»".;,  «   "^ 


D,  Indicates  Democrat ;     It»  Republican. 


1872— The  Geneva  (Switzerland )  Tribunal  of 
Arbitration  on  the  "  Alabama  "  claims, 
proclaims  an  award  to  the  United 
States  of  »10,250,000,  Sept.  14. 

1872— The  Saratoga  County  Bank,  at  Water 
ford.N.  Y.,  robl>edor»500,000 in  money 
and  bonds,  Oct.  14. 

1872— Great  firo  at  Boston,  Mass. ;  200  aeres 
were  burned  over,  Nov.  9,  10. 

1873— Edward  S.  Stokes  convicted  of  the 
murder  of  James  Fisk,  Jr.,  and  sen- 
tenced to  be  hanged,  Jan.  6.  He  was, 
however,  tried  twice  more  for  this 
crime,  and  at  last  was  imprisoned. 

I873~Aniadeus.  King  of  Spain,  abdicates  his 

throne,  Feb.  II. 
1873— "Salary  Grab"  bill  (for  back  pay  of 

Congressmen)  passed  Congress,  Mar.  3. 

1873— Massacre  of  General  Canby  by  Modocs, 
in  Caiiforiiia,  April  11. 

1873— Surrender  of  Captain  Jack  and  other 
murderous  Modocs  to  the  U.  S.  Govern- 
ment. June  1.  They  were  executed  on 
the  3d  of  October  following. 


SENATORS. 


Alcorn.  Jas.   L R 

Ames,   Adeibert — 

Anthony,  Henry  B R 

Bayard.  Thos.  F D 

BUir.  Francis  P R 

Boreman.  Arthur  I,..R 
Brownlow.  Wm.  G...R 
Buckingham.  Wm.  A.R 

Oaldwell,  Alex R 

Cameron.  Simon R 

Carpenter.  Matt.  H...R 

Casseriy.  Eugene D 

Chandler,  Zachariah.R 

Clayton,  Powell R 

Cole.  Cornelius R 

Conkling.    Roscoe R 

Cooi)er.    Henry D 

Corbett.  Henry  W R 

Cragin.  Aaron  H R 

Davis.  Garrett R 

Davis.  Henry  G D 

Edmuniis,  (^eo.  P R 

Fenton.  Reuben  E...— 

Ferrv,  Orris  S R 

Ferr'y,  Thos.  W R 

Flanagan.  Jas.  W R 

Frelinghuvsen.  F.  T.  .R 

Gilbert,  Abijah R 

Goidthwaite.  Geo D 

Hamilton,  Morgan  C.R 

Hamilton.  Wm.   T D 

Hamlin.  Hannibal R 

Harlan,  James R 

Hill,  Joshua. — 

Hitchcock,  Phln.  W..R 
Hon,..  Tuiu.tliv  O....R 
Johnston.  J. .lin  W..- 
Kellogg.  William  P.  .R 

Kelly,  James  K D 

L.ewis,  John  F R 

Logan,  John  A R 

Ma.-hcn.  Willis  B....D 

MorLill,  Justin  S R 

Morrill.  Lot  M  R 

Mult. ,11.  Oliver  P R 

Norwood,  Thos.  M.,.D 

Nve.  James  W R 

Osborn,  Thos.  W R 

Patterson.  Jas.  W,..R 

Pomerov.  Sam'l  C R 

Pool,  John — 

Pratt,  D.iniel  D R 

Ramsev.  Alex R 

Ransom,  Matt.  W D 

Rii*e.  Benjamin  F R 

Robertson,  Thos.  J...K 

ISaulsbury,    Eli D 

Sawyer.  Fred'k  A R 

Schurz.  Carl R 

Scott,  John R 

Sherman,  John R 

Spencer,  Geo.  E R 

Sprague,  William R 

Stevenson.  John  W...D 

Stewart.  Wm.  M R 

Stockton,  John  P D 

Sumner,  Charles R 

Tburmnn.  Allen  G...D 

Tipton.  Tlios.  W R 

Trumbull,  Lyman R 

Vickers,  George D 

"West,  J.  Rodman R 

W'ilson.    Henry R 


111.  .. 
Me... 
R.  I 
Dei... 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 
Va..  . 
Conn. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Ire'd. 
N.  H. 
Pa.  . . 
N.  Y. 
Y. 
Tenn. 
Mass. 
Vt.  .. 
Ky... 
Md. . . 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Mich. 
Va... 
N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
.Mass. 
Ala.  . 
Md... 
Me. . . 
ill.  .. 
S.  C 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
III.  .. 
Vt.... 
Pa.  .. 
Va. .. 
111.  .. 
Ky... 
Vt.  .. 
Me... 
Ind.  . 
Ga... 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
N.  H. 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
Me.  .. 
I'a... 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Del.  . 
M.1SS. 
(^ier'y 
Pa.  .. 
oliio. 
N.  Y. 
R.  I.. 
Va... 
X.  Y. 
N.  J . . 
Mass . 
Va... 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
Md... 
Lou.. 
N.  H. 


Nov.  — , 
Oct.  31, 
April  1. 
Oct.  29, 
Feb.  19. 
July  -24. 
Aug.  29, 
May  2H, 
Mar.  I , 
Mar.  8, 
Dec.  22, 


8l»to 
Mnted. 


ISIR  Miss. 
183.5  .Miss. 
IHI5  R  I. 
I82S  Del.. 
1821  Mo.  . 
18;j3  W.Vi 
IMil.->  Tfllil 


'OccupatioD 


I  III  11 


Dec. 

10. 

Aug. 

7. 

Sept. 

IV. 

1  let. 

311, 

Aug. 

22, 

Feb. 

IK 

Feb. 

1, 

Sept. 

10, 

Nov. 

IK 

Feb. 

1, 

July 

1. 

Aug. 

\i>. 

June 

1, 

Sept. 

,5, 

Aug. 

4. 

June 

18 

Dec. 

lo 

Feb. 

2:* 

Sept. 

M. 

Aug. 

2/. 

Aug. 

2(5. 

Jan. 

Ml, 

Nov. 

311 

t'eb. 

■24, 

Sept. 

9, 

Dec. 

8, 

Feb, 

IK, 

Mar. 

1 

Feb. 

9, 

April  10. 

Apri 

14. 

May 

3, 

Aug. 

4, 

Ipril2li. 

June 

111, 

Mar. 

9 

July 

2, 

Jan. 

3, 

June  16. 

Oct. 

2«. 

Sept. 

8, 

May 

28, 

Aug. 

3, 

Dec. 

•29, 

Dec. 

12, 

Mar. 

2 

July 

14, 

Mav 

10, 

Nov. 

1, 

Sept 

12. 

Mav 

4, 

Aug. 

9, 

Aug. 

2, 

Jan. 

« 

Nov. 

13 

Aug. 

,'., 

Oct. 

12, 

Nov. 

19, 

Sept 

19 

Feb. 

IK 

is:«i  K 
17!19  I'a.  .. 
1824  Wis.. 
1823  Cal... 
1813  Mli'h. 
IK.33  Ark.. 
1K22  I'al... 
18-31  N.  Y. 
1827, Tenn. 
1827  Oie.. 
I82i|N.  H. 
ISOllKy... 
18-23, W.Va 
I828!vt.  .. 
18I9|N.  Y. 
1823:cnnn, 
1827:Mich. 
18I1-.  Tox.a! 
1817  N.  J.. 
180B  Fla... 
\>*n\  Ala 


Lawyer. . . 

Soldier. .  . 
Journalist 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Jurist 

Varied.... 
Van.'d.... 
Vaiiirl.... 


Sept.    2,  1884 

July '  8,'  isre 


April  29, 1877 
Feb.     5,  1875 


1  Tex  a 


18211  Md 
1.8119'Me.  .. 
1820  Iowa. 

1812  Ga.  .. 
1831  Neb.. 
I81H  Wis.. 

1818  Va.  .. 
1830  Lou.. 

1819  Ore.. 
1818  Va.  .. 
1826  111.  .. 
1810  Ky... 

1810  Vt.  .. 

1813  Me... 
1823  Ind.  . 
1830  Ga. .. 

1815  Nev.. 
1S3K  Fla... 

1823  N.  H. 

1816  Kan.. 
1826  N.  C. 
1813  Ind.  . 
1815  Minn 
182R  N.  C. 
1828  Ark,, 
l,S-23  S,  C. 

1817  Del... 

1822  S.  C. 
1829, Mo... 

1824  Pa.  .. 

1823  Ohio. 
1836  Ala,  , 
1S30  R.  I . , 
1812,Kv.,. 
18271  Nev., 
1826  N.  J. 

1811  Mass 
1813  Ohio 
1817  Xeb. 
1813  111.  . 
1801  Md.. 
1822  Lou . 

1812  Mass 


Lawyer... 
Varied. . . . 
Merchant. 

Varied 

L.awyer. . 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Merchnsit. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer.. . 
Varied... . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Varied.... 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 

Jurist 

Merchant. 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Unlaiown. 

Lawyer. 

Lawyer... 

Unknown, 

Varied. . . 

Lawyer... 

Agricul'st, 

Lawyer 

Educator. 

Journalist 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . , 

Lawyer.. . 

Manufac'r 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

La^vye^, 
Lawyer, 
Jurist  ., 
Varied, 
Jurist, 
iLawyer, , 
jMerchant 
Mechanic 


Feb,  24,  1881 
June  14.  1883 
Nov.     1,  1879 


Sept.  22,  1872 


Nov.  21,  1875 


Jan.    10.  1883 
Nov.     1 ,  1877 


Dec.  25,  1876 


SENATORS. 


I     t<tAt«       I 

I  Rrprc  j  OceupallAn. 
•«iiu.d.  ] 


Windom,  William.... R  lOhio.iMay   1".  18'27  MinnlLawj'er...! 

Wright^  George  G R  |Ind.  .iMar.  24,  1820  Iowa. (Jurist .1 

Total  Senators,  75.  Lawyers,  33.  Varied,  l.*;.  Jurists.  9.  Merchants,  6. 
Agriculturists,  3.  Occupation  Unknown,  3.  Journalists,  S.  Manufact- 
uier.  1,  Educator,  1.  Mechanic,!.  Soldier,  1.  Foreigii  Born,  «:  Includ- 
ing Ireland,  1;  Germany,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Nor, 22, 1875 


Acker,  Ephraim  L..,D 

Adams,  Geo,  M D 

Ambler.  Jacob  A R 

Ames,  Oakes R 

Archer.  Stevenson D 

Armstrong,  Moses  K,D 

Arthur.    Wm,  E D 

Averill,  JohnT  R 

Banks.Nath'l  P R 

Barber,  J.  Allen R 

Banium,  Wm.  H D 

Barry.  Henry  W R 

Beatly.  John R 

Beck.  Krasmus  W D 

Beck.  James  B D 

Bell.  Samuel   N D 

Beveridge.  John  L R 

Bigbv, John  S R 

Biggs.  Benjamin  T. ..D 

Bingham.  John  A R 

Bird,  John  T D 

Blaine,  James  G R 

Blair.  Austin R 

Blair,  James  G R 

Boarman,  Aleck — 

Boles,  Thomas R 

Braxton.  Elliott  M D 

Bright,  John  M D 

Brooks,  George  M R 

Brooks,  James D 

Buckley,  Chas,  W R 

Buflinton.  James R 

Burcbard,  Horatio  C,R 

Eurdett,  Samuel  S R 

Burnell,  Frank  C R 

Butler,  Benj,  F R 

Butler,  Roderick  R, .  .R 
Caldwell.  Rob't  P....D 
Campbell,  Lewis  D...D 

Carroll.  John  M D 

Chafl'ee.  Jerome  B R 

Chipnian,  Norton  P..R 

Claggett,  Wm,  H R 

Clarke,  Freeman R 

Clark,  Wm.T R 

Cobb,  Clinton  L R 

(boburn,  John R 

Coghlan.John  M R 

Comingo,  Abram 1) 

Conger.  Omar  D !l 

Cornier,  John  C D 

Cook.  Burton  C R 

Cotton.  Avlett  R R 

Cox,  Samuel  S D 

Crebs.  John  M D 

Creelv,  John  V — 

Critcher,  John D 

Crocker,  Aivah R 

Crossland,  Edward. . ,  D 
Barrail.  Chester  B..,R 
Davis.  John  J D 


Uon 


Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 

Mass. 
Md... 
Oliio. 
Ohio. 
Me... 
Mass. 
Vt.... 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Ga... 
Scot. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
Del.. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  J.. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 


Jan.  11, 
Dec,  •20, 
Feb.  IS, 
Jan,  III, 
Feb.  28. 
Sept.  19, 
Mar,  3, 
Mar.  1 , 
Jan.  30, 


Sept.  17, 

Dec.'itV. 
Oct.  21. 
Feb.  13, 
Mar.  '25. 
July  6, 
Feb,  13, 
Oct,      1, 

A\ig,'i(i' 
Jan.  31, 
Feb.     8, 


Miss.. 

Ark.. 

Va... 

Tenn. 

Mass. 

Me... 

N.  Y. 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

Eng'd 

Pa.  .. 

N.  H. 

Va. . . 

Ky... 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Ohio. 

Md... 

N.  Y. 

Conn. 

N.  C. 

Ind.  . 

Ky... 

Ky. . 

N.  Y. 

Ind.  . 

N.  Y. 

Ohio. 

Ohio. 

Va... 


July  16. 
Oct.  8, 
J.an.  211, 
July  26, 
Nov.  10. 
Feb.  18. 
Mar.  16. 
Sept.  22, 
Feb.  21, 
Mar,  19. 
Nov,  5. 
April  8. 
Dec,  16. 
Aug.  9. 
April  27, 
April  17, 
Mar.  7. 
Sept.  21. 
Mar.  22, 
June  29, 
Aug,  25. 
Oct.  27. 
Dec.  8. 
Jan.     9, 

Oct."  27. 
Mav  11. 
Nov.  29. 
S.pt.  30. 
April    9, 


1827  Pa.  .. 
1837  Kv... 
1829  Pa. .. 
1804  .Mass. 
18-27  .Md... 
ia'!2  1).  T.. 
18-25  Ky... 
1825  Minn. 

1816  Mass. 

Wis.. 

ISlSConn. 

Miss.. 

18-28  Ohio. 
1833  (la.. . 
1822  Ky... 
1829  N.  H. 
1824  111.  .. 
I8;)2  Ga... 
1821  Del... 
1815  Ohio. 

1829  N.  J.. 

1830  Me... 
1818  Mich. 
18-28  Mo. . . 
1830  Lou.. 
1837  Ark.. 
lS-23'Va... 
1817, Tenn. 
IK24:Mass. 
l8|(i.N.  Y. 
1835  Ala. . 

1817  Ma&s. 
18-25  111.... 
18'IK|Mo.  .. 
1842  Pa.  .. 
1818, .Mass. 
1827iTenn. 
1821  Tenn. 


1811 
18-25 
1825 
1834 

1838 


Va.  ..Mar.  11. 
Mass.  Oct.  14, 
Ky,..  June  ;i(-i. 
Pa,  ..  June  24. 
W.Va  May     I. 


Ohio 

N.  Y. 
Col... 
1).  C. 
M.  T. 
N.  Y. 

1834  Texas 
1842  N.  C. 
18-25  Ind.  . 

1835  Cal... 
18-20  Mo... 

1818  Mich. 
1842!Texas 

1819  III.  .. 
I82I-.  Iowa. 
IS24  N.  Y. 
ls:)o  III..  . 

Pa 


1820' Va... 
1801  Mass. 
18-27  Kv... 
1842  Lou.. 
1835  W'.Va 


Varied. ,. 
Lawyer. . 

Jurist 

Manufac'r  ] 
Lawyer. . 
Varied. 
Jurist.. 
Manufac'r 
Varied... 
Lawyer. , 
Manufac'r  . 
Varied.... 
Banker.  .. 
].a%vyer. .. 
Lawyer.  - . 
Lawyer... 
Varied,... 

Jurist 

Varied., 
Jurist.... 
Law-yer. . 
Journalist  . 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer. . 
Law-yer. . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . 
Lawyer-. 
Lawyer. . 
Journalist  i 
Unknown.  . 
Varied. 
Varied. 
Law;yer. . . 
Varied., 
Law-yer.. 
Varied... 
Lawyer...  , 
Varied. , 
Lawyer. . 
Banker.. 
L.aAvyer. . 
Lawyer. . 
Varied... 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer. . 
Jurist. . . . 
Lawyer.. 
La%vyer. . 
Varied. . . 
Soldier... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer...  . 
Varied.. . 
Lawyer. . 

Unknown. 

Jurist I 

Varied....  Dec.  26, 1874 

Jurist 

Varied 

Law-yer 


7n^ 


:<5^ 


^ 


518 


EEPRESENTATIVES    OF    THE    FORTA'-SECOND    CONGRESS. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Dawes.  Henrv  L R 

DeLart^f .  Hob't  C R 

Diokev.  Oliver  J R 

Dodds,  Ozro  T — 

Donnan.  Wni.  G R 

Vox.  Peter  M D 

DuBose,  Dudley  M D 

Duell,  R.  Holland.... R 
Duke.  Kich'dT.  W....D 

Duuueil.  Mark  H R 

Eauies.  Eenj.  T R 

Edwards,  John R 

EUlrldKe.  Clias.  A D 

Elliott.  Robert  B R 

Ely. Smith D 

Esty.  Constantine  C.  .R 
Farnswoi  th,  John  F.R 

Farwcll.Clias.   B R 

Finkelnberg.  Gust.  A.R 

Forker,  Saml  C D 

Foster,   Charles — 

Foster,  Henrv  V D 

Foster,  Wilder  D R 

Frye,  William  P R 

Gallecos,  Jose  M D 

Garfield,  James  A R 

Garfielde,  Selucius. ..R 
Garrett,  Abraham  E.D 

Getz,  J.  Lawrence D 

Giddinfrs.  DeWitt  CD 

Gollad.iy,  Edw'd  I D 

Goodrich,  Milo R 

Griffith,  Samuel D 

Haldeman.  Bich'd  J.D 

Hale.  Eueene  R 

Hal^HV,  George  A....R 

ilanil.l.ton.  Sam'l D 

Har.r.H-k,  John D 

Haiidl.-y,  Wm.T D 

Hanks,  Jas.   M D 

Haiiuer,  Alfred  C  ...R 

Harper,  James  C D 

Harris,  Geoi'ge  E R 

H,,riis.  John  T D 

H  .V,  us.  Harrison  E..R 

Ha»  I   V.John  B R 

Ha«l.v,  Joseph  R....R 

Hav.  John  B R 

Havs,  Ch.arles R 

Haz.llon,  GeiTV  W..R 

Hazelli.u.  J"hn  W R 

Hereford.   Frank D 

Herndon.Wm.   S D 

Hil.l.ard.Ellery  A D 

Hill,  John R 

Hoar.  (ieorgeF R 

IImIiiku,.  William  S...D 

Il,,.,|,r,  ,  S.Miiuel R 

Hi  i|"i'.  Wilham  H..— 
Hi.nt.'IHou,   Sherman. R 

Jones,  Wul.  T R 

Kellev,  Wm.   D R 

KelloL'ir.  Stephen  W.  ,R 
Kind^.n.  ('has.  W,...D 

Kerr,  Mirhael    C D 

K.t,  ham,  John  H....R 
Killlnt-er.  John  W....R 

King.   Andrew D 

Kinsella,   Thomas D 

Lamison,  Chas.  N,...D 

L,amport.  Wm.  H R 

Lansing,  Wni.  E R 

Leach.  James  M D 

Lewis,  Joseph  H D 

Lowe.  David  P R 

Lvii.li,  John K 

Mr(  1.  Hand,  Wm....D 
M(C..nuick,Ja.s.  R....D 
.M.<'cMuiick,  Rich'dC— 
Mc(  '1  ai'V,  George  W,  ,R 
Mri^i.w,  James  C.,..R 
MrH.-u!  V,  Henry  D,,.D 

M.  Intvi.-,  Aleh.  T D 

M.lui.kiu.   Khenezer.R 

M.  K< c.  George  C R 

M.Kiiiuey.  Jno.  F  ...D 
M.  Nr.lv,Tliiunp.  W..D 
.M..M  i.n,  Mahlon  D....D 
M;ci-h:.ll,  Samuel  S...D 

M  n.i  .1(1.  Horace R 

M.r.pii,    rivsses R 

M.  ,1  i;,.u,  Clinton  L..R 

M k   Wm,  M D 

M.  ii  III,  Sam'l  A D 

Ml  II  .H.  BenJ.  F D 

Mitchell.  Alex I) 

Monroe.  JameM R 

Moore.  Jesse  H K 

Mon-y,   Frank R 

M..rgan,  Geo.  W D 

Morphls.  Joseph  L....R 

Myers,   Leonard U 

\.glev.  James  S R 

Nil. 111.  k,  Silas  L V 

Nil. hick,  William  E...D 
Orr.  Jackson R 


Mass. 
S.  C. 
Pa.  .. 


N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Va.  . . 
Me . . . 
Mass. 
Ky.., 
Vt.  .. 
Mass. 
N.J,. 
Mass. 
Can . . 
N.  Y. 
Pnis, 
X.  J.. 
Ohio. 
Pa... 
N,  Y, 
Me... 
N.  M. 
Ohio . 
Vt..  . 
Va... 
Pa,  ., 
Pa,  ., 
Tenn. 
N,  Y. 
Wars 
Pa.  ,. 
Me... 
X.  J.. 
Mil... 
Ala... 
Ga.  .. 
Ark.. 
Pa.  ., 
Pa,  ., 
N.  C. 
Va.., 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
N.  C. 
Ml.  .. 
Ala,  . 
N.  H. 
N.J,. 
Va..  . 
Ga... 
Vt.... 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Ind.  . 
Mass. 
Md... 
N,  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Pa..  , 
Mass. 
Me. . , 
Pa..  . 
N.  Y. 


Stale 


Oct.  3f), 
Mar.  15, 
April  6, 


June  30, 
Sept.  11, 
Oct.  28. 
Dec.  20. 
June  6, 
July  2. 
June  4, 
Oct.  24, 
Feb.  27, 
Aug.  II, 

Dec.  2(V, 
.Mar,  27, 
July  1, 
Api-il  fi. 
Mar.  16, 
Apiill2, 
Dec.  19, 
Jan.  8, 
.Sept.  2. 
.Vov.  14, 
Nov.  19, 
Dee.  8. 
Mar.  6, 
Sept.  14, 
Julv  l.s. 
Sept.  9, 
Jan.  8, 
Feb,  14. 
May  19, 
June  9, 
Dee.     7, 


Va... 
h'e'd. 
Pa..  , 
N.  Y. 
N,  Y, 
N.  C, 
Ky... 

N.  y. 

Me... 
Pa.  .. 
Mo... 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Va. . , 
Ky... 
Ga.  ., 
Pa.  ., 
III.  .. 
Ohio. 
Ill  .. 
Ohio. 
III.  .. 
Mass. 
Pa.  . . 
N.  Y.. 
Md. . . 
Va, . . 
Pa.  .. 
Scot.. 
Conn. 
Ill  ... 
Mass. 
Pn,  .. 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 


Oct.  29, 

Dec.  If), 

Feb.  12. 
Aug.    8, 

Dee.  B. 

Jan.  6. 

May  8. 

Dec.  1.5. 

Feb.  9, 

Oct.  31. 

Jan.  8, 

Feb.  2, 

Feb.  24, 

JiiVy '  'i'. 
Nov.  27, 
Julv  31, 
Julie  10, 
Aug.  29, 
Sept.  6. 
Feb.  8, 
Dec,  13, 
April  10, 
Feb.  20. 
April  12, 
April  .5. 
April  22, 
Mar.  Li, 
Dec,  21, 
Sept.  18, 
Mai-.  20, 


1816  Ma-ss. 
1H42  S.  C. 

1823  Pa... 

lOhio. 

1834|lowa. 
1813;Ala.  . 
1834;Ga. .. 

1824  N.  Y. 
1822;va..  . 
1823;  Minn. 
1818, R.  I.. 
1815:Ark.. 
1821 1  Wis.. 
1842, S.  C.  . 

1825  N.  Y. 
18-24!  Mass. 

1820  111.  ,. 

1823  HI.  .. 
l«37iMo... 

1821  N.  J., 
1828  Ohio, 
1812  Pa.  .. 
1819  Mich. 
1831  Me,.. 
1815  N.  M. 
1831  Ohio. 
1822, W.  T. 

1830  Tenn. 
1821  Pa..  . 
1827, Texas 

1831  Tenn. 
1820:n.  Y. 
I816|Pa. .. 
1831  Pa.  .. 
1836  Me... 
1827  N.  J.. 
1812  Md... 

1824  Texas 
1834  Ala.. 
18-'J3,Ark,. 
1825, Pa. .  . 
1819  N.  C. 
1827  Miss.. 
1825|Va... 
1.837  Mo... 
1831:111.  .. 
1826'Conn. 
I834illl.  .. 
1834  Ala,.. 
1829|Wis.. 

N.  J.. 

1825' W.Va 
1837iTexas 

1826  N.  H. 
182i:N.  J.. 
1826:  Mass. 

Ind 


1808 
1813 
1828 
184: 


Mass. 

Utah. 

Cal... 

Wy.T 
1814  Pa..  . 
1822  Conn. 
1828  Nev.. 


May  27, 


Oct.  29, 
.lug.  22, 
Feb.  18, 
Mar.  2, 
Aug.     I, 

Aug,'29, 
Sept.  14, 
Feb,  27, 
Oct.  27, 
Mar.  28, 
Oct.  2, 
April  12, 
Oct.  5, 
Feb.  20, 
Mar,  18, 
,\iig.  13, 
Aug.  12, 
Mar.  25, 
Sept.  I, 
Aug.  15, 
July  B, 
Oct.  17, 
July  |8, 
April  22, 
July  II, 
Sept,  '20, 
April  17, 
Nov.  13, 
Dec.  22, 


1827 
1832 
1825 
1812 
1832 
1826 
1811 
1822 

18-24 
1823 
1825 
184 


Ind 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Mo... 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 

N.  y. 
N.  0. 
Ky... 
Kan.. 
Me... 
Pa, 


18-24  Mo... 
1832'Ariz. 
1835;  Iowa 
1813!  W.V£ 
182fliKy.. 
1822  Ga.. 


1819 
1837 
1827 
1835 
18-20 
1821 
1814 
1818 


Pa, 
Miss., 
Ohio. 
111.  ., 
Ind.  . 
III.  .. 
Tenn. 
Pa. 


Ind.  .  May  19, 
Ohio.   Sept.  21, 


1824'N,  Y, 
I818'Md... 
1828  Idaho 
1833  Pa. . . 
I817|W|S.. 
1821  Ohio. 
1817|lll.  .. 
1840  Lou.. 
18-20  Ohio. 
1831|Mi88.. 
1827  Pa. .. 
1820  Pa... 

iFla... 

18-22  Ind.. 
18321  Iowa. 


Varied 

Agricul'Bt. 
Lawyer,. , 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Educator. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Banker . . . 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Varied 

jLaw^er. .. 
'.\gricul'st. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
:  Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 

Vai-ied 

Jurist 

Vai-ied.... 

Jurist 

Manufac'r 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied..., 
Lawyer,., 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer... 
Law,yer. . . 
Merchant, 
Lawyer,.. 

Jurist 

Merchant. 

Varied 

Varied 

Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Joui-nallst 
Lawyer... 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Valied.... 
Unknown. 
Lawyel*. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Druggist., 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Varied. . . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Banker  . . 
Educator. 
Educator. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Aprrlcul'st. 
Ln  w-ycr, , . 
Soldici-.. , . 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Varied 


Feb.    15,1874 
April  2 1,1876 


Sept.  19,  1881 


Feb.   14,  1875 


May    3,  1882 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Packard,  Jasper R 

Packer,  John  B R 

Palmer,  Frank  W..,.R 

Parker,  Hosea  W D 

Parker,  Isaac  C R 

Peck,  Erasmus  D R 

Pendleton,  Jas,  M R 

Perce,  Legrand  W R 

Perr,v,  Aaron  F R 

Perry,  Eli D 

Peters,  John  A R 

Piatt,  James  H R 

Poland,  LukeP R 

Porter,  Chas.   H R 

Potter.  Claikson  N.,.D 

Prii-.-.  William  P D 

Prlnill.  ,  EliKiir  H....R 
Raincv,  Joseph  H...R 

Randall.  Sam'l  J D 

Bead,  William  B D 

Rice.  Edward  Y D 

Rice,  John  M D 

Ritchie,  John I) 

Roberts,  Ellis  H R 

Roberts.  Wm  B D 

Robinson,  James  C. . .  D 

Rogers,  John D 

Rogeis,  Sion  H D 

Roosevelt,  Rob't  B...D 
Rusk.  JeremiahM....R 
St.  John,  Charles.  ...R 

Sargent,  Aaron  A R 

Sawyer,  Philetus.  ...R 
Scofleld.  GIenniW....R 

Seeley.John   E R 

Sessions,  Walter  L,,,R 

Shanks,  John  P.  C R 

Sheldon,  Lionel  A,,,. R 
Sheliabarger,  Sani'J,  .R 

Sherwood,   Henr.v D 

Shober,  Francis  E D 

Shoemaker,  Laz,  D,.,R 

Slater,  James  H D 

Slocum,  Henry-  W D 

Sloss,  Joseph  H D 

Smith,  Horace  B R 

Smith,  John  A R 

Smith,  Worthington..R 

Snapp,  Henrv R 

Snyder.  Oliver  P R 

Speer,  R.Milton D 

Speer,  Thos.  J R 

Spi-ague.  Wm.  P R 

Starkweather.  H.  H,,R 
Stevens,  Biadford  N.  .D 

Stevenson.  Job  E It 

Storm.  John  B D 

Stoughton,  Wm.  L,,.R 
Stowell,  Wm.  H.  H,,.R 

Strong,  Julius  L R 

Sutherland,  Jabez  G..D 

Swann,  Thomas I> 

Sypher,  Jay  H R 

TafTe,  John R 

Terry,  William — 

Thomas,  Charles  R,,.R 
Townsend,  Dwight...D 
Townsend,  Washgfn.R 

Turner,  Benj.  S R 

Tuthill.  Joseph  H,,,.D 

Twichell,  Ginerj- R 

Tyner,James  N R 

Upson,  Wm.  H R 

Van  Trump,  Phlla.  ..D 

Vanghan,  Wm,  W D 

Voorhees, Dan'l  W,,.D 
•WTaddell,  Allied  M,  D 

Wakeman,  Seth R 

Walden,  Madison  M.  .R 

Waldron,   Henrv R 

Wallace,  Alex,   S R 

Walls,  Josiah  T R 

Warren,  Joseph  M D 

Washburn.  Wm,  B...R 

Wells,  Erastus li 

Wheeler,  Wm,   A R 

Wliitclev,Rich'd  H,,R 
Whitthorne.  W.C,,..I) 

Willaid,Chas.  W R 

Williams,  William,,, 1) 
Williams,  William,, ,R 
Wilson,  Jeremiah  M,,R 

Wilson,  John  T U 

Winchester,  Boyd D 

Wood,  Fernando D 

Young,  Pierce  M.  H.  .1) 


led. 


Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
Ind.  . 
N.  H. 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y, 
Me.,. 
Can.. 
Vt.... 
N.  Y, 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
Conn. 
S.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Md... 
N,  Y. 
Ire'd. 
HI.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Y. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Vt.  . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Va. .  . 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Conn, 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
111.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ala.  . 
Vt.  .. 
Ohio. 
Vt.  . . 
N.  Y. 
Mo. . . 
Pa.  .. 
tia.  . . 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
N.  H. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  ., 

N.  y, 

vt. . . 

Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
Ind.  . 
Va. . . 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  C, 
N.  Y. 
Mass, 
Ind.  , 
Ohio, 
Ohio. 


Feb.  1 , 
Mar.  21, 
Oct.  1 1 , 
May  30, 
Oct.  15, 
Sept.  16, 
Jan.  10, 
June  19, 
Jan,  1, 
Dec,  25, 
Oct.  9, 
July  13, 
Nov.    1, 


Jan.  29, 
May  t>, 
June  21, 
Oct.  10, 
Dec.  14, 
Feb,     8, 


Aug,  12, 
Sept.  30, 
Feb.     6, 


May     9. 
Sept.  30, 


June  17, 
Oct.  8, 
Sept.  28. 
Sept,  22, 
Mar.  11, 
Aug.    1, 

June  1-7, 
Aug.  30. 
Dec.  10, 
Oct.  9, 
Mar.  12, 
[Nov.    5, 

I  Sept.' 24, 
Oct,  12. 
Aug,  18, 
Sept.  23, 
April  2:(, 
Junc30, 
Nov,  13, 
Sept.  8, 
Aug.  3, 
May  21. 
ApiiI29. 
Jan.  3, 
Feb.  10, 
Sept.  19, 
Mar.  -20, 
iJuly  26. 
Nov.  8. 
[Oct.     6, 

July  '2-2. 
Jan.  30, 
Aug.  14, 
Feb.     7, 


1832  Ind.  . 
1K24  Pa..  . 
18-27  Iowa. 

1833  N.  H. 
1838  Mo... 
1808  Ohio. 
1822  R.  1.. 

1836  Miss., 

1815  Ohio. 
1802  N,  Y. 
1822  Me, , . 
1837;Va. .. 
1815, Vt.  ,. 

Va... 

1825  N.  Y. 
1835  Ga,,  . 

1829  N,  Y . 

1832  S.  C, 
1828  Pa,  , 
1820  Ky,,. 
1820  111,  .. 

Ky,,. 

1831  Md. . . 
1827  N.  Y. 

1830  N.  y. 
1822,111.  ., 

1813  N.  Y, 

1825  N,  C, 
1829, N.  Y, 
1830.  Wis,, 
1818:N,  Y. 
1827;CaI,,. 

1816  Wis,, 
1817!Pa,.  . 
1810N.  Y. 

iN.  y. 

1826  Ind.  . 
1831iLou.. 
1817;Ohio. 
1817, Pa... 

1831  N.  C. 
1819|Pa. .. 
1826lOre.  . 
1827;n.  Y. 
1826:AIa.  . 
1826  N.  y. 

1814  Ohio. 
IIS23  \'t.  .. 
ls:..2  III.   .. 

1833  Ark,. 
1838, Pa... 

1837  Ga,,, 
I827iOhio, 
18211  Conn. 
1813  111 


Ind.  . 
N,  C. 
Vt.  ,, 
Ohio. 
N.  Y, 
S.  C. 
Va. ,. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ire'.l. 
Teuii, 
Vt.  .. 
Conn 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Ohio, 
Lou . . 
Pa,  . , 
S.  C. . 


Mar,  17, 
Feb.  11, 
Aug.  26, 
Jan.  17, 
Jan.  II, 
Nov,  15, 


1831 

1838 

1827 

184( 

1828 

1825 

1806 

183' 

182' 

1824 

1827 

1826 

1813 

1825 

181 

181 

1826 

1823 

1810 


Sept,  26 
Sept.  16, 
Jan.  15, 
Oct,  6, 
Oct.  II, 
Dec.  30, 
Dec.  30, 


Jan.  31, 
Dee,  2, 
(June  30, 
Dec,  -22, 
April  19, 
June  18, 
Sept,  «, 
May  II, 
Nov.  2.5, 
April  16, 
Sept,  23, 
Juno  14, 


1828 
1834 
I8II 
1836 
1819 
1810 
1842 
1813 
1820 
1823 
1819 
1830 
1.825 
1.8-27 
1815 
1,821 
18-28 
1811 
1836 
1812 
1838 


Oil 
Pa.  .. 
.Mich. 
Va..  . 
Conn, 
Mich. 
Md... 
Lou .  . 
Neb.. 
Va. . . 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Ala.  . 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Ind.  . 
Ohio. 
Ohio, 
Tenn. 
Ind.  . 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
low-a. 
Mich. 
S.  C, , 
Va. .  , 
N,  Y. 
Mass. 
Mo... 
N.  Y 
Ga... 
Tenn. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Ind.  . 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 


Vai-ied 

Lawyer... 
Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Juri-st...  . 
Physician. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician. 

Jurist 

Law.ver. . . 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Mechanic. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Merchant. 
Lawyer,, . 

Varied 

Lawyer, , , 

Varied 

Unknown, 

Vaiied 

Lawyer,, , 
Lumbrm'n 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. ,, 
Lawyei-, , , 
Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer,,, 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. ,. 
Law-yer.. , 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 
Law,yer, , , 

Varied 

Lawyer,.. 
Varied.... 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. , . 

Varied 

Law  yer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. , , 
Merchant. 
Lawyer,,, 

Jurist 

Varied 

Low-yer. ,  , 
Lawyer,,, 

Varied 

Jurist 

Merchant. 

Vai-ied 

Merchant, 
Merchant. 
R,  R.  Oflir 
Lnw-yer. , , 
Lawyer. , , 
Journalist 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.. . 

V'aried 

Lawyer. .. 
Journalist 
Unknown. 
Agricul-st. 
Agricul'st. 

Varied 

Varied 

Vai-ied 

Lawyer, , , 

Varied 

Lawyer.,. 
Varied.... 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Var 

L".wyer 

Merchant, 

Soldier, 


Aug.  14,  1874 


Aug,  18,  1872 


Jan.  28,  1876 
Nov.  10,  1885 


Sept,    7,  1872 
jilly  24,  188b 


Aug,  19,  1.878 


Total  Representatives,  £63.    Lawyei-s,  1  IS,    Varied,  S8.    Jurists,  S6. 

Merchants,  l-l.  Occupation  Unknown,  lO.  Agriculturists,  9.  Journal 
ists,  8,  Manufacturers,  ii.  Bankers,  4.  lOducatt.rs,  :l.  Soldiers,  9. 
Physicians.  11.  Druggist,  1,  Mechanic.  I.  Lumberman,  1.  Railroad 
Ofllcor,  1.  Foreign  Horn,  lO:  Including  Ireland,  3;  Scotland,  2; 
Canada,  2;  England,  1;  Wales,  1;  Prussia,  I. 


A 


FOUTV-TIIIKIl    (JONUliKSS,     AISD    LEADING    i;Vl„\TS    UF    TlJii    TI4LE. 


Forty-third  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1873  to  1875. 


1873 — Pestructivo  cyclones  in  Wisconsin.  Mis- 
souri, IniliaiML  and  (»liio.  tIcstroyinK 
many  liven  am]  a  large  amount  of  prop- 
erty, July  4. 

1873— Robbery  of  a  mail  train  from  Califor- 
nia, carrj'inp:  li  tonn  of  b\illion,  by  a 
band  of  desperadoes,  in)  miles  west  of 
Des  Moines,  Iowa.  Tlio  en(?imn'r  was 
killed,  tlie  train  derailed,  and  all  the 
treasure  carried  olT,  July  21. 

1873— Great  sale  of  short-horn  cattle  in 
Oneida  County.  N.  Y.,  Kept.  10.  One 
lot  of  109  head  sold  for  8a82,0IX).  One 
cow  sold  for  840,000,  and  others  for 
(20,000  each. 

1873— Failure  of  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.  and  other 
brokers,  Sept.  18. 

1873— Survivors  of  Captain  Buddington's  dis- 
astrous Arctic  Expedition  arrive  in 
New  York,  Oct.  4. 

1874 — Death  of  the  famous  Siamese  Twins, 
Chang  and  Eng,  at  their  home  in  North 
Carolina,  aged  63  years. 

1874— Organization  of  the  "  Woman's  Tem- 
perance Crusade"  in  Ohio,  Feb.  10.  Sa- 
loons were  visited  by  Christian  ladies, 
who  offered  prayers  and  so  touched  the 
hearts  of  the  keepers  that  many  sa- 
loons were  closed  and  their  owners 
reformed. 

1874 — President  Grant  vetoed  the  Congres- 
sional bill  to  increase  the  volume  of 
national  currency,  April  22. 


ITIy»ca  8.  Grant,  ISth  Prealdent. 

VICE-I'KliSIPKNT— 1IKNHY  WlLSoN,  Oi^  MASHACIIV8ETTS. 

Sec'y  of  state {  Hamilton  Fish,  of  New  York. 

SecVs  of  Trooa..  J  William  A.  Richardson,  of  Mass. 
(  Benjamin  H.  Bristow,  of  Ky. 

!  William  W.   Relknap,  of  Iowa. 
Alphonso  Tnft,  of  Ohio. 
J.  Donald  Cameron,  of  Pa. 

Sec'y  of  Navy .;  George  M.  Robeson ,  of  N.  J. 

Sec'y  of  Interior <  Columbus  Delano,  of  Ohio. 


Postmasters-Geni, 


ijohn  A.  J.  Creswell,  of  Md. 
James  W.  Marshall,  of  Va. 
Marshall  Jewell,  of  Conn. 


Attomey-Geni j  George  H.  Williams,  of  Ore. 

Speaker  of  House  of    i  ,  /-,«■.         *  ..  - 

Representatives. . .  j  Jamea  G.  Blaine,  of  Maine. 


D,  Indicates  Democrat ;    K,  Republican. 


1874 — In  April  the  ip-eat  bridfre  over  the  MIb- 
sisHipjfi  Iliver,  at  St.  Louis,  which  cost 
•  12,  OIX),000,  was  completed. 

1874— The  disastrous  inundation  of  the  Mill 
River  Valley,  In  .MiifS.,  by  the  breaking 
o(  a  reservoir,  occurred  May  1(J.  Mil- 
lions of  dollars'  woith  of  properly  and 
about  l.^jO  lives  were  destroyed. 

1874 — Telegraphic  communication  between 
the  United  States  and  Brazil,  8.  A.,  wan 
opened  June  'ICy. 

1874 — Charley  Ross,  but  little  more  than  four 
years  old,  son  of  a  gentleman  living  in 
Gennantown,  Pa.,  was  abducted  from 
his  home,  and  never  recovered.  Tin- 
story  of  this  sad  alfair,  which  occurred 
July  I,  became  universally  known,  and 
created  extraordinary  interest  and 
sympathy  for  the  parents. 

1874— Second  great  (Ire  in  Chicago,  July  14. 
Fifteen  acres  were  burned  over,  de- 
stroying 'HG  buildings  and  other  prop- 
erty, valued  at  $4.'J00.000. 

1875— The  President  approves  the  Civil 
Rights  bill.  Mar.  1. 

1875— England  purchased  an  Interest  In  the 
Suez  (Egypt)  Canal. 

1875— British  Polar  Expedition,  under  Cap 
tain  Nares,  begun. 

1875— Captain  Boy  ton  lloats  across  the  Eng- 
lish Channel  in  an  india-rubber  ^ult  of 
clothing.  May  28.  Time  consumed, 
23}^  hours. 


SENATORS. 


Alcorn,  James  L R 

Allison.  William  B.  ..R 

Ames,  Adelljert — 

Anthony,  Henry  B...R 
Bayard,  Thomas  F..  .D 

Bogy,  Lewis  V D 

Boreniau,  Arthur  I.  .,R 
Brownlow.  Win.  G....R 
Boutwell.  George  S.  ..R 
Buckingham,  Wm.  A.R 
Caldwell,  .Alexander. R 

Cameron,  Simon R 

Carpenter.  Matt.  H..  .R 

Cajiserl y,  Eugene D 

Chandler,  Zachariah.R 

Clayton,  Powell R 

Conkling.  Roscoe R 

Conover,  Simon  B R 

Cooper,  Henry D 

Cragin,  Aaron  H R 

Crozier,  Robert — 

Davis,  Henry  G D 

Dennis.  George  R.  . .  .D 
Dorsey.  Stephen  W. .  .R 
Eaton.  William  W..  .D 

Edmunds,  Geo.  F R 

Fenton,  Reuben  E...— 

Ferry,  Orris   S R 

Ferrv.  Thomas  W....R 

Flanagan.  J.  W R 

Frelinghuysen.  F.  T..R 

Gilbert.  Abijah R 

Goldtliwaite.  George.  D 

Gordon.  John  B D 

Hager,  John  S D 

Hamilton,  Morgan C..R 

Hamilton,  Wm.  T D 

Hamlin,  Hannibal R 

Harvey,  James  M R 

Hitchcock,  Phin.  W..R 

Howe.  Timothy  O R 

Ingalls,  John  J — 

Johnson.  John  W...— 

Jones,  John  P R 

Kelly,  James  K D 

Lewis,  John  F ..R 

Logan.  John  .\ R 

McCreery.  Thos.  o..  .D 

Merriinon.  Aug.  S D 

Mitchell.  John  H R 

Morrill.  Justin  S R 

Morrill,  Lot  M R 

Morton,  Oliver  P R 

Norwood.  Thos.  M..  ..D 
Ogle^iv.  Richard  J..R 
Patterson,  Jolin  J....R 

Pease.  Henry  R R 

Pratt,  D.aniel  D R 

Ramsey.  Alexander,  R 

Ransom,  Matt.  W D 

Roiiertson.  Thos.  J. .  .R 

Sargent.  Aaron  A R 

Saulsljurv.  Eli D 

Schurz.  Carl R 


111.  . 
Ohio 
Me.  . 
R.  I.. 
Dei.. 
Mo... 
Pa. . . 
Va.  ., 
Mass. 
Conn 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Ire'd 
N.  H. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y 
N.  J.. 
Tenn 
Vt.  .. 


Nov.  — , 
Mar.  2, 
Oct.  31, 
April  1, 
Oct.  29, 
April  9, 
July  24, 
Aug.  29. 
Jan.  2m. 
May  2s. 
Mar.  1 . 
Mar.  8, 
Dec.  22, 


Dec.  10, 
Aug.  7. 
Oct.  30, 
Sept.2:i. 
Aug.  22. 
Feb.     1 . 


Md... 

Md... 
Vt.  .. 
Conn. 
Vt.  . . 
N.  Y. 
Conn, 
Mich. 
Va.  .. 
N.  J.. 

N,  y. 

Mass. 
Ga... 
N.  J.. 
Ala.. 
Md... 
Me... 
Va.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
Mass. 
111.  .. 
Wars 
Pa.  .. 
Va.  . 
III.  .. 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Me... 
Ind.  . 
Ga.  .. 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 
Conn. 
Me... 
Pa.  . 
N.  C. 
S.  C. . 
Mass. 
Del.  . 
Ger'y 


Stkl« 
Repro- 
Bented. 


18161 
iH29 

1k;j5 

181.'i 

1828; 
1813 
IK23 

IXIl.T 
1SI« 
1MI14 

i.^:i.i 

1799 
1824 
1823 
1813 
18,33 
18-19 
1840 
1827 
1821 


Nov.  16. 
April  8, 
Feb.  -28, 
Oct.  II, 
Feb.  1 , 
July  1. 
Aug.  15. 
June  1. 
Sept.  5. 
Aug.  4. 
,Iune  18, 
Dec,  10, 
Feb.  R, 
Mar.  12, 
Feb.  25, 
Sept.  8, 
Aug.  27, 
Sept.21, 
Nov.  30, 
Feb.  24, 
Dec.  29, 
Sept.  9, 


Feb.  IB, 
Mar.  1 , 
Feb.  9, 


Sept.  15. 
June  22. 
April  14, 
May  3, 
Aug.  4, 
April  26, 
July  25, 
Aug.  8, 
Feb.  19, 
Oct.  26, 
Sept.    «, 

Aug.' '  3, 
Sept.  25, 
Dec.  12, 
Mar.    2, 


1823 
1822 
1842 
1816 
1828 
1819 
1823 
1827 
1805 
1817 
1806 
1809 
1832 
1818 
1809 
1820 
1809 
1833 
1831 
1816 
1833 
1818 
1830 
1819 
1818 
1826 
1817 
1830 
1835 
1810 
1813 
1823 
1830 
1824 
1830 
1835 
1813 
1815 
1826 
1823 
1817 
1822 
1829 


Miss.. 

Iowa. 

.Miss. 

R.  I.. 

Del 

Mo. 

W.  Va 

Tcnn. 

Mass. 

I'l.iin 

Kun. 

Pa.  . 

Wis . 

Cal.   . 

Mich . 

Ark.. 

N.  Y-. 

Fla... 

Tenn. 

N.  H. 

Kan.. 

W,  V  a 

Md.    . 

Ark.. 

Conn. 


Vt. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Mich. 
Texas 
N.  J.. 
Fla.  . 
Ala.  . 
Ga.  .. 
Cal.  . 
Texas 
Md.  . . 
Me.  . . 
Kan.. 
Neb . . 
Wis . . 
Kan,. 
Va.  . . 
Nev.. 
Ore.  . 
Va.  .. 
III.  .. 
Ky.  .. 
N.  C. 
Ore.  . 
Vt. .  . . 
Me,.  . 
Ind.  . 
Ga.  .. 
III.  .. 
S.  C. . 
Miss. 
Ind.  . 
Minn. 
N.  O. 
S.  C. 
Cal.  . 
Del 
Mo. 


Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Soldier.... 

Joui-nalist 

Lawyer.. 

Varied.... 

Jurist 

Varied.... 

Varied 

Varied 

Varied 

Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Merchant. 
Varied, . . . 
Lawyer.  . 
Physician. 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Varied.. . . 
R  R.  Offi'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Varied. . . , 
Lawyer.. . 
Merchant. 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
La^vyer. . . 

Varied 

Jurist 

Miner 

Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

La\vyer 
Varied. 
Varied 
Varied 
Law.ver. .. 
Unlinown. 
Varied. . . . 
Agricul'st. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Ijournalist 


Sept.  2,  1884 
Sept.'26,'  1877 


April  29, 1877 
Feb,' '  '5,  'l'8'75 


Feb.  24,  1881 
June  14,  1883 
Nov,    1,  1879 


Mar.  25, 18S3 


SENATORS. 


Scott.  John R 

Sherman,  John R 

Spencer,  George  E R 

Sprague,  William R 

Stevenson.  John  W.  ..D 
Stewart,  William  M.  .R 

Stockton.  John  P D 

Sumner.  Charles R 

Thurman,  Allen  G...D 
Tiltton,  Thomas  W...R 
■^adleigh,  Bainb'ge.R 
Washburn,  Wm.  B...R 

West,  J.  Rodman R 

Windohi,  William. ...R 
Wright,  George  G. . .  .R 


Pa.  ., 

Ohio. 
N,  Y. 
R  I.. 
Va.  . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Mass. 
Va.  .. 
Ohio. 
N.  H. 
Mass. 
Lou. . 
Ohio. 
Ind.  . 


July  14, 
May  in, 
Nov.  I , 
Sept.  12. 
M.iy  4, 
Aug.  9, 
Aug  2, 
Jan.  6, 
Nov.  13, 
Aug.  5. 
Jan.  4, 
Jan.  31, 
Sept  19, 
May  10, 
Mar.  24, 


1824 
1823 
18.36 
IS.30 
181 


Pa... 
Ohio 
-Ma. . 
R.  I. 
Ky.. 


1827;  Nev 
1826  N.  J.. 
1811  Mass. 
1813lOhio. 
1817  Neb.. 
1831IN.  H. 
lS2"iMass. 
lS-22'Lou.. 
1827lMinn. 
1820ilowa. 


Oceupulon 


Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied. .. . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer.. . 
Jurist 


Mar-  II,  1874 


Total  Senators,  79.  Lawyers,  30.  Varied.  24.  Jurists,  S.  Merchants,  G. 
Agriculturists.  3.  Journalists.  2.  Occupation  Unknown,  S.  Soldier.  1. 
Physician,  1.  Railroad  Officer,  1.  Miner,  1 .  Manufacturer,!.  Foreign 
Born.  3:    Including  Ireland,  1;  Germany,!.  Wales,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Adams,  George  M . .  .D 

Albert.  William  J R 

Albright.  Charles R 

Archer.  Stevenson.  ..D 
Armstong.  Moses  K..D 
Arthur.  William  E....P 

Ashe.  Thomas  S D 

Atkins.  John  D.  C D 

Averill,  JohnT R 

Banning,  Henry  B...R 

Barber,  J.  Allen R 

Barnum,  William  H.  .D 
Barrere,  Granville.  ..R 

Barry,  Henry  W R 

Bass,  Lyman  K R 

Beck,  James  B P 

Begole,  Josiah  W R 

BelLHirsira  P D 

Berry,  John D 

Biery,  James  S R 

Blaine,  James  G R 

Bland,  Richard  P D 

Blount,  James  H D 

Bowen,  Rees  T D 

Bradley,  Nathan  B,..R 

Bright,  John  M P 

Bromberg.  Fred.  G.  ..D 

Brown.  John  Y D 

Buckner,  .Aylett  H.. .  .D 

Euffinton.  James R 

Bundv,  Hezekiah  S. .  -R 
Burchard,  Hor.itio  C.R 

Burieigh,  JohnH R 

Burrows.  Julius  C R 

Butler,  Benjamin  F..  .R 
Butler,  Rodi'rick  R. .  .R 

Cain,  Richard  H R 

Caldwell,  John  H..    ..D 


When  B«ni. 


State 


Ky... 
Md... 
Pa.  .. 
Md... 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 
Tenn. 
Me. . . 
Ohio. 
Vt.  . . 
Conn. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Scot.. 
N.  Y 
Ga. .. 
Ohio. 
Pa..  . 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Ga... 
Va. . . 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Kv. . . 
Va.  . 
Mass 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
Pa. 
N.  H. 
Va.  .. 
Va... 
Ala.  . 


Dec.  20, 
Aug.  4. 
Pec.  13, 
Feb.  28, 
Sept.  19, 
Mar.    3, 

June  4, 
Mar.  I . 
Nov.  10, 


Sept.  17, 


Nov.  13. 
Feb.  13, 
Jan.  20, 
Jan.  27. 
April  26, 
Mar.  2, 
Jan.  31, 
Aug.  19. 
Sept.  12, 
Jan.  10. 
May  -28, 
Jan.  20, 
June  19. 
June  28, 
iDec.  14. 
Mar.  10. 
Aug.  15. 
Sept.  22, 
Oct.  9. 
Jan.  9. 
Nov,  .5. 
April  8, 
April  12, 


1837  Ky... 

1816  Md... 

1830  Pa. .. 
1827  Md... 
1832D,  T. 
1825  Ky... 

N.  C. 

1825'Tenn. 
1825lMinn. 
1834, Ohio. 

Wis.. 

1818  Conn. 

1831  HI.  .. 
iMiss.. 

1836  N.  Y. 
1822  Ky... 
1815  Mich. 
1827  Ga... 
1833  Ohio. 
1839  Pa.  .. 

1830  Me... 
1835  Mo  . . 

1837  Ga... 
1809  Va.  .. 

1831  Mich. 

1817  Tenn. 
1837  Ala.  . 
1835  Ky... 
1817  Mo  .. 

1817  Mass. 
181 7,  Ohio. 
1825  III.  .. 
1822  Me... 
1837  Mich. 

1818  Mass. 
1827  Tenn. 
1825  S.  C. 

lAIa.  . 


Ocmpatiot 


Wbeo  Diei 


Lawyer... 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
.Agricul'st. 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 
Manufac'r 
La\vyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Educator. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied 

1  Varied 

Varied 

'Lawyer.  .- 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

(Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 


June    7, 1875 


Mar.    7,  1875 
Dec."5,'lS77 


i 


Cannon,  George  Q.. . , — 

Cannon.  Joseph  G R 

Carpenter,  LewisC, .  .R 

Cason,  Thoiiia?;  J R 

Caulfield.  Bernard  G.D 

Cessna,  John R 

Chaffee.  Jerome  B R 

Chipinan.  Norton  P...R 
Chittenden.  Sim.  B...R 

Clarke.  Freeman R 

Clark,  Amos R 

Clark.  JohnB D 

Clayton.  Charles R 

Clements,  Isaac R 

Clvmer,  Hiester D 

Cobb,  Clinton  L R 

Cobb,  Stephen  A R 

Coburn,  John R 

Comingo.  Abrain D 

Conger,  Omar  D R 

Cook.  Philip D 

Corwin,  Franklin R 

Cotton.  Aylett  R R 

Cox.  Samuel  S D 

Creamer.  Thomas  J. . .  D 
Crittenden,  Thos.  T..  .D 

Crocker.  Alvah R 

Crooke,  Philips R 

Crossland,  Edward... D 

Crounse.  Lorenzo R 

Crutchfleld,  William.R 

Curtis,  Carlton  B R 

Dauf ord.  Lorenzo R 

Darrall.  Chester  B R 

Davis,  Alexander  SI..D 

Davis,  John  J D 

Dawes,  Henrv  L R 

DeWitt.  David  M D 

Dobbins,  Samuel  A..  ,R 
Donnan,  William  G.  .R 

Duell,  R.  Holland R 

Dunnell.Mark  H R 

Durham,  Milton  J D 

Eames,  Beniamin  T..R 

Eden.  John  R D 

Eldridge,  Charles  A.. D 
Elkins,  Stephen  B....R 

Elliott.  Robert  B R 

Fanvell.  CharlesB,..R 

Field,  Moses  W R 

Fink,  William  E D 

Fort,  Green  bury  L.  ,.R 

Foster.  Charles R 

Freeman,  James  C R 

Frj-e,  William  P R 

Oarfield,  James  A, .  .R 
Giddings,  DeWitt  C.  .D 

Glover.  John  M D 

Gooch,  Daniel   W R 

Gunckel,  Lewis  B R 

Gunter,  Thomas  M...D 

Hagans,  John  M R 

Hiiley.  John D 

Hale,  Eucrene R 

Hale,  Robert  S R 

Hamilton,  Robert D 

Hancock,  John D 

Harmer,  Alfred  C R 

Hanis,  Benjamin  W.R 

Hcvrris,  Henry  R D 

Harris.  John  T D 

Harrison,  Horace  H..R 
Hatcher,  Robert  A . .  .  D 
Hathorn.  Henry  H...R 
Havens,  Hurrinon  E.  .R 

Hawley.John  B R 

Hawlev.  Joseph  R R 

Hays.  Charles R 

Hazelton,  Gerry  W...R 
Hazelton.  JohnW....R 
Hendee.  George  W. , .  It 

Hereford,  Frank D 

Herndon,  William  S..D 
Hersev.  Samuel  F.,,,R 
Hoar,  E.  Rockford.. .  .R 

Hoar.  George  F It 

Hodgei^,  Asa K 

Holman,  William  S...D 

Hooper,  Samuel R 

Hoskins.  (jeorgo  G.,.R 
Houghton,  Sherm.  O.R 

Howe.  Albert  R R 

ir.ibl..-il.  Jay  A R 

Huni.r.  M<.rtoiiC.  ,..R 

Hunt. .11,  Kpp.i ]) 

Hiiillnit.  Stephen  A.. R 

Hyde.  Ira  B R 

Hynes,  William  J....  R 
•lewett,  Hugh  J...       I) 

KiiH-oii.  Jnl.n    A R 

Krll.v,  Uilliani  I),...R 
K.-Motru'.  St.i.lien  W..R 
K»-iidall.ChjirU-H  W..D 
KUllriger.  John  VV....U 

Knapp,  liobr-rt  M I) 

I.#amar,  Luclm  Q.  C. .  I) 


Eng'd 
N.  C- 
Conn. 
Ind.  . 
Va.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
N  Y. 
Ohio. 
Conn 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Mo... 
Eng'd 
Ind.  . 
Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 
Me... 
Ind.  . 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Ire'd. 
Ky... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 

N.  y. 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Pa..  . 


W.Va 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
N.J.. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
Ky... 
Mass. 
Ky... 
vt. .. 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
X.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Ga. . . 
Me... 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Me... 
Ohio. 
Tenn. 
Va.  .. 
Tenn. 
Me... 
Vt.  .. 
N.  J.. 
Ala.  . 
Pa... 
Mass. 
iOa.. 
Va... 
Tenn. 
Va.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
S.  C. 
.\la.. 
N.  H. 
N.  J.. 
Vt.... 
Va... 
tSa... 
Me... 
Mass. 
Mass. 


Jan. 
May  7. 
Feb.  20, 
Sept.  13. 
Oct.  18, 
June  29, 
.\prill7. 
Mar.  7, 
Mar.  29, 
Mar.  22, 
tiov.  8, 
Jan.  U, 


Mar.  31. 
Nov.  3, 
Aug.  25, 
June  17, 
Oct.  27, 
Jan.     9, 

July  si,' 
Jan.  12, 
Nov.  29, 
Sept.  30, 
May  26, 
Jan.  2, 
Oct.  14, 
Mar.  2, 
June  30, 
Jan.  27, 
Nov.  IB, 
Dec.  17, 
Oct.  18, 
June  24, 


IS27 

1836 

1828 

1828 

1821 

1825 

1834 

18J4 

18159 

1827 

1831 

1825 

1837 

1827 

1842 

1833 

1825 

1820 

1818 

1817, 

1818 

1826 

1824 

1843 

1834 

1801 

1810 

1827: 

1834 

1826 

181 

1829 

1842 


Utah. 
III..  . 
S.  C. 
Ind.  . 
111.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Col... 
D.  C. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Mo... 
Cal. 
III.... 
Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 
Kan.. 
Ind.  . 
Mo... 
Mich. 
Ga.  .. 
III.  .. 
Iowa. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Mo.  . . 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Neb.. 
Tenn. 
;Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Lou. . 


May  1, 
Oct.  30, 
Nov.  25, 
April  14, 
June  30, 
Dec.  20, 
July  2, 
.May  16, 
June  4, 
Feb.  1, 
Feb.  27, 
Sept.  28, 
■\ug.  11, 
July  1, 
Feb.  10, 
Sept.  1, 
Oct.  17. 
.\pril  12, 
April  1, 
Sept.  2, 
Nov.  19. 
July  18, 
Sept.  4, 
.Ian.  8, 
Oct.  15, 
Sept.  IS, 
.\ug.  13. 
Aug.  29, 
June  9, 
Sept.  24, 
Dec.  5, 
Oct.  29, 
.4ug.  8, 
Nov.  10, 
Feb.  2, 
May  8, 
Aug.  7, 
Feb.  24, 
Nov.  28, 
Dec.  15, 
Feb.  9, 
Oct.  31, 
Feb.  2, 
Feb.  24, 

Nov/ 30, 
July  4. 
Nov.  27, 
April  12, 
Feb.  21, 
Aug.  29, 
Jan.  22, 
Sept.  6, 
Feb.  8. 
Dec.  24, 
April  10, 
Jan.  2, 
Sept.  15, 
Feb.  5, 
j.Sept.  23, 
S.  O.  Nov,  29, 
N.  Y.  J.an.  18, 
Ire'd.  Mar.  31, 

Mil...  I 

Vt...|Jan.  11, 
Pa... 'a  prill  2, 
M:WH.  '.\prll  .5. 
Mo...  April 22, 

Sept.  !8, 

Ill....i......    .. 

Oa.  ..'Sept.  17, 


Inil.  , 
Mass , 
N.  Y 
N.  Y. 
Mass, 
Mich, 
Ind.  , 
Va. 


1835 

1816 

183' 

1814 

1834 

1824 

1823 

1824 

1818 

18261 

18211 

1841 

1842 

1823 

1828 

1822 

1825 

1828 

1820 

1831 

1831 

1827 

1824 

1820 

1826 

1826 

1838 

1835 

1S36 

IS: 

1816 
1824 
1825 
1823 
1828 
1825 
1829 
1819 
1813 
1837 
1831 
1826 
1834 
1829 

i'832 

1825 

1837 

1812 

1816 

1826 

1823 

1822 

1808 

1824 

1828 

1840 

1829 

1825 

1823 

181 

1838 

1843 


1822 
1814 
1822 
1828 
1825 

V82.5 


W.Va 

Mass. 
)N.  Y. 

N.  J.. 

Iowa. 

N.  Y 

Minn 

Ky... 

R.  I.. 

III.  .. 

Wis. . 

N.  M. 

S.  C. 

III.  .. 

Mich. 

Ohio. 

III.  .. 

Ohio. 

Ga... 

Me... 

Ohio. 

Texas 

Mo... 

Mass. 

Ohio. 

Ark.  . 
iWVa 

I.iaho 

Me . . . 

N.  y. 

N.  J.. 

Texas 

Pa... 

Mass. 

Ga... 

Va... 

Tenn. 

Mo... 

N.  Y. 

Mo... 

III.... 

Conn. 

Ala.  . 

Wis . . 

N.  J.. 

Vt.  .. 

W.  Va 

Texas 

Me.  .. 

Mass . 

Mass. 

Ark. 

Ind. 

Mass 

N.  Y 

Cal... 

Miss.. 

Mich. 

Ind.  . 

Va. .. 

III..,. 

Mo... 

Ark.. 

Ohio. 

Iowa. 

Pa  .  . 

Conn. 

Nev.. 

Pa.  . , 

III.... 

MI...S. 


Journalist 
Lawyer.. . 
Journalist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Banker. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer  . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer.. . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
La^vyer. . . 

Varied 

Merchant. 
La^vyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Jurist 

.Agricul'st. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . , 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st, 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
La  wyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied.... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.  . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied. . . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer... 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

IJurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Merchant. 
Varied. ... 
Lawyer. . , 
Agricul'st. 
Vai'icd..,. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 
Varied  ... 


Deo.  26,  1874 


Sept.  19, 1881 


I88I 

Feb."3,'isir, 


Feb,   14,  1875 


Mar.  28,  1882 


Lamison,  Charles  N..  .D 
Lamport  William  H..R 
Lansing,  William  E..R 
Lawrence.  William. ..R 

Lawson,  John  D R 

Leach,  James  M D 

Lewis,  Barbour R 

Lotland,  James  R R 

Loughridge,  Wm R 

Lowe,  David  P R 

Lowndes,  Lloyd R 

Luttrell,  John  K D 

Lynch.  John  R R 

McCormick.  Rich.  C— 
McC'r.ary.  George  W.  R 
McDill,  Alexander  S..R 

McDiU,  James  W R 

McDougall,  Clinton  D.R 
McFadden,  Obad.  B..  .D 
MeJunkin,  Kbenezer..R 

McKee,  George  C R 

McLean,  William  P. .  .D 

McNulta.  John R 

Magee,  Jolin.ji D 

Maginnis,  Martin D 

Marshall.  Samuel  S. .  .D 

M.irtin.  James  S R 

aiaynard,  Horace R 

Melli.sh,  David  B R 

Merriam.  Clinton  L.  .R 
Millikin.  Charles  W.  .D 

Mills,  Roger  <J D 

Jlitchell,  Alexander.  .D 

Monroe,  James R 

Moore.  William  S R 

Morey,  Frank R 

Moriison,  William  R.D 

.Myers,  Leonard R 

Neal,  Lawrence  T D 

Negley,  James  S R 

Nesmith,  James  W...D 
Niblack,  William  E..D 

Niles,  Jason R 

Nunn,  David  A R 

O'Brien,  William  J. .  D 

O'Neill,  Chai-les R 

Orr.  Jackson R 

Orth.  GodloveS R 

Packard,  Jasper R 

Packer,  John  B R 

Page  Horace  F R 

Parker,  Hosea  W D 

Parker,  Isaac  C R 

Parsons,  Richard  C...R 

Pelham,  Charles R 

Pendleton,  James  M.  .R 

Perry.  Eli  D 

Phelps,  William  W...D 
Phillips,  William  A..R 

Piei-ce,  Henry  L R 

Pike,  Austin  F R 

Piatt,  James  H R 

Piatt.  Thomas  C R 

Poland,  LukeP R 

Potter,  Clarkson  N.,.D 

Pratt,  Henry  O R 

Purman,  William  J..R 
Kainey,  Joseph  H....R 

Randall,  Samuel  J D 

Raiisier,  .\lon20  J....R 

Rapier.  James  T R 

Rawls.  Slorgan D 

Ray,  William  H R 

Read,  Willi,am  B D 

Rice,  John  B R 

Richmond,  Hii-am  L.  .R 
Rohhins.  William  M..D 

Roberts,  Ellis  H R 

Roberts.  William  K..  .D 
Robinson,  James  C. .  .D 
Robinson,  James  W.  .R 

Ross,  Sobieski R 

Rusk.  Jeremiiih  M R 

St.  John,  Charles R 

Sawyer,   Philet^is R 

Sayler,  Henry  B R 

Savler,  Milton I> 

Sciiell,  Richard D 

Schuinak.'r.  ,I(ihn  G,  .D 
H.-i.n.l.l,    Cliiiiii  W...R 

Si'il.ldi  1.  Il.Tirv  J R 

Si-u.l.liT,  Isaac  W R 

Sener,  James  B R 

Sessions,  Walter  L. .  .R 
Shanks.  John  P.  C....R 

Sheats,  Chai-lesC R 

Sheldon,  Lionel  A.... R 
Sheridan.  George  A.  .■  - 
Sherwood,  Isaac  R — R 
Shoemaker,  Laz.  D...R 

Sloan,  Andrew R 

Sloss,  Joseph  II I) 

Small,  William  B R 

Smart,  James  S R 

Smith,  A.  Herr R 

Sinilh,  J.  Aiiihhr R 


Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

N.  C. 

Vt.  .. 

Del... 

Ohio . 

N.  Y. 

W.Va 
ITenn. 

Lou.. 
IN.  Y. 

Ind.  . 

Pa.  .. 

Ohio. 

Scot  . 

Pa.  .. 

Pa.  .. 

III.  .. 

Miss.. 

N.  Y. 

Pa.  .. 

N.  Y. 

III.  .. 

Va.  , 

Mass. 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

Ky... 


Scot.. 
Conn. 
Pa.  .. 
M.ass. 
III.  .. 
Pa... 
Va.  .. 
Pa.  ,. 
Me... 
Ind.  . 

Tenn" 
iMd... 
'Pa... 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
IPa... 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
N.  C. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
,Mich. 
Scot.. 
I  Mass . 
N.  H 
Can.. 
N.  Y 
Vt.  . 
N.  Y 
Me.. 
Pa.  . 
S.  C. 
Pa.. 
S.  C. 
Ala. 


May  27 


June  26, 
Feb.  18, 


18'2e  Ohio. 
ISlllN.  Y. 
1822;N.  y. 


Nov.  2, 
July  11, 
Aug.  22, 
Feb.  21, 
June  27, 
Sept.  10, 

Aug.  29, 
Mar.  18, 
Mar.  4, 
June  14, 


Mar.  28, 
Oct.  2, 
Aug.  9, 
Nov.  9, 
Oct.  14, 
Oct.  27, 
Mar.  18, 
Aug.  19, 
Aug.  13, 
Jan.  2, 
Mar.  25, 
Aug.  15, 


1819 
1816 

i824 
1823 
1827 
1823 
1845 
1831 
1847 

,1832 
1835 
1822 
1834 
1839 

.1817 
1819 
18.37 
1836 
1837 
1827 
1840 


Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

N.  C. 

Tenn. 

Del... 

Iowa. 

Kan.. 

Md... 

Cal... 

Miss. . 

Ariz.. 

Iowa. 

Wis.. 

Iowa. 

N.  Y. 

W.  T. 

Pa.  .. 

Miss.. 

Texaa 

III.  .. 

Pa..  . 

M.  T. 
1821  III..,. 
1826  111.... 
1814  Tenn. 


1831 
1824 
1827 


Oct.  17, 
July  18, 
Nov.  18, 
July  II, 
Sept.  14, 
Nov.  13. 
Sept.  22, 
Dec.  22, 
July  23, 
May   19, 


1817 
1821 
182: 


N.  Y 
N.  Y 
Ky... 
Texas 
Wis.. 
Ohio. 
Pa 


Feb.  11, 
April  11, 
June  21, 
Oct,  10, 
Jan,  — , 


N.  y. 
Ky... 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Ire'd. 
III.  .. 
Ohio. 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Va.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Va.  .. 
Ala.  . 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Ga... 
Ma.  . 
Mo... 
Md... 
Pa... 


May  28, 
Mar.  21, 
Sept.  21, 
April  22, 
Feb.  1, 
Mar  21, 
Oct.  20, 
May  30, 
Oct.  15, 
Oct.  10, 
Mar.  12. 
Jan.  10, 
Deo.  25, 
June  1, 
Jan.  14, 
Aug.  23, 
Oct.  16, 
July  13, 
July  15, 
Nov.    1 , 


Dec.  14, 
Deo.  14. 


May  17, 

Sept.  30, 
Feb.     6, 

Nov. '28, 
May  16, 
June  17, 
)ct.  8, 
Sept.  22, 
.Mar.  31, 
Nov.  4, 
May  — , 
June  27, 
Mar.   11, 


May  18. 

June  17, 
April  111 
Aug.  -M). 
Feb.  22, 
Aug.  i:i. 
Nov.  5, 
June  10, 
Oct.    12, 

Juno  14. 
Mar.  7, 
Sept.  '23, 


1840;Lou.. 
1825:111.  .. 

1827  Pa.  .. 
1844  Ohio. 
1826, Pa.  .. 
1 820, Ore.  . 
1822  Ind.  . 

Miss.. 

18:15:  Tenn. 
1836, Md... 
182I'Pa.  .. 
1832  Iowa. 

1817  Ind.   . 

1832  Ind.  . 

1824  Pa. .. 

1833  Cal. . . 
1833  N.  H. 
1838  Mo... 
1826  Ohio. 

1835  Ala.. 
1822  R.  I.. 
1802  N.  Y. 
1826  Minn. 
18-26  Kan.. 

1825  Mass. 

1819  N.  H. 

1837  Va... 

1833  N.  y. 
1815  Vt.  .. 

1825  N.  Y. 

1838  Iowa. 
1840  Fla... 
1832  S.  C. 

1828  Pa. .. 

1834  S.  C. 
1840,  Ala.  . 

|Ga... 

1812  IlL.  . 

1820  Ky... 
1809  III.... 
1810, Pa.  .. 

In.  c. 

1827|N.  Y. 
1830, N.  Y. 
I822III1.  .. 

1826  Ohio. 
18-28  Pa.  .. 
183(5  Wis.. 

1818  N.  Y. 
1816,  Wis.. 

1836  Ohio. 
lS3l;Ohio. 
1810, N.  Y. 
1826, N.  y. 
1817;Pa..  . 

1825  N.  Y. 

1818  N.  J.. 
1837,  Va... 

In.  y. 

1826  Ind.  . 
1,8:19  Ala.. 
18:il  I.ou.. 
1840  I..,u.. 

IH:i5  Ohio. 

1819  Pa.  .. 
1845  Ga... 
1826  Ala... 

N.  H. 

1842  N  y. 
1815  Pa.  .. 
1.847  Va. .. 


Lawyer. . , 

Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . , 

Jurist 

Merchant. 

Lawyer... 
Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. , . 
Varied.... 

Varied.... 

Lawyer. . . 

Physician. 
Jurist 

Nov.  12,  1875 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 

June  25.  1875 

Varied. . . . 

Journalist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 

May     3.  1882 
May  23, 1874 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Journalist 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Soldier.... 

Unknown. 

Jurist 

Unknown. 

I^awyer... 
Lawyer.. . 

Lawyer,.. 

1882 

Lawyer. . . 
Stage  O'r. 

Varied.... 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Varied.... 

Merchant. 
Varied 

1873 

Manufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician. 
Varied.... 

Varied 

Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 
Mechanic. 
Merchant. 

Clerk 

Agricul'st. 
Unknown. 
Varied 

Actor 

Varied 

Dec.  16,  1874 

Journalist 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Unknown, 

Varied 

Luniber'n. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Jurist 

Oct."  25,'iff77 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Varied..,. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Unknown. 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalitit 

Apriry.'lOTS 

Lawyer.., 

:^ 


K 


FOKTY-TUIKD    AND    I-UKTY-KOUHTJl    CONUKESSliS,    AND    I^KAUIKU    KVKNTS    OF    TIIK    'IIMK. 


>21 


Smith,  H.  Bourdiiiun.R 

Smith,  John  y H 

Smith,  (iforge  L R 

Smith,  WiiliamA..   .  K 

Snyder.  Oliver  P R 

Southai-d,  Miltim  1...D 

Specr,  R,  Milton 1) 

SpniKiii-.  Willl;iin  P.  .R 
Stuniinl,  I'jiwni  O....R 
Standilonl,  KIKliii  D.D 
Starlt«.-,.thcr  li.  H...R 

Steele,  William  R D 

Stephens,  Alex.  II.... D 
Stevens.  Charles  A — R 

Stone,  William  H D 

Storm,  John  B D 

Stowell,  Wm.  H.  H...R 

Strait,  Horace  B R 

Strawbl-idge,  Jas,  D..R 

Swann,  Thomas D 

Svpher.  J.  Hale R 

Tayloi-,  Alex.  W  ....R 
Thomas,  Charles  R..  .R 

Thomas,  Chris.  Y R 

Thompson.  John  M. .  .R 

Thorn  1)11  i(,-h,  J.  M R 

T.uhl,  Lemuel R 

ToM'nseild,  Wash'ton.R 

Treinain.  Lyman R 

Tviier,  James  N R 

Vanee,  Robert  B D 

Waddell,  Alfred  M..D 

Waldron.  Henry R 

Wallaee,  Alex.  S R 

Walls,  JosiahT R 

Ward.JasperP R 


vt.  . 
Ohio, 
N.  H. 
N.  C. 
Mo.., 
Ohio, 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
N.  H. 
Ky... 
Conn 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 

n.'y! 

Pa.  ., 

Vt.  ., 

Pa.  ., 

Pa.  .. 

Va.., 

Pa.  .. 

Pa.  .. 

N.  C. 

Va.  .. 

Pa.  .. 
jTenn, 
I  Pa... 
'Pa.  ., 
'N.  Y- 

Ind.  . 

N.  C. 
IN.  C. 

N.  Y. 

S.  C. 

Va . . . 
iN.  Y. 


AnK.  18, 
Nov.  5, 
Dec.  11, 
Jan.  », 
Nov.  13, 

Sept."  8,' 
May  21, 
Jan.  .5, 
Doc.  28, 
April  21), 
July  24, 
Feb.  11, 

Nov,'  7,' 
Sept.  19, 
July  2«, 
Jan.  26, 


July  22, 
Mar.  22, 
Feb.  7 
Mar.  24, 
Jan.  4, 
July  3, 
July  29, 

June  14. 
Jan.  17, 
April  24, 
Sept.  l(j, 
Oct.  II, 
Dec.  3il, 
Dee.  3U, 


182li 
1824 
184(1 
182H 
1833 

1838 
1827 
1832 
1831 
I82(" 

184; 


N.  Y. 
lUlio. 
Lou , . 
N.  C. 
Ark.. 
Ohio. 
Pa,  .. 
Ohio. 
Mo... 
Ky,., 
Conn, 
Wy.T 

1812  Ga. . . 

Mass. 

1828  Mo... 
1838  Pa..  . 
1840  Va. . . 
J83.5  Minn. 
1824  Pa.  .. 
180G  Md... 
1837  Lou. . 
Wl.'!  Pa.  .. 

1827  N.   C. 

1818  Va... 
1830  Pa. . . 
1837  Tenn. 
1817  Pa..  . 

1813  Pa. .. 
1819, N.  Y. 
182(!:Ind.  . 

1828  N.  C. 
1834  N.  C. 

1819  Mich. 
1810  s.  C. 
1842  Va.  .. 
1829,111.... 


Lawyer, 
Airrlcul'st. 
Varied.. 
R.  li.om'r 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. , 
Merchant, 
Varied..., 

Varied 

Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. . . 
I'liknown. 
Monufae'r 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 
Valied.... 
Pliysician. 

Varied 

Lawyer. ., 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer, . . 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Api'icul'st. 

Varied 

Cnknown. 
At'rjcul'st, 
.A^ri  icul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 


Jan.  28,  1878 
iiai-.' '  4,'  1883 


July  24,  1883 


Nov.  30,  1878 


REPRESENTATIVES.      VwV'      wi.™i>on..       ii.t..-     o«..pui<,n        wi.™di«i. 

'  -•B(*<1. 


■! 


Ward,  SlarciiM  L It 

Wells,  Eraslus D 

Wheeler,  William  A.. U 

Whlt^.'.  Alcxaiuler R 

Whitehead.  Thos D 

Whitehou>e.  John()..D 
Whitelev,  Richard  H.H 
Whitthoni.Wush.C.D 

Wlll.ir.  Iiavid R 

Wlllard,  Charles  W..K 

Willard,  George B 

Williams,  Chai-les  O.R 
Williams,  John  M.  8.  .R 
Williams,  William  B.R 
Williams,  William.. .11 

Wilie,  Asa  H D 

Wilshire,  Wm.  W R 

Wilson,  Ephralm  K..D 

Wilson,  James R 

Wilson.  Jei'emiah  M..R 

Wolfe,  Simeon  K D 

Wood,  Fernando D 

Woodfonl,  Stewart  L.R 
Woodworth,  Laurin..R 

Yount'.John  D D 

Young.  Pierce  M.  B..  .D 


IN.  J. . 
N.  Y. 
'n.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Va.  . . 
N.  H. 
Ire'd. 
Tenn, 
jN.  Y. 
:Vt.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
!n.  Y. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
[ua... 
111.  .. 
Md,.. 
Scot., 
Ohio. 
Ind.  . 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
S.  C. 


Nov.  9, 
Dec.  2, 
June  311, 
Oct.  I«, 
Dec.  27. 
July  19, 
Dec.  22, 
April  19, 
,Ocl.  .'.. 
June  18. 
Mar.  20, 
Oct.  18. 
Auk.  14, 
July  28, 
May  II, 
Oct.  II, 
Sept.  8, 
Dec.  22. 
Auir.  1«, 
Nov.  2.'>, 
Feb.  14, 
June  14, 
Sept.  3, 
Sept.  10, 
Sept.  22, 


1812  N.  J.. 

1823  Mo... 
1819  S,  Y. 

1816  Ala.  . 
1825  Va... 

1817  N.  Y. 
1830  Ga... 
182.'>  Tenn. 
1H20  N.  Y. 
1«27  Vt.  .. 
1K24  Mich. 
182!)  Wis.. 

1818  Ma.>.8. 
182(1  Mich. 
1821  Ind.  . 
1829  Texas 
WiO  Ark.. 
1821  Md... 
183.';  Iowa. 
1828  Ind.  . 

1824  Ind.. 
1812  X.  Y. 

IKM.'!  N.   Y. 

ia37  Ohio. 
1823  Kv... 
1838  Ga.  .. 


ManufacV 
Varied... - 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Merchant. 
Manufac'r 
Ijiwyer... 
Voiled.... 

Varied 

Varied... 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Law.ver.   . 

Lawyer 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Aifrlcul'st. 

Juiist 

Law.ver. . . 
.Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
r,.awyer. . . 

Varied 

Soldier  — 


Feb.  13,1881 


Total  Representotives,  318.  Lawyers,  149.  Varied,  88.  Jurists,  S4. 
Agriculturists,  15.  Merchants,  14.  OccupationUnknown.il.  Journal- 
ists, 9.  Manufacturers,  6.  Bankers,  8.  Physicians,  3.  Educators,  Z. 
Soldiers,  2.  Stage  Owner,  1.  Actor.  1.  Mechanic.  1.  Lumberman,  1. 
Railroad  OfHccr.  1.  Clerk,  1.  Foreign  Bom,  12  :  Including  Scotland,  .5  ; 
Ireland,  4;    England,  2  ;    Canada,!. 


Forty-fourth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1875  to  1877. 


1875— Donaldson  and  Grim«ood's  fatal  liJil 
loon  ascension  from  Chicago,  July  15. 

1875— Failure  of  the  Bank  of  California,  at 
San  Francisco,  and  death  of  President 
Ralston.  Aug.  26,  27. 

1875— First  fast-mail  train  ran  between  New 
York  and  Chicago,  in  less  than  26 
hours,  Sept.  16,  17. 

1875— Virginia  City.  Xev..  nearly  destroyed 
hy  fire  ;  losses  34,000,000,  Oct.  26. 

1875— Nearly  200  lives  lost  by  the  wrecking 
of  the  steamship  "  Pacific  "  on  the  Cali- 
fornia coawt,  Nov.  4. 

1876— A  Northampton,  Mass.,  bank  robbed  by 
masked  men  of  8750,000.  Jan.  25. 

1876— The  United  States  and  Europe  visited 
by  storms  of  unprecedented  severity, 
with  immense  losses  of  property,  Mar. 
19-25. 

1876— The  country  startled  by  the  report  that 
Secretary  of  War  Belknap  had  been 
guilty  of  gross  corruption  in  relation 
to  post-traderships  on  the  We?; tern 
frontier,  for  which  he  was  impeached, 
Mar.  3,  and  removed  from  office. 


I'lysaeA  S.  Or»iit,   ISth  PreBldent. 

VICE-PRESIDENT    (ACTING)— THOS.    W.   FERKY,    OF  MICH. 

Sec'y  of  State {  Hamilton  Fish,  of  N.  V. 

Sec'y  of  Treas {  Benj.  H.  Bristow,  of  Ky. 

(  Wm.  W.  Belknap,  of  Iowa. 

Seo'ys  uf  War J  Alphonso  Taft.  of  Ohio. 

(  J.  Don.  Cameron,  of  Pa. 

Sec'y  of  Navy {  Geo.  M.  Robeson,  of  N.  J. 

„     ,         -  T    .     ■  ^  Columbus  Delano,  of  Ohio. 

Sec'ys  of  Interior. ..  j  ^achariah  Chandler,  of  Mich. 

„     .         *        f.      .1        ( Marshall  Jewell,  of  Conn. 
Postmasters-Gen  1 . . .  j  j^^^^^^  j^  ^^^^^  ^f  ^^ j_ 

**»«     „      n^^'i  S  Edwards  Pierrepont.  of  N.  Y. 

Attorneys-Gen  1 j  Alphonso  Taf  t,  of  Ohio. 

Speakers  of  House  of  'y,  Michael  C.  Kerr,  of  Ind. 
Representatives.. .  }  Samuel  J.  Randall,  of  Pa. 


1M76  Tlu-  Lincoln  statue,  at  Wa-shington. 
D.  C.,  unveiled,  April  14. 

1876— Great  anti-Chinese  excitement  in  Cali- 
fornia, in  April. 

1876— Opening  of  the  PhiladelphiaCVntennial 
Exposition,  by  Prest.  Grant,  May  10. 

1876— St.    Johns,    Quebec,   Can.,    nearly    de- 

(*troyL-d    by  tire;    losses,    $17,(K)0.0r>0; 

June  18. 
1876— Castle  Garden,  N.  Y.,  destroyed  by  flre, 

July  9. 
187G— First  explosion  of  Hell   Gate,  in  New 

York  harbor,  Sept.  25. 

1876— The  Philadelphia  Centennial  Exposi- 
tion closed,  Nov.  10. 

1876— Burning  of  the  Brooklyn  (N.  Y.) 
Theater  destroyed  the  lives  of  300 
persons,  Dec.  5. 

1877— The  Electoral  Commission  declared 
President  Haves  elected,  by  a  vote  of 
8  to  7.  Jan.  29. 

1877 — John  D.  Lee.  the  Mormon  brigand, 
executed,  March  23. 


J3f  indicates  Democrat ; 


,  Republican. 


SENATORS. 

Where 
Bom. 

When  Born. 

state 
Repre- 
sented. 

Occupition. 

When  Died. 

Alcorn.  Jas.   L 

,R 

111.  .. 

Nov.  — .  1816  Miss..   Unknown. 

Allison,  Wm.  B 

R 

Ohio. 

Mar.    2.  1829  Iowa.  Lawyer.. . 

Anthony.  Henry  B... 

.R 

R.  I.. 

April  1.  1815  R.I. .   Journalist 

Sept.    2,  1884 

Bailey.  James  E 

— 

Tenn. 

Aup.  l.n.  1822  Tenn.  Lawyer... 

Dec.  29,  l**o 

Barnuni.  Will.  H 

.1) 

Conn. 

Sept.  17.  1818  Conn. 

Manufac'r 

Bayard.  Thos.  F 

1> 

Del... 

Oct.    2a,  1828' Del.. 

Lawyer, .  .^ 

Blaine.  .lames  Q 

R 

Pa.  .. 

Jan.  31,  1830, Me... 

.Ic.urnalist 

.1) 

Mo... 

April  9,  1813, Mo... 

Varied.... 

Sept.  20,  1877 

Booth.  Newton 

— 

Ind.  . 

Dec.  2a.  lS2,"iiCaI... 

\  alicd 

Boutwell.   Geo.  S 

K, 

Mass. 

Jan.  28,  1818lMass. 

Varied.... 

R 

Va... 

M.ir.     1.  184rMiss.. 

Burnside,  Amb.  E. .. 

,R 

Ind.  . 

Mav  23.  1S24'R,  I 

Sept.  13,  1881 

Cameron,  Angus 

. — 

N.  Y.  Julv     4,  1.-I2ii  Wis,. 

L^.wver... 

Cameron,  Simon 

.It 

Pa.  .. 

Mar.     N,  \7:ki  l';i,  ,. 

Viiri.d.... 

Cap^rton,  Allen  T. . 

.1) 

Va.  .. 

Nov.  21.  1810  W,Va 

Lawyer... 

July  26.  1876 

Chaffee,  Jerome  B. .. 

.K 

N.  Y. 

April  17.  lS25:Cal... 

Varied.... 

Christiancy,  Isaac  P 

K 

N.  Y. 

Mar.  12,  1812  Mich. 

Jurist 

Clayton.  Powell 

.R 

Pa... 

Aug.    7,  18.33lArk.. 

Varied.... 

Coekrell.  Francis  M 

.1) 

Mo... 

Oct.      1.  1834'Mo... 

Lawyer.. 

Conkliiig.  Roscoe.. 

.K 

N.  Y. 

Oct.    30,  1.829IN.  Y. 

Lawyer... 

t'onover.  Simon  B. . 

.K, 

N.  J.. 

Sept.  23,  1840  Fla... 

Physician. 

Cooper,  Henry 

11 

Tenn. 

Aug.  22.  1827  Tenn. 

Jurist 

Cratfin,  .\aron  H. . . 

R 

Vt.  .. 

Feb.     I,  1821;N.  H. 

Lawyer. . . 

Davis,  Henry  G 

I) 

Md... 

Nov.  IR.  1823  W.Va 

Varied... 

Dawes.  Henry  L 

.P 

Mass. 

Oct.  30,  1816iMass. 

Varied.... 

I>ennis.  Georpre  R. . . 

1) 

Md... 

.\pril  8,  1822  Md... 

\  aried 

norsev,  Stephen  W. 

K 

Vt.. . . 

Feb.  28.  1842  Ark. 

Varied... 

Eaton.  Wm.  W 

1) 

Conn. 

Oct.    11.  I81R  Conn. 'Lawyer... 

Edmunds.  Geo.  F. . . 

.li 

Vt.  .. 

Feb.     1,1828 

Vt,  .. 

Lawyer... 

SENATORS. 

Where 
Bora. 

When  Bora. 

Sute 
Repro- 
MDted, 

OecupMloa. 

When  Died. 

n 

Conn.lMar.  — ,  1812 

Conn. 

Varied... 

U 

Conn.  Aug.  15.  1823 

Conn. 

Lawyer. . . 

Nov.  21,  1875 

R 

Mich.ljune    1,  1827 

Mich , 

Merchant. 

Frelinghuvsen.  F.  T 

R 

N.  J..!Ang.    4.  1817 

N.  J.. 

Lawj-er. . . 

1) 

Mass.lDec.  10.  1801: 

Ala.  . 

Jurist 

Gordon.  John   E 

1) 

Ga...|Feb.    6,1832 

Ga. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Hamilton.  Morgan  C.R 

Ala...  Feb.  2.'i,  18(19 
Me.  . .  Ang.  27,  1809 

Texas 
Me... 

.Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 

Harvey.  James  M. . . 

.K 

Va...  Sept. 21,  1833 

Kan.. 

Varied 

Hereford,  Frank... 

1) 

Va...July    4,1825 

W.Va 

Lawyer, . . 

Hitchcock.  Phin.  W 

R 

N.  Y.  Nov.  30,  1831 

Neb.. 

Lawyer... 

Howe.  Timothy  0.. 

R 

Me..., Feb.  24.  1816 

Wis.. 

Lawyei*. , . 

Mar.  25, 1883 

K. 

Mass. 

Dec.  2!),  18;!3  Kan. . 

Varied.... 

Johnson,    Andrew. 

.R 

N.  C 

Dec.  29.  1808  Tenn. 

Mechanic. 

July  31,  1875 

Johnston,  John  W.. 
Jones,  Charles  W,.. 

Jones,  John  P 

Kelly,  James  K.... 

Va 

Sept.   9,  1818  Va... 

Xi 

Wal's 

18.30  Nev 

Miner    . . 

J) 

Pa.  .. 

Feb.  16,  1819  Ore.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Kernan.  Francis 

D 

N.  Y. 

J.an.   14,  1816  N.  Y. 

Lawver. . . 

Key,  Da\'id  M 

1> 

Tenn. 

Jan.  27,  1824  Tenn. 

Lawyer. . , 

Logan.  John  A 

.R 

111.  ..[Feb.    9,  1826  111.  .. 

Lawyer... 

McCreery.  Thos.  C. 
McDonald.  Jos.  E... 

.U 

n 

Kv...'  1817  Ky... 

Ohio.  Aug.  29,  1819  Ind.  . 

.\gricurst. 
Lawyer... 

McMillan.  Sam'l  J.  R.R 

Pa...  Feb.  22.  1826  Minn. 

Jurist 

Maxey.  .Sani'l  B 

i> 

Ky...  Mar.  30,  1825  Texas!  Varied... . 

Merrimon..4ug.  S... 

n 

N.  C.  Sept.  15.  1830  N.  C.  iJurist 

Mitchell.  John  H... 

H 

Pa.  ..  June  22.  1835  Ore.  -IVari^^i 

Morrill.  Justin  S.... 

R 

Vt.  ..  AurilU.  1810  vt,  ..iVaried.... 

Morrill.  Lot  M 

.R 

Me... 

May     3,  1813 

Me... 

Lawyer... 

Jan.    in.  1883 

SENATORS. 


Morton.  Oliver  P R 

Norwood.  Thos.  M,..D 
ORlesbv.  Bieh'd  J....R 
Paddock,  .\lgernon.  .R 
Patterson.  John  J.  ,..R 

Price.   Samuel D 

R:iTidolph.Theo.F...D 

li.,ii-..in.  Matt.  W D 

K'.ii.rtson.Thos.  J...K 

Sutk'eut.  Aaron  A R 

.Saulsbury.  Eli D 

Sharon,  WUIIam U 

Sherman,  John It 

Spencer,  Geo.  E R 

Stevenson,  John  M...D 

Teller.  Henry  M R 

Thurnian.  Allen  G D 

■Wiulleigh,  Bainb'ge.K 
Wall.ace.  William  A..D 

West.  J.  Rodman R 

Whvte.  W.  Pinkney..D 
Wiridom.  William.... R 

Witliers  RobertE D 

Wufht.  George  G R 


Ind.  . 
Ga... 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Va. .. 
N.  J.. 
N.  C. 
S.  C. 
Mass. 
Del... 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Va. .. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
N.  H. 
Pa.  .. 
Lou. . 
Md.  . . 
Ohio. 
Va , . . 
Ind.  . 


state 

Repi«-      OcoupMioB 


.Aug.  4. 
April  26 
July  25, 


Aug.    8. 
June  24, 


Aug.  3. 
Sept.  28, 
Dec.  29. 
Jan.  9. 
Mav  10, 
Nov.  1, 
May  4, 
May  23, 
Nov.  13. 
Jan.  4, 
Nov.  28, 
Sept.  19, 
Aug.  9. 
May  10. 
Sept.  18, 
Mar.  24. 


1823  Ind.  . 
1830  Ga... 

1824  111.  .. 
1830  Neb. . 
1830  S.  C. . 

W.Va 

1826  N.  J.. 
1826  N.  C. 

1823  S.  C. . 
1827,Cal... 
1817,Del.  . 
1821jCal.  . 
1823|Ohio. 
1836  Ala.  . 

1812  Ky... 
1830  Col... 

1813  Ohio. 
1H31IN.  H. 
1827|Pa. .. 
1822  Lou. . 

1824  Md... 
1827, Minn. 
l«21|Va... 
1820  Iowa. 


Varied 

Lawyer 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer. , . 

Varied 

Varied 

Agricul'st. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Jurist 


Nov.    I,  1877 


Nov.  13,  1885 


Total  Senators,  813.  Lawyers,  3S.  Varied,  28.  Jurists,  8.  Merchants,  3. 
Agriculturists,  3.  Journalists,  3.  Occupation  Unknown,  1.  Mechanic,  1. 
Manufacturer,!.  Physician,  1.  Miner,  1.  Foreign  Born,  S :  Including 
Wales,  1;  Ireland,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


TThert 


IVhen  Bern. 


Abbott.  Josiah  G....D 

Adams.  Clias,  H R 

Ainsworth.  Lucien  L, — 

Andei-son.  Win.  B — 

Ashe.  Thomas  S D 

Atkins.  John  D.  C....D 

Bagby,  John  C D 

Eaglev.  George  A  ...R 

Bagley.  Jolin  H D 

liaker.  John  H R 

Baker.  William  H,...R 
Ballou.  Latimer  W...R 

Banks.  NathI  P R 

Banning,  Henry  B D 

Barnum.Win.    H D 

Ba,ss.  Lyman  K  R 

Beebe.  George  M D 

Belford.  James  B R 

Bell.  Samuel  N D 

Bennett.  Thos.  W — 

Blackburn.  Jos,  C.  S.  .D 

Blaine.  James  G R 

Blair.  Henry  W R 

Bland.  Richard  P D 

Bliss.  Archibald  M,...D 

Bioiint.  James  H D 

Boone.  Andrew  R D 

Bradford.  Taul D 

Brtuiley,  Nathan  B. . .  R 

Bright,  John  M D 

Brown,  John  Y D 

Brown.  Wm.   R K 

Buckner.  AvlettH....D 
Burcliard,  Horatio  C.R 
Hun-bard. Sam'l  B....D 

Burleigh.  John  H K 

Buttz,  Chos.  W — 

Cabell,  George  C D 

Caldwell,  JohnH D 

Caldwell.  Wm.  P D 

Campbell.    Alex — 

Candler,  Milton  A D 

Cannon,  Geo.  Q — 

Cannon.  Jos.  G R 

Carr.  Nathan  T — 

Casoii.  Thos.  J R 

Caswell.  Lucien  B R 

Cate,  George  W — 

Caullleld.  Bernard  G.D 
Chapin.  Chester  W...l> 
Chittenden.  Simeon.  .R 

Clarke,  lohn   B D 

Clark.Jolin   B D 

Clymer.  Hlester D 

Cochrane.  Alex.  G D 

Collins.  Francis  D D 

Conger.  Omar  D R 

Cook.  Philip D 

Cowan.  Jacob  P D 

Cox.  Samuel  S D 

Crap.).  Wm.  W R 

Crounse.  Lorenzo R 

Culberson.  David  B.  .D 
Cutler.  Augustus  W.  .D 
Uanford.  Lorenzo... It 
DarreU.  Che.itor  B. .  .R 

Davis.  Joseph  J D 

Di.vv..Iohn  W R 

Dellolt.  Rezin    A D 

Dinlsim.  Dudley  C.R 

Dibrell.  George  G D 

Dobbins,  Saml  A H 


Mass. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
111.  .. 
N.  C. 
Tenn. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
R.  I.. 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  H. 
Ind.  . 
Ky... 
Pa... 
N.  H. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Ga. ... 
Tenn. 
Ala.  . 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Me... 

Va'.'.'. 

Ala.. 
Tenn. 
Pa.  . 


Nov.   1, 


June  21, 
April  2, 

June  4, 
Jan,  24, 
July  22. 
Nov.  26. 
Feb.  28. 
Jan.  17, 
Mar.  1 . 
Jan.  30, 
Nov.  10. 
Sept.  17. 
Nov.  13, 
Oct.  28. 
Sept.  28, 
Mar.  25, 
Feb.  16, 
Oct.  1, 
Jan.  31, 
Dec.  6, 
Aug.  19. 
Jan.  25, 
Sept.  12, 
April  4. 
Jan.  20. 
May  28. 
Jan.  20, 
June  28. 
July  16, 
Dec.  14, 
Sept.  22, 
July  17, 
Oct.     9, 

jaii.  25^ 


Nov.  8, 

Oct.  4, 

Ga...  Jan.  11, 

Eng'tl  Jan.  11 

N.  C.  May  7, 


Ind.  . 
Vt.... 
Vt.  .. 
Va. .. 
Ma,ss. 
Conn. 
Ky... 
Mo... 
Pa... 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ga. .. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
N.  J. . 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 
Can.. 
Ohio. 
Vt.  .. 
Tenn. 
N.J.. 


1815  Mass 

1824  N.  Y. 
1831  Iowa. 

1830  III.. 
....  N.  C. 

1825  Tenn. 
1819  N.  Y. 

1826  N,  Y. 
1.832  N.  Y, 
1832|lnd,  . 
1827]N.  Y. 
1812  R.  I,. 
1816, Mass, 
18,34 'Ohio, 
1818!conn, 
1836  N.  Y. 

1836  N.  Y. 

1837  Col.  . 
1829  N.  H 
183l'lda.T 
1838;Ky... 
1830;Me.,. 

1834  N.  H. 

1835  Mo  .. 
I8.36|N.  Y. 
1837:Ga... 

1831  Ky... 
1835'Ala.  . 
1831  Mich. 
1817, Tenn. 
1835, Ky... 
1840  Kan.. 
1817  Mo... 
1825illl.  .. 
I836;Wis.. 
1822, Me... 

S.C. 

1837  Va... 

Ala... 

1832, Tenn. 
1814  111.  .. 
1837  Ga.  .. 
1827  Utah. 


Occupatii 


When  Died. 


1836 


Sept.  13, 
Nov.  27, 
Sept.  17, 
Oct.  18, 
Dec.  16, 
Mar.  29, 
April  14, 
Jan.  14, 
Nov.  3, 
Mar.  20, 
Mar.     5. 

jilVy  31. 
Mar.  20. 
Sept.  30. 
May  16. 
Jan.  27. 
Sept.  29. 
Oct.  22. 
Oct.  18, 
June  24, 
April  13, 
June  29. 
Jan.  20. 
Sept  13, 
April  12. 
April  14, 


1828 
1827 


111. 
Ind. 
Ind. 
Wis. 


1825  Wis. 
1828,111.  .. 
1798  Mass. 


1814 
18,33 
1831 
1827 
1845 
1844 


Y 
Ky... 

Mo... 
Pa.  .. 
Pa... 
Pa .  . . 

1818  Mich. 
18l7lGa... 
1823  Ohio. 
1824, X.  Y. 
1830  Mass. 
18:14  Neb.. 
1830  Texas 
182'|N.  J.. 
182"  Ohio. 
1842  Lou. . 
1828  N.  C. 
183.')' N.  Y. 
1KJ8  Mo... 

1819  Vt 

18U2  Tenn. 
1814  N.  J.. 


Jurist 

Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
-Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 

Varied 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 

Varieil 

Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 
Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Varied 

Manufac'r 

Varied 

Unknown. 

Varied.... 

Lawj-er. . . 

Lawyer.. . 

Manufac'r 

Lawyer, . . 

Journalist 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown, 

Jurist  .... 

Lawyer. . , 

Jurist 

L.awyer. . , 

Varied... 

Merchant 

Lawy 

Lawyer, 

Lawyer 

Lawyer, 

Lawyer 

Varied. 

Lawyer, 

Varied 

Varietl 

Lawyei 

Jurist. 


Deo.  10,  1881 


Dec.     5, 1877 


Lawyer. 
Lawyer. 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Agricul'st. 


REPRESENTATIVES.    |  I'i," 

When  Horn. 

state 
Hepte- 

KDt«tl. 

OccupMioD.    1 
t 

Vheo  Died. 

Dou8:las,  Beverly  B, . 
Dunnell.  Mark  H 

D    Va.  . . 
R    Me. .  . 
D    N.  Y. 
D    iKv.  .. 

Dec.  21,  1822'Va...l 
July    2.  1823  Minn. 
Feb.  21.  1838  Slich. 

Lawyer. .. 

May    16.  1824  Ky... 
June    4.  1M18  R.  I.. 
Feb.     1.  1826  III.  .. 
April  13,  1828  Pa.  .. 
Sept.  26,  1841  N.  M. 
Oct.    15,  1841  Lou.. 

1825  N.  Y. 

Mar.  27,  1825  Ind,  . 
July     1,1823  111.... 

Jurist 

Eaines,  Beiij.   T 

Eden   John  R 

D 
.D 
.R 
.D 

D 
.R 
.R 

D 
.D 
.D 

.D 

.D 

Ky.. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Lou. 
N.  J.. 
Ky... 

n:  Y. 

Va 

Epbert.  Albeit  G 

Elkins.  Stei>hen  B. .. 
Ellis,  E.  John  

Varied 

Merchant. 
Miller 

Farwell.  Chas.  B 

Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Varied.... 

1806 

W  Va 
Ga... 

Nov.     1    18S4 

Ga... 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Tenn. 

June  19,  1823 

Fenii,  Stephen  S 

Field    David   D 

Mar.  28,  1820  IdaT 

Feb.  13,  1805 
Nov.  18,  1812 

N.  Y. 
Fla.  . 
Me... 
Ala.  . 
HI.  .. 
Ohio. 
Mo... 
Pa.  .. 
Mass. 
Me... 
Ind.  . 
Ohio. 
Ark.. 
Lou.. 
Mo... 
Va... 
Kan.. 
Ark.. 
Me... 
Ind.  . 
N'.  J.. 
Texas 
Ala... 
N.  J.. 
Mass. 
Ga... 
Va,  . . 
HI.  .. 
Ga.. . 
HI.  .. 
Mo... 

Unknown. 

Forney,  Wm.  H 

Fort,  Greenbury  L.. 

N.  C. 

Nov.    9,  1823 
Oct.    17.  1825 
April  12, 1828 

.R    lOhio. 
—    Ohio. 

Lawyer... 
Varied. . . . 

Franklin,  Benj.  J 

Freeman.  Chapman. 

.D 
.R 

Ky... 

Lawyer. . . 

Pa   .. 

Oct.      8,  1832 
July  18.  1826 
Sept.    2,  1831 
Nov.  13,  1825 
Nov.  19.  1831 
Dec.  25,  1838 
Sept.  10.  1832 
Sept.    4,  1824 
May  27,  1829 
Pec.    14,  1836 
Sept.  18,  1826 
June    9.  1836 

Varied.... 

.R     N.  H. 
.R     Me... 
.D    Ind. . 

Varied. . . . 

Frve,  William  P 

Lawyer. . . 

Educator. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Garfield,  James  A... 

.R 
.D 
.D 
.D 
.D 
.D 
.D 
.R 
D 

Ohio. 
N.   C. 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Va.   . 
Ohio. 
Tenn. 
Me... 

Sept.  19.  1881 

Varied.... 

Glover,  John  Ml 

Jurist 

Giinter  Thos.  M 

Lawyer. . . 

Hale.  Eugene 

Lawyer... 

D 

N.  J.. 

Dec.     5.  1816 
Oct.  29,  1824 
April   I,  1846 
Mav    — ,  1830 
Nov.  10.  1823 
Feb.     2,  1828 
Mav     8,  1825 
Feb.  15,  1825 

.D 
.R 
.D 
.R 
.D 
.D 
.D 
.D 

D 
.D 
.R 
.D 

R 
.R 
.R 
.D 

D 
,D 
.D 
,D 
.R 
.R 
.D 
.D 
.D 
.R 

D 
.R 

'.R 

D 
.D 
.R 
.R 
.R 
.D 
.D 

D 
.R 
.R 
.D 
.R 
.D 
,R 
,R 
.R 
.R 
.D 
.D 

D 
.D 
,D 
,U 
.R 

R 
.D 
.D 
.D 

D 

Ala,  . 
Ga.  . . 
N.J.. 
Mass. 
Ga... 
Va,  . . 
Ky... 
Ga. . 

Varied. . . . 

Unknown. 
Banker... 

Harris,  Benj.  W 

Lawyer. . . 

Harris,  Henry  R 

Agricul'st. 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 

Harris.  John  T 

Hartridge.  Julian... 
Hartzell.  William... 

Ohio. 
Va.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Va.  .. 

Feb.  20,  1837 
Feb.  24. 1819 
Nov.  28,  1813 

Lawyer. . . 

N.  Y. 

Hayniond,  Wm.   S... 
Havs,  Charles 

Ind.  . 
Ala.  . 
Vt.... 
111.  .. 
Md... 
W.Va 
N.  Y. 
Ala.  . 
Ga. . . 
Mass. 
S.  C. 
Ind.  . 
Miss. . 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Mich. 
Ind.  . 
Ind.  . 
Va.  .. 
Ohio. 
111.  .. 
N.  C. 

\V     T 

Varied. . . . 

Ala.  . 

;^'--- 

Tenn. 
Md... 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
Ala.  . 
Ga... 
Mass . 
Ohio. 
Ind.  . 
S.  C 

Feb.     2,  1834 
Nov.  30,  18.32 
Nov.  29,  1824 
Nov.  24,  1828 
Julv     4,  1825 
July  31.  1822 
Feb.    14.  1834 
Sept.  14,  1823 
Aug.  29,  1826 

Sept.'  'g,  iaii 

Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 

Hendee    Geo.  W 

Lawyer. . , 

Hereford.  Frank 

Hewitt,  Abram  S... 

Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 

1881 

Hill,  Benjamin   H.. 

Hour,  OeorgeF 

Hou:e,  Solomon  L... 
Holniaii   William  S 

Lawyer. . . 

Aug.  16,  1882 

Lawyer. . . 

Hopkins,  James  H.. 

Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Mich. 

Nov.    3,  1832 
Dec.  24, 1824 
Jan.     9,  1827 
Sept.  15,  1829 

Varied.... 

Varied.... 

Hubbell,  Jay   A 

Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 

Ind.  . 
Va.  .. 
Ohio, 
S.C 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
N.  H. 
N.  C. 
Eng'd 
Vt.  .. 
Mo... 
Pa... 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.  . . 
Me. . . 
N.  Y. 
Ky. . 
Ga... 
Ind.  . 
Mass. 

N.'  'y'. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Pa 

Feb.     5,  1825 
Sept.  23,  1823 
Dec.  -25,  1841 
Nov.  29.  1815 
July  23,  1840 
18*'»9 

Hiintnn.   ?'ppa 

Lawyer. . . 

Hnillint,  Si.-phen  A 

HyniJin,  JuliPi    A 

Jacobs.  Orange 

Jenks,  George  A 

Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 

Mar.  28,  1882 

Miir.'26;  1836  Pa..  . 
Sept.  15.  1832lN.  H. 

Varied.... 

Merchant. 

.Ian.  22,  1819 
Jon.  30,  1830 
J.an.    11,  1822 
Nov.    5, 1837 
April  12, 1814 
Mar.  15,  1827 
Juno  -29,  1820 

Mar!'l2,'l'82'7 

Ky... 
Vt.  . . 
Iowa. 
Mo... 
Pa... 
Ind.  . 
Pa... 
!>.  T.. 
Wis_. 

Jovci'  Cho*    H 

Lawyer... 

Kehr.  Edward  C 

Lawyer... 
Varied.... 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied 

Aug.  19,  1876 

Ketrlniin,   Wlnthror 
Kid-l.r.  JefTersnn   P 
Kiriili:ill     \l;uisnn  M 

Varied.... 
Varied.... 

Kintr,  Wilhiiin  S.... 
Knott,  J,  Tioetor... 
I..amar.  Lucius  Q.  0 
LandeiN,  Franklin.. 
Landers,  George  M 

Dec.   16.  18-28iMinn. 
Aug. -29.  1830,Ky... 
Sept.  17,  1825  Miss.. 
Mar.  22,  1825jlnd.  . 
Feb.  22,  1813, Conn. 
...   lore.  . 

Agricul'st. 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Varied.... 
Manufac'r 
Unknown. 
Varied..,. 

Jurist 

Varied.... 

Lapham,  EJdridgo  C 

Lawrence,  Wm 

Leavenworth.  EliaH 

Oct.    18,  1814 

June  '26.  181! 

Dee.  26,  1803 

.  182t= 

N.  Y. 

Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Ill    .. 
Lou.. 
Ala.  . 
N.    Y_ 

Levy,' William  M  .. 
Lewis.  Burwell  B. . . 

Va.  .. 

Ala.  . 

N     V. 

Oct.    30.  1827 
July     7,  183>- 
Dec.  11,  18'2( 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied.... 

.D   'Tenn 

.D   ,Lou.. 

D    ,N.  Y. 

'.R    |Ind.  . 

.R     Ohio. 

.R     Soot.. 

.1)    ITenn 
I.R     S.C 

.D     Pa.  .. 
..D     Md.. 

.D     N.  Y. 

June  27,  1831  Cal... 
Sopt.  10,  1847  Miss.. 
Dec.   16,  1817  Wis,. 
Aug.  29,  1835  Iowa. 
Mar.     4.  1834  Iowa 
,Iune  14,  1839  N.  Y 
Sept.  15,  1821  Tenn 
Mar.     a.  1846  S.  C 
Nov.  25,  1819  Pa,  . 
Feb.  19.  1833  Ohio 
Oct.  27,  1840  M.  T 

Lynch, John  R 

Lvnde,  Wm.  P 

MoCrary,  George  V, 
McDtll   ,Ialnes  W 

Mechanic 
La^Vyor... 

Dec.*  18,' 1885 

Jurist 

MolXuigall,  Clinton 
MoFarland,  Wm.... 
Mackey,  Edw'il  W.  H 

Mackey.  Levi  A 

MoMahon.  Jidin  A.. 
Maginiiis,  Martin. .. 

Banker.  . . 

Varied 

Lawyer.. 
Varied... 

Journalls 

1 

f -I 


7)  (>— 


>k|.C>- 


d£L 


FOKTY-FOUKTIl    AND    i'OIi  TY-KIKTIl    CONGKESSES,   AND    LEADING    EVENTS   OK   TIIK   TIME. 


r.9?. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Mait llonry  S R 

Mil-li.    L.vi U 

Miii.lc.  Ivhvin  K D 

.Mil.vill,-,  Hunry  B....D 

Millcr.Smirl  F U 

Milliken.  Ohas.  W D 

Mills,  RoKfrQ U 

Money.  Hurnando  D.,l> 

Monroe,  Jaines U 

Morey,   Frank U 

Moreun,  Chos,  H D 

Morrison,  Win.  R U 

MnUOiliT.  William.... D 

Nash,  Charles  E H 

Neal,  Lawrence  T IJ 

New,  Jepfha  1) D 

Norton,  Nelson  1 R 

O'Brien,  Wni.  J D 

Odell.  N.  Holmes D 

Oliver,  Addison R 

O'Neill.  Charles R 

Packer,  .lohn  B R 

Page,  Horace  P R 

Parsons,  Edw'd  Y....r) 
Patterson.  Thos.  M...D 

Payne,  Henry  B D 

Phelps.  James D 

Phillips,  John  F D 

Phillips,  Win.  A R 

Piei'ce,  Henry  L R 

Piper,  Win.  A D 

Plaisted.  Han-is  M R 

Piatt.  Thomait  C R 

Popjileton,  Early  F...D 

Potter,  Allen — 

Powell,  Joseph D 

Pratt,  Henry  O R 

Pnrman,  Wm.  J R 

Kainev,  Joseph  H...R 

Randall.  Sain'i  J D 

Rea.   David D 

Reaeran,  John  H D 

Reillv.  James  B D 

Reilly,  John D 

Riee.  Americas  V D 

Riddle,  Haywood  Y..D 

Kohlhns,  John D 

Rolibins.  Wm.  M D 

Roberts.  Chas.    B D 

Robinson,  Milton  S...R 

Ross,  .Miles D 

Ross,  Sobieski.  ,......R 

Rusk,  Jeremiah  M  ...R 
Sampson,  Ezekiel  S.  .R 

Savage,  John  S R 

Sayier,  Milton ....D 

Scales,  Alfred  M  D 

Schleicher,  GustavcD 
Schumaker,  Jno.  G,  ..D 

Seeiye,  Julius  H — 

Sheakley,  James  D 

Singleton,  Otho  R D 

Sinnickson,  Clement. R 

Siemens,  Wm.  F D 

Smalls,  Robert R 

Smith,  A.  Kerr R 

Smitb,  Win.  E D 

.Southard.  .Milton  I. . .  D 

Sparks.  Wm.  A.J D 

Spencer.  Win.   B D 

Springer.  Wm.  M D 

Stanton,  Wm.   H — 

Starkweather,  H.  H..R 
Steele,  William  R  ...D 


Wis.. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 

Miss.. 
Conn. 
-Mass. 
N.  H. 
111.... 
Pa... 
Lou.. 
Va... 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa..  . 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
liy... 
li'e'd. 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Mo... 
.Scot.. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Pa..  . 
Me... 
Pa.  . 
S.  C. 
Pa..  . 
Ind.  . 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Tenn. 
Pa... 
N.  C 
Md.. 
Ind. 
N.J. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 
Ger'y 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
N.  J.. 
Tenn. 
S.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Ga... 
Ohio. 
Ind.  . 
Lou. . 
Ind.  . 


State 
Miiteil. 


Jan.  31, 
Nov.  22, 
July  6, 
,Ian.  20, 
May  27, 
Aug.  15, 

Aug.  "'if).' 
jiiiv  m, 

July  11, 


Sept.  14, 
Deo.  21, 


Sept.  22, 
Sov.  28, 
Mar.  :«), 
May  2H, 
Oct.    10, 


Mar.  21, 
Mar.  21. 
Oct.  20, 
Dec.  12, 
Nov,  4, 
Nov.  ;jo. 
Jan.  12, 
Deo.  31, 
Jan.  14, 
Aug.  23, 


Nov.  2. 
July  15, 
Sept.  29. 
Oct.  2, 
June  23, 
Feb.  11, 
April  U, 
June2]. 
Oct.  10. 
Jan.  la. 
Oct.  8. 
Aug.  12. 
Feb.  22, 
^ov.  18. 
June  20, 


April  19. 
April  20, 
April  30, 
May  16, 
June  17, 
Dec.  6, 
Oct.  30, 
Nov.  4, 
Nov.  26, 
Nov.  19. 
June  27, 
Sept.  14, 
April  24, 
Oct.  14. 
Sept.  l(i. 
Mar.  15, 
April  5, 
Mar.  7. 
Mar.  14, 


1832  Wis. . 
1S37  Pa. . . 
1836  N.  Y. 
1805  N.  Y. 
I8'27  N.  Y. 

1827  Ky... 
Texas 

1839  Miss.. 
1821  Ohio. 

1840  Lou.. 
Mo... 

1825  III.  .. 

1831  Pa. .. 
I  Lou  . 

1844  Ohio. 

1830  Ind.  . 

1820  N.  Y. 
1836  Md... 

1828  N.  Y. 

1833  Iowa. 

1821  Pa... 

1824  Pa.  .. 

1833  Cal. . . 
1842  Ky... 

1840  Col.  . 

1810  Ohio. 

1822  Conn. 

1834  Jlo. . . 

1826  Kan.. 

1825  Mass. 
1825  Cal... 
18-28  Me.  . . 

1833  N.  Y. 

1834  Ohio. 
1818  Mich. 
1828  Pa... 
1838  Iowa. 
1840  Fla.  . 

1832  S.  C. 
18-28  Pa.  .. 

1831  Mo... 
1818  Texas 

1845  Pa.  .. 
1836,  Pa.  .. 

1835  0hi<i. 
1834  Tenn 

Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 
Md... 
Ind. 


Lawyer.. 

Lawyer.. . 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Journalist 

Educator. 

Val-ied.... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Mechanic. 

Lawyer. . . 

Inrist 

Varied.... 
L: 


1842 

1832 

18-28;N.  J., 
1828  Pa. 


1830 
1831 
1841 
1831 
1827 
1823 
1826 
1824 
1830 
1814 
18.'!4 
1830 
1839 
1815 
1829 


Nov.  19. 
Feb.  5. 
May  30, 


1828 
1.835 
1836 


Conn.  April  *29. 
N.  Y.  July  -24, 


1826 
184: 


Wis.. 
Iowa. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 
Texa.s 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Miss.. 
M.  J.. 
.Vrk.. 
S.  C. . 
Pa.  .. 
Ga. .. 
Ohio. 
111.  .. 
Lou., 
111.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Conn. 
Wy.T 


vyer. . . 
Varied. . . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
'awyor... 
Stage-O'r. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
V.arieil... 

.lurist 

Ljtwyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Mannfac'r 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Mechanic. 
Mercliant, 
Lawyer. .. 
Varied. . .. 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Banker.  .. 
Agricul'st. 
Vailed.... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Law.ver. . . 
Merchant. 
Varieil.... 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Law.ver. . . 
Civill'.;ng'r 
Lawyer... 
Clergym'n 
Varied.... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Seaman.. . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Law-yer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 

Lawyer 

Lawyer... 


July    8,  1876 


Oct.  25,  1877 


Jan.  28,  1876 


.SOinrir.  Win.    S D 

sici.li.ii..  .Mex.   H....D 

.si.\'.-M-.  Hir.un  H — 

si.viiisoii.  Adlal  E...— 

SK.ne.  Wm.    H D 

Slow. 11.  Wm.  H.  H...R 

stniit.  Horace  B K 

Swaiin.  Thomas D 

Tarbox.  John  K D 

Teese,  Fred.  11 D 

Terry.  William D 

Thomas,  Philip  F D 

Thompson,  Chas.  P. ..I> 
Thornburgh.  Jacob.. It 
TbroeknioiIon.J.  W..D 
Towns. 11.1,  MarliM  1..R 
TowTi^.iiil.  ^Va^l.^.•t•n.R 
Tucker.  .1.  Ramlolph.D 

Tufts.John  Q R 

Tiirncy.  Jacob D 

Vance.  John  L D 

Vance.  Robert  B D 

Van  Vorhcs,  Nelson.. B 
•Waddell.  Alfred  M.  D 

Walt.  John  T R 

Waidron.  Henry R 

Walker.  Chas.  C.  B...D 
Walker,  Gilbert  C....D 

Wallace,  Alex.   S R 

Wallace,  John  W U 

Walling.  Ansel  T D 

Walls.  Josiah  T  R 

Walsh,  William I) 

Waril,  Elijah D 

Warner,  Levi D 

W.arren.  Wm.  W D 

Wattei-son.  Heni-y D 

Wells.  Ern.stiis  D 

Wells.  G.  Wiley R 

Wheeler.  Win.  A R 

White.  John  D  R 

Wbilehouse.  Jno.  O..D 
Whiting. Rieh'd  H....R 
Whitthorne.  W.  C....D 
Wigginton.  Peter  D..D 

Wike. Scott D 

Willai-d,  George R 

Williams,  Alpheus  S. .  D 
Williams,  Andrew... R 
Williams,  Cha-s.  G....R 

Williams,  James D 

Williams,  James  D  ..I> 

Williams,  Jei-e  N D 

Williams,  William. ..R 

Willi.s,  Benj.  A — 

Wiishire.  Wm.  W....R 

Wilson,  Benjamin — 

Wilson,  James R 

Wood.  Alan  R 

Wood.  Fernando D 

Woodburn.  Win R 

Woodworth.  Laur.  D.R 

Yeates,  Jesse  J D 

Young,  Casey D 


Pa.  .. 
Ga... 
Vt.  .. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Pa... 
Va... 
Mass. 
N.  J.. 
Va..  . 
-Md... 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
Tenn. 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Va.  .. 
Ind.  . 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
IPa.  . . 
IN.  Y. 
Va. .. 
Ire'd. 
N.  Y. 
iConn. 
IMass. 
D.C.. 
IN.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ky 

N.  H. 

Conn 
Tenn. 
III..  . 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Conn. 
Can . . 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Ala.  . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
111.  .. 
Va... 
Scot.. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa... 
Ire'd. 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 
Tenn. 


Fob.  13. 
Feb.  II. 

Oct.  23! 
Nov.  7. 
July  26, 
Jan.  26, 


May  «, 
Oct.  21. 
Aug.  14. 
Sept.  12, 
July  30, 
July  3, 
Feb.  1 . 
Feb.     6, 


Dec.  24. 
July  12. 
Feb.  18, 
July  19, 
April  24, 
Jan.  23. 
Sept.  16, 
Aug.  '27. 
Oct.  11. 
June  27. 
Aug.  1. 
Dec.  30, 
Dec.  20. 
Jan.  10. 
Dec.  30, 
May  11. 
Sept.  15, 
Oct.  10. 
Feb.  27. 
Feb.  16. 
Dec.  2, 
Feb.  18. 
June  30, 


July  19, 
Jan.  17. 
April  19. 
Sept.  6. 
Api-il  fi. 
Mar.  -if). 
Sept.  -20. 
Aug.  '27, 
Oct.  18, 
Aug.  4, 
Jan.  16, 
April  — , 
July  28, 
Mar.  24. 
Sept.  8. 
April  30, 
Aug.  16, 
July  6. 
Julie  14, 


Sept.  10, 
May  29, 


1840  Pa.  .. 

1812  Ga... 
lKt2  Arl/... 
18:).'.  111.  .. 
1828  Mo... 
I84'l  Va... 
18:i5  Minn. 
1800  Md... 
18:j8  Mimi. 

1823  N.  Y.. 

1824  Va.  .. 
1810  .Mil. . . 
18-27  Mass. 
18:t7  Tenn. 

1825  Texas 

1810  N.  Y. 

1813  Pa..  . 
1823. Va... 
1840!lowa. 
1825  Pa.  .. 

1839  Ohio. 
1828  N.  C. 
1822  Ohio. 
I8:i4  N.    C. 

1811  Conn. 
1819  MIcb. 
18-24  N.  Y. 
ia'J2  Va... 
1810  S.  C. 
1818  Pn.  .. 
18-24  Ohio. 
1842  Va... 
1828  Md... 

1818  N.  Y. 
1831  Conn. 
lKt4  Ma«a. 

1840  Ky... 
18-23  Mo... 
1840  Miss.. 

1819  N.  Y. 
1849  Ky... 
ISITN.  Y. 
18-26IN.  Y. 
18-25  Tenn. 
18:19  Cal... 
18:i4  III.  .. 

1824  Mich. 
1810  Mich. 

1828  N.  Y. 
182!)  Wis.. 

1825  Del.  . 
1808!lnd.  . 
18-29lAla.  . 

1826  Mich. 
1840  N.  Y'. 
l8:iO  Ark.. 
1825,  W.Va 
1835|Iowa. 
1834  Pa... 
1812|N.  Y. 
1838|Nev.. 
I8.370hi0. 

1829  N.  C. 
iTenn. 


OocupMloi). 


Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Slanufoc'r 
.Merchant. 
Varied.... 

Varied 

Varied 

Jurist 

Varied 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Agrlcul'st. 
Lawver. . . 
Varied.... 
Agrlcul'st. 
Joiii-nalist 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Varied. .. . 
Agrlcul'st. 
Physician. 
Journalist 
Agrlcnl'st. 
Lawyer. . , 

Jurist 

Ijiwyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Varlwl.... 
Lawyer... 
Law.ver. . . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Unknow-n. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Ai?ricul'st. 
Agrlcul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. .  . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Agrieul'st. 

Varied 

Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 


July  24,  1883 


Mar.    4,  1883 


Nov.  20,  1880 


Feb.  13,  1881 


Total  Representatives.  31<1.  Lawyers,  15:8.  Varied.  72.  Jurists,  24. 
Agriculturists,  IC  Occupation  Unknown,  14.  Merchants,  9.  Manufact- 
urers, 7,  Journalists,  7.  Bankers,  3.  Mechanics,  3.  Educators,  2.  Hotel- 
Keeper,  1.  Stage-Owner,  1.  Clvll-Englneer,  1,  Clergyman,  1,  Miller.  1. 
Physician,  1.  Seaman,  1.  Foreign  Born,  11:  Including  Scotland,  3;  Ire- 
land,3;  England, 2;    Canada,  2;  Germany,!. 


Forty-fifth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1877  to  1879. 


1877— President  Hayes  issued  the  Civil-Serviet; 
Order,  June  '22. 

1877— Beg:inninfr  of  thegreat  railroad  strikes 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Road.  July 
16,  Riot  and  bloodshed  at  Baltimore, 
Md..  July  20. 

1877— Railroad  riot  at  Pittsburgh.  Pa.,  July 
2'2;  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Chicago.  111.,  and 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  July  24. 

1878— A  teller  in  the  Bank  of  North  America, 
New  York  City,  confessed  to  being'  a 
defaulter  to  the  extent  of  $100,000. 
Feb.  5.  The  teller.  A.  M.  Turney,  was 
committed  to  prison, 

1878— Death  of  the  Hon.  Gideon  Welles,  Ex- 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  at  Hartford, 
Conn..  Feb.  11. 

1878 — Judgment  against  "Boss"  (Wm.  M.) 
Tweed  was  entered  for  810,857.197.09, 
Feb.  13. 

1878— Veto  of  the  Silver  Currency  Bill  by  the 
President.  Feb.  28;  but  it  was  imme- 
diately passed  by  Congress  over  his 
veto,  and  became  a  law. 


Rntherrord  B.  Dayes,  19th  President. 

^aCE-PRESIDENT— WILLIAM  A.  WHEELEB,  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Sec'y  of  state ;■  William  M.  Evarts,  of  New  York. 

See'j  of  Treas J^John  Sherman,  of  Ohio. 

Sec'y  of  War |-  George  W.  McOrary,  of  Iowa. 

Sec'y  of  Navy ^Richard  W.  Thompson,  of  Ind. 

Sec'y  of  Interior }  Carl  Schurz,  of  Mo. 

Postmaster-Gen '1 ;  David  M.  Key,  of  Tenn. 

Attomey-Genl ^  Charles  Devens,  of  Mass. 

Speaker  of  House  of    i  g^^^^^  j  Randall,  of  Pa. 
Representatives. . .  i 


1878— Discovery  of  the  defalcation  of  S.  A. 
Chace.  Treasurer  of  the  Union  Mills,  of 
Fall  River.  Mass.,  amounting  to  about 
8500.000,  April  10. 

1878— Opening  of  the  International  Exposi- 
tion at  Paris,  France,  May  1. 

1878 — Repeal  of  National  Bankrupt  laws  of 
1867  and  1874  took  effect.  Sept.  1. 

1878 — The  Southern  yellow  fever  epidemic, 
which  began  about  the  middle  of  July, 
at  New  Orleans,  La.,  terminated  about 
Nov,  20. 

1878 — Gold  currency  quoted  at  par.  having 
sold  at  a  premium  since  Jan.  13,  1862, 
to  date,  Dec.  17 

1879— General  resumption  of  specie  piyments 
throughout  the  country,  Jan.  1. 

1879— President  Hayes  vetoed  the  Chinese 
Immigration  Restriction  Bill,  Mar. 

1879— War  between  Chili  and  Bolivia  and 
Peru.  South  American  States,  regarding 
the  control  of    certain    silver  mines, 

April  X 


n 


se 

nd  I 

»g  I 


X5^~ 


524 


SENATORS    AND    EEPKESENTATIVES    OF    THE    FOETY-FIFTII    CONGRESS. 


f 


D,  Indicates  Democrat ;     B,  Republican. 


SENATORS. 


Sute 
Repre-       Occupatkiii. 


Allison.  William  B.  .R 
Anthony,  Henry  B..,R 

Bailey,  Jumes  E — 

Barnum.  Wni.  H D 

Bayard.  Thomas  H...D 

Beck.  James  B D 

Blaine.  James  G R 

Bogy.  Lewis  V D 

Booth,  Newton — 

Bruce.  Blanche  K....R 
Bumside.  .Ambrose  E.R 

Butler.  M.  Calyin D 

Cameron.  Angus — 

Cameron.  J    Donald.. R 

Cameron.  Simon R 

Chaffee.  Jerome  B R 

Christiancy,  Isaac  P..R 
Cockrell.  Francis  M..D 

Coke.  Richard D 

Conkling,  Roscoe R 

Conover.  Simon  B R 

Corbin.  David  B — 

Davis.  David — 

Davis.  Henry  G D 

Dawes.  Henry  L R 

Dennis.  George  R D 

Dorsey.  Stephen  W...R 
Eaton.  William  W..  .D 

Edmunds.  Geo.  F R 

Euslis,  James  B D 

Ferry.  Thomas  W. ..R 

Garland.  Aug.  H D 

Gordon.  John  B D 

ririivcr.  Lafayette D 

ll.niilm.  Hannibal. ..R 

11,11  lis,  Isham  G D 

llcicford.  Frank D 

Hill.  Benjamin  H D 

Hoar.  George  F R 

Howe.  Timothy  O R 

Ing.ills.  John  J — 

Johnston.  John  W...D 

Jones.  Charles  W D 

Jones.  John  P R 

Kellogg.  William  P.R 

Kernan.  Francis D 

Kirkwood.  Samuel  J.  .R 
I^aiii.tr.  Lucius  Q.  CD 
M.iivery.  Tho~.  C...D 
M,  Uunald.  Joseph  E..D 
Mi-Millan.Sam'l  J.  K..R 
McPhei-son.  John  R. . — 
Matthews.  Stanley. ..R 

Maxey.  Samuel  B D 

Merrimon.  Aug.  S D 

Mitchell,  John  H R 

Mi-igan,  John  T D 

l^Ioriill,  Justin  S R 

Jlorlon.  Oliver  P R 

Ogle-by.  Richard  J..R 
Paddock,  Alger'n  S.  .R 

Patterson.  John  J R 

Plumb.  Preston  B....R 
Randolph.  Theo.F...D 

liansoin.  Matt.  W D 

Rollins,  Edward  H...R 

Sargent.  Aaron  A R 

Saulsbury,  Ell D 

Saunders.  Alvin R 

sh;iron.  William D 

Sli.-rmun.  John R 

Sp'ticer,  George  E — R 

Tell.-r.  Henry  M R 

Thurinan.  Allen  G D 

V.mrhees.  Dan'l  W..D 
"Wadlejgh.  Itninb'ge.R 
Wallacr,  Willi. im  A..1) 
Whvte.  W,  riiiknuy..D 
Windom.  Williaiu. ..  .11 
Withers.  Robert  E....D 


iOhio. 
R.  I.. 
Tenn. 
Conn. 
Del... 
Scot. 
Pa.  . . 
Mo... 
Ind.  . 
Va. . . 
Ind.  . 
S.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Pa.  . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y'. 
Mo... 
Va.  .. 

In.  v. 

N.  J.. 

Md'.'.'. 
Md.    . 

Mass. 
■  Md... 
'vt.... 
Conn. 


Vt. 

Lou., 

Mich. 

Tenn. 

Ga... 

Me... 

Me... 

Tenn 

Va..  . 

Ga... 

Mass. 

Me... 

Mass. 

Va.  .. 

Ire'd. 

Wars 

Vt.  .. 

N.  Y'. 

Md... 

Ga... 

Kv... 

Ohio. 

Pa.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Ohio. 

Ky... 

N.  C. 

Pa... 

Tenn. 

Vt. .  . 

Ind.  . 

Ky... 

S.  Y. 

Pa..  . 

Ohio. 

N.  J.. 

N.  O. 

N.  H. 

Mass. 

Del... 

Ky... 

Ohio. 

Ohio. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Va... 

Ind.  . 

N.  H. 

Pa... 

Md... 

Ohio. 

Va... 


Mar.  2. 
April  1. 
Aug.  15. 
Sept.  17. 
Oct.  2LI. 
Feb.  13. 
Jan.  31. 
April  9, 
Dee.  25, 
M,ar.  1, 
May  23, 
Mar.  8, 
July    4, 

M.Vr'. '  8.' 
April  17. 
Mar.  12, 
Oct.  1 . 
Mar.  13, 
Oct.  30, 
Sept.  23, 

Miir.  "9. 
Nov.  16, 
Oct.  30. 
April  8, 
Feb.  28, 
Oct.  11, 
Feb.  1, 
Aug.  27. 
June  1, 
June  11, 
Feb.  6. 
Nov.  29, 
Aug.  27, 


1829  Iowa. 
181.5  R.  I. . 
1822  Tenn. 
1818  Conn. 

1828  Del... 
1822  Kv... 

1830  .Me... 
1813  Mo... 
182.^  Cal... 
1841  Miss.. 

1824  R.  I.. 
183(5  S.  C. 
1820  Wis.. 

1833  Pa.  . . 
1799  Pa..  . 

1825  Col... 
1812  Mich. 

1834  .Mo , . . 

1829  Te.xas 


Y 
Fla... 
S.  C. 
111.  .. 
W.Va 
Mass. 
Md .  . . 
Ark.. 


July  4, 
Sept.  14, 
Aug.  29, 
Feb.  24, 
Dec.  29, 
Sept.  9, 


Dec.  8, 
Jan.  14, 
Dec.  20. 
Sept.  17, 


Aug.  29. 
Feb.  22, 
Hay  9, 
July  21, 
Mar.  30, 
Sept.  15. 
June  22, 
June  20, 
April  14, 
Aug.  4. 
July  25, 


Aug.  8, 
Oct.  12, 
June  24, 

Oct.'  "3, 
Sept.  28, 
Dec.  29, 
July  12, 
Jan.  9. 
M.ay  ID, 
Nov.  1 , 
May  23, 
Nov.  13, 
Sept.  2B, 
Jan.  4, 
Nov.  28, 
Aug.  9, 
May  10, 
Sept.  18, 


1829 
1840 

1815 

1823 

1816 

1822 

1842 

ISlh  Conn. 

1828  Vt.  .. 

1834,  Lou.. 

1827  Mich. 

1832  Ark.. 

1832  Ga.  .. 
1823  Ore.  . 

1809  Me... 
1818  Tenn. 
1825  W.Va 

1823  Ga.  .. 
1826lMiss.. 
1816  Wis.. 
1833;Kan. . 

1818  Va... 
,1834  Fla.  . 

1830  Nev.. 
1830  Lou.. 

1816  N.  Y'. 
1813  Iowa. 

1825  Miss.. 

1817  Ky... 

1819  Ind.  . 

1826  Minn. 

1833  N.  J.. 

1824  Ohio. 
1.S25  Te.\as 
1830  N.  C, 
1835  Ore. 
1824  Ala.. 

1810  Vt... 

1823  Ind. 

1824  111.  .. 
1830  Neb. 
1830  S.  C. 
1837  Kan., 
I82R  N.  J., 
1826  N.  C, 
1824,N.  H 


1827 
1817 
1817 
1821 
1823 
1836 
1830 
1813 
1828 
1831 
1827 
1824 
1827 
1821 


Cal 

Del... 

Neb.. 

Nev.. 

Ohio. 

Ala,. 

Col... 

Ohio. 

Ind.  . 

N.  H. 

Pa.  .. 

Md... 

Minn. 

Va... 


Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 

Varied 

Varied 

Agrieul'st. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Banker.  .. 
Varied.... 

Varied 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Physician. 
Unkno^vn. 

Jurist 

Varied 

Vajied 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawj'er... 
Lawyer... 
Varied. . . . 

Jurist 

Varied.... 

Miner 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Agrieul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Agrieul'st. 

Jurist 

Varied. . . . 

Jurist 

Varied  ... 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Varied.... 
Varied.... 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Varied 

Varied 

Varied 

Merchant. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied — 
Lawyer. . 
LaAvyer. . . 
Lawyer.. 

Jui'ist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. 


Sept.    2.  1884 
Dec.  29,  1885 


Sept.  20,  1877 
Sept'. '13,' 1881 


Aug.  16,  1882 
Mar.'  25,'  1883 


Nov.    1,  1877 


Nov.  13,  1885 


Total  Senators,  80.  Lawyers.  35.  Varied,  24.  Jurists,  O,  Agricultur- 
ists, 3.  Merchants,  2.  Journalists,  3.  Occupation  I'nknown,  1.  Miner,  1. 
Manufacturer,!.  Banker,  1.  Physician,!.  Foreign  Born,  3:  Including 
Ireland,  1;  Scotland,  1;    Wales,  1. 


REPRESENTATfVES. 


Acklen.  J.  Hayes D 

Aiken.  D.  Wyatt D 

Aldrich,  William B 

Atkins,  John  I>.  C D 

Bacon,  William  J R 

Bagley,  George  A R 

Baker.John  H R 

Dakir,  Wllllaiii  II.... R 
Ballon,  Latimer  W...R 
Banks.  Nathaniel  P..R 
Banning,  HenryB,.,.I> 
Bayne,  Thomas  M....U 
Beebe,  George  M D 


Tenn. 

May 

20. 

N.  0. 

Mar. 

17, 

N.  Y. 

Jan. 

— , 

Tenn. 

June 

4, 

Mass. 

Feb. 

18, 

N.  Y. 

Jnlv 

22, 

N.  Y. 

Feb. 

•28, 

N.  Y. 

Jan. 

17, 

R.  I.. 

Mar. 

1, 

Ma,ss. 

Jan. 

30, 

Ohio. 

Nov. 

1", 

Pa..  . 

June 

14, 

N.  Y. 

Oct. 

28, 

18,50 

1828 

18211 

18: 

1K03 

18-2( 

183i 

1H27 

181 


Occupalio' 


Lon,. 

S,  C.  . 
III.... 
Tenn, 
N.  V. 
N,  V. 
Iml.  . 
N.  V. 
U.  I.. 


IKKl'Ma. 
18:n'ohlo, 
18311  Pa.  ., 
1836' N.  Y, 


AjrHcurst. 
V«rii-d.... 

bVcV  "3;  i'885 

Jurist 

Viirl<-(i.... 
Lawyer... 
Liivvj-fi-,.. 

Vfirlc'd 

Lawyer... 

Dec.  10,  1881 

Vuried.. 

Eelford.  James  B I 

Bell.  Hiram  P I 

Benedict,  Charles  B.  .1 
Bicknell,  George  A. .  I 

Bisbee.  Horatio I 

Blackbuin.  J.  C.  S.  ...I 

Blair.  Heiir^  W I 

Bland.  Richard  P. ..  I 
Bli^s.  Archibald  M....I 

Blount,  James  H I 

Boone.  Andrew  R I 

Bouck.  Gabriel I 

Boyd,  Thomas  A, I 

Bragg.  Edward  S I 

Bientano.  Lorenzo...! 

Brewer.  Mark  S I 

Bridges.  Samuel  A I 

Briggs,  James  F I 

Bright.  John  M I 

Brogden,  Curtis  H 1 

Browne,  Thomas M. ..I 

Buekner.  Aylett  H I 

Bundy.  Solomon I 

Biirchard,  Horatio  CI 

Burdick.  Theo.  W I 

Butler,  Benjamin  F...I 

Cabell.  George  C I 

Cain.  Richard  H I 

Caldwell.  John  W I 

Caldwell.  William  P.  .1 
Calkins,  William  H..  .1 

(■aiiip..I..liii  H I 

Caliililnll.  ,larobM...l 

l.'aiulkr.  .Milton  A 1 

Caiiiion,  Geoi'ge  Q 

Cannon,  Joseph  G 1 

Carlisle,  John  G 1 

Caswell.  Lucien  B....1 
Chalmers.  James  R...] 
Chittenden. Sim.  B. ..1 

Clatlin,  William 1 

Clark,  Alvah  A  1 

Clark,  John  B 1 

Clark,  Rush - 

Clarke.  John  B ] 

Clymer.  Hiester 

Cobb.  Thomas  R : 

Cole,  Nathan - 

Collins,  Francis  D. ...: 
Conger,  Omar  D. . . . 

Cook.  Philip 

Corlett.  William  W...: 

Covert.  James  W : 

Cox,  Jacob  D '. 

Cox.  Samuel  S 

era  po.  William  W....: 
Cr.i vens.  Jordan  E — 
Crittenden.  Thos.  T...: 

Culbeison.  D.  B ] 

Cuiiimings.  H.  J.  B...1 

Cutler.  .\ug.  W  ] 

Uaiilofd.  Lorenzo ] 

Daviilscin.K.  H.  M....1 

Davis.  Horace - 

Davis,  Joseph  J ] 

Diaii.  Binjamin 1 

Ikeinig.  NuthlC 1 

D.-niMiii,  liiiillevC....] 

DibreM.  c.irge  G ] 

Dickey,  Henry  L 1 

Douglas.  Beverly  B...1 

Dunnell.  Mark  H 1 

Dmhaiu,  Milton  J : 

l)\vit:hl..l,re.  W 1 

Eaiues.  lu-iijaniin  F... 

KdiMi,.l..liii  H : 

Eii-kholl'.  Anthony.... 

Elaiii..IosephB : 

Ellis.  K.  .lolin 

Ellsworth.  Charlesc: 

Errett.  Kussell 

Evans,  I.  Newton 

Evans,  James  L,  F 

livv  iiiii,  Tiiniiias 

Feliiiii.  N\  illiamll... 

Friiii.  si.-iihen  S 

Fiil.l,  \V:.ll,iidge  A... 
Fiiilcv.  EliinezerB... 
Fortuv.  William  H... 

Fort,  Giciilmry  I 

F>ist<-r,  Charles 

I'laiiklin,  Henj.  J 

I'll  f'111,'111.  chapman. .! 

Frost.  Kicliard  G 

Frve.  William  P : 

Fuller.  BenonlS 

Wardner,  Miles 

Oarllelil,  James  A..  . 
Oarlh,  William  W... 

Cause,  Lucien  C.   

Oibson,  Kandall  L.... 
Giddlngs.  DeWltt  C. 

Glovei'.  John  .M 

Ooo.le,  John 

Glint, -r,  Thomas  M... 


ISept.  28, 
Jan.  27. 
Feb.     7, 


1837  I 

1827 

1828 


Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Jurist 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 
N.  H.  'Lawyer. . . 
Mo. . .  Lawyer. . . 

Merchant. 

Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer  . . 

Unknown. 
Tenn.  Lawyer. 


April  19. 
Dec.  14, 
May  22. 
Sept.  22. 
Oct.  7, 
Nov.  5, 
Jan.  25. 
April  12, 
Jan.  15, 
Nov.  8, 
Feb.  18. 
April  14. 
Not.  '20, 
Jan.  11. 
Jan.  11, 
May  7, 
Sept.  5, 
Nov.  27, 
Jan.  11. 
Mar.  29. 
Mar.  6. 
Sept.  13. 
Jan.  14, 

A'pi''ili4. 
Nov.  3, 
July    2, 


N.  Y 

Can. 

Ohio 

Mass 

Mo.. 

Ky.. 

Ga.. 

N.J. 

N.J. 

Ohio. 

Fla.. 

Mass, 

N.  C 

Eng'd 

Me... 

Vt.  .. 

Tenn, 

Ohio, 

Va.  . 

Me. . , 

Ky.. 

N.  Y. 

Mass, 

■Jy-.' 
Ger  y 

Ark.. 

Lou.. 


1829 
I8I7 
1823 
182 
1836 
1818 
1837 
1825 
1838 
183: 
184 
184(1 


Unknown. 
Ind.  .  Lawyer... 

Mo. ..  .Jurist 

N ,  Y' .  Lawyer. . . 

Ill Merchant. 

low.a.  Banker  .. 
Mass.  Lawyer... 

Va. . .  .Varied 

S.  C.  Varied 

Ky.. .  I  Jurist 

Tenn.  iLawyer. .. 
Ind.  .  'Lawyer.. . 
N  .  Y.  Lawj'er. .. 


18211  Pa.  ..  Varied 


July  31 

Sept. '2.' 
Oct.  27, 
Sept.  30, 
May  16, 
Nov.  7, 
Jan.  2, 
Sept.  29, 
May  21,  1 
Oct.  22,  1 
Oct.  18,  1 
Sept.  23,  1 

1 

April  13.  1 
Aug.  14.  1 
Sept,  22.  1 
Sept.  i:t.  1 
.April  12,  1 
Oct.  29.  1 
Dec.  21,  1 
July  2,  1 
May   16,  1 

June  4,  1 
Feb.  1,  1 
Sept.  11,1 
June  12,  1 
Oct.   15,  1 

Ko-vi'l'f).  i 
July  27,  1 
Mai-.  27,  1 
Aug.  7,  1 
June  19,  1 
Mar.  28,  1 
April  26,  1 
July  31,  1 
Nov,  9,  1 
Oct,  17,  1 
April  12,  1 

0(-t.'"8,"l 
Dec.  29,  1 
Sept.  2,  1 
Nov.  13,  1 
Jan.  30,  1 
Nov.  19,  1 

Dei-.'  '2.5,' ': 
Sept.  10.  1 
July  18,  ; 
Sept.  4,  1 
May  27,  1 
Sept.  18, 


1837 
1827 
1836 
1835 
1827 
1831 
1814 
1818 
1840 
1831 

1833 

1827 

,  1828 

,'  l's44 
.1818 
,  1817 

,'  'l'84'2 
1828 
1824 
1830 
1830 
1834 
18:M 


Ga. 
Utah. 


Mass. 
Ark.  . 
Mo. 


Lawyer. . . 

Journalist 

Lawyer. . . 
Ky...  iLawyer. . . 
Wis. .  Lawyer.. . 
.Miss..  jLawyer.. . 

N.  "Y.  iVaried 

Ma.ss.  Merchant. 
N.  J. .  Lawj'er... 
Mo. ..  iLawyer.. . 
Iowa  Unknown. 
Ky...  Lawyer... 
Pa.  . .  Lawyer. . . 
Ind.  .  Lawyer... 
Mo. ..  I  Unknown. 
Pa.  ..  JLawyer... 

Mich.  iVaried 

Ga.  . .  .Lawyer... 
AVy.T  Unknown. 
N.  Y.  Lawyer... 
Ohio.  iLawyer... 
N.  Y.  IVarled.... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer.  . 
Texas  [Lawyer... 
Iowa.  , Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawj'er. . . 

Miller 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

L'nknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied....' 

Lawyer... 

Lavyer... 

Unknown. 

Journalist 

Physician. 

Miller 

Lawyer. . . 

Agrieul'st. 

Varied 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Lawyer. . 

Lawyer.. 

Varied  . . 

Lawyer.. 

Varied... 

Lawyer.. 

Lawyer- . 

Educator 

Lawyer. . 

Varied... 

Lawyer.. 

Lawyer.. 

Varied .. . 

Lawyer. . 

Lawyer. . 


Lawyer 


Sept.  19,1881 


"^1^ 


7- 


KKI'KHtJENTATIVJiS    OF    THE    FOKTY-KII'TII    UO^UkE.SS. 


625 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


oil. 


Hale.  KuKi-ne  It 

Haiiiiltoii,  Andrew  H.l) 

Halina,    .li.lm K 

llanUiiliuiKli,  A.  A...D 
IlariMui,  Alfred  C  ...R 

Harris,    lienj.  W R 

Harris,  Henry  R D 

Harris,  Jolin   T 1) 

Harrison,  Carter  H..D 

Hart,  K-  KirUe D 

HailridKe.  Julian D 

Harlzell.  William D 

Haskell.  Dudley  C....R 

Hateher,  Kob't  A U 

Haye»,  Philip  C R 

Hjizelton,  Geo.  C kR 

Hendee.  Geo.  W R 

Henderson.  Thos.  J... R 

Henkle.  Kll  J D 

Helirv,  Dan'l  M D 

Herbert,  Hilary  A D 

Hewitt,  Abram  S D 

Hewitt.  Goldsmith  W.D 

Hinton,  W.  B — 

Hiseoek.  Frank R 

llouUer.  Clias.  E D 

H..use..I,ilin  F D 

Hul.bell.  Jav   A R 

Humphrey,  H.  L R 

lIunKertord.  John  M.R 

Hunter.  Morton  C R 

Hunton,   Eppa D 

Ittner,    Anthony R 

Jacobs,  Orange R 

James,  Amaziah  B R 

Jones,  Frank D 

Jones,  James  T D 

Jones,  John  S R 

Jorgenson,  Joseph... R 

Joyce,  Chas.   H R 

Reifer,  J.  Warren... H 
KeiKhtley.  Kdwin  ■VV..R 

Kelley,  Wm.   D R 

Kenna,  John  E D 

Ketcham,  John  H R 

Kidder,  JelTerson  P.  .R 
KiUinfcer.  John  W....R 

Kiniinell.  William D 

Knatip,  Rob't  M D 

Knott,  J.  Proctor D 

Landers,  George  M  .D 
Lapham,  Eldridge  G.R 
Lathrop,  William  —  R 

Leonards,  John   E R 

Ligon,  Robert  F D 

Lindsey,  Stephen  D..R 
Lockwood,  Dan'l  N...D 

Loring,  George  B R 

Luttrell,  John  K D 

Lynde,  Wm.  P D 

McCook,  Anson  G...R 

Mctlowan,  J.  H R 

MoKensie,  J  as.  A D 

Maekey.Levi  A D 

McKinley.  William.. .R 

McMahon.  John  A D 

Maginnis.  Martin D 

Maish.  Levi D 

Majors,  Thos.  J R 

ManninK.  Van   H D 

Marsb,  Benj.  F R 

Martin,  Benj.  F D 

Mayhain.  Stephen  S.  .D 

Metcalfe.  Lyne  S R 

Mills,  Roger  Q D 

Mitchell,  John  1 R 

Money.  Hernando  D..D 

Monroe,  James R 

Morgan.  Chas.  H D 

Morrison.  Wm.  R D 

Morse.  Leopold D 

Mnldrow.H.  L D 

Muller,  Nicholas D 

Xeal,  Henry  S R 

Norcross.  Ainasa R 

Oliver.  Addison R 

O'Neill.  Charles R 

Overton.  Edward R 

Pacheco.  Romualdo  R 

Page.  Horace  F R 

Patterson.  Geo.  W. .  .R 
Patterson.  Thos.  M.  ..D 

Peddle.  Thos.  B R 

Phelps,  James. D 

Phillips,  Wm.  A R 

Pollard.  Henry  M R 

Potter.  Clarkson  N...D 

Pound.  Thad.  C R 

Powers.  Llewellyn... R 
Price.  Hiram R 


Me...  June    9, 


I 


Ind.  . 

.V.  J.. 
Pa.  .. 
Mass. 
Ga. . . 
•Va. . . 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Va. . . 
Conn. 
N.  H. 
Vt.  .. 
Tenn. 
Md... 
Md... 
S.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Ala.  . 


Feb.  20, 
Nov.  2.'i. 
Feb.  24, 
Feb.  3, 
Jan.  3, 
Nov.  .311, 
Nov.  29, 
Nov.  24, 
Feb.  ni, 
.Mar.  12, 
July  31, 
Feb.    14, 


K.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Tenn. 
Mich. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Va.  .. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
Va. .. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
Eng'd 
Ohio. 
Ind.  , 
Pa.  .. 
Va.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 


Md... 
HI.... 
Ky... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Ga. .. 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
.Mass. 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Iowa. 
N.  C. 


1836  Me.., 

In.l. 

1827  Ind.  . 
1830  N.  J. 
1825  Pa. . 
1823  Mas>, 
1.828  Ga. .  , 
1825,  Va.  . 
1825:H1. 


Sept.    3, 

May  IS, 

Aug.    H, 

Nov.  10, 

Feb.     2, 

May     8. 

Feb.  15, 

April  8,  1841|N.  Y. 

Go... 

1837|lll.  .. 

1837IKan,. 

18111  Mo... 

1833,111,  .. 

1833  Wis.. 
1832  Vt.  .. 
1824'lll.   ,. 

1828  Md... 
1823  JM  . 
1 834 'a  la... 

1822  N.  Y. 

1834  Ala.  . 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
Miss.. 

1827  Tenn. 

1829  Moll. 
1830;Wis.. 
1825  N.  Y. 
1825  Ind.  . 

1823  Va  .. 
18371Mo... 

1829  W.  T. 
1812  N.  Y. 
1832, N.  H. 
1832  Ala... 
18;!5,ohio. 
1844  Va.  .. 

1830  Vt  .. 
1831:  Oliio. 


Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.., 
Banker.  .. 
Merchant. 
1,11 


Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Banker... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Law  yer. . . 
.lournallst 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lii 


Dee.  15,  1883 


Sept.   6,  1834 


Jan.  9. 
Sept.  15, 
Mar.  14. 
Dec.  31, 
Feb.  5, 
Sept.  23, 
Oct.      8, 

JuVy'i". 
Sept.  15, 

Feb.'i-!'. 
Feb.  11, 
Jan.  311, 
Jan.  30, 
.Aug.  7, 
April  12, 
April  10, 
Dec.  31. 


1843 
1814 
1848 
1832 


Sept.  18,  1825 


Aug.  29. 
Feb.  22. 
Oct.  18, 
April  17, 
Sept.  22. 


1830 
1813 


.Mich. 
Pa.  . . 
W.Va 
N.  V. 
D.  T.. 
Pa... 
Md... 
111.  .. 
Ky... 
Conn. 


Mar.  3, 
June  1, 
Nov.  8. 
June  27, 
Dec.  16. 
Oct.  10. 
April  2. 
Aug.  1, 
Nov.  25, 
Feb.  26. 
iFeb.  19 
Oct.  27, 
iNov.  22, 
June  2.5, 
July  26, 


8141 N.  Y 
1825tlll.  .. 
1845, Lou.. 

....I Ala.  . 
1828  Me.  .. 
1844  N.  Y. 
1817  Mass. 
183i;Cal... 
1817|Wis  , 
1835  N.  Y. 
1837  Mich. 
1840  Ky... 
1819  Pa.  . . 
1844  Ohio 
1833  Ohio. 
1840  M.  T. 
1837  Pa. .. 
1841,  Neb 


1839 


Va...  Oct.  2, 
N.  Y.  Oct.  8, 
Ky...  lApril21, 


1828 
18: 


Miss. . 
111.  .. 
W.Va 

N.  Y. 


Pa... 
Miss.. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
HI.  .. 
Bav.. 
Miss.. 
Ger'y 
Ohio. 
N.  H. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa... 
Pa.  .. 
Cal. . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
Ire'd. 
Scot. . 
Conn. 
Scot.. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Me. . . 
Pa..  . 


July  28, 
Aug.  26, 
July  18, 

Sept.'ii.' 
Aug.  15. 

Nov.'i.5,' 
Aug.  25, 
Jan.  26, 

M,ar.  '2i', 
Feb.  4, 
Oct.  31, 
Oct.  20, 
Nov.  1 1 , 
Nov.    4, 

jaii.  12,' 
Jan.  14. 
June  14, 


1822  Mo 
Te.vas 

1838  Pa    . . 

1839  Miss.. 
1821  Ohio. 

Miss.. 

1825  111 


1831 

18.36 
1828 
1824 
1833 
1821 
1836 
1831 
1833 
1799 
1840 

1822 
1826 
1836 
1825 
1833 
1838 
1814 


Mass. 
Miss.. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio . 
Mass . 
Iowa. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa..  . 
Cal... 
Cal... 
N.  Y. 
Col.  . 
N.  J.. 
Conn. 
Kan.. 
Mo... 
N.  Y. 
Wis. . 
Me... 
Iowa. 


rinsician. 
I.iinvcr.,. 
1.11"  yer... 
Miinufac'r 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Lawyer 

Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Banker... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Slechanic 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Physician. 
Lawyer 

Lawvil 
Jurist.. 
Varied. 
Lawyei 
.Agricul'st. 

Jurist 

Lawyer.. . 
.Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Manufac'r 
Varied.... 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Varied. . . . 
Lawyer. 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 
-Agricul'st. 

Varied 

Lawyer.. . 

Lawyer 

Journalist 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Unknown, 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

I  Varied 

'journalist 
Educator 
Lawyer. 
Lawyer.. 
Merchant 
Lawyer.. 
R.  R.  Ag't 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer. . . 

.lurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Stage-O'r. 
Varied..., 
Lawyei ... 
Manufac'r 

Jurist 

Varied... 
Lawyer.. . 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Banker.  . 


Mar.  15, 1878 


REPRESENTATIVES. 

Wli.r« 
Ikirn 

Wb™  Bom. 

HtMU 

■«n'*<l. 

VfbeaOed. 

I'ii<l(.Miiuix-,  .\.  L 

I'uk'li.  .).  Ilowurd.... 
Qiiiiin.  Terenee  J... 
Kiiiney,  JoMt-pIi  H.. 
Kaiidall  Suiii'l  J 

.D 
R 
.D 
It 
.R 
D 
D 
.R 
.1) 
U 
.R 
.1> 
.D 
.D 
A) 

:\l 

M 
M 
.D 
.R 
.U 
.P. 
.D 
.D 

:^ 

.R 
.D 

D 
.R 
.1) 

R 
.R 
.i> 
.D 
.D 
.D 
.R 
.D 
.D 
.D 

.R 
.R 
.R 
.R 

:g 

.R 

:g 

D 
.R 
.D 
.D 
.D 

D 
.R 
.R 
.D 

D 
.R 
.D 
.D 
.R 
.D 
.R 
.R 
.R 
.R 

D 
.D 

■r 

R 
.D 
.D 
.R 
.D 

'.R 

D 

i 

.D 
.D 
D 

Va. . . 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Tenn. 

June  27.  1837  Vn...  1 
June  23.  18-27  N.  y. 
Oct.    16,  IK'if)  N.J. 
JUI1C21.  1832  S.  C. 

. 

Varied.... 
Itrewer... 

JuneI8,'i878 

Oct     10    18'28  Pa         1  Merchant 

lUiidolph,  Jus.  H 

]t;iiuinl|ih.  W.  M 

Tenn. 
Mo... 

L'nknown. 
Lawyer... 

Kra,  iJavld 

Heiinan.  John  H 

Ind.  . 
Tenn. 
Mo... 
l*a.  . . 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
S.  C. . 
Tenn. 
N.  C. 
Md... 
Tenn. 
Mass. 
Ind.  . 
N.  M. 
N.J.. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio, 
tlhlo. 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 
Ger'y 
Ind.  . 
Pa.  .. 
Tenn. 
Ky... 
N.J.. 
Tenn. 
S.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Ga... 
Ohio. 
Ind.  . 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Ga... 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
Tenn. 
Tenn. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 

Jan.   19,  1831 

Oct.   18,  1839  Me... 
Aug.  12.  1845  Pa.  .. 
Nov.  18.  18.35  Ohio. 
Mar.    7,  1826  Mass. 
Feb.  29.  18-28  S.  C. 

Heilly,  Jaiiie.xB 

Kicf,  .\niriiriiN   V   . . 

KicluuilM.ii.  JchnS.. 

Varied 

N.  C. 

Lawyer. . . 

Ttnbertson.  Kd.  W  . . . 

June  13,  1823  Lou. . 

Lawyer... 

Kul>inson,  MUtonS.. 
Hniiiero.  Trinidad... 
Rn'^H  Miles 

April-20,  1832  Ind.  . 
June  15,  183.^  N.  M. 
April  :iO,  18-28  N.  J.. 
Nov.  25.  18.37, Kan.. 
Dec.     6,  1831  Iowa. 

Law-yer..  . 
Varied.... 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 

Kyun.  Thomas 

Sampson.  Kzeklel  S. 

Sapp.  WilliiiniK 

Sayler,  Milton 

Scales.  Alfred  M 

Nov.    4.  183l|ohlo. 
Nov.  26,  18-27. N.   C. 
Nov.  19.  18*23  Texas 

Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer... 

CivilRnL.'r 

Sexton .  Leonidas. . . . 
Shullenberger.  W.  S. 

SliL-lley.  Chas.  M 

Singleton,  Otho  R. . . 

May  19,  1827ilnd.  .  Lawyer... 
Nov.  24,  1839  Pa.  . .  Merchant. 
Dec.  28,  1833  Ala.  .  Arc-hitcpt. 

Oct.   14,  1814  Miss.. 
Sept.  in.  18:«  N.  J.. 
Mar.  15,  1830  Ark. . 
April   5,  1839  S.  C. 
Mar.     7.  1815  Pn.  .. 
.Mar.  14.  1829  Ga.  .. 

Ohio. 

Nov.  19,  1828 1  111.  .. 
Mav  30,  I83H  III.  .. 
Aug.  27.  182-.  N.  Y. 

Slemons.  Wm.  F 

Smalls.  Robert 

Smith.  A.  Kerr 

Smith.  Wm.  E 

.Southard.  Milton  1.. 
Sparks.  Wm.  A.  J.... 
Springer,  Wm.  M 

Law-yer. . . 
Seaman... 
Law  yer. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawyer... 
Varied 

Lawyer.. 
Varied... 

Steele,  Walter  L 

Stenger,  Wm.   S.    ... 
.Stephens.  Alex.    H... 
Stevens,  Hiram   S... 

Stewart.  Jacob  H 

Stone.  Joseph  C 

Stone,  John  W 

April  18,  1823  N.  C.  Lawyer... 
Feb.   13,  1810  Pa.  ..  Lawyer... 
Feb.  11.  1812  Ga. . .  iLawyer. . . 

1832  Ar.  T.  Unknown. 

Jan.  15,  1829  Minn.  Iphysicion. 
July  30.  1829  Iowa,   physician. 
July  18,  1838  Midi,    Lawyer... 

iiar.'i'.Vsss 

Jan.  26,  I8:i.',  Minn. 

18116  Md... 

Jan.     4,  1830  Pa. .  . 
July    3,  1837|Tenn. 
Feb.     1,  1825iTexa8 

Swann.  Thomas 

Thompson.  John  M. 
Thornburgh.  J.  M... 

Varied.... 

July  24.  1883 

Tipton,  Thomas  F... 

Aug.  29,  1833 

111.... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 

Jurist 

Unknown. 

Mass. 
Md... 
Va. . . 
Ky... 
Pa... 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Ire'd. 
Pa... 
Conn. 
Pa... 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Tenn. 
III.  .. 
Conn. 
Can.. 

N.  y. 

Pa.  .. 

Ala.. 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 
Va. . . 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  0. 
Tenn. 

Feb.     6,  1810 

Townshend.  Rich'd. 
Tucker,  J.  Randolph 

April 30,  184(J  Hi.... 
Dec.   -24,  18-23  Va.  .. 
Sept.  10.  1821  Ky... 
Feb.    18.  1825  Pa.  . . 
April  24, 18-28  N.  C. 
Jan.  23,  1822  Ohio. 
May   19,  18:)5  N.  Y. 
Sept.  16.  18:)4  N.  C. 
Aug.  27.  1811  Conn. 
Aug.     1.  I8:i2  Va... 
May   11,  18-28  Md... 
Jan.     l,1837Pa.  .. 
Oct.    10,  1831  Conn. 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Turney,  Jacob 

Vance.  Robert  B... 
Van  Vorhes,  Nelson. 

Veeder.  Wm.  D 

Waddell.  Alfred  M 

Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Jounialist 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 

Walker,  Gilbert  C. . 
Walsh.  William.... 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . , 

Nev.. 

Pa.  .. 
Ind.  . 
Tenn. 
Cal... 
Mich. 
N.  Y. 
Wis.. 
Del... 
Ala.  . 
Ore.  . 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Mich. 
W.Va 
N.   Y. 
Nev.. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 
Tenn. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Vaiied.... 
M  anufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Law-yer. . . 
Law-yer. . . 

Sept.   4.  1878 

White.  Harry 

White.  M.D 

Whitthorne.  W.  C 
Wigginton.  Peter  D. 
Williams,  Alpheus  S 
Williams,   Andrew. 
Williams.  Chas.  G.. 

Jan.    12.  18.34 
Sept.    8.  18-27 
April  10.  1825 
Sept.    <;.  1839 
Sept.  2",  181( 
Aug    27,  1828 
Oct.     18,  1829 
Aug.     4,  1825 
April-.  1829 
Nov.  15.  1838 
Jan.  22,  1843 
Mar.  24.  1K4II 
Apill24,  18311 
AlulKKI.  IN25 
June  14.  1812 
Jan.     2.  18-20 
April  24,  18118 
May  29,  1829 

Williams.  Jere.N... 
Williams.  Richard.. 

Willis,  Albert  S 

Willis.  Benj.  A 

Willitts,  Edwin 

Wilson.  Benjamin.. 
Wood,  Fernando... 

Wren,  Thomas 

Wright,  Hendrick  B 

"ITeates,  Jesse  J 

Young,   Casey 

Feb.'  13,'  i'ssi 

Total  Representatives,  308.  Lawyers,  169.  Varied.  51.  Jurists,  lO. 
Occupation  Unknown.  lO.  Merchants,  lO.  Agriculturists,  9.  Bankers.  6. 
Physicians,  6.  Journalists,  6.  Manufacturers,  4.  Millers,  2.  Educators.  3. 
Mechanics,  2.  Brewer.  1.  Architect.  1.  Stage-Owner,  1,  Civil-Engineer,  1. 
Foreign  Born,  15  :  Ini  luding  Germany,  4  ;  England,  4  ;  Canada,  2  ;  Scot- 
land, 2  i  Ireland,  2  ;  Bavaria,  1. 


-vcj 


Fc 


526 


FOKTY-SIXTII    CONGRESS,    AND    LEAUINQ    EVENTS    OF    THE    TIME. 


Forty-sixth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1879  to  1881. 


1879— Attempted  assassination  of  tlie  Russian 
Emperor,  Alexander  II.,  by  Solovieff, 
April  14. 

1879— Notre  D.ime  University,  at  South  Bend. 
Ind..  burned,  witli  a  loss  of  about 
$1,000,000,  April  23. 

1879- Prince  Louis  Napoleon  of  France,  slain 
by  Zulus  in  South  Afiica,  June  1. 

1879— Tewlik  Pash.a  succeeds  Ishmail  Pasha 
as  Kliedive  of  Egypt,  in  June. 

1879— Patagonia,  S.  .\..  ceded  to  the  Argentine 
Republic  by  Chili.  June  27. 

1879— The  Zulu  Chieftain.  Cetewayo.  captured 
liy  the  British  in  South  Africa,  Aug.  28. 

1880— First  earthquake  ever  known  at 
Havana.  Cuba,  occurred,  doing  great 
damage,  Jan.  23. 

1880— .A  fearful  cyclone  visited  portions  of 
Missouri,  Kansas,  Iowa,  Wisconsin, 
Illinois  and  Indiana,  wrecking  towns, 
killing  10<->  persons  and  destroying  an 
immense  amount  of  property,  April  l,s. 


ICntherford  B.  Bayes,  19th  President. 

VICE-PRESIDENT — WILLIAM   A.   WHEELER,   OK   NEW   TORK. 

Sec'y  of  state ;-  William  M.  Evarts,  of  New  York. 

Sec'y  of  Treas I  John  Sherman,  of  Ohio. 

Sec'y  of  War ^  Alexander  Ramsey,  of  Minn. 

Sec'y  of  Navy ;  Nathan  Goff,  Jr.,  of  W.  Va. 

Sec'y  of  Interior )■  Carl  Schurz,  of  Mo. 

Postmaster-Gen'I !■  Horace  Maynard,  of  Tenn. 

.Attomey-Gen'l I  Charles  Devens,  of  Mass. 

Speaker  of  House  of     I  s^n,^,.,  j.  Randall,  of  Pa. 
Representatives...  ( 


1880 — Arrival  of  members  of  the  European 
"  Salvation  Army  "  at  New  York,  to  ex- 
tend their  work  in  this  country. 

1S80 — Burning  of  the  excui-sion  steamer 
"  Seawanhaka,"  from  New  York,  at  sea. 
with  tile  loss  of  aj  lives,  June  '29. 

1880— Convention  of  Knights-Templar  at 
Chicago,  drawing  immense  crowds  to 
the  city  to  witness  the  parades,  wiiicli 
excited  much  admiration,  Aug.  10. 

1880 — A  severe  snow-storm  in  the  Argentine 
Republic.  S.  A.,  destroyed  1,500,000 
head  of  cattle,  Oct.  18. 

1880— Great  Anti-Chinese  riot  at  Denver.  Col . , 
Oct.  31.  The  Chinese  I'esidents  and 
their  possessions  were  tei-ribly  abused 
and  injured. 

1881— The  Egyptian  Obelisk  was  set  up  in 
Central  Park,  New  York  City,  Jan.  22. 

1881— The  Sacramento  Valley,  in  California, 
was  visited  by  storm  and  Hoods,  which 
submerged  3,500  square  miles  of  land, 
Feb.  7. 


D  Indicates  Democrat:     K,  Republican;     G-IS,  Greenbacker. 


SENATORS. 


Allison.  William  B,.R 
.\ntliony,  Henry  B...R 

B.tilev,  James  E — 

Baldwin.  Henry  P R 

Bavard.  Thomiis  F...D 

Beck.  James  B D 

Blaine.  James  G R 

Blair.  Henry   W R 

Booth.  Newton -- 

Brown,  Joseph  E D 

Bruce,  Blanche  K R 

Bumside.  .\inbrose  E.R 

Butler.  .M.Calvin D 

Call.  Wilkinson D 

Cameron,  .Angus — 

Cameron,  J.  Donald.  .R 
Carpenter.  Matt.  H.,.R 
Cockrell.  Francis  M..D 

Coke.  Richard D 

Conklin:^,  Roscoe R 

navis,  David — 

Davis.  Henry  G D 

Dawes.  Henrv  L R 

Eaton.  William  W...D 

Edmunds,  Geo.  F R 

Farley.  James  T D 

Ferry,  Thomas  W R 

Garland.  Aug.  H D 

Groome,  Jas.  B  D 

Grover,  Lafayette. . . .  D 
Hamlin.  Hannibal.  ..It 

Hampton,  Wade. D 

Harris.  Isham  G D 

Hereford.  Frank D 

Hill.  Benjamin  H D 

Hill,  Nath-I  P R 

Hoar,  George  F R 

Ingalls,  John  J R 

Johnston.  John  W...D 

Jonas,  Benj.  F D 

Jones.  Charles  W D 

Jones.  John  P R 

Kellogg.  William  P.R 

Kcrnan,  Francis D 

Kirk  wood,  Samuel  J..  R 
Ijainar.  Lucius  t^.  C.  .D 

Logan.  John  A R 

McDonald,  Joseph  E,D 
McMillan.  Sanl'l  J.  R..K 
M.-!'l,,-i>on.  John  R..D 

.M  i\.-v.  S.irnllel  II D 

.Murg.in,  John  T D 

Mtirrill,  Justin  S It 

Paddock.  Alger'nS. .R 

Pendleton,  Geo.  H D 

Piatt,  Orville  H K 

Plumb.  Preston  B R 

I'llgh,. lames  I D 

Rmdolph.  Theo.  F.. .D 

Random.  .Matt.  W D 

Rollins,  Edward  II.. .U 

Saulsbury.  Ell D 

Saun<Iers.  Alvin R 

Sharon.  William P 

Slater.  .lames  H D 

Teller.  Henrv  M R 

Thurman.  Allen  G D 

Vance.  Zelmlon   V — D 

Vest,  fleorgc  G  D 

Voorhees.  Dan'l   W.  .D 

■Walker.  .las.  D D 

Wallac.',  William  A.. I) 
Whvte.  W.  I>inknev..D 


Ohio. 
R  I.. 
Tenn. 
R.  1.. 
Del.. 
Scot. . 
Pa.  .. 
N.  H. 
Ind.  . 
S.  0.. 
Va... 
Ind.  . 
S.  C. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Mo. , , 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
Md... 
Mass . 
Conn. 
Vt.  .. 
Va... 
Mich. 
Tenn. 
Md... 
Me... 
Me... 
S.  C. . 
Tenn 
Va. .. 
Ga.  . 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Mass, 
Va... 
Ky... 
Il-e'd. 
Wars 
Vt,  .. 
N.  Y. 
Md... 
(;a... 

III. ., 

Ohio. 
Pa, 


SUte 
seated. 


M.ar.  2. 
April  1. 
Aug.  15. 
Feb.  22. 
Oct.  2i), 
Feb.  13, 
Jan.  31, 
Dec.  tj, 
Dec.  25, 
April  15, 
.Mar.  1 , 
May  23, 
Mar.  8, 
Jan.  a, 
July    4, 


1829  Iowa. 
1815  R,  I., 
1822  Tenn 
1814  Mich, 
IK'28  Del.. 
1822  Kv.. 
1830|M'e.. 
1834iN.   H 


Oct.  1, 
Mar.  13, 
Oct.  30, 
Mar.  9. 
Nov.  lii. 
Oct.  30, 
Oct.  II, 
Feb.     1, 

June  1, 
June  II. 
April  4, 
Nov.  29. 
Aug.  27, 
.Mar.  -28, 


July  4, 
Sept.  14, 
Feb.  IH, 
Aug.  29. 
Dec.  29, 
Sept.  9, 
July  19, 


1825 
1821 
1841 
1824 
1836 
1834 
1826 
1833 
1824 
1834 
1829 
18'29 

IHl.- 

1X23 

INI 

1816 

182S 

1829 

1827 

183: 

1838 

1M23 

1809 

1818 

1818 

18: 


Cal 

Ga.. 

Miss. 

R.  I. 

S.  C. 

Fla. 

Wis. 

Pa.  . 

Wis. 

Mo.. 

Texas 

N.  Y 

111,  . 

WVa 

Muss, 

Conn. 

Vt.  .. 

Cal... 

Mich 

Ark.. 

Mil... 

Ore.  . 


Dec.  8, 
Jan.  14, 
Dec.  20, 
Sept.  17, 
Feb.  9, 
Aug.  29, 
Feb.  22, 
N.  Y.  M.ay  9, 
Ky...  Mar.  30, 
Tenn.  June  20, 
Vt.  ..I April  14, 

N.  Y.   

Ohio.  July  25, 
Conn.  July  19, 
Ohio.  Oct.  12, 
Ga...  Dec.  12, 
N.  J..  June  24, 

N.  C 

N.  II.  Oct,  3, 
Del...  Dec.  29, 
Kv...  July  12, 
Ohio.  Jan.  9. 
III.  .,  Dec.  '28. 
N.  Y.  May  -2:1, 
Nov.  13, 
May  13, 
Dec.  fi, 
Sept.  26. 
Dec.  13, 
Nov.  28, 


J3 
1832 
1826 
1833 
1818 
1834 
1834 

18:10 
I8:i0 

1816 


OooupfttioD 


M( 

S.  C. 

Tenn. 

W.Va 

Ga... 

Col... 

Mass. 

Kan.. 

Va... 

Lou. . 

Fla.  . 

Nev.. 

Lou . . 

NY. 
1813'Iowa. 
1825!  Miss.. 
1826,111.... 
1819  Ind.  . 
1826  Minn. 
I8:)3  N,  J.. 
1825, Texas 
18-24  Ala... 
1810,  Vt.... 
18:iONeb,. 
1825  Ohio. 


18'27 
18:17 
1820 
1826 
1826 
1824 
1817 
817 


Conn. 
Kan.. 
Ala.  . 
N.  J.. 
N.  C. 
N.  H. 
Del... 
Neb 


Va. 

N.  C. 

Ky... 

Ind.. 

Ky... 

Pa.  .. 

Md... 


Am 


1821  Nov.. 
|826!0re.  . 
18:t0  Col... 
1813  Ohio. 
18:10  N.   C. 

18:)i)  Mo... 
182.1  Inil.  . 
I8:«l  Ark.. 
1X27  Pa.  .. 
1X21  Md... 


Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 

Jurist 

Agricul'st. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Banker.  .. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Varied.... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Lawyer 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Chemist.. 
Lawyer. , . 

Varied 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Miner 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
La\yyer. . . 

Jurist 

.Agi-icul'st. 
Varied. .. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied. . , , 
Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. .. 

Varied 

Varied 

Mercliant, 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Varied..., 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer, , . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 


Sept.    2,  1884 
Dec.  29,  1885 


Sept.  13,  1881 


Feb.  24, 1881 


Jan.  22.  1886 


Aug.  16,  1882 


Nov.  13,  1885 


SENATORS. 

Where 
Born. 

^hen  Bom. 

State 
Hepre- 
sented. 

When  Lied. 

Wiiliaiiis,  Johns... 
Windom,  William.. 

..D     Ky...l 1820 

..R    Ohio.lMftv   10.1827 

Ky... 

Minn. 
Va... 

Lawyer... 

Withers,  Robert  E.. 

..D 

Va... 

Sept.  18.  1821 

Lawyer. . . 

i 


Total  Senators,  "76.  Lawyers,  40.  Vaiied,  14,  Jurists,  T.  Agricultur- 
ists, 2.  Merchants,  3.  Journalists,  S.  Banker,  1.  Miner,  1.  Chemist,!. 
Foreign  Born,  3:  Including  Ireland,  1;  Scotland,!;    Wales,!, 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


I  Sutc 
scnied. 


.-\cklen,  J.  Haves.. 
.\ikcii.  11,  Wyatt... 
Ainslie,  lieuige..,. 
Aldrich.  Nelson  W. 
Aldrich.  William.. 
Anderson,  John  A. 
Armfleld.  Rob't  F.. 
-Vtherton,  Gibson., 
Atkins.  John  D.  C 
Bacllinaii.  licilben  K.D 

liailev,  John  H R 

Baker.  John  H R 

Ballon,  Latimer W...R 

Barber,  Hiram. R 

Barlow,  Bradley R 

Bavne,  Thom.as  II It 

Beale.  Rich'd  L.  T....D 

Belford.  James  B R 

Beltzhoover.  Frank  E.D 
Bennett,  fJranville  G.R 
Berry,  Campbell  I'... — 
Bicknell,  George  A. 
Bingham,  Henry  H. 
Blackburn,  J.  C.  S. . 

Blake,  John  L 

Bland.  Richard  P. . 
Bliss,  .Archibald  M.. 
Blount,  James  H... 
Bouck,  Gabl-iel..  . 
Bowman,  Selwyn  Z. 
Bovd.  Thomas  A.... 
Bragg.  Edwards... 

Brents.  Tlici«,  U 

6r.\Mr.  Murk  S 

Bngtrs,  Jaliifs  F..., 
Brigham,  Lewis  A. . 

Bright,  John  M 1) 

Browne,  Thomas M...R 

Bucknci-,  AylottH D 

Burrows,  Julius  C R 

Btitterworth,  Benj...R 

<;ahell.  George  C D 

Caldwell,  John  W..,   ^ 
Calkins,  William  II.. 

Camp.  John  H 

Campbell,  John  O... 
Cantmii,  George  Q.,, 
t^atiiion.  Joseph  G... 

Carlisle,  Jiilin  G 

t^irpenlir.  Cyrus  C. 
Caswell.  I.uclen  B. . . 
Cli;tlm'-IM.  James  R...D 
Chill. 'luliti. Sim.  B...R 

Clallin,  William R 

Clanlv,  .Marl  In  L I) 

Clark.  ,Mvali  A  D 

Clark.  John  B D 

Ch-mctils.  N.-wton  N.-- 

CIvMier.  Ilicster D 

Col.h,  Thomas  B D 


...D 
...D 
...D 
...R 
...R 
...R 
...D 
...D 
.D 


Tenn. ' 

S.  C. 

Mo... 

R.  I.. 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

N.  C. 

Ohio. 

Tenn. 

Pa... 

N.  Y. 

N,  Y. 

R.  1.. 

N.  Y, 

Vt,  .. 

Pa... 

Va. .. 

Pa.  .. 

Pa..  . 

Ohio. 

Ala.. 

Pa..  . 

Pa.  .. 

Ky... 

Mass. 

Ky... 

N.  Y. 

Ga.  ,, 

N.  Y. 

Mass. 

Pa.. 

N.  Y, 

III.  .. 

Mich 

Eng'd 

N.  Y. 

Tenn. 

Ohio. 

Va... 

Pa... 

Ohio. 

Va... 

Ky... 

Ohio, 

N.  Y. 

.Scot. 

Eng'd 

N.  C 

Ky.. 

Pa.  . 

Vt.  . 

Va. ., 

Conn. 

Mass 

Mo.. 

y.  J, 

Mo.. 

Ala, 

Pa., 

Ind. 


May  20, 
Mar.  17, 
Oct.  30. 
Nov.  6, 
Jan.  — , 
June  6, 
July  9, 
Jan.  19. 
June  4, 
Aug.  6, 
Aug.  24, 
Feb.  28, 
Mar.  1, 
Mar.  24, 
May  12, 
June  14, 
May  22, 
Sept.  28, 
Nov,  6, 
Oct.  9, 
Nov.    7, 


1850'Lou.. 
1828  S.  C. 
1838  Ida.T 
1841  R,  I.. 


1820 
1834 
1829 
1831 
1825 
1834 
1838 
1832 
18IS 
1835 
1814 
1836 
1819 
1837 
1841 
1833 
1834 


Oct.  1, 
Mar,  25, 
Aug.  19, 
Jan.  25, 
Sept,  12, 
Dec.  16, 
May  11, 
June  25, 
Feb.  20, 
Dec.  24, 
Oct.  22, 

j.an.' '  2,' 
.Ian.  20, 
April  19, 
Dec.  14, 
Jan.  9, 
Oct.  22, 
Jan.  25, 
Jan.  15, 
H'eb.  18, 
April  14, 
June  25, 
Jan.  11, 
May  7. 
Sept.  5, 
Mov.  '24, 
Nov.  27, 
Jan.  11, 
Mar.  29, 
Mar.  6, 
April  26, 
Sept.  13. 
Jan,  14, 
Dec.  23, 
Nov,  3, 
July    2. 


Ill 
Kan.. 
N.  C. 
Ohio. 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
R.  1.. 
III.... 
Vt.... 
Pa... 
Va.  ,. 
Col... 
Pa,  .. 
D.  T. 
Cal. , . 
Ind.  , 
Pa..  . 
Ky... 
N.  J.. 
Mo... 
N.  Y. 
Ga. 


1841 
1838 
1831 
1835 
1838 
1837 
1828 
1840 
1830 

18: 

1.X40 
1837 

1831 

1817 

1829 

1817 

1837 

18:«l 

1837 

1838 

184: 

1840 

1827 

1.827 

18.36 

183; 

IS29iIowa 

I827jWls.. 

183llMiss.. 

I8I4'N.  Y. 

1818  Mass. 

184+Mo... 

1840  N.  J.. 

1831  Mo... 

18:17  Ala.  . 

1827  Pa..  . 

18-28  lull.  . 


Wis.. 
Mass. 
III.... 
Wis.. 
W.  T. 
Mich. 
N.  H. 
N.  J.. 
Tenn. 
Ind.  . 
.Mo... 
Mich. 
i)hio. 
Va. ,. 
Ky. . . 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
Ariz., 
Utah. 
111.... 
K.V 


I 


Varied 

Agricul'st. 
Varied  . . . 
Merchant. 

Varied 

Clergym'n 
Lawyer. . 
Liiwyer  . . 
Agricul'st. 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. 
Varied .... 
Lawyer.. . 
Banker.  . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . , 

Jurist 

Agricul'st. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Ijawyer. . 
Lawyer,. , 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied. . . . 
.lotirnalist 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer.. . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied... . 
Val-ied, , . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 


Dec.     3,  1885 


d: 


^<M 


KEl'UEiSKNTATIVES    Oi''   THE    FOKTY-SXXTU    CONGKEbb. 


r9y 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Rcprc- 


Ocoupaltoi 


Corrroth.  Alox.  H D 

Colfrk'k.  Walpole  O.D 
Conjfer,  Omar  D. , . .  R 
Converse,  George  L.  .D 

Cook.  Philip D 

Covert,  James  \V D 

CdwkIII,  Calvin R 

Cox.  Samuel  S D 

Crapo.  William  \V....H 
Cravens,  Jordan  E —  D 

Crowley,  Ricliard R 

Culhelsoii.  D.  B D 

Uaitirett,  Rollin  M....R 
Davidson.  R.  H.  M....D 

Davis,  (leorgeR R 

DaviH,  llornoe R 

Davis.  Joseph    J ;.D 

Davis,  Linvii.itsH D 

D.l.aMatyr.  Gllhert.  .D 

Deering.  Nathl  C R 

Deuster.  Peter  V D 

DIhrell.  rieorge  U....D 

DliHi,  Samuel  U R 

Diekev.  Henry  L D 

Downey, S.W R 

Dunn.  Poindexter D 

Dnnnell.MarkH R 

Diviuhl.  Jere,  W R 

Kinstein.  Edwin R 

Klam.  Joseph  B D 

Ellis,  E.John D 

Errett,  Russell R 

Evins,  John  H D 

Kwing.  Thomas D 

Felton.  William  H...D 

Ferdon.  John  W R 

Kield.  Walbridge  A.  ..R 
Finlev.  Ebenezer  B...D 
Fisher.  Horatio  0....R 

Ford,  Nicholas — 

Forney,  William  H...D 
Forsythe.  Albert  P...— 

Fort.  Gieenbury  L R 

Frost,  Richard  G D 

Frve.  William  P R 

Oeddes,  Geo.  W D 

tiihson.  Randall  L D 

Gillette.  Edw'dH...G-B 
Godslialk.  William. ..R 

Gooiie.  John D 

Giintei".  Thomas  M. ..D 

Hall.  Joshua  G R 

llaiuiiionil.  John R 

llaiiniLoiul.N.  J D 

Haniiei.  Alfred  C  ...R 

Harris,  ll.-nj.  W R 

Harris.  John   T D 

Haskell.  Dudley  C..,,R 

Hatch,  Wm.  H D 

Hawk.  Rob'tM.  A R 

Hawley,  Joseph  R....R 

Haves.  Philip  C R 

HazeUon.  Geo.  C R 

Heilman.  William...  R 
Henderson.  Thos.  J... R 

Henkle.  Ell  J D 

Henry.  Daniel  M D 

Herbert.  Hilary  A D 

Herndon.  Thos.  H D 

Hill.  William  D T> 

Hiscock.  Fiank R 

Hooker.  Chas.  E D 

Horr.  Roswell  O R 

Hostetter,  .\braham,  .D 

Houk.  Leon  C K 

House.  John  F D 

Hubbell.  Jay  A R 

Hull.  Noble  A  D 

Humphrey.  H.  L R 

Hunton.   Eppa D 

Kurd.  Frank  H D 

Hutchins.  Waldo D 

•lames,  Amaziah   B..R 

Johnston,  Jos.  E D 

.lones.  George  W D 

JorKenson,  Joseph... R 

Joyce,  Chas.   H R 

Keiter.  J.  Warren.. .R 

Kellev.  Wm.    D R 

KcTuia.  J(jlin    r, D 

Kelcbaiii.  .I.ihri  H....R 
Killinncr,  Joliii  W....R 

KimniiU.  William D 

Kinir.  J.  Floyd D 

Kitohin.  Wm.  H D 

Klotz. Robert D 

Knott,  J.  Proctor D 

I..add.  George  W.  ..G-B 
Laph.am,  Eldridge  G.R 

LeFevre.  Benj D 

Lindsay.  Stephen  D..R 

Loring.  George  B R 

Lounsberv,  Wm D 

Lowe.  William  M D 

McCoid.  .Moses  A R 

McCook,  Anson  G R 


Pa... 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Ga. ,. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio, 
ihio. 
3Iass. 
Mo... 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
N.  Y. 
Fla.  . 
Mass. 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
Mo... 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
Ger'y 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Md.  . 
N.  C. 
Me. . . 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Ark.. 
Lou.. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Ohio. 
Ga... 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
Ire'd. 
N.  C. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Mo... 
Me... 
Ohio. 
Ky. . . 
Conn. 
Pa.  .. 
Va..  . 
Tenn. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
Pii.  .. 
.Mass. 
Va. .. 
Vt.... 
Ky... 
Ind.  . 
N.  C. 
Conn. 
N.  H. 
Ger'y 
Tenn. 
Md... 
Md... 
S.  C. 
Ala.  . 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Vt.  .. 
Ind.  . 
Tenn. 
Tenn. 
Mich. 
Ga... 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Ala.. 
Pa.  .. 
Eng'd 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 

Ud.'.'. 
Ga..  . 
Ala.  . 
Pa..  . 
Ky... 
Me... 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Me... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Ala.  . 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 


May  18, 
Aug.     ■ 

June  4, 
July  31, 
Sept.  :;, 
Jan.  7. 
Sept.  30, 
May  10, 
Nov.  7, 
Dec.  14, 
Sept.  29, 

Sept.  -i). 
Jan.     3, 


IWJ^'Pa. 
1845ilnd. 


April  13. 
Doe.  14, 
July  8, 
Sept.  22. 
Feb.  13. 
April  12, 
Oct.  211, 
Oct.  2i). 
July  25. 
Nov.  3, 
July    2, 

Nov."  18,' 
June  12, 
Oct.   15, 

July  Vs. 
Aug.  7, 
June  19, 

April  26, 
July  31, 
April  21 , 

Nov.' '  '9',' 
May  24, 
Oct.  17. 
Dec.  29, 
Sept.  2, 
July  16, 
Sept.  10, 
Oct.  1, 
Oct.  2.">. 
May  27. 
Sept.  18, 
Nov.  5, 
Aug.  27, 
Dec.  26, 
Aug.  8, 
Nov.  10, 
May  8, 
Mar.  23, 
Sept.  1 1 , 
April  23, 
Oct.  31, 
Feb.  3, 
Jan.  3. 
Oct.  11, 
Nov.  29, 
Nov.  24, 
Feb.  19. 
Mar.  12, 
July  1, 
Oct.  1, 
Sept.    6, 

Nov. '26.' 
Nov.  22, 
June  8, 
Jan.  9. 
Sept.  15, 
-Mar.  11, 
Mar.  14. 
Sept.  23, 
Dec.   25, 


.IMIH 
1M27 
1817 
1842 
18l!> 
1824 
1M3C) 
IHIlli 
1836 
1830 
1831 
1832 
18II1 
1831 
1828 
1836 
182."i 
1827 
1831 
182'. 
1831 
183^ 
1831) 
1834 
1823 

i'842 
1821 
1841 
181 


Mich. 
Ohio. 
Ga.  . . 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Ark.  . 
N.  Y. 
Texas 
Nev.. 
Fla... 
HI.  .. 
Ind.  . 
N.  C. 
Mo... 
Ind.  . 
Iowa. 
Wis.. 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Wy.T 
Ark.. 
Minn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Lou . . 
Lou. . 
Pa 


1830IS. 0 
1829  Ohio. 
1823 


1828 
1833 
1833 
1838 

1823 

1.8311 

1825 

1841 

1831 

1824 

1832 

184(1 

1817 

182') 

1826 

1828 

1827 

1833 

1825 

1823 

18-25 

1842 

1833 

1839 

1826 

1833 

1833 

1824  Ind 

1.824,111.  .. 

1828  Md... 

1823, Md... 

1834  Ala... 

1828  Ala.  . 

1833iOhio 

1834  N.  Y. 

Miss.. 

1830  Mich. 
1818  Ind.  . 
1836 'Tenn, 
l827]Tenn. 
1829, Mich- 
1827|Fla 


N     V 

Mass. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  . . 
Mo... 

Ala.. 
111.  .. 
III.... 
Mo. . . 
Me... 
Ohio . 
L<.u.. 
Iowa. 
Pa.  . . 
Va... 
Ark.  . 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Ga. . . 
Pa.  .. 
Jlass. 
Va... 
Kan.. 
Mo... 
Ill  .. 
Conn. 
HI.  .. 
Wi: 


Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Law  yer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 
JouDialist 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Miller 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Clergym'n 
Unknown. 
Journalist 
Airricul'st. 
Il.inkcr  .. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. .. 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied. ... 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Journalist 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Agricul'st. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer.. . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer.  . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Varied 


July  I, 
Feb.  — , 
Sept.  5, 
Feb.  11, 
Jan.  30, 
Jan.  30, 
.\prill2, 
April  10, 
Dee.  21, 
Sept.  18, 

April  20. 
Dec.  22. 
Oct.  27. 
Aug.  29. 
Sept.  28. 
Oct.  IS. 
Oct.  8. 
Mar.  3, 
Nov.  S, 
Dec.  25, 


1830 
1823 
1841 
18-23 
1812 
1807 
1828 
1844 
1830 
1836 
1814 
1848 
1832 
1825 

l'a'42 
1837 
1819 
1,830 
1818 


Wis.. 
Va... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Texas 
Va. .. 
Vt.  .. 
Ohio. 
Pa... 
W.Va 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Md... 
Lou.. 
N.  0. 
Pa... 
Ky... 
Me 


Nov.    5, 
Oct.    10, 


18I4iN.  Y, 
1838'ohio 
1828  Me.  . 
1817  Mass 
1831  N.  Y, 

Ala.. 

I840  Iowa 
1835  N.  V 


Miller 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

MeJ-chant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Journalist 
Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer... 
Physician. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Varied.... 
Varied.... 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Slerchant. 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer  .. 

Jurist 

Soldier 

Lawyer... 
Physician. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 

Varied 

.\grieurst. 
Lawyer, . . 
Physician. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer... 


Dee.  15,  1883 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


McGowan.  J.  H R 

McKenzic,  J  as.  A D 

McKliilcy.  William... R 

McLane.  Roh'l  M D 

McMahon,  John  A....D 

MiMlllln,  Benton D 

Maginnls.  Martin D 

Majors,  Thos.  J R 

Maniiiiig.  Van   H 1> 

Marsh,  Ilenj.   F R 

Martin,  HenJ.  V U 

Martin,  Edward  I> D 

Martin.  Jos.  J It 

Mason,  Joseph R 

Miles.  Frederick R 

Miller,  Warner R 

Mills.  Roger  y D 

Mitchell.  John  I It 

Money.  Hernando  D..D 

Monroe,  James R 

Moi  risen,  Wm.  R D 

Morse,  Leopold D 

Morton,  Levi  P R 

Mnldiow.  II.  L D 

Miiller,  Nicholas D 

Miireh,  Thompson.. G-B 

Myers,  Wm.  R D 

Keal,  Henry  S II 

New,  Jeptlia  D R 

Newben-y,  John  S R 

Nieholls.JohnC D 

Norcross,  Ama-sa R 

O'Brien,  James D 

O'Connor.  M.  P — 

O'Neill,  Charles R 

O'Reillv,  Daniel D 

Oi-th.  Godlove  S R 

Osmer.  J.  H R 

Oiero.  Mariano  S R 

Overton,  Edward R 

I*acheco.  Roniualdo.R 

Pa  ge ,  Horace  F R 

Persons.  Henry D 

Phelps,  James D 

Phillips,  John  F D 

Phister.  Elijah  C D 

Poehler.  Henry D 

Pound.  Thad.  C R 

Prcscott.  Cyrus  I) R 

Price.  Hiiam R 

Randall.  Sam'l  J D 

Ray.  Ossian R 

Reagan.  John  H D 

Reed.  Thomas  B R 

Rice.  William  W R 

Ri(rhardsoii,  David  P.R 
Richardson.  John  S..  .D 

Richmond,  Jas.  B D 

Roberts,  Edw'd  W D 

Robeson, Geo.  M R 

Robinson,  Geo.  D R 

Ross.  Miles D 

Rothwell.  Gideon  F...D 

Russell,  Daniel  L — 

Russell,  Wm.  A R 

Rvan,  Thomas R 

Ryon,  John  W D 

Samford,  Win    J D 

Sapp,  William  F R 

Sawyer,  Sam-1  L  D 

Scales,  Alfred  M D 

Scoville,  Jonathan. ..D 
Shallenberger.  W.  S..R 

Shelley,  Chas.  M D 

Sherwin,  John  C R 

Simonton,  Chas.  B D 

Singleton,  Jas.  W- D 

Singleton.  Otho  R D 

Slemons,  Win.  F D 

Smith,  A.  Herr R 

Smith,  Hezekiah  B. ..D 

Smith.  Wm.  E D 

Sparks.  Wm.  A.  J D 

Sijeer,  Emory- D 

Springer.  Wm.  M D 

Starin.  John  H R 

Steele,  Waiter  L  D 

Stephens,  Alex.  H D 

Stevenson,  Adlai  E.  ..— 

Stone,  John  W R 

Talbott.  .L  F.  C D 

Taylor,  Ezra  B R 

Taylor,  Rnb't  L D 

Thomas,  John  R R 

Thompson.  Philip  B.  D 
Thompson.  Wm.  G...R 

Tillman.  Geo.  D D 

-Townsend.  Amos R 

Townshend.  Rich'd...D 
Tucker,  J.  Randolph. D 

Turner,  Oscar D 

Turner.  Thomas D 

Tvler.  James  M R 

I'pdegraff.  Jona.T.  ,R 
L'pdegraff.  Tlnunas...R 
Upson,  C.  Columbus  .D 


Ohio. 
Kv... 
Ohio. 
Del... 
Md... 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Iowa. 
N.  C. 
III.  .. 
Va.  .. 
Del... 
N.  C 
N.  Y. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 


8UU 

lUrrr.       Occupation. 


lAprll  2, 
Aug.  1, 
Feb.  26, 
June  23. 
Feb.  19, 
Sept.  1 1 , 
Oct.  27. 
Juno  2.^), 
July  211, 
Nov.  1». 
Oct.  2, 
Mar.  21), 
Nov.  21, 
Mar.  311, 
Dec.  19, 
Aug.  12, 


184; 
1840 
IH4I 
1839 
1837 
1828 
18.'i7 
1833 
18'28 


1838 


July  -28. 
Aug.  2B, 
July  18, 
Sept.  14. 
Aug.  1.-.. 
May    16, 


Pa.  , . 

Miss. . 
Conn, 
111.... 
Bav.. 
Vt.  .. 

Miss 

Ger'y  Nov.  15, 
Me. . .  Mar.  29. 
Ohio.  June  1 
Ohio.lAilg.  2.'.. 
Ind.  Nov.  28. 
N.  Y.|Nov.  18. 
Ga..  .lAprll2.->, 
N.  H.,ljan.  26. 
Ire'd.  IMar.  13. 
S.  C.  Sept. 29 
Pa.  ..  Mar.  21. 
Ire'd.  June  3. 
Pa.  ..[April  22. 
Pa.  ..'Jan.  22, 


1838 
1839 
1821 
182.'-j 
1831 
1824 


Aug.  29 
Feb.  4, 
Oct.  31, 
Oct.   20, 


Jan.  12. 
Dec.  31, 
Oct.  8, 
Aug.  22, 
Dec.  6, 
Aug.  15, 
Jan.  10, 
Oct.  10, 
Dec.  13, 
Oct.  8, 
Oct.  18, 
Mar.  7, 
May  '28, 
Feb.  29. 


N.  M 
Pa.  .. 

Cal... 

N.  Y. 

Ga... 

Conn. 

Mo... 

Ky... 

Ger'y 

Pa . . . 

N.  Y. 

Pa.  . . 

Pa   .. 

Vt.  .. 

Tenn. 

Me. . . 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

S.  C. 

Va... 

Tenn. 

N.  J.. 

Mass. 

N.  J.. 

Mo. . . 

N.  C. 

Vt.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Pa.  .. 

Ga... 

Ohio. 

N.  H. 
0. 

Conn. 

Pa.  .. 

Tenn. 

N.  V. 

Tenn. 

Va... 

Ky. . . 

Tenn. 

Pa... 

Vt.  .. 

Ga... 

Ind --. 

Ga. .    Sept.    3 

"  ■  May  30 
Aug.  27. 
April  18 
Feb.  11, 

Oct.   23, 

Ohio,  July  1.8, 

Md...  July  29 

ohio.;jiiry    . 

Tenn.ljuly  31, 
Oct.  11, 
Oct.  15. 
Jan.  17, 
Aug.  21, 


Ind 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Ga. .. 
Ky 


1824 

1841 

1831 

1821 

18.1.^ 

181 

1833 

1844 

1836 

183 

1833 

1834 

1822 

18:M 

1822 

1833 

183 

1836 

1814 

1828 

183; 

1818 

1839 

1820 

1833 

1828 


June  13, 

jaii.'  '20. 
April  30, 

Aug.'  '7'. 
April  22, 
Nov.  25, 
Mar.  4, 
Sept.  16, 
Nov.  -20. 
Nov.  27. 
Nov.  '26, 


18-23 
1829 
1834 
1828 
1836 
1845 
1831 
1837 
1825 
1844 
1824 
1813 
182' 


Mass. 
N.  Y. 

s.  c. 

Pa. .  . 

X.  Y. 

Ind.  . 

Pa.  .. 

N.  M. 

Pa.  .. 

Cal... 

Cal... 

Ga... 

Conn. 

Mo.  .. 

Ky... 

Minn. 

Wis,. 

N.  Y. 

Iowa. 

Pa.  . . 

N.  H. 

Texas 

Me.. 

Mass 

N.  Y 

S.  C. 

Va. . 

Lou. 

N.J. 

Mass 

N.J. 

Mo... 

N.  C. 

Mass. 

Kan.. 

Pa... 

Ala.  . 

Iowa. 

Mo... 

N.  C. 

N.  Y. 

Pa.  .. 

Ala.  . 

111.  .. 

Tenn. 

111. 

Mi; 


III.. 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 
S.  C. 
Pa.  . 
.Md... 
Va.  . . 
Lou.. 
Ky.. 
vt.  ., 
Ohio, 
Pa.  . 
N.  Y 


l837!Mlch.  Lawyer.. 
I840  Kv...  Agrleul'Bt. 
1844iOhlo.  Lawyer.. 
l8l5iMd...  Varied... 
18.-13|01ilo  Lawyer.. 
Tenn.  Jurist.... 
M.  T.  Journallnt  . 

Xeh..  Varied 

Miss..  Lawyer. . 
III.  ...Unknown. 
W.Va  Lawyer... 
Del.  .Lawyer... 
N.  C.'Lawyer... 
N.  Y.  Lawyer.. 
IH15;Conii.  Varied... 
N.  Y.  Varied... 
Texas, Lawyer. . 
Pa.  ...Varied... 
Miss..  Journalist  . 
Ohio.  Educator, 
HI.  ..  I.awyer... 
Ma.«s.  Merchant. 
N.  Y.  Varied,... 
Miss.. [Lawyer... 
183B|N.  Y.  R.  R.Ag't. 

18,'t8iMe...lVarled 

1836, Ind.  .[Varied 

1828  i  Ihio.  I  Lawyer... 
183n  IikI.  .  Jurist... 
1826  Mich.  Varied.. 
ISM  Ga..., Varied.. 
ILawyer. . 
;Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
{Lawyer... 
'Varied. 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied . 
Stage-O'r. 
Agricul'st. 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Merchant. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
.Lawyer. . . 
jLaw|yer. . . 
V'aried.... 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer.. 
Varied.. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 

Jul-ist 

Manufac'r  . 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer. . 
Law  yer. . 
Jurist.... 
Lawyer...  1 
Manufac'r  j 
Sov.  24,  18:i9  Pa.  . .  Merchant. ' 
Dec.  28,  1833  Ala.  .  Architect. 
Feb.     8,  1838  111.  ..  Lawyer... 
Sept.    8.  18.'i8  Tenn.  I.awyer... 

Nov. '23.  1811  111.  ..  Varied 

Oct.  14.  1814  Miss.., Lawyer... 
Mar.  15,  lKi(l|Ark..  Lawyer... 
Mar.  7,  1815  Pa.  ..;Lawyer... 
July  26,  1816  N.  J..|Machinist 
Mar.  14.  182!)  Ga. ..  I  Varied.. 
Nov.  19,  1828  111....  Lawyer. 
1848  Ga.  ..  Lawyer. 

18.-16,111.  ..  Lawyer...! 

1825  N.  Y.  Varied 1 

1823  N.   C.  Lawyer...  I 

1812  Ga.  ..  Lawyer.. .jMar.    4,1883 

1835  III.  ..Lawyer...  

18:i8  Mich.  Jurist ' 

1843  Md...  Lawyer 

1823  Ohio.  Jurist 

18.50  Tenn.  Lawyer... ' 

1846  111.  ..  Lawyer 

1845  Ky...  Lawyer... , 

1830  Iowa.  Jurist I 

18-26  S.  C.  Varied....   

1831  Ohio.  Merchant.   

April 30,  LiMO  III.  ..  Lawyer...  

Dec.  24.  1823  Va...  Layvyer...! 

Feb.     3,  18-25  Ky...  Varied 1 

Sept.  10.  1821  Ky...  Layvyer...  

April  27.  1835  Vt.  ..  Layvyer 

Ohio.  Varied 

April  3,  1834  loyva.  Lawyer 

Oct.    17,  1829  Texas  Layvyer 


;C3- — 


:<5^ 


S; 


Urner,  Milton  Cl R 

Valentine,  EdWd  K.  .R 
Van  Aernaiii.  Henry.. R 
Van  Voorhis,  .lohn...R 

Vance.  Robert  B R 

Voorhis.  Chas.  H K 

"^Vaddill.  Jas.  R D 

Wait.  John  T R 

Ward.  William R 

Warner.  A-  J D 

Washburn.  Win.  B...R 

Weaver.  Jas.  B (i-B 

Wellborn.  Olin D 

Wells.  Erastus D 

White.  Harrr R 

Whiteaker,  John D 

Whitthorne.  W.  C....D 

Wilber,  David R 

Williams,  Cha-s.  G.  ...R 
Williams,  Thos D 


Md... 
Iowa. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
N.  J.. 
Mo... 
Conn. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
Ohio. 


N.  Y. 
Pa..  . 
Ind.  . 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 


July  29, 
June  1, 
Mar.  II, 
Oct.  22, 
April  24. 
Mar.  13, 
Nov.  22, 
Aug.  27. 
Jan.  I. 
Jan.  13. 
Jan.  14. 
June  12, 


Dec.  2. 
Jan.  12. 
May  4, 
April  19, 
Oct.  5, 
Oct.  18, 
Aug.  11, 


1839' Md... 
1843  Neb.. 

1819  N.  Y. 
1828  N.  Y. 

1828  N.  C. 

1833  N.  J.. 
1842  Mo... 
1811  Conn. 
1837  Pa. .. 

1834  Ohio. 
1831!  Minn. 
1833  Iowa. 

Texas 

1823IMO.., 
I834lpa,.  , 
1821)  Ore.  . 
182.5  Tenn. 

1820  N.  Y. 

1829  Wis.. 
1825  Ala.  . 


Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Physician. 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied- .. 
Educator. 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Unljnown. 
R.  R,  Offi'r 
Lawyer,,  , 
Agricul'st, 
Lawyer,,, 
Varied,,,, 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied 


Willie.  AllM-rt.S D 

Wiliitts,  Edwin E 

Wilson.  Benjamin D 

Wise,  Mort-an  E D 

Wootl,  I'eiiiando D 

Wouii,  W^illir  A R 

Wnirht.  HiiulricUB,,D 

1'oeum,  Sith  H R 

Y'oung,   Casey V 

Young,  Thos,  L R 


Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Va. . . 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  H. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Tenn. 
Ire'd. 


Jan.  22, 
April  24. 
April  30, 
June  7, 
June  14, 
Oct,  23, 
April  24, 
Aug,    2, 


Dec,   14, 


1843  Ky,.. 
1830  Mich. 
182.5!W.Va 
1830;Pa,.  , 
1812  N.  Y. 
181.5|N.  Y. 
1808  Pa.  .. 
1834!Pa.  .. 

jTenn. 

1832!  Ohio. 


Lawyer, , , 
Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer, . . 
Varied... 
Merchant, 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. . 


Feb.  13,  1881 


Total  Representatives,  ao3.  Lawyers,  lei.  Varied,  4».  .Jurists.  80. 
Merchants,  19.  Agriculturists,  14.  Journalists,  8,  Occupation  Un- 
known, "7.  Manufacturei-s,  6.  Physicians,  4.  Millers,  a.  Educators,  2. 
Bankers,  S.  Clergymen,  S.  Soldier,  1.  Stage-Owner,  1.  Architect,  1. 
Railroad  Agent,  1.  Railroad  Officer,  1.  Machinist,!.  Foreign  Born,  13  : 
Including  Germany,  4  ;   Ireland,  4  ;  England,  3  ;  Scotland,  1  ;  Bavaria,  1. 


Forty-seventh  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1881  to  1883. 


1881- 
1881- 

1881- 

1881- 
1881- 
1881- 

1882- 
1882- 
1882- 


-King  Kalakaua,  of  the  Sandwich  Isl- 
ands, aririved  in  London. 

-James  A.  Garfield.  President  of  the 
United  States,  assassinated  by  Gulteau, 
Julv  2.  He  survived,  however,  until 
Sep't.  19. 

-Final  passage  of  the  Irish  Land  Bill  by 
the  British  Parliament,  Aug.^16.  Was 
approved  Aug.  22. 

-Parnell  and  other  Irish  agitators  im- 
prisoned, in  October. 

-The  King  of  Ashantee  ( Africa)  massa- 
cred 200  young  girls,  Nov.  10. 

-Ring  Theater,  Vienna,  Austria,  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  900  lives, 
Dec.  8. 

-Colliery  explosion  at  Durham,  Eng., 
with  a  loss  of  70  lives.  Feb.  16. 

-Attempted  shooting  of  Queen  Victoria, 
by  Roderick  McLean,  in  London,  Mar.  2. 

-Servia  proclaimed  a  Kingdom,  under 
King  Milan  I.,  Mar.  6. 


James  A..  Oarfleld,  SOth  President. 
Chester  A.  Arthur,  Hint  President. 

VICE-PRESIDENT  (ACTING)— D.AVID    DAVIS,   OF  ILL, 

c  .„„  „p  ct.,t„  ^  James  G,  Blaine,  of  Maine. 

Sec'ys  of  State j  y^^^  .^  Frelinghuysen.  of  N.  J. 

c     ,^      *  -r..     „  S  William  Windom,  of  Minn, 

Sec'ys  of  Treos j  g^^^  j  foige,.,  „t  fj.  Y. 

Sec'yof  War jRob't  T.  Lincoln,  of  111. 

Sec'y  of  Navy [  Wm.  H.  Hunt,  of  Lou. 

Sec'y  of  Interior '^Sam'lJ.  Kirkwood.  of  Iowa. 

Postmaster-Gen'I,.  . .  }  T,  L.  James,  of  N,  Y, 

Attorneys-Gem i  rnrH-'Br^-S'er,"^.^?;, 

"'IfeVrese'n'LT/e?.'  \^-  ^^—  ^-""'  "'  """>• 


1882— Great  earthquake  in  Costa  Rica,  0.  A. ; 
repoi-ted  loss  of  thousands  of  lives, 
Mar.  13. 

1882 — Parnell  and  the  other  Irish  agitators 
released  from  prison,  in  May.  Lord 
Cavendish.. Secretary  for  Ireland, assas- 
sinated at  Dublin,  May  6. 

1882— Alexandria,  Egypt,  bombarded  by  the 
British,  July  11  ;  pillaged  and  burned 
by  natives,  July  12. 

1882 — Active  operations  of  the  British  in 
Egypt,  with  defeat  of  the  Egyptians, 
between  Aug.  5  and  Sept.  16. 

1883 — Burning  of  a  circus  in  Poland,  with 
the  loss  of  270  lives,  Jan.  13. 

1883— Collision  of  the  steamships  "  Cimbria  " 
and  "  Sultan."  two  days  out  from  Ham- 
burg. Ger.,  with  the  loss  of  434  lives, 
Jan.  19. 

1883— Congress  passed  the  Civil-Service  Bill, 
in  January. 

1883— Alexander  III..  Emperor  of  all  theRus- 
sias,  crowned  at  Moscow,  May  27. 


1>  Indicates  Democrat ;    R,  Republican  ;    6-B,  Greenbacker. 


SENATORS. 


Aldrich.N.  W R 

Allison.  William  B...R 
Anthony,  Henry  B...R 

Barrow.  Pope D 

Bayard.  Thomas  F...D 

Beck,  James  B D 

Blair,  Henry  W E 

Brown,  Joseph  E D 

Butler,  M.Calvin D 

Call,  Wilkinson D 

Camden,  Johnson  N,  .D 

Cameron,  Angus — 

Cameron,  J.  Donald.  .R 
Cockrell.  Francis  M..D 

Coke.  Richaid D 

Conger.  Omar  D R 

It  avis.  David — 

Davis.  Henry  G D 

Dawes.  Henry  L R 

Edmunds.  Geo.  F. ...R 

Fair,  James  6 D 

Farley. JamesT D 

Ferry.  Thomas  W R 

Frye.  William  P R 

e.irland,  Aug,  H D 

George,  James  T D 

Gorman,  Arthur  P — D 

Groome.  Jas,  B  D 

Grover,  Lafayette D 

If  ale,  Eugene  R 

Hampton,  w^ade I) 

Harris.  Isliam  G D 

Harrison.  Beni R 

Hawlev.  Joseph  R R 

Hill.BenjJimlnH D 

HIll.Nath'l  P R 

Hoar.  George  P R 

Ingalls.  John  J R 

•laekson.  Howell  E...D 
Johnston,  John  W,,,.I) 

Jonas.  BenJ.  F D 

Jones.  Charles  W D 

Jones.  John  P H 

Kellogg,  William  P.U 
I.amar.  Lucius  y.  C.  .D 
Lapham.  Elbrldgc  G.K 
Lotran.  John   A U 


R.  I.. 

Ohio. 

R.  I.. 

Ga... 

Del... 

Scot,. 

N.  H. 

S.  C. . 

S.  C. 

Ky... 

W.Va 

N.  Y, 

Pa,  , 

Mo,. 

Va... 

N.  Y 

Md.. 

Md.. 

Mass 

Vt.  . 

Ire'd 

Va  . 

Mich 


SUte 

R«pre.      Occopatioa. 

MDtcd. 


Nov.  6, 
Mar.  2. 
April  1 , 
Aug.  1. 
Oct.  29, 
Feb.  13, 
Dec.  6, 
April  15. 
Mar.  8. 
Jan.      9, 


July     4, 


Oct,       1, 
Mar.   13, 


Mar.  9. 
Nov.  16, 
Oct.  30, 
Feb.  1, 
Dec.     3, 


June  1, 
s,-pt.    2. 

Tcijn    .lune  11. 

Ga.  ..'Oct.  20, 
Mar.  11, 
April  4, 
Nov.  29. 
June  9, 
Mar.  28, 


Md... 

Md... 

Me... 

Me... 

S.  C. 

Tenn. 

Ohio. 

N.  C. 

Ga... 

N.  Y. 

Mass . 

Mass. 

Tenn. 

Va... 

Ky... 

Ire'd. 

Wal'8 

Vt,  . 

Ga... 

N.  Y 

111.  . 


Aug.  20, 
Oct.  31, 
Sept.  14, 
Feb.  18, 
Aug.  '29. 
Dec,  2!1, 
April  8. 
Sept.  9, 
July  I«, 


Dec.  8. 
Sept,  17, 
Oct,  IH. 
Feb.     9. 


18411 
1829 
1815 
1839 
1828 
1822 
1834 
1821 
1836 
1834 
1828 
1826 
1833 
18.34 
1829 
1818 
1S15 
1823 
1816 
1828 
1831 
1829 
1H27 
1831 
18.32 
1826 
1839 
1838 
1823 
I83(i 
1818 
1818 
18.33 
1826 
18-23 
1832 
1826 
18:13 
18;i2 
1818 
1834 
1834 
18:iO 
1830 
1825 
1814 
1K26 


R.  I. 

Iowa 

R.  I. 

Ga.. 

Del.. 

Ky.. 

N.  H 

Ga.. . 

S.  C. 

Fla.  . 

W.Va 

Wis 

Pa. 

Mo, 

Texas 

Mich, 

111,  ,, 

W,Va 

Mass. 

Vt.  .. 

Nev.. 

Cal... 

Mich. 

.Me . . . 

Ark.. 

Miss,. 

Md... 

Md... 

Oi-e,  . 

Me,., 

S,  C. 

Tenn. 

Ind.  . 

Conn. 

Ga.,, 

Col... 

Mass. 

Kan.. 

Tenn. 

Va... 

Lou.. 

Fla.  . 

Nev.. 

Lou,, 

Miss,, 

N     Y, 

III,.,. 


'Merchant, 
.  Lawyer,. . 

Journalist 
jLawyer.. . 
.  i  Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Banker.  . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Varied 

Jurist 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Miner 

Lawyer. . . 

Merchant. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Unknown. 

Lawyei'... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . , 

Lawyer, . . 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Journalist 

Lawyer. . . 

Chemist .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied.... 

Jurist 

Juri^t 

Lawyer... 

Varied.,,, 

Miner 

Jurist 

Varied.... 

Varied.... 

Lawyer, . . 


Sept.    2,  1884 


Jan.  22,  1886 


Aug.  16,  1882 


SENATORS. 


McDill.  James  W E 

McMillan.  Sam'l  J.  R..E 
SIcPherson.  John  R,  ,D 

Mahone,  William — 

Maxey,  Samuel  B D 

Millci'.  John  F E 

Millei,  Warner R 

Mitchell,  John  I R 

Morgan,, I.ilm  T D 

Mc.nill,  .lustinS R 

P. 11.11.  t.  11.  Geo,  H.,,D 

Plutt,  Urville  H E 

Plumb,  Preston  B R 

Pugh,  James  L D 

Ransom.  Matt.  W....D 
Rollins,  Edward  H...R 

Saulsbui-y.  Eli D 

Saunders.  Alvin......R 

Sawyer.  Philetus R 

Sewell,  Wm.  J R 

Sherman,  John R 

Slater.  James  H D 

Tabor,  H.  A.  W D 

Teller,  Henry  M R 

Vance,  Zcbulon   B...D 
Van  Wvck,  Cha.s.  H..R 

Vest.  George  G D 

Vooi'hees,  Dan'l  W...D 

■Walker,  Jas.  D D 

Williams,  John  S D 

Wimlom,  William.... R 


Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y, 
Va, . . 
Ky... 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Tenn. 
Vt.... 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
Ohio . 
Ga.  .. 
N.  C. 
N.  H. 
Del.., 
Ky... 
Vt.  . , 
Ire'd. 
Ohio, 
III.  ., 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y 
N.  C, 
N.  Y. 
Ky.. 
Ind. 
Ky.. 
Ky... 
Ohio, 


sut« 

Repre-      Occupation. 
MDtcd. 


Mar.  4, 
Feb.  22, 
May     9, 

Mar.  36; 


Aug.  12. 
July  28, 
June  20, 
April  14, 
July  25, 
July  19. 
Oct.  12, 
«cc.    12, 

Oct." '3,' 
Dec.  29. 
July  12, 
Sept.  22, 


May  10, 
Dec.  28, 
Nov.  26, 
May  23, 
May  13, 
Nov.  — , 
Dee.  6, 
Sept.  26, 
Dec.   13, 


1834  Iowa. 

1826  Minn. 
1833  N.  J.. 

1827  Va..  . 
1825  Texas 
1831  Cal... 
1838  N.  Y. 
1838  Pa.  .. 

1824  Ala.  . 
1810  Vt.  .. 

1825  Ohio. 
1827  Conn. 
18.'17  Kan.. 
18-20  Ala... 

1826  N.  C. 
1824  N.  H. 
1817  Del... 
1817  Neb.. 
1816  Wis.. 

1835  N.  J.. 
1823  Ohio. 


1826 
1830 
1830 
1830 
1824 
1830 
18-28 
1830 
1820 


Ore 

Col... 

CoL.. 

N.  C. 

Neb., 

Mo,., 

Ind.  , 

Ark.. 

Ky. 


May  10,  18-27iMinn, 


Jurist 

Jurist 

.\gricul'st. 
CivilEng'r 
Varied... 
Lawyer. . 

Varied 

Varied... 
Lawyer. . 
Varied. . . 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer. . 
Varied. .. 
Lawyer. . 
Vai-ied... 
Merchant, 
Lawyer. . 
Varied... 
Lumbrm*n 
Varied.. , 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer. . 
Varied... 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer, . 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer, . 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer. , 


Total  .Senators, -rs.  Lawyers.  39.  Varied,  17.  Jurists,  9.  Merchants,  3. 
Journalists,  2.  Miners,  S.  Banker.  1.  Chemist,  1.  Agriculturist,  1. 
Lumberman,  1.  Civil  Engineer,  1.  Occupation  Unknown,  1.  Foreign 
Born.  A:    Including  Ii-eland,  3  ;  Scotland,  1  ;  Wales,  1, 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Aiken.  D.  Wyntt D 

Alnslle.  George D 

Aldrlch.  William R 

Allen.  Thomas D 

AmU-rson.  John  A R 


Horn. 


8.  C. . 
Mo... 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Pa,  ., 


When  Iton 


Mar,  17,  1828 
Oct,  30,  1838 
Jan.  — ,  1820 

ju'iie '  a.  1831 


CKMupatlon.    j       Wbcn  Died. 


3,0. .'Agricul'st. 
Ida. T,  Varied,,.. 
111.  ..Varied.... 
Mo.  ..Varied  ... 
Knn..'Clergym*n 


Dee.     3,  1885 


m> 


■t 


M  iJvTV-SKVENTU    CONGKliSS. 


Arnifl.lil,  I("l>tF. 
Atlirili-.li.  (iih^oii. 
Atkins,  Jiiliii  II.  C. 
Harlic.iir,  J.ilui  S 
IJarr.  SainUfl  F. . . 
Havne.  Thomas  M 

Hfiich,  Lewis 

Jiilfonl.  Janus  B. 

li.lim.nt,  I'll  ry 

lifUzlinuvi  T,  Frank  E.r> 

Ik-nv,  t'ai .L-H  r.  ..O 

Ilinu'liaiii,  II.  nry  H...K 

I'.isl.i-.-.    11.11  atui U 

lilaik.  c;.MH.'i-K 1> 

l!luc-kl.uin..l.  O.  S....I) 

Illani-linnl.  N.  C » 

Bland,    UiiliardJ' D 

Bliss.  ArfliiljalilM....!) 

Blount,  James  U U 

Bowman,  Sclwyn  /.  ..U 

Bragg,  Edward  S 1> 

Brents,  Tho*..  H K 

Bi-ewcr,  J.  Harl H 

Briggs,  James  F H 

Browne,  Thomas M.  ..H 

Bruinin ,  Chas.  N G-B 

Buchanan.  Hugh D 

Buck.  John  K 

Buckncr,  Aylett  H 
Burrows,  Julius  C 

Burrows,  J.  H 

Butturwurth.  Benj. 
Cahell.  George  C. . . 

Caine.  John  T 

Caldwell,  John  W. 
Calkins.  William  n 

Camp,  J..I111  11 

Canipli. 11.  Jacob  M 
Candler,  J. din  W.. 
Cannon,  Joseph  G. 

Carlisle.  John  G 

Carpenter,  Cyrus  C 


N.  C.  July  9,  18211  N.  C. 'Lawyer... 
Ohio.  Jan.  111.  1m;i1  lililo.  Lawyer... 
Tonn.  iJunu    4,  IKi'ilTenn-jAgrlcurist, 

Va     .Dec.  2!>.  IH'Jd  Va.  ..  Varied 

Ire'ii.  June  15,  IK'JlU'a.  ..Varied.... 
Pa.  ..  Juno  14,  IHliUlFa.  ..'Lawyer... 
N.  Y.   Mar.  311.  lH3.''j  N.  Y.I  Vai'ied..., 

Pa      .  .Sept.  2K,  1h:17  Col.  .  Jurist 

N  Y.  Dee.  :2H,  lM,"il  N.  Y.  Lawyer... 
Pa  Nov.  IJ.  1H41  I'a.  ..  Lawyer... 
Ala..  Nov.    7,  1k;W  Cal...  Agricul'ot. 

Pa       i  IH4I  Pa.  ..  Lawyer.. 

Me...  May      1,  1H:«I  Fla...  Lawyer... 

Ga. ..   Mar.  24,  IWli.")  Ga...  Varied 

Ky...  tJet.  1,  1H3H  Ky...  Lawyer... 
L.m.  .  Jan.  29,  1«4H  Lou..  Lawyer... 
Kv...  Aug.  19,  1835  Mo...  Lawyer... 
Y.  Jail.  25,  1838  N.  Y.  Varied.... 
.  Sept.  12,  1837  Ga..  .  Unknown. 
Mass.  Mav  1 1,  1840  Mass.  Lawyer... 
N  Y.  Keb.  211.  1827  Wis..  Lawyer... 
111.  llec.  24,  1840  W.  T.  Lawyer... 
N  j  Mar.  29,  1844  N.  J  . .  Maiiufac'r 
i:ng'.i  net.  23.  1827  N.  11.  Lawyer... 
(Ihio.    April  19, 1829  Ind.  .  Lawyer. 


Cassidy,  George  W. .  .IJ 

Caswell.  Lucien  B il 

Chace.  Jonathan B 

Chalmers.  James  K..  .1> 


Chapman,  A.  G - 

Clardy.  Mai-tin  L D 

Clark,  John  B 1) 

Clements,  Jud.  C U 

Cobb.  Tliomas  R l> 

Colerick.  Walpole  G.l> 
Converse.  George  L.  .D 


Pa.  ..IJune  9,  l.'<38  Pa.  .. 
Scot..  jScpt.  15,  1823  Ga... 
Conn.  Dec.     6,  183(1  Conn. 

Dee.  14,  1817  Mo... 

Jan.     9,  1837  Mich. 

May   15,  1840  Mo... 

Oct.  22,  1839  (Ihio. 

Jan.  25,  1837  Va,  .. 

Jan.     8,  1829  Ptah. 

Jan.   15,  1838  Ky... 

Feb.  18.  1842'lnd 


Cook,  Philip D 

Cornell,  Thomas. ...  .K 
Covington.  Geo.  W . . .  U 

Cox.  Samuel  S D 

Cox,  WniiainR D 

Crapo,  WilUamVV It 

Cravens,  Jordan  E — \> 

Crowley,  Richard R 

Culberson,  D.  B U 

Cullen,  William R 

I'urtin.  Andrew  G...  D 

Cutt-.  Marsena  E It 

UinrcU,  Chester  E... It 
liavids.jn,  R.  H.  M....U 

Davis,  George  R It 

Davis,  Lowndes  H D 

Dawes.  Rufus  R 11 

Dcering.  NathT  C 11 

D.M.iite,  Mark  L It 

licy.-lL-r,  Peter  V 1) 

11.  z.  ndorf,JolmF....R 

liilibl.'.  Samuel D 

Dilii.U.  George  G....D 

Diimley.  Nelson, R 

Duwd.  Clement D 

Doxey.Chas.T 11 

Dugro.  P.  Henry D 

Dunn,  Poindexter D 

DuiiiiHll.MarkH R 

liniirlit.  Jere  W It 

Elh-,  E.  John D 

Erinenlrout.  Dan'l...D 

Errett.  Russell R 

Evins.  John  H D 

Farwell.  Chas.  B R 

Farwell.  Sewell  S 11 

Finley.  Jesse  J D 

Fisher.  Horatio  G It 

Flower.  Roswell  P D 

Ford.  Nicholas — 

Fornev.  William  H...D 

Frost." Richard  G D 

Fulkerson,  Abram...^ 
Garrison.  George  T.  .D 

Gediles.  Geo.  W D 

George.  Jlelvin  C R 

Gibson.  Randall  L D 

Qodshalk.  William... R 
Grout.  William  W....R 

Guenther.  Rich'd R 

(junter-  Thos.  M D 

Hall.  Joshua  G R 

Hammnnd.  John R 


V...  .. 
Pa... 
Eng'd 
Ohio. 
Va... 
l.ofM 
Ky... 
(Ihio. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
Ky... 
Pa..  . 
Ky.   . 

Vt.  . . 
Mass. 

Va.  .. 

Md... 

Mo... 

Mo... 

Ga. .. 

Ind.  . 

Ind.  . 

Ohio. 

Ga... 

N.  Y. 

Md... 

Ohio. 

N.  C. 

Mass. 

Mo... 

N.  y. 

Ga... 
Ire'd. 
Pa..  . 
Vt.  . . 
Pa..  . 
Fla.  . 
Mass. 
Mo... 
Ohio. 
Me... 
Ind.  . 
Ger'y 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Teun. 
Me. . . 
N,  C. 

N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
toe..  . 
N.  Y. 
Lou.. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 

s.  c. 

N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ire'd. 
N.  C. 
Mo... 
Va.  .. 
Va.  - . 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 
Can.. 
Prus. 
Tenn. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 


April  14,  1840 
Nov.  20.  1821 
Feb.  10.  1828 
May  7.  183(i 
Sept.  5,  1835 
Nov.  24,  1829 
April  25,  18311 


Lawyer.    . 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied.... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Journalist 

Jurist 

Lawyer.. 

Lawyer. . 
.  —  .  Varied... 
Mass.  Merchant 

111 Lawyer.. 

Ky...  Lawyer... 

Iowa,  j  Varied 

Nev..  Journalist 


N.  Y 
Pa. 


Nov.  27.  1827JWis..!Lawyer. 
Sept.  22, 1829 :  R .  I. .  |  Manufac 
Jan.  11.  183l|Miss..  Lawyer. 
Jan.  17,  1839;Md...  Varied.. 

Mo...  Lawyer. 

Jan.  14,  1831  Mo...  I  Varied 

Feb.    12.  184(i|Ga.  . 

July    2,  1828  Ind. 

Aug.     1,  1845  Ind. 

June    4,  1827  Ohio 

July  31,  1817|Ga.. 

Jan.  27,  ISuIn.  Y 


Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawyei. .. 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 


Sept.  12,  1838  Md. 
Sept.  30,  1824  N.  Y 

N.  C 

jiay   16,  1830.AIass., , -- 

Nov.  7,  1830  Ark..|Lawyer... 
Dec.  14,  183(i  N.  Y. 'Lawyer... 
Sept.  29,  1830  TexaslLawyer. . . 

Mar.    4,  182(i  111 'Journalist 

1817!Pa..  .'Lawyer... 

May  22,  1833j Iowa.  Lawyer... 
June  24,  1842, Lou. .'Varied.... 
Sept.23,  lS32;Fla.  .iLawyer... 
Jan.  3,  1840|111.  ..IVaried.... 
Dee.  14,  ISSG'Mo... 'Lawyer... 
July  4,  1838,  Ohio.  I  Unknown 
Sept.  22,  1827  Iowa.  |  Unknown 
Dec.  28,  lS32'lnd.  .[Varied..  . 
Feb.  13,  183llWis.. 'Journalist 
Aug.  10,  1834|Va...|Varied 
Sept.  1(1,  1837|S.  C.  Lawy 


AP1II12,  1822 
Feb.  15,  1S32 
Aug.  27.  1832 


Oct. 
Nov. 
July 


3,  1855 
3, 1834 
2,  1823 


Tenn.  Agrieul'st. 
Jle. . .  Journalist 
N.  C.  Banker  .. 
Ind.  .  Unknown. 
N.  Y'.  .Lawyer. .. 
Ark. .  AgricuPst. 
Minn.'Lawyer... 

N.  Y.IVaried 

Lou.  .Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Journalist 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied.. 


Pa. 
Pa.  .. 


Oct.    15,  1841 
.Ian.  24,  1837 
Nov.  10.  1817  -  - 
July  18.  1830, S.  C 

July     1,  1823  HI.  ... .... 

\priI26. 1834  Iowa.' Agl-iculst, 

Nov.  18,  1812|Fla...  Jurist 

April  21, 1838  Pa.  ..  Merchant 


Aug.    7,  1835 

Nov.' '  '9,'  1823 
Dec.  29,  1841 
May    — ,  1834 


N.  Y'.  Varied 

Mo...  Merchant. 
Ala.  .  Lawyer... 
Mo. ..'Lawyer... 
Va.  . .  Lawyer. . . 


Jan.   14,  1835, Va...  Jurist.. 
July  16,  1824  Ohio.  Jurist... 
May   13,  1849  Ore.  .  Lawyer... 
Sept.  10,  1832, Lou..  I'nknown. 

Oct.  25.  1817:Pa.  ..  Miller 

May  24,  1836'vt....  Lawyer.. 
Nov.  30.  1845  Wis..  Druggist. 
Sept.  18,  1826  Ark..  Lawyer.   .  1.. 

Nov.    5.  1828  N.  H.  Lawyer 

^ug  27    1827  N.  Y.  Manufac'r  .. 


REPRESENTATIVES.      d 


529       ^i: 


Hammond.  N.J 

llardenbuigli,  A.  A. 

Hardy,  John 

Htti-iner,  Alfred  C  .. 

Harris,  BenJ.  W 

Hanis,  Heniy  S 

Haskell,  Dudley  C, 

Hutch,  Wm.  H 

Hawk,  Roh't  M.  A... 
Hazeltino,  Ira  S.... OB 


Dee.  20,  IK)3  Oa... 
N.  J..  May  18,  1830  N.  J.. 
Scot.  Sept.  19,  1835  N.  V. 
Pa.  ..  Aug.    H,  1825  Ptt 


llazelton,  Geo.  C. 
Heilinan,  William.. 
Henderson.  Tbos.  J. 
Hepburn.  W.  P. . .  . 
Herbert,  Hilary  A.. 
Herndon,  Thos.  H.. 
Hewitt,  Abi-ain  S. 


Hewitt.  Goldsmith  W.D 


.U 
...K 
...II 
...D 
...D 
...D 
...D 

.K 


Hill,  John. 
Hiseock.  Fiank. . 
Hitt.  Robei-t  R... 
Hoblltzell.  F,  S.. 

Hoge.  JohnB 

Holiimn.  Will.  K.. 
Hooker.  Chas.  E. 
Horr.  Roswell  G. 

Houk,  Leon  C 

House.  John  F... 
Hubbell.Jay  A.. 

Hulibs.  Orlando 

Humphrey.  H.  L... 
Hutchiiis.  Waldo.. 

Jacobs,   Ferris 

Jadwiii,  Cornelius  C.lt 
Jones,  GeorKe_y('...G-B 


Jones,  James  T. 

Jones,  Phineas 

Jorgensoii,  Joseph, 

Joyce,  Chas.  H 

Itassoii,  John  A... 
Keifer,  J.  Warren., 
Kelley.Wm,   D.... 

Kenna,  John  E 

Ketchani,  John  H. 

King,  J.  Floyd 

Klotz.  Robert 

Knott.  J.  Pioctor.. 
I^aeey.  Edward  S.. 
Ladd.  George  W... 
Latham,  Louis  C. . 
Leedom.  John  P. 
LeFevre.  Benj.. 
.ewis.  John  H 


Lindsey.  Sti'phen 

Lord.  Henry  W 

Luna.  Trail. piilino.. 

Lynch. John  R 

McClure.  Addison! 
McCoid.  Moses  A — 
McCook,  .\nson  G., 
McKenzie.  Jas.  A.. 
MeKinley.  William. 
McLane.  liob'tM... 
McLean.  James  H.. 
McMillin.  Benton.. 
Mackey.  E.  W.  M. . 
Maglnnis.  Martin.. 
Manning.  Van  II.. 
Marsh,  Benj.  F.... 
Martin.  Edward  L. 

Mason.  Josi-ph 

Matson.  Court,  C. . 
Miles.  Fie.l.i  i.k 
Miller.  Saiiil  H. 


I) 

.R 

.R 

.R 

.It 

.R 

.R 

.D 

R 

....D 

....D 

. . . .  D 

....It 

....D 

....D 

....D 

....D 

K 


Lawyer. . . 

Banker.  .. 

Lawyer. . . 

Munufuc'r 
Masii;  Nov.  id;  |H23  3IasH.  Lawyer.,. 
N.J..  Dee.  27,  18.-,0N.J..  Lawyer... 
Vt.  ..  Mar.  23.  1842  Kan.  Lawyer, 
Ky...  Sept.  11,  1833  Mo. 
Ind.  .  April 23,  IKiW  111, 
Vt.  ..'July  13,  1821  Mo. 
N.  H.  Jan.  3.  1R)3  Wif 
Oer'y  Oct.  11,  1824  I  ml 
Tenn.  Nov.  29,  18241111 


Ohio.  Nov.  4,  1833  Iowa. 
S.  C.  Mar.  12.  1834  Ala.  . 
Ala..  July  1,  1828  Ala.  . 
N.  Y.  July  31,  1822  N.  Y. 
Ala.  .  Feb.  14.  18:m  Ala.  . 
N.  Y.  Juno  10,  1821  N.  J.. 
N.  Y.  Sept.  6,  1834  N.  Y. 
Ohio.  Jan.  16,1834  III.  .. 
Md...  Oct.     7,  1838Md. 


Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Varlid.... 
Lawyer... 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer... 
Ijiwyer... 
Lawyer. ,, 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 


Dec.  IS,  1883 


Va...  Feb.     2,  1825  W.Va  Jurist. 

Ind.  .  Sept.    6,  1822  Ind.  .  Jurist 

S  C  .Miss..  Lawyer. . 

Vt.  ..  Nov.  26,  1830  Mich.  Varied... 
■     1836  Tenn.  Varied. 


Tenn. June 
Tenn 


Mich 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Conn 
N.  Y. 
Pa. ., 
Ala., 
Miss.. 


9,  18; 

Seiit.  15,  1829 
Feb.  18,  1840 
Mar.  14,  1830 

Miir.  26;  1836 
Mar.  27.  1835 
Sept.    5,  1828 
Sept.  29,  1839 
Mass. 'Aprlll8, 1819 
Pa..  .'Feb.  11,  1844 
Eng'dJon.  30,  1830 
Vt.  ..'Jan.  11,  1822 
Jan.  30,  1836 
April  12, 1814 
April  10, 1848 
Dec.  21,  183: 
April  20,  1842 
Oct.   27.  18l9'Pa.  . 
Aug.  29,  18:iO,Ky.. 
Nov.  26.  1835  Mich 
Sept.  28,  1818lMe.. 
Sept.  II,  1840.N.   C 


Tenn.  Lawyer.. 


D..R 
....It 
.K 
.K 
,,R 
.11 
.It 
,.D 
,.R 
..D 
..R 
..D 
..!t 

..n 

..D 
..R 
..D 
..R 
..D 
..R 
...R 


Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
Ga... 
Pa... 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
N.  C. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 

N.  y. 

Me... 

Ma.s3. 
N.  M. 
Lou..  -  -.  - 
Ohio.  Oct.    1 
Ohio. 


Varied.. 

Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

lawyer. . . 

Druggist.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied.... 

Physician. 

Lawyer  .. 

Law  yer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

W.Va  Lawyer.. . 
N.  Y.  Agrieul'st. 
Lou.,  i Varied.... 

Vailed.... 

I.aw  yer. . . 

Banker.  .. 

Merchant. 

Lawyer 


MIeh 
N.  C. 
Wis.. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Texas 
Ark.  . 
N.J,. 
Va.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Iowa. 
Ohio. 
Pa 


Mills,  Roger  (J  D 

Money.  Hernando  D.  .D 


Dec.  20.  1849  (Ihio.  AgricllPst 

Oct,      ". 

July  21,  1830 
Mar.  3.  1828 
Mar.  8,  1821 
Feb.  23, 1849 
Sept.  10.  184- 

18:» 

1841 
Oct.  10,  183i 


8,  1838  Ohi 

nil.... 

1  Me... 
Mich. 

N,  n. 

Miss.. 


,  Lawyer 
,  Unknown, 
,  Lawyer... 


Moore,  William  It. 
Morcy.  Henry  L. . . 
Morrison.  Win.  R.. 

Morse.  L.opold 

Mosgrove.  James.. 
Moulton,  Sam'l  W. 

Muldrow.  H.L 

Mureh.  Thompson. 
Mutchler.  William. 

Keal,  Henry  S 

Nolan,  Mich.aelN.. 
Norcross.  .Aniasa. . 
Oates.  William  C. 
O'Neill.  Cliailes. .. 
Ortn,  Godlove  S. . . 
Ourv.  Granville  H. 


It 
It 
..D 
..D 
..D 
..D 
.D 
G-B 
..I) 

..n 

..D 
..R 

,..D 
..It 

,..R 
D 


Hacheco.  Romualdo.R 


Agi-icuPst, 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Photog'r.. 

Ohio.  Varied 

Iowa.  Lawyer... 
Ohio.  Oct.  10,  183.1  N.  Y.  Lawyer... 
Ky.  Aug.  1,  1840'Kv.,.  Agricul's! 
Ohio.  Feb.  26,  1844  Ohio.  Lawyer... 
Del...  June  23,  1815  Md...  Lawyer... 
Scot..  Aug.  13,  1829  Mo...  Physician 

Kv      '.Sept.  11,  1845, Tenn.  Jurist 

S."C..  Mar.    8.  1846  s.  C.  Varied..., 

N    \    Oct.  27,  1840|M,  T.  JoumoUst 

n'  C.  July  26,  1839,Mlss, 

III....  Nov.  19.  1837  HI.  . 

Del...  Mar.  29,  1837  Del. 

N.  Y.  Mar.  30,  18'28|N.  Y'.  Lawyer 

Ind.  .  April '25,  1841  Ind.  .  Lawyer... 

Conn.  Dec.  19.  1815  Conn.  Varied 

Pa...  April  19.  1840  Pa.  ..  Lawyer... 

Texas  Unknown, 

Miss.  Aug.  26,  1839  Miss..  Journalist 
Ala  .iMar.  28,  183(1  Tenn.  Merchant. 
Ohio. 'April  8,  184i;ohio.  Lawyer... 
III.  ..  Sept.  14,  1825  111.  ..  Lawyer... 
Bav  lAug.  15.  18:11  Mass.  Merchant.  ' 
Pa  ..July  14.  1821  Pa.  ..Manufac'r 
Jan.  20,  1822  HI.  ..Lawyer... 

I  Miss..  Lawyer... 

Mar.  29,  1838  Me...  Varied 

Dec.  21,  1831  Pa..  .  Lawyer... 
\ug.  '25,  1828  Ohio .  Lawyer. . . 
May  — ,  1834  N.  V.  Varied. 
N.  H.Uan.  26.  1824  Mass 
Ala.. .'Nov.  3(1,  1835  Ala.. 
Mar.  21,  1821, Pa.  . 
April -22, 1817;  Ind. 
Mar.  12,  1825|Ariz. 


Jan.  28, 1884 


Mass. 
Miss.. 
Me... 
Pa.  . . 
Ohio. 
Ire'd 


Page.  Horace  F 

Parker.  Abrain.  X R 

Paul,  John — 

Pavson.  Lewis  E R 

Peelle.  Stanton  S R 

Peirce.  R.  B.  F R 

Pettibone.  Aug.  H R 

Pettigrew.  R.  F R 

Phelps.  James D 

Phister.  Elijah  C D 

Post.  Morton  E D 

Pound.  Thad.  C R 

Preseott,  Cyrus  D R 


Pa 
Pa 

Va. . . 
Cal.., 
N.  Y 
Vt.  . 
Va.., 
R.  I. 
Ind. 
Ind. 
Ohio 
Vt. 


,  Lawyer... 
.  Varied..  . 
,  I.awyer. .. 
.  Lawyer. 
.  Lawyer. 


Oct.   31,  1831  Cal...  Varied.. 

Oct.  20,  18.33jCal...  StageOr. 

Nov.  14,  183IIN.  Y.  Lawyer... 

June's),  1839  Va...  Ijiwyer. 

Sept.  17.  1840111.  ..  Lawyer, 

Feb.   11.  1M3  Ind.  .  Lawyer... 

Feb.  15.  1843  Ind.  .  Lawyer... 

Jan.  21.  18.35|Tenn.  Lawyer... 

I  July  23.  1848!  D,  T..  Varied 

Conn.ljan.    12.  1822  Conn,  Jurist 

Ky. . .  Oct.      8.  1822  Ky ., .  Lawyer. . . 
N    Y.  Dec.  25.  lR10|Wv.T  Banker.  .. 
Pa      |Dec.     6.  1832  Wis. .  Merchant.  I.. 
N   Yi'Aug.  15.  1836iN.  Y.  Lawyer...... 


yfe^ 


34 


Kandall.  Sam'lJ D 

R.aimey.  Ambrose  A. .  R 

Ray,  Ossian R 

Reagan,  John  H D 

Reed,  Thomas  B R 

Reese,  Seaborn D 

Rice,  John  B R 

Kiee,  Tlieron  M G-B 

Rice,  William  W R 

Richardson.  David  P.R 
Richardson,  John  S..  .D 

Rich.  John  T R 

Ritchie,  James  M R 

Robeson,  Geo.  M R 

Robertson.  EdiVd  W.D 

Robinson,  Geo.  D R 

Robinson,  Jas.  S R 

Robinson,  Wm.  E.  ...D 

Rosecrans,  W.  S D 

Ross,  Miles D 

Russell.  Wm.  A R 

Ryan.  Thomas R 

Scales,  Alfred  M D 

Schultz.  Ktnanuel R 

ScoviHe,  Jonathan..  .— 

Scranton,  Jos.  A R 

Shackelford.  J.  W D 

Shallenberger,  V,'.  S.  .R 

Shellev,  Chas.M D 

.Sherivin.  John  O R 

.Simonton,  Chas.  B D 

Sint^leton,  Jas.  W D 

Singleton.  Otho  R....D 

Skinner,  Chas.  R R 

Small-.   Robert R 

Siiiitli.A.  H.rr R 

Siiiitli.  liLiiichC R 

Sniith,  J.  llvatt — 

Sparks.  Wm.  A.J D 

Spaulding.  Oliver  L.  .R 

Speer,  Emory D 

Spooner,  Henry  J R 

Springer,  Wm.  M D 

Steele,  George  W R 

Stephens,  ,\lex.   H D 

Stockslager,  S.  M D 

Stone,  Eben.F R 

Strait,  Horace  B R 

Talbott.  J.  F.  C D 

Taylor,  Ezra  B R 

T.aylor.  Joseph  D R 

Thomas,  John  R R 


Pa...' 
Vt.... 
Vt.  .. 
Tenn. 
Me... 
Ga. . . 
Ohio. 
Ohio . 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Scot.. 
N.  J.. 
Tenn. 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
Ire'd. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.. . . 
X.  Y. 
!(.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Conn. 
Conn. 

Pa.".' 
Tenn. 
.V.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Va... 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Pa... 
Han.. 
N.  Y. 
Ijtd.  . 
H. 
Ga... 
R.  I.. 
Ind.  . 
Ind.  . 
Ga.  .. 
Ind.  . 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Md... 
Ohio, 
ilhio. 
111.  .. 


Oct.  10. 
.\pril  Hi, 
Dec.  13, 
Oct.  e, 
Oct.  18, 
Not.  28, 


IH-2S 
1H2J 
1835 
1818 
1839 
1846 


Sept.  21, 
Mar.  7, 
May  28, 
Feb.  29. 
April  23, 
July  28, 

June  13, 
Jan.  20, 
Oct.  14, 
May  fi, 
Sept.  B, 
April  30, 
.\pri!  22, 
Nov.  25, 
Nov.  26, 
July  25, 


1829 
1826 
1833 
182S 
1841 
1821 
1S29 
1823 
1834 
1827 
1814 
1819 
1828 
1831 
1837 
182 
1819 


'July  28,  1838 


Sov.  24, 
Dec.  28, 
Feb.  8, 
Sept.    8, 

INov.  23, 
Oct.  14, 
Aug.    4, 

l.\pril  5, 
Mar.     7, 

'April  4, 
April  10. 
Nov.  19. 
Aug.  2, 
Sept.  3, 
Aug.  6. 
May  30, 
Dec.  13, 
Feb.  11, 
May     7, 

jaii.'  'ih', 
July  29, 
July  9, 
Nov.  7, 
Oct.  11, 


1839 
1833 
1838 
1838 
1811 
I8I4 
1844; 
1839 
1815 
1840 
1824 
1828 
1833 
1848 
1839 
1836 
1839 
1812 
1842 
1822 
1835 
1843 
1823 
1830: 
18461 


Pa.  . 

Mass 
N.  H 
Texas 
Me. . . 
Ga... 
Ohio. 
Mo... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
.Mich. 
Ohio. 
N.  J.. 
Lou. . 
Mass . 
Ohio. 

N.  y. 

Cal... 
N.  J.. 
Mass. 
Kan.. 
N.  C. 
Ohio 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Ala.  . 
111.... 
Tenn. 
111.  .. 
Miss.. 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
111.  .. 
N.  Y. 
111.  .. 
Mich 
Ga.  .. 
H.  I.. 
111.  .. 
Ind.  . 
Ga.  . . 
Ind.  . 
Mass. 
Minn. 
Md... 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
111.  .. 


Merchant. 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

La%vyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

.\gricul'st. 
La\vyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Journalist 
Soldier.... 
Merchant. 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Manufac'r 
(Manufac'r 
Journalist 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Architect. 
Lawyer.. . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 

Sailor 

Lawyer.. . 
Banker.  . . 
Unknown. 
Lawjer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.  . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Varied.. .. 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Varied?... 
Lawyer. . . 


Jan.   18,  1883 


Mar.    4,  1883 


Thompson,  Philip  B..D  Ky... 
Thompson,  Wm.  G...R     Pa... 

Tillman,  Geo.  D D     S.  C. 

Townsend.  Amos R     Pa... 

Townshend.  Rich'd...D  .Md... 
Tucker,  J.  Randolph. D     Va.  .. 

Turner,  Henry  G D    N.  C. 

Turner.  Oscar D    Lou.. 

Tyler.JamesM .R     Vt.  .. 

UpdegrafF.  Jona.  T..—  Ohio. 
Updegl-aff,  Thomas,.. R     Pa... 

Upson,  Columbus D     N.  Y. 

Urner.  Milton  G R     Md... 

Valentine,  Edw'd  K.  .R  Iowa. 
Van  Aernam.  Henry.  .R     N.  Y. 

Vance,  Robert  B R     N.  C. 

Van  Horn,  Rob't  T...R  iPa... 
Van  Voorhis.  John...R  N.  Y. 
Wadsworth.  Jas.  W.R     Pa... 

Wait,  John  T R    iConn. 

Walker.  Rob't  J.  C....R   iPa.  .. 

Ward,  William R     Pa... 

Warner.  Richard D    |Tenn. 

Washburn.  Wm.  D...R 

Watson,  Lewis  F R 

Webber,  Geo.  W D 

Wellborn,  Olin D 

West,  George K 

Wheeler,  Joseph D 

White.  John  D R 

Whitthorne,  W.  C....D 

Williams,  Chas.  6 R 

Williams,  Thos D 

Willis.  Albert  S D 

Willitts,  Edwin R 

Wilson,  Benjamin D 

Wise,  George  D D 

Wise.  Morgan  R D 

Wood,  Benjamin D 

Wood,  Walter  A R 

Young,  Thos.  L. . R 


Me... 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.  .. 


Eng'd 
Ga.  .. 
Ky... 
Tenn. 
N.  Y. 
Va. .. 
Ky... 

N.  y. 

Va... 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
N.  H. 
Ire'd. 


Oct.    15,  1845'Ky,.. 'Lawyer... 

Jan.  17,  1830  Iowa.  Ijurist 

Aug.  21,  1826  S.  C.  Varied 

183110hio.  Merchant. 

AprilSO,  1840111.  ..iLawyer... 
Dec.  24,  1823,  Va.  ..  Lawyer... 
Mar.  20,  1839  Ga.  ..  Unknown. 
Feb.  3,  1825|Ky...  Varied.... 
April27.  1835  Vt.  ..  Lawyer... 

Ohio.  Varied 

.April  3,  1834  Iowa.  Lawyer. . . 
Oct.  17,  1829  Texas  Lawyer. .. 
July  29,  1839'Md...  Lawyer... 

June     1.  1843  Neb..  Jurist 

Mar.    II.IHIDN.  V.  Physician. 

April  '24.  IHiS  N.   ('    Agncu|-st, 

May  10,   1824  Mo...  Journalist 

Oct.    22,  1828  N.  Y. 

Oct.    12,  1846  N.  Y. 

Aug.  27,  1811,  Conn. 

Oct.   20,  1838  Pa.  .. 

Jan.      1.  1.837:Pa 

Sept.  19,  in.a 

Jan.    14,  1831 

April  14,  1819 

Nov.  25,  1825 


Feb.    17,  1823 


Jan,  16,  1849 
April  19,  1825:Tenn. 
Oct.  18,  1829  Wis.. 
Aug.  11,  1825|Ala.  . 
Jan.  22,  1843  Ky.  .. 
April 24.  1830  Mich. 
April  30,  1825  W.Va 

1835  Va..  . 

June    7,  1830  Pa.  .. 
Oct.    13,  1820  N.  Y, 


Lawy 
Unknown. 
Lawyer, . . 

Varied 

Varied 

Tenn.  Lawyer. . . 
Minn.  I  Manufac'r 

Pa.  ..Varied 

Mich.  I  Varied 

Texas  Unknown. 
N.  Y.  .Manufac'r 
Varied., 
Lawyer, 
Lawyer. 
Lawyer 
Varied. 
Lawyer 
Lawyer, 
Lawyer 
Lawyer, 
Varied. 
Journali.st 


Ala. 
Ky. 


Oct.  23,  1815  N.  Y.jManufac'r 
Dec.   14,  1832 1  Ohio.  [Lawyer... 


Total  Representatives,  310.  Lawyers,  151.  Varied,  58.  Jurists.  IB. 
Occupation  Unknown,  15.  Journalists,  14.  Merchants,  13.  Manufact- 
urers, 13.  Agriculturists,  IS.  Bankers,  5.  Physicians,  4.  Druggists,  S. 
Clergj'nian,  1.  Miller,  1.  Stage-Owner,  1.  Sailor,  1.  Photographer,  1. 
Soldier,  1.  .Yrcliitect,  1.  Foreign  Born,  SI:  Including  Ireland,  6;  Sco^ 
land,  4;  England,  4;  Germany,  2;  Prussia,  1;  Bavaria,  1;  Hanover,  I ■, 
Isle  of  Man,  1 :    Canada,  1. 


Forty-eighth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1883  to  (885. 


I 


1883— The  Great  strike  of  Western  T'nion 
Telegraph  operator?;  throughout  the 
Cnited  States,  July  20. 

1883 — Seventy  excursionists  drowned  by  the 
breaking  dowii  of  a  pier  near  Balti- 
more. Md.,  July  23. 

1883— Burning  of  the  Kimball  House  (  hotel ) 
at  .\tlanta,  Ga.  —  losses.  Sl,(»Of),(MHJ — 
Aug.  14. 

1883— Opening  of  the  22d  Triennial  Conclave 
of  Knights-Templar  at  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  Aug.  21. 

1883 — Most  severe  tornado  ever  known  in  the 
United  States,  in  Minnesota  ;  60  per- 
sona killed  and  40  injured;  Aug.  21. 

1883— Woman-sufTrage  law  passed  by  the 
Legislature  of  Washington  Territorj'. 
Nov.  15. 

1883 — New  standard  time  adopted,  Nov.  18. 

1884 — Terrible  cyclone  in  Georgia  and  North 
Carolina,  destroying  over  5,000  houses, 
$2,<MKi.(MMi  worth  of  property,  and  kill- 
inK  40<i  persons,  besides  wounding  as 
many  more,  Feb.  20. 


Chester  A.  Arthur,  JSl«t  President. 

%aCE-PRESIPENT  (ACTDIGJ— GEORGK  V.   EDMIKPS.   <»K  VT. 

Sec'y  of  state >Fred.  T.  Frelinghuysen.  of  N.  J. 

„     .         _  ™  S  Chas.  J.  Folger.  of  N.  Y. 

Sec'js  of  Treas -J  jj,,^,,  jicCulloch.  of  Ind. 

Sec'y  of  War j- Rob't  T.  Lincoln,  of  111. 

Sec'y  of  Navy '^  Wm.  E.  Chandler,  of  N.  H. 

Sec'y  of  Interior !•  Henry  M.  Teller,  of  Col. 

(  Timothy  O.  Howe,  of  Wis. 
Postmasters-Gen'K  . .  ■]  Walter  Q.  Greshani.  of  Ind. 
(  Frank  Hatton,  of  Iowa. 

Attorney-Gen '1 ;Benj.  H.  Brewster,  of  Pa. 


lH.s(4_ratholic  Convent  at  Belleville.  111., 
burned,  with  a  loss  of  34  lives. 

1885 — Battle  between  Osman  Digma  and  the 
British  troops  under  General  Graham, 
at  Tamasi.  Egypt,  resulting  in  the  de. 
feat  of  tlie  rebel  chief,  with  the  loss  of 
2,400  men  killed  and  6,000  wounded, 
March  13. 

1884— A  terrible  earthquake  in  the  Island  of 
Kishm,  Persian  Gull,  destroyed  12 
villages  and  2t»0  lives.  May  19. 

1884— The  introduction  of  railroads  in  China 
sanctioned  by  the  Imperial  Govern- 
ment, June  20. 

1885— Chinese  children  admitted  to  Califor- 
nia schools,  Jan.  9. 

1885— Terrific  earthquakes  in  Spain,  covering 
an  area  of  1,IXI0  square  miles,  devas- 
tated 15  towns,  destroying  20.1XK) 
buildings,  8RH1,1K10,000  worth  of  prop- 
erty, and  more  than  2.(»X>  lives— be- 
tween Dec.  24.  18S4,  and  Jan.  14,  1885. 

1885— Fall  of  Khartormi.  Egypt,  and  murder 
of  the  British  General  Gordon.  Jan.  26. 


D,  indicates  Democrat ;    K,  Republican  .    G-B,  Greenhncker. 


SENATORS. 


Aldrich.N.  W R 

Alll.TOn,  William  B...R 
Anthony.  Henry  B.  ..R 
Bayard.  Tlioma.s  F. .  .D 

Heck,  James  B D 

Blair.  Henry    W R 

Dowon,  Thos.  M R 

Brown,  Joseph  K D 

Ihltli-r.  .M.  Calvin I) 

<:all.  Wilkinson D 

I'amden.  Johnson  N.  .D 

Cameron,  Angus R 

f.'amcron,  J.  Donald.. 11 

Chacc,  Jonathan R 

Cockrell,  Franclit  M. .  D 


R.  I.. 
Ohio. 
R.  I.. 
Del... 

Scot.. 
N.  H. 

[owa. 
8.  C. 

S.  C. . 
Ky... 
VV.Va 
N.  Y, 
Ta.  . 
MaHH 
'Mo.. 


Stftto 

MDt«d. 


Nov.  6, 
Mar.  2, 
April  1, 
Oct.  '29, 
Feb.  13, 
Dec.  6, 
Oct.  2(i, 
April  1.5, 
Mar.  8, 
Jan.     9, 


July    4, 


July  22, 
Oct.      1, 


1841 
1829i 
1815 
1828 
1822 
1834 
1835 
1821 
1836 
1834 
1828 
1826 
1833 
1829 
1834 


R.  I.. 
Iowa. 
R.  I.. 
Del... 
Ky... 
N.  H, 
Col,.. 
Ga... 
S.  C. 
Fla.  . 
W.Va 
Wis.. 
I 'a.  .. 
R.  I.. 
Mo... 


.Merchant. 
Lawyer. , . 
Journalist 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer. .. 
Banker... 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 


Sept.   2,  1884 


SENATORS. 

Wtiero 
Bora. 

When  Born. 

Stat. 
aenOsl. 

Ocoupation. 

WboaBtaL 

Coke.  Richard 

..D 

..D 
..R 
..R 
..R 
..R 
..R 
..D 
..D 
..R 
..1) 
..1) 
.1) 
..1) 
..D 

Va.  .. 
Ga... 

N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Ire'd. 
Va. . . 
Me. . . 
Tenn. 
Ga.  .. 
Ky... 
Md... 
Md... 

Mar.  13, 1829!Texas 
April  20, 1824lGa.  .. 

Jurist. . . . 

Colquitt,  Alfred  H,. 

Cimger.  Omar  D 

CuIImiii.  Sli.lhv  M... 
l>a«.s,  H.-iirv  L... 
Dolph,  J,>.>.|  h  .N'..,. 

181* 

IMich. 

III.  . 

iMass. 
lore.. 

Varied.... 
Lawyer.. 
Varied.,.. 

Nov.  22,  1829 
Oct.  30,  1816 
Oct.    19,  1835 

Kdniun.ls,  Geo,  F.. 

Fob.     1,  1828  Vt,  .. 
Dec.     3.  1831  INov.. 
Aug.    6,  18-a)Cal... 
Sept.    2,  183l|Me... 
June  11,  1832, Ark.. 
Oct.    -20.  1826  Miss.. 
Sept.  in.  1832  I. on.  . 
Mar.  11,  l.KfilMd... 
April  4,  18381Md... 

Fair,  James  G 

Miner 

Farley.  James  T... 
Frye,  William  P.. . 

Lawyer. . 

Jan,  22.  1886 

CSarl.nirl,  .Vug.  11. , 

Georir.-,  Jnni-s  ■/... 

GDi^MM.  Kandiill  L. 

Varied.    .. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . , 

Uruume,  Jas.  B 

ii: 


T 


SENATOKS    AND    liKI'RKSENTATIVKS    f>F    THE    I'dUTY-KIUinir    CONGRESS. 


531 


SENATORS. 

Wlicre 
Bom. 

When  Dorn. 

8lat« 
Repre. 
oenud. 

Occupation. 

Vhn  Mod. 

Hal,-,  i:iii;.iH-   

.K 
.1) 
.D 
.H 
.U 
.14 
.R 
.1! 
.1) 
.1) 
.D 
.R 
.1) 
.D 
.R 
.R 
.1! 
.11 

■r 

.D 
.R 
.R 
.R 
.V 
.R 
.R 
.D 
.R 
.K 
.R 
.b 
.D 

.R 
.D 
.R 
.R 

.R 
.D 
.D 
.R 
.D 
.D 
.D 
.D 
.R 

Me   .. 

s.  c. 

Tenn. 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
Ky... 
Ire'd. 
Wal's 
Va.  .  . 
lia... 

Juno    9.  lS3fi  .Me... 
Mar.  28,  1818  S.  0.  . 

H.iTiii.ti.ii,  Wiulc... 

H/iiii^,  Isliarii  li 

1811^ 

Term 
Ind.  . 
Conn 

Col... 
Mass. 

Uiiillson.   Hclij 

HhwIiv.  Joseph  K.. 
Hill.  Nath'l  P 

Auk.  20.  1833 
Oct.   31.  1821 
Feb.   18.  1832 

Lawyer. , 
Jomnallst 
ChemiKt . . 

Dec.  29.  18.3.3  Kan.. 
April   8.  1832  Tenn. 
July  10.  18.34  Lou.. 

IS:i4  Kla.  . 

1830  .\ev.. 

April  lo,  1848  W.Va 
Sent.  17.  182.1  Miss.. 

Vftricd.... 

Jurint 

.larks, ,11.  Howell  K. 

.I.,iias.  lleilj.  F 

•liniL-y,  i.'liai'les  W. .. 
Joii,.s.  .lohn  F 

Varied 

Miner 

Ktiiiia.  .John  E 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied.... 

l.aiiliain.  Kil>ri<lge  (. 

S.  Y.  Oct.    18,  1814  N.  Y. 
111.  ..  Feb.     y,  lK2(i  111.  .. 
Pa.  ..  Feb.  22,  1820  Minn. 
N.  Y.  May     9,  1833, N.  J.. 

Varied. . . 

I.i.ltaii,  .l.ihii    A 

M.Jhllan,Sam-l  J.  I 

l\l.-l*ln-is.>ii,  John  K 

AL'i-fc'Mrnt,. 

M.ah.iii,-,  William.... 

Va...| 1827iVa..  .  fMvilEnirV 

Pa.  ..Feb.    9.  1837  Neb.. 

Maxcv,  Samviel  B... 

Ky.  ..'Mar.  30,  1825;TcxaB 

Ind.  .' 1831  Cal... 

N.  Y.  Auf.  12.  1838  N.  Y. 
Pa.  ..'July  28.  18.38  Pa,  .. 
Tenn.  June  2(),  1824  Ala.  . 
Vt....!Apnl  14,  ISlo.Vt.  .. 
Mich.  Jan.  25,  1830  Mich. 
Ohio.  July  2.'),  182.')|Ohio. 
N.  H.  Oct.   115.  1819  N.  H. 
Conn.  July  19.  1827  Conn. 

Varied 

Millii,  John  F 

Miller,  Warner 

Varied 

Mit<'h.-ll.  John  I.... 

iMonill.  Justin  .S 

Varied  .    . 

Palmer.  Thos.  W.... 

I'.ndl.t.in.  lieo.  H... 

Fikr,  .\ustin  F 

I'lati,  lirville  H 

Ohio. 
Ga... 
N.  C. 
Va... 
111.  .. 
Del... 

Oct.    12.  1837  Kan.. 
Dec.    12,  1S20  Ala... 

1826,  N.   C. 

Oct.      4.  l844Va... 
ApriI23.  1843'Minn. 

Varied.... 

I'liirh.  James  L 

KaiiM.m,  Malt.  W... 

Lawyer. . , 
Varied 

liahllili.T,..,.!.  H.H.. 

Varied.... 

Sal>ili,  luvi^'ht  M 

Manufac'r 

Sawyer.  Philetus 

Sewell.  Wni.  J 

Vt         Sent.  22.  ISlfi  Wis 

Luiiibrin'n 
Varied     . 

Ire'd. 

Ohio! 
III.... 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Ind.  . 
Ky. . . 
Ky... 

183.T 

N.  J.. 
R.  I 

Sheffield,  W.  P 

L'nkno%vu. 

May  10,  1823  Ohio. 
Dee.  28,  1826  Ore.  . 
May  13,   1830|N.   0. 
Nov.  — ,  1824  Neb.. 
Dec.     R.  1830!Mci.  .. 
Sept.  26.  182s:ind.  . 

Slater.  James  H 

Vance.  Zebulon   B.. 
Van  Wvi-k.  Chas.  H. 

Lawyer. . 

Vest,  iJeorne  G 

V. , orii.es.  Dan'l  W.. 

Lawyer... 

Walker.  Jas.  D 

Williams.  John  S 

1820 

Ky... 

Ohio. 

Total  Senators,  TS.  Lawyers,  41.  Varied,  l?.  Jurists,  6.  Journalists,  3. 
Manufacturei-s,  3.  Occupation  Unltnown,  3.  Miners,  3.  Merchant,!.  Agri- 
culturist, 1.  Banker,  1.  Chemist,  1.  Lumberman,  1.  Civil  Engineer,  1. 
Foreign  Born,  5:    Including  Ireland,  3;  Scotland,  1;  Wales,!. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


When  Born. 


8uitc     I 


Adams,  (leorpe  E R 

Adams,  John  J D 

Aiken.  D.  Wyatt D 

.'\lexander.  A.  M D 

Anderson.  John  A R 

..Vrnot.  John D 

.\tkinson.  Louis  E....R 

Baffley.  JohnH D 

Ballentine,  John  G.  ..D 

Barbour.  John  S  D 

Barksdale.  Ethel D 

Barr,  Samuel  F R 

Bayne,  Thomas  M R 

Beach.  Lewis D 

Belford.  James  B R 

Hclmont.  Perry D 

Henii.tt,  Risden  T D 

Diiik-haiM.  Henry  H...R 

Bisbee.  Horatio R 

Blackburn,  Jos.  C.  S.  .D 

Blanchard.  N.  C D 

Bland.    Richai'd  P D 

Blount.  J.iines  H D 

Bovitelle.Chas.  A — 

Boweii.  Henry D 

Buyle.  Charles  E D 

Braiiieiil.Sam'I  M....R 

Brattim.  John D 

Breckeiiriilge.  C.  R...D 
Breituni;.  Edwai-d....R 

Brents.  Thos.  H R 

Brewer.  Francis  B R 

Brewer.  J.  Hart R 

Broadhead.  Jas.  O D 

Brown,  Wm.W R 

Browne.  TliomasM...R 

Bruiiiiii.Clias.  N  R 

Bucliuiiaii.  lliiKh D 

Biiekii.i.  AvIettH D 

Budd.  James  H  D 

BurlelKll.  Henry  G. .  .— 

Rurnes.  James  N D 

Cabell.  Georire  C D 

Caine.  John   T — 

Cal.hvell,  .Viidrew  J...D 
Calkins,  William  H...B 
Caitipbill     Felix D 


N.  H.  June  18, 1840 


S.  O. 


Pa.  .. 

N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 


Va... 
Tenn. 
Ire'd. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Me... 
Ky... 
Lou. . 
Ky... 
Ga... 
Me... 


Mar.  17,  1828 


June  26, 
Mar.  11. 
April  16, 
Not.  26, 


1834 
1851 
1841 
1832 


Dec.  29,  1820 


III.... 
N.  Y. 
S.C.. 
Mo... 
Kan. . 
N.  Y. 
Pa..  . 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Va... 


June  15. 
June  14, 
Mar.  30, 
Sept.  28, 
Dec.  28, 
June  18, 

iiay"  i| 
Oct.  1, 
jjan.  29, 
Aug.  19, 
Sept.  12, 
Feb.  9, 


1829 
1836 
1835 
1837 
lail 
1840 
1841 
1839 
1838 
1849 
1835 
1837 
1839 


Mi: 


Feb.  4, 
Nov.  13, 
Mar.  7. 
Nov.  22, 
Nov.  10, 
Dec.  24, 


Pa..  . 
Pa.  .. 
8.  C. 
Ky... 
Ger'y 
111.... 
N.  H. 
N.  J..iMar.  29. 
Va.  ..:May  29. 
N.  Y.]April2J, 
Ohio. 'April  10, 
Pa.  . .  June  9. 
Scot..  Sept.  15, 
Va.  ..  Dec.  14. 
Wis  .  May  18, 
N.  H.jJune  2, 
Ind.  .i.iug.  22. 
Va.  ..Jan.  25. 
I.ofM  Jan.     8, 

Ala.. 

Ohio.  Feb.  18, 
N,  Y.lFeb.  28. 


1836 
1842 
1831 
1846 
1831 
1840 


Occupatiat 


SS. 


Pa 

Pa, 
N.  Y. 
Col... 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Fla.  . 
Ky... 
Lou.. 
Mo... 
Ga... 
Me.  .. 
Va. .. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa... 
S.  C 
■k.. 
Mich, 
w.  T. 


1820  N.  Y. 
1S44'n,  J.. 
1819  Mo,  . 
183i;  Pa.  .. 
1829  Ind.  , 
18.38  Pa.  .. 


1823 

Ga.. 

1817 

Mo 

1851 

Cal. 

1832 

N     V 

1832 

Mo 

1837 

Va.. 

1829 

Utah 

Tenn 

184? 

liid. 

1829 

N.  Y 

Lawyer.. . 

Unknown. 

Agricul'st. 

Unknown. 

Clerpym'n 

Banker.  . . 
'Physician. 

Merchant. 

Lawyer. . . 

I  Varied 

'Journalist 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied. . . . 

Jui-ist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
[Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer.. . 

Unknown. 

Varied. . . . 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Physician. 

Aei-icul'st. 

Miner 

L.awyer... 

Varied.... 

Manufac'r 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Varied 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 

Merchant. 

Lawyer... 

Vaiied  ... 

Journalist 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Manufac'r 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


lian. 


Bute 
lUpr.. 


Campbell.  Ja.oli  M...R 

Cami,l.ell..la-.  K 1) 

Candler.  .\ll,-ii  I» D 

Cannon.  Josej.li  G....R 

Calleton.  K/.ia  C ]> 

Carlisle.  John  (1 1) 

Ca-ssidy.  (;eoiKe  W...I) 

Chace.  Jonathan It 

Chalmei-s.  James  R..  .D 

Claidy,  Martin  L 1> 

Clay,  James  F D 

Clements,  Jud.  C D 

Cobb,  Thomas  R I) 

Collins,  F'at'k  A » 

Connolly,  Dan'l  W....D 
Conver.se.  Geoi'«e  L.  .D 

Cook,  John  C — 

CosKrove,  John D 

Covington,  Geo.  W...D 

Cox.  Samuels I) 

Cox,  William  R D 

Craii;.  Ileoin.-H R 

Cris|,.  Cli.ail,.^  K D 

Cull.ei-i.ii,  11    n 1) 

Culliert^on.  Wm.  W..R 

Cullen,  William R 

Curtin,  Andrew  G 1> 

Cutcheon,  Byi-on  M...R 

Dargan,  Geo.  W D 

Davidson,  R.  H.  M....I) 

Davis,  Geori^e  R R 

Davis,  Lowndes  Ii....U 

Davis,  Robert? R 

Deuster,  Peter  V D 

Dibble,  Samuel D 

Dibrell.  George  G D 

Dingley.  Nelson It 

Dixon.  Nathan  F R 

Dockery.  Alex.  M L> 

Dorsheimer.  Wm D 

Dowd.  Clement D 

Duncan.  Wm.  H D 

Dunh.^m.  Ran-om  W.R 

Dunn,  l'..iiiil.  xter D 

Eaton.  Will    W D 

Eldridt-e,  XatlrlB....D 

Elliott,  Mort.  F D 

Ellis,  E.  John D 

Ellwood,  Reuben K 

English,  Wm.  E D 

Erinentrout,  Dan'l. ..i> 

Evans,  I.  Newton R 

Evins,John  H D 

Everhart,  Jas.  B R 

FerreIl,Thos.  M D 

Fiedler,  Wm.  H.  F....D 
Findlay,  John  V.  L.  ..D 

Finerty.  John  F D 

Follett,  John  F D 

Foran.  Martin  A D 

Forney.  William  H...D 

Funston.  Edw'd  H R 

Fyan.  Robert  W D 

Garrison.  George  'T.  .D 

Geddes,  Geo.  W D 

George,  Melvin  C R 

Gibson,  Eustace D 

Glascock,  John  R. . .   .D 

Golf.  Nathan R 

Graves,  .\lexander. . .  D 

Green.  Wharton  J D 

Greenleaf.  Halbert  S.I) 

Guenther.  Rich'd R 

Halsell.  JohnE D 

Hammond,  N.  J I> 

Hanback.  Lewis R 

Hancock.  John I) 

Hardeman.  Thos D 

Hardy,  John D 

Harmer,  Alfred  C  . . .  R 

Hart,  .\lphonso R 

Haskell    Dudley  C....R 
Hatch.  HerMli,:.|  H...R 

Hatch.  Wm.  H D 

Haynes.  Martin  A R 

Hemphill.  John  J D 

Hendei-son.  David  B..R 
Henderson,  Thos.  J.  ..R 

Henley.  Barclay D 

Hepburn.  W.  P R 

Herbert.  Hilary  A D 

Hewitt,  .\bram  S D 

Hewitt.  Goldsmith  W.D 

Hill.  William  D D 

Hiscock.  Frank R 

Hitt,  Robert  R R 

Hoblitzell,  F.  S  V 

Holman,  Wm.  S D 

Holmes,  Adon.  J R 

Holton,Hart  B R 

Hooper,  Benj.  S  ~ 

Hopkins.  James  H D 

Horr,  RoswellG R 

Houk,Leon.  C R 

Houseman.  Julius D 

Howey,  Benj.  F R 


Pa..  .I.S'ov.  20, 
Ohio.  July  7, 
Ga. .  .  Nov.  4. 
N.  C.May  7, 
Mich. 'Sept.  (i. 
Ky...  Sept.  5. 
Ky...  April 25. 
.Mass.  Sept.  22, 
Va...lJan.  II. 
.Mo...'April20, 
Ky...|l)ec.  29, 
Ga..  Feb.  12, 
Ind.  .  Ijuly  2, 
Ire'd., Mai-.  12, 
N.  Y.!AprlI24, 
Ihio.ljune  4, 
Ohio.  Dec.  2(1, 
N.  Y.  Sept.  12, 
Md...  Sept.  12, 
Ohio.  Sept. 30, 

N.  C 

Ala.  .  Dec.  25, 
Kiig'd  Jan.  29, 
.  .Sept.  29, 

Pa 

Ire'd.  I  Mar.    4, 
Pa. 


1821  Pa. . 
1H43  Ohio 
18.')4  Ga... 
1836  III..., 
1838  Mich 


183; 
18:ill 
1820 
1H3I 
1844 
1840 
1816 
1828 
1844 
1847 
1827 
1841 


Ky. 

Nev . . 
R.  I.. 
Miss.. 
Mo..  . 
Ky... 
Ga..  . 
Ind.  . 
.Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Iowa. 


1839  Mo 
1838  Md. 


N.  H. 
S.  C. . 
Fla.. . 
Mass. 
Mo... 
Ire'd. 
Ger'y 
S.  C. 
Tenn. 
Me... 
R.  I.. 
Mo... 

Y. 
N.  O. 
Pa.  . . 
.Mass. 
N.  C. 
Conn. 

Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Lou.. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Pa. .  . 
Pa.  . . 
S.C.. 


N.  Y. 

Md... 
Ire'd. 
Vt.  .. 
Pa.  . . 
N.  C. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  . . 
Va.  .. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Va.  .. 
Miss.. 
Va... 
Miss.. 
Fla... 
Vt.  .. 
Prus. 
Ky... 
Ga... 
111.  .. 
Ala.  . 
Ga... 
Scot. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
N.  H. 
S.  C. 
Scot.. 
Tenn. 
Ind.  . 
Ohio. 
C. 
N.  Y. 
Ala.  . 
Va.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Md... 
Ind.  . 
Ohio. 


May   II, 

Sept.  23, 
Jan.  3, 
Dec.  14, 
Aug.  28, 
Feb.  13. 
Sept.  16. 
April  12. 
Feb.  1... 
Aug.  28. 
Feb.  11, 
Feb.  5. 
Aug.  27, 
Feb.  2, 
Mar.  21. 
Nov.  3, 
Oct.  11. 
Mar.  28. 
Sept.  24. 
Oct.  15, 
Feb.  21, 
Nov.  3, 
Jan,  24, 
July  29, 
July  18. 


Oct.  25, 
Dec.  21. 
Sept.  10. 


N.  Y 
N.  C. 

Ala.  . 
Ga... 
Texas 
Ky... 
111.... 
Pa.  .. 
Mich. 
S.  C. 
Fla.  . 
III.  .. 
Mo . . . 
Mass. 
Wi 
S.  C 


1845 
1845 
1830 

i826 

1817 

18:16 

1841 

1832 

1840 

1836 

18'23 

1831 

1837 

1R22  Tenn. 

l'*32  Me..  . 

IM-   U.  I.. 


184; 
183: 
183: 
1836 
18:)8 
1834 
1816 
1813 
1843 
1841 
1821 
1851 

18:i7 

1827 
1830 


1847 
1839 
1840 


Nov.  1 1 . 
Nov.  9, 


Mar.  II, 
Jan.  14, 
July  16, 
May  13, 
Oct.  4, 
Aug.  25, 
Feb.  9, 
Aug.  29, 

April  12, 

Nov.  30. 
Sept.  11. 
Dec.  20. 
Mar.  27. 
Oct.  29, 
Jan.  12. 
Sept.  19. 
Aug.  8, 
July  4, 
Mar.  2;i. 
Feb.  17, 
ScTit.  1 1 . 
July  3(1. 
Aug.  25. 
Mar.  14. 
Nov.  29. 
Mar.  17. 
Nov.  4, 
Mar.  12. 
July  31. 
Feb.  14. 
Oct.  1. 
Sept.  6. 
Jan.  16. 
Oct.  7. 
Sept.  6. 
Mar.  2, 


1844 
18'23 
1836 
1835 
1835 
1824 
1819 
1842 
1845 
1843 
1844 

'l'82'? 
1845 
18-20 
18:13 
1839 
1824 
1825 
18o5 
1825 
I8:i0 
1842 


Ml 
is:i3  M. 
]M2  N. 


M, 

N.  Y. 
N.  C, 
Pa.  .. 
III.  .. 
Ark.. 
Conn. 
Mich . 
Pa.  .. 
Lou. . 
III.  .. 
Ind.  . 
Pa... 
Pa.  .. 
S.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  J.. 
N.  J.. 
Md... 
111.... 
Ohio . 
Ohio . 
Ala.  . 
Kan.. 
Mo.  . . 
Va  .. 
Ohio . 
Oie,  . 
W.Va 
Cal... 
W.Va 
Mo... 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Wis.. 
Ky... 
Ga... 
Kan.. 
Texas 
Ga...' 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  . . 
Ohio. 
K 


1841 

1840, 

1824 

1843 

1833 

1834 

18: 


■h. 

li! 
S.  C. 
Iowa. 
111.... 
Cal... 
Iowa. 
Ala.  . 
N.  Y. 


18:14  Ala, 
18:i3  Ohio, 
1834  X,  Y. 
is:i4  111.  .. 
IKi-s  Md... 
18-22  Ind. 


Va.  . 
Pa.. 
Vt.  . 
Tenn. 


1842 


Mar.    0. 

Nov.  3. 
Nov.  26. 
June    8. 


1835 

1832 
lA'tO 


Iowa. 
Md... 
Va. . . 
Pa.  .. 

Mich 


Bav..(Dec. 
N.  J..   Mar   17, 


W:16  Tenn 
1h:I2  Mich. 
lH2,-<  N,  J., 


Varied 

Lawyer. , . 
Varied..,. 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Manufac'r 
Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Law.ver. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer, . . 

Varied 

!Law-yer,. . 
Physician. 
IJoumalist 
!  Lawyer, .. 
.\gricurst. 
Journalist 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
j  Banker  ., 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer, . . 
Manufac'r 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Physician. 
Law-yer.. . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Mechanic. 
Lawyer. . . 
[JoumaliBt 
Lawyer.. , 

Varied 

Lawyer  .. 
Agricul'st. 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Jui-ist 

Lawyer 

Lawyer. , . 
Law-yer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Manufac'r 
Di-uggist.. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer 

Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
La%%'yer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Law.ver. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 
Law^-er. .. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Law-yer. . . 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 

Varied 

Varied 

Varied. . . . 
Merchant. 
Manufac'r 


Dec.  IS,  1883 


i 


X5^ 


^ 


K 


.><i.c>- 


EEPEESENTATIVES    OF    THE    FOETY -EIGHTH    CONGRESS. 


k 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Occupatjoi 


Hunt,  Carleton D 

Hurd.  Frank  H D 

Hutchins.  Waldo D 

James,  Darwin  R R 

Jeffords,  Klza R 

Johnson.  Fred  A R 

Jones,  Burr  W D 

Jones,  James  H D 

Jones,  James  K D 

Jones.  James  T D 

Jordan.  Isaac  M D 

K.asson,  John  A H 

Kean,  John R 

KeiTer.  J.  Warren R 

Kellev.  Wm.    D R 

Kellukj?.  Wm.  P R 

Ketcliam.  John  H R 

Kinp.  J.  Floyd D 

Kleiner,  John  J D 

Lacey,  Edward  S R 

Laird,  James R 

Lamb,  John  E D 

Lanham.Sam'l  W.  T.D 
Lawrence,  Geo.  V. . .  .R 

LeFevre,  Benj D 

Lewis.  Edward  T D 

Libbpy.  Harry R 

Long:.  John  D R 

Lore,  Ohas.  B D 

LoverinpT,  Henry  B.  ..D 

Lowry.  Robert D 

Luna.  Tranquilino — R 

Lyman,  Theodore — 

McAdoo,  William D 

McCoid.  Muses  A R 

JMcComas.  Louis  E. . .  .R 
McCormick.  Jolin  W..R 
MeK'inley.  William... R 

McMillin,  Benton D 

Maginnis.  Martin P 

Manzanares,  F.  A D 

Matson.  Court.  C D 

Maybury.  Win.  C D 

Mavo,  Robert  M — 

Millard,  Stephen  C...R 

Miller,  James  F D 

Miller,  Sam'l  H R 

Milliken.  Seth  L R 

Mills.  Roger  Q D 

Mitchell.   Chas.  L D 

Jloiiev.  Hernando  D.,D 

Murt,'an.Chas.  H D 

Morcv.  Henry  L R 

Morrill,  Edmund  N.,.R 

Morrison,  Wni.  R D 

Morse.  Leopold D 

Moulton.  Sam'l  W D 

Muldiow.  H.  L U 

Muller.  Nicholas D 

Murphy,  Jere.  H D 

Murray.  Rob"t  M D 

Mntchler.  William D 

Neece.  William  H D 

Nelson.  Kimic R 

Nu-holls.  J<.lui  C D 

Nuttiiiu'.    N-.-wtnn  W..R 

OatL-.  William  f D 

Ochiltree,  Thos.  P — 

O'Ferrall.  Chaa.  T D 

O'Hara,  James  E R 

O'Neill.  Charles R 

O'Neill.  John  J D 

Ourv,  Granville  H D 

Paiue.  David  R. D 

Parker.  Abraham  X.  .R 

Patton..Iohn  D D 

Payne,  Sereno  E R 

Payson.  Lewis  E R 

Peel,  Samuel  W, . , , 
Peelic,  Stanton  S  . 
Perkins.  Bishop  W 
Peters.  Samuel  R.. 
Pettibone.  Autf.  H....R 

Plulps,  Win.  W R 

Pierce.  Pice  A D 

Poliin.l.  Luke  P R 

Post,  Georjre  A D 

Post.  Morton  K I) 

IMtlcr.  Orlando  B....D 

Price.  William  T R 

l*rvor,  Luke D 

Pnsev.  Win.  H.  M  ....D 

Randall.  Sam'l  J D 

Kankin.  Joneph D 

Raiiney,  Ambrose  A..R 

Itay,  Geor»5e  W R 

Ray,  Ottxian. R 

Raymond.  John  B..,.R 

RenKan.  John  H D 

Reed,  Thomas  B R 

ReewR,  Seaborn D 

Reld,  James  W D 

Rico,  William  W R 


Lou. . 
Ohio. 
Conn. 
Ma^s. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Wis.. 
Ala.. 
Miss.. 
Va. . . 


Jan.  1, 
[Dec.  25, 

iJiay    U, 

;May  23, 
Ijan.  2, 
iMar.  9, 
Sept.  13, 
Sept.  29, 


Vt.  .. 

Ohio! 
Pa... 

|Vt.  .. 

N.  Y. 

Ga.. . 

Pa.  .. 

N.  Y. 
|N.  Y. 
,Ind.  . 

S.  C. 

Pa.  .. 

Ohio. 
|Lou.. 

N.  H. 
,Me... 

Del.. 
!n.  H. 
■Ire'd. 

N.  M. 

I  Ire'd. 
iOhio. 

Md... 

Ohio. 

Ohio. 

Ky... 

N.  Y. 

N.  M. 
'Ind.  . 

Mich. 


Feb.  23, 
Aug.  23, 
Oct.  25, 
Nov.  5, 
Oct.  28, 
Dec.  20, 
Feb.  26. 
Sept.  11, 
Oct.  27. 
Jan.  2-'>, 
April  2.^, 
Nov.  21, 


Vt.  .. 
Tenn. 
Pa.., 
Me... 


Jan.  14, 
Aug.  1 , 
April  19. 


Conn. 
'Miss.. 
|N.  Y. 

Ohio. 

Me... 
Illl.  .. 
iBav.. 

Mass . 
[Miss.. 
I  Ger'y 

Mass. 
lOhio. 
iPa.  .. 

111.  .. 

Nor'y 

Ga. .. 

N.  Y. 

Ala... 

Texas 

Va.  . . 

N.  Y. 

Pa.  .. 


Va.  ., 
Ohio. 

.Vt... 


..1) 
..R 
..U 
..It 


N.  Y. 
H.  I.. 
Ark.  . 
Inil.  . 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
N.  y. 
Tchn. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N  Y. 
Mass. 
I'll... 
Ala... 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  .1.. 
Vt.  ., 

N.  y. 
vt. .. 

N.  Y, 
Tt'nn 
Mc, 
Ga. . . 
N.  O. 
Mass. 


.May  .5, 
Jan.  11, 

jaii.'  30. 
April  12, 
Dec.  8, 
Dec.  21, 
April  20. 
Feb.  8, 
Nov.  2fi. 
June  20, 
Dec.  26, 
July  4, 
Xov.  13, 
Oct.  8, 
Oct.  26. 
Xov.  22. 
Oct.  27, 
Mar.  16, 
April  8, 


1836  Lou. 
1841  Ohio 
1823  N.  Y 
1834  .V.  Y 
1826  Miss. 
183.S  N.  Y, 
1846  Wis. 
IS30  Texas 

1839  Alk.. 
1832  Ala.  . 
183.5  Ohio. 
1822  Iowa. 

,N.  J.. 

1836  Ohio. 
1814  Pa..  . 

1831  Lou.. 

1832  N.  Y. 
1«42  Lou. . 
184.)  Ind.  . 
\tr.iv>  Mich. 
1849  Neb.. 
18.)2  Ind.  . 
1846  Texas 
1818  Pa. .. 
1838  Ohio. 
1834  Lou.. 
1843  Va... 
1838  Mass. 
1831  Del.  . 
1841  Mass. 

ilnd.  . 

1849  N.  M. 

1833  Mass. 
18.13  N.  J.. 
1840  Iowa. 
1846  Md... 
I831;Ohio. 
1844'Ohio. 
184.5  Tenn. 

1840  M.  T. 
1843  N.  M. 

1841  Ind.  . 
1849  Mich. 


Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 

Jurist 

Banker.  .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.  . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer... 
Lumbrm'n 
Varied. .. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Agricul'sf. 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
La^vyer. . . 
Manufac'r 

Jurist 

Unknown, 
Zoologist. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
.Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Journalist 
Merchant. 


Aug.  6. 
Aug.  26, 
July  5, 
Api-il  8. 
Feb.  12. 
Sept.  14. 
Aug.  1.5. 
Jan.  20, 


Nov.  1.5, 
Feb.  19, 
Xov.  28, 
Dec.  21, 
Feb.  26, 
Feb.     2, 

Oct.'  22,' 
Nov.  30, 


1841  N.  Y. 
1832  Texas 

1840  Pa.  . . 

Me... 

|Texas 

1844  Conn. 
18.39  Miss.. 
1843  Mo. . . 

1841  Ohio. 
1834  Kan,. 
182,5  111.  .. 
1831  Mass. 
1822,111.  .. 

Ijlis 


Oct.  21, 
Feb.  26, 
Mar.  2j, 
June  2,>. 
Mar.  12, 
April  8, 
Nov.  14, 


June  26, 
Sept.  17, 
Sept.  13, 
Feb.  11. 
Oct.  18, 
Aug.  16, 
Ian.  21, 
Aug.  24, 
July  3, 
Nov.  1, 
.Sept.  1, 
Dec.  25. 
Hal-.  10. 
June  17, 
July  .5, 
July  21), 
Oct.  10, 
Sept.  25. 
April  16, 
Feb.  3, 
Dec.  13, 
Dec.     .5, 

Oct.  8, 
Oct.  18. 
Nov.  28, 
June  11, 
Mar.    7, 


I836'N.  Y. 
I835:Iowa, 
1841  Ohio. 
1831  Pa. .. 
18311111.  .. 
1843  Minn 

iGa... 

I840  N.  Y, 
1835' Ala.. 

iTexas 

1840  Va... 
1844'n.  C 

i82rr.i ... 

INlr,  \i,, 
l,8j:,   vi  1,. 
l.'ai  iilnu. 
1831  N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Y. 


1843 
18411 
1832 
1843 
1841 
1842 
183.5 
1839 
1848 
181.5 
1854 
1840 
1823 
1824 


N 

111.  .. 

Alk.. 

Ind.  . 

Kan.. 

Kan.. 

Tenn. 

N.  J.. 

Tenn. 

VI  .  . . 

1': 


Wy.T 
N.  Y 
Wis. 
1820  Ala. 
1.826  l.iwa 
1828 1  Pa.  . 
I833:Wls. 
1821 !  Mass 
18441  N.  V 
18351 N.  H 
1844  II.  T. 
1818  Texas 
1839lMe... 
1846  lla... 
18411  N.  O. 
1826lMass. 


Lawyer. . . 
Unknown 
Law.ver. .. 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Banker.  . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
R.  R.  Ag't. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer.. . 
Law.ver. . . 

Vai-ied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
T..i\vyer. .. 
M  iFLiifac'r 
I,F"Ver... 
3UrcIiant. 
Lawyer.. . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Law.ver. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 

.hirist 

Varied 

Banker. . . 
Varied.... 
Varied.... 

Varied 

Banker.  . . 
Mei'chant. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Varied.... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 


Jan.  24,  1888 


Jan.    9, 1886 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


State 
ReprE- 


Riggs.  James  M D 

Robertson,  Thos.  A...D 

Robinson,  Jas.  S R 

Robinson,  Wni.  E.  ...D 
Rockwell.  Francis  W.R 

Rogers,  John  H D 

Rogers.  William  F.. .  .D 

Eosecians,  W.  S D 

Rowell,  Jonathan  H.  .R 

Russell,  Wm.  A R 

Ryan,  Thomas R 

Scales,  Alfred  M D 

Seney,  George  E D 

Seymour,  Edw'd  W. .  .D 

Shaw,  Aaron D 

Shelley,  Chas.  M D 

.Shively,  Benj.  F — 

Singleton.  Otho  R D 

Skinner.  Chas.  R R 

Skinner,  Thos.  G D 

Singi.ser,  Theo.  F R 

Siocum,  Henry  W D 

Smalls,  Robert R 

Smith,A.  Herr R 

Smith,  Hiram  Y' R 

Snyder,  Chas.  P D 

Spooner,  Henry  J R 

Spriggs,  JohnT D 

Springer,  Wm.  M D 

Steele,  George  W R 

Stephenson.  Isaac  C..R 

Stevens.  Robert  S D 

Stewart,  Chas D 

Stewart.  John  W R 

Stockslager,  S.  M D 

Stone,  Eben.F R 

Storm,  John  B D 

Strait.  Horace  B R 

Struble,  Isaac  S H 

Sumner,  Chas.  A. .     .  .D 

Sumner.  Dan"l  H D 

Swope,  John  A — 

Talbott,  J.  F.  C D 

Taylor,  Ezra  B R 

Tavlor,John  M D 

Taylor,  Joseph  D R 

Thomas,  John  R R 

Thompson,  Philip  B.  .D 
Throckmorton,  J.  W.D 

Tillman,  Geo.  D D 

Townshend.  Rich'd. .  .D 
Tucker.  J.  Randolph. D 

TuUy,  Pleasant  B D 

Turner.  Henry  G D 

Turner.  Oscar D 

Valentine,  Edw'd  K.  .R 
Van  Alstvne.  Thos.  J.D 

Vance.  Robert  B D 

Van  Eaton.  Henry  S.  .D 
■W.adsworth.  Jas.  W.R 

Wait.  John  T R 

Wakefleld.  Jas.  B R 

Wallace,  Jonathan  H.D 

Ward,  ThomasB D 

Warner.  A.  J.  . .  D 

Warner,  Richard D 

Washburn,  Win.  D...R 

W^eaver,  Arch'd  J R 

Wellborn,  Olin D 

Weller.L.H — 

Weniple.  Edward D 

White.  JohnD R 

White,  Milo ...K 

Whiting,  William R 

"Wilkins,  Beriah D 

Williams,  Thos D 

Willis,  Alberts D 

Wilson.  James  R 

Wilson,  V/in,  L D 

Winalis,  IjlwinB D 

Winaiis.  ,Iohn D 

Wise.GeorgoD D 

Wise,  John  S - 

Wolfonl.  Frank  L D 

Woo.l.Thos.  J R 

Woodwai'il.  Gil.  M....D 
Worthington.  N.  E. ..D 

Yaple,  George  L — 

York,  Tyre — 

Voung.  Casey D 


111.  .. 
Ky... 
Ohio. 
Ire'd. 
Mass. 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
N.  H. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Ind.  . 
Ky. . . 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
N.  Y. 
S.  C. 
Pa..  . 
Ohio. 
W.Va 
R.  I.. 
Eng'd 
Ind.  . 
Ind.  . 
N,  B.. 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Vt.... 
Ind.  . 
Mass. 
Pa... 
Pa.  .. 


Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Pa... 
Md... 
Ohio. 
Tenn. 
Ohio. 
111.  .. 

?''■•• 
Tenn. 

S.  C. 
Md... 
Va... 
Tenn. 

C. 
Lou.. 
Iowa 
N.  Y. 

C. 
Ohio, 
Pa..  . 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Tenn. 
Me... 
Pa... 


April  17, 
Sept.  9, 
Oct.  14, 
May  6, 
May  2fi, 
Oct.  9, 
Mar.  1. 
Sept.  6, 
Feb.  10, 
April  22, 
Nov.  25, 
Nov.  26, 
May  29, 
Aug.  30, 


Dec.  28, 
Mar.  20, 
Oct.  14, 
Aug.  4, 
Jan.  21, 
Mar.  15, 
Sept.  24, 
April  5, 
.Mar.  7, 
Mar.  22, 
June  9, 
Aug.    6, 


May  30, 
Deo.  13. 
June  18, 
Mar.  27, 
May  30, 


May     7, 


Jan.  26. 
Nov.  3, 
Aug.  2, 
Sept.  15, 
Dec.  25, 
July  29, 
July  9, 
May  18, 
Nov.  7, 
Oct.  11, 
Oct.  15, 
Feb.  1, 
.Aug.  21, 
April  30, 
Dec.  -24, 
Mar.  21. 
Mar.  20, 
Feb.  3, 
June  1. 
Julv  25. 
April  24, 
S.-pf,  14, 
l-h-X.  12, 
Aug.  27, 
Mar.    — , 


Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Vt.... 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
Va. . . 
Ky... 
Scot.. 
Va.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
Va. 


Braz'I 

Ky 


1839  111.  .. 
1848  Ky... 
18-27  Ohio. 
1814  N.  Y. 

1844  Mass. 

1845  Ark.. 
1820  N.  Y. 
1819  Cal... 
1833  111.  .. 

1831  Mass. 

1837  Kan.. 
1827  N.  C. 

1832  Ohio. 

1832  Conn. 
1811111.... 

1833  Ala.. 
1857  Ind.  . 
1814  Miss.. 
Ifi44  N.  Y. 
1842  N.  C. 

1845  Ida'.i. 
1827;n.  Y. 
1839|S,  C. 
1815!pa. .. 
1843 1  Iowa. 
1847|W.Va 
1839!r.  I.. 
1827  N.  Y. 
1836  111.  .. 
1839  Ind.  . 
18-29  Wis.. 

1824  N.  Y. 
1836  Texas 
Vt.  . . 

1842  Ind.  . 

1822  Mass. 

1838  Pa. . . 
1835  Minn. 

1843  Iowa. 
1835  Cal... 
1837,  Wis.. 
18-27  Pa.  .. 
1843  Md... 

1823  Ohio. 

1838  Tenn. 
1830:ohio. 

1846  HI.  .. 
1845  Ky... 

1825  Texas 
1826, S.  C. 
1840,111.  .. 
1823!Va... 
1829;Cal.  . 

1839  Ga, 


April  27, 
Jan.  13. 
Sept.  19. 
Jan.  14. 
April  15, 


1,825 
1843 
1827 
I82S 

]8_-i; 

1840 
1811 
1828 
1828 
183.5 
1834 
183,5 
1831 
1844 


Aug.  24, 
Oct.  23, 
Jan.  16. 
Aug.  17, 
May  24, 
July  10, 
Aug.  11, 
Jan.  22, 
Aug.  16. 
May  3. 
May  16. 
Seiit,  27, 


1833 
1843 
1849 
1830 
1841 
1846 
1825 
1843 
1835 
1843  W  \ 


Ky.. 

Neb. 
N,  Y 


Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 
Journalist 
Journalist 
Law-yer... 

Jurist 

Journalist 
Soldier — 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Architect. 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Sailor 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 

Varied 

Lumber'n. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
LaAvyer. . . 

Varied 

Law.ver... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Laivyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Varied.. .. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. .. 
AKIU-Ul'st, 


L:n  . 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
jLawyer. . . 


,Tiiii-t,. 
■d. 


N 

Ml- 

N.  Y. 

Conn. 

Minn.  ,^a... j^t . 

Ohio,  iLawyer 

iMd       '' 

I  ')ih> 

T.iii,. 

.Miijii. 

Neb. . 

Texas 

Iowa. 

N.  Y. 

Ky... 

Minn. 

Mass. 

Ohio. 

Ala.  . 

Ky... 


Dec,  25, 
Sept.  2. 
llilio.  :Sept.30, 
I).C..,ll.-c.  25. 
Va..  .  iMnr.  Hcl, 
Mich.  iFcli.  20. 
N.  O.  May  4, 
Tenn.  I 


Ml,h 
W  I- 


Va. . 
Va.. 
Ky.. 
Ind. 
Wis. 


1835 
1846 
1817 
1844 
1835 
1836 
1,851  Mich, 
1836, N.  C. 
iTenn, 


L. 
Vaiicd.... 

Jurist 

Unknown. 

Varied 

Manufac'r 
Lawyer. .. 
Merchant. 
Manufac'r 
Banker... 

Varied 

Lawyer.. . 
Ak'i'M'uI'st. 
1  .1"  M-r... 
Ariiinl'st. 
I.i.  uyi-r. .. 
Lawyer. . . 
tLaw.yer. .. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer... 


vyer. . 


Lawyer, 
Physician. 

Lawyer... 


Total  Representatives,  :J4«.  Lawyers,  178.  Vni-ied,  48.  Jurints,  84. 
Occupation  Unknown,  1«.  Journalists,  1,^.  Merchants,  lii.  Manufact- 
urers, l:l.  Agi-iculturists,  liJ.  Bankers,  "7.  Physicians,  A.  Lumber- 
men, S.  Clergjman.  1.  Druggist.  I.  Miner,  1.  Sailor,  1.  Soldier,!. 
Mechanic,  1.  Zoologist.  1.  Ai-chitcct,  1.  Railroad  Agent,  1.  Foreign 
Born.  84:  Including  Ireland,  8;  Scotland,  4,  Germany,  3;  Bavaria,  2; 
England,  2;  Prussia,  1;  Isle  of  Man,  1;  Norway,  1;  New  Brunswick.  1; 
Bi-adl,  1. 


M 


FOKTY-NINTII    (JUNUKEBS,    AMI)    LKADIWIi    KViiWTN    ii|-     nil,    '||.\|| 


?■• 


Forty-ninth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  from  1885  to  1887. 


1885— Illinois  Eastern  Insane  Hospital,  at 
Kankakte,  burned,  with  the  loss  of  17 
lives,  Jan.  IH. 

1885— Dynamite  explosions  in  British  House 
of  Coniulons,  Westminster  Hall,  and 
the  Tower  of  London,  Jan.  2-1. 

1885— Dedication  of  the  Woshlngton  Monu- 
ment, at  Washington,  I).  C,  Feb.  Ul. 

1885— General  Grant  placed  on  the  retired 
list  of  the  Army  by  Congress,  Mar.  4. 

1885— Explosion  of  fire-damp  in  a  mine  at 
Carnphausen,  Rhenish  Prussia,  with 
the  loss  ot  150  lives.  Mar.  18. 

1885— Twenty  lives  lost  in  a  fireat  Viekslmrtr. 

Miss.,  April  22. 
1885 — An  avalanche  in  Armenia,  Asia  Minor. 

destroyed  (38  lives.  May  8. 

1885— Villages  destro.ved  and  more  tlian 
3.1.XKJ  persons  killed  by  an  earthquake 
iji  the  Vale  of  Cashmere,  India,  June  1. 

1885— Great  floods  in  China,  in  June;  ln,(H)() 
persona  drowned. 


Grover  Cleveland,  22U  Preiildent. 

VICK-I'IIKSIPKNT— THOMAS   A-    HK.SlJK|tKS,   (»K   I.Mi. 
VICK-rUESIDKNT  (ACTING >— JOHN  HUKKMAN,  OK  OHIO. 

Sec'y  ot  State }  Thomas  K.  Bayard,  of  Delaware. 

See'y  of  Treaa ;  Daniel  Manning,  of  New  York. 

.Sec'y  of  War ^Win.C.  Endlcott,  of  Masa. 

Sec'yof  Navy ^Wm.  C.  Whitney,  of  New  York. 

Sec'y  of  Interioi-. ;  Lucius  Q.  C.  Lamar,  of  Miss. 

rostmaster-Genl j-Wm.  P.  Vilas,  of  Wisconsin. 

Attorney-Gcn'l ;  Aug.  H.  Garland,  of  Arkansas. 

Speaker  of  House  of  t  j  \     ^,   «     ,<  ,       -  „ 
Kcpresenttttlvcs. .  ( •'"'"'  "•  Carlisle,  of  Ky. 


D,  Indicates  Democrat ;    K,  Republican. 


1885— Resignation  of  the  GliidBtono  Ministry 

in  Kngland,  June  9. 
1885 — Conservative  Ministry  fonned  by  the 

Earl  of  Salisbury,  June  23. 
ISS.'i-Death  ot  General  Grant.  July  23. 

1885— "Jumbo  "  the  great  elephant,  killed  in 
a  railroad  collision  in  Canada,  Sept.  15. 

188.''>— Charter     House     Buildings,    London, 
Eng.,  damaged  by  Are — loss  amounting 

to  «15.0<J<»,(J«X>,  Oct,  8. 

1885— Opening  of  the  New  Orleans  (La.)  Ex- 
position, Nov.  10. 

1885— Nearly  25,000  Christians  massacred  in 
Cochin  China  during  the  year. 

1888— M.   Freycinet  succeeded  M.  Grevy  as 
Premier  of  France,  in  Januai-y. 

1886— Freezing  weather  i-eported  in  Georgia, 

Jan.  7. 
1886— Intensely  cold  weather  In  the  North- 

west  —  the  thermometer   48    degrees 

below    zero    in    Northern  Minnesota, 

Jan.  8. 


SENATORS. 


Aliii-ich.  N.  W R 

AUiscin.  William  B...R 

It.  ,k.  James  B D 

r.friv.  James  H D 

lilii.kburn.  Jos.  C.  S..D 

Hhiir.  Hiiirv   W R 

H,«v,  n,  Thos.  M R 

Brown.  ,lo-.-|.hE D 

Butler.  .M.  Calvin D 

Call,  Wilkinson D 

Camden,  Johnson  N..D 
Cameron.  J.  Donald.  .R 

Chace,  Jonathan R 

Clockrell,  Francis  M..D 

Coke.  Ricliard D 

('"lipiilt.  Alfred  H....D 

Cont^'cr.  Omar  D R 

Ciillom,  Shelby  M R 

I>:iwes,  Henry  L R 

liolph.  Joseph  N R 

E.loiunds,  Geo.  F....R 

Kustis,  Janres  B D 

Evarts.  Wm.  M R 

Pair,  James  G D 

Frye,  William  P R 

Genrpre,  James  Z D 

liih^on,  Randall  L D 

•  ioruian,  Arthur  P..  ..D 

'  ii  .ly.  George D 

Ilili'.  Eugene  R 

iliiiipton.  Wade D 

lli.nis,  Isham  G D 

l!:u  rison.  Benj R 

IIlu  ley,  Joseph  R....R 

llo:u-.  George  F R 

luu'ills,  John  J R 

•liu-kson.  Howell  E..  .D 

.lones,  Charles  W D 

Joiu's,  James  K D 

J..II.S.  JohnP R 

K'-una.  John  E D 

I*o^,in,  John  A R 

M.Millan.Sam-l  J.K.R 
.M.-l'lierson,  John  R.  ,D 
M;ilinne,  William....  D 
.ll.ui.lerson,  Clms.  F.  .R 

.Maxev.  Samuel  B D 

Miller.  John  P R 

Miller.  Warner R 

Mit.-hi-ll.  John  H  ....R 

M[t.-li,-ll.  John  I R 

ll.irt'^ni,  .lohn  T D 

.M,.rnll.  .histinS R 

Palmer.  Thos.  W R 

Payne.  Henry  B D 

Pike,  AustinF R 

Piatt,  Orville  H R 

I'lumb.  Preston  B....R 

I'Ok'b.  James  L D 

Ransom,  Matt.  W....D 
Rid.lleberger.  H.  H..,D 

Sabin.  DwightM R 

Saulsbury.  Eli D 

Sawyer,  Philetus R 

S.w.ll.  Wm.  J R 

Sli,  rnian,  John R 

S| iier.  JohnC R 

sl:ui(ord,  Leland R 

TflliT.  Henry  M R 

Viin  e.  Zebulon  B...D 
Van  Wyck.   Chos.  H..R 

Vest.  George  G D 

Voorhees.  Dan'l  W,..D 
Walthall,  Edw'd  C...D 


R.  I. 
Ohio. 
Scot.. 
Ala.  . 
Ky... 
N.  H. 
Iowa 
S.  C. 
S.  C. . 
Ky... 
W.Va 
Pa.  .. 


Mo... 
Va. ., 
Ga.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Mass. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Lou.. 
Mass. 
Ire'd. 
Me... 
Ga... 
Ky... 
Md... 
Del... 
Me... 
S.  C. . 
Tenn. 
Ohio. 
N-  C. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
Ire'd. 
Miss.. 
Wars 
Va, . . 
HI.  ,. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
'Ky... 
Ind.  . 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Tenn. 
Vt.  .. 
Mich. 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
Conn. 
Ohio. 
Ga... 
N.  C. 


StAUl 

senivd. 


Occup&Uoa. 


Nov.  6, 
Mar.  2, 
Fel).  13, 
May  15, 
Oct.  1. 
Dec.  6, 
Oct.  26, 
April  1 
Mar.  8. 
Jan 


July  22, 
Oct.  1 , 
Mar.  13, 
April  20, 


Nov.  22, 
Oct.  30, 
Oct.  19, 
Feb,  1, 
Aug.  27. 
Feb.  6, 
Dec,  3, 
Sept,  2, 
Oct.  20, 
Sept.  10, 
Mai-,  II, 
May  4, 
June  9, 
Mar.  28, 


1841  R.  I.. 
1829  Iowa. 
1822  Ky... 
1841  Ark.. 
1838  Ky... 
1834  N.  H. 
183.)  Col... 
1,  1821  Ga... 
1836  S.  C. 
1834  Fla.  . 

1828  W.Va 

1833  Pa.  .. 

1829  R.  I.. 

1834  Mo.  . . 
1829  Texas 
1824  Ga.  .. 
1818  Mich. 
1829  111.  .. 
1816  Mass. 
183.')  Ore.. 
1828  Vt.... 


Aug.  20, 
Oct.  31, 
Aug,  29, 
Dec.  29, 
April  8, 


Sept.  29, 

April  10, 
Feb.  9, 
Feb.  22, 
May     9, 

Feb!"!)', 
Mar.  30, 


111, 
Del... 
Vt.  . . 
Ire'd . 
(Jhio. 
ilnd.  . 

In.  y. 

N.  Y. 
N.  C. 

N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Ind.  . 
Va. .. 


Aug.  12. 
June  22, 
July  28, 
June  20, 
April  14, 
Jan.  25, 
Nov.  30. 
Oct.  16, 
July  19, 
Oct.  12, 
Dec.    12, 

|Oet.""4,' 
.\pril2.5, 
Dec.  29, 
Sept.  22, 

iiay'io' 

5iar."9! 
May  23, 
May  13, 
Nov.  — . 
Dec.  6. 
Sept.  26, 
.\pril  4, 


1834 
1818 
1831 
1831 
1826 
1832 
1839 
1840 
1836 
1818 
1818 
1833 
1826 
1826 
1833 
1832 
1834 
1839 
1830 
1848 
1826 
1826 
1833 
1827 
1837 
1825 
1831 
1838 


Lou.. 

N.  Y. 

Nev.. 

Me... 

Miss.. 

Lou. . 

Md... 

Del... 

Me. 

S.  C  . 

Tenn. 

Ind.  . 

Conn 

Mass. 

Kan.. 

Tenn 

Fla.  . 

Ark.. 

Nev.. 

W.Va 

111.  .. 

Minn 

N.  J.. 

Va..  . 

Neb.. 

Texas 

Cal.. 

N.  Y 


1835lOre, 
1838  Pa. . 
1824  Ala. 


1810 
1830 
ISln 
1819 
1827 
1837 
1820 
1826 
1844 


Vt.  .. 
Mich, 
(^hio. 
N.  H. 
Conn. 
Kan.. 
Ala... 
N.  C. 
Va 


1843,  Minn 

ISnlDel. 

1816  Wis 


1835 
1823 


1824 
183( 


N.  J., 

Ohio. 

Wis.. 

Cal... 

Col.  . 

1830  N.  C. 
1824  Neb.. 
1830  Mo... 
1828  Ind.  . 
lS3llMiss.. 


Merchant. 
L,awyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Varied.... 
Banker.  . . 
Manufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Jurist — . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied... . 
Law.yer. .. 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer. . . 
LaAvyer. . . 

Miner 

Lawyer 

Jurist 

Vaiied.... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Journalist 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Miner 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

-Agricul'st. 
CivilEng'r 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. .. 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Law,yer... 

Varied 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Law-yer-  -  - 

Varied 

Journalist 

V,aried 

Lawyer.. . 
Lumbrm'n 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.. . . 
Lawj-er... 
La\vyer, . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawj-er... 
Lawyer... 
Law.ver. . . 


SENATORS. 


I  Stau 
j  R«pre-       OccupKtion. 
■«ut«<l. 


Wilson,  Ephralm  K..D     Md...  Dec.  22,  182l|Md,  ..Jurist. 
Wilson,  James  F R    iohio.iOct.  19,  1828llowa.!Lawyer. 


Total  Senators,  7«.  Lawyers,  48.  Varied,  1«.  ,Turists,  T.  Jonmalists,  S. 
Sliners,  3.  Merchant,!.  Banker,!,  .Manufacturer,!.  Agriculturist,!. 
Occupation  Unknown,  1.  Lumberman,!.  Civil  Engineer,  1,  Foreign 
Born,  5:    Including  Ireland,  3;  Scotland,!;  Wales,  1. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Adams,  George  E R 

Adams,  John  J D 

.\iken.  D.  Wyatt D 

.4llen.  i;has,"H R 

Allen.  John  M D 

Anderson.  Cb.as.  M D 

Anderson,  John  A It 

Arnot,  John,  Jr D 

Atkinson,  Louis  E R 

Baker,  Chas.  S R 

Ballentine,  John  G...T) 

Barbour,  John  S  D 

Barksdale,  Ethel D 

Barnes,  George  T D 

Barry,  F.  G D 

Bayne,  Thomas  M R 

Beach,  Lewis D 

Bean,  Curtis  C R 

Belmont,  Perry D 

Bennett,  Risden  T D 

Bingham,  Henry  H...R 

Blanehard.  N.  C D 

Bland,   Richard  P D 

Bliss,  Arch'd  M D 

Blount,  James  H D 

Bound,  Franklin R 

Boutelle,  Cha-s.  A R 

Boyle,  Charles  E D 

Brady,  James  D R 

Bragg,  Edw'd  S D 

Breckenridge.  C.  R. ,.D 
Breckenridge.  W.  CD 

Brown.  Charles  E R 

Brown,  Wni.W R 

Browne,  Thomas  M.-.R 

Brumm,  Chas.  N R 

Buchanan.  James R 

Buck.  John  R R 

Bunnell,  Frank  C R 

Burleigh.  Henry  G...R 

Burnes,  James  N' D 

Burrow-s,  Julius  C. . .  .R 
Butterworth,  Benj — R 

Bynum,  Wm,  D D 

Cabell,  George  C D 

Caine.  John  T — 

Caldwell,  Andrew  J..  .D 

Campbell    Felix D 

Campbell,  Jacob  M,..R 

Campbell.  Jas.  E D 

Campbell,  Tim.  J D 

Candler, --illen  D D 

Cannon, JosephG R 

(iarey,  Joseph  M R 

Carleton,  Ezra  C D 

Carlisle,  John  G D 

(Caswell,  Lucien  B R 

Catching?  ,Thos,C,.,.D 

Clardr.  Martin  L D 

Clements,  Jud.  C D 

Cobb,  Thomas  R D 


Stftt« 

Itcprc      Occupation, 


Va... 
Tenn. 
Ga. .. 
Tenn. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Pa... 
Lou. . 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Ga. . . 
Pa.  .. 
Me... 
Pa... 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  J.. 
Conn. 
Pa..  . 
N.  H. 
Ind.  . 
Pa.. 
Ohio 
Ind. 
Va.  . 
I.of  M 
Ala.. 
N.  Y. 
Pa..  . 
Ohio. 
Ire'd. 
Ga... 
N.  C. 
Del... 
Mich. 
Kv. . . 
Vt... 
Miss.. 
Mo. . . 
Ga... 
Hid.  . 


Mar.  17, 
April  15, 

Jan.  5, 
June  26, 
Mar.  11, 
April  16, 
Feb.  18, 


Dec.  29, 


Aug.  14, 
Jan.  15 
IJnnel4, 
Mar.  30. 
!jan.  4, 
Dec.  28, 
June  18, 

'  ja'ii-'  '29' 
'Aug.  19, 
;Jan.  25, 
Sept.  12, 

Feb." '9; 
Feb.  4 
April  3 
Feb.  20 
Nov.  22, 
Aug.  28. 
July  4. 
April  22 
April  19 
June  9, 
June  17, 
Dec.  6, 
Mar.  19, 
'June  2, 
Aug.  22. 
Jan.  9, 
Oct,    22, 

Jan.  25, 
Jan.     8, 

Feb.'  '28,' 
Nov.  20. 
Julv     7, 


Nov.  4. 
M.ay  7, 
,lan.  19, 
Sept.  6, 
Sept,  5, 
Nov.  '27, 
Jan,  11, 
April  26, 
Feb,  12, 
July    2, 


1840  111,  .. 
.  ...  N.  Y. 

1828  S.  C. 
1848, Mass. 

Miss.. 

18450hio. 

1834  Kan.. 

1831  IN.  Y. 
,  184llpa.  .. 

1839  N.  Y. 
Tenn. 

18'20  Va.  .. 
'Miss.. 

1833  Ga... 

1845  Miss.. 
1836  Pa. . . 

1835  N.  Y. 

1828  Ariz.. 
1851  N.  Y. 

1840  N.    C. 

1841  Pa.  .. 
1849  Lou.. 

1835  Mo. . . 

1838  N.  Y. 
I8:)7,Ga... 

1829  Pa.  .. 

1839  Me.  . . 

1836  Pa. . . 
1843  Va. .. 
1827  Wis.. 

1846  Ark.. 

1837  Kv.  . . 

1834  Ohio. 

1836  Pa.  .. 
1829  Ind.  . 

1838  Pa. .. 

1839  N.  J.. 
lSi6  Conn. 

1842  Pa.  .. 

1832  N.  Y. 
1832  .Mo... 

1837  Mich. 
1839  Ohio. 
Ind.  . 

1837  Va.  .. 
1829  Utah. 
..  ..'Tenn. 
1829, N.  Y'. 
1821  Pa. .. 
1843,Ohio. 
li«o'N.  Y. 
1834, Ga... 
1836  111.  .. 

1845  Wy.  T 

1838  Mich. 
la^';  Kv... 

1827  Wis. . 

1847  Miss.. 
1844  Mo... 

1846  (ia... 

1828  Ind.  . 


Lawyer. . . 
Ifnknown. 
Agrieul'st. 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.. . 
Clergym'n 
Banker.  .. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied. . . . 
Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

V^aried 

Lawyer 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
.\gricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer, 
Lawyer. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Varied  . . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer- . . 
Lawyer- . . 
Layvyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Printer.  .. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Merchant. 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Law-yer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 


.i_ 


n 


^ 


^ 


f 


-<)'• 


53-1 


EEPEESENTATIVES   OF   THE    FOETY-XINTH    CONGRESS. 


Cole.  William  H D 

Collins,  Pafk  A D 

Conipton.  Barnes D 

Comsrock,  Charles  CD 

Conger,  Ed^vin  H R 

Cooper,  William  C  ..R 

Cowles,  Wm.  H.  H D 

Cox,  William  R D 

Crain,  William  H D 

Crisp,  Charles  F D 

Croxton,  Thomas D 

Culberson.  David  B..  .D 

Curtin,  Andrew  G D 

Cutcheon.  Byron  M...R 

Daniel,  John  W D 

Dargan,  Geo.  W D 

Davenport,  Ira R 

Davidson,  Alex.  C D 

Davidson,  R.  H.  M D 

Davis.  Robert  T R 

Dawson,  William U 

Dibble,  Samuel D 

Dingley,  Nelson R 

Dockery,  Alex.  M D 

Dorsey,  George  W R 

Dougherty,  Charles.  .D 
Dowdney,  Abrah.am..D 
Dunham,  Ransom  VV.R 

Dunn,  Poindexter D 

Eden,  John  R D 

Eldrjdge,  Nath'l  B D 

Ellsberry,  Wm.  W D 

Ely,  Frederick  D R 

Ermentrout,  Dan'l . . .  D 

Evans,  I,  Newton R 

Everhart,  Jas.  B R 

Farquhar,  John  M...R 

Felton,  Charles  N D 

Findlay,  Jolm  V.  L.  ..D 

Fisher,  Spencer  O D 

Fleeger,  George  W.,.R 
Foran,  Martin  A,,,...D 

Ford,  George D 

Forney,  William  H...D 
Frederick.  Benj.  T....D 
Fuller,  William  E  ...R 

Funston,  Edw'd  H R 

Gallinger,  Jacob  H..R 

Gay.  Edward  J D 

Geddes,  Geo.  W D 

Gibson,  Charles  H D 

Gibson,  Eustace D 

Gifford,  Oscar  F R 

Gilfll Ian,  John  B R 

Gla-ss,  Presley  T  D 

Glover,  John  SI D 

Goff,  Nathan R 

Green,  Robert  S D 

Green,  Wharton  J  —  D 
Grosvenor,  Chas.  H..R 

Grout,  William  W R 

Guenther,  Rich'd R 

Hahn,  Michael R 

Hailev,  John D 

Hale,'john  B D 

Hall,  Benton  J D 

Halsell,  John  E D 

Hammond.  N.J D 

Hanback,  Lewis R 

Harmer,  Alfred  C  ...R 

Harris,  Henl-y  R D 

Hatch,  Wm.  H D 

Hayden,  Edward  D...R 

Haynes.  Martin  A R 

Heard,  John  T D 

Hemphill,  John  J D 

Henderson,  David  B..R 
Henderson,  John  S.  ..D 
Henderson.  Thos.  J...R 

Henley,  Barclay D 

Hepburn,  Wm.  P R 

Herbert,  Hilary  A D 

Herman,  Binger R 

Hewitt,  Abram  S D 

niestand,  John  A It 

Hill,  William  D D 

Hires,  (icoi'ge  R 

Hiscuck.  Frank R 

Hilt.  Robert  R R 

Holman.  Wm.  S D 

Holmes.  Adon.  J R 

Hopkins,  A.  J R 

Houk.Leon.  C R 

Howard.  Jona-s  O D 

Button.  John  E D 

Irion.  Alfred  B D 

tifwskson.  Oscar  L.  ...R 

James,  Darwin  R R 

Jotinson,  Fred  A H 

Johnson,  James  T..,.R 

Johnston,  Thos.  D D 

Jones,  JaincH  H D 

,Iones,  James  T D 

Jnsepli.  Antonio D 

Kelluy,Wm.    D R 

Ketclmm,  John  H R 


5Id. .. 
Ire'd. 
Md... 
N.  H. 
Hi.... 
Ohio. 
N.  C. 
N.  C. 
Texas 
Eng'd 
Va... 
Ga... 
Pa.  ., 
N.  H. 
Va... 
S.C. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
Fla.  . 
Ire'd. 

s'c!! 

Me... 
Mo... 
Va.... 


Jan.  11. 
Mar.  12, 
Nov.  16. 
Mar.  5, 
Mar.  7, 
Dec,  18, 
April  22, 

Nov.  25, 
Jan.  29, 
Mar.  15, 
Sept.  29. 


May   11, 
Sept.    5, 


Jiine28, 
Dec.  26, 
Sept.  23, 
Aug.  28. 

Sept.'i6, 
Feb.  15, 
Feb.  II, 
Jan.  25, 


Ire'd. 
Mass . 
N.  C. 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa... 

Scot.' 
N.  Y. 
Md.  . 
Mich. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Ind.  . 
N.  C. 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Can.. 
Va... 
Ohio. 
Md... 
Va. . . 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Va.  .. 
Mo... 
Va... 
N.  J.. 
Fla... 
Conn. 


Prus. 
Bav.. 
Tenn. 
Va... 
Ohio. 
Ky.., 
Ga... 
HI.... 
Pa.  .. 
Ga... 
Ky... 
Mass. 
N.  H. 
Mo... 
S.  C. 
Scot.. 
N.  C. 
Tenn 
Ind.  . 
Ohio. 
S.C. 
Md. . , 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Va. .. 
N.  J.. 
N.  Y 
Ohio. 
Ind.  , 
Ohio. 
III.... 
Tenn 


1837  Md... 
1814  Mass. 
1830  Md... 
1818lMich. 
1843, Iowa. 


Oct.  — , 
Mar.  21, 
Nov.  3, 
Feb.  1 . 
Mar.  28. 
Dec.  IS, 
Sept,  24, 
Jan.  24, 
July  29, 

Apri'll'7, 

Dec.'  21, 
Feb.  3, 
Mar.  13, 
Nov.  11, 
Jan.  11, 
Nov.  9, 
Oct.  5, 
Mar.  30, 

Mar.' 28', 
Feb.  3. 
July  16, 
Jan.  19. 
Oct.  4. 
Oct.  20. 
Feb.  11. 
Oct.  IS, 
June  2:i. 
Feb 


1832 
1840 

'I'siis 

1845 
1822 
1830 
1817 
183G 
1842 
1841 
1841 
1826  Ala. 
1832  Fla... 
1823  Mass. 
iMo... 

1837  S.  C. 
1832  Me. . . 
1845'Mo.. 
1812  Neb. 

Fla. . 

1840|N.  Y, 

1838  111.... 
1834  Ark. 


Ohio 
N.  C 

N.  C 
Texas 
Ga. 
Va. 
Texas 
Pa.  . 
Mich, 
Va. . 
S.  C 
N.  Y, 


],S2I 


III. 


Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Varied 

Varied 

Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer... 
Physician. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 

Varied 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Contract'r 
Merchant. 
Varied — 


isi:!  Mh 


.M,i 


Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Pa..  . 
N.  Y. 

Cal. . . 
Md... 
Mich. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio . 
Ind.  . 
Ala.  . 
Iowa. 
Iowa. 


.  '25.  1831 
Sept.26','l'833 


Nov.  30i 
Nov. '24. 
Aug.  29. 
Feb.  27, 
Jan.  13. 
Sept.  1 1 , 
Dec.  26. 
Mar.  27, 
Aug.  8, 
Feb.  2. 
Sept.  II, 
Dec.  27, 
July  30, 


Lou . . 
Pa... 
Moss, 
N.  Y. 
InU.  . 
N.  C. 
Ala..  . 
Va. .. 
N.  M. 
Po..  . 
N.  Y. 


.\llg.  25, 
Mar.  14, 
Jan.  6, 
Nov.  29, 
Mar.  17. 
Nov.  4, 
Mar.  12, 
Feb,  19, 
July  31, 
Oct,  2, 
Oct.  1, 
Jan.  20. 
Sept.  6, 
Jan.  16, 
Sept.  B, 
Mar.  2, 
Aug,  l.**, 
June   8, 


Feb.  18. 
Sept.  2, 
May  14, 
Jan.  2, 
Jan.  19, 
April  I, 
Sept.  13, 

Aug.  '25. 
April  l'2. 
Dec.  21, 


1837 
1827 

'l'832 
1832 
1839 
1843 
1839 
1844 
1846 
1823 

18:*4 

1846 

,1836!  Kan, 
1837|N.  H. 
1816  Lou.. 
1824'Ohio. 
1842  .Md... 
ls42  W.Va 
1.S42  !l.  T. 
is;i-.  "^linn. 
l^Jt  Iriin- 
1-,  .  M"  .  , 
I -,4:1  \\  \  :i 

.S.  J.. 

N.  C. 

Ohio. 

Vt.  .. 

Wis.. 

Lou.. 

Idaho 

Mo... 

Iowa. 

Ky... 

Ga... 

Kan.. 

Pa.  .. 

Ga... 

Mo... 

Mass. 

N.  H. 

Mo. . . 

S.C. 

Iowa. 

N.  C. 

111... 

Cal... 

Iowa. 

Ala.  . 

Ore.  . 

N.  Y. 

Pa... 

Ohio. 

N.  J.. 

N.  Y. 

111.  .. 

Ind.  . 

Iowa. 

111.  .. 

Tenn. 

Ind.  . 

Mo 


1845 
18311 
18.35 
1831 
I.S35 
1826 
1833 
1839 
1825 
1828 
1833 
1833 
1842 


1849 
1840 
1846 
1824 
1843 
1833 
1834 
1843 
1822 
18-24 
1833 
1835 
1834 
1834 
18'22 
1842 
1846 
1836 


18.33 
1840 

la.'H 

18.33 
1839 


Lou. . 

Pa. .  . 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

Ind.  . 
1840  N.  C 
1830, Texas 
1832|Ala. 
lH46iN.  M 
IsMlPtt.  . 
1832  N.  Y 


V.in.d.... 
riL>>iL-ian, 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician, 
Unknown. 
Journalist 
Unknown. 
Lawyer  .. 
Varied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
La\vyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
LaAvyer. . . 
Manufae'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st. 
Physician. 

Varied 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
L.awyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lsiwyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Dmggist.. 

Jurist 

Varied 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
La%vyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Journalist 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
La^vyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Law.ver... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Manufac'r 
Varied. . . . 
Varied. ... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Merchant. 
Banker  .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Merchant. 
Vailed. . . . 
Agricul'st. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Sute 


King.  J.  Floyd D 

Kleiner,  John  J D 

l,attoon,  Polk D 

La  Follette,  Rob't  M,.R 

Laird,  James R 

Landes,  Silas  Z D 

Lanham,Sam'l  W.  T.D 

Lawler,  Frank D 

LeFevre,  Benj D 

Lehlback,  Herman... R 

Libbey.  Harry R 

Lindsley.  James  G R 

Little,  John R 

Long,  John  D R 

Lore,  Chas.  B D 

Loutitt,  J.  A R 

Lovering.  Henry  B.  ..D 

Lowr.v,  Robert D 

Lyman.  Joseph R 

McAdoo,  William.. .  .D 

McComas.  Louis  E R 

McCi-eary.  Jas.  B D 

McKenna,  Joseph R 

McKinlev.  Wm..  Jr.  ..R 

McMillin,  Benton D 

McRae,  Thomas  C D 

Malionev.  Peter  P D 

Markham,  H.  H R 

Martin.  John  M D 

Matson.  Court.  C D 

Maybury.  Wm.  C D 

Merrinian.  Truman..  .D 
Millard.  Stephen  C .  .R 

Miller,  JamesF D 

Milliken,  Seth  L R 

Mills.  Roger  Q D 

Mitchell.  Cha-s.  L D 

.M.ittatt.Seth  C R 

.^lor^'ui.  JamesB D 

Jloriill.  Edmund  N...R 

Morrison,  Wm.  R D 

Morrow.  William  W.  .R 

Muller,  Nicholas D 

Murphy,  Jere.  H D 

Sfeal,.Iohn  R D 

Neece,  William  H D 

Negley,  James  S R 

Nelson,  Knute R 

Norwood,  Thos.  M D 

Oates,  William  C D 

O'Donnell.  James R 

O'Ferrall.  Chas.  T D 

O'Hara.  James  E R 

O'Neill,   Charles H 

O'Neill,  John  J D 

Osborne,  Edwin  S R 

Outhwaite,  Joseph  H.D 

Owen,  William  D R 

Parker,  Abraham  X.R 

Payne,  Sereno  E R 

Payson,  Lewis  E R 

Peel,  Samuel  W D 

Perkins,  Bishop  W...R 

Perry,  William  H D 

Peters,  Samuel  R R 

Pettibone,  Aug.  H R 

Phelps,  Wm.W R 

Pidcock,  James  N D 

Pindar.  John  S D 

Pirce,  William  A R 

Plumb,  Ralph R 

Price,  William  T R 

Pulitzer,  Joseph D 

Randall,  Sam'l  J D 

Rankin,  Jo.seph D 

Ranney,  Ambrose  A,.R 

keagan.  John  H .1) 

Reed,  Thomas  B R 

Reese,  Seaborn D 

Reid,  James  W D 

Rice,  William  W R 

Richardson,  J.  D D 

Riggs.  James  M D 

Robertson.  Thos.  A...I> 
RSckwell,  Francis  W.R 

Rogers,  John  H D 

Romeis,  Jacob R 

Rowell,  ,lonathan  H.  .11 

Rvan,  'Thomas R 

S'adler,  Thomas  W.  ..1) 

Sawver,  John  (1 R 

Sayers,  Joseph  U D 

Scott,  William  I D 

Scran  ton,  Jos.  A It 

Seney.  George  E D 

Sessions,  Walter  L....R 
Seymour.  K.lw'd  W. .  .D 

Sliiiw,  Kiaiik  T D 

Sim;lcl.iii.  otho  R....D 
Skniner.  Thomas  O...I> 

Smalls,   Robert R 

Snyder,  Chas.  P D 

So'wden,  William  H...D 

Spooner,  Hi'iirv  J R 

Sprlggs,  JohnT.. D 

Springer,  Wm.  M D 


Ga..  . 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Wis.. 
N.  Y. 
Va.  . . 
C. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Ger'y 
N.  H. 
N.  J.. 
Ohio. 
Me... 
Del.. 

n'.'h'. 

Ire'd. 
Mich. 
Ire'd. 
Md... 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
Ark.. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ala.. 
Ind.  . 
Mich. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Tenn. 
Me... 


April  20, 
Feb.  8, 
Oct.  24, 
June  14, 
June  20, 
May  15, 
July  4, 
June  25, 
Oct.  8, 
July  3, 
Nov.  22, 
Mar.  19, 


1842  Lou.. 
1845  Ind. 
1844  Ky.. 
l855|Wis. 
18491  Neb. 
18421111.. 


Varied.... 
Lumbrm'n 
Lawyer.  . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer.  . 
Lawyer. . . 


Oct.  27, 
Mar.  16, 


1846  Texas  Lawyer. . . 
18421111.  ..  Varied.... 
18380hio.  Agricul'st. 
1845|N.  J..  Surveyor. 
1843  Va...  Merchant. 
1819  N.  Y.  Manufac'r 
1837  Ohio.  Lawyer... 


1838 
1831 


April   8,  1841 


Sept.  13, 
Oct.  25, 
Oct.  28. 
July  8, 
Aug.  10. 
Feb.  26, 
Sept.  11, 
,Dec.  21, 
iJune  25, 
[Nov.  16, 
Jan.  -20, 
'.April  25, 
Nov.  21. 
Sept.  5, 
Jan.  14, 
Aug.     1, 


1840 
1853 
184(- 


Ind; 
Iowa 
N.  J. 
Md.. 


1838;Kv. 
1843'C'al. 
1844' Ohic 

184  ' 


1851 
1848 
1840 
1837 
1841 
1849 
1839 
1841 
1832 


Ark. 


Ala.  . 
Ind.  . 
Mich . 
N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 


Conn. 
Mich. 
Tenn. 
Me... 
111.  .. 
Ind.  . 
Ger'y 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
111.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Nor'y 

Al'a.'.'. 
Conn. 
Va.  . . 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 


Aug.  6. 
Aug.  lO. 
Mar.  14. 
Feb.  12, 
Sept.  14, 
July  15, 
Nov.  15, 
Feb,  19, 


1825 
1843 
1836 
18:15 


Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Ind.  . 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
K.  1.. 
Ark.  . 
Ohio. 
S.  C. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
R.  I.. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Hun.. 
Pa..  . 
N.  J.. 
Vt.  .. 
Tenn. 
Me. . . 
Ga.  .. 
N.  C. 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
111.  .. 
Ky... 
Mass. 
N.  C 
Bav.. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 
Ala... 
Vt.  .. 
Miss.. 
D.  C 
Conn. 
Pa.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Conn. 
Md... 
Ky... 
N.  C. 
C. 
W.Va 

R."l'.'. 
Eng'd 
Ind.  . 


Feb.  26, 
Dec.  22, 
Feb.     2, 

Nov.  30, 
Mar.  25, 
Oct.  21, 
Feb.  26, 
Mar.  21, 
June  25, 
Aug.  7, 
Dec.  5. 
Sept.  6, 
Nov. 14, 
June  26, 
Sept.  17, 
Sept.  13, 
Oct.  18, 
June  9, 
Aug.  16, 
Jan.  21, 
Aug.  24, 
Feb.  8. 
Nov.  18, 
Feb.  29. 
Mar.  29, 
June  17, 


1831 
1826 
1843 

i'8'35 
1840 
1S4<1 


Mass,  Lawyer...  . 
Del .  .  Lawyer. . .  ' . 

Cal Unknown.  :. 

Mass.  -Manufac'r  . 

Jurist 

Jurist I 

Lawyer. .. 

Lawyer.. .  | 

Lawyer.. .  ; 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 
.- . .  Lawyer. . . 
N.  Y.  Merchant.  \ 
Cal. . .  Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 
Texas  Varied. . . . 
Me.  ..  Lawyer... 
Texas  LTnknown. 
Conn.  Unknow-n. 
Mich.  Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 

Banker.  . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Varied. . . . 

R.  R.Ag't, 
Iowa.  Lawyer... 
Tenn.  Lawyer... 
111.  . .  Lawyer... 
Pa.  ..  Soldier  — 
Minn.  Lawyer... 
Ga.  ..  Unknown. 
Ala.  .  Varied 

Mechanic. 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer... 

Lawyer. . . 

Manufac'r 

Lawyer. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

Clergym'n 

Lawyer... 


1844 

1841 

1835:Miss 

1834iKan. 


111. 

Cal. 

N.  Y. 


Mich 

Va.  . . 
1844  N.  C, 
1821]  Pa.  .. 
184«;Mo... 
1839  Pa. .. 
!841|Ohio. 
lS4(illnd.  . 
1831  N.  Y. 
1843  N.  Y.  Lawyer 
1S40'II1....  Lawyer 
1832:Ark..  Lawyer 
1841  JKan..  Lawyer, 
1839  S.  C.  Lawyer, 
1842, Kan..  Jurist.. 

1835  Tenn.  Lawyer. 
1839  N.  J..  Lawyer. 

1836  N.  J..  Varied 


Oct. 

10, 

Sept 

25, 

.^pril  16 

(let. 

s. 

Oct 

IS 

Nov. 

28, 

June  1 1 . 

M.ar. 

7 

Mar. 

10. 

April  17. 

.Si-pt 

11, 

May 

26, 

1  let. 

9, 

Dec. 

1, 

H'eh. 

10, 

Nov. 

•25, 

Apri 

IV, 

June 

Sept 

23, 

July 

'2, 

July 

26, 

May 

29, 

Aug. 

30, 

Oct. 

7, 

Oct.. 

14, 

Jan. 

21, 

April  5, 

June 

9, 

Aug 

6, 

May 

30, 

1S35  N 
18-24  R.  1. 
1816  111.  .. 
18-24  Wis.. 
I847iN.  Y. 
1828'Pa. .. 
18:i3|Wis.. 
1 82  r  Mass. 
l.sis  Texas 
I.s3il  M 


Lawyer. . . 
Varied.. .. 
Varied.... 

Varied 

Journalist 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer 


<46  Ga, .  .  iLawyer... 
1819  N.  C  ILawyer... 
1826  Mass.  Lawyer... 
1H43  Tenn,  Lawyer, 


183; 

1S4N 
1S44 
184.- 
1835 
18.33 
1837 
1831 
182.". 
1841 
1828 
1838 
1832 

'l'8'32 
1841 
1814 
1842 
1839 
1847 

'I's'lji) 
1827 
1830 


111.  ..  Lawyer... 
Ky...  I  Lawyer... 
.Mass.  ILawyer... 


.\rk 
Ohio. 
111.  .. 
Knn.. 
.\  la  . . 
N.  Y, 


.lui-ist. 
Shipper... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Varied 

Lawyer... 

Texas  Lawyer... 

Pa.  ..  A'aried 

Pa..  .Journalist 

Ohlo.lJurist 

N.  Y.  Lawyer... 

Conn.  Lawyer... 

Md.  ..Physician. 

Miss..  Lawyer... 
C.  Lawyer... 

S.  C, Sailor 

W.Va  Lawyer.. . 

Pa. . .  lUnknown. 

R.  I..  Lawyer,., 

N.  Y.  'Lawyer. .. 

111.  ..  Lawyer... 


Jan.  24.  1886 


>i<l.(>- 


KEl'liESKNTATlVES    OF    TlIK    M  iHTV-MN'Tll    CU^CiKEBK. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Stahlnfcker,  Win.  fl..D 

Stifln.  (1,v>ii;b  W K 

Htfpliciison,  Isaac  C.  .It 

St.-win-t.  Chas D 

.si.wiirt,  John  W R 

SI   M/iitin.  LoulH D 

St..ii,\  Khen.  F.. R 

Sl.iiic,  William  J U 

Sti.iii'.  Williiiin  J D 

st»ii-iii.  John  H D 

Sti-Hit.  Harare  K R 

Sli'Uhle.  Isa.tf  S. R 

Swinbnrne.  John R 

Swuin-.  Jiihn  A 1) 

Svincs,  (i.-ol-^'i-  I> R 

Talsnry.  Timothy  E.l> 
Tanlh™.  William  P.  .D 

Tnvloi-.  E/.i-aB R 

Ta'vlol-,  Isiulc  H R 

Tavloi.  Ji.hn  M 1) 

Taylor,  7.:i[:hiiiv R 

Thomas,  John  R R 

Thomas,  (.irmsby  B...R 
Thompson,  Albel'tC.R 
Thriukiiioiton,  J,  W.D 

Tillman,  Geo.  D D 

Toole.  Joseph   K D 

Townshiiid.  Rich'd...D 
TrlKK,  Connolly  F,  ...D 
Tuckei-,  J.  Rnliilolph.D 

Tui-nef.  Ileni-v  C, V 

Van  Katon.  Heni-y  S,D 
Van  Hrhaick.  Isaac. ..R 

Viele.  Kfc'ljeit  L D 

Voorhees,  L'has.  S D 

■Wade.  William  U...R 


N.  Y, 
Ind.  . 
N.  B.. 
Tenn. 
Vt.... 


Mo-sa. 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Pa.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Mich. 
Ky... 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Tenn. 
Tenn. 
III.  .. 
Vt.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
Tenn. 
S.  C. 

M 

Md... 
Va... 
Va,  .. 
N.  O. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Ohio. 


ihilie  2(1, 
lice.  111, 
Jnne  IH, 
May  :«). 


imil 
ih:«) 

182il 

I8:i6 


Jnnc2(i, 
May    7, 

jiiii.  2«, 
Nov.  3. 
May  30, 
Ilec.  2.''), 
Apiil2M, 
Fell.  4. 
Oct.  22, 
July  U. 
Apill  1«, 
May  IS, 
May  a, 
Oct.  II, 
Aug.  21, 
Jan,  23, 
Feb.  1 . 
Aug.  21, 
May  12, 
April  30, 
Sept.  18, 
Dec.  24. 
Mar.  20. 
.Sept,  14, 
Dec,  7, 
Jnne  17, 
June  4, 
Nov,     3, 


1«2I) 
1X22 
1H41 
I84H 
1h:ih 
183,'il 
1843 
IH20 
18271 
184(1 
1M4I) 
\H->i 
1K23 
1H40 
1838 
184!l 
I84H 
1832 
1842 
182."; 
182(1 
IK,'!  I 
1840 
1847 
1823 
I83il 
1 82(i 
1817 
1825 
18.')3 
l«35l 


n«jirf- 


N.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Wis.. 
Texas 
Vt.  .. 
Lou. . 
Mass. 
Ky.  .. 
Mo... 
Pa.  .. 
Minn. 
Iowa. 
N.  Y. 
Pa.  .. 
Col... 
Mich. 
Ky... 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Tenn. 
Tenn. 
Ill  .. 
Wis. . 
Ohio. 
Te-xas 
S.  C. . 
M.  T. 
III.  .. 
Va... 
Va.  .- 
Oa... 
Miss.. 
Wis. . 
X.  Y. 
W.  T. 
Mo... 


Merchant. 
Vai-led.... 
Lunibei-'n. 
Lawyer. , . 
Lawyer, . . 
Merchant. 
Lawyer. . . 
Auricul'st. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer..  . 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Physician. 

Varied 

Lawyei'. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 

Juiist 

Lawyer. . . 

Vai'ied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Miller 

ClvilEng'r 
Law.yer. . . 
.\Kricurst. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 


Wadsworth.Wm  ,H. 

Walt,  John  T 

Wakelleld.  Jas,  B 

Waid,Jam(.'»H. 


R 
R 
R 
D 

Ward,  Thomas  B 1) 

Wuiner,  A.  J l> 

Wainoi,  William R 

Weaver,  Arch'd  J R 

Wcavei',  James  B...  — 

Weber,  John  B R 

Wellborn,  Olln l> 

West.  (JeorBe R 

Wheeler,  Joseph D 

While,  Alex.  O R 

While,  Mllo ...R 

Whiting,  William.... R 

Wilkina.  Rerluh D 

Willis,  Alberts I) 

Wilson,  Wm.  L D 

WInans.  Kdwln  B D 

Wis.-.(.;.-..ii.-c  I) D 

W.dlonl.  Flunk  L....D 

Woodlinni.  Wm R 

Worthlngton,  N.  E...D 


Ky... 
Conn, 
t.'onn, 
HI.  .. 
<Jhlo. 
N.  Y. 


Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
N.  Y. 


Engd 
Ga... 
Pa . .  . 
Vt.  .. 
Mass. 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
Vu .  . . 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Ky... 


July  4,  182HKy.. 
Auff.  27,  1811  Conn. 
Mur.  — .  1H2>*  Minn. 
Nov.  3<J,  IHC-.i  iU.  .. 
April:!?,  1H35  Ind.  . 
Jan.    i;i,  IH'M  (Hilo. 

1841  Mo... 

April  1.1,  lH44|Neb.. 
Juno  12,  lM3:j  Iowa. 
Sept.  21,  1H42IN.  Y. 

TexiiM 

Feb.  17.  182.1  N.  Y. 
Sept.  10.  1H36  Ala., 
IJl-c,    12,  1833  Pa... 

Auk.  17,  18:iOiMlnn. 
May  24,  I84I|Mum». 
July  10,  1846  Ohio. 
Jan.  22.  1843  Ky... 
May  3,  1843  W.Va 
May    16,  18->6Mifh. 


W.Va 


1835 
Sept.  2,  1817 


Mar.  3(),  1836 


Va. . 

Ky.. 
Nev. 
111.  . 


Lawyer.,, 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurlt*t 

Lawyer. . , 
Lawyer... 

JuriMt 

Lawyer.,. 
Varied... . 
Unknown. 
Manufac'r 
Varied.... 
Lawyer,. , 
Merchant. 
Manufac'r 
Hanker... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
AfrricurBt. 
Layvyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 


ISS.  Varied,  46.  Occupation 
Merchants,  14.  AgrlcuIturlBtH.  11.  Man- 
Physicians,  6,  Bankeif*.  4.  Ctenom*^"-  ^• 
Contractor,  1.  Dnigpist,  1.  Surveyor,  1. 
1.  Mechanic,  1.  Shipper,  1.  Sailor,  1. 
Foreign  Bom,  S81:  Including  Ir^and,  0; 
England.  3;  Scotland,  2;  Germany,  2;  Bavaria,  2;  Pniiiisla,  I;  Isle  of  Man,  1; 
Nonvay,  1;    New  Brunswick,    1;  Canada,  1;  Hungary,  1. 


Total  Itepresentativesi,  333.     Lawyer 
Unknown,  ao.    Jurists.  1*7, 
ufacturer^,  H.    JoumaliHts,  7. 
Lunihernien.  3,      Printer,   1. 
Railroad  Agent.   1.      Soldier, 
Miller,  1.     Civil  Engineer.    1. 


0MiAi   up 


f 


T  '^iC  Congress  in  Session.    House  of  Representatives,  Washington,  D.  C 

^^ "  T^: - P^  ,t:^ 


i 


IT); 


r 


53fi 


DWELLINGS,    AND    HOW   TO   ORNAMENT    THEM. 


THAT  MAKI 

(^       THEM 


S^^Q'fJfistiorjs  ^-(^^ilustratjons.  \ 


•A 


beaut  it'll 
home,    to 
sit  down  under 
the    vine     that 
cHngs    upon    its 
walls,  to  rest  in 
the    shadow    of 
the     tree      that 
grows  beside  it, 
to  eat  of  the  fruits  that 
ripen  on  its  soil — to  pos- 
sess   this    is   a   j)leasant 
dream  and  a  worthy  am- 
bition.     To  fail  of  this 
is  to  largely  miss  life's  purpose. 

The  pages  of  this  book  contain  the  record  of 
many  lives,  all  oi'  whom  have  attained  eminence 
in  certain  directions.  They  are  j)rcsented  as 
exam])les  of  the  ])ower  to  achieve.  It  is  true 
that  ail  cannot  be  equally  great  nor  equal ly  sue 


cessful,  but  nearly  every  man,  through  temper- 
ance, iiidustr}',  and  economy,  in  broad,  free 
America,  can  sit  down  toward  the  close  of  life 
in  a  pleasant  home,  which  in  a  vast  many  cases 
may  be  his  own. 

This  home  may  not  be  palatial;  it  may  be  in 
no  sense  grand.  On  the  contrary,  it  may  be 
but  a  simple  cottage.  It  may  be  only  the  plain- 
est log-cabin,  and  yet  projecting  cornices, 
window  ca"[js,  and  inexpensive,  yet  tasteful. 
decoration  upon  its  exterior  will  change  it  to 
the  beautiful.  More  especially  will  this  be  the 
case  if  it  be  surrounded  with  a  cleanly-kept, 
closely-shaven  lawn,  interspersed  with  winding 
pathways,  trees,  shrubs,  flower-beds  and  arbors, 
arranged  and  constructed  with  artistic  taste. 

This  closing  chapter  is,  therefore,  devoted  to 
an  ex])osition  of  that  which  offers  to  all  a  field 
in  which  to  excel — a  good  and  nolile  jiurpose — 
that  of  making  for  themsehes  or  others  Bkau- 

TII'TI.    IIoMKS. 


.).     noWNINi;,     LANDSCAI'K    AKTIST. 


537 


;\i^^j\^£S^\-  \\  V  ■^V^^^^y^FSS^ 


A.  J.  Downing. 


Distinguished  Landscape  Artist,  Designer  and   Author  of   Numerous 

Works  Relating  to  the  Embellishment  and  Beautifying 

of   Homes. 


HE  people  of  America 
have  made  great   im- 
provement in  tlu!  past 
few  years  in  the  crec- 
"     tion  of  hiindsomc  resi- 
dences, and  in  the  laying 
out  of   beautiful  grounds 
surrounding  them.    Much 
of  the  improved  taste   is 
due    to     the     efforts     of 
Andrew  Jackson  Downing, 
born    at    Xewburgh,    N.    Y. , 


n  Central  Park,  New  York. 


tention      early 

drawn   to  horti- 
culture,    botany 

and  the   science 

of     fruit,     tree, 

and  flower  grow- 

ing,  he  had 
il  ,  r^:'!  i:,|  ,  ■,  I  r.j  ample opportuni- 
*1  ]  iij-l  liljlifi'  '  '  '  ties  for  the  culti- 
vation of  a  knowledge  of  the  same  in  the 
house  of  his  father,  who  was  a  nursery-man. 
Acquiring  a  fair  education  at  the  academy 
in  the  neighboring  town  of  Montgomery,  he 
interspersed  his  reading  and  study  with  labor 
in  the  nurseries  until  he  was  twenty  years  of 
age,  when  he  resolved  to  acquaint  himself 
more  fully  with  rural  architecture.  With 
that  object  in  view,  he  visited  many  of  the 
picturesque  homes  which  are  found  in 
abundance  up  and  down  the  Hudson,  and  a 
few  years  afterwards  he  erected  a  beautiful 
residence  on  his  grounds,  which  embodied 
the  ideas  he  had  gathered  of  what  would 
constitute  a  charming  home. 

In  1841  appeared  his  "Treatise  on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Landscape  Gardening. "  The  public  had  evidently  been  waiting  for 
just  such  a  volume.  It  supplied  a  demand,  and  immediately  became 
popular  and  a  standard  in  America  and  England.  A  year  afterwards 
he  issued  "  Cottage  Residences,"  which  met  with  equal  favor.  Three 
years  later  appeared  "-Fruits  and  Fruit-Trees  of  America,"  and  in 
1846   he   became    the    editor    of     the    HorticnKurist^    published    at 


Andrew  Jackson  Downing. 

Author  uf  ' '  Cottage  Residenees,  "  • '  Fruits  and  Fruit- 
Trees  of  Anieriuu,"  etc. 


elevation  of  the  art  of  landscape  gardening  in  the  United  States. 

■' Additional  Notes  and  Hints  to  Persons  about  Building  in  this 
Country,"  "  Hints  to  Young  Architects,"  "  Architecture  for  Country 
Homes,"  and  "Gardening  for  Ladies,'"  were  the  principal  of  his 
publications. 

For  the  purpose  of  studying  the  landscape  gardening  surrounding 
the  great  country-seats  in  England,  he  vis- 
ited that  country  in  1850,  and  spent  some 
months  among  the  old  ancestral  homes, 
writing  in  the  meantime  a  description  of  the 
same.  Returning  to  America,  his  services 
as  a  landscape  gardener  were  greatly  in 
demand,  among  his  commissions  being  the 
laying  out  of  the  grounds  surrounding  the 
Capitol  at  Washington,  the  President's 
house,  and  the  Smithsonian  institution. 

As  he  was  journeying  from  Xewburgh  to 
New  York  on  the  steamer  Henry  Clay,  July 
28, 1852,  the  steamer  took  fire  near  Yonkers, 
and  he  was  drowned  while  attempting  to 
reach  the  shore.  He  was  only  thirty-seven 
years  of  age  at  that  time,  and  was  just  com- 
ing on  the  stage  of  active  usefulness. 

Downing's  death  was  recognized  as  a  great 
public  loss.  He  had  lived  long  enough, 
however,  to  sow  the  seed  which  was  to  bear 
fruit  in  the  after-years.  This  is  evidenced 
in  the  growing  public  sentiment  among  all 
classes  relative  to  landscane  gardening. 
Particularly  does  this  reveal  itself  in  the 
public  parks  found  in  nearly  every  city  and  village  of  considerable 
size  in  all  portions  of  the  Union.  The  people  demand  green  lawns, 
shady  groves,  quiet  walks,  the  perfume  and  beauty  of  flowers,  the 
rustic  arbors,  the  rippling  stream  and  the  glassy  lake.  They  demand 
these  and  they  are  willing  to  pay  for  them. 

As  the  years  go  by  and  wealth  accumulates,  people  will  study 
those  principles  that  make  their  homes  charming,  and  will  more  and 
more  surround  themselves  with  the  beautiful  in  nature. 


:(>— 


f- 


538 


ILLCSTEATIUNS    KEI'RESEXTINCi    UERTAIN    I'KINCIl'LES    OF    BEAUTY. 


OOOju^ 


-Siiuare  Window, 

on  Q  Q^  it 


"T^'3 


The  Science  of  Beauty  M.\-=^ 


In  Architecture,  the  Human  Form  and  in  Landscape  Gardening. 


i 


As  in  household  decoration,  so 
in  the  construction  of  the  dwelling 
and  the 
arninge- 
ment  of 
grounds, 
there are 
certain 
funda- 
mental 
principles  to  be  understood  and  applied 
before  beauty  can  be  attained. 

Of  these,  primarily,  is  harinonious  pro 
portion.  Every  object  should  have  a  ba^' 
sufficiently  broad  to  support  the  top,  and  it 
should  balance  in  size,  color  and  styK- 
with  other  objects  designed  to  be  a  balance. 
It  should  combine  as  much  as  possihle 
the  curved  line  in  its  form  and  construc- 
tion. Fig.  1  shows  a  window  with  tf)p 
formed  of  the  straight  line.  In  Fig.  2 
is  shown  the  improvement  which  results 
frniii  the  curved  line. 

Fig.  3  shows  a  combination  of  harmo- 
nii'us  proportion  and  curved  line. 

Fig.  4  exhibits  the  harshness  which 
pervades  the  human  countenance  when 
filled  with  straight  lines.  So  the  face 
wasted  by  disease  and  furrowed  by 
angles  causes  the  beholder  to  remark, 
'*you  are  looking  badly." 

If,  as  is  the  case  in  Fig.  5,  a  gracefully 
rounded  curve  marks  the  outline  of  coun- 
tenance, the  possessor  of  that  face  is  sure 
to  win  compliments  for  the  beauty  which 
it  contains. 
The  gracefully  rounded  and  beautiful  horse  which  we  admired 

tfLO<H>» .<>eoo^;     when  with  arching  ueck 

he  proudly  pranced  by 
ns  in  his  prime,  we 
look  on  with  amaze- 
ment when,  sick  and 
wasted  in  flesh,  he  is 
turned  out  to  recuper- 
ate or  die.  In  the  first 
case  we  saw  in  him 
but  the  curved  line. 
In  the  latter  the  pre- 
ponderanceof  the 
straight  line  is  seen. 

There  is  another  and 
a  very  important  prin- 
ciple, which  may  be 
termed  relief.  It  is 
that  which  uddsvarieiy 
to  landscape  or  ar(;hi- 


^oo^: 


-Ronnd-top  Window, 


Fiir.  3"l'arlor  Fountain 


"      Fk'.  4-.Fa(('  Hith  Strait'lit  Lines. 


i^&o« 


-tt«-e-e^ 


tecture;  it  gives  expression  to 
the  human  countenance,  and  frees 
the  ob- 
j  e  c  I 
from 
monot- 
ony of 
appear- 
ance. 

Thus 
the  square  window  would  be  much  hand- 
Mimer  if  there  was  a  cap  projecting  from 
lUe  top.  Even  if  made  up  wholly  of 
straight  lines,  if  there  be  considerable 
variety,  it  will  look  well.  If  that  which 
gives  variety,  however,  be  composed  of 
curved  lines  it  will  look  better. 

The  curved  top  window,  it  will  be  seen, 
is  an  improvement  upon  the  straight-top. 
It  would  be  handsomer  yet,  however,  if 
there  was  a  break  in  the  top  resembling  a 
key-  stone,  or  some  figure  that  would 
break  the  sameness  of  appearance. 

Although  coarse  in  texture,  the  face. 
Fig.  4,  is  considerably  improved  by  the 
relief  shown  in  beard,  hair  that  stands 
prominently  out,  and  sharp  eyes  that  give 
expression.  Thus  a  face  may  have  such 
relief  through  white  skin,  black  eyebrows, 
bright  eyes,  clear-cut  features,  and  vivac- 
ity of  expression  as  to  be  very  attractive. 
So  a  face  full  of  curved  lines  may  lack 
attractiveness  because  the  eyes  may  be 
dull,  no  sparkle  may  mark  the  expression, 
and  the  eyes,  eyebrows  and  hair  may  be  all 
so  nearly  of  one  color  as  to  lack  variety. 
In  tlie  figure  representing  the  parlor  fountain,  another  feature  <jf 

beauty    which     comes 

from  relief,  is  not 

shown  in  the   engrav- 
ing.     This   relates  to 

the  different  colors 

shown  in  blossoms.    A 

careful  study  of  Fig.  3 

will     well     repay     the 

reader.       Excepting  a 

few  linos  on    the  vase 

which    arc    made 

straight,    it    is   wholly 

composed    of     curves, 

interbltMulcd   with    re- 
lief,   which   would    be 

be  mucli  greater  if  the 

natural    color    of    the 

blossonm   could    be 

seen. 


iffl>oo» 


,  o--KftCP  with  I'lirved  Lines. 

— »oOO' 


'/^(y " 


THE    EFFECT    OF    KTRAIOIIT    AND    Ci:ii\lCl>    LINES    Il.I.USTICATEU. 


>^- 


.^J=;©C=5*- 


Fig.  «..Stniiglit 


yifHE  penman  under- 
stjinds  thiit  the  letter 
Kliown  ill  Fig.  6  is  defcct- 
ivi."  hi'causL'  it  lucks  curve, 
correct  proportion  and 
lii'avy  contrasting  lines. 
Ill-  knows  thiit  the  letter, 
Fig.  7,  is  beiuitiful  because 
the  principles  of  curves, 
proportion  and  relief  are 
all  perfectly  applied. 

An  cxaminiition  of  the 
letter  at  Fig.  6  shows  the 
character  formed  first  of 
straight  lines.  The  pen- 
man that  is  desirous  of 
securing  the  greatest 
amount  of  beauty  possible 
in  his  penmanship  will 
avoid  ever  having  a 
straight  line  in  any  capi- 
tal letter.  The  letter  is 
seen  to  be  also  glaringly 
out  of  proportion.  As  it 
stands  upon  a  foundation 
much  smaller  than  its 
upper  part,  it  is  seen  to 
be  badly  out  of  proportion, 
or  badly  balanced,  and  to 
prevent  its  falling  a  sup- 
port would  be  necessary. 

Fig.  7  is  not  only  grace- 
ful in  curve  with  heavy 
shade,  which  gives  relief 
and  contrast,  but  the  letter 
is  so  balanced  as  to  be  self- 
supporting  in  appearance, 
with  the  center  of  gravity 
in  the  center,  making  har- 
monious and  good  propor- 
tion. The  prinei  pies 
applied  in  the  making  of 
this  single  letter  apply 
equally    to    all     penmanship. 


The  Charm  of  Curved  Lines. 


,_***/!*: 


ji<^^^' 


Fig.  H"Portrait  of  Human  Face,   Showini?  Curves,  Proportion  and  Contrast, 


and  rightly  carried  nut  will  make  a 
beautifnl  handwriting. 

The  face  of  the  girl. 
Fig.  8,  finely  illustrates 
these  principles.  The 
gracefnlly  curved  hand, 
chin,  lip,  cheek,  hair  and 
wreath  of  flowers  which 
surround  her,  the  propor 
tions  of  hand,  mouth, 
nose,  eyes  and  hood  are 
all   admirably  set  off    by 


the  dark  background 
which  gives  relief 
and  brings  the  figure 
handsomely  to  the  front. 

A  prominent  feature 
eistientia]  to  beauty  in  the 
human  face  is  perfect  bal- 
ance. Examination  of 
the  face  shows  that  it  is 
largely  made  up  of  twos. 
There  are  two  eyes,  two 
eyebrows,  two  sides  to 
the  nose,  two  nostrils, 
two  cheeks,  two  corners 
of  the  mouth,  and  two 
ears,  if  one  of  these  be 
different  from  the  other, 
the  balance  is  destroyed 
and  the  beauty  is  injured, 
as  would  be  the  case  were 
one  eye  different  in  size 
or  color  from  the  other, 
or  any  other  portion  of 
the  face  different  from 
the  other  side.  The  same 
rule  applies  to  the  body 
throughout.  The  differ- 
ent parts  being  in  pairs, 
each  should  correspond 
in  size  and  shape  with  the 
other,  with  which  it  bal- 
ances. The  lack  of 
balance  is  shown  in  any 
person  who  is  deformed. 
Fig.  9  plainly  shows 
how  the  form  is  injured 
by  straight  lines  and 
angles,  while  Fig.  10 
demonstrates  the  beauty 
in  the  figure  when  formed 
of  curved  lines. 

One  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful objects  in  nature  is  a 
bird.  It  is  true  that  there  is  a  difference  in  birds,  and  certain  kinds 
are  not  very  handsome. 
Those  varieties,  however, 
that  combine  the  plump 
form  with  brilliant  plum- 
age are  very  attractive. 
Fig.  9  illustrates  the  ef- 
fort to  construct  the  form 
of  a  bird  from  straight 
lines.  As  will  be  seen,  al- 
though the  proportions  are 
nearly  correct,  the  form 


■6. 


f 


'  540 


A    SPECIMEN  OF    WOOD    ENGRAVING    SHOWING    CONTEAST. 


1' '? ^y^ois 

' .:[,./..■' J '""^ 

is  rendered  ungraceful 
from  lack  of  curve. 

In  Fig.  10  is  shown 
how  a  very  few  touches 
of  a  pen  or  pencil  will 
make  a  form  that  is 
beautiful,  if  the  funda- 
mental principles  of 
Iieanty  are  observed. 

Fig.  11  represents  not 
only  the  inharmony  which 
comes  from  straight 
Hues,  but  also  a  striking 
violation  of  nature's 
rules.  The  reader  will 
observe  that  no  such 
specimen  of  vine,  formed 
of  straight  lines,  is  found 
growing  among  nature's 
prndnctions. 

Fig.  12  is  a  specimen 
of  beautiful  wood- en- 
graving, chiefly  remark- 
able for  the  relief  which 
is  shown  by  presenting 
the  poppy  in  front  of  a 
dark  background.  ' 


A 


M 


A 


J[ 


Hi.'.  1 1 --The  ViiH'  Kornicil     <3 
of  Strjili;ht   Lines. 


4.  "..KeJ 


Fig.  13  shows  grace, 
contrast,  curves,  propor- 
tion, and  the  fine  effect 
which  comes  from  par- 
allel lines.  By  examin- 
ing the  leaf  of  the  poppy 
ill  Fig.  12  it  vill  be  seen 
that  it  is  formed  of  a 
great  number  of  lines 
that  run  parallel  with 
each  other.  Were  these 
lines  to  run  irregularly 
the  beauty  would  be 
greatly  destroyed.  Thus 
a  field  of  grain  or  a  for- 
est of  trees  derives 
much  beauty  from  the 
stalks  or  trees  growing 
all  in  the  same  direction. 
When  many  become 
broken  by  storm  or  other- 
wise, and  the  law  of 
parallels  is  destroyed, 
much  beauty  is  thereby 
lost. 


Fig.   l:!--Viiii'  KiirniiMl  of 


? 


SAMPLES  OF  BKAUTY  IN  NATfKE  AND  AKT. 


541 


''^^^ 


/i) 


Fig.  14  exhibits  u 
ba  s  k  L- 1  f  o  r  m  u  (I 
wholly  of  curved 
Hues.  This  baskt-t 
is  not  as  handsome 
as  some  others,  from 
the  fact  of  there 
being  little  or  no 
relief  upon  it.  It 
would  be  decidedly 
more  beautiful  if 
there  was  more  vine 
dropping  over  its  side. 

Fig.  15  is  a  han^nn< 
It  cnntain?,  coinbiiiini:; 


•>-«- 


A 


thus  obscuring  the  form  of  the  basket, 
basket,  which,  together  with  the  ilowers  that 
this  principle  of  curved  lines,  is  very  pretty. 


As  flowers  are  more 
beautiful  than  any- 
thing that  can  be 
constructed  by  man, 
HO  a  hanging  basket 
should  be  dark  in 
color,  rustic  in  ap- 
pearance, and  thus 
be  made  to  attract 
but  little  attention. 
Fig.  16  is  an  ex- 
cellent     illustration 

representative  of  the  curved  line  in  architectural  adornment. 
The  principles  of  proportion,  parallel  lines  and  contrast,  are  also 

well  brought  out  in  this. 


m 


-.(>■ — 

512 


THE  INFLUENCE  OF  THE  SUBLIME  AS  AN  ELEMENT  OF  BEAUTY. 


^ 


k 


THE  SUBLIME 

— IN — 

— ^NATURE.=<- 


JT'HERE  is  yet  anotber  principle  which  adds 
^fj    attraction    to    the    edifice  or  landscape, 

^     which  may  be  termed  the  aubl'mie. 

In  nature  this  is  shown  in  the  great  tree, 
the  high  water-fall  (see  Fig.  17),  the  wide 
river,  the  tall  mountain  and  the  deep  ravine. 
It  especially  pertains  to  that  which  conveys  a 
sense  of  greatness.  The  swaying  pine,  the 
broad-spreading  elm,  the  long  row  of  poplars, 
the  broad  street,  all  are  attractive  because  they 
exhibit  the  grandeur  of  the  sublime. 

An  irresistible  fascination  takes  possession 
of  tlic  visitor  at  the  falls  of  Niagara,  at  the 
White  mountains,  when  viewing  the  wonders 
of  the  Yosemite,  or  the  greatness  of  any  of 
the  old  cathedrals.  It  is  the  impression  which 
arises  from  a  contem- 
plation of  the  snblimu. 

The  admiration  that 
the  person  possesses 
for  an  object  will  de- 
pend upon  that  person' s 
peculiar  organization 
of  mind.  Thus  the 
person  having  form 
large  will  be  peculiarly 
sensitive  in  relation  to 
incongruous  propor- 
tion, and  will  have  a 
high  appreciation  of 
those  objects  which  are 
finely  proportioned  and 
relieved  by  such  vari- 
ety as  gives  contrast. 
If  added  to  form  is 
large  ideality,  the  in- 
dividual especially  de- 
lights in  landscape 
\iews  adorned  by  vari- 
ety consisting  of  trees, 
shrubbery  and  flower?*. 
'In  architecture,  the  eye 
takes  pleasure  in  con- 
templating the  relief- 
work  which  may  be 
strewn  upon  the  build- 
ing in  the  fijrm  of 
figures,  balconies,  bal- 
nstrades,  and  orna- 
iiicntal  carvings.  If 
:iii  acute  sense  of  color 
be  added  to  the  otln  r 


THE  SUBLIME 

— IN  — 

ARCHITECTURE. 


#&e- 


Fig.  17. -Waterfall, 

Illustrating  the  Sublime  in  Nature. 


Fit?.  18--MasHlve  Columns  with  Orminientiil 

Illustrating-   the    ImiMtsinp.  the  Aitlsttc  nnd    tlu-   Siililiinc 


organs,  the  person  will  be  pained  at  inhar- 
monies  of  tints  and  shades  often  to  he  seen  on 
]);iinted  buildings.  In  the  same  proportion 
the  person  is  delighted  when  beholding  har- 
monies of  colors  on  furniture,  clothing,  houses, 
paintings,  or  landscape.  If  to  these  other 
organs  is  added  also  sublimity,  then  the  person 
visits  the  old  castles  of  ancient  times  to  find 
pleasure  in  those  relics  that  exhibit  greatness. 
To  a  person  having  large  love  of  the  sublime, 
the  pyramids,  the  immense  ruins  found 
throughout  the  valley  of  the  Xile,  the  obelisks, 
the  volcanoes,  the  mountain  scenery  of  Swit- 
zerland, the  wild,  grand  scenes  of  the  Rocky 
mountains  of  America, —  all  these  have 
charms,  to  the  lover  of  the  sublime,  that 
^  others  lacking  this 
LCj  faculty  would  entirely 
/j  f.'iil  to  a]iprcciatc. 
)  Fig.  18  combines 
the  princijiles  of  pro- 
portion, curved  lines, 
and  in  the  large  and  tall 
columns,  a  sense  of  the 
sublime. 

In  the  looking  upon 
these  columns  ideality 
will  take  delight  in  a 
study  of  the  Corinthian 
c  apitals,  partially 
formed  from  the  grace- 
ful leaves  of  the  acan- 
thus. If  to  ideality  is 
added  sublimity  ia  the 
mind,  then  comes  in- 
tense "appreciation  of 
the  tall  columns  shown 
in  this  illustration,  and 
an  admiration  for 
imposing  monuments 
and  large  buildings 
which  jiossess  a  high  de- 
gree of  ornamentiitiou. 
T  li  e  r  e  a  d  e  r  w  1 1 1 
doul)tless  call  to  mind 
many  an  edifice  that 
includes  in  its  struct- 
ure the  iiriuciple  of 
sublimity.  In  all  pub- 
lic buildings  that  have 
large  and  UiU  columns 
this  idea  is  expressed. 


(aps, 

iti  Arehltceture. 


i 


t 


A    SPECIMKN    <•!•■   TIIK    SUBLIME    IN    ARCHITKCTUBE. 


543 


■(lr;il  shown 
Fig.  19, 
rcprc'seiitinj^  tlic  edifice 
IIS  seen  from  the  cast, 
reveals  with  excellent 
effect  a  combination  of 
fiimlamental  principles 
of  lu'uiity.  Examina- 
tion shows  the  propor- 
tions to  be  good,  the 
tops  of  all  the  apertures 
curve,  great  diversity 
of  exterior  ornamenta- 
tion gives  it  variety 
and  relief,  while  the 
very  tall  spires  hold  us 
entranced  with  the 
power  of  the  sublime. 

Even  its  great  age 
apjjeals  somewhat  to 
the  sublimity  in  our 
natures.  Its  history 
began  in  the  fourth 
century, when,  in  312, 
the  emperor  Constan- 
tine  i)laced  all  the 
Christian  communities 
under  protection.  It 
was  about  this  time  that  the  first  cathe- 
dral was  erected. 

A  second  cathedral  was  commenced  in 
814,  and  gradually  progressed  in  impor- 
tance for  several  hundred  years.  It  at 
last  became  dilapidated  and  was  finally 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1248.  * 

About  1250  the  erection  of  the  present 
building  was  commenced,  and  not  until 
in  1880  was  it  finished.  It  is  now  the 
largest  specimen  of  Gothic  architecture 

in  the  world,  being  511  feet  in  length,  331  in  breadth,  and  bavins 
towers  510  feet  high  ;  being  24  feet  higher  than  the  Pyramid  o 
Cheops,  in  Egypt,  which  is  486  feet  high,  but  45  feet  less  than 
the  Washington  Monument,  at  Washington,  D.  C. ,  which  is  555 
feet,  and  is  now  the  highest  monument  or  tower  in  the  world. 

These  old  cathedrals  possess  great  attraction  for  most  travelers 
from  the  fact  that  their  antiquity  and  great  size  gratify  the  love  of 
the  sublime  in  man's  nature.  On  this  account  the  tourist  abroad 
visits  St.  Peter's  at  Rome,  said  to  have  been  commenced  by  the 
bishop  of  Rome  in  the  year  90,  and  to  have  been  enlarged  by  Con- 
stantine   in   the    year  306.      The  present  building  of  St.  Peter  was 


Roman  Catholic  place  of 
worship,  in  the  city  of 
Colopme,  capital  of  the 
province  of  the  Rhine,  in 
Pnissia. 


commenced  in  1450, 
was  carried  forward 
toward  completion  by 
Raphael  in  1514,  was 
further  perfected  by 
Michael  Angelo  in 
1550,  and  was  dedi- 
cated 176  years  after 
the  time  it  was  com- 
menced. It  is  013'^ 
English  feet  in  length 
in  the  interior,  with  a 
transept  of  461'/^  feet. 
It  is  448  feet  high  and 
will  hold  within  its 
walls  50,000  people  at 
one  time. 

The  present  cathe- 
dral of  Milan  was  com- 
menced in  1387;  is 
486  feet  long,  252 
feet  wide,  and  is  355 
feet  high. 

The  height  of  the 
other  cathedrals  of  im- 
portance is  as  follows: 
Strasburg,  in  Germany, 
468  feet:  St.  Nicholas' 
church,  in  Hamburg, 
450  feet;  St.  Michael's 
church,  in  Hamburg, 
428  feet;  St.  Martin's 
church  at  Landshut, 
Germany,  411  feet;  ca- 
thedral at  Antwerj),  in 
Belgium,  408  feet,  and 
the  cathedral  at  Cre- 
mona, in  Lombardy, 
396  feet. 

The  immensely  high 
walls  found  in  the  val- 
ley of    the   Yosemite, 
one  of  which  rises  4,737 
feet  above    the   valley, 
form  one  of  the  modem 
wonders  of  the  world. 
The  fall  of  water  at  Niagara,  150  feet  in  height  on  the  Canadian  side 
and  164  feet  on  the  American  border,  is  viewed  with  awe  and  admira- 
tion because  of  the  great  body  of  water  which  drops  at  this  fall. 

The  tall  pines  in  the  big-tree  groves  of  California,  some  of  which 
grow  to  a  height  of  376  feet,  are  also  admired  for  immensity  of  size. 


NATURE    AND    ART    COMBINKD    IN   LANDSCAPE    VIEW. 


Variety  in  Landscape  Scene, 


as»-%*>-=^ 


i 


Showing  Curved  Line,  Harmonious  Proportion,  Contrast  and  Some  of  the  Sublime. 


jniie  tall  edifice,  that  has  continuous  columns  from  the  bottom  to  the 

top  of  the  building,  conveys,  in  these  extended  columns,  a  sense 

of  grandeur  which  cannot  be  if  they  are  divided.     A  building,  with 

tall  columns  in  fmnt,  bus  it«.  appearance  also  considerably  magnified 


varied  landscape,  which  affords  contrast,  all  combined  make  the  view 
very  charming. 

Those  landscape  scenes  that  afford  an  opportunity  for  observing,  at 
a  single  view,  the  greatest  anionut  of  the  curved   line,  harmonious 


Fig,  20--Scone  in  West  Laurel  Hill  (enietery,  rhiladelphia. 


:6, 


If,  in  addition  to  this,  it  is  located  on  a  high  elevation. 

The  scene  ehown  In  Fig.  20  combines  much  of  that  which  is 
attractive.  The  tall  trees,  the  house  located  on  the  high  eminence, 
tbf  curving  roadways,  the  streamn,  monuments,  shrnhH.  inieven  nnd 


proportion,  contrast  of  color  and  forms,  united  with  greatness, 
are  much  the  most  beautiful.  In  this  scene  the  eye  sweeps  a  broad 
expanse,  bringing  within  the  view  many  beauties.  Thus  if  parks  had 
),.««  trees  ill  iln'ir  renters  the  view-  within  them  would  he  improved. 


::s^ 


^ 


SUUOE.STIONS    KKLATINO    TD    DliUJliluS    IX    I'l'ltl-IC    OJi(JUN'US. 


U5 


Park  Scenes. 


^4{^^^  ^  tliL-  curved 
tiiM'rf  1  >  II  e  g  i  V  u  f- 
>.'iyv>>*  beauty,  so  it 
ulso  gives  strength,  a 
fact  evidently  under- 
Htnod  by  the  makers 
of  the  rustic  bridge 
y\\u\\\\  ill  Fig.  21. 

On  all  short  bridgey 
in  pnrkt?  various  ad- 
vantages are  gained 
by  the  curves.  The 
longer  bridge,  ag 
>lu.\vn  in  Fig.  22, 
must,  iuiwever,  be 
level  on  the  top,  the 
arches  only  possess- 
ing the  curve.  The 
roadway,  the  stream, 
the  wooded  back- 
ground, the  pedestri- 
ans, teams,  and  horse- 
l)ack  rider  in  this 
scene,  give  the  view 
nn  expressive  effect. 

The  parks  of  the 
country  begin  to  af- 
ford a  superior  oppor- 


d     ^jO^** 


^OOOo-^ 


tunlty  for  the  study  of  the  beautiful.     A  general  fault,  however,  in 
most   parks,  as    in    jirivate    grounds,  is  a  disposition  to  i)hico  too 


which  place  a  view  may  be  had  of  the  entire 
may  rest  thus  the  visit  to  the  park  is  doubly 


niHiry  trees  in  them. 
They  are  Hoon  so  full 
as  to  prevent  an  ex- 
tended view  in  any 
direction.  The 
grovcH  and  tall  shrub- 
bery should  be  mostly 
found  on  the  outer 
edges  of  the  park, 
unless  the  grounds 
be  very  large,  and 
even  then  there 
bhnuld  be  such  open- 
ings left  in  the  plac- 
ing of  trees  as  will 
enable  the  spectator, 
at  certain  elevated 
points*  to  see  from 
one  end  of  the  park 
In  (he  other. 

In  all  public 
grounds  that  are 
made  highly  orna- 
mental there  should 
l>e  some  one  or  more 
central  elevations, 
provided  with  seats 
for  vis  iters,  from 

grounds.     To  those  who 

delightful. 


V'\'Z.  'Ji--Anhes  Over  Stream  near  Lull  Water.  Prits|n'(t  P;irk.  Hnmkhii.  \.  \. 


h 


T 


■^tz 


-^ 


54('. 


THK    PICTURESQUE    AND    THE    KoMANTIl'. 


i 


,.^,.^^  -f^f^'V 


Fig".  23  represents  one  of  the  hundreds  of  rustic  ornamental  con- 
veniences found  throughout  New  York  Central  park.  A  little  boat- 
house  thus  on  the  border  of  a  lake  or  river,  where  people  often 
assemble,  and  can  rest  while  they  wait,  is  a  necessity  which  needs  no 
explanation. 

Fig.  24  shows  how  wild  and  rugged  nature,  through  the  hand  of 
taste,  has  been  turned  into  a  bower  of  beauty.  It  is  one,  also,  of 
many  such  scenes  in  Central  park.  It  teaches  the  lesson  that  the 
roughest  and  most  forbidding  place  about  your  home,  reader,  can  be 


Fig.  24-Tiew  in  Central  Park,  N.  Y. 


Jig. 


•(■tinlcn  Sumnier-Ilouse. 


converted, 
through  en- 
ergy and 
taste,  into  a 
charming 
place  of  re- 
sort. 

Fig.   25 
presents   a 
garden  sum- 
mer-house, 
embowered 
among 
trees 
and  vines.     Such  a  summer-house  can  be   made   elaborate, 
-  highly  ornamental    and    expensive,   or    it    can   be   made  of 

a  simple  frame-work  very  cheaply;  and  when  the  grape- 
vine, morning-glories,  or  the  ivy  clamber  over  it,  it  will 
be  a  cool,  cozy,  attractive  place  of  rest  and  quietude. 

Park  Fences. 

The  fence  surrounding  a  park,  whether  public  or  private, 
should  be  suoh  as  to  obscure  the  view  as  little  as  possible. 
It  is  questionable  whether  there  should  be  any  fence  whatever 
around  public  parks.  In  many  cities,  all  park  inclosurea  are 
being  taken  down.  With  the  fences  down,  certain  persons 
may  at  first  do  some  injury,  but  in  time  the  people  learn  that 
in  defacing  or  injuring  public  property  they  are  defrauding 
themselves,  and  this  trouble  soon  ceases. 

While  a  fence  is  a  constant  source  of  expense,  it  is  also  a 
slandini;  evidence  of  suspicion  that  the  visitor  intends  harm. 
When  it  is  removed,  the  understaiuling  is  that  the  visitor  can 
be  trusted  and  will  do  no  evil  to  the  premises.  The  people 
will  advance  to  a  point  some  day  where  they  need  not  be 
suspected.  Then  the  inclosures  about  public  grounds  will 
be  taken  away,  and  the  grounds  will  be  much  more  greatly 
beautified. 


=S5F 


? 


SUBLIMITY    IN    LANDSCAPE    DECORATION. 


547 


X   Flower-Vase 

Support. 


^A  prjrtlpIIE  rustic  flower-support  shown  in 
MM!l|  Fig.  86  explains  itself.  With 
'jf  Mi  Y:.  "  poi'lion  of  the  trunlc  of  a  tree 
■'tSV^I^     and    branches    sawed     squarely 


Landscape 
Ornamentation. 


Pig.  26--l{nstic   Kloucr-Slimil. 


witli  a  greensward  of  cloaely-cut  grass,  the 
top  Hiirmountcd  with  a  vase  bearing  flow- 
LTH.  Upon  the  sides  are  then  cut  variouH 
dt'sigiiB,    in    which   are   ornamental    plants. 


off,  tnrned  bottom  up,  and  platform  placed  ou    the    same,   it   is   a        consisting  of    certain  varieties  of  the  cactus,  short-stemmed  flowers, 


unique    and    useful  article. 

Fig.  27  ^bows  an  elegant  floral  display  suitable  for  large  grounds. 
Inside  of  a  stone  coping  is  placed  a  mound  of  rich  earth,  covered 


foliage,  plants,  etc.  At  the  intersection  of  roadways  and  large,  open 
spaces  in  parks,  tliose  moundw  can  be  made  a  superior  attraction. 
The  extended  view  here  shown  gives  also  an  appearance  of  sublimity. 


■t 


54S 


TOWN    AND    CUUNTKY    RESIDENCES. 


v  .■i;:)i»';ri|' , Ill, 


^^    -s'-fi  • 1. 


1:;:;% i^^iom 

Effect  of  Trees  and 

Vines. 

jnpHE  residence 
J  of  Mr.  Dar- 
^  ■;.  ley,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  28,  repre- 
sents how  delight- 
ful a  home  may  be 
made  when  rightly 
located  and  assisted 
by  nature.  There 
i^  nothing  elaborate 
as  embellishment  on  the  house.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  quite  plain  in 
appearance.  It  is  attractive,  however,  and  this  beauty  comes  from 
the  tall  trees  that  lend  their  shade,  the  broad  veranda,  and  the  vines 
that  cling  lovingly  about  it.  An  air  of  rest  and  quietude  pervades 
the  place  that  makes  it  charming. 

In  contrast  with  this  is  the  design  of  a  residence,  shown  in  Fig. 
29.  This  home  is  without  the  accessories  of  shrubbery  and  vines 
and  groves  of  trees  which  may  be  found  in  the 
country.  It  is  designed  for  the  town  lot,  and 
must  in  itself  possess  architectural  orna 
ment  to  overbalance  the  lack  of  trees 
and  vines.  This  house  is  made  at 
tractive  by  its  cornices,  porches, 
bay-windows,  balustrades,  tow 
er;^,  ornamental  chimneys, 
etc.,  all  of  which  give  con- 
trast and  variety. 

A  house  located 
amid  many  trees  and 
embowered  in  vines, 
will  need  much  less 
ornament  to  make  it 
attractive  than  if  sit- 
uated  in  open 
grounds.  There  are 
curtain  sanitary  con- 
ditions that  should 
ali^o  be  considered 
when  selecting  the 
location  for  a  home. 
Among  these  should 
f)e  an  elevation,  such 
as  will  be  free  from 
miasma  rining  from 
low  and  stagnant  wa- 
ter In  the  vicinity  of 
the  house.  The  site 
should   alco  be  such 

at*  will  afford  an  abundance  of  air  and  sunshine.      To  have  this  the 
house  should  not  be  too  closely  surrounded  by  trees  of  dense  foliage. 

The  trees  that  give  shade  should,  when  matured,  tower  far  above 
the  house,  thus  giving  an  opportunity  for  the  circulation  of  the  air. 


"^^ 


Beauty  Unaided  by 
Nature. 


Residence  of  F.  O.  C.  Darley,  irtist,  at  (la) mont.  Pa. 


Trcparcd  for  Mr.  H. 


Fiir.  *Jfl- 

T.  Williams, 


\t  certain  periods 
of  the  day,  partic- 
ularly in  the  morn- 
ing, the  sun  should 
have  ample  oppor- 
t  mity  to  shed  its 
most  brilliant  rays 
full  upon,  into  and 
through  the  house, 
thus  adding  mate- 
rially to  the  healthfulness  of  the  home. 

When  clearing  the  ground  for  the  erection  of  a  dwelling  near  or  in 
a  grove  of  trees  a  certain  number  of  the  old  forest  trees  should  be 
allowed  to  stand  in  the  vicinity  of  the  house,  especially  in  the  rear. 
Upon  the  side  whence  heavy  winds  are  likely  to  come  there  should 
be  a  grove  of  trees,  if  the  size  of  the  grounds  will  permit  of  the 
same,  a  delicious  coolness  always  coming  from  the  trees  in  the 
summer,  while  they  serve  as  a  wind-break  in  the 
inter. 

variety  of  trees  should  have 
about  the  home,  unquestionably 
B  most  satisfactory  as  an  orna- 
ntal  tree  for  shade  is  the  elm. 
A'^hatever  other  trees  may  be 
given  place,  plant  the  elm 
about  the  house  and  by  the 
roadside.  It  will 
not  perhaps  mature 
so  rapidly  as  some 
others,  but  it  will  be 
a  handsome  tree 
from  the  first.  Its 
towering  form  and 
pleasant  shade  will 
be  a  source  of  real 
happiness  to  the  res- 
ident in  after-life, 
and  to  those  who 
come  in  a  succeeding 
age  the  tree  will  be 
a  blessing,  ever 
standing  as  a  monu- 
ment to  the  foresight 
and  wisdom  of  the 
fathers  in  a  previous 
generation.  For 
proof  that  this  is  true 
the  reader  has  but 
to  visit  some  of  the  beautiful  New  England  villages,  where  the  great 
elms,  planted  in  the  early  history  of  this  country,  as  they  line  the 
roadways  with  shade  for  miles,  are  now  the  pride  of  those  charming 
towns  that  nestle  among  the  hills  in  the  Eastern  States. 


:'siss 


■View  of  Pesitrn  for  Residence, 

New  Yoik,  yhuwint:  cuIl^i^l^■^able  exterior  ornanK-ntatinn 


f 


r,r,AI!i)liATK    AND    COSTI.V    J10ME8. 


549 


•'^— «t? 


,„ii«iit 


,iii"'«iie;! f 


The  Picturesque. 


'liC" 


i*C'f^^J''' 


1^ 


^s^^' 


.111*""  ..j^  \r.>"r) 


Nature  Aided  by  Art 


^IIE  picturesque  villa  shown  in  Fig. 
30  represents  an  elegant  motlern 
American  home.  Its  beauty  large- 
ly consists  in  its  winding  pathways, 

with  no  fence  to  obscure  them  from  view, 

and   its  contrasts,  which  come  from  its 

towers,  cornices,  balconies,  fountain  and 

unique  windows. 
Fig.  31  presents  '*Oak  Knoll,"  the  residence  of  the  late  R, 

Woodward,     situated      in      the     midst     of    grand    old     oaks, 

the  Napa  val- 
ley,    a    few 

miles  north 

from     San 

Francisco, 

California. 

Its  owner  was 

the  founder  of 

the  celebrated 

Woodward 

gardens  in  San 

Francisco,  and 

the  taste  there 

d  i  splayed 

would    clearly 

indicate  the 

ability  to  make 

a  b  e  a  u  t  i  f  u  1 

home    on    the 

most  barren  of 

country  local- 
ity.      In    this 

home    it    will 

be    seen    Mr. 

Woodward 

was    assisted 

by   old    forest 

trees,   supple- 
mented    by 

trees        of 

younger 

growth,  and 

shru  bbery 

jilanted   artis- 
tically.     This 

home,  com- 
prising     near 


From  Croft's  "Progressive  American  Architecture, 
lished  by  Bicknell  &  Comstock,  New  York. 


&»»a 


Fig.  31--Residonce  of  Mr,  II.  1!.  ».m.(I*^. 
At  Napa  Valley,  California;  founder  of  Woodward's  Garden 


originally  a  dreary  waste.  Through  the 
superior  taste  of  the  owner  it  became  a 
paradise  of  beauty. 

Examination  shows  that  in  the  orna- 
mentation of  his  public  and  private 
grounds  Mr.  Woodward  knew  the  full 
pub-  value  of  trees.  The  lesson  is  that  in  the 
growing  of  these  upon  the  lawn,  care 
should  be  exercised  that  contrasts  be  attained.  This  can  be  done  if 
the  grounds  be  sufficiently  large  to  admit  of  a  variety  of  kinds. 

In  their 
setting  about 
the  home  am- 
p  1  e  space 
should  be 
given  the 
evergreen, 
which  is  not 
only  an  orna- 
mental tree  at 
all  times,  but 
especially 
wh  en  frost  s 
have  denuded 
other  trees  of 
their  foliage 
in  the  fall  and 
when  the 
snows  have 
whitened  the 
earth  in  win- 
ter. 

Nearly  all 
the  varieties 
of  evergreens 
will  admit  of 
beingtrimmed 
into  any  de- 
sir  ed  form. 
They  thus 
have  a  double 
value  as  an 
ornamental 
tree,  giving 
as  they  do  re- 
lief  to  the 
lawn,  through 


rd. 

,  San  Francisco.  Ca.1. 


1,400  acres,  much  of  it  bearing  choice  fruit,  is  located  on  what  was   |    varying  tints  of  green,  and  from  variety  of  size,  form  and  foliage. 


7^ 


F  ALL  the  charming 
landscape  views 
which  the  world  has 
to  boast,  none  are 
more  beautiful  than 
some  of  those  found 
in  the  ancestral 
homes  of  Old  Eng- 
land. 

Through  the  law  of 
entailment  large  and 
magnificent  estates 
have  been  kept 
without  division  for 
centuries,  the  result 
being,  as  the  owners 
possessed  abundant 
wealth,  the  produc- 
tion of  the  most  perfect  specimens  of  landscape  gardening  of  which 
the  world  knows.  In  these  old  homes  are  fores-ts  that  have  been 
growing  fur  hundreds  of  years,  just  such  as  can  only  be  produced  in 
the  lapse  of  many  generations  under  one  management.  Here  are 
lawns  wearing  such  a  green  as  can  only  be  attained  in  such  a  moist 
atmosphere  as  England  knows,  and  here  are  great  mansions  filled  with 
articles  of  art  and  adornment,  the  long  accumulations  of  taste,  aided 
by  unliniitcd  wealth. 

In  Fig.  32  is  presented  Trentham  hall,  one  of  the  most  elegant  of 
Britain's  grand  old  country  seats,  the  home  of  the  late  duke  of 
Sutherland,  situated  on  the  Trent. 

This  illustration  is  presented  as  a  specimen  of  the  sublime  in 
landscape  gardening.  Tlie  large  edifice,  the  tower  over  n  hundred 
feet  in  height,  from  which  may  be  seen  broad  carriage-ways;  exlen- 
Bive  conservatories,  evergreen  bowers,  large  flower-garden.s,  broad 
lawns,  and  the  distant  hill-tops  crowned  with  dark-green  forests — all 
convey  an  idea  of  greatness.  The  extent  and  magnificence  of  the 
scene  is  best  e,\prcssed  in  the  word  imANii. 


Fig.  33--Fountaiu  Scene,  Central  Park,  >.  Y. 


ren  waste  of  land  in  the  ui)per  part  of  Manhattan  island,  now  known 
as  the  New  York  Central  park,  a  few  sketches  of  which  arc  presented. 
Through  the  hand  of  taste,  the  roughest  and  most  forbidding  pur 
tions  of  this  land  have  become  the  most  attractive.  To  accoinplifih 
this  it  is  true  much  money  has  been  expended  in  certain  portions  of 
the  park.  An  evidence  of  elaborate  expenditure  is  shown  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  grand  fountain.  Fig.  33,  which  presents  a  display 
of  the  artistic,  combined  with  grand  effect,  that  is  nowhere  sur- 
passed tMi  the  American  ctiiiliiuiil. 


-vc);^ 


BEAUTIFUL  AND  EXPENSIVE  HOMES. 


551 


V 


Results  of  Wealth. 

■  ■  J^IG.  34  siiuws  iiiiutbcr  beautiful 

:;'  AiiiL'ricfin  honie,  with  Man- 
sard-roof and  tower,  taken 
by  permission  of  Messrs.  BickncU 
*.t  Comstock,  publishers,  Xew  York, 
from  Croffs  "■  Progressive  American 
Arcliitecture.  ■'  A  low  fence,  wliich 
is  little  more  than  a  coping,  deter- 
mines the  outer  edge  of  the  lot. 
Tlie  curving  walks,  arching  win- 
dows, and  graceful  fountain  satisfy  the  desire  for  curves.  The 
principles  of  contrast  and  proportion  are  here  also  finely  shown. 

As  the  best  appropriately  comes  at  the  close  of  the  feast  or  the 
entertain- 
ment, so 
the  elabo- 
rate home 
shown  in 
Fig.  35, 
c o m e s  at 
the  close 
of  this 
chapter. 
This  rep- 
resents the 
residence 
of  Mr.  J. 
C.  Flood, 
the  San 
Francisco 
m  i  11  i  on- 
airc,  which 
Is  eligibly 
8  i  t  u  a  t  ed 
at  Menlo- 
Park,  Cal- 
ifornia, a 
beauti  ful 
s  u  b  u  r  li 
twenty 
miles  from  . 
San  Fran- 
cisco. The 
work  upon 
this  edifice 
occupied 


■Vti 


elements  that  make  the  beautiful  in 
architecture  and  landscape  garden- 
ing, as  shown  in  its  curves,  its  har- 
monious proportions,  its  bold  reliefs, 
and  its  greatness  and  grandeur, 
wliich  make  the  sublime. 

While  in  this  chapter  have  been 
shown  mostly  expensive  dwellings, 
as  illustrative  of  those  which  con- 
stitute the  charming,  the  aim  has 
been  to  show  princi})les  in  such  a  manner  as  will  teach  the  poorest  to 
surround  themselves  with  adornment  that  will  make  their  homes, 
however  humble,   the  abodes  of  beauty.      Amid  such   surroundings 


Fig.  35"Residence  of  Mr.  James  C.  Flood, 

At  Menio  Park,  California.     Augustus  Lever,  Architect,  San  Francisco. 


may  the 
c  h  i  hi  r  e  n 
of  coming 
genera- 
tions be 
born. 

The 
study  of  ar- 
chitecture, 
and  of  the 
embellish- 
ment of 
public  and 
p  r  i  \'  a  t  e 
buildings, 
is  one  of 
the  most 
interesting 
that  can 
occupy  the 
I  o  ^'  e  r  of 
the  beau- 
tiful in  art 
and  nalu  re- 
in it  are 
developed 
the  richest 
g  i  f t  8  of 
genius, 
delighting 
the  senses 
and  filling 
the     mind 


several  years,  and  the  cost  of  the  residence,  complete,  was  not  far 
from  $1,000,000.  It  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  very  finest  dwellings 
ever  desiirned  and  erected   in  America.      In  it  are  combined  all  the 


with  the  sublimest  thoughts,  and  affording  a  wide  scope  for  the 
imagination  in  the  creation  of  the  noblest  forms,  the  ornamentation 
of  waste  places,  and  the  decoration  of  the  humblest  abode. 


^<): 


h 


t\¥i^  sweetest 
"«^  of  the 
recol  lections 
are  the  scenes 
of  chiklhood,  if 
the  home  of  our 
tender  years  was 
m a  d  e  happy  b  y 
kind  parents  and  pleas- 
No 
matter  if  that  home  was 
rv  humble;  no  matter  if 
;  occupants  bad  (inly  the 
rest  necessities  of  life; 
matter  if  it  was  ever  so 
cheaply  and  scantily  fu 
liitle  that  there  was  of  the  picture 
the  ornament  on  the  mantel  or  tlie 
flower  by  the  ])atliway,  comes  back  in  memory  to 
make  pleasant  tlic  recollection  of  tliat  (hildlidod 

llnllic. 

Was  the  Imiiic  very  heautitul  '.  'i'lien  doubly 
drar  is  tlic  tlHiu;^lit  nf  tlic  sunny  hours  that  we 
sjient  there  when  a  child,  by  our  mother's  side. 
In  the  alter-vears  we  encounter,  ])ossihly.  much 


nished.  tin 
on  the  wal 


temptation  and  have  much  sorrow,  but  the  hal- 
lowed influence  of  the  happy,  beautiful  home 
which  we  knew  when  a  child,  is  ever  a  shield 
and  pirotection  from  evil. 

The  sunny  spots  of  childhood  make  the  sunny 
places  of  memory,  and  the  parent  who  lives  in 
the  aft'ection  of  the  child  made  the  home  of 
childhood  happy. 

AVe  plead  for  no  laxness  of  government  on 
the  part  of  the  parent.  The  child  should  ol)ey 
and  be  taught  duty.  It  can  be  obedient  and  do 
the  right  and  love  the  guardian  all  the  better,  if 
the  discipline  be  wise.  And  doubly  dear  is  the 
remembrance  to  us  in  later  years,  if  to  a  wise 
training  in  childhood  were  added  attractive  and 
charming  surroundings. 

The  poet  has  very  beautifully  said: 

«TI(^lfAKK  YC)rU  liuitio  benutiful—g'a.ther  the  roses 
o\?lwl        Thiit  lioaiii  lip  tho  Minshine  with  exquisite  art; 

7j[r    PorcliaiKJC  tlirv  iikiv  pom-,  as  your  dread  darkneap  closes, 
O         That  soft  Mii'niiiii"  sunshine  down  into  your  huartt 
If  you  can  d"  so,  O!  make  it  an  Eden 

Of  l)eiuitv  and  pladness,   remember  'tis  wise; 
'Twill  ti'iic'h  you  to  loim  fur  that  home  you  are  needing, 
That  lieaven  ol  beiiuty  beyond  tlie  blue  skies. 

.»■••• 

Make  home  a  hi%-e.  where  all  beautiful  feelinps 

(.'I'l^trr  like  bees,  aiul  their  h«>ney-<lew  liring; 
Make  it  a  tempb-  of  holy  reveiilin^'s. 

And  love  its  brit'ht  an^cel  with   "shadowy  winjr." 
Thin  shall  it  be.  when  afar  on  life's  hiUow, 

Wherever  vour  tenipest-tossed  children  are  lluntr. 
They  will  loiijf  for  the  shades  of  the  home  weepink'-wlllow. 

And  sinj;  the  sweet  sonp  which  their  mother  harl  sunff. 


? 


HOME    ADORNMENT. 


553 


:^M^^^< 


Fundamental  Principles  of  Beauty, 


.^^^''•.^'^•^^.j''*^'>'^^>^''^j^^fSj^j^^j^^j-^/^^'^''^-^^'^\^-'^-y,^--<.^-^^--\^-^^ 


Relative  to  Household  Ornamentation. 


^^^^ 


EHE  are  n  frw  principles  relating  to  the 
beautiful  that  should  be  understood  and 
applied  in 
the  decora- 
tion of  tlie 
interior  of 
the   home. 

^Contrast. 

The  tirst 
of  these 
is  denom- 
inated the 
I>rinciple 
of  contrast. 
It  is  the 

so    arranging   of    anything    as   to   give 

relief    and  break  the  monotony  of  ap- 
pearance.    Thus  a  picture  on  the  bare 

wall  will  add  beauty,  not  only  by  being 

of  itself  an  attraction,  but  it  will  break 

the   sameness  of  appearance  which  the 

plain  wall  presents. 

In  like  manner  the  window  is  relieved 

by  a  lambrequin,  the  mantel  by  suitable 

ornaments,  the  ceiling  by  handsome  fres- 
coes, and  the  room  by  various  kinds  of 

furniture. 

Not  ouly  is  an  interior  thus   relieved 

by  pictures,  ornaments,  and    furniture, 

but  these  in  turn  of  themselves  are  made 

beautiful  by  an  interblending  of  colors, 

carving,  or  relief-work  of  any  kind  that 

will  t:ive  variety  in  appearance. 
Fig".  1,  shown  on  this  page,  represents 

a  screen  made   to  shade  the  glow  from 

the   eyes  when    sitting    in    front  of  a 

brilliant  light.    A  study  of  this  will  show 

a  sutttcient   variety  to   please  the  eye, 

not    only  by  the    light   and   shade,  but 

also  in   the  relief  work  on  the  corners, 

the  work  upon  the  dark  background,  and 

elsewhere. 

Ciirved  Lines. 

Another  important  principle  is  that  of 
the  curved  line.  Nature  in  all  her 
works  very  seldom,  if  ever,  makes  a  straight  line.  Observe  the  tree, 
the  shrub,  the  leaf,  the  blossom:  there  are  no  straight  lines.  All 
these  objects  are  formed  of  the  curved  line.  This  principle  is 
illustrated  also  in  Fig.  1.     The  outer  frame-work  of  the   screen  is 


Fig.   l---IJ^ht-Sireen. 


made  of  cane,  gracefully  curved,  as  are  also  the  stand,  the  eupportB, 
and  the  bird  in  the  center  of  the  screen. 

Proportion. 

The  third  principle  relates  to  balance, 
and  may  properly  be  best  described  as 
harmonious  proportion.  It  is  well 
illustrated  in  the  human  countenance. 
Taking  the  nose  as  a  center,  the  eyes 
should  each  be  of  the  same  size,  of  the 
same  color,  and  eqnally  distant  from 
the  nose  and  ears.  Again,  as  the  head 
is  higher  than  the  shoulders,  so  the 
center  of  any  article  of  furniture  should 
be  the  tallest  and  generally  the  largest. 
Thus,  of  three  pictures,  the  largest  of 
the  three  should  hang  in  the  center,  and 
should  be  a  little  the  highest  and  the 
most  conspicuous.  The  center  of  any 
object  as  a  rule  should  be  its  highest 
point,  and  the  parts  extending  each  way 
from  the  center  should  be  of  equal 
height  and  size.  The  perfect  applica- 
tion of  this  rule  will  bring  the  center  of 
gravity  of  any  object  in  its  center, 
and  thus  it  will  be  self-supporting  and, 
consequently,  will  be  well  proportioned 
in  appearance.  Thus,  as  nature  pre- 
sents a  tree  with  its  highest  point  in  its 
center,  an  equal  amount  of  foliage  and 
branches  being  upon  each  side,  so  the 
architect  of  the  public  edifice  will  make 
the  center  the  highest  point  of  his 
building,  while  the  wings  are  lower  and 
of  equal  size  and  height,  if  the  edifice 
is  handsomely  proportioned.  In  the 
making  of  all  objects  of  use  and  adorn- 
ment, this  principle  must  be  understood 
if  we  desire  to  make  the  object  beau- 
tiful. 

In  Fig.  1  this  principle  is  applied. 
The  center  is  the  tallest;  the  corners  are 
equally  distant  from  the  center,  and 
are  equally  high,  while  the  foundation 
is  sufficiently  broad  to  support  thOT 
which  is  above.     Examination  will  show 

that  it  is  perfectly  balanced. 

The  ornaments  which  are  presented  in  thischapterare  all  made  with 

reference  to  the  principles  of  relief  and  contrast,  curved  lines,  and 

suitable  proportion. 


QX' — 


t- 


554 


WINDOW    ORNAMENTATION. 


I 


There  are  certain  other  principles  relative  to  parallel  lines,  harmony 
of  color,  etc.,  which  should  be  applied. 

Thelight-screcn  rep- 
resented in  Fig.  1  has 
for  a  foundation  a  piece 
of  solid,  heavy  wood. 
round  and  black.  From 
this  rises  a  support 
made  of  large  wire, 
gracefully  curved, 
though  cane,  being  the 
lightest,  is  the  most 
desirable.  The  frame  - 
work  being  made,  an> 
dark-colered  cloth, 
eight  or  ten  inchts 
square,  will  form  the 
groundwork  upon 
which  is  laid  any 
pattern  which  !s  desirable  as  an  omament.  The  edges  of  the 
pattern  may  be  then  worked  in  fine  stitching.  The  screen  is 
fastened  to  the  frame  by  stitches  as 
shown  in  the  figure,  and  tassels  may 
be  hung  according  to  taste. 

Lambrequins. 

In  no  portion  nf  the  interior  of  the 
house  is  there  a  better  opportunity 
for  ornamentation  than  around  the 
windows.  A  window  is  immediately 
relieved  by  the  hanging  of  a  curtain, 
and  it  is  much  handsomer  if  the  cur- 
tain has  a  head-piece  at  the  top  to 
give  relief.  If  the  housewife  is  desir- 
ous of  ornamenting  the  window,  she 
can  do  so  very  cheaply  by  simply 
stretching  a  piece  of  wall-paper  across 
the  top  of  the  curtain.  A  very  pretty 
effect  is  bad  by  the  capping  of  a  win- 
dow with  paper  border,  having  a  tissue 
fly  paper  suspended  eight  or  ten  inches 
beneath.  In  bedrooms,  where  economy 
is  to  be  consulted  and  some  relief  is 
desired  about  the  windows,  paper  lam- 
brequins thus  will  serve  the  purpose 
very  well. 

Supposing,  however,  that  the  reader 
desires  something  more  ornate,  the 
pattern  Fig".  2  is  presented.  This  is 
made  of  terry,  of  such  color  as  the 
maker  may  desire,  and  embroidered 
by  a  braid  of  some  contrasting  color, 
beneath  which,  at  the  edge  of  the 
cloth,  is  attached  a  muslin  fringe.  The 
cornice  to  which  the  lambrequin  is 
attached  in  this  is  quite  elaborately 
carved. 

A  cheaper  coniice,  and  one  that  will 
be  handsome,  can  be  made  of  picture- 
frame  mouldings.  As  this  cornice 
should  always  set  out  from  the  wall 
some  Hix  inches,  in  order  to  allow  cur- 
tains to  hang  free  from  the  windows, 
it  will  be  necessary  to  turn  the  corner 
of  the  cornice  by  mitering. 

A  very  handj-ome  cornice   is  made   by  placing  on  a  smooth  tmiird 


Fie:.  ----Lambrequin  for  Window. 


Kl^.  :t---Lamhreiiuin  lor  Winding  uith  liace  Curtnins. 


wooden  ornaments,  such  as  may  be  obtained  at  the  furniture  stores, 
in  any  pattern  that  may  be  desired.       The  board   should   be  t-'ix  or 

eight  inches  in  width, 
thus  being  wide  enough 
to  admit  some  narrow 
gilt  moulding  on  its 
lower  edge,  or  else- 
where. A  board  thus 
trimmed  with  orna- 
ments and  handsomely 
painted  in  different 
colors  is  very  beautiful. 
Such  a  cornice  is 
shown  in  Fig.  3,  a 
board  being  cut  in 
curves,  furniture  orna- 
ments attached,  then 
painted,  and  a  bright 
cord  stretched  on  the 
lower  edge  of  the  board.  Suspended  to  this  is  a  very  easily-made 
lambrequin  of  terry,  trimmed  with  braid,  tassels  hanging  from  the 
points.  The  graceful  sweep  of  the 
lace  curtains  beneath  is  finely  shown 
when  looped  back  with  curtain  tie*^, 
from  which  are  dropped  tassels  cor- 
responding in  color  with  the  lambre- 
quin. The  window  stand,  if  uphol- 
stered, should  be  supplied  with  a 
material  similar  in  color  to  the 
lambrequin  and  the  general  furniture 
of  the  room.  The  drapery  suspended 
beneath  may  be  ornamented  in  a  style 
to  suit  the  taste. 

Windows. 

Windows  should  be  as  large  as  it  is 
possible  to  conveniently  make  them. 
In  the  earlier  history  of  the  world, 
when  glass  was  a  rarity  and  a  very 
expensive  article  to  purchase,  there 
was  excuse  for  the  small  window.  In 
modern  times,  however,  when  glass 
has  become  so  cheapened  in  price  as  to 
be  within  the  reach  of  all,  there  is  no 
longer  necessity  for  withholding  the 
light  from  entering  our  homes. 

The  window  opening  should  not  only 
be  large  in  order  to  allow  sunlight  and 
air  to  enter  the  dwelling,  but  it  should, 
if  beauty  is  to  be  regarded,  be  supplied 
with  large  glass. 

If  it  is  possible  for  the  owner  of  th<- 
home  to  afford  the  expense,  a  clear, 
transparent  plate-glass,  set  in  sashes 
ttiat  are  raised  with  the  aid  of  weights, 
should  be  used.  Especially  is  this 
glass  desirable  for  those  windows  in 
tbe  front  portions  of  the  house,  near 
which  the  family  frequently  sit. 
While  small  panes  of  glass  give  a 
cheap  appearance  to  the  window,  so  a 
large  pane  gives  a  corresi>ouding  im- 
proved appearance.  A  model  window 
may,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  that 
which  is  large,  long,  low,  and  has  but  two  panes.  The  sash  outside 
sbould   l)e  painted  dark  to  correspond  in  color  with  thai  of  the  glass. 


f 


WINDOW    DECORATION.       COLORS   THAT    HAKMONIZE. 


555 


Figs.  4  and  6  prcucnt  drnpery  especially  suitable  for  a  doorway 
which   it  may  hL-  Himictinics  (Ifwiniblc  to  curtain.      In  tlic  ont;  the 

hinibreqniii  is 
^  11  8  pend  e  d 
from  a  roller. 
—  These  maybe 
trimmed  ae- 
rordiny  to  the 
fjiney  of  the 
maker  with 
liraid,  fringe, 
tassels,  etc. 

Fig.  6  rep- 
resents a  lam- 
brequin made 
from        two 
boards  as  long 
as    the    window    is 
wide,  sawed  in  curves. 
These  are  fastened  some 
eight  inches  apart,    and 
to    the    upper    one    at- 
tached   furniture   orna- 
ments.     This  is  easily 
covered  by  striped  reps, 
to  which  may  be  fastened 
on  the  lower  edge  fringe 
and  two  tassels,  as   shown  in 
the  engraving. 
Colors. 


The  ob- 
ject 

two  or 
more  dif- 
f  e  r  e  n  t 
tints     on 

cloth  is  to  obtain  rrlief  by  vari 
e  t  y,  and  -eafOoo^ 
yet  the 
t\\ot.hades 
)  u  g  h  t, 
in  contrast 
■-  h  o  u  1  d 
harmo- 
nize, else 
the  beauty 
of  each 
will  be 
lessened. 
That  the 
reader  may  understand  the  colors  that 
will  contrast  and  yut  blend,  the  follow- 
ing list  of  harmonizing  colors  is  given : 
Blue  and  gold;  blue  and  orange; 
blue  and  salmon  color;  blue  and  drab; 
blue  and  stone  color;  blue  and  white; 
blue  and  gray;  blue  and  straw  color: 
blue  and  maize;  blue  and  chestnut; 
blue  and  brown;  blue  and  blaoJc;  blue 
and  white;  blue,  brown,  crimson  and 
gold. 

Black  and  white;  black  and  orange: 
black  and  maize;  black  and  scarlet;  black  and  lilac;  black  and  pink 
black  and  slate  color:  black  and  buff;  black,  white,  yellow  and  crim 


DECORATION 


Fig.  4--L.iml)reqiini  sus- 
pended from  a  Uullcr. 


son;  black,  orange,  blue  and  yellow. 

6'rim«0fi.  and  gold ;  crimson  and  orange;  crimfion  and  maize;  crim- 
pon  and  purple; 
crimson  and  black; 
crimson  and  drab. 
Green  and  gold ; 
green  and  yellow; 
green  and  orange; 
green  and  crim- 
son; green,  crim- 
son, and  yellow ; 
gri-en,  scarlet  and 
yellow. 

Lilac  and  gold; 
lilac    and    maize; 
lilac    and    cherry; 
lilac    and   scarlet; 
lilac  and  crimson; 
scarlet,  white  and  black; 
lilac,  gold  and  chestnut; 
lilac,  yellow,  scarlet  and 
white. 

Orange  and  chestnut; 
orange     and     brown; 
orange,  lilac  and  crimson ; 
orange,    red    and   green; 
orange,  blue  and  crimson ; 
orange,    purple    and    scarlet; 
orange,    blue,    scarlet,    green 
and  white. 
Purple 
and  gold ; 
purpleand 
o  r  a  n  g  L* . 
purpleand 
maize; 
purple,  scarlet  and  gold  col- 

■OO-O-O^; 

pie,  white 
and  scar 
let;  pur 
pie,  blue, 
orange, 
and  scar 
let;    pur- 
ple, scar- 
let, blue, 
y  e  1  1  o  \\' 
and  black. 
lied  and 
gold;  red, 
white    or 
gray; red, 

green  and  orange;  red,  black  and  yel- 
low; red,  yellow,  black  and  white. 

Scarlet  and  purple;  scarlet  and 
orange;  scarlet  and  blue;  scarlet  and 
slate  color;  scarlet,  black  and  white; 
scarlet,  white  and  blue;  scarlet,  gray 
and  blue;  scarlet,  yellow  and  blue; 
scarlet,  blue,  yellow  and  black. 

Telloiv  and  red;  yellow  and  brown; 
yellow  and  chestnut;  yellow  and 
violet;  yellow  and  blue;  yellow  and  purple:  yellow  and  crimson: 
yellow  and  black;  yellow,  purple  and  crimson:  yellow  and  scarlet. 


i  — - -  ^ 

l-jJ  Windows  and  Passage-WaysJ 


Fitr.  5-Lanibn'i|uin  Heavily 
Embroidered  with  Lace 
Attached. 


k 


■:(>^ 


556 


LAMBREQUINS    AND    WINDOW    CURTAINS. 


terry  or  rep,  and  beneath  these 
as    shown   in    the    cncraving- 


Fig.  7  shows  a  lambrequin  attached  to  a  plain  board,  the  cloth 
being  made  of  terry  or  a  cheaper  goods  of  one  color.  There  are  three 
divisions  in  front,  each 
dropping  from  fifteen 
to  twenty  inches,  and 
sides  that  are  consid- 
erably longer.  These- 
are  bordered  with  ball 
fringe.  Box  plaits  give 
relief,  as  do  the  em- 
broidery, the  cords 
stretched  across  the 
upper  part  and  the 
ruffling  on  the  top. 

Fiff.  8  shows  an 
ornamental  cornice, 
easily  made  from  a 
board  cut  curving,  to 
which  may  be  attached 

furniture  ornaments,  the  whole  painted  in   fancy  colors.      To  this    |    cords  and  tassels  will  always  add 




Lambre(|nin  Trimmed  witli  Ball  Friug-e. 


is  a  handsomely  embroidered  lace, 
The  window-stand  in  this  is  uphol- 
stered, while  a  flower 
vase  gives  relief  in 
I  lie  center. 

Fig.  9  is  a  heavily- 
draped  curtain  —  ton 
lieavy,  it  will  be  seen, 
fur  a  window,  as  it 
would  obscure  ligbt, 
but  is  suitable  for  a 
door-way  or  recess  sel- 
dom used.  The  upper 
portion  shows  a  beauti- 
ful design  for  a  lam- 
brequin. 

In  Fig.  9  are  seen 
several  tassels.  The 
suitable  arrangement  of 
to  the  beauty  of  window  adornment, 


ia  fiu.'-jjended  a  deep  fringe.      The    side  rurluiiiH    are   miide   nf  rich    |    whelher  lieiuy  curtains  be  used,  or  those  simply  made  of  lace, 


L 


CUETAIN   OENAMENTATION. 


557 


'■■■■■■■■' 


'■■■■■■■■■■ 


-> — l-w- 


.^=lS.'5C®l^j:'St::5»-... 


r  HEAVY  CURTAIN  DRAPERIES  FOR  WINDOWS  AND  DOOR-WAYS.  ^i 


-*^^..,' 


Fig.  10  fX'hibits  a  hisihly  ornamented  curtiiin  for  u  door-way.      This 
is  lUfidt;  of  any  dark  luuterial  cor^e^^pondinJ;  with   the   ^t-in-ral  color 


of  the  furniture  in  the  room.  The  edge  of  the  curtain  U  much  lighter 
and  is  heavily  embroidered.  It  is  relieved  with  heavy  cord,  the  tas- 
sels corresponding  in  size  with  the  cord. 

In  Fig,  11  is  a  window-hanging  much  more  plain  than  some  others 
shown.  The  cornice  is  made  of  plain  picture-frame  moulding,  the 
lambrequin  is  easily  finished  with  a  band,  and  the  outer  curtains  are 
trimmed  with  a  large  cord.  Lace  curtains  are  beneath,  while  a  plain, 
white  dimity  hangs  next  the  window. 


Various  Furnishings. 
There  are  certain  ntonis  in  the  houHe  that  have  only  white  wall)*  and 


-^-i-*-!-«- 


"""""r 


Fi^.  ll--Liiml)rei|uiii  with  Plain  Comioe. 


white  ceilings.     Very  much  relief  can  be  given  such  a  room  by  a 
wall-paper  border  at  the  top  of  the  sides  of  the  room. 

Always  useful  and  very  easily  constructed  are  brackets,  which  may 
be  made  to  rest  in  the  corners  of  the  room  or  on  the  sides.  Their 
construction  is  very  simple,  consisting  as  they  do  of  a  back,  a  shelf, 
and  a  support  for  the  shelf.  With  an  aperture  in  the  back,  they  can 
easily  he  hung  to  a  nail  or  hook,  and,  when  handsomely  covered  with 
ladies'  fancy-work,  they  at  once  become  ornamental. 


— <)■ 


^^ 


ooJ: 


HOW  BEDS  MAY  BE  ORNAMENTED  BY  CANOPIES  ABOVE  THEM. 


A  very  elegant  method  of  ornamenting  a  room  is  by  a  canopy  over 
the  bed.  An  elaborate  and  beautiful  design  for  this  purpose  is  shown 
in  Fig.  12.  To  make  this  a  thin  board-platform  as  long  as  the  bed- 
stead is  wide,  and  extending  over  the  head  of  the  bed  some  three 
feet,  should  be  ^q  qq 
fastened  six  or  9 
more  feet  above 
the  bed  by  iron 
braces  extend- 
ing up  the  out- 
side of  the 
headboard. 
This  board  may 
be  cut  curving 
in  any  desired 
pattern.  To 
the  edge  of  this 
can  be  fastened 
an  ornamental 
band  which  may 
be  made  of  cloth 
and  beautified 
as  taste  may 
dictate.  Be- 
neath this  cor- 
nice will  sus- 
pend a  drapery 
similar  to  a  lam- 
brequin, made 
of  rep  goods, 
corresponding 
in   color  to  the 

window  lambrequins  and  general  furnishing  of  the  room.  There 
is  abundant  opportunity  offered  here  for  display  in  taste,  as  shown  in 
the  illustration.  Beneath  will  hang  a 
lace  curtain  which  may  serve  the  pur- 
pose of  mosquito-netting,  should  it  be 
desired. 

Fig.     13      shows     a     bedstead     with 


canopy,   and  clearly  demonstrates    how 
thi^i  furniwhini;;  improves  a  room. 
Carpets. 
The  selection  of  a  carpet  is  an  impor- 
tant matter.     Nature  teaches  a  lesson  in 
Its  selection.       At  the    most    delightful 
season  of  the  year  nature  robes  hernelf  In  green.     Later  in  the  year 
come  the  autumn  tints  and  the  brown,  which   merge   Ijito  the  white 


of  winter.  As  a  cleanly  shaven,  bright,  green  lawn,  occasionally 
relieved  by  shrub  and  blossom,  is  the  most  beautiful  carpet  nature 
wears,  so  the  carpet  in  the  room,  bearing  a  goodly  amount  of  green, 
with  blossoms  for  relief,  is  sure  to  give  satisfaction. 

.o^^e^  As  nature 
never  presents 
a  straight  line, 
so  the  carpet  is 
in  best  taste 
that  has  no  set 
figures  and  no 
straight  lines. 
As  the  lawn  is 
handsomestthat 
does  not  have 
too  great  an 
abundance  of 
shrubbery  and 
flowers,  so  the 
carpet  is  most 
beautiful  that  is 
not  too  much 
crowded  with 
figures. 

As  a  dark 
carpet  and  a 
dark  paper  on 
the  walls  will 
cause  the  room 
to  look  smaller, 
so  light  carpets 
and  walls  en- 
large the  appearance  of  the  room. 

Care  must  be  exercised  iu  the  purchase  of  rugs,  mats,  hassocks, 
etc.,  that  they  harmonize  in  lints  with 
the  color  of  the  carpet.  The  placing  of 
a  bright  rug  on  a  carpet  of  quiet  color 
will  often  injure  its  appearance.  The 
smaller  the  room  the  smaller  should  be 


'l^O'OOO' 


the  figure  in  the  carpet. 

Monograms. 

It  ifl  nonu'liines  detiirable  to  work  u 
monogram,  consisting  of  two  or  three 
letters,  upon  the  canopy  or  other  fur- 
nishings in  the  house.     As  a  rule  they 

look  best  when  worked  in  gold  or  light-colored  silk   upon  a  dark 

background.      See  designs  upon  this  page. 


i>o  o  O^ 


(j. 


? 


SUGGESTIONS    KKI.ATINCi    TO    ORNAMENTATION.       HEALTH    AND    COMFORT. 


559 


Fii.'.  14--Straieht-Baokecl  riiair. 


HEALTH  AND  COMFORT. 


Fie.  1(>--Cliair  lyith  (urved  Lcifs. 


.\n  important  acci-'ssorv  in  tin.'  l)fantifyin;,'  of  a  room  are  orna- 
mental chairs,  a  few  desiinis  of  which  are  given.  For  the  frame-work 
and  general  upholstery  it  may  be  best  to  depend  upon  the  furnitnre- 
dealer.  Extra  ornamentation  may  be  easily  added,  as  is  shown  in  the 
back  and  seat  of  Fig.  14.  The  ornamental  band  improves  the  back 
and  seat  of  Fig.  15.  The  embroidery-work  in  Fig.  16  should  be 
made  on  the  cloth  before  the  chair  is  covered.     The  same  is  true  of 

Fig.    17.       The 
camp-chair,  Fig. 


In  the  placing  of  fiiriiitiire,  in  the  hanging  of  lamlirequins, 
curtains,  canopies,  etc.,  care  should  he  observed  that  a  free 
circulation  of  air  through  a  room  is  not  impeded.  Windows  should 
be  so  constructed  that  both  the  upper  and  lower  sashes  can  be 
easily  raised  and  lowered.  If  the  weather  is  extremely  warm  and  it 
is  desired  to  keep  the  air  cool  in-doors,  the  windows  may  be  opened 
at  night  and  in  the  early  morning  to  admit  of  cool  air,  and  through- 
out the  remain- 
der  of   the   day 


BASKET    ORNAMENTATION. 


Fig.  20  shows  a  waste-paper 
basket,  always  necessary  beside 
tbe     writing-table.      This     is 
easily   made    from   wires    ob- 
tained at  the  hardware  stores. 
It  can  also  be  made  of  a  few 
straight  pieces  of  wood,  sixteen 
or  eighteen  inches  high,  fast- 
ened    together     with     barrel- 
hoops.    Wicker-baskets  can  be 
bought  at  the  stores  likewise. 
Any  of  these  can  be  trimmed 
in   the   style   shown    herewith 
very    handsomely   with    cords 
and  tassels. 
Fig.  21  represents  a  basket 
for  the  reception  of  soiled  clothing, 
made  of  a  circular  piece  of  board,  for  the 
bottom  twelve  or  more  inches  in  diameter, 
and    another   circular   piece   eighteen   or 
twenty  inches,  which  will  serve  for  the 
cover.       Both    may  be    made    larger,    if 
necessary.       The   bottom   is   fastened   in 
place  by  four  strong  wires,  which  may  be 
bent,  as  shown  in  the  illustration.      The 
upper  part  of  the  standards  may  be  fa^^t- 
ened  by  a  circular  wire  or  barrel -hoop. 
Inside  of  this,  and  resting  on  the  bottom, 
will  be  the  basket,  made  of  strong  paste- 
board, lined  with  enameled  cloth.      The 
cover  may  be  fastened  by  wire  at  the  top 
of  the  basket.      On   the  cover  should  be  a 
handle,  and  the  cover  may  be  handsomely 
upholstered.     The  wire-supports  can  be 
covered,  making  handles  as  shown  in  the 
engraving,   while   an  ornamental   draping 
may  hang  upon  the    sides  which  can  be 
highly  ornamented,  the  wire-work  being 
imintcd  or  bronzed. 

Fig.  22  displays  a  lady's  work-basket, 
ihe  frame-work  of  which  can  be  made  of 
any  material  that  will  bend  easily,  such 
as  wire  or  cane.  Three  circular  pieces  of 
tjoard  are  necessary;  one  for  the  bottom, 
one  for  the  lower  part  of  the  basket,  and 
one  for  the  cover.  Such  baskets  are  for 
sale  in  plain  wicker-work,  which  can  be 
liandsomoly  ornamented,  as  shown  in  Ihe 
illustration. 

Fig.  23  sliowa  a  work-stand  having  a 
central  stan<lard  supported  by  three  feet, 
of  dark-colored  wood.  The  pockets  are 
Tuade  of  strong  pasteboard,  over  which  is 
a  clolh-eanvas,    nuilable  for   embroidery- 


-^'F 


7^ 


KEsTs  I'OR  TiiK  I'"i-:i-:t. 


.v;i 


111     W%     ■■     11     ■■     ■■  TT 


Kiu'.  •i4--Kn.ilst(ml. 

■■     ■■     ■■     ■■     Kl     ■■-T 


.'>.-F()«flslni.l, 


"Tr= 


work,  upon  which  any  kind  of  ornamentation  may  be  made  that  is 
desired.  The  four  pockets  in  the  illustration  are  fastened  at  the  top 
with  a  ribbon.  The  inside  of  the  pockets  may  be  lined  with  any  fancy 
paper,    and    the  upper 


)-«-»i,fi-ii^ii-»i 


»->■     ■■.    11      ■1-»1^1B-1«^I»-1 


aaoEj^ 


the     footstool.      They 


and  lower  edges  are 
finished  with  a  ruching 
of  pink  satin,  while  an 
occasional  bow  of  rib- 
bon makes  a  pretty  finish. 

A  very  useful  piece  of  furniture 
should  be  found  to  the  number 
of  one  or  two  in  all  the  best 
furnished  rooms  of  the  house. 
They  are  not  only  useful  and 
ornamental,  but  they  are  very 
easily  and  cheaply  made.  The 
most  common  box  about  the 
house,  twelve  inches  square,  can 
be  converted  into  an  article  of 
beauty  at  a  very  slight  expense, 
as  old  pieces  of  carpet,  trimmings 
of  dresses,  fringes,  buttons, 
cords,  tassels,  braids,  ribbons, 
etc.,  can  be  used  in  the  making 
of  footstools. 

While  the  foundation  of  the 
stool  may  be  square,  a  circular 
bos  does  equally  well.  A  small 
cheese-box  serves  the  purpose 
finely,  as  do  peck  and  half-bushel  measures,  having  the  box  packed 
tightly  with  moss,   feiitbcrs,  hair  or  cotton.      Even  fine  bay  or  husks 


CUSHIONS  AND  FOOTSTOOLS 

How  to  Ui'iB  Them  Cheaply  and  How  to  Ornament  Them. 


<M 


would  do  in  case  no  better  material  is  at  hand. 

Fig".  24  is  a  footstool  made  of  a  cir'^nlar  bos,  stuffed  with  moss, 
which  is  fastened  in  place  by  ticking.      This  is  covered  with  any  dis- 
carded  strong  cloth  of 
(lark  color,  which  may 
'  W^^^^^^^^^^  have  done  service  in  a 

l^i^^'^  dress      or     otherwise. 

■w-^.^-w|^  •'/'■v'  This  is  fastened  upon 

the  edge  of  the  box  at  the  point  that  is  trimmed  with  the  cord,  a  full- 
ness   being   left   below.       Four  triangular   pieces   of    black   velvet, 

trimmed  with  gimp  and  fastened 


together  in  the  center,  covered 
with  looped  cord,  ornament  and 
finish  the  top. 

Fig.  25  is  made  of  black 
velvL't,  broadcloth,  or  any  dark, 
strong  cloth  fastened  over  the 
foundation,  which  has  been  pre- 
viously stuffed.  In  the  black 
cloth  square  openings  are  cut  on 
the  edge,  through  which  project 
puffs,  covered  with  a  lighter 
material.  The  corners  are 
finished  with  buttons,  the  top 
being  ornamented  with  needle- 
work. 

Fig.  26  represents  a  hair  pin- 
cushion, the  foundation  of  which 
may  be  a   collar-box  filled  with 
hair  or  wool,  and   raised  well  in  the  middle.      This  maybe  covered 
with  a  loose  knittin^i;,  ;iiul  over  iliis  may  be  another  rovt-ring  of  kniu 


■1    ■■    ■■    ■■    ■■    ■■    ri    11    n    ■■ 


■  ■    11    11    11    11    ti    ■■    ■■  -rw 


^       ^-^     1^-    ^^-^^^ 


Fij;.  '27--Footstool  toTcred  with  Wool  or  Fur. 


o6 


"^K 


f. 


7  — 


502 


TABLE-Sl'EEAD    AND    WALL-PAPEK    AUOKN.MENT. 


Fie.  an-Sittins-liooiu  Table. 


1 


Fl?.  30-IJffht  KtAiid. 


goods  or  other  material  through  which  pins  will 
pass  easily.  The  illustration  shows  how  ruching 
made  of  ribbon  and  pointed  flannel,  trimmed  in 
ni.'(nlle-work,  may  add  other  ornamentation. 

Fig".  27  presents  another  footstool,  on  the  sides 
nf  which  hang  a  heavy  fringe,  while  the  top  is 
c()vered  with  wool,  cat,  dog,  or  squirrel  skin. 

Fig.  28  displays  a  footstool  made  in  the  shape 
of  a  pillow,  stuffed,  and  ornamented  with  braid, 
gimp,  ruching,  etc.,  as  taste  may  dictate.  Care 
t^honld  be  observed  in  these  to  use  colors  harmo- 
nizing with  the  general  color  of  the  furniture  of 
the  room. 


light  stands,  table-spreads 
grnamentIl  waIl-papers. 


Fig.  29  shows  an  oblong  table,  with  two  drawers 
that  can  be  drawn  without  disturbing  the  cloth, 
which  is  a  matter  of  very  considerable  convenience 
to  the  housekeeper,  who  desires  to  keep  her 
sewing  materials,  pins,  etc.,  in  a  convenient 
place. 

Fig.  30  is  a  light  and  graceful  stand,  which 
may  be  placed  in  the  center  or  corner  of  the  room 
lor  the  accommodation  of  the  feathered  songster. 
The  covering  upon  this  is  a  linen  damask,  with  its 
edges  frayed  out  to  a  fringe,  the  stripes  and 
ornamentation  being  made  of  material  that  will 
not  fade  when  washed.  A  stand  of  this  size  serves 
the  purpose  well  as  a  center  table  for  general  use, 
being  covered  with  a  woolen  cloth. 

Fig.  31  shows  a  section  of  wall -paper  with  top 
border  and  dado  at  the  bottom.  Styles  change  in 
tht'  fasliion  of  ornamenting  a  room,  so  that  no 
definite  rules  can  be  laid  down  for  decoration.  A 
plain,  blank  wall  is  relieved,  however,  first,  by  a 
paper  that  bears  a  tint  different  from  white.  It 
is  further  relieved  by  a  border  on  the  wall  beneath 
the  ceiling,  and  a  border,  known  as  dado,  extend- 
ing upward  from  the  base-board  three  or  four  feet 
from  the  floor.  It  is  yet  more  relieved  and  beau- 
tified if  judicious  colors  and  patterns  are  used 
n\  I  r  tlic  entire  wall. 

Fig.  32  presents  a  mat  luade  for  the  use  of  Ilu- 
dog.  If  a  pet,  the  dog  will  be  in  the  hc)use  more 
or  lcB8.  This  will  be  agreeable  to  the  animal,  and 
lliero  need  be  no  objection  if  the  dog  has  a  special 
place,  which  will  be  soon  learned  and  occupied 
when  such  is  ])rovided.  For  this  purpose  a  quilted 
flannel  may  be  used,  thickly  wadded  and  stitched 


•M'V 


i^- 


¥y/ 


\- 1 


WHICH  UiLJ-'iE  I.'    •■O'.K-f"-? 


)o-'cE 


i/^" 


^^.. 


Iv  e  s  r  . 


I  ii:.   :!I--Unll-I':i|i('i'  OrrLiiniililcd. 


-<)■ 


MAT    AND    FOOT-EUGS. 


oHXj 


?• 


by  the  sewing-machine.     A  woolen  fringe  will  ornament  the  edge, 
untl  a  lining  of  any  i*mooth  material  will  be  Berviceablu  in  moving  it. 

A  very  pretty  and  useful 
ornament  upon  the  floor  is  a 
foot-rug,  which  can  be  made 
of  wa^tc  materials  about  the 
house. 

Fig.  33  shows  a  design 
mjiiU-  by  using  a  substantial 
cluth  of  one  color,  which 
should  be  heavily  lined. 
From  any  bright  woolen 
material  cut  an  eight- 
pointed  star,  as  shown  in  the 
illustration.  This  star  may 
be  fastened  in  place  by 
needle  -  work  and  haud- 
tuomely- colored  yarns.  Slits 
are  then  cut  in  the  cloth, 
through  which  is  drawn  a 
cloth  of  other  color  than  the 
groundwork.  Thus  the  four 
circles  are  made.  These 
are  tipped  with  embroidery.  Outside  is  fastened  a  braided  plait 
which  may  be  made  of  any  color  that  taste  may  select. 

Fig.  34  represents  a  rug  which  consists  of  a  foundation  made  of 
heavy  cloth,  the  outer  edge  of  which  is  of  dark  color.  Over  this  is 
sewed    a    rope    of     the    design 

m 


^el- 


shown  in  the  illustration,  one 
large  white  button  being  in  the 
outer  edge  of  the  space,  and 
three  small  buttons  in  a  row  on 
the  inner  edge.  Inside  is  a  rope 
of  another  color,  which,  closely 
wound,  thus  completes  what 
ment  for  the  floor. 

Various  Fiimishing-s, 
There  are  many  articles  in  some  rooms  of  thu  house  that  we  almost 
hourly  havf  occasion  to  use.     That  we  may  get  easy  access  to  these, 


ORNAMENTAL  FLOOR  MATS. 

The  Waste  Scraps  From  Which  They  are  Made, 


it  becomes  necessary  for  them  to  be  very  conveniently  placed.     Thi- 
renders  the  center-table  a  necessity,  upon  which  will  rest  the  lamp, 

if  such  be  used,  the  lale 
paper,  the  book,  the  maga- 
zine, the  sewing-work,  etc. 

This  table  should  be 
such  as  will  not  easily  tip, 
large  enough  to  hold  what 
is  required  for  immediate 
use,  and  so  located  in  the 
room  that  the  family  may 
gather  around  it.  For  com- 
fort, marble,  oil-cloth,  or 
any  hard-finished  material 
as  a  covering,  should  be 
avoided.  As  a  rule  a  soft 
woolen  table-spread  will 
give  the  best  satisfaction. 
Both  the  table  and  spread 
are  to  be  fonnd  at  the  stores. 
It  is  only  left  for  the  person 
of  taste  to  add  such  orna- 
mentation   to    the    spread 

as  fancy  may  dictate  to  increase  the  beauty  of  the  table. 
Eflfect  of  Colors. 
As  white  will   increase  the   apparent  t-ize  of   any  object,  so  it  will 

also  give  the  appearance  of  coolness  wherever  it  is  used.     It  is  hence 

appropriate    in    warm   weather. 


Iff 


«0 


And  How  to  Make  Them  Elegant.   \(j2y 


very    handsome    orua- 


Blue  is  also  a  cool  color.  Black 
is  gloomy  when  used  much  in 
furnishing,  and  red  is  warm  iu 
appearance. 

Prevailing  Colors. 
In  furnishin;.'  a  room  some  one 
color  should  have  a  preponderance.  Thus,  if  green  enters  largely 
into  the  carpet,  the  chairs  should  be  upholstered  in  similar  color, 
and  the  lambrequins  should  have  the  same  shade.  If  blue  is  largely 
in  any  conspicuous  article  of  furniture,  the  same  shade  should  pre- 
vail throughout,  and  the  same  of  other  colors. 


t. 


otU 


GEMS    OF    NEEDLE- WOEK. 


NCUSHIONS  AND  LAMP-SHADES- 


Fig.  35  shows  a  pinciit^hion  of  nearly  actual  size, 
wings  are    to  be  made,  ^j,^. 


and  a  body.      For  winL,'s 


Two  sets  of    I    velvet  or  satin,  which   may  be  trimmed   in  gold  and  other  colored 

silk  in  the  manner  shown 
in  the  pattern.      Fasten 


use  two   thicknesses  of  Tj 

pasteboard,  between  ji 

which    may   be   a    thin  J 

layer  of  cotton,  or  wool.  J 

Cover  the  wings  with  a  j 

dark-colored  silk.     Add  j 

spots  with  black  velvet;  j 

trim  with  chenille,  gold  j 

cord   and    gold   thread.  \ 

Form  the  dots  of  bright  | 

silk  thread.      Make   the  ! 

lower  wings  of  different  j 

color  from  the  other.  ; 

The  body  is  made  of  ; 

cotton    or   wool,  wound  ; 

with    chenille  and  gold  ! 

thread,  two  beads  serv-  S 

inj:  the  purpose  of  eyes.  j 

Fig.  36  represents  a  J 
light- screen,    supported 
by  a  handsomely-turned 
ebony  standard,  sixteen 
inches  high,  resting  on 

three  feet,  supported  li>  Cii*>V 


i 


sf  i 


]•• 


Fi^.  35--BntterfIy  Pincushion. 


<^] 


pon  the  tin.  When  all 
complete  the  shade  is 
a  fine  ornament.  This 
is  but  one  style  of  a 
dozen  that  can  be  made, 
all  different,  and  all 
equally  beautiful. 

The  mat  upon  which 
the  lamp  rests  is  made 
of  card-board  ten  inches 
in  diameter,  covered 
with  green  flannel  or 
satin,  upon  which  may 
be  laid  braid  or  ruching, 
according  to  fancy. 

Cupboard. 

There  are  many  arti- 
cles of    use   and    orna- 
ment, which  cannot  be 
I    pictured  here,  that  may 
I    be    made   very^  cheaply 
*  by  any  person  of  taste. 
Thus  at  the  shoe-stores 


a  cross-rod,  also  of 
ebony,  five  inches  long, 
with  cords  and  tassels. 
The  banner  is  made  of 
cashmere.  Being  very 
delicate  it  should  be  lined 
with  white  muslin  and 
then  stretched  on  a  frame 
to  embroider  it.  Silk 
twist,  gold,  blue,  white 
and  black  thread  and  gold 
cord  enter  into  the  com- 
bination of  colors  which 
are  interblended,  as 
shown  in  the  illustra- 
tion. 

Fig.  37  presents 
another  style  of  a  lamp- 
shade, which  is  made  by 
first  cutting  out  a  piece 
of  circular  tin  for  the 
shade  to  hang  upon. 
Cover  this  with  a  dark- 
colored  silk.  Then  cut 
Hix  pieces  of  silk — green 
is  perhaps  the  best  color 
— of  the  shape  shown  in 
the  illustration.  Over 
these  spread  a  lace  or 
tarlatan,  and  work  the 
edges  in  button-hole 
stitch.  Upon  each  now 
place   a  piece    of    black 


will  be  found  usually  a 
number  of  waste  boxes, 
that  are  long  and  nar- 
row. These  can  he  pur- 
chased at  a  price  from 
ten  to  twenty-five  cents 
each.  Five,  sis  or  eight 
of  these  piled  flatwise, 
one  on  the  top  of  another, 
and  nailed  together,  will 
make  a  convenient  cup- 
board. With  a  few  bat- 
tens to  cover  the  cracks, 
and  a  pot  of  paint,  it 
can  be  made  handsome 
in  appearance;  or  after 
being  nailed  together  in 
the  rough,  it  can  be 
papered  with  the  scraps 
of  wall-paper  and  border, 
a  quantity  of  which  is 
usually  about  the  house, 
and  with  a  curtain  of 
common  calico,  cretonne 
or  other  cloth,  to  hang  in 
front,  it  will  be  an  orna- 
ment in  the  room. 
While  an  ordinary  cup- 
board will  cost  from  five 
to  fifteen  dollars,  this  can 
be  made  as  described  for 
less  than  a  dollar  of 
expense. 


riu'.  :W--Li(iuii-Shiidi> 


'f 


(JllKAl'LY-MADIC    CON  \EN1EN(;ES. 


Fig.  38"Car(i-Case, 


^»^  MATS,  CARD-CASES  AND  HOME-MADE 


DRESSING-TABLES.  ^^ 


Fig.  38  !^hows  a  card-case,  the  materials  necessary  to 
are  cane,  silk,  ribbons  and  various  smaller  trimmings.  The 
is  made  of  pieces  of  cane  or 
wire,  the  longer  being  about 
fourteen  inches  in  length,  the 
cross- rods  about  ten  inches, 
and  the  standards  about  four 
inches  in  height,  the  pieces 
being  handsomely  finished  at 
the  ends  by  black  shawl -pins 
pushed  into  them  up  to 
th__e  head.  Fasten  together, 
as  shown  in  the  illustration. 
Inside  set  a  pasteboard  box 
which  has  been  covered  with 
dark  satin  or  silk,  and  orna- 
mented as  fancy  may  dictate. 
Inside  the  largest  set  smaller 
boxes  which  have  also  been 
trimmed  to  correspond  with 
the  larger.  Pasteboard,  lined 
with  a  material  similar  to  the 
box,  will  make  the  covers, 
while  ribbons  will  make  the 
hinges  and  other  fastenings. 

Fig.  39  represents  a  mat 
for  a  pitcher,  twelve  or  four- 
teen inches  in  diameter.  A 
mat  should  be  placed  under 
each  article,  in  order  to  make 
a  pleasing  effect  and  save  the 
surface  of  the  waah-stand. 
In  either  case  it  is  well  to 
have  a  linen  cloth  spread 
entirely  over  the  top  of  the 
stand.  Mats  may  be  orna- 
mented, as  shown  in  the 
illustration,  with  woolen 
braid,  ruchiug  or  other  de- 
signs that  may  be  washed. 


make  which 
frame- work 


rests  upon  may  be  made  of  either  baize,  linen  or  enameled  cloth. 
Fig.  40  shows   a   common    pine  box,    three    or  four    feet    long 

and  two  feet  deep.  Into 
the  opening  is  placed  an 
ujiright  and  one  shelf,  A 
back  and  side  are  cut  out  in 
t  iirves,  as  shown  in  the  illug- 
t  ration,  on  each  corner  of 
which  is  attached  a  top  piece 
and  a  larger  shelf  below.  An 
oval  mirror,  obtained  at  the 
store,  is  fastened  in  the 
back.  The  wood-work  above 
the  top  of  the  box,  when  tin- 
ished,  is  made  perfectly 
smooth  and  then  painted  with 
light  colors.  The  box  is 
covered  with  a  handsome 
spread,  ornamented  with 
plaits  and  ruffles,  beautiful 
curtains  hanging  in  front, 
completing  that  which  from 
a  plain  board-bos  has  become 
an  article  of  use  and  beanty 
in  the  interior  of  the  house. 

Pictures  in  these  later 
days  are  in  abundance.  To 
make  them  serviceable  they 
should  be  hung,  and  to  give 
them  finish  they  should  be 
framed.  Fig.  41  shows  one 
of  many  ways  by  which  a 
frame  may  be  made.  This 
is  formed  from  a  board  about 
five  inches  larger  each  way 
than  the  picture  and  covered 
with  dark-colored  cloth.  A 
mat  may  possibly  be  obtained 
of  the  right  size  at  the 
The  cloth  in  the  mat  that  the  pitcher    |    photographer's,  which  will  give  finish  to  the  outer  edge  of  the  picture- 


t 


i 


566 


CHEA1>    AND    HANDSOME    HOUSEHOLD    FL'KNISHINGS. 


-f 


:i^iiit»M»My^aB;*Miggz 


Picture-Frames,  Clothes-Bags  and  Slipper-Cases 


Or  a  mat  may  be  made  of  thin  piect^s  of  uot>il  and  covered  with  velvet 
or  other  dark  cloth.  Over  this  may  be  placed  pieces  of  cane,  wire,  or 
cat-tails,  as  shown  in  the  illustration.  These  may  be  wound  with  cord 
and  green  leaves,  such  as  may  be 
had  at  the  fancy-goods  stores, 
while  the  corners  may  be  orna- 
mented, finished  with  pine  cones 
or  rosettes  made  of  ribbons. 

Fig.  48  shows  a  clothes-bag, 
an  indispensable  article,  which 
may  serve  as  a  receptacle  for 
soiled  linen  throughout  the 
week.  This  is  made  of  a  piece 
of  cloth  one  and  a  half  yards 
wide  and  three-quarters  of  a 
yard  long,  which  may  be  trimmed 
and  finished  in  the  style  shown 
in  the  ilhi. -miration. 

Fig.  43  exhibits  another 
home-made  frame,  which  niiiy  be 
ornamented  as  taste  may  dictate. 

Fig.  44  shows  a  slipper-case, 
the  frame-work  of  which  is  made 
of    i>asteboard,  lined   with  dark 

cambric    or  silk.     The  outside  may  be  covered  with  silk,   satin  or 
velvet,  and  ornamented  according  to  fancy. 

Various  Fumishing"s. 

In  every  home    there  is 

a  constant  accumulation  of 

little  things,  comprising  the 


V-^,'-      '■^^/ r   .V.  1/,:.   'vV/ 


f  AA 


Flif.  l'_»--<l<»th(s-lt(iir. 


useful,  curious  and  orimuiental.  Thej^e  come  in  at  the  holidays; 
they  are  found  in  the  shape  of  rare  stones  and  freaks  of  nature  in 
our  walks  across  the  fields,  and  they  are  continually  being  purchased 

at  the  stores.  To  preserve  these 
and  to  exhibit  them  to  advantage 
is  desirable.  This  can  be  done 
in  the  corner  of  the  room  in 
which  there  is  usually  unoccu- 
pied space.  To  contain  these 
there  should  be  suspended  in  the 
corner,  by  strong  cord  or  wire, 
five  or  six  shelves,  graduated  in 
size  from  the  largest  at  the  bot- 
tom to  the  smallest  at  the  top, 
being  placed  eight  or  ten  inches 
apart.  These  shelves,  cut  from 
a  common  board,  will  be  three- 
cornered  in  shape,  the  outer 
edge  being  curved,  thus  render- 
ing the  shelf  a  little  more  grace- 
ful in  appearance.  The  cord 
passing  through  these  shelves  on 
each  side  will  be  attached  to  a 
strong  support  in  the  corner,  and 
thus  they  are  kept  in  place,  a  knot  in  the  cords  holding  each  shelf  in 
position.  They  can  be  covered  with  scarlet  or  green  cloth,  either  of 
which    will  make   a    good 


41"Pictiire  with  Rustic  Frame 


background  and  render  the 
what-not  quite  complete 
and  ornamental. 


Fit.'.  I'S'-rii'tiire-Kranie, 


A    IIOI'UOIK    AND    A    DliAWINO-KOOM. 


;i .■■■■■•'i||ta„ii,r-'' 

I ';^#^ 


t»^ 


.^»" 


<.».    ,4 'I' 


The  uses  to 
which  variou!- 
interior  furnish- 
ings niuy  be  ap- 
plied lire  shown 
in  t.lie  drawing- 
room,  Fig.  45, 
of  Hidcim  liall, 
the  residence  of 
Princess  Louise, 
at  Ottawa,  Can- 
ada. The  lam- 
brequins above 
the  windows  are 
in  fine  taste,  the 
mantel  is  e  1  e - 
gantly  trimmed, 
the  table-spread, 
tidies,  and  easy 
chairs  look  in- 
viting, and  the 
flowers,  bouks, 
rugs,  pictures, 
and  ornamental 
mirror-frames, 
all  give  relief  and 
convey  the  im- 
pression that  cul- 
tivated  taste 
prepared  and  ar- 
ranged the  fur- 
nishings. 

From  the  draw- 
ing-room we  pass 
to  the  boudoir. 
Fig.  46,  in  Ki 
deau  hiill.  This 
room  contain s 
less  furniture 
than  the  other,  as 
it  is  designed  to 
receive  less  com- 
pany; but  an  air 
of  quiet  elegance 
pervades  the 
scene.  From  the 
large  windows  we 
can  look  out  upon 
nature.  From 
this  we  can  turn 
to  the  choice 
books  upon  the 
table,  and,  when 


tiring  of  litera- 
ture, the  piano  is 
at  hand,  from 
which  can  be 
drawn  aweet 
HI  u  s  i  c.  The 
luxurious  carpet- 
i  n  g  an  d  low, 
broad,  easy 
chairs,  all  sug- 
gest refinement 
and  comfort. 

Both  of  these 
rooms  contain  a 
supply  of  fresh 
flowers,  which 
^ht■d  their  per- 
fume as  an  addi- 
tional attraction 
iijion  the  charm- 
ing scene  which 
t b e y  a s B i 8 1  in 
adorning.  The 
presence  of  these 
suggests  that  any 
home  is  made 
beautiful  by  n 
diffusion  of  bou- 
quets, scattered 
through  the 
rooms  that  we 
wish  to  beautify. 
To  furnish  these 
there  should  be  a 
bed  of  flowers 
trained  in  the  rear 
yard  or  in  the 
conservatory, 
from  which  a 
supply  can  daily 
be  drawn  of  the 
colors  and  per- 
fumes desired. 
A  very  little  ex- 
pense and  some 
labor  and  time  is 
all  that  is  neces- 
sary to  grow  an 
abundance  of 
blossoms,  the 
presence  of  which 
will  cheer  the 
household. 


i:^ 


:q^— 


^bS 


PICTUEE    OF    LADIES    ADMIKIl.G    A    CHILD. 


^•iffZZ^'- 


An  Elegant  Household  Interior.  | 


=t3%=ff: 


=^| 


We  pass  out  from  Rideau  hall,  and  go  in  with  the  ladies  on  "  a  visit 
to  the  young  mother.  "  While  the  ladies  chirrup  and  talk  to  the  baby 
and  coniiratuhite  the  mother  on  the  beauty  of  her  child,  we  study  the 


The  nnrse,  who  has  intrusted  this  child  in  the  care  of 
but  a  minute,  is  approaching  from  a  door- way  at  the 
iiif:iiit  which  has  been  placed  in  this  prominent  plac?  for  a 


the  visitors 
left.  The 
brief  time, 


intcrir»r  i)f  the  i-ooin.  Fig.  47,  mul  think  how  hlcssed  is  thai  mother 
and  child,  if  to  (hut  elei,'iinl  lionu'  is  added  that  real  love  whicli 
makes  home  a  heaven.  Certainly  the  richly  upholstered  hassock,  the 
dainty  pillow  that  supports  the  mother,  the  luxurious  sofa,  the  rich 
,  frescoes  on  the  wall,  the  elcijiiiil  chandelier,  the  delicate  what-not  in 
the  corner^  the  soft  carpet,  the  mirrors  and  pictures,  all  tend  to 
make  the  scene  very  charming. 


only  that  it  may  he  seen,  will  be  taken  to  another  apjirtun-nt  and  the 
visitors  will  retire.  Happy  mother.  Happy  child.  How  blessed 
to  be  twrn  thus  in  the  lap  of  such  beauty,  if  the  other  qualities  are 
presented  which  give  lialanee  to  the  mind  and  conduce  to  success. 
Certainly  the  hours  happily  spent  by  a  mother  in  such  a  home  prior 
to  the  birth  of  a  child,  could  not  but  impress  that  young  mind  with 
a  love  of  the  artistic  and  the  beautiful. 


/(f.(^ — 


HOW    TD    MAKK    IIOMK    ATTUACTIV] 


.•-* — ^5:5.- 


HOUSEHOLD  DECORATION  AS  APPLIED  IN  FURNISHING. 


S:^"- *-• ->J= 


i 


Before  lonvini;  the  subject  of  interior  fiiriiishinct^  the    reader   is  1    if  in^eimity  and  taste  comliiiie  to  utilize  the  opportunities  we  have- 

Hhnwn,  Fig.  48,  a  neatly  enibellished  room  in  a  New  York  Bubnrban  about  um. 

rewidencc.      We    study  tlie  trimming  on  the  manttd,  its  ornaments,  The  moral  benefit  resultin;^  from  attractive  homes   it  is  impoHjiible 

its   pictures,    tlie    (dej^'antly  upholstered  chairs,   the  canopies  above  I    to  overestimate.      If  it   is  desirable  t(j  decorate  the  abode  of  vice  in 


H«.  4S-. Boudoir  iu  a  Nen  \ork  Sulmrbaii  Hesiden^e. 


1 


the  bed,  and  the  dressing-case;  the  window  curtains,  the  ruffling 
upon  them,  and  the  score  of  other  beauties  that  reveal  themselves 
by  examination. 

This  is  a  beautiful  room,  made  so  because  taste  and  wealth  have 
evidently  been  combined  in  its  adornment.  Examination  will  show, 
however,  that  artistic  knowledge  in  arrangement  is  the  cause  of  its 
chief  beauty.  Thus,  in  any  home,  while  more  or  less  expenditure  of 
money  may  be  necessary  to  decoration,  the  interior  may  be  made 
beautiful  out  of  scraps  and  articles  that  would  otherwise  go  to  waste, 


order  to  attract  the  customer,  then  equally  important  is  it  that  the 
home  be  made  so  charming  that  the  family  shall  find  it  the  most 
delightful  place  in  which  its  members  may  congregate.  The  lesson  to 
parents  is  emphatic.  Gather  in  and  around  the  home  those  charms 
that  attract  the  young.  Thus  the  beautiful  of  elegant  interiors  will 
attract  the  eye,  the  harmony  of  music  will  attract  the  ear,  while  good 
books  and  moral  pictures  will  all  tend  to  so  direct  the  mind  of  the 
child  into  an  appreciation  of  the  pure  and  the  spiritual  as  to  make 
the  noble  character  in  after-life. 


.A. 


>4cv— 


><l.t^^ 


T 


570 


EAELY    PIONEEE    SUNDAY-SCHOOL    WORKER. 


ROBERT  RAIKES, 


Prominent  Promoter  of  Sunday-School  Instruction  and  Moral  Education. 


JHE  name  of  Robert  Raikes  has  long  been 
intimatelj'  connected  with  the  progress  of 
moral  and  religious  education,  as  taught 

_       in  English  and  American  Sunday-Schools. 

X^Q^^^^      It  is  not  correct  to  say,  however,  that  he 

\>-'^)     was  the  originator  of  these  useful  institutions, 

but  as  a  pious  and  benevolent  gentleman,  and 

the  promoter  of  healthful  instruction,  he  stands 

prominently  in  the  list  of  public  benefactors. 

Robert  Raikes  was  born  at  Gloucester,  England,  in  the 
year  1735.  His  father  was  the  proprietor  and  publisher 
of  the  Gloucester  Journal,  a  paper  that  appears  to  have 
been  ably  conducted,  and  justly 
enjoying  an  extensive  patron- 
age. Whatever  advantages  for 
gaining  an  education  j-oung 
Robert  possessed  are  veiled  in 
obscurity,  but  in  due  season  he 
succeeded  to  his  father's  bus- 
iness and  prospered. 

He  is  represented  as  manifest- 
ing an  eminent  degree  of  piety, 
with  a  constant  attendance  upon 
public  worship,  not  only  on  the 
Sabbath,  but  daily  during  the 
week,  at  the  cathedral  in  his 
native  town.  Nor  was  his  reli- 
gion confined  to  an  observance 
of  church  ordinances.  Much  of 
his  leisure  time  was  given  to 
the  encouragement  of  benevo- 
lent efforts  to  relieve  and  in- 
struct the  poor'  and  ignorant 
people  in  that  vicinity. 

It  was  in  the  course  of  this 
charitable  work  that  his  atten- 
tion was  called  to  the  idle  and 
dissipated  desecration  of  the 
Sabbath  bj'  the  youth  of  Glou- 
cester and  other  towns  in  England,  whose  morals  had 
become  greatly  depraved  and  were  a  source  of  public 
complaint.  Mr.  Kaikes  witnessed  enough  of  their  vile 
conduct  to  convince  liim  tliat  something  oughtto  be  done 
to  stay  the  tide  of  proliigaey  that  was  ruining  the  rising 
generation,  and  the  idea  of  Sunday-Schools  for  their 
restraint  and  reformation  impressed  him  so  favorably 
that,  with  the  assistance  of  Rev.  Thomas  Stock,  he  estab- 
lished one  of  these  schools  at  Gloucester  about  the  year 
1781.  Sunday-Schools,  it  is  alleged,  had  been  opened  at 
Milan,  in  Italy,  l)y  Cardinal  Borromeo,  (juite  two  hundred 
years  previous  ;  in  England,  in  the  seveuteenlh  iciiturv, 


by  Rev.  Joseph  Alleine ;  at  Brechin,  by  Rev.  David 
Blair,  about  1760,  and  in  Yorkshire,  England,  about  17<i3. 
by  Rev.  Theophilus  Lindsay. 

Mr.  Raikes,  however,  appears  to  have  shown  himself 
the  most  successful  and  permanent  organizer  of  these 
schools,  and  great  credit  is  due  to  him  on  this  account. 
The  impetus  which  he  gave  to  this  benevolent  work  was 
such  that  in  1833 — fifty-two  j-ears  later — there  were,  in 
Great  Britain,  16,828  of  them,  with  1,, 548,890  scholars. 

His  original  plan  embraced  the  employment  of  four 
women  who  had  previously  been  engaged  in  teaching 
poor  children,  to  receive  and  instruct  as  many  as  he 
should  bring  to  them  every  Sun- 
day. These  women  were  each 
paid  about  twentj'-three  cents 
per  day  for  their  services.  At  first 
only  a  few  of  the  street  children 
could  be  induced  to  enter  the 
schools,  but  this  number  was 
gradually  increased. 

Lessons  in  reading  were  first 
taught.  Then  the  children  were 
taken  to  church,  in  care  of  their 
teachers,  and  after  their  return 
to  the  schools  they  were  drilled 
in  reciting  the  catechism  for  an 
hour.  They  ranged  in  age  from 
six  to  fourteen  3'ears.  and,  if 
their  hands  and  faces  were 
clean,  and  their  hair  combed, 
they  were  welcomed,  although 
they  came  in  ragged  clothing 
and  barefooted.  Rewards  of 
merit,  of  small  value,  were  pre- 
sented when  deserved,  and 
work  was  found  for  the  older 
boys  and  girls.  This  course 
served  to  create  a  widesprca<l 
interest  and  healthful  cmuhi 
tion  in  the  schools,  and  has  since  been  wiselj'  imitated. 

Gradual!}'  the  fame  of  these  institutions  extended  lo 
other  parts  of  the  kingdom,  until,  as  we  have  demon 
strated,  they  soon  became  popular  and  greatly  benefici.'il 
in  their  results. 

How  mucli  of  individual  good  and  social  reformation 
was  effected,  even  in  Mr.  Raikes'  lifetime,  may  ho  judged, 
for  it  was  declared,  after  several  years  had  elapsed, 
that  not  one  of  the  Sunday-scholars  at  Gloucester  had 
ever  been  sent  to  any  house  of  correction  within  or 
(uitside  of  the  city.  Mr.  Raikes  lived  to  attain  a  good 
old  age,   his  death  occurring  in   1811. 


7W- 


TilK    TWO    WAYS    IN    I.IFi:. 


571 


-^W^ 


®-^-»- 

/,i'-','° 


-*-H 


Importance  of  Early  Moral  Instruction.  IZ'^^"^ 


.^,^¥^^ 


To  what  may  Failure  in  Life  be  Attributed. 


m^^<9^m^}^ 


'orrect  Life  and  the  ^gMlessings 
that  Follow,  saf 


N  CHILDHOOD  and  in  youth 
tlie  seeds  are  sown  that  determine  the  extent  of 
the  success  we  shall  have,  and  the  happiness  we 
shall  enjoy  in  later  years. 

Like  the  tender  twig  that  bends  with  the  slight- 
est breeze,  the  child's  mind  is,  in  a  very  high 
degree,  susceptible  to  the  influence  of  good  and 
evil.  If  favoring  winds,  a  genial  sun,  copious 
rains  and  bounteous  soil  nurture  the  young  yjlant, 
the  tree  in  its  maturity  will  be  a  noble  specimen 
of  its  kind.  So  character  in  youth,  impressed  by 
eveiy  passing  event,  becomes  evenly  and  har- 
moniously balanced  in  proportion  to  the  fortunate 
circumstance  of  good  birth,  kind  training  in 
childhood,  and  wise  government  when  the  young 
are  coming  forward  upon  the  threshold  of  active 
life. 

President  Garfield  used  to  say  that  he  never 
looked  into  the  face  of  a  boy,  without  a  feeling  of 
reverence  at  the  thought  of  what  the  little  fellow 
might  achieve  in  future  years.     As  we  behold  a 


grou])  of  children,  of  however  huml)ic  and  lowly 

I  condition,  and  contemjilate  the  work  that  >(<u\u 
of  them  may  ]jerf(irm  in  life,  we  can  well  undci-- 
stand  the  sentiinent  that  moved  the  martyred 
President,  as  he  studied  the  face  of  a  boy  and 

,  thought  of  his  future  jxissihilities. 

It  is  painful  to  contemjilate  how  many  bright, 
beautitnl  children  come  into  this  world  of  sun- 
shine, to  early  sink  into  haVjits  that  will  shadow 
their  after-years. 

In  all  the  great  cities,  there  are  large  numbers 
of  women  who  have  been  unfortunate  and  have 
left  all  hoj)e  behind.  There  were  periods  in  their 
childhood   when,    in   their  girlish    dreams,    the 

i  world  seemed  all  beautiful  and  bright  to  them. 

I  Alas  that  they  could  not  have  been  wise  enough 
to  have  gatliered  a  tair  measure  of  the  happiness 
that  should  be  the  nght  of  woman. 

In  the  haunts  of  vice  and  in  the  prisons  there 
are  tens  of  thousands  of  men  to-day  that  stood,  at 
one  time  in  their  childhood,  where  the  road 
divides  ;  one  jiath  leading  to  indolence,  intemp- 
erance and  crime,  the  other  to  industry,  moralitji, 
prosperity  and  hapi^iness. 

At  the  diverging  point,  a  kind,  judicious  and 
wise  teacher  might  have  directed  them  into  the 

j  better  way,  and  thus  they  would  have  realized 
that  fullness  of  success  in  life  which  is  the  nat- 
ural ambiti<;n  of  man. 

For  that  joyous,  bright-eyed  girl,  for  that 
laughing,  happy  boy,  for  the '-youth  of  the  land 
everywhere,  for  all  those  who  may  be  without 
the  needed  advice  in  the  hour  of  trial,  this  chaj)- 
ter  in  the  Album  is  j^repared. 

The  hope  is  that  those  who  read  it  will  be  so 
instructed  by  its  perusal,  that  they  will  ever  be 
thankful  that  they  found  and  followed  the  lessons 
taught  by  these  illustrations. 


THE  diffp:eence  in  children  in  willingness  to  do  right. 


Right  and  Wrong  Contrasted,    Self-Willed  and  Obstinate.    Kind  and  Obedient. 


A  Kind  and  Obedient  Child. 


'f^i>j  COMMON  character  is  here  represented —  !  J^^OW  pleasant  is  the  contrast  in  this  picture. 
k%  the  result  of  an  evil  and  untrained  nature,  -fplli  Here  is  a  gentle  child,  loving  and  obedient, 
•3:,5?  fostered  by  over-indulgence  at  home,  and  "^Jl  confiding  in  his  mother,  and  delighting  in 
manifesting  a  sullen,  disobedient  disposition,  I  her  instructions.  As  he  advances  he  is  likely  to 
which,  unchecked,  ripens  into  dangerous  man-  '  be  a  studious  scholar,  a  faithful  employe,  and  a 
hood  and  ends  in  disgrace  and  misery.  |  kind  employer. 


The  Trouble  that  Follows  Falsehood.    The  Reward  of  Truth. 


WHO  l)r()ke  the  window^    The  boy  denies 
it  to  his  father,  and  esca])es  punishment 
;  — i     foi'  the  time.     But,  unless  restrained  by 
futiu-e    disciijline,    he   will  grow  up    a   deceitful 
youth,  a  dishonest  man,   trusted  by  none,   and 
despised  by  all. 


-E  SEE  this  manly  little  fellow  who  has 
broken   a  window  telling  the   story  of 
[■^o/^I     his  carelessness  truthfully,  his  fine  feat- 
ures glowing  with   the  candor  of  his  soul.      In 
youtli  and  manhood  his  unswerving  love  of  truth 
will  win  confidence  and  success. 


M 


^2^ 


CUILUICEN    THAT    ^LAKKKL    AND    GET    INTH    HAD    COMl'ANV. 


Quarrelsome  Children  in  Contrast  with  Those  of  Sweet  Disposition. 


Engaged  in  a  Disgraceful  Fight. 


l!?fEW  scenes  are  more  painful  than  a  street 
|p  fight  between  hids  of  tender  years,  who, 
"^  unrestrained  by  proper  training,  give  vent 
to  their  passions.  In  after-years  the  quarrelsome 
boy  is  likely  to  become  a  harsh  and  cruel  man, 
unfitted  for  good  societ}'  or  companionship. 


Children  thai  Know  How  to  be  Happy. 


"^^UIET  groves,  green  grass  and  summer  air, 

tfl  where  happy  little  children  sport  inno- 
4  cently  amid  the  beauties  of  nature,  speak- 
ing kind  words  and  engaging  harmoniously  in 
their  plays,  shadow  forth  the  peaceful  dispositions 
and  pursuits  of  their  future  lives. 


The  Effects  of  Good  and  Bad  Company  Illustrated. 


Getting  into  Bad  Company. 


\()  matter  how  good  a  boy  is,  if  he  falls  into 
the  society  of  vicious  lads,  and  suffers 
it|  himself  to  listen  to  their  vile  language  and 
wicked  schemes,  he  soon  loses  his  innocence, 
gradually  sinks  into  immoral  habits,  and  becomes 
a  criminal. 


Good  Society  Brings  Prosperity. 


l^Y  associating  only  with  the  pure  and  good, 
Wl^  an  innocent  boy  will  save  himself  from 
^^  falling  into  many  hurtful  snares,  and  in 
such  society  he  will  find  healthful  restraint  and 
great  encouragement,  which  will  better  prepare 
him  for  a  prosperous  manhood. 


i£: 


r 


574 


BAD    BEADING    AND    ITS    EFFECT.       MOKAL    TKAINING    AND    ITS    VALUE. 


Evil  Effects  of  Pernicious  Literature  upon  Boys  and  Girls. 


Looking  Upon  Obscene  Pictures. 


FHE  disgraceful  pictures  at  the  news-stauds 
finif  corrupt  the  morals  of  boys  and  girls  by 
^>  presenting  to  their  imaginations  the  vilest 
passions,  leading  to  vice,  destroying  the  inno- 
cence of  youth,  and  reaping  crime  and  degrada- 
tion in  their  later  lives. 


WhatSliall  Our  Young  People  Read? 


GOOD  book  or  paper  for  a  child  is  like  a 
companion,  and  its  influence  is  very  simi- 
lar. The  child  who  reads  nothing  but 
romances  and  sensational  literature  weakens  its 
intellect,  depraves  its  morals,  and  is  untitled  for 
the  duties  of  a  useful  life. 


The  Advantage  of  the  Sunday-School  as  a  Means  of  Moral  Instruction. 


Suiiiidy  VVurk  and  Amusement. 


i 


^"Y 1 1 K  o])portuniti('s  for  needed  moral  improve- 
';  ment  are  to  be  had  in  nearly  every  locality, 
~'-  and  yet,  as  shown  in  the  above  illustration, 
inany  in  the  desire  for  sensual  enjoyment  neglect 
to  acquire  that  moral  training  which  is  essential 
to  permanent  success. 


Benefits  of  the  Church  and  Sunday-School. 

TTTT  A.W  an  aged  man  and  woman  look  back 
'l/i\/  I  ^^'^^'  P'^-'icefui  remembrance  to  the  hours 
^tT!'"^-  of  youth  which  tliey  passed  amid  scenes 
like  this,  learning  valuable  lessons  of  natural  and 
spiritual  trutli  never  to  be  forgotten,  and  never  to 
bo  regretted. 


Tfe; 


1 


i: 


KKBI'KCT    J'()i4    AOliD    l^Eul'LK    AMI     I  II 10    I'lWJi'EJtTY    01''   O'illlsitS. 


Boys  that  are  Honest  Become  Prosperous  Men. 


Thieves  Engaged  in  Stealing. 


ROM  petty  tliieving  to  robbery  the  road  is 

rl  short.  The  boy  who  allows  himself  to 
^)'  take  wliat  is  not  his  own,  be  the  article 
ever  so  small,  is  on  the  road  to  prison.  Beware 
of  the  first  wroiiff-doiiiff.  The  C(.>vetin2;  of  the 
property  of  others  often  leads  to  crime. 


Returning  Lost  Property  to  the  Owner. 


OYS  should  remember  that  property  found 
and  not  restored  to  its  owners,  if  possiljle, 
is  stolen.  It  is  something  gained,  but  it 
does  not  belong  to  the  finder,  and  gains  made 
dishonestly  are  losses  in  the  end.     Always  en- 


deavor to  give  to  all  tlieir  due. 


Youth  who  Respect  the  Aged  and  Profit  by  their  Advice, 


Kind  Care  and  Regard  lor  Old  People. 


AivIXG  sport  of  old  people  and  crijiples 
,,1,1/,, I-  i*^  inhuman.  Yet  how  few  young  bovs 
^^0^  and  girls  rememljer  to  honor  the  aged, 
to  assist  thcni  in  their  labors,  and  to  cheer  and 
comfort  them  in  their  troubles.  Onlj^  the  un- 
kind and  wicked  ill-treat  the  old. 


^:EEY  few  traits  in  vouth  are  lovelier  than 


this  here  indicated.  Around  the  vener- 
able, white-haired  man  stand  youths, 
with  heads  uncovered,  and  listening  to  his 
counsel  with  the  closest  attention.  With  sucli 
respect  should  old  age  ever  be  treated. 


^^ 


15^ 


3;s7>v 


.(>- 


576 


IJKNKPITS    OF    ASSOCIATION    WITH    KEFINED    LADIES. 


The  Difference  in  Conduct  of  Young  Men  Toward  Ladies. 


Corner  Loungers  Commenting  on  Passers-By. 


^HE  corner-idler,  chewing  tobacco,  or  smok- 

< ':    ing,   lounging  on  boxes  or  against  posts, 

^3      talking  foolislily  and  profanely,  and  leering 

at  ladies  as  tliey  i)ass,  is  an  object  of  scorn  and 

hatred,  foreshadowing  tlie  depraved  and  dissolute 

man  he  will  become. 


Genial,  Pleasant  and  Gentlemanly. 


JS^  HIS  intercourse  with  women,  the  young 
man  who  has  a  proper  estimation  of  himself 
will  always  be  polite,  friendly  and  agreeable 
to  the  young  ladies,  manifesting  respect  and 
gentleness  toward  those  who  are  older.  Early 
politeness  paves  the  way  to  successful  manhood. 


The  Refining  Influence  of  Home  Illustrated. 


i 


Where  Shall  I  Go  To-Night? 

T(  TT  ANY  are  the  resorts  oj)en  to  j'outh  who 
/,  yl  seek  amusement  outside  the  family 
*^;jy  ~^'  circle.  Brilliant  lights,  music,  exhibi- 
tions, games  of  chance  and  skill,  and  delightful 
beverages  are  fascinations  hard  to  1)e  resisted. 
But  danger  lurks  beneath  these  attractions. 


Hume  Made  the  Most  attractive  Plauu.. 


■T.'.  ET   none    forget    that   the   young    must   be 
',|    amused.     Time    properly  allotted  to  each 


will  atibrd  ample  ojiportunity  for  work,  for 
study,  for  jjlay  and  for  rest.  Home,  by  all  the 
attractions  with  which  love  surrounds  it,  may  be 
made  the  dearest  spot  on  earth. 


:<r 


>4<>- 


? 


lliE    C'EltTAlN    14KSULTS    OF    STEALIilO. 


To  What  the  First  Step  in  Crime  Ultimately  Leads. 


Y~'r7lIE  steps  from  liouse-breaking  to  murder 
',  are  but  few.  Too  often,  fro)n  the  effects 
rpi  of  evil  associations  in  cliildliood,  our  worst 
thieves  and  burglars  are  young  men  in  their 
teens,  and  almost  as  frequently  we  find  them 
taking  life  in  order  to  gain  money. 


ROPERTY  and  life  must  be  protected 
against  dangerous  criminals.  When  it  is 
^"  discovered  that  a  boy  or  man  is  disposed 
to  take  for  his  own  the  ])ro]:)erty  or  life  of  another, 
the  time  has  arriveil  when  it  becomes  necessary 
to  visit  u] II 111  liim  the  severest  penalties. 


Appropriating  the  Money  of  the  Bank  and  the  Final  Consequences. 


The  Dishonest  Confidential  Clerk. 


Sciiltn-t-U  id  liiipi  i3u;.iin;nt  for  Ten  Years. 


i 


YOUNG  man,  lacking  moral  prineijjle  and 
„i.Vj  possessing  ambitious  desires,  is  entrusted 
^2^  by  his  employer  to  handle  large  sums  of 
money.  He  sees  his  opportunity  to  speculate  and 
make  money,  and  cannot  resist  the  temptation  to 
steal.    Too  late  he  finds  that  he  is  ensnared. 


.-■^(XLY  a  little  time  has  elapsed  since  he  stole 
■j'L)j|    his  employer's  money,   yet  he  has  been 


detected,  tried,  convicted  and  sentenced 
to  imprisonment  at  hard  labor.  Reputation  gone 
— prospects  blasted — degraded  to  hardship  and 
prison  fare  for  ten  long  years — How  sad  the  story  ! 


y?  :(>— 


37 


^& — 


T 


578 


THE   EFFECTS   OF    VIOLATING   THE    PUYSICAL   A^D   MORAL   LAW. 


Extremes  of  Pleasure  To-Day.    Sickness  To-Morrow. 


Excesses  of  Various  Kinds. 


f°^  OCIAL  pleasures,  cari'ied  to  excess,  expose 
/N\  youno;  men  and  women  to  danger  of  moral 
''^^  corruption  and  physical  disorders.  The 
feast,  the  dance,  the  social  glass,  immoderately 
indulged  in,  with  late  hours  and  evil  associates, 
have  often  wrought  ruin  to  the  pure  and  good. 


Excesses  Yesterday.     Sickness  and  Sorrow  To  Day. 


\  ATURE  will  rebel  when  the  j)hysical  system 
/  is  subjected  to  unwholesome  excesses.  As 
^l,^  the  people  in  this  scene  sowed,  so  have 
they  reaped.  Dissipation  sapped  the  vigor  of 
their  constitutions,  and  debility,  sickness  and 
death  have  followed. 


Sin  Hides  Behind  Bolted  Doors.    Righteousness  Does  not  Fear  the  Light. 


The  Guilty  Flee  when  None  luiouj. 


1 


^^OVS  who  began  tlieir  careers  ot  wickedness 
in  infancy  have  grown  to  manhood,  laden 
^  with  crime,  outlaws  of  society,  fearful  of 
arrest  at  every  turn,  enjoying  no  peace  even  in 
their  barred  and  bolted  Ijomes,  where  every 
noise;  startles  tliom  lest  it  be  an  officer  of  the  law. 


Happiness  at  ttie  Fireside. 

ON'rik.VSTEU  witli  the  opposite  scene, 
behold  a  charming  home,   where  father, 

.  mother,  sons  and  daughters  gather  about 
the  evening  lamp  and  enjoy  the  life  that  honest 
competence,  unseltish  affection,  intelligent  and 
cheerful  conversation  brings. 


fl 


^ 


1 


T- 


HOMES    OF    TllK    VICIULS    IN    CUNTKAST    WITH    HONESTY,    TKMl'KliAM;!'.    AKJi    l-KUIiALIT^ 


As  we  Sow,  we  Shall  Reap. 


'«=-aai[|iii.y^aSf>- 


,fe  ■■-:,,, (III  L;W*'!^2i".r  /  T     I  Ji  TiiB 


^ri;   X4 


>  f 


^,'?^.>- 


Poverty,  Squalor,  Intemperance  and  Crime. 


Pleasant,  Beautiful,  Happy  Homes. 


w 


fllK  neighborhood  here  shown   is  a  rej^re- 
sentation   and   true   type  of  hundreds  of 


'f 


I 


f^'i  localities  which  exist  all  over  the  face  of 
this  fair  land.  The  scene  tells  its  own  story — a 
tale  of  brutal  passion,  poverty,  base  desires, 
wretchedness  and  crime. 


m 


great  the  difference  !  Intelligence,  re- 
fined taste  and  prosjjerity  are  indicated  in 
^(1  these  beautiful  dwellings.  There  may  be 
error  committed  civen  here,  but  whatever  moral- 
ity, good  sense  and  culture  can  do  to  make  people 
better  and  happier  is  to  be  sought  in  such  homes. 


^ 


.^~ 


c^-tfftv^^ 


^_ 


MORAL. 


Tf^lIE  lesson  taught  in  the  history  of  the  indi- 
'■^i  ijtx.    viduals    mentioned  in   this  book   is,   that 
"^i     commendable    success  in  life  is  attained 
through  the  following : 

lulieritauce  of  good  braiu  and  physical  constitution, 
.ludicious  training  in  cliildliood  and  j'outU. 
The   formation   of    industrious,    economical,    temperate 

habits. 
An  inflexible  determination  to  be  truthful  and  honest. 
An  ambition  to  accomplish  good  and  important  work. 
Energy  to  carry  worthy  ambition  and  good  resolutions 
i         into  effect. 


580 


? 


Governors  of  the  Various  States  of  the  Union, 

From  the  Admission  of  Each  State  to  the  Present  Time, 
With  Biographical  Records. 


AI^ABAMA. 


NAMES. 

Where 
Boru. 

When  Born.                Yenn  in  Office. 

Occupation. 

Wbun 

Died. 

Bihb,  William  W.... 

Va...  Oct.      I,  1780  1819-1820-1  yr. . . 
Va 17.^4  i^L-n.  ifi-jl^l  vr... 

Physician. 
Varied. . . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer. , . 

Jurist 

Jurist , 

Lawyer... 
Varied.... 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Planter. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

..1820 
..18:i8 

Pickens,  Israel 

Slurphy.  John 

Moore.  Gabriel 

Gavle,  John 

ClaV,  Clement  C 

Bagby.  Arthur  P 

Fitzpatrick.  Benj... 
Martin,  Joshua  L. . . 
Chapman,  Reuben. . 
Collier.  Henry  W... 
Winston,  John  A.... 
Mooie,  Andrew  E... 
Shorter.  John  G 

N.  C.  Jan.  30,  17-" 

S.C 17N,; 

N.  C 17- ■• 

S.C.  Sept.  11,  17;'j 
Va...;Dec.   17,  17^  ' 

Va...  17' '4 

Ga...* June  30.  Ihipj 
Tenn.  Dec.     5.  J7:'!' 

Va...  isii.; 

Va...!Jan.  17,  l><ni 

Ala...l IHlj 

S.C.lMar.     7,  lsn7 
Ga...iApril23.1s|N 
Ala... 'Jan.   — ,  IM;- 
X.  Y.lApril28,lNl7 
Va...  Jan.  10,  l^n'.' 

Ga...  ix-2x 

Scot..  July     4.  ]MJ4 

Va...     is;2(i 

Tenn.  Jan.  17,  1><1 1 

ivji   i.sl:.-, — 4 yrs. . 
]--_'.".  l--J;)^4yrs. . 
]-j:i    KU— 2yrs.. 
|s;;|     |-,,!.-,_4yrs.  . 

1 -.:■;.".  ■l.-:i7-2  yrs.. 
l-:;7  I--H— lyrs. . 
1-^4  l-l.s4:>^  yrs.. 
]s4-,-|s47— 2yrs.. 
is47-  ls4;)— 2yrs.. 
ls4;i  !>.r.;i— 4yrs. . 
ls.',.',-is.',7 — 4  yrs.. 
]s-,7-l^':i^tyrs.. 
js,;i-i~..;:j-2yrs.. 
],s.;,-;-is(i:,-2yrs.. 

,s,!.tis,;;i^'yrs:: 

l^,i:,-!.'<71— 2yrs.. 
]s71-is72-lyr... 
ls7L>-ls74--2yrs.. 
1.S74-1S7H— 4yrs.. 
1H7H-1882— 4yrs.. 
1882-1886-4  yrs.. 

..1827 
..1841 
..1844 
..1859 
..1866 
..1858 
..1869 
..1856 

. . 1855 
..1871 
..1873 
..1872 

Patton.  K.  M 

Varied.... 

..1885 

Lindsay.  Robert  B.. 

Lewis,  Uavid  P 

Houston,  George  S.. 

Lawyer. . . 
La%vyer. . . 

..1884 
..1879 

ARKANSAS. 


NAMES. 

Where 
Born. 

When  Born. 

Years  in  Offiuo. 

Ofcupalion- 

When 
Died. 

Fulton,  Wm.  S 

Md... 

June    2,  1795 

1835-183<>-lyr... 
183(>-lH4i3— tyrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

..1844 

Ky... 

1797 

1840-1844— lyrs.. 
1844-1844— 

Jurist 

..1847 

1849-1849 

1849-1852- 3yi-s.. 

Conway.  EliasN.... 



1861-1862—1  yr     . 

1862-1864-2  yrs.. 

1864-1868— 4  yrs.. 

Ohivton,  Powell 

Hiii'llev.O.  A 

Baxter,  Elisha 

Garland,  Aug.  H 

Pa... 
Tenn. 

Aug.    7,  1833 
june'ii"l832 

1868-1871-3  yrs.. 
]871-1873-2yrs.. 
1873-1874— lyr... 
1874-1877— 3  yrs.. 
1877-1881— 4  yrs.. 

CivilEng*r 

Churchill    Thci.  J  . 

1881-1883    2yrs.. 

Berry.  James  H 

Ala... 

May  15.  1841 

1883-1885-2  yrs.. 

1 

i 

.:::::!:.: 

COLORADO. 


NAMES. 

Whern 
Born 

When  Born. 

Tc&n  In  Office. 

OccupttUon. 

Wben 
Died. 

1826 

IH77-]879-2yr8.. 
1879-1883^  yrs.. 
lK8:j-188.5-2yrM.. 
1885-1887-2  yra.. 

Stockman. 

Conn. 

Aug.  31,  1837 
.,.:...    ..1848 

Katon.Bonj.  H 

Ohio. 

1833 

Varied.... 

• 

CALIFORXIA. 


NAMES. 

Whi:re 
Born. 

^hcn  Born. 

Teara  in  Office. 

Occupation. 

When 
Died. 

Burnett  Peter  H  '. 

1849-1851— 2  yrs 

Pa.  .. 

1804 

18.52-JS.56-4  yrs. . 
1856-18.58—2  yrs. . 

..1871 

Weller.John  B 

Latham.  Milton  S... 

Ohio. 
Ohio. 

'Ay'is.'iaii 

18.58-1860— 2  yrs.. 
1860-1860— 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

. . 1875 

Stanford.  Leland... 

>J.  Y. 

1863-1863-1  yr... 
1863-1867— 4  yrs.. 
1867- 187 1-4  yrs.. 
1871-1875— 4yrs.. 
1875-187.5— 

Lawyer. . . 

Haitrht.  Henry  H... 

N.  y. 
Ind.  . 
Oal.  . 

182.5 

Dec.   25,  1825 
Oct.  31,  1831 

Jurist 

..1878 

Varied 

..1886 

1880-1883—3  yrs. . 



COXXECTICUT. 


NAMES. 


Huntington.  Sara'l.. 

^Vnicott.  Oliver 

Trumbull.  Jonathan 

Treadwell.  John 

Griswold,  Roger 

Smith,  John  Cotton. 

Wolcott,  Oliver 

Tomlinson,  Gideon. 

Peters,  John  S 

Edwards,  Henry  W 

Foote.  Samuel  A 

Edwards,  Henry  W. 
Ellsworth.  Wm.  W. 

Cleveland.  C.  F 

Baldwin,  Roger  S... 

Toucey,  Isaac 

Bissell.  Clark 

Trumbull,  Joseph... 
Seymour,  Thos.  H. . 

Pond,  Chas.  H 

Dutton,  Henry 

Minor,  Wm.  T 

Holley,  Alex.  H 

Buckingham,  Wm. . 
Hawley.  Joseph  R. . 
English.  James  E. , . 

Jewell.  Marshall 

English.  .Tames  E. . , 

.lewell.  Marshall 

Inger^oll.  Chas.  R. . 
Hubbanl.  Ri.h'd  D. 
Andr.-ws.  rli:is.  B... 
Bigflow.  Hobart  B.. 

Waller.  Thos.  M 

Harrison,  Henry  B. 


When 
Died. 


Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn 
Conn, 
Conn. 
Conn, 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn, 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn, 
Conn. 
Conn, 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn, 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
N.  C. 
Conn. 
N,  H. 
Conn. 
N.  H. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Conn. 
N.  y. 
Conn. 


iJuly  3, 
jXov.  26. 
|Mar.  26, 
Nov.  23, 
May  21, 
Feb.  12, 
Jan.  4. 
Dec.  31, 


Nov.  8, 
Nov.'io, 

Jan.  4, 

Nov. 


April  20. 
Feb.  12. 
Oct,   3, 

May  28, 
Oct.  31, 
Mar.  — , 

Oct.  20, 
Mar.  — . 
Oct.  20. 

Sept.  7, 


171*3 

.  17;"; 

,.I7SL' 
.  I7.SJ 
.li^OS 
1781 
1796 
1815 


!l  178,5-1796- 
;  17ni!-]7!i>^- 

1  I7:iH-)Sii;t- 
,  I.sui-IMI- 
l.sn-],si:i- 
.  i.si;t-iKi7- 
i  1H17-IH27- 
I  l.si>7-IS31- 

,  i,H;{i-is:i:j- 

'  i,s:j:i-is:u- 

I  isH4-is:i.->- 

.  is:c.-i,s:isi- 

Im:!.M-|s42- 
1S42-1S44- 
Is44-is4i;- 
I,s4(i-1M47- 
1,S47-1S49- 
I.s4l'-ls,",()- 
lrt.-,li-lM.-.3- 
18,53-18,54- 
1854-18.55- 
1855-1857- 
]8.%7-]8.'i8- 


1826 
18lli 
182.-. 
IHIJ 
1M2.'. 
1H2I1 
1818 


-1H(!( 


7-ls6;i- 


-is 


Sept.  II,  1821 


1S7II-IN71- 
ls7I-lN7:i- 
lK7;i-lK77- 
1877-1879-^ 
1879-1881- 
1881-1883- 
1883-18R5- 
1885-1887- 


-11  yrs. 
-2  yrs. . 
-11  yrs. 

2  yrs.. 
-2  yrs, . 
-4  y  rs . . 
-10  yrs. 
4  yrs. . 
■2  vrs. . 

1  vr... 

1  vr. .. 
■3  yrs.. 

4  yrs. . 
-2  yrs. . 
-2  vrs 
■lyr... 
-2  yrs,. 

1  yr. . . 

3  yrs.. 
■1  yr... 
-lyr,.. 
■2yrs. . 
■1  yr. .. 
-8  yrs,, 

lyr.., 
-2  yrs, , 

1  yr.,. 
-lyr... 
-2  yrs. . 
■4  yrs.. 

2yi's,. 
■2  yrs. . 
-2  yrs.. 

2  yrs.. 
■2  yrs. . 


1796 

1798 

1809 

1H23 

1812 

1845 

..18;J3 

..1854 

,  ,1H58 

..1847 

,,1846 

..1847 

..1868 


I  Jurist.. 
Varied. . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.. ,  , 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . 
Physicinn. 
L;twye 
."^ItTfliant. 
Lawver. , 
Law'jer. , 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer.. 

Jurist 

Varied. . , 
Varied, ., 
Agricul'st. 

Jurist !..1869 

Jurist I, 

Manufac'r|. 
Varied. . . .  i . 
Journalist  I.., 
Varied....!. 
Manufac'r  . 

Varied 

Manufac'r  . 
Lawyer...!. 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Manufac'r 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. , . 


.1869 
,1857 


.1868 
.1861 


.1875 


.1883 
!i883 


.1884 


DEr.Al^ARE. 


NAMES. 

Whore 
Born. 

Where  Born. 

Yrar*  in  Office.      • 

OceiipMlon. 

When 
Died 

Clayton,  Joshua.... 
Bedford.  Gunning.. 

Del... 

17»!l-]796— 7yra. . 
1796-1797-1  yr. .. 
1797-1798-1  yr,.. 
179S-1801— Syra.. 
18rH-1802— 1  yr... 
I8ii2-lN(t5-3yrs.. 

Physician. 
Soldier.... 
Farmer... 

Jurist 

Physician. 
Farmer,, . 

..1798 

Pa.  .. 

..1797 

Bassett.  Richard 

Sykes.  James 

Hall.  David 

Del.  , 

..1815 

Del... 

Del... 

^:o: 


DEI.A'WARE.  (Continued.) 


OEOROIA.  (Continued.) 


NAMES. 

Whcro 
Born. 

Whon  Born. 

Yoiiw  io  Office, 

OcoupatlOD. 

WLcn 
Di<-<I. 

Mitchell.  Nath'l 

Trnett,  (Jeurge 

Haslett.  Joseph 

Rodney,  Daniel 

Clarke.  John 

1805-1808-3  yrs, , 
1808-1811— a  yrs,, 
1811-1814— 3  yrs., 
1814-1817— ayrn.. 
I8l7-18:*0-yyrs.. 
182(*-182l-lyr,.. 
1821-1822— lyr... 
1822-1823—1  yr. .. 
1823-1824— lyr.,, 
1824-1827-3  yrs.. 
1827-1830-3  yrs.. 
1830-1833-3  yrs. . 
1833-1837-4  yrs.. 
1837-1840-3  yi-s.. 
1840-1844-4  yrs.. 
1844-1846— 2  yrs,. 

1846-1846- 

1846-1846- 

1846-1851— 5  yrs.. 
1851-1855— 4  yrs. . 
1855-1859— iyrs.. 
1859-1863-4  yrs.. 
1863-186.5-2  yrs. . 
1865-1871-6  yrs., 
1871-1875— 4  yrs.. 
187.5-1879^tyr8., 
J879  1883^  yrs.. 

Del... 
Del.,. 
Del... 
Del,., 
Del... 
Del... 
Del.,, 
Del,.. 
Del. 

1764 

Fanner,    . 
Farmer.., 

None 

Farmer... 

!!i846 

'.■■■■ 

Matilett.  Joseph 

Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Soldier.... 
Fai-mer, . . 
Farmer... 

None 

Physician. 
Merchant, 

Poindexter.  Geo.... 

Hazzard,  David 

Bennett,  CixWU  V... 
CointMIV^,  ('..rri,    1', . 
Coup.  r.  Willhuii    B. 
Stockton.  Thomas.. 

Del'.!'. 

Del... 
Md... 
Del... 
Del... 
Del... 



Jan.  sbV  1780 

.lissi 

Temple,  William... 
Thorp.  William 

Md,,. 
Del... 

Feb.  28,1815 

..1863 

Del... 

Physician. 
Merchant, 
Physician. 
Merchant. 
Farmer... 
Merchant. 

Del,.. 

,.1865 

Del... 

Del. 

Hall,  John  W. 

Del.,.l       

Stockley,  Chas,  C, 

Del.     1 

1883-1887— 4  yrs.. 

_ 

niSTKICT  OF  COL.TJMBIA. 


NAMES.     :::: 

TV  ben  Bora, 

rears  in  Office. 

Oocupatioa.       ^'"" 

I>Hd. 

Cooke,  Henry  D 

Shepard.  A\ex,  R 

Three  Commlss'rs.,. 

Dent.  Josiah 

West,  Joseph  R 

Edmonds,  James  B. 

Ohio. 
D.C.. 

ivid'.;; 

La,  .. 
N,  Y. 

Nov.  23,  182') 
Jan.  31.  1m;ii> 

AugV2f!',j"8I7 
Sept.  19,  IHJ-J 
1H32 

1871   1S73-2  yrs.. 
l.'^TiMsy-l- lyr. .. 
Is74-l.s7H^4yr3.. 

1H7M  IK,s2^yrs.. 

IMSL'-IHSIJ-Iyr... 
18H3-I8.sti— 3yrs,. 

Banker. .  . 
Gas-Fitter 
Unknown. 
Capitalist. 
H.  Estate. 
Lawyer. . . 

.1881 

■' 

1 

1 

FI.ORIDA. 


NAMES.            :r 

When  Born. 

rears  in  Office. 

Occup&Uon. 

When 
Bled. 

Moseley.  Wm.  D 

N.  C. 
Va... 

1845-1849^1  yrs.. 
1849-18,53^  vrs.. 
1853-1857—1  yrs. . 
1857-1861— 4  yrs.. 
1861-1864— 3  yrs.. 
1864-1866-2  yrs. . 
1866-1869—3  yrs. . 

Varied.... 
Varied.... 
None 

..1864 
. .  1863 

Broome.  James  E.,, 
Perry,  Madison  S... 

s.c. 
s.c. 

Oa... 

..1883 

Lawyer. . . 

..1865 

N.  Y. 

Ky... 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.isii 

1869-1873-^  yrs. .  iUnkno-vn. 

Hart,  OssianB 

Fla.. 
Yt.".'. 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.itiir, 
1838 

187.3-1.874—1  yr... 
1874-1877— 3  vrs.. 

Jurist 

..18-4 

Drew.  Georpe  F 

1877-1811— 4  ji-s.. 
1881-1885-^  yi-s.. 
1885-1889-4yrs.. 

Miller 

Farmer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Perry,  Edward  A... 

Mass. 

.   .  ■ 

eSOROIA. 


NAMES. 

Whew 
Bom. 

"Whon  Born. 

Yi'tvrs  in  Office. 

Oecupatioa. 

When 
Died. 

Walton,  George 

Telfair.  Edward 

Matthews,  George. . 

Irwin,  Jared 

Jackson.  Jame? 

Va... 

1740 

1789-1790-1  vr. 
1790-1793— 3vrs 
1793-1796-3  yrs 
)79fi-17H8-2  vrs 
l7HS-lhU.|-:iVrs 

iStiUlsiil- 

18(.ll-isi>2— 1  yr. 

.  Lawyer. . . 
,  Merchant. 
.  Agricul'st. 
.  Unknown. 
.  jl'nknown. 
.  I'nknown. 
.[Soldier 

..1804 

Scot.. 

1735 

1807 

Va... 

17.39 

..1812 

Eng'd 

]7.'»n 

17.".^ 

,.1818 

..1806 

Tatnall,  Josiah 

Ga... 

.1803 

NAMES. 


Vbni 
Dltd. 


Mllledge.Jolm 

Irwin,  Jured 

Mitchell.  David  B... 

Early.  I'eter 

Mitchell,  David  B... 

Oa... 

1757  1802-18(18— «  vm. . 

Lawyer 181» 

Unknown.  ..1818 
Unknown.  ..IK37 

Junlst 1817 

Unknown.  ..18.37 

Scot.. 
Va... 
Scot.. 

17.50 

I76« 

June  20,  1773 
1766 

I80«-180«-3yr». . 
1H09-I8I3— 4yrs. . 
I813-l«15-2yr«. . 
181.5-1817-2yr». . 
1817-181'.l    2  yrs.. 

Clark,  .lolin 

1819-IH23-4yrs..  I'nknown. 

Troup,  (ieorge  M.... 

Foi-syth,  John 

(MImer,  (jeorBe  R... 
Lumpkin.  Wilson... 
Schley,  William.... 
Gilmer,  George  R... 
McDonald,  Chas.  J.. 
Crawford,  (ieo.  W., 
Towns,  Geo.  W.  B. , 

Cobb,  Howell 

Johnson.  Herschel.. 

Ala.  . 
Va... 
Ga... 
Va... 
Md... 
Ga. .. 
S.  C. 
Ga... 
Ga... 
Ga... 
Ga. . . 



Sept.    8,  1780 
Oct.      2,  1780 
April  11, 1790 
Jan.  14, 1783 
Dec.  15,  178(1 
April  11, 17WJ 

1793 

Dec.  22.  1798 
May     4,  1802 
Sept.   7. 1815 
Sept.  18,  1812 
.1821 

182.31827— Iyrs.. 
I827-1829-2yr».. 
1829-Ih;H— 2yi-M.. 
183l-l«.-i5-4yn!.. 
lK:).',-l837-2yi-».. 
18:i7-lK:!9-2yrs., 
1m;19-1843— 4yrs. 
1843-1847-4  yrs.. 
1847-1851— lyi-s.. 
1851-lS03-2yrB.. 
18.-)3-lW.7-4yrs.. 
18,57-181 1.5-8yr».. 

1865  1H6.5— 

18B.->-18C,!]— tyrs.. 
IHfiSt  1872— 3  yrs.. 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

..IS-M 
..1841 

..18.59 
..1871 
..18.58 
..l&5i) 

..mso 

..1868 
..1880 

Johnson,  James. 

Jenkins,  Chas.  J 

N.C.. 

1811 

.'1840 

Lawyer... 
I'nknown. 

Smith,  J.  Slilton 

Colquitt,  Alfred  H., 
Stephens,  Alex.  H... 
McDaniel,  H.  D 



Ga... 

!!.'!"  *.".']  823 

1872- 1877- 5  y  I'M.,  jl'nknown. 
1877-1882— 5  yrs.  .i Unknown. 

Ga... 

Feb.  11, 1812 

1882-1H83-I  jr. .. 
1883-1886— 3  yn.. . 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

..1883 



' 

■. .:;.: 



ir.i.orois. 


NAMES. 


Where 
Dora. 


Bond,  Shadrack — 

Coles,  Edward 

Edwards,  Ninian... 

Reynolds.  John 

Ewing.  Wm.  L.  D.. 
Duncan.  Joseph — 
Carlin,  Thomas.... 

Ford,  "Thomas 

French,  Augr-  C 

Mattesnn,  Joel  A... 
Bissell,  Wm.  H.  . . . 

Wood,  John 

Yates,  Richard 

Oglesby.  Rich'd  J.. 

Palmer,  John  M 

Oglesby,  Rich'd  J.. 
Beveridge.  John  L. 
Cullom.  Shelby  M.. 
Hamilton.  John  .M. 
Oglesby,  Rich'd  J.. 


iMd... 
Va... 
Md... 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Fa... 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 

N.  y. 

N.  Y. 
III.  .. 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Ky... 
N.  Y. 
Ky... 
Ohio. 
Ky... 


I 


Dec.  15, 
Mar.  -, 
Feb.  26, 

Feb.'—; 
July  18, 

Aiig.'  2. 
Aug.  8, 
April  25 
Dec.  2' I, 
Jan.  18, 
July  25, 
,5ept.  13, 
July  25; 
July  6, 
Nov.  22, 
May  28, 
July  2d, 


,1773 

1786 
1775 
1788 

,1795 
1794 
1789 

,I8ai 
18<J8 
1808 
1811 
1798 
1H18 
18-24 
1847 
1824 
1824 
1829 
1847 
1824 


1818-1822— Iyrs. 
18-22-1826— lyi-s. 
1826-18.30-4  yi-s 
1830-l8:l4-4yrs. 

1834-1834— 

18:H  I8:«— 4yrs. 
I8:i8-I842— Iyrs. 
1842  1K46— 4  vrs. 
184B-18,-,;i-7yi-s. 
1S53  18.57— 4  yrs. 
1K,57-I86(J— 3vi-a. 
l«»-lH(il  — 1  vr.. 
lsiil-18fi.5— 4yrs. 
186,V1869— 4yrs. 
1869-1873- 4yi-s. 

1873-18-;— 

1873-1877— 4  yrs. 
1877-1883— 6  yrs. 
1883-188.5- 2vr8. 
1885-1889— 4  yrs. 


Agrlcurst. 

..1832 

Unknown. 

Jurist 

..1833 

Jurist 

..18<i5 

Lawver. . . 

..1846 

Lawyer. , . 

..1844 

Varied.... 

..18.52 

Jurist 

. .  18.50 

Lawyer... 

..1865 

Varied 

Varied.... 

..I860 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 

..1873 

Varied 

La%vyer. . . 

Varied... 



Varied.... 

lO^A. 


NAMES. 


Briggs,  .\nsel 

Hempstead.  Steph. . 
Grimes,  James  W. . . 

Lowe.  Ralph  P 

Kirkw-ood.  Sam'l  J. . 

Stone.  Wm.  M 

Merrill.  Samuel 

Carpenter,  Cyrus  C. 
Kirkwood.  Sam'l  J. . 
Newbold,  Joshua  G. 

Gear,  John  H 

Sherman,  Buren  R. . 


Wbwc 


Vt. . . . 
Conn. 
N.  H.. 
Ohio. 
Md... 
N.  Y. 
Me... 
Pa.  .. 
Md... 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 


Te»3  in  Office. 


Fob.      3. 

Oct.  1, 
Oct.  20, 

Dec'  '26.' 
Oct.  1-1. 
Aug.  7, 
Nov.  24, 
Dec.  20, 
May  12, 
April  7, 
May  28, 


1806  1846-18.50— 4yrs., 
181211850-18.54-4  yrs.. 
181611854-1858-4  yrs. , 
1805|1858-18l«J— 2  v.-s. 
1813  I8ii0-1H64— 4Vrs. 
1827  18ii4-18iX — 4  vrs. 
1822  181W-1872— 4V1-S. 


1829 
1813 
1830 
1825 
1836 


1872-1876— tyi-B. 

1876-1876- 

1876-1878- 2yrs. 
1878-1882— 4  yrs. 
1882-1886-4  yrs. 


Mail  Con't 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Merchjint. 
Surveyor. 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Merchant. 
Lawyer... 


VUa 
Died. 


.1881 
.1883 
.1872 
.1883 


;(b> — 


bs-2 


(.;(.)\  KKJMOKS    (IF    DIFFERENT    STATES. 


INDIANA. 


NAMES. 

Where 
BorD. 

^bea  Born. 

Years  io  Office. 

Oceupation- 

Wbcn 
Died. 

Jennings.  Jonathan. 

Hendricks,  Wm 

Ray,  J.  Brown 

Noble.  Noah 

Wallace,  David 

Big:ger.  Samuel 

Whitcomb,  James.. 
Dunning'.  Paris  C. . . 
AV  right.  Joseph  A... 
Willard,  Asahel  P.. 
Hammond.  Abram.. 

Lane,  Henry  S 

Morton.  Oliver  P 

Baker.  Conrad 

Hendricks.  Thos.  A. 
Williams.  Jas.  D. . . . 

N.  J.. 
Pa.  .. 
Ky... 
Va... 
Pa... 
Ohio. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  C. 
Pa.  .. 
N.  Y. 
Vt.  .. 
Ky... 
Ind.  . 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Ind.  . 
Pa.  .. 

1784 

Nov.  12,  178:j 
Feb.   19,  1794 
Jan.   15,  1794 
April  4,  179<l 
Dec.   16,  1799 
Dec.     1,  171)1 
Mar.  15,  Is/i.; 
April  17,  islci 
Oct.    31,  IS-" 
Mar.  — ,  1S14 
Feb.  24,  IKll 
Aug.     4.  lKi;:i 
Feb.   12,  1S17 
.Sept.    7,  1«I9 
Jan.    l(i.  isiis 

1816-1822-6yrs.. 
1822-1825-3  yrs.. 
1825-1831-6  yr".. 
1831-1837— 6  yi-s.. 
1837-1840-3  yrs.. 
I.84(  1-1843-3  yrs.. 
]s4:i-l.s48— 5yrs. . 
1S4S-I.H49— 1  yr... 
1.M9  lx:.7— 8yrs.. 
lsr.7  lsi;(j— 3yrs. . 
ls,;(l-ls,il  — 1  vr... 
ls.u-lsiil-2days 
l,s';i-l.s,i7— 6yrs.. 
Is,;7-1M73— 6vrs.. 
1k7:Ms77— 4vrs.. 
I.s77-ls,m— 4yrs.. 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown. 
Varied  ... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Agricul'st 

..1834 
..18.')0 
..18.50 
..1844 
..1859 
..1845 
..1852 
..1884 
..1867 
..I860 
..1874 
..1881 
..1877 
..1885 
..1885 
..1880 

Gray,  Isaac  P 

Oct.    18,  1828  1885-1887-2  yrs.. 

KABTSAS. 


NAMES. 

Wbero 
Born. 

'When  Horn. 

Tears  in  Office. 

occupation.       ^^- 

Robinson,  Chas 

Carney,  Thomas 

Crawford.  S.J 

Harvey,  Jas.  M 

Osborne,  Thos.  A... 

Anthony.  Geo.  T 

St.  John,  John  P 

Glick,  Geo.  W 

Martin,  John  A 

Mass. 
Ohio. 
Ind.  . 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
X.  Y. 
Ind.  . 
Ohio. 
Pa.  .. 

July  21,  J81H  18IU-1SIU- 

Aug.  20,  1827  lHt;i-lsii4— 3yrs.. 
April  15,ls:i,->  ls.;4-)8(^it-5yrs.. 
Sept. 21,  l><'^'-i  18i;;i-l.K73— 4yrs.. 
Oct.    26.  1H:-Iti  1H7;Mn75— 2V1-S.. 
June    9,1824  ls7r.-l.'<79— 4yrs.. 
Feb.   25,  1833,187^-1883— 4  yrs.. 
July     4    1827)1883  18Rt — 2  vrs.. 

Physician. 
Merchant. 

Agricul'st. 
Printer.  .. 

Journalist 

Mar.  10,  1839 

1885-1887— 2  yrs.. 

Journalist 

KENTUCKY. 


NAMES. 

Wbcre 
Born 

when  Born. 

Yeftis  in  Office. 

Occupation. 

When 
Did. 

Shelby,  Isaac 

Garrard,  James 

(freenup,  Christ 

S'-oit,  Charles 

Shelby.  Isaac 

Madison.  George — 

Slaughter,  G 

Adair,  John 

Desha,  Joseph 

Metcalfe.  Thomas.. 

Breathitt.  John 

Morehead.  Jas.  T... 

Cliirk.  James 

Wickliffe.  Chas.  A.. 

Md... 
Va... 
Va... 
Va... 
Md... 
Va... 

s.  c.'. 

Pa.  .. 
Va... 
Va... 
Ky... 
Va. . . 
Ky... 
Kv     . 

Dec.    11,  17.-.(l  1792  1796 -4  yrs.. 

1749  179,:  l.s(i4— 8yrs.. 

17.',"  l.MiH   1K118— iyrs.. 

1H(1H-1H12— lyrs.. 

Dec.    11,  17.">(l  IH12  Ihk;— 4yrs. . 

17(>3  IHKl-lsKi- 

1H|(;-Is2(i^yrs.. 

Varied.... 
Soldier.. . 
Lawyer, . . 
Soldier.  .. 
Varied.... 
Soldier.  . . 
Unknown. 
Soldier.  . . 

..1826 
..1822 
..1818 
. .  1820 
..1826 
..1816 

Dec.    «,  17i;h 
Mar.  20.  1 7"(  i 
Sept.    9,  17hi; 
May  24,  1797 

1779 

June    8,  I7N8 

IM2(-I.s28-4yr3.. 
1H2.'<  1  ■•(32— 4  yrs. . 
1m:i2  ls:(4— 2yrs.. 
Ih;(4-1.8:((;— 2yrs.. 
IH;i(;-is:j7— 1  vr... 
1n;)7  1810-3  yi-s.. 
1H4()-I844— 4  vrs. . 

Unknown. 
Mechanic. 
Vaiied.... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . 
Lawyer, . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Physician. 
Lawyer. . . 

..1842 
..1855 
..1834 
.18.54 
..1839 
..1869 
..1861 

vr, 

1782 

..1862 

Crittenden.  John  J. 

Helm.  John  L 

Powell,  Lazarus  W. 

Ky... 
Ky... 
Ky... 

Ky... 

Sept.  10,  1789 
July     4,  18(12 
Oct.      6,1812 
18,12 

184.8  1S.',0_2  yrs.. 
|M.',(1-1M51— 1  yr... 
I85I-IM55— 4yl-s.. 
I85,",-18.',9— 4yrs.. 
18.59  lH61-2yi-s.. 
1891   lH(;3-2yrs.. 
1H(;3-18(>7— 4yrs. . 

1897  18(;7- 

I8(i7-I871— 4vrs  . 
1871    1875  -4  yrs.. 
1M75  1879  -4  vr^,.. 
1879-1883 -4  yrs. . 
1883-1887-4  yi-».. 

..1863 
..18(!7 
..1867 
..1868 

MaKotfin.  Reriah 

Koblnson.  Jas.  F. . . . 
Bramlette.  Thott.  E. 

Helm,  John  L 

Stevenson.  John  W. 

LesUe.P.  H 

McCreary, Jas.  B... 
Blackburn,  Luke  P. 
Knott,  J.  Proctor  .. 

K^... 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Vi... 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Ky... 
Ky... 

April  18,181,'. 
Oct.      4.  181H( 
Jan.     3, IHl 7 
July     4,  18(12 
May     4,  1812 
Mar.     2,  1819 
July     8,  18:w 

.. 1815 

Aug.  29,  1830 

..1H85 
..1882 
..1873 
..1867 

r,oui8iAarA. 


NAMES. 

Born- 

When  Born. 

Tears  In  Office. 

OceupaOon. 

When 
Died. 

Va... 

..1817 

Villare.  James 

Robertson,  Thos.  B. 
Thibodeaux,  H.  S... 

Johnson,  Henry 

Derbigney,  Peter, . . 

La.  .. 
Va... 
La.  .. 
Tenn. 
La.  . . 

'.'.'.'.'. '-'.'.'.'.His 

Sept,' U,*  1783 

181(1-182(1— 4  vrs.. 
18-2U-1822— 2yrs., 
1822-1824— 2yr!?.. 
1824-1828-4  yrs. . 
1828-1829— lyr... 
1829-1830-1  yr... 
18:iO-1830— .     .    . 

Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Planter... 

Jurist 

Jurist 

!'.  1*864 

Dupre,  Jacques 

La. 

Planter... 

La.  .. 

1830-1834-^  yrs. . 
1834-1838-4  yrs.. 
1838-1841— 3  yrs.. 
1841-1845— 4  yrs.. 
1845-1850-5  yrs.. 
1850-1854-^  yrs.. 
1854-18.^8— 4  yrs.. 
1858-18(j0-2yrs. . 
1860-1864-^  yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 
Jurist 

White.  Edward  D... 

Tenn. 

..1847 

T.n 

Nov.  19,  1804 

Walkt-r.  J.ij^tph 

Hebt-it    I' nil   t" 

T.n 

:::::::::::::; 

WirkJiir.-.  linht  C.  Ky... 

Lawyer... 
Planter... 

Hahn,  Michael Bav,. 

Nov.     7,  1830 

I8fi4-1864- 

Lawyer... 

..1886 

N.  H. 

jan    26   1816  iftR7-iaRS     i  vr 

1868-1872-4  yis.. 
1872-1874- 2  yrs. 
1874-1877— 3  yrs. . 
1877-1879- 2yrs. . 
1879-1880— lyr.,. 
1880-1888- 8yrs.. 

Kell..t,'ir,  Win.  I'.... 

McP'M'TV      .TnllTI 

Vt.... 
La    .. 

Dec.     8.  1830 

Jurist 

Lawyer.. . 

Nicholla   Fraiieis  T 

La 

Wiltz  Alfred  L 

La   .. 

Merchant. 

McEnery,  Sam'l  D.. 

NAMES. 

Wbote 
Bora. 

When  Btiro. 

Years  in  Office. 

Occupation. 

When 
Died. 

King  William 

182{.>-1822— 2  vrs. .  Unknown. 

Parris,  Albion k.... 
Lincoln,  Enoch 

Me... 
Mass. 

.Ian.  19,  1788 
Dec,  28,  1788 

1822-1827-5  vrs..  Lawyer 1857 

1827-1829-2yrs..  Lawyer 1829 

Dunlap,  Robert  P... 

1789 

18:^4-1838—4  yrs.  .Lawyer 1859 

Fairfield,  John 

Me... 

Jan.  30,  1797 

18HH-lM4n-l  vr...  Lawyer 1847 

]S4(i-lH41  — 1  vr...' Unknown 

Is41-is43-2yrs..  Lawyer 1847 

ls.i:i-]S44— 1  yr...  Lawyer 1844 

Fairflrld.  John 

Me... 

Jan.  30,  17H7 
April  27, 17v<.'i 

Anderson.  Hugh  J.. 

Mass. 

1.S-14-1S47— 3  yrs.  . 

1--:17    is.'.n     :i  vrs 

I'liknown 

Hubbard.  John 

Me. . . 

IT'.'i 

1-  ,H   ix-,:i     ,■;  V  ,.,      i'i,\.ician.  ..1809 

Morrill,  Anson  P 

Wells,  Samuel 

Hamlin,  Hannibal.. 
William"*  Jos.  H... 

Me,,. 
Me!!! 

June  10,  181  Ki 
Aug."27ri869 

ls.-,.-,-i,^.-,(i   -1  JC... 
18o(.i-18.j7-lyr... 

18.57-1857— 

1857-18.S8— 1  yr. .. 

M.  1,-hant 

Unknown 

Lawyer 

ITnknown 

Morrill,  Lot  M 

Washburne,  Israel. 

Me... 
Me. . . 

May  3,  1813 
June    6, 181H 

l,8r.S- 1 86(1-2  vrs. .  'La  wver 1883 

is(;(i-isr.j_-j"vr.s..  Lawyer 1883 

Cony,  Samuel 

Chamberlain,  Josh. 
Perhani,  Sidney.... 
Dinglev,  Nelson,  Jr. 

ConiHir.  S..M..>i 

Garc.  li.M,    \l(.ri/(».., 
Plai^l.'  I.  H  iMis   M. 
Robie.  rifil-iu-k... 

Me;:. 

N.  h! 

Mar!'27Vi8l9 
Nov'.'i   1828 

]S(;:i-lH(i7-4yrs.  , 
1867-!871-4yrs.. 
1871-1874-3  yrs.. 
1874-1876-2  yrs.. 
1876-1879^3  vrs.. 
1879-1881-2  vrs.. 
1881-188:^-2  yrs.. 
1 883-1887-5  yrs.. 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Varied 

Journalist 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Lawyer 

Unknown   

MAR'CI.ANIt. 


NAMES. 

Wlierc 
Born. 

When  Born. 

Year,  in  Offioo. 

Ocoupotlon. 

Vti<n 
Did 

Howard,  John  E. . . . 

Plater,  tJeortrc 

Leo,  Thos.  Sim 

Stone,  John  H 

Henry.  John 

Oifle,  Benjamin 

Mercer,  John  K 

Md... 
Md,.. 
Va... 

Md.'.'. 

June    4,  1752 

17:i6 

1744 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.1758 

1788-1 792-4  Vl-S.. 

1792-1792- 

1792-1794-2vrs.. 
17114  1797-3  yrs.. 
1797-17il8-l  yr... 
1798-1891-3  yrs.. 
18(11- 1803-2  yrs.. 
189.3-189.5— 2  yrs. . 
1895-1899— J  yrs.. 
1899-1811— 2yrs. 
1811-1812-1  vr... 
1812-1815-3  yrs.. 
181.5-1818— 3  vrs.. 
1818-1819-1  yr... 

Unknown. 
Law.ver... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
I'liknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknow  .. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

..1827 
..1792 
..1819 
..1804 
..1798 

!;i82i 

Wl-lBht,  liohert 

Lloyd,  Eclwaid 

Bowie,  Hobei't 

Winder,  Levin 

Ridltely.  C 

Goldsboroiiifh,  C.  VV 

Md... 
Md... 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.liis 

.,182« 
..1834 

Md!'.'. 

!ii83'4 

GOVEKN0K8    OB'    DIFFEKENT    STATES. 


5.s;i 


? 


AIASYI.il.]KU.  (Caiitlnuc-il.) 


NAMES. 

When- 
Born. 

When  Doro. 

Ye»g  In  OfBce. 

OocupfttioD. 

WhcB 

SprigR-,  Samuel 

1 8 19-1822-3  yrs. .  Unknown. 
1822-1826-4  VTH. .  Unknown. 
18-jo  lH-j:i--;{Vrs. .  Pliv^lclan. 
lNj:i-lM3n- 1  vr...  Unknown. 
1k:)(.-Jh:ji     i  yr.,.  Unknown. 

IMlil    !m:(1—    Unknown. 

ls:il-]H33— 2yiM.  .   Unknown. 
lM:j;i-lK;if>-3yis. .  Unknown. 
18;ii!-lM38-:i  yrs..  Unknown. 
]8:(8-I841— 3  vrs. .  Unknown. 
1K4I-1.S44     3yrs..  Lawy.-r... 
IK44-I848     4  yrs      Liiwvcr.    . 



srrvcn^.  Samuel.... 

K.ril.  .l..s.-|.h 

,M;ulin.  I>;.niel 

Caiioll,  T.  K 

Muitin,  Daniel 

Ilnvv.ud.  George 

TlioiiiJis,  James 

Veuscy,  Thos.  W.... 
Grayson.  William. 
Thomas,  Francis.... 

Md'.V. 

Md'.". 
D.C 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'iiiif 
'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'/.iiHti 

Feb.     3.  1799 
.I8(.>5 

;!i837 

!.":868 
..1876 
..1869 

Thomas,  Philip  F... 
Lowe   Enoch  L 

Sept.  12,  1810 

184H-1851— 3yr8. . 
1851-1854— 3  yrs.. 

UnknowTi. 

Lli;oii,  Thos.  W 

links. Thos.  H 

Hr.nll'ord   .■VuK.  W. . 

Va... 
Md... 

Sept."2,"i7y8 

1854-I85H-4yrH..  Lawyer... 
I8,58-1H62— 4  yrs. .  Merchant, 
]8i;2-lM(;(!— 4yi-,s..  Unknown. 

'.'.isGh 

Va... 

..1883 

l:o\\]c-,  Odin 

Willi.-. W.Pinkney. 
';r..M,ne.J,ia.  B 

Md'.'.*. 
Md... 

jl8i;7-lK72-r)yrs.. 

Aug.    9,  18241 1872-  lH7.'.-3yr8. . 
April  4,  1838' 1875-1876-1  yr. . . 
;l87i>-1880— ivrs.. 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 

Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Haniilton.  Wm.T.. 
McLane,  llob'tM.... 

Md... 
Del... 

Sept.   8,  1820 
June  23,  1815 

1880-1884 — 4yr9.. 
1884-1888— 4  yrs.. 

MASSACHT7S£TTS. 


NAMES. 

Where 
Born, 

When  Born                  Year,  in  Office, 

Occap.tion. 

WL.n 
Bi.<i. 

Hancock,  John 

Ma-ss. 

Jan.  12,  1737  1789-1794— 0  yrs.. 

Merchant. 

..1792 

Adams,  Samuel 

Mass. 

Sept.  27,  1722  1794-1797-3  yrs.. 

Unknown. 

..1803 

Sumner,  Increase.. . 

Mass. 

Nov.  27,  17411  17H7-1799— 2yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

..1799 

(Jill,  Moses 

Mass. 

Jan,   18,  I7.i4  niili-l.lcKi-lyr... 

Merchant. 

..1800 

Stronpr,  Caleb 

Mass. 

Jan.     9.  174.'>  18iHi-iH()7— 7yi.s.. 

Lawyer... 

..1819 

Sullivan,  ,Tames 

Mass. 

April  22,  1744  1KI17-I,s(i8-1  yr. . . 

Jurist 

..1808 

Lin.-olii,  L.-vi 

Mass. 

Oct.    2,-1.  17«2  1, HI K-1 809-1  yr... 

Jurist 

..1868 

IJoj...  ('liri^t-.pll.  r.. 

Mu^s. 'Sept,  121,  17."",s  lsi.;i-I.sli(— :  yr. .. 

Lawyer... 

..1827 

liprr.v,  ]':iliii,i|,->. 

Ma>.s.l.Julv   17.1744  IKli  i-l.-<12-2  yrs.  , 

Merchant. 

..1814 

Stl-oijg,  Caleh 

Mass. 

Jan.     9,  174,-.  lMl2-lSl«-4yrs.. 

Lawyer... 

..1819 

Bi'ook.^,  John 

Mass. 

1752  1816-1823-7  yrs.. 

t'hysician. 

..1825 

Eustis,  William 

Mass. 

June  10,  1753 

1823-1825— 2  yrs,. 

Physician. 

..1825 

Morton,  Marcus 

Mass. 

Dec.    19,  1784 

182.5-182,5— 

luiist 

..1864 

I.ini-,.ln,  LfVi 

Muss. 

Oct.    2.-,  1782 

18-25-1834— 9  yrs,. 

Jurist 

..1868 

!i.-ivix.,I,.liii 

.Ma>s.  Jan.    i:i,  17s7 

18.i4-1836— 2yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

..1854 

,M.M,(i..iit-,  s  T,... 

Mass.iApiil  -I'.l.  17«4 

1. SHI  1  1836- 

Bookseller 

..1850 

Evuiutt,  Eihviua,... 

Mass.   April  11,  17:i4 

183i;-1840— 4yrs. . 

Clergym'n 

..1865 

Moiton,  Marcus 

Mass. 

Dec,    19,  I7M4 

184lJ-1841-lyr... 

Jurist 

..1864 

Davis,  John 

Mass. 

Jan,    13,  1787 

1841-l,S43-2yrs.. 

Lawyer... 

..ia54 

Morton,  Marcus 

Mass. 

Dec.    19.  1784 

184:1-1844— lyr... 

Jurist 

..1864 

Bi  ik'irs,  G.'ortje  N.,. 

Mass. 

April  13,1791!  1844-l,8.-.l-7yrs.. 

Jurist 

..1861 

H<>iit\v..ll.  iw-o.  S 

M.ass. 

Jan.   28.  1818  18.-.l-ls.-i:^— 2  yrs. . 

Lawyer. . . 

i'liir,.i,i,  .I,,lm  H.... 

R.  L.lJan.    HI,  isiiit  ls.",:i-l.s.-,4-]  yr. . . 

Lawyer. . . 

..1876 

W;islil>ui-[i.  Emory. 

Mass.  1H(«)  m.vl-lH.v,-!  yr... 

Jurist 

..1877 

Gardner,  Heni'y  J. . 

Mass.  June  14.  1819  18.to-18,i8~3  yi.s. . 

Merchant. 

Banks,  Nath'l  P 

Mass.  Jan.    30,  1816  I8o8-I8fil— 3  yrs. . 

Varied.... 

Andrew,  John  X 

Mc.lMay  31.  1818  1861-18(iR— .'i  yrs. . 

Lawyer. . . 

..1867 

Rull,.,k.  .Mex.  H.... 

Mass.  Mar.     2.  IRIR  ISHfi-lSTO— J  yi.s. . 

Lawyer... 

..1882 

CliLllin.  ^^•illiara.... 

Mass.;Mar.     6.  1S*1«  IM711-I872— 2yrs. . 

Merchant. 

\V,.-lil.urii.  Wm.  B. 

Mass.ijan.   31,  1h2ii  1m72-187.^— 3yrs. . 

Varied 

i;a>t,ni.  William 

Conn. Oct.      3.  1H2II  1n7.^>-1876— 1  yr... 

Lawyer. . . 

Ric...,  Alexander  H. 

Mass.  Aug.  30,  1818  187«-1879— 3  yr3. . 

Manufac'r 

Talbot,  Thomas 

N,  Y.  Sept.    7.  1818  1879-1880-1  yr. . . 

Hanufac'r 

..1885 

Long,  John  D 

Butlel-,  Ben.1.  F 

N.  H. 

Nov.    5,  1818  1883-1884— lyr,.. 

Lawyer... 

Robinson,  Geo.  D... 

Mass. 

Jan.  20,  1834 

1884-1886-2yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

MIC-HIQAN.  (Continued.) 


MICHIGAN. 


NAMES. 


Mason,  Stevens  T. . . 
Woodbridge,  Wm, . 

Gordon,  J.  W 

Barry,  John  S 

Felch,  Alpheus 

Greeiiley,  W,  L 

Ransom,  Epaph 

Barry,  John  S    

McClelland,  Rob't.  . 
Parsons,  A 


Conn, 

Vt'.".'. 
Me... 

N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Vt.  .. 
Pa.  .. 
X    Y. 


Year,  in  Offii;.. 


Wlien 
Dleil. 


Aug. 

Sept. 


Aug. 
July 


1811 

1780[ 

'1802 
1806 
,1813 
.1796 
.1802 
1807 
1817 


1837- 
1840- 
1.841- 
1X42 

1849- 
1847 
1848. 
I8.-,li- 
18-,2 
1853- 


1840—3  yrs. 
1841-1  yr.. 
1842-1  vr.. 
I.s4ii-4yrs. 
1.S47~1  vr.. 
1S48  — 1  yr. . 
IH.511— 2'yrs. 
1852— 2  yrs. 
lH.-,3— lyr.. 
185.>— 2  yrs. 


Lawyer. . 
Law.ver. . 

Lawyer.. 
Vari.d... 
Jurist... 
Lawyer.. 
Lawyer.. 
Varied . . 
Lawyer. , 
Lawyer., 


.1843 
.1861 
.1853 
.1870 

!.'i883 
..1859 
..1870 
..1880 


NAMES. 

"'■"'  i      «l..n  fkiri.. 
Horn 

Tmtv  io  Office.            OocupaltoB. 

When 
UU4. 

Bingham.  Kinsley..  IN,  Y.  Dec.  16,  1808 
Wlsner,  Moses !n,  Y,  June   3,  1815 

Bluir,  Austin N,  Y.  Feb.     8.  1818 

Clap...  lleiiiy  H....  Mass.  May  24.  IK04 
Baldwin.  Ikiiry  P..  R.  I..  Feb.  22,  1«I4 

Bagley.JohnJ N,  Y,  July  24,  18:)2 

Crosswell,  Chas,  M.  N.  Y.  Oct.  31,  l«2.-> 
Jerome,  David  H...  Mich.  Nov.  17,  1829 
Begole,  Josiah  W. . .  N.  Y.  Jan.  20,  1815 
Alger.  Russell  A....  Ohio.  Feb.  27,  1836 

1855-  185H-4  yrs. . '  Agricul'st. 
ia5»-I8«l— 2  yrs.  .Unknown. 
1861    18*(5— 4yr». .  Lawyer... 
1865-1869— 4 yrs..  Manufac'r 
1869-1873— 4 yr«.   'Varle*!... 
1873  1877— 4yi.s.,  Manufac'r 
1K77-188I— 4yr».,  Lawyer... 
1881-1882— 1  yr...  Merchant. 
1882-1884-2  yrs. .  Varied. . . . 
ISM- 1886-2 yn>..  Lumber'n. 

..1861 
..1863 

!.'i86!» 

'.  Ami 

'    ' 

*l 

MIXNESOTA. 


NAMES. 

Where 
Hum. 

When  Bf,rn- 

Tears  in  Office. 

Ocetipalion. 

When 
bird. 

Sibley.  Henry  H 

Ramsay,  Alex 

Miller,  Stephen 

Marshall,  Wm.  R... 

Mich. 
Ha.  .. 
Pa... 
Mo... 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  H. 
N.  Y. 

Feb.  -20,  1811 
Sept.  8.  iHl.-, 
Jan.  7,  1816 
Oct,  17,  1825 
1831 

1858-1858— Trader.... 

1858-1862 — 4  yrs. .  Lawyer.. . 
1862-1866— 4 yrs..  Merchant. 
1866-1870— 4 yrs..  Surveyor. 

'!is8i 

Davis,  Cushman  K. 
Pillsbury,  JohnS, ,. 
Hubbard,  Lucius  F. 

June  16,  1838 
July  29,  18'2« 
Jan,  36,1836 

1874-1876— 2yrs.. 
1876-1882-6  yrs.. 
1882-1887-5yrs.. 

Lawyer... 
Miller 

JIanufac'r 

::.:::: 

".:.'.:'.'.'.'.'.'. 

MISSISSIPPI. 


NAMES. 

Where 
Born. 

When  Born.               Year,  in  Office. 

OecupMion.       "'"" 

Die,]. 

Holmes.  David 

Poindexter,  Geo. . . . 

Leake,  Walter 

Holmes.  David 

Brandon,  Gerard  C. 
Scott,  -Abraham  M.. 

Runnels.  Hiram 

Lynch.  Charles 

McNutt,  Alex.  G 

Tucker,  Tilgham  M. 

Brown.  Albert  G 

Mathews.  Jos.  W 

Quitman.  John  A... 

Guion,  John  J 

Whitfield.  James... 

Foote.  Henry  S 

MacRae.  John  J 

McWillie.  Wm 

Pettus,  John  J 

Thompson.  Jacob. . . 
Sharkey,  Wm.  L.... 
Humphries,  Benj.  G 

Alcorn.  James  L 

Powers.  R.  C 

Ames,  Adelbert 

Va... 
Va,., 
Va, . , 
Va,., 

vi!!! 

N.  0, 
S.C.. 

nVy! 

vii:'.'. 

Miss.. 
S.  C. 

N.C.'. 

iiiV!', 

Me!'.'. 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.Hie 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.iaoi 
Hky'si.'isii 

Se'pt."i'.1799 

Sept','20,'l866 

1810 

Nov.  17,  1795 

Miy'is/isio 

Nov'.'— ,1816 
Oct."3i','l835 

1817-1819— 2 yrs..  1  Unknown.  ..1832 

1819-1821- 2yrs. .  Lawyer 1853 

1821-1825-^  yrs..  Unknown.  ..1825 
1825-1827—2  yrs. .  Unknown.  .  .1832 

1827-1 83 1—4  yrs. .  Unknown. ' 

1831-1833— 2 yrs..  Unknown. | 

1833-1835— 2  yrs. .  Unknown 

1835-1837 — 2  yrs. .  Unknown. 

1837-1841— t  yrs..,  Unknown.'. .1848 
1841-1843— 2 yrs..  Lawyer... '..1859 

1813-1848— 5  yi.s..!  Jurist 

1848-1850— 2  yrs..  Unknown 

1850-1851— lyr.  ...Varied 1858 

1851-1851— .Unknown 

1851-185-2- lyr...  UnknowTi.i 

1852-1854— 2  yrs..  Lawyer...  ..1880 

1854-1858-^ yrs..  Lawyer 1868 

1858-1860— 2 yrs...  Varied 1869 

1860-1862-2 yrs..  Unknown 

1862-1864— 2 yrs..  Lawyer 

1864-1866-2 yrs..  Unknown 

1866-1868—2  yrs. .  Unknown 

1868-1870-2yr8..  Lawyer 

1870-1874— 4yni..  Unknown 

1874-1876— 2  yrs..  Unknown 

1876-lHH2-6yrs. .  Unknown 

1882-1S86— lyre. ..Unknown 

1..:" 

;'":.:  ...1 

1 

'  , 

MISSOURI. 


NAMES. 


OcmpatioiL. 


McNair.   Alex 

Bates.  Frederick... 

Miller.  John 

Dunklin,  Daniel. .. 
Bo^ps.  Lilbum  W, 

Reynolds.  Thos 

EdVards.  John  C. . 
King.  Austin  A 


Pa.  .. 

Tenn, 


18*.!i  1-1824 — tyrs.  .Unknown. 

,18*24-1825 — 1  yr...  'Unknown. 

1825-1832—7 yrs. .  ISoIdier. . . . 

1832-1836—4  yrs. .  |  Unknown. 

|l83t!-lN4ri — i  vrs..  Unknown. 

lW4n-ls+l — I  yrs..  Unknown. 

ilH44-lK4>': — 1  vrs..  I  Unknown. 

Sept.  20,  1801 1 1^^8-1853— 5  yi-s. .  ,Juri-t 


r 


584 


60v?:rnors  of  different  states. 


1 


i 


MISSOITRI.  (Continued.) 


NAMES. 

WLerc 
Bora. 

WbenBora.                TearB  iu  Office.              Occupation. 

Price,  Sterling 

Polk,  Trusten 

Va... 
Del... 

Sept.  — ,  1809 
May  29,1811 

1853-1857-^  yrs.. 

1857-1857— 

1857-1857— 

1857-1861-4  yi-s.. 

18KI-1861  — 

18r,l-i,SH4— 3  vrs.. 
IHtrl-lMHM— 4  vrs. . 
lHtW-1871— 4\rs.. 
1871-1873— 2yrs.. 
1873-1875-2  yrs. . 
1875-1877-2  yrs.. 
1877-1881-4  yrs.. 
188I-1885--lvrs.. 
1885-1889—4  yrs. . 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Varied.... 
Varied. . . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

..1867 

..1876 

Jackson,  Claiborne. 
Gamble,  Hamilton.. 
P'letcher,  Thos.  C... 
McClurgr.  Jos.  W.... 

Brown,  D.  Grat:: 

Woodson.  Silas 

Hardin.  Chas.  H.... 

Phelps.  Johns 

Crittenden,  Thos.  T. 
Marmaduke.  John  S. 

Mo!!! 

Ky... 

Conn. 
Ky... 



Feb!  22,  1818 
May  28,  1826 

Dec!  22, '1814 
Jan.    2,   1834 


1 



X£BRASK..4.. 


NAMES. 

Where 
Born. 

When  Bora. 

Tears  io  Office. 

Occupation. 

When 
Died. 

1867-1871— 4  yi-s..  Unknown. 
1871-1873— 2  vrs..  Unknown. 
1873-1875— 2  yrs..  Unknown. 
1875-1879— 1  yrs..  Unknown. 
1879-1883-^  yrs. .  Unknown. 
188^1887—4  yrs. .  Unknown. 

.. 

JfEVAD.*.. 


NAMES. 

When  Born. 

Tears  in  Office. 

Occupation. 

When 
Died. 

Nve,  James  W 'N.  Y.  June  10.  1815 

Bialsden,H.G 

Edwards,  T.D Ky...  Mar.    4,  1831 

Bradley.  L.  R Va. . .  Feb.   18.1805 

Kinkead.  John  H. . .  Pa. . .  Dec   10,  1826 
Adams  Jewett  V^...  Vt.  ..  Aug.    6.  1835 

lftni-lHrt4— 3  yrs.. 

lMt;4-lM71— 7  yrs.. 

I.->71  -1^71- 

1871-1879-8  yrs.. 
1879-1883^  yrs.. 
1883-1887— 4  yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Miner 

Lawyer... 
Stockman. 
Merchant. 
Stockman. 

..1876 
I!  1879 

1 

KEW    HAMPSHIRE. 


NAMES. 


Whew 
Bora. 


Years  io  Office. 


Weare,  Meshack — 

L.an(?don,  John 

Snllivnn,  John 

Ilartl,:tt,  Jostah 

Cilnmn.  John  T 

Lanirdoti,  John 

SrniHi.  Jeremiah... 

I.:inKiion.  John 

I'luincr,  William... 

(lilman,  John  T 

I'luMicr.  William... 

I>i;ll.SainU(!l 

Woodhnry.  L<?vl 

Morrill.  David  L.... 
i*ii'r<;e.  Btjnjamin... 

Hell,  John     

Harvey,  Matthew.. . 
Harpt^r,  Joweph  M. . 
Ilinstnoor.  Haniuel.. 
BadKer,  Williuin... 

liili.  Isaac 

I'aire.  John 

Hiil)l>ar<l.  Henry 

.Steile,  John  H 

C<dl>y,  Anthony  — 
Wllllann-.  Jarod  W. 
l>ln.,nioor,  Samuel.. 


N.  H. 
N.H. 
Maj4s. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 


N.  H. 

Me. . . 
N.  H. 

Maj<H. 
N.  H. 
N.  H. 


June  2.'), 
Feb.  17, 
Nov.  21, 
Dee.  11), 
June  -'r> 
Nov.  '2'.K 
June  !.'■*> 
Oet.  !i. 
Dee.  l:i, 
Oct.  «. 
Kcb.  SI, 
Dee.  22, 
June  10, 


June  21 
June  21. 
July     1 

April'  H, 
May  21, 
May     3, 


N.  H.' 
N.  H. 


11770-1778— 2  yrs. 

17-tl  1778-1790-2  yrs. 
1741  I7i«>-1792— 2yrs. 
1727  17!l2-17i)4-2yrs. 
17.'):i  1794-1805-9  yrs. 
1741  1H0..-1809— 4yr«. 
17r.9  IKI11I  lHIO-1  yr.. 
1741  IMlii-1812— 2yrs. 
17M9  IMI2-1H14— 2  vrs. 
n-,:l  1814-1816-2  Vrs. 
17811  181(1-1819— 3  yrs. 
I77CI  1819-1823— »  yrs. 
1789  1823-1824-1  yr.. 
1772  1824-1827— 3  yrs. 

1827-1829— 2  yr». 

1829-18;ia— 1  yr. . 

1781  1830-1831-1  yr.. 

1787  1831-1831— 'ifyr.. 
1711(1  18:il-1834-'3yr». 

1834-1830- 2yrs. 

1788  1830-1839— 3  yrs. 
1787  1839-1842—3  yrs. 
1784  1842-1844-2  vrs. 
1844-184(1— 2  vrs. 

1840-1847-1  jr.. 

1847-1840-2  vrs. 

1799  IW49  18.-.2— 3  yrs. 


Unknown. 

.Uerchant. 

..1819 

Lawyer. . . 

..!79.'> 

Physician. 

Unknown. 

..1819 

Lawyer. . . 

..1842 

..1810 

Lawyer. . . 

..1K)4 

Unknown. 

..1828 

..1854 

Jurist 

..18.50 

Jurist 

..1851 

Varied.... 

..1849 

Unkno^vn. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer... 

..1836 

Physician. 

..1865 

Lawyer... 

.  1835 

Unknown. 

Journalist 

..1851 

Affrlcul'st. 

..1803 

Lawyer... 

..1857 

Unknown. 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

..1864 

Unknown. 

..1889 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  (Continued.) 


NAMES. 

Where 
Born. 

When  Born.                 Yean,  in  Office. 

I 

Occupktion. 

Wbin 

Died 

1 1852-1854—2  vrs. . 

UnknoMrn. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
LnkiM.wn. 

l;.  l;.  oiiiT 
Lnknuwn. 
Ultrgym'n 
R.  R.  Offi'r 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Baker.  Nathaniel  B. 
Metcair,  Ralph 

N.  H. 
N.  H. 

Sept.  29, 1818 

IVH8 

1807 

1854-1855-1  yr. . . 

1W55-1857— 2  yrs. . 
1857-1859— 2  yrs.. 
l859-lHfii_2  vrs.. 

l.si;|-|-.i;:;     _>  vi<.. 

I.'-'..:    1-'.  .     _■  M.-,  . 
l.-r..-,    1^.  --  L'  \i-.-   . 

i»b,  i.m;j— :j  yr.--.. 
186y-l«71— 2yrs.. 
1871-1873— 2  yrs.. 
1873-1874-1  yr... 
1874-1875-1  yr.. 
1875-1877-2  yrs.. 
1877-1879-2  yrs.. 
1879-1881— 2  yrs.. 
1881-1883-2  yrs.. 
18a3-]885-2yrs.. 
1885-1887— 2  yrs.. 

. . 1876 
..1858 
..1876 

Goodwin.  Ichabod. . 
Be  rry,  Nathaniel  S. 
Gilmore.  Joseph  A.. 
Smyth,  Frederick.. . 
Harriinan.  Walter. 
Slearn.'.  i  )nslow.... 
Wi-.-tim,  J;iines  A... 
Straw,  Kzt-kiel  A.... 

n.h: 

Mass. 

;.";.v.v.'.i8i7 

Aug.  30.  1811 

!.i8(i7 

'.;i8S4 
..1878 

Cheeney.  Person  C. 

Head  Natt      

N.H. 

May  20,  1828 

.  1883 

Hale  Samuel  W 

STETT   elERSE'E'. 


NAMES. 

V.  here 
Dorn, 

Wheo  Horn, 

Veara  in  Office 

Uccupftlion. 

When 
Died. 

Livingston.  Wm....  N.  Y. 

Nov.  30,  1723 

1776-1790— 14  yrs.  Journalist 
1790-1792-2yrs..  Lawyer... 
1792-1801-9  yre..  Lawyer... 
1801-1802— 1  yr...  Lawyer... 
1802-1803-1  yr...  Lawyer... 

1S(l3-18r.>      9  Vl-s        T.awvo,. 

.1790 

Howell.  Richard 

Bloouifield.  Joseph. 

Lambert.  John 

Bloomtield.  Joseph. 

OKden.  Aaron 

Penninprton.  Wm.  S. 
liiikerscn,  Mahlon. 
^VlllMlr.^..n,  Isaac. 

\v,,ll.  c^inet  D 

V n    ]:\<v  D 

Snulli.n    1    ■■:.iiri  L.. 

Del. 

1754 

18()2 

S.J.. 
N.  J-. 
N    J. 

1753 

1748 

1753 

..1823 

..1823 

18"'3 

N.  J.. 
N.  J.. 
N.  J.. 
N.  J.. 
N.  J.. 
N.J.. 
N.  J.. 
N.  J.. 
N.  J.. 
N.  J.. 
N.  J.. 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J.. 
N.J.. 
Ohio. 
N.  J.. 
N.  J.. 

Dec.     3,  1756  i8i2-isi3— 1  yr... 

1757  1813-1815— 2  yrs.. 

April  17,  1770  181.5-1817— 2  yrs.. 

17B8  1817-1829— 12  yrs. 

Mar.  10.  1783,1829-1829 — yr... 

1791  1 829-1832-3  yrs. . 

June    9.  17.-17  1,N32-|K33-1  yr... 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 

..1839 
..1826 
..1853 
..1844 
..18.50 
..1873 
..1842 

.^-  .  1.  ^  ,  1   h.i^  V 

V ,  r,  1.  rl) 

Dirk. ■!— Ill,  I'liilo 

I'.iiMiii^-Mii.Wm.... 

11 .-,  I'.iilel 

Nii.ittnii  <  'h.irles  C. 

11. MP.      l.'l 

K..I1,  ,-.■  V 

I'luu.  U.j.in..mM... 
Newell,  William  A. . 
Olden,  Charles  S.... 

1791   1S33-1H33 yr... 

1791 ,  1833-1836-3  yrs. . 

1792',  1830-1837-1  yr... 

1797  1837-1843-6  yrs.. 

1801 11843-1844-1  yr... 

1790:1844-1848-4  yrs.. 

1801  1848-1851— 3  yrs.. 

1809  1851-18.54— 3  yrs.. 

1816  18.)4-l857-3  yrs. . 

1815  1857-1860-3  yrs.. 

1799  1860-1863-3  yrs. . 

1816  1863-1866-3  yrs. . 

1812  1866-1869-3  yrs. . 

June  24,  1826  1869-1872—3  yrs, . 

1816, 1872-1875-3  yrs.. 

1831  187.5-1878-3  yrs.. 

Dec.     3,  1826  lS78-188l-3yrs.. 

1830  1881-1884-3  yrs.. 

Oet.     8,  1836,1884-1887- 3yrs. . 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Aprrieiil'st. 
Lawyer... 
Physician. 

Broker 

Physician. 
Agrieul'st. 

,.1846 
..1873 
..1862 
..1862 
..1877 
..1859 
..1877 
..1872 

!!i876 

Ward.  Marcus  L....iN.  J.. 
Randolph.  Theo.  F.  N.  J. . 

Parker.  .loel iN.  J.. 

Beadle,  Joseph  D. . .  iN.  J. . 
MeClellan.  Geo,  B...  Pa.  .. 

Manufac'r 
Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Soldier   .. 

..1884 
1.1885 

Ludlcnv.  George  C. .  .N.  J. . 

STEW  TORK. 


NAMES. 


Clinton,  George 

.lay.  Jolin 

{'liiiloii.  Corgc 

Lewis.  M.iiCTn 

T iikLiis.  Diul'l  D. 

Tvler.  J..1IM   

Clint.. II.  li.'WItt.... 
Y.-.l.'s,  Joseph  C... 
Clinton.  D.Witt.... 
Pitcher.  Nathaniel. 
Van  Buren,  Martin. 

Throop.  |.:nos.  T 

Marev,  Wm.  L 

Seward.  Wm.  H 

Boiiek.  Wm.  C 

WrlRht.  Silas 

Yountr,  John 

Fish.  Iliinillton 

Hunt.  Wiishinirton, 
Seym.itiv,  H-.r/iti.. 


N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 


Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  y. 

Mass . 

N.  y. 

N.  Y. 
Mass. 
Vt.  .. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
N    Y, 


July  28, 
Dee.  1, 
July  26, 
Oet.  IH, 
June  21, 
July  4, 
Mar.  2, 
Nov,  9, 
Mar.    2, 

Dec.  5, 
Aug.  21, 
Dee.  12, 
May  10, 

May'  24,' 
Julie  12. 
.\ug.  3, 
i\iig. 


M.i 


31 


1739 
1745 
1739 
17.54 
1774 
1742 
1799 
1768 
1709 
1777 
1782 
1784 
1786 
1801 
1786 
1795 
1802 
IKOH 
181  I 
l~|(i 


1788-1795- 
179.5-1801- 
I8lll-18(,)4- 

l.m  14-181)7 

I  K(  17- KM  16- 
1816-1817- 
1817-1822- 
1822-1824- 
1824-1827- 
1827-1829- 
I829-1831- 
1831-1833- 
1833-1839- 
1839-1843- 
1843-1845- 
184.5-1847- 
1847-1849- 
1849  1,851 - 
185l-18,-,3- 
l,-<53-18,55- 


■7  yrs. 
■Oyrs. 

3  vrs. 

3  yrs. 

9  yrs. 
-lyr.. 

5  yrs. 
-2  yrs. 

3  yrs. 
-2  yrs. 
-2  yrs. 
2  yrs. 

6  yrs. 

4  yrs. 
■2  yrs. 
•2  yrs. 
2  yrs. 
2  yrs. 
2  yrs. 
2  yi-s. 


Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer, , . 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Merchant. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. .. 
Unknown, 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Agrieul'st 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Uiwyer. . . 
Lawyer.. . 
Lawyer.. . 


When 
Pled. 


.1812 
.1829 
.1812 
.1844 
.1825 
.  1829 
.1828 
.1837 
.1828 
.18.36 
.1862 
.1874 
.  18.57 
.1872 
.lft59 
.1847 
.  1852 

!  1867 
.1886 


^^ 


Sit^ — 
f 


CiuVKltJSOKS    Ol''    JJlJ'KKKKN'T    ti'l'ATKS. 


NEW  TUICK..  (Contluufd.; 


NAMES. 


Wliorc 
Horn. 


Clark,  Myron  H — 

Kinp.  .lolin  A  

Mfii't'iin.  Edwin  1)., 
S.vriKnir.  Homtio. 
I'VMIun.  Itnilii'n  K. 
Il..irii>»n.  JoJin  T.. 

liix.  J.ihn  A 

Tildi  n,  Samuel  J.. 
h'Dliinsini.  Lni'iiis.. 
Coin. 11,  Vl.inzoB. 
( 'li-vcland,  (iiover. 
Hill.  D.ivi.l  IS 


Ifi5.'i-18.')7-2  yra. . lUiiknown, 

N.  Y.'jan.  3,  17«8'is.".7  lH.'.;i-2  yr.i.  .'At'rlc-ul'Bt, 
Mass.  Feb.  3.  IMll  |H.-,ll-lKi;:i  4vr,4..  M.nlmnt. 
N.  Y.  May  31.  IMIii  |Mi;;i  inv.r,  2  yr^.  l.invv.-r  ., 
N.  Y.  July  I.  IHIl  INi;:.-l.illll- 4yr»..  Mc-iiliunt. 
N.  Y.  Jan.   10.  Ik_'.s  inibi-IH73— J  yrs. .  Lawyer... 

iN.  H.  July  24.  I71W  l>i7MM7.'>-2yr»..!Vai-leil 

.N.  Y.  Fell.  !l,  1H14  1M7.I-I877-2  vrs..il,awyer... 
N.  Y.  Nov.    4.  IKIii  IH77-l88l)-3yiii..'Lawvei-... 

N.  Y.  Jan.  22,  IH:j2  IMMH-IHSM -3  vi  k.     Varliil 

N.J..  Mar.  18,  1S.-I7  1 B.-*,!  - 1 R84  - 1  m-...  Lawyer... 
N.  Y.  Aug.  29,  1843  1884. 1887-3  yis..  Luwvei'... 


.  1HH7 
.  1883 
.  1881! 


IVOKTH   <'.VKOI.I\',V. 


NAMES. 


Occupation. 


Marti 

1,  Alexander.. 

N,  J  . 

...17411 

1789-1792-3  yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

-.1807 

."^liaik- 

It.  RiehardD. 

N.  C. 

Mar, 

25, 1758 

1792   179,=.-3  yrs,. 

Lawyer... 

-.1802 

A»he, 

Sninuel 

N.  C. 

....  1 7(13 

179.-.  179H_3yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

•:i835 

liavie 

William  R... 

Engd 

1798   1799-1  vr  .. 

Lawyer... 

-.1820 

WillL 

Ills,  Beni 

N.  C. 

....17.-.4 

1799  LSI  12 -3  vrs.. 

Soldier.... 

-.1814 

Turin. 

r  James 

Va... 

....17W 

IHII2   lNll.-,_3  vrs.. 

Soldier.  .. 

• . 1824 

\ll-\:l 

ider,  Nath'L. 

N.  C 

Mar. 

5,  175H 

IKII.-,   1MII7-2yrs.. 

Physician. 

-.1808 

Ulllli 

ins,  Benj 

N.  C. 

....17.54  1KI7  |siis_l  vr  ., 

Solfher.  .. 

-.1814 

St. III.- 

David 

N.  C. 

Feb. 

17,  1770  IHl.s-l.sKi— :J  Vrs 

Jurist 

-.1818 

Si, mil 

Ileniainhl... 

N.  C. 

181U-18U-1  yr... 

Soldier.  .. 

-.1829 

Hank 

IIS,  William.. 

N.  C. 

181 1-1814-3  yrs.. 

Planter... 

-.1812 

Milli'i 

William 

N.  C. 

'1814-1817-3  yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Mraii- 

i,.l"lin 

N.  C. 

Nov. 

4.  1782  1817-1820-3  yrs.. 

..1863 

lin,  .lesse, .... 
s,  Caliriel.... 

N.  C. 
N.  C. 

17tiO  18*»0-1821      1  yr 

Planter... 
Lawyer. . . 

• . 1824 
. . 1829 

ll.iliii 

....1764,1821-1824-3  yi-s!: 

KiiiM 

1,  Hiitchlus... 

N.  C. 

1824-1827-3  vrs.. 

• . 1836 

Irril,' 

.  James 

N.  0. 

....1788'1827-18J8-1  \r  .. 

Jurist 

-.1853 

John 

.  Montfort. . . 

N.  C. 
N.  C. 

....1787 

1828-1830-2  yrs.. 
1830-1832-2  vrs.. 

Unknown. 

..1841 
..1842 

M,,k,. 

....1760 

Sl\,|ll 

liavidL 

N.  C.  Jan. 

4,1801 

1832-183.-1-3  i-i-s. 

Educator. 

SjiaiL' 

il.  Ki.-liard  D. 

N.  c; 

....1798 

1835-1837-2  yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

-.1850 

liuilli- 

V.  KdwardB.. 

N.  C.j 

....1811 

1837-1841-4  yrs.. 

Unknown. 

..1853 

M.inl 

ead,.lolin  M.. 

Va...!july 

4,  1793 

1841-l84.-)-4yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

..1866 

i;r;<li: 

Ill,  Win.  A.... 

N.  f!.  Sept 

.•i,  IS04 

l84.-.-7849-4yrs.. 

Law.ver. . . 

..1875 

Maiili 

.  Charles 

N.  C.  Nov. 

23,  1S5) 

1849-1851-2  yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

..1871 

Kia.l 

lavid  S 

N.  0.  Aprilli).  ISI3  l,s,-,l-l,s.a5-4yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

llratu 

.  Tliuinas 

N.  C.  Nov. 

il,  isiii  l.s,v.-i,s,-,9-4yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

..1872 

Kill-, 

Mini  W     .  ... 

N.  C.  Nov. 

23,  ]sjn  ls:,'i  l.^ni- 2yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

..1861 

\  :inc-i 

,  z.l.iilon  B.. 

fJ.  C.  May 

13,  ts:m  |.s.;l.l.SH5_2yrs.. 

Lawyer. . , 

lliilili- 

1,  William W. 

N.  C.  Nov. 

24,  1S18  l.s.i-,-i.sn.', yr... 

18,  1802  lSi;.vl,Kiili_4  yrs.. 

Journalist 
Lawyer... 

Welti 

,  J.iiialhan... 

N.  O. 

Nov. 

..1869 

ll.ilii,. 

1.  William  W. 

V.  c. 

Nov. 

24.  1818ilsi;;i-lM73-4  yrs.. 

Journalist 

Calilu 

■II,  Tod  R. ... 

N.  C. 

Feb. 

19,  lalS!lM7:i-ls74-l  yr... 

Lawyer. . . 

..1874 

l!roi;il 

en,  Curtis  H.. 

N,  <;, 

Dee. 

IR,  irtin  1874-IH77— 3yrs. . 

Planter. . . 

\  ance 

Zeliulon  B.. 

N.  C. 

May 

13,  lsi:in  1877-l.s.sl— 4  yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Jarvi» 

Thomas  J,.. 

N.  C. 

July 

18,  1N3(;  lssl-lSM3-2yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

Seales 

Alfred  M.... 

N.  0. 

Nov. 

26,  1827 

1883-1887— 4  yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

1 1... 



NAMES. 

_                 When  Bora. 
Born. 

YenTs  In  Office. 

Occupalioo. 

■When 
Died. 

Whitaker,  John 1 

1859-1882-3  yrs. . 
18i;2-18fi(i-4yi-s.. 
1HHH-187II— 4  vrs.. 
1870-1877-7  yrs. . 
1877-1878—1  yr... 
1878-1882— 1  yrs.. 
1882-1887— 5  yrs.. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Woixls,  (lecrge  L... 

lin.vtT.  Lafayette.. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unkno^vn. 

Thayer,  W.  W 1 

::::::::::::....::":: :"":::::;;;;:::::: " "i 

1 

1 



NAMES. 


WUro 
Born. 


Byrd.  Charles  W. .. 

Timii.  Edward 

k'iiker.  TI1011111.H. ... 
Iliiiiliii;:ii<ii,  Sam'l. 

Meit-s,  Keiurn  J 

Looker,  ( Ithlliel, , .. 
Worthink'ton,  Thos. 

Brown,  Ethan  A 

Triluhle,  Allen 

Moi  row,  Jeremiah.. 
Tiiliihle.  Allen 

.Alc.\i'lliur.  liuiiean. 

Liica^  Uoberc 

Vanee.  Jo.seph 

Slialtnon.  Wilson... 
Corwln,  Thomas... 
Shannon.  Wilson... 
Bartlev,  Thomas  W 
Barllev,  Mordeeal.. 

liehb.  Williiun 

Ford.  Seahiiry 

Wood,  Keul.en 

Medill.  William 

Chase.  Salmon  P 

Dennison.  William. 

Tod.  David 

Brough.  John 

Anderson,  Charles.. 

Cox, Jacob D 

Hayes,  Ruth'd  B 

Noyes,  Edward  F. . . 

Allen,  William 

Hayes,  Ruth'd  B 

Y'oung,  Thomas  L.. 
Bishop,  Kieliard  M.. 

Foster,  Charles 

Hoadl.v.  George i 

Foi'aker,  Joseph  B..  I 


Engd 

t'onn. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
Va.  . 
Conn. 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
Va. .. 
N.  Y. 
Va... 
Pa.  .. 
Ohio. 
Ky... 
Ohio. 


Juno  19, 17«e 
.'!"'.'.'.'.'.i7(i; 

Dec.  — ,  1740 
Oct.  4,  17.'i7 
July  16,  1774 
July    4,  1776 

178.3 

Fell.    6 


April  I, 
Mar.  21, 
Feb,  24. 
July  19. 
Feb.  24, 


17&3 
1804 
1802 
1792 
1801 
1808 


Pa.  ..  leu.  10, 

Ohio 

Conn 

Vt 

Del 

N.  II,  J.:ii.  13, 
Ohio.  Nov.     i). 

Ohio 

Ohio.  Sept.  11, 
Ky...  June  1, 
Can..  Oct.  27, 
Ohio.  Oct.  4, 
Mass.  lOct.     3, 

N.  C.  

Ohio.  Oct.      4, 


Ohio.  I  April  12, 1828 


1802-1S03-I  yr.. 

1803-1807— Jyrs. 

1807-1808-1  yr.. 

I8I18-18IO— 2yrs. 

l«10-l8l4-4yrH. 

1814-1814 yr-. 

1814-1818-4  yrs. 

1818-1822-4  yrs. 

1822-1822 —  yr.. 
i.,ri8;>2-182«-4  vrs. 
.1783  1826-1830— 4}  l-s, 
.1772  1830-18:12-2  yrs. 
17K1  lK32-l8:j6-4yr». 
1780;  1830-18:18—2  Vl-s. 
1 8112 1 1 8:i8  - 1 840-  2  y  rs 
1794  1840-I842— 2yi-s. 
1802  1842-1814— 2  yrs. 

1844-18)4 —  yr.. 

I844-I840-2yi-B. 

1846-1849-3  yrs. 

1849-18,W— 1  yr.. 

18."iO-18'',3— 3yrs 

IK>:)-185G-3yrs. 

185()-180(1— 4yrs. 
181,'',l  I800-J802— 2  yrs. 
1H05  1862-1804-2  yrs. 
1811  isi;4- 1865— 1  yr.. 
1814:18(15-1866—1  yr.. 
1828  1806-1868— 2  yrs. 
1W22  I81.8-1872— 4yrs. 
1K32  IH72-1874— 2yrs. 
18!t6  1874-1870— 2  yrs. 
1822,1876-1877—1  yr.. 
11877-1878-1  yr.. 

1878-18M1— 2  vrs. 

1880-1884— 4  yrs. 

1884-1886—2  yrs. 

1886-1888-2  yrs. 


Unknown. 
Physician, 
Unknown 

Jurist 

Jurist 

Farmer.. . 
Unknown. 

Jutist 

Surveyor. 
Surveyor. 
Surveyor. 
Surveyor. 
Sui-veyor. 
Merchant. 
I.awyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Affi-Ieurst, 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Merchant. 
Merchant. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 


Wlirn 
Diwl. 


.1817 
.  1825 

!i827 
.  1852 
.1870 
.  18.52 

■  iwtj 

.18.53 
.1851 
.1877 
.  18115 
.1877 

'.  1876 
.1873 
.  18.55 
.1864 
.1865 
.1873 
.1882 
.1868 
.  1865 


PESIIV  S  YI,  V  ASriA. 


NAMES. 

V,  h,:rL. 

Boru, 

■When  Born. 

Tears  in  Office. 

Occupation. 

"When 

Died. 

Mifflin,  Thomas 

Pa.  .. 

1744tl790-179&-9  yrs. . 

Merchant. 

..laoo 

McK.-aii.Th.'inas 

Pa... 

Mar.  10,  ]-:t4  17if:'-1808— 9  yrs. . 

Lawj-er... 

..18J7 

.SinU..-i,  SiiTinn 

Pa.  .. 

Nov.     r,.  I7,'.!>  lM(is-iKl7-9yi-s.. 

Tanner.  .. 

-.1819 

ftinilaw  "\\  illiam... 

Pa.  .. 

.Tune  20,  IT'ls  |ki7-1K20— 3  yrs. . 

Lawver. . . 

..184(5 

Hc-i.-^ter,  Jo^L■ph 

Pa.  .. 

Nov.  18.  17r.2  ls_>n.iH23-3yrs.. 

Merchant. 

..1KJ2 

Sliulze,  John  A 

Pa.  .. 

July  19,  177'.  ls*j:i-iH29— 6yrs.. 

Clergym'n 

..18.52 

Wolf.  George 

Pa..  . 

Aug.  12,  1777  1.si:m-Is:^.5— 6yrs.. 

Lawyer. . . 

..1H40 

Ritner,  Joseph 

Pa... 

Mar.  25,  17sn  is;;,",  ls:^9^yrs.. 

Agrieul'st. 

..ISfJO 

Porter,  David  R 

Pa..  . 

Oct.  31,  IT---  l--:i:i   l'<4->— 6  vrs.. 

Manufac'r. 

..I8H7 

Shunk.  Francis  R... 

Pa.  .. 

Aug.    7.  17--  l-(  .  1S4H— 3vrs.. 

Lawyer... 

..1K4.S 

Johnston,  Win.  F. . . 

Pa... 

Nov.     'J.  ]••>-  i-l^  17..2— 4yrs.. 

■Varied 

..1872 

Bigler.  William 

Pa.  .. 

Dec.    — .  1-1  ;  l-."tJ  lx.J.->— 3yrs.. 

Journalist 

..1880 

Pa.  .. 
Pa... 

Sept.  11.  lspi|i,K.-,.,-]S.58--3yrs.. 
.Vpnl   2,  1K'I7  ls,-,8-lSfi]— 3yrs,. 

Jurist 

Packer,  William  F.. 

Journalist 

..1870 

Curtin,  Andrew  G.. 

Pa.  .. 

Aprii22.1Si7  isni-18fi7— 6yrs.. 

La'vrver... 

Gearv.  J.ihii  W 

Pa.  .. 

Dec.  311    ispitiw;7-l>^7.1— (1  vrs.. 

Varied.... 

..1873 

Hartr;,n!t,.IohnF.. 

Pa.  .. 

Dee.    lU,  ls:^n|lH73-lH7!t— (Jyrs.. 

Varied.... 

Hnvt.  Hinrv  M 

Pa.  . . 

June    H,  ]s:«iliN7li-lSL.'<:i— 4  vrs,. 

Lawyer... 

Md... 

1 



i 

1           

1 

1 

:;:::::::::::::::::. i::::;;;;:;;).:;:::: 

RHODE    ISI^Ajm. 


NAMES. 


Where 
Born,  t 


Tmts  in  Oi&c«. 


Occupation. 


Fenner.  Artliur  P.. . 

Smith.  Henry 

Wilbour,  Isaac 

Fenner,  James 

Jones,  William 

Kniprht,  Nehemiah. 
Giljbs.  William  C... 

Fenner.  James 

Arnold,  Lemuel  H. . 

Francis.  John  B 

Sprague,  William.. 


R.I. 


R.  I.. 
IR.  1.. 
lU.  I. 
li.  I. 
R.I. 
R.  1. 
Vt.  . 
Pa.  . 
K.  I. 


1745 


April  25,  1783 
Jan.  22,  1771 
8,  1753 
31,  1780 
...  .179tl 
....1771 
29,  1792 
May  31 ,  1794 
Sept.  12,  1830 


Oct. 
Dec. 


Jan. 


189.1-1805—15  yrs. 
180.5-1806—1  yr... 
1806-18(17-1  yr. .. 
18(17-1811 — 1  vrs.. 
1811-1817— 6  vrs.. 
1S17-IW21 — Ivrs. . 
1821-1.824— 3  yrs. . 
1824-1831-7  vrs.. 
18:^1-1833—2  vrs.. 
1833-1838—5  jTS. . 
1838-1839— lyr... 


Unknown. 

..1805 

Unknown. 

Lawyer. . . 

..ia'i7 

UnkTiown. 

..1840 

Merchant. 

-.1822 

Unknown. 

..1854 

Unknown. 

..1871 

Unknown. 

..1840 

Varied.... 

..18.52 

AgricuPst. 

..lftfi4 

Manufac'r 

?5 


RHODE   ISLAND.  (Continued.) 


NAMES. 


Where 


When 
Died. 


King,  Samuel  W 

Fenner,  James 

Jackson,  Ciiarles. . . 

Diman,  Byron 

Harris.  Eiisha 

.\nthonv.  Henry  B. 

.\llen,  Philip 

Lawrence,  Wm.  B.. 

.iUen.  Philip 

Diniond,  Francis  M. 

Hoppin,  Wm.  W 

Dyer,  Eiisha 

Turner,  Tlios.  G 

Sprague,  William.. 

Bartlett,  John  R 

Cozzens.  William  C. 

Smith.  James  Y 

Burnside,  .\mb.  E.. 
Padelford.  Seth.  ... 

Howard,  Henry 

Lippett,  Henry 

Vanzandt,  Chas.  C.. 
Littlerteld,  Alfred  H 
Bourn.  Augustus  O 
Wetmore,  George  P 


R.  I.. 
R.I. 
R.  I. 
R.  I. 
R.  I. 
R.  I. 
R.  1. 
X.  Y 


K.  I 
R.  I 
R.  I 
R.  I 
R.  I.. 
Conn, 
Ind.  . 
Mass, 
R.  I., 
R.  1.. 
R.  I.. 
R.  I.. 
R.  I.. 
Eng'd 


May  23, 

Mar.'  '  3, 
Aug.     5, 

Aprii  i', 
Sept.  1, 
Oct.  23. 
Sept.    1, 

Sept!  "l, 
July  20, 
Oct.  24, 
Sept.  12, 
Oct.  13, 
Aug.  26, 
Sept.  15, 
May,  23, 
Oct.  3, 
.\pril  2. 
Oct.  9, 
Aug.  10, 
.\pril  2, 
Oct.  1, 
Aug.    2, 


1786 
.1771 
1797 
1795 
.1791 
1815 
1785 
1800 
1785 
.1796 
1807 
1811 
1810 
1830; 
1805 
1811 
1809 
1824 
1807 
1826 
18181 
1830 
1829 
1834 
1846 


1839-1843—4  yrs. 
1843-1845—2  yrs. 
lH45-lK4t;-l  vr. . 
Is4i;  IN47-1  vr.. 
1,K47  1.S49— 2  vrs. 
1849-1851—2  yrs. 
1851-1852-1  yr.. 

1852-18,52 

1852-1853-1  yr.. 
18.-.3-lw.'>4-l  yr.. 
1854-I.S57— 3  yrs- 
l«,-,7-lH,-,;i-2yrs. 
1859-1800—1  yr. . 
1860-1861—1  yr. . 
1861-1862—1  yr. . 
1862-1863—1  yr.. 
18i>3-lM66— 3  yi-s. 
lKO,;-],si;;i— 3  yrs. 
LSI  1:1-1,-172-3  yrs. 
1872-l.s75-3yrs. 
1875-1877—2  yrs. 
1877-1880—3  yrs. 
1880-1883— 3  yrs. 
1883-1886-3  yrs. 
1886-1889— 3  yrs. 


.1851 
.1846 
.1861 
.1865 


Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Manufac'r 
Unknown. 
Manufac'r  ..1861 
Journalist  I ..  1884 

Varied '..1865 

Lawyer 1881 

Varied 1865 

Unknown,  ..1858 

Lawyer. 

Manufac'r 

Insurer. 

Manufac'r 

State  Offi'r 

Merchant. 

Manufac'r 

Soldier. 

Jlerchant. 

Manufac'r, 

Manufac'r 

Lawyer. . 

Manufac'r' 

Manufac'rj 

Unknown. 


SOITTB  GARor.iarA. 


NAMES. 


Pincknev.  Thos 

Vandei  hor^t,  Arn.. 
Moultrie,  William.. 
Pinckney.  Charles. . 
Rutledge,  Edward. . 

Drayton,  John 

Richardson.  Jas.  B. 

Hamilton,  Paul 

Pinckney,  Charles.. 

Drayton,  John 

Middleton,  Henry.. 

Alston,  Joseph 

Williams,  David  R.. 
Pickens,  Andrew... 

Geddes,  John 

Bennett,  Thomas... 

Wilson,  John  L 

Manning,  Rich'd  I.. 

Taylor,  John 

Miller,  Stephen  D... 
Hamilton.  James. . . 
Hayne.  Robert  Y... 
McDuffie,  George... 

Butler,  Pierce  M 

Noole.  Patrick 

Hennegan,  B. K 

Richardson,  John  P 
Hammond,  Jas.  H,. 

Aiken,  William 

Johnson,  David 

Seabrook,  W.  B 

Means,  John  H. 

Manning.  John  L. . . 
Adams.  James  H... 
Alston.  R.  F.  W... 
Gist.  William  H... 
Pickens,  Francis  W 

Bonham,  M.  L 

.Magarth.  A.  G 

l*crry,  Benjamin  F 

Orr.  James  1, 

Scott.  Robert  K.... 

Moses,  F.J 

Chamberlain,  i>.  11 
Hampton.  Wade.. . 
Simpson,  Wm.  1>. . 
Hagood.  Johnson.. 
Thompson,  Hugh  S 


S.  C. 
S.  C. 
S.  C. 


Oct.  23,  1750 


,1731 
17.58 
1749 


Mar.    9, 
Nov.  — I 


S.  C. 

s.c'. 


.S.  C. 

S.c. 


s.  c. 
s.c. 
s.  c. 
s.c. 
c. 

Ga.. 


S.  C. 

C. 

S.C. 


S.C. 
S.C. 


S.C. 

sic! 
sic! 


Mar.    9,  1758 


.1770 
.1778 


-May  1 . 
May  14. 
May  8. 
May  8, 
Nov.  10, 


1791 
1788 


Aprill4, 
Nov.  15, 


1801 
1807 
.1806 


Api-il  7, 
May     6, 


1807 
1815 


May  12,  1822 


1788-1792— 4  yrs. 
1792-1794-2  yrs. 
1794-1796-2  yrs. 
179f5-179.s— 2  yrs. 
1798-l,sim-2  yrs. 
lm«i-l,sii2-2yrs. 
lK)2-18U4-2  yrs. 
1804-1806—2  yrs. 
1806-1808—2  yrs. 
1808-1810— 2  yrs. 
ISIII-1H12— 2  vrs. 
I,sl2  1.814-2  .vrs. 
I,sl4  |Nlii-2yrs. 
1816-1818-2  yrs. 
1818-1820— 2  yrs. 
1820-1822-2  yrs. 
1822-1824— 2  yrs. 
1824-1826— 2  yrs. 
1>^26-1828— 2  yrs. 
1><2S-1830— 2yrs. 
l.-<30-183'2--2yrs. 
1832-1834—2  yrs. 
1834-1836-2  yrs. 
1836-1838—2  yrs. 
1838-1840— 2  yrs. 

1840-1840 ...  . 

1840-1842--2yrs. 
1842-1844- 2yrs. 
1844-1846-2  yrs. 
1846-1848—2  yrs. 
1848-18.50—2  yrs. 
1850-1852—2  yi-s. 
1852-1854—2  yrs. 
1854-18.56— 2  yrs. 
18.56-18.58-2  yrs. 
1858- I860— 2  yrs. 
1860-1862—2  yrs. 
1862-1864—2  yrs. 
1864-1865—1  yr.. 
1865-1866-1  yr. . 
1866-1869-3  yrs. 
1869-1873-4  vrs. 
18731875— 2  yrs. 
1875-1877— 2  yr.s. 
1877-1878-1  yr.. 
1878-1880— 2  vrs. 
1880-1882— 2  yi-s. 
188'2-1888— 4  yi-s. 


Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Soldier.... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer., . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown, 
Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Varied.... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Lawyer.  . 
Planter... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Varied 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 


When 
Died. 


1805 
,1822 
.1800 


1816 
1822 

i'846 
1816 
1830 
1838 


TE.VNE88EE. 


18.16 
1832 
1838 
18.57 
1839 
,1851 


1840 


1864 
1864 


NAMES. 

Born. 

When  Born. 

Yeftra  In  Office. 

Occupation. 

WlK-n 

DU-d. 

1745 

17;«i-18ni— 5yrs.. 
1801-18(.W-2yrs.. 
1803-1809-6  yrs.. 
1809^815-6  yrs.. 
1815-1821— 6  yrs.. 
1824-1827— 6  yrs.. 
1827-1829-2  yrs.. 
1829-1835— 6yrs.. 
1835-1839-4  vrs. . 
1839-1841 -2  yrs.. 
1841-1K4.5— 4yrs.. 
1845-1847-2  yrs. . 
1847-1849-2  yrs.. 
1849-1851— 2  yrs.. 
1851-1853-2  yrs.. 
1853-1857-4  yrs. . 
1857-1861-4  yrs.. 
1861-1864— 3  yrs.. 
1864-1869-5  yrs.. 
1869-1871-2  yrs.. 

Va. 

1745 

Soldier.  ...   1815 

McMinn,  Joseph 

Carroll.  William  .. 

Unknown    

Unknown 

Houston,  Samuel... 

Va... 

N.*  C.' 
N.  C. 

Tenn. 
Va... 

Tenn. 
N.  C. 
Tenn. 
Tenn. 
Va... 

Mar.    2,  1793 

Lawyer... 

..1863 

Cannon,  Newton... 

Polk,  James  K 

Jones,  James  C 

Brown.  Aaron  V.. . 

Brown,  Neil  S 

Trousdale,  William. 
Campbell,  Wm.  B.. 
Johnson,  .Andrew... 

1781 

Nov.     2,  1795 
June    8,  1809 
Aug.  15,  1795 

Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Agricul'st. 
Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Jurist 

Mechanic. 

..J842 
..1849 
..18.W 
..1W59 
..1886 

"1867 

Dec.  29,  1808 
.1818 

..1875 

Johnson,  Andrew. . . 
Brovvnlow,  Wm.  G.. 

Dec.  29,  1808 
Aug.  29.  1805 

^lechanic. 
Vaned. . . . 

..1875 
..1877 

1871-1874—3  yrs. .  iUnknown. 

Porter,  James  D 

Marks,  Alberts 

1874-1879-5  yrs.. 
1879-1881-2  yrs.. 
188]-i88:J-2yrs.. 
1883-1887— t  yrs. . 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

Bate,  William  B. . . . 

NAMES. 

Where 

Born. 

When  Born. 

Veara  in  Office. 

Occupation. 

When 
Died. 

Hendei-son,  J.  P 

Wood,  George  T 

Bell,  Peter  H 

Pease,  Ed  ward  M... 

Runnels,  H.G 

Houston,  Samuel.., 

Clark,  Edward 

Lubbeck.  F.  R 

Mui-rah,  Pendleton. 

Hamilton,  A.J 

Thockmorton,  J.  W. 
Pease,  Edward  M... 
Davis.  Edmund  J... 

Coke,  Richard 

Hubbard,  R.  E 

Roberts,  Oran  M 

Ireland,  John 

N.    C. 

Ga... 
Va. . . 
Conn. 
Miss.. 
Va. . . 
Ala... 

s.c. 

.^la... 
Ala... 
Tenn. 
Conn. 
Fla... 
Va... 
Ga... 
S.C. 
Ky... 

Mar.  31,  1808 
1818 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. isii 

1821 

Mar.    2,  1793 

1820 

Oct.    16.  1815 

1818 

Jan.  28,  1815 
Feb.     1,  1825 

1812 

1824 

Mai-.  13,  1829 

1834 

1815 

Jan.     1 , 1827 

184.5-1847— 2yrs.. 
1847-1849— 2  yrs.. 
1849-1853— 4  yrs.. 
1853-1857-4  yrs.. 
1857-1859-2  yrs.. 
1859-1801- 2yrs.. 

1861-1861— 

1861-1863-2  yrs.. 
1863-1865— 2  yrs.. 
186.5-1866— lyr... 
1866-1867— lyr... 
1867-1870-3  yrs.. 
1870-1874-4  yrs.. 
1874-1877-3  yrs.. 
1877-1879-2  yl-s.. 
1879-1883— 4  yrs.. 
I883-1887-4yi-s.. 

Lawyer. . . 
Planter... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Planter... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Financier. 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer... 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Jurist 

..1858 
..1856 

'.'.'1883 
..1873 
..1863 
..1877 

'.".i'865 
..1875 

!!i'883 
..1883 

'.'.'.'.'.'. 

VERMONT. 


NAMES. 


Chittenden.  Thos... 

Kubinson,  Moses 

Chittenden,  Thos, .. 

Brigham,  Paul 

Tichenor,  Isaac 

Smith,  Israel 

Tichenor,  Isaac 

Galusha,  Jonas 

Chittenden,  .Martin. 

Galusha,  Jonas 

Skinner,  Richard . . . 
Van  Ness,  Corn.  P. . 

Butler,  Ezra 

Crafts.  Samuel  C. .. 
Palmer.  William  A. 

Jenison.  Silas  H 

Paine.  Charles 

Mattocks,  John 

Slade,  William 

Kalon.  Horace 

Coolidgc.  (',iil,,s.... 
VVllllaiMS,  {ii!!-,.  K.. 
Fail-hanks,  Iliaslns. 
Robinson,  John  N. . . 

Rovcc,  Stephen 

Hyland,  FIclcbcr. .. 

Hall.  Hilanil 

Fairbanks.  Erastus. 
Holbrook.  Fl-i-d-k... 
SmUh,  .1.  Gn-goiy. , 


Conn. 
Mass. 
Conn, 
ronn. 
N.  J . . 
Conn. 
N.  J.. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Vt.... 
Conn. 
Conn. 
Vt.... 
Vt.... 
Vt.,.. 
Conn. 
Vt.... 
Vt.... 

yt.... 

Mass. 
Mass. 
Vt.... 
Vt.... 
Vt.... 
Vt.... 
Mass. 
Conn 
Vt... 


Mar.  26, 

Jan.  17 
Feb.  8, 
April  4, 
Feb.     8, 

jiar.'iii 

May  '36", 


June  16. 
May     9, 


July  20, 


1730 
1741 
.1730 
1746 
17.54 
1759 
1754 
.17.53 
1769 
.1753 
1788 
.1781 
.1762 
1768 
.1780 
.1791 
.1799 
1770 
178(! 
.18IH 
.1792 
.1782 
.1792 
.1804 
.1787 
.1799 
1795 
.1792 
.1813 
.1818 


1777-17,89— 12  vrs. 
1789-17!tO— 1  vr... 
17;tii  1797  -7  vrs.. 


When 
Died. 


17;i7-l,-<n7— in  vrs 
lN(i7-l,Hii,s-l  vr.. 
ISII8  l,-«^»— 1  vr.. 
1M1I9-1SI3.-4  \rs. 
1S1.-1-181,-,— 2vrs. 
18l,-,-l,8-2n-5vrs. 
1820-182.-1— ;t  vrs. 
1823-1821:— 3  vrs. 
1820  I82H— 2V1S. 
182M-l,s:n-3  vrs, 
1831-1835— 4  vrs. 
1835  1,S41  -6  vrs. 
1S4I-IS43-2  vrs, 
lst3  IS44  -1  vr.. 
l,-<ll-lNI(;-2'vrs. 
lK46-l.'<49-3Vrs. 
184il-18,50— 1  yr.. 
18,50-18.5-2-2  yrs. 
1862-18,53-1  vr.. 
18.53-18,54- 2yrs. 
1854  18.56— 2  vrs. 
18,56  18.58— 2  yrs. 
1858  1860-  2'vi-s. 
1860-1861—1  yr., 
1861  -1863~2yr,s. 
1.863   1865-2  VI-S. 


-\gricurst. 

Jurist 

Agriiul'st. 
Sol. her.  .. 
I..iw\er... 
I.awver... 
l.aw.vcr... 
Unknown. 
,\gricurst 
rnkiiown. 

Jurist 

.lurist 

Lawyer. . . 

Varieil 

.lurlst 

I'-arnicr... 
I'nkiiown. 

.luiist 

Varied.... 
Unknown. 
Unknow-n. 

Jurist 

Manufac'r 
Lawyer... 

Jurist 

Unknown. 
Jurist..  .. 
Maniifiic'i- 
Unknown. 
Lawyer.. . 


..1797 
..1803 
..1797 
..1824 
..1838 
..1810 
..1838 
..1834 
.1841 
..1834 
..1833 
..18,52 
..1838 
..18,53 

.1860 
..1849 
..18.53 
..1,847 
,.1859 
..18,55 
..1866 
..18.53 
..1864 
..I860 

.18118 
..1.885 
..1885 
..1864 


:(y^ — 


GOVKKNOU8    OK    niFFERENT    STATES. 


VERMONT. 

(Continued.) 

VIROINIA. 

(Continued.) 

NAMES. 

Wlicr. 
Born. 

Whou  Born.               Y«ft"  In  Offloe. 

Ocoupntlon. 

nhcD 

Died. 

NAMES.           |2r 

When  Bora. 

V»n  Id  Ofle«. 

Oecupntloo. 

WbfD 

Wed 

Dillinpham.PauI... 

Mass. 

vt.... 

Aug.    6,  1800!  1865-1867-2  vrs.. 

HolUday,  P.  W.  M.. 

1878-1882— 4  vrH.. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 

1821- 

1867-1869-2  yrs.. 
1 «  fi  1 870- 1  vr. . . 

H.  II.  Offl'r 
Lawyer. . . 

..1885 
..1870 

1882-1888-4  yrs.. 

Mass. 
Vt.... 
Vt.... 
Vt.... 
Mass. 
Vt.... 

..........1814 

Lee,  FItzhugh 

Va... 

Hendee,  tieorpe  W. 

Nov>30.  1h:ij  1.^7(1  1870— 

1  .MJ.-.  1 87"  1 N72-2  yrs. . 

.-...17:191187;;  1874-2  yrs.. 

Sept.—,  18n;i  1K74  1876— 2vrs.. 

Stewart.  John  W... 

Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer. . . 
Lawyer..  . 
Manufae'r 
Lawyer... 

'.'.1885 
..1879 

Converse,  JiiHiis... . 

Peck.  Asiilirl 

Fjiirlmnk.s.  Horace. 
Proctor,  KeiHluld... 
Farnham,  Roswell.. 

18-1 

1876  1878-2  yrs.. 
187.S  1880— 2yrs. 
1HSI.-IHS2— 2vrs.. 
ls,Mi>-|K.S4— 2!yrs.. 

Mass. 
Vt..   . 

1.M27 

ls:i2 

Bai-atow,  John  L. .. . 

Farmer.. . 

N.  H. 

1832 

TFEST  VIRGIIVIA. 

NAMES. 

Where 
Bora. 

1    When 

DiH 

Boreman,  A.  I 



Pa. ..      -     -   -  ' 

July  24, 1823 

IWil-lbea- 8  yre. . 
1869-1871-2  ym.. 
1871-1877-6  yrs.. 

Jurist 

Matthews  Henry  M. 

1877-1881-4 yrs..  Unknown. 

Wilson,  E.  Willis     . 

1885-1889-4  yrs.. 

Unknown. 

VIRGINIA. 

"* 

«  !„,.  ' 

Years  in  Office. 

Oeeiipiktion. 

Wl.t-n 

NAMES. 

B.™. 

V  hen  Born. 

1                                             1                           1 

Va... 

Jan.  29,  1756 

1791-1794-3  yrs.. 
1794-1796-2  yrs.. 
1796-1799-3  yrs.. 
I-9»-1802~3yrs.. 
1802-1805-2  yrs.. 
1.8O.-,-l808-3vrs.. 
1808-1811— 3  yrs.. 

1811-1811  — 

1811-lS12-lyr... 
1812-1814— 2  yrs.. 
isi4-l8i6-2vrs.. 
1816  1S19— 3yrs.. 
lslii-is22-3yrs.. 
I.SL'2   IS25— 3  vrs.. 
18i.-,-ls27— 2yrs.. 
1827-1830— 3  yrs.. 
1K30-1X34— 4yrs. . 
1834-18.36— 2  yrs.. 
1836-1837—1  yr... 
1837-18411- 3yrs.. 
1840-1841—1  yr... 
1841-1842-1  yr... 
1842-1843—1  yr. .. 
1843-1846-3  yrs.. 
1846-1849-3  yrs  . 
184ii-l8.-,2-3yrs.. 
18:.j-iK.-.ii-4  yrs.. 
ls,^it;-186(J— 4yrs.. 
18«.>-lSI54-4yrs.. 
1864-1868-4  yrs. . 
1868-1871-3  yrs.. 
1871-1874— 3  yrs.. 
1874-1878—4  yrs. . 

Unltnown.  ..1818 

Unknown 

Unknown.  ..1813 

Lawyer 1831 

Unknown.  ..1808 

Unknown 

Lawyer 1862 

Lawyer 1831 

Unknown.    .1811 
Lawyer... '..1842 
Unknown.  ..1820 
Unknown.  ..1843 
Unknown.  ..1828 

Lawyer 1836 

Lawyer 1862 

Lawyer.  ..[..1830 
Unknown.  ..1837 

\PI8CONSIX. 

Monroe,  James 

Page.  John 

Va... 
Va... 

Va!.'! 
Va... 

A|irir28, 1758 
April  17, 1743 

Mar.'29,'l790 
April  28, 1758 

Cabell,  William  H.. 

Tyler.  John 

Monroe,  James 

Smith.  George  W. . . 

NAMES. 

Where 
Born. 

When  Boni.      1         Tews  in  Office.          i  OecuMiioa.        „.  '^ 

1                                         \           "               T.^ 

Barbour,  James 

Ni.'holas. Wilson  C. 
Pn-Inii.  JiitmsP... 
Kimdolph.  Thos.  M. 
Pleu^^aiits,  James... 

Tyler,  John 

Giles.  William  B.... 

Floyd.  John 

Tazewell,  Little'nW 
Kobertson,  Wind... 
('aiiipliell,   David.. . 
(iiliiKT,  Thomas  W. 
Kutliertord,  John.. 
(iri'fj:<)ry.  John  M... 
Mcl)uwell.  James... 

Smith,  William 

Floyd,  John  B 

Va... 
Va 

June  10,  1775 

Dewey,  Nelson 

Farwell,  Leonard  J. 

Barstow.  Wm.  A 

McArthur,  Arthur. . 

Bashford,  Coles 

Randall.  Alex.  W... 
Harvey,  Louis  P. . . . 
Salomon,  Edward.. 

Lewis,  James  T 

Fairchild,  Lucius. . . 
Washburn.  Cad.  C. . 

Conn. 
N.  Y. 

Conn. 

N .'  v. 

N.  Y. 
Conn. 
Prus. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio. 
Me... 

1817 

1848-1852-4  yrs.. 
1852-1854— 2  yrs.. 
1854-1856-2  yrs.. 
1856-1856-- 

lK,-.i:   I--,..     2  yrs.. 

!■-'■-    I-'  -' 

Capitalist. 
Land  Deal 
Merchant. 

Jurist 

Lawyer. . . 
Unknown. 
Educator. 

Va... 
Va... 
Va... 
Va... 

Va... 
Va.   . 
Va... 

vk'.'.[ 

Va! ! ! 
Va. . . 
Va... 

177-'. 

!!!!!!!!!!i7H9 

Mar.  29,  179ii 
Aug.  12,  17i;2 

Dec."i7,'i774 

!!!!!!!. '.'1796 

Sept.    6,  1797 

180,'. 

Jan.     5.  1819 
.Sept.  13,  1813 

j'aii.'  '24,'  i's'lf! 
Oct.   — ,  182" 
July  22,  1820 

IH'II 

!"l865 

!!i8'78 

..1872 
..I8<i2 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Lawyer... 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 
Unknown. 

"..'Is'ii 

'.'.1851 

Oct.  30,  I'^i'  !-'  1    l-';i;-2yrs. . 

IS  ;i    [-.1,   1-7J— 6yrs. . 

.\pnl22,  ]si^  i-'T:   1^74- 2yrs. . 
July  10.  1^.1"  1.^74   I.S76— 2yrs.. 
.Iiilv31.  1812  1876-1878— 2  yrs.. 
.lull./  18,  1K24  l.M78-lH.82-4yrs.. 
June  17    1830  18812   1887— 5  vra   . 

Varied.... 

..1882 

Ludinprtoii,  Ihiiris'n  N.  Y. 
Smitli,  Willi;uii  K...   Sr..t.. 
Rusk   Jere    M                 Ohio 

Lumber'n. 
Merchant. 

.!iws;i 

Unknown. 
Lawyer. . . 
Varied.... 
Unknown. 

■.■1876 
..1884 

Wise,  Henry  A 

Letcher,  John 

Va... 
Va... 

Dec.     3.  18in: 
Mar.  29,  1813 

Walker.  Gilbert  C. 
Kemper,  James  L. . . 

N.  Y. 

Aug.     1.  1832 

Unknown. 

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Hill's  Album 

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BIOGRAPHIES 

DISTINGUISHED 

POETS, 
ARTISTS, 

OBATOKS, 

LAWYERS, 
WRITERS, 

STATESMEN, 

PHVSICIAKS, 
SOVEREIGNS. 


il^ 


iO 


Illustrated  with  Euniretis  of  Portraits 
Tlirougliout  with  Elegant   Engravings 
Science  and  Art. 


\0 


HK2- 


Largs  Quarto,  Elegantly  Bound  in  Cloth  and  Qold, 

Half  and  Full  Morocco;   Sprinted  and 

Gilt  Edges. 


By  HON.  THOS.  E.  HILL, 

AUTHOR   OF    "hill's    MANUAL   OF    SOCIAL    AND    BUSINESS    FORMS. 


HE  PURPOSE   of  Hill's   Album   has 

■  been  to  present  in  a  condensed 

form   the   leading  and    essential 

y^^-^^- :rzz  facts  concerning  the  lives  of  the 

most  noted    persons    who    have 
ever  lived. 

The  Plan  has  been  followed 
£~  of  arranging  distinct  classes  to- 
'^  "'  L'tther.    Thus  the  great  Religious 
Founders,  including  Moses,  Bud- 
dha, Confucius,  Zoroaster, 
^^ li^/f i.  ''^^r^ " "^    •*3PT''  ..^  Christ,  Mohammed    and    others, 
-~"    ^    *'**'''n,         •  ^J^         .^,  ^^~      accompanied     by    fine     illustra- 
tions,   biographies.    History  and 
Beliefs  of  Denominations,  Dictionary  of  Religious  Terms,  etc.,  are 
included  in  one  chapter.      The  Great  Military  Heroes  at  all  times, 
including    Wellington,    Bonaparte,    Washington,    Grant    and    many 
others,  together  with  a  list  of  memorable  battles  fought,  a  Dictionary 
of  Military  Terms,   etc.,  form  another  chapter,  and  so  through  the 
volume. 

The  Lessons  drawn  from  these  biographies  as  they  are  presented, 
are  nf  themselves  a  peculiar  feature  of  this  work.  In  the  histories  of 
the  Rothschilds,  the  Astors,  Vanderbilt,  Girard,  Peabody,  A.  T. 
Stewart,  Jay  Gould,  Longworth,  Mackey,  Flood  and  others,  the 
secret  of  their  success  in  money-getting  is  very  clearly  stated, 
so  that  the  reader  desirous  of  making  money  may  greatly  profit 
by  the  reading.  And  thus  throughout  the  volume  the  causes 
that  led  to  success,  in  whatever  direction,  arevery  clearly  pointed 
out.  Much  light  under  this  head  is  given  in  the  chapter  devoted  to 
phrenology. 


The  Examples  presented  through  the  struggles  of  inventors, 
including  Howe,  Goodyear,  Stephenson,  Watt,  and  multitudes  of 
others  celebrated  for  triumphs  in  war,  finance,  exploration,  science, 
literature  and  art.  are  worthy  of  careful  study  and  imitation  by  the 
young  who  aspire  to  supremacy. 

General  Matter.  The  chapters  relating  to  the  History  and  Beliefs 
of  the  Great  Denominations:  the  Illustrated  Darwinian  Philosophy, 
showing  the  world's  progress  at  different  epochs  of  time ;  the  depart- 
ment devoted  to  Astronomy,  presenting  the  subject  in  simple  lan- 
guage, clearly  illustrated;  the  chapter  relating  to  Phrenology,  accom- 
panied by  views  and  diagrams  of  heads;  the  portion  concerning 
Household  Decoration  and  that  treating  of  Landscape  Gardening, 
all  profusely  illustrated,  are  each  intensely  interesting  and  instructive. 

The  Scope  of  the  work  it  is  impossible  to  enumerate  here; 
suffice  it  to  say  eleven  pages  are  devoted  to  giving  the  table  of  con- 
tents. The  range  of  the  work  includes  the  men  who  have  formed 
the  religious  beliefs,  that  have  been  brilliant  lights  in  the  commercial 
world,  that  have  wrought  great  improvements,  that  have  discovered 
new  continents,  that  have  opened  the  book  of  science,  that  have 
made  the  people  happy  through  laughter,  that  have  written  our 
sweetest  songs,  that  have  produced  the  most  thrilling  tales,  that  have 
presented  the  world  the  most  truthful  portraitures  with  the  brush 
and  chisel,  and  that  have  stirred  the  hearts  of  the  people  through 
powerful  oratory. 

The  Typographic  Display  of  the  Album  is  a  distinguishing 
feature  of  iln-  lnntk.  In  ele;;;uit,  artistic  finish  it  is  without  a  rival, 
the  secret  of  its  superior  embellishment  lying  in  the  fact  that  the 
power  to  produce  the  book  mechanically  rests  with  the  author,  who, 
by  his  knowledge  of  the  artistic,  is  able  to  produce  the  matter  in 
such  attractive  form. 


SOLD    BY    SUBSCRIPTION    ONLY.        AGENTS    WANTED. 


)()ok    is  publislu'd  l>y  tlic   Hill  Stanchird   Bitok  Co..  in  Cliicjiij^o.  111.,  on   luvivy  tinted 
^  er-ciilendored  paper,  in  various  styles  of  elegant  biiidiiiii;.      Full  information  eoncern- 
^^F^^     ing  terms  to  agents,  territory  in   whicli  tliey  may  sell  the  hook,  etc.,  can  be  learned  by 
addressing 

HILL  STANDARD  BOOK  CO.,  Publishers. 

,,^^,  (03  State  Street.  CHICAGO,   ILL. 


-sS: 


>^t>- 


j^ 


Brief  Extracts  From  Hundreds  of  Similar  Testimonials 


V 


.-» 


The  following  are  from  papers  published  at  Aurora,  111.,  where  the  author  of  the  Album  resided 
twelve  years,  during  the  last  of  which  he  was  Mayor  of  the  city. 


From  the  Aurora  Beacon. 

^HE  business  career  of  Wr.  Tlios.  E.  Hill,  who  was  at 
one  time  a  resident  of  Aurora,  and  mayor  of  the 
cilj',  has  been  very  successful,  and  some  have 
been  inclined  to  think  it  the  result  of  sood  luck.  Every 
enterprise  of  which  he  took  hold  seemed  to  turn  him 
money,  and  schemes  which  would  have  been  abortive  in 
the  hands  of  ordinary  men  blossomed  into  rare  success 
under  his  management.  The  same  good  fortune  follows 
him  and  his  enterprises  to  this  day.  There  la  no 
"  luck  "  in  it  at  all.  It  grows  first  from  his  intense  industry,  energy 
and  application;  second  from  his  enthusiasm;  and  third  from  his 
keen  appreciati<m  of  what  the  public  desires^  drawn  from  long  contact 
with  it  and  close  study.  In  his  youth  he  was  eminently  successful 
as  a  canvasser,  as  a  teacher  of  writing  and  lecturer  ow  penmanship. 
In  Aurora,  for  a  number  of  years  he  published  and  edited  the  Herald 
with  great  success.  When  he  sold  his  newspaper,  and  established  the 
system  of  city  messenger,  which  has  since  become  so  popular  between 
minor  cities  and  Chicago,  he  exploited  new  ground  which  was  for  a  time 
very  profitable;  and  it  was  during  the  hours  when  he  was  passing  be- 
tween Aurora  and  Chicago,  that  he  conceived  and  did  the  first  work 
upon  the  "-Manual,"'  that  splendid  product  of  the  brain,  of  the  com- 
piler, the  printer  and  the  book-binder,  which  has  made  Thos.  E.  HiU's 
name  familiar  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  oceans,  and  from 
Minnesota  to  Florida. 

*' For  two  years  or  more  past,  Mr.  Hill  has  been  of  opinion  that 
there  existed  room  for  another  work  besides  the  '^  Manual,"  which 
should  be  equally  popular  and  useful — and  meet  a  demand  as  uni- 
versal as  that  enjoyed  by  his  first  great  w'ork.  He  has  devoted  a 
large  amount  of  labor  and  inventive  genius  to  the  accomplishment  of 
his  ideal,  anil  we  now  have  it  before  us  in  "Hill's  Album  op 
BiOGKAPiiY  AND  Art.  "  It  is  a  large  quarto  volume  of  451  pages, 
printed  upon  heavy  tinted  paper,  with  hundreds  of  fine  portraits, 
miscellaneous  illustrations,  unique,  artistic  and  elegant  designs.  In 
its  preparation  he  has  called  to  his  aid  the  most  modern  and  refined 
skill  of  the  type-maker,  engraver  and  typographer,  and  he  has  thus, 
in  the  "  Album,"  surpassed,  in  artistic  and  typographical  display,  all 
his  former  efforts. 

"The  new  work  is  divided  into  eighteen  departments,  as  follows: 
1st,  Religion  and  its  Founders;  2d,  Military  Chieftains  and  Famous 
Battles;  3d,  Discoverers  and  Explorers;  4th,  Sketches  of  Leading 
Inventors;  5tb,  History  of  Financiers;  6th,  Sketches  of  the  Scientists; 
7th,  the  Theory  of  Progression;  8th,  Astronomical  Science;  9th, 
Phrenology  and  Science  of  Mind;  10th,  Humorists  and  Caricaturists; 
llth,  Physicians,  Lawyers  and  Sovereigns;  12th,  Orators  and  States- 
men; 13,  Actors  and  Play  Writers;  14th,  Historians,  Novelists,  Es- 
sayists, etc.;    15th,   Poets   and   Song  Writers;    lUth,   Painters   and 


Sculptors;  17th,  Household  Ornamentation;  18th,  Beautiful  Homes. 
Under  these  heads  are  given  very  many  beautiful  engravings  of  men, 
incidents  and  places,  with  sketches,  biographical  and  pertinent, 
interspersed  with  very  many  things  valuable  to  every  person  who 
would  be  reasonably  well  informed.  We  doubt  if  there  is  any  one 
volume  where  so  much  useful  information  of  the  kind  is  gathered, 
and  certainly  there  is  none  where  it  is  put  in  more  methodical  form, 
or  presented  in  a  manner  so  pleasing  to  the  eye  and  taste." 


From  the  Aurora  Blade. 

"Every  page  of  Hill's  Album  is  a  model  of  typography  and 
originality,  each  differing  from  the  other  in  mechanical  construction, 
and  each  succeeding  leaf  a  surprise  from  an  artistic  standpoint.  The 
question  one  asks,  instinctively,  is,  how  can  a  man  conceive  so  many 
elegant  designs?  The  contents  of  the  book,  however,  are  what  prove 
its  most  forcible  recommendation.  The  name  of  the  author  of  this 
valuable  work,  Hon.  Thomas  E.  Hill,  is  in  itself  enough  to  recom- 
mend it  to  all.  Our  readers  are  advised  to  examine  the  book  care- 
fully when^ey  have  the  opportunity. 


From   the  Aurora  Herald, 

"'Hill's  Album  of  Biography  and  Art,'  is  the  name  of  a  new 
book  by  Hon.  Thos.  E.  Hill,  author  of  "HilKs  Manual  of  Social  and 
Business  Forms."  It  is  gotten  up  very  much  after  the  style  of  the 
Manual,  but  more  elaborate  and  expensive,  as  nearly  every  page  has 
some  engraving  especially  for  it.  The  title  of  the  book  does  not  give 
any  adequate  idea  of  the  immense  amount  of  information  it  cont^iins. 
We  suppose  it  is  called  an  Album  because  of  the  many  pictures  it 
contains,  but  in  addition  thereto  it  contains  short  biographical  sketches 
of  distinguished  men,  from  the  time  of  Moses  and  Aaron  down  to 
the  present.  It  gives  a  sketch  of  Moses,  with  his  portrait,  and  an 
outline  of  his  teachings;  of  Buddha,  portrait  and  doctrines,  also  the 
same  of  Confucius,  Jesus  Christ,  Mohammed,  Swedenborg,  Andrew- 
Jackson  Davis,  and  Joseph  Smith,  and  an  outline  of  the  belief  of  the 
different  Christian  denominations.  It  also  gives  sketches  and  por- 
traits of  numerous  warriors,  inventors,  financiers,  scientists,  actors, 
humorists,  explorers,  poets,  lawyers,  doctors,  statesmen,  orators, 
artists,  etc. ,  and  gives  as  much  about  each  as  most  people  would 
care  to  remember.  It  is,  in  short,  a  complete  library  in  one  volume, 
and  must  have  been  the  work  of  years  to  gather  the  information  and 
put  it  in  this  condensed  form.  Of  the  typographical  excellence  it  is 
unnecessary  to  speak,  as  all  know  that  whatever  Mr.  Hill  undertakes 
in  that  line,  is  done  in  the  best  style  known  to  the  art.  We  know  of 
no  other  book  which  has  so  many  new  and  original  designs.  '* 


■t 


The   Universal  Testimony  Is  that  Hill's  Album  is  one  of  the   Most  Unique,  Elegant   and    Useful 
Books  in  the  World.    Read  the  Verdict. 


"One  of  the  Most  Instructive  and  Entertaining  Books." 

[From  Rev.  H.  W.  Thomas.  Chicago.] 
THINK  'Hill's  Album'  is  one  of  (he  most  instruct - 
five  and  entertaining  books  I  ever  saw." 


'^Most  Fascinatingly  Interesting." 

[From  the  Passaic  (N.  J.)  Item.\ 

"  We  know  of  no  volume  so  comprehensive 
in  its  information  as  this,  and  arranged  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  be  most  fascinatingly  inter- 
esting.'''' 


"The  Most  Beautiful  and  Complete." 

[Fruiii  the  Chicago  Inter-Ocean  ] 

"One  of  the  most  beautiful  and  complete  books  of  the  year.  Not 
only  is  it  wholly  creditable  as  a  fine  specimen  of  the  printer's  art, 
but  the  elegant,  unique  and  artistic  designs  are  worthy  of  special 
commendation.  But  the  value  of  the  book  is  in  its  reading  contents, 
and  the  admirable  system  and  method  of  its  arrangement.  The 
author  is  the  Hon.  Thomas  E.  Hill,  author  of  *■  Hill's  Manual  of 
Social  and  Business  Forms,'  another  of  the  practical  books.  The 
book,  under  many  headings,  gleans  the  most  interesting  and  valuable 
acts  of  history  bearing  upon  the  subject." 


"  We  Have  Examined  It  and  Were  Captured." 

[From  the  Sandwich  (iW.)  Argus.] 

*"  Hill's  Album'  is  a  wonder  of  art  and  industry.  We  have 
examined  it  and  were  captured.  Mr.  Hill  made  a  great  success  of 
his  *  Manual,'  and  this  work  gives  evidence  of  his  old-time  industry 
and  thoroughness.  It  is  full  of  information  upon  matters  of  science, 
art,  architecture,  mechanics,  biography,  religion,  etc.,  and  is  embel- 
lished and  illustrated  in  the  highest  perfection.  The  amount  of  per- 
sistent labor  needed  for  Mr.  Hill  to  accomplish  this  perfect  'Album,' 
is  as  wonderful  as  the  skill  shown  in  gathering  in  so  small  a  compass 
the  pith  of  the  world's  history. " 


Must  be  Largely  Sought  and  Highly  Prized." 

[From  the  Pennutjfs  Art  Journal.  New  York.] 
**The  subject-matter  of  the  work,  in  its  extent  and  skillful  man- 
ner of  presentation,  bears  unmistajiable  evidence  of  great  labor  and 
profound  research,  as  well  as  a  liberal  expenditure  of  money  on  the 
part  of  the  author.  The  embellishments  are  upon  a  scale  most  liberal 
and  excellent  in  taste.  The  work,  as  a  whole,  is  one  that  must  be 
largely  sought  and  Highly  prized  by  all  classes,  not  alone  as  a  hand- 
book of  valuable  and  interesting  information,  but  as  a  beautiful  and 
appropriate  ornament  for  the  parlor  or  drawing-room.  It  is  a  fitting 
companion  of  '  Hill's  Manual,'  which  has  proved  the  most  popular  and 
ready-selling  work  of  its  day,  having  already  reached  its  thirtieth 
edition,  and  into  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  copies  sold.  Like 
tli(;  *  Manual,'  the  new  work  is  to  be  sold  only  on  subscription, 
throutrh  agents. " 


"  It  is  a  Marvel." 

[From  the  Chicago  Tribune.] 

"In  the  preparation  of  a  work  like  this  a  vast  amount  of  labor  was 
required,  and  it  is  a  marvel  that  the  author  was  able  to  condense  so 
much  valuable  information  into  so  Utile  space." 


"  Extreme  Beauty,  Wise  Brevity  and  Charming  Variety." 

[From  Rev.  J.   B.  Lockwood,  Mt.  Joy,  Pa.  ] 

^^  Extreme  beauty,  wise  brevity,  charming  variety  and  practical 
utility  are  some  of  the  evident  characteristics  of  this  second  venture 
in  book-making  by  Mr.  Hill.  We  predict  an  immense  demand  for 
the  '  Album.'  In  the  drawing-room  It  will  be  an  elegant  ornament; 
in  the  sitting-room  an  entertaining  companion;  in  the  study  a  handy 
volume  of  biographical  reference.  Like  its  predecessor  —  the 
*  Manual ' — it  will  be  a  special  educator  in  the  family,  and  will 
largely  aid  in  promoting  intelligent  citizenship  in  the  community." 


"One  of  the  Most  Valuable  Works  to  Place  in  a  Family." 

[Froiu  the  Chicago  Youths'  Eramincr.] 
"We  supposed  when  we  saw  'HilPs  Manual  of  Social  and  Business 
Forms,'  we  saw  as  fine  a  work  as  was  ever  issued  in  this  country, 
and  were  not  satisfied  until  the  work  was  numbered  among  our  books. 
As  we  examine  the  new  book,  now  before  us,  by  Hon.  Thos.  E.  Hill, 
we  feel  how  unequal  we  are  to  the  task  of  giving  the  work  anything 
like  the  description  it  deserves,  in  a  notice  of  this  character.  Noth- 
ing but  a  personal  examination  will  give  even  a  fair  idea  of  its 
merits.  We  can  honestly  say  that  it  is  one  of  the  most  valuable 
works  to  place  in  a  family  that  it  has  ever  been  our  pleasure  to 
examine. " 


"  Far  Ahead  of  Anything  Ever  Issued  of  Like  Nature." 

[From  the  Jolict  (111. )  Signal.  ] 

"  It  is  dedicated  '  to  those  striving  for  excellence  in  the  various 
departments  of  human  action,  and  who  would  know  how  others  have 
won  success.'  It  comprises  eighteen  different  departments,  and  it  is 
a  model,  not  qfi]y  for  the  vast  number  of  interesting  subjects  treated 
upon,  and  the  conciseness  and  brevity  of  the  articles  and  amount  of 
useful  and  desirable  information  contained,  but  for  the  beauty  of  its 
typography  and  the  charming  manner  in  which  the  subjects  are 
grouped  and  illustrated.  It  is/rtr  ahead  of  anything  ever  issued  of 
like  naturet  and  is  an  elegant  and  attractive  volume  for  any  parlor  or 
library. " 


"I  Consider  This  a  Fair  Test." 

J.  J.  MooRE,  from  sf.  Charlrs,  Mo. ,  wi'ttes: 

"  I  have  taken  twenty-seven  orders  in  this  place  for  the  '  Album,' 
In  four  days       /  consider  this  a  fair  test  of  what  1  can  do.  " 


Chaui.ks  N.  TnoMAS,  Ge?i.  Agt.  in  New  Enghind,  irrUes: 
"The  agent  I  put  at  work  tn  Maine  took  seventeen  orders  for 
'Albums,'  his  first  week,  working  half  his  time." 


B.  W.  Kratbill,  reporting  from  Lancaster,  Pa.y  says: 
"My  first  day  netted  me  teu  sales  for  the  'Album,'  " 


[OVElll 


One  Opinion  and  One  Voice  Concerning  the  Album.      -^^ 


Regardless  of  Time,  Cost  and  Labor." 

[From  the  Chinit^o  Ilummu-  Jnurunl.  ] 

"The  '  Album'  exhibits  an  immense  amount  of  work  gotten  up  re- 
gardless of  time- y  cost  and  labor,  niul  is  bound  to  please.  It  is  a  book 
which  every  student  should  possess,  and  which  every  person  witli  lim- 
ited time  for  reading  can  refer  to  aud  at  once  obtain  almost  any  dej^ired 
information.  At  the  same  time  it  is  so  attractively  illustrated  and  ele- 
gantly bound  that  it  would  constitute  an  ornament  to  any  parlor  table. 
The  book  is  doubly  interesting  because  the  author  is  so  well  known  in 
Chicago  and  vicinity.  Besides  bidng  a  gentleman  of  exceedingly  flue 
tastes  and  the  highest  culture,  he  is  known  as  oneof  great  kindness  of 
heart  and  instinctively  humane.  The  Journal,  always  deeply  inter- 
ested in  this  phase  of  a  man's  character,  takes  pleasure  in  recogniz- 
ing this  element  in  that  of  Mr.  Hill,  and  brings  to  mind  a  bright 
instance  of  it  at  the  time  he  held  the  office  of  Mayor  of  the  city  of 
Aurora,  111.  The  subject  of  kindness  to  animals  had  long  engaged 
his  attention,  and  he  then  and  there  proceeded  to  put  in  practice  the 
principles  he  had  long  upheld.  He  made  it  his  business  to  go  around 
the  city  daily,  and  if  there  was  a  horse  standing  unfed,  exposed  to 
bitter  cold  or  undue  heat,  he  caused  it  to  be  provided  with  food  and 
shelter  until  the  heartless  owner  had  come  to  reason  and  was  likely  to 
take  better  care  of  his  animal  himself.  The  good  that  one  man  in 
such  a  position  can  accomplish  is  great,  and  if  each  official  in  high 
position  would  opeidy  censure  and  aid  in  punishing  the  brutal  acts 
which  he  can  scarcely  fail  to  witness  upon  our  streets  daily,  it  would 
do  much  toward  preventing  the  abuse  of  the  dumb  and  patient  ser- 
vants of  mankind. " 


"A  Condensed  Popular  Encyclopaedia/' 

[Kroin  the  Cliicago  Evening  Journa!.] 

"'Hill's  Album'  is  an  illustrated  compendium  of  biography, 
history,  literature,  art  and  science — in  fact,  a  condensed  popular  en- 
cyclopmdia.  One  is  astonished,  on  glancing  through  its  ample  pages, 
that  so  much  and  so  vast  a  variety  of  highly  instructive  and  useful 
matter  could  have  been  crowded  into  one  book,  and  at  the  same  time 
presented  in  a  form  and  style  so  tasteful  and  attractive.  Almost 
every  man  or  woman  whose  name  has  become  conspicuous  in  modern 
times  in  connection  with  great  works  or  great  thoughts  or  great  sys- 
tems is  included  in  the  sketches,  and  many  of  them  in  the  illustra- 
tions of  this  remarkable  '  Album. '  Religious  systems  and  leaders, 
wars  and  war  heroes,  great  inventions  and  inventive  geniuses,  sys- 
tems of  finance  and  great  linanciers,  the  sciences  and  the  great  men 
of  science,  celebrities  in  the  various  departments  of  literature,  music 
and  great  musicians,  the  drama  and  its  chief  actors,  the  law  and  the 
great  lawyers,  medicine  and  the  great  physicians,  statesmanship  and 
politics  and  famous  leaders  in  the  affairs  of  State,  and  art  and  the 
great  artists,  are  sketched  in  a  manner  which  gives  the  reader  a  good 
degree  of  information  regarding  each  and  all;  and  in  addition  to  all 
these,  Mr.  Hill  has  gathered  a  mass  of  facts  and  hints  for  the  benefit 
of  the  housekeeper  and  the  student  which  are  invaluable  and  always 
in  order. 

"The  people  of  America  are  aware  of  the  great  practical  value  of 
'Hill's  Manual,'  which  can  be  found  in  almost  every  counting-room 
and  household  in  the  land;  and  when  we  assure  them  that  his 
'  Album,'  which  is  published  in  form  and  style  similar  to  that  of  the 
'  Manual,'  is,  in  its  peculiar  line,  equally  valuable,  and  that  it  as 
surely  fills  a  popular  want  as  that  did,  they  will  need  no  further  sug- 
gestion as  to  the  desirability  of  possessing  It." 


"Goes  to  the  Root  of  Everything." 

[F1..111  Ui,-!H.i,u,  (III.  /  St'w.-i.] 

"Hon.  Thos.  E,  Hill,  ouci;  editor  of  the  Aurora  Herald,  and 
author  of  that  almost  indispensable  volume,  '  Hill's  Manual  of  Social 
and  Husiness  Forms,"  which  has  found  its  way  into  so  many  homes 
in  Kendall  county,  has  just  presented  a  new  volume  to  the  world, 
entitled  'Hill's  Album  of  Biography  and  Art. '  It  is  altogether  one 
of  the  finest  volumes  ever  produced,  besides  being  a  regular  encyclo- 
paedia of  information  that  no  person  in  this  age  should  be  without. 

"  To  those  who  have  read  '  Hill's  Manual,'  we  need  say  but  little  in 
praise  of  the  'Album,'  for  they  know  that  the  author  of  both  could 
not  but  make  a  success  of  such  a  \vork  as  is  comprised  in  the  latter. 

"The  book  treats  not  alone  of  the  biographies  of  men  and  women 
eminent  in  the  world  of  art,  literature,  music  and  the  drama,  but  of 
religion  and  its  founders,  military  men,  discoverers,  lawyers,  states- 
men, physicians,  and  it  also  gives  synopses  of  some;  of  the  different 
scientific  theories  that  have  at  once  startled  the  world.  Without 
delving  into  Darwin's  intricacies,  for  instance,  one  may  yet  obtain  a 
clear  idea  of  bis  theory  of  progression,  by  the  synopsis  in  this  work, 
which  will  impress  itself  deep  enough  on  the  mind  to  enable  one  to 
comprehend  it  thoroughly;  and  so  with  other  subjects — astronomical 
science,  science  of  mind,  finance,  household  ornamentation,  and  all 
he  touches  on.  The  author  is  not  superficial,  but  where  such  an 
array  of  subjects  is  treated  in  a  work  of  this  magnitude,  the  articles 
must  necessarily  be  brief,  yet  he  goes  to  the  root  of  everything,  dis- 
carding superfluities,  and  telling  facts  in  an  interesting  style  pecul- 
iarly his  own. " 


"Gotten  Up  on  the  Same  Elegant  Scale/' 

[From  the  Phrenolngiral  Journal.  New  York.  ] 

"  It  is  in  fine  a  cyclopiedia  of  eminent  persons  and  of  the  subjects  in 
religion,  science,  art  and  literature  which  are  deemed  by  the  world 
of  importance  to  civilization.  Upward  of  six  hundred  and  fifty  his- 
torical men  and  women  are  sketched,  and  a  large  proportion  of  these 
have  their  portraits  given.  We  are  informed  of  the  tenets  of  ancient 
religions,  and,  in  contrast  with  them,  a  brief  exposition  of  Christian- 
ity. Mormonism,  Spiritualism  and  other  later  forms  of  belief 
receive  their  share  of  consideration  also.  It  should  be  added  that 
the  prominent  Christian  sects  are  described  as  to  their  history  and 
growth.  Following  the  religious  department,  which  is  very  properly 
put  first,  we  have  a  summary  of  the  great  military  heroes  of  history, 
and  of  important  battles  fought  in  Europe  and  America — the  late  war 
for  the  Union  receiving  a  good  share  of  the  compiler's  attention. 
Then  follows  a  department  of  exploration  and  discovery;  then  a 
very  interesting  (because  fresh  in  most  of  its  details)  section  related 
to  inventors  and  invention.  The  rich  men  of  the  world  come  in  for 
a  share  of  the  printed  space,  and  then  science,  politics  and  philan- 
thropy fill  fifty  or  more  of  the  large  pages.  The  author  evidently 
places  much  confidence  in  the  doctrine  of  Gall  and  Spurzheim,  for  a 
considerable  section  is  devoted  to  a  synopsis  of  phrenology,  with 
several  well  selected  illustrations.  The  humorists  and  the  artists 
who  please  the  public  with  their  facetious  talk  and  drawing, 
are  well  represented,  and  so  are  the  writers,  essayists,  poets  and 
orators  who  direct  attention  to  the  serious  side  of  life.  The  prac- 
tical has  its  place  in  the  book,  especially  in  the  space  given  to  pen- 
manship, household  decoration  and  architectural  designs.  Mr.  Hill 
has  prepared  a  very  attractive  book,  and  its  success  will  probably 
match  that  of  his  'Manual,'  which  was  gotten  up  on  the  same  elegant 
scale.'" 


^  Ov- — 


in  an  latts  of  tf)t 
eniteli  States 


Co  iScpreBcnt  ti)e 
intctcsts  of 


USINESS 


■^«' 


HIS  Book  is  attaining  an  immense  circulation, 
the  printing  of  the  twenty-seventh  edition  having 
been  called  for  within  a  short  period  from  the 
time  of  its  first  publication ;  and  its  sale  is  con- 
stantly increasing  with  unparalleled  rapidity,  the 
prospect  being  that  in  time  it  will  reach  nearly 
every  household  in  the  land. 


SPECIAL  feature  of  this  book  favorable  to 
agents,  is,  that  it  has  a  more  rapid  sale  in  any 
locality  the  more  fully  people  become  acquainted 
with  its  merits.  A  second  and  third  canvass  of  a 
town  is  more  profitable  to  the  agent  than  the 
first.  For  terms  to  agents,  address  /fill  Standard 
Book  Co. ,  Publishers,  103  State  St. ,   Chicago,  III. 


COMMEXTDATZOITS. 


The  following  are  brief  extracts  from  hundreds  of  similar  notices  received  from  the  press  and  the  people. 


WHAT   NEWSPAPERS  SAY. 


From  the  "Statesman,"  Austin,  Texas, 

"  It  is  a  book  that  no  professional  or  business 
man  ought  to  be  without." 


From  the  "  Churchman/*  San  Francisco, 
Cal. 

"The  work  is  having  the  rapid  sale  which  its 
intrinsic  value  should  inspire." 


Salt 


From   the  "  Women's  Exponent," 
Lake  City. 

"We  view  it  as  one  of  the  best  books  of  its 
kind  ever  brought  to  our  notice.'' 


From  tlie  *'  Detroit  Free  Press." 

"This  book  disarms  criticism  by  carefully  re- 
fraining from  i)romising  too  mucli.  and  as  care- 
fully performing  all  that  it  promises." 


From  the  "Daily  Times,"  DeuTer,  Col 

"The  book  Is  an  original,  elegant,  and  won- 

'  ""      comprehensive   volume,    alike  indis- 

In  every   home,  countine-room  and 


derfullv  comprehensive  volume,  alike  indis- 
pensable *~  '■'  *'"~  ' 
ofUce." 


From  the  *'  Republican,"  Red  Wingr, 
Minn. 

"  No  one  can  Imagini-  the  amount  of  Informa- 
tion there  Is  in  this  l»ook  from  its  title.  It  Is 
clearly  the  fundamental  principles  of  a  Com- 
mercial College,  cnllatod  and  l)ound,  so  you  can 
carry  it  home  with  you  to  be  .studied  at  your 
leisure." 


From  the  "  Chicago  Tribune." 

"  I'rttf.  Hill  has  done  aii  excellent  service  In 
preparing  so  splendid  a  work.  With  It  at  han<l, 
one  need  never  be  at  a  loss  for  the  form  todo  al- 
ntost  any  ordinary  business  correctly,  or  Id 
prepare  a  nott;  or  an  answer  to  th*-  nianv  aiirl 
varl<-d  calls  of  sudal  life.  We  predict  fur  it 
great  popularity  and  an  extensive  wjUe." 


OPINIONS    OF    PROMINENT 
MEN. 


From  Hon.  Schuyler  Colfax,  late  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States. 

South  IJexd,   Ini>. 

My  Dear  Sir:  I  have  examined  with  interest, 
and  also  with  surprise,  your  "Manual  of  Social 
and  Business  Forms,"  and  find  it  really  an  en- 
cyclopedia of  information  of  all  kinds,  needed 
in  social  or  business  life,  admirably  arranged 
and  handsomely  illustrated,  forming  the  most 
comprehensive  and  satisfactory  work  of  the 
kind  I  have  ever  seen.  It  ought  to  be  in  every 
library  and  counting-room,  and  the  longer  it  is 
examined  and  used,  the  more  highly  it  will  be 
appreciated.  Yours  truly, 

SCHIJYLER  COLFAX. 

Prof.Thos.  E.  Hill,  Chicago,  III. 


From   Prof.  A.  Freese,   formerly  Sup't 
of  Schools,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

"Hill's  Manual  is  no  ordinary  affair.  This 
you  will  see  after  examining  it"  five  minutes. 
For  a  young  ni:ni  wlm  wants  to  kiiuw  huw  busi- 
ness is  done,  how  I..  put  things  in  guo.t  sh:ipc. 
and  the  rnjht  shape,  this  book  is  invalualtjc. 
He  could  attord  to  pav  S50  for  it,  in  case  ho  could 
not  get  it  for  less.  If  I  could  have  found  such  a 
work  in  my  boyhood,  my  blunders  would  have 
been  less,  and  my  greenness  less  apparent  when 
I  struck  out  Into  this  sharp  and  critical  world." 


From  W.  W.  Chandler,  General   Ajjent 
Star  Union  Line,  Chicaffo. 

Chicaoo,  III. 

It  Is  Indeed  a  wonderfnl  proOiictinn,  and  I  am 
more  and  mnro  aslonislied  :it  the  great  vurlttfi 
and  vast  amount  of  praetical  information  it 
contains.  No  young  man  <-;iti  afford  to  be  with- 
onta  copy,  and  the  Information  It  contains  Is 
eipi^Ily  valuable  and  kssential  to  evehy 
LAI>Y  IN  THR  LAND.  Av  oftr  of  a  htnulrcd 
dollars  for  the  booh,  irr  rren  five  tLnies  that  sum, 
ii'oitld  not  hity  it  ffDm  iiir,  were  it  an  iinvossi- 
bUity  to  procure  nnuiUer  enpy. 

Hill's  Manual  ls  hmphatically  thk 
most  ooml'lktk,  ('(tm  pkkiiensi vk.    anp  kf'.- 

LIAIJLK  WOUK  OF  THE  KIND    KVKK  I'lrilLISlI  KI>, 
BEYOND  TUK  SHATKJW  OK  A  DOUUT. 


WHAT   AGENTS   SAY. 

From  J,  S.  Martin,  Gold  Hill,  Nevada. 

"I  have  canvassed  for  Hill's  Manual  seven 
days,  and  taken  127  orders." 


From  J.  W.  Fn^Iand,  Plain  City,  Utah. 

"The  book  takes  well,    and  the  more   it  is 
known  the  better  it  is  liked." 


From  T.  F.  Graber,  Kenosha,  Wis, 

"  I  never  saw  a  book  that  I  could  canvass  for 
with  a  will,  before  1  saw  yours," 


Wm.  H.  Shepard,  San  Francisco,  Cat., 

Writes:  "Our  canvass  in  Denver.  Colorado 
bids  fair  to  reach  350  subscriber.'^."  This  was 
the  second  canvass,  six  months  after  the  first. 

H,  B.  Mathews,  Aurora,  111., 

Says:  "This  is  the  best  book  In  existence  for 
an  agent  to  sell  in  Iiard  times,  as  it  enables  peo- 
ple to  save  money  aiul  make  money;  hence, 
they  cannot  afford  to  be  without  it. 

From  Mrs,  L.  Uoag:,  Hiffh  Forest,  MJnn. 

"  We  find  by  recanvassing  after  the  book  has 
been  introduced,  we  can  double  on  our  sub- 
scribers, anil  we  intend  going  over  the  ground 
time  and  again." 

From  Wm.  Rolph,  I..aporte  City,  Iowa« 

"  I  like  the  business  of  canvassing  for  Hill's 
Manual  first-rate,  because  it  pays,  and  it  is  su(*h 
a  work  as  I  consider  honorable  to  sell,  for  It  Is 
equal  to  all  the  agent  can  say  for  It." 


Chas.  S.  Attix,  Camp  Brown,  Wyoming:, 

Inquires  conrcriUng  the  agency  of  Hill's 
Manual,  s*ivlng  that  many  who  have  seen  a  copy 
of  the  l)OoK  in  his  fiossession  <leslre  It.  aiuI 
adds:  "I  have  been  offered  ten  dollars  for  the 
(■((pv  1  have,  but  would  nut  i)art  for  It  for  double 
that  amount." 


(OVKR.) 


OPINIONS   OF   THE    PRESS. 


The   newspapers  of  the  country  have  been  of  one  voice  in  the  praise  of  Hill's    Manual.      The 
following  testimonials  are  a  few  of  the  hundreds  of  similar  character. 


>>®*= 


IN    NEW    ENGLAND. 


From  tlie  I5ost«»n  Herald. 

"A  very  valu;iliic  volume  is  'Hill's  Manual 
of  Social  and  Husincss  Korms.'  It  is  a  lar^e 
quarto,  luindsoinely  produced  us  far  as  externals 
are  concerned,  but  not  less  attractive  and  desira- 
ble on  account  of  its  contents,  for,  from  its  pa^es 
the  self-instructing  student  can  become  tamiliar 
with  all  the  forms  in  general  use,  and  almost 
everything-  that  a  person  should  know  in  this 
practical  age." 

From  the  Nashua  (N.  H.)  Telegraph. 

"  *  Hill's  Manual  *  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
and  useful  books  ever  published.  It  is  a  book 
for  everybody,  man,  woman  and  child.  No  one 
can  failto  find  much  in  it  that  is  both  entertain- 
ing- and  instructive,  and  that  can  be  ap|)lied  to 
practical  use.     It  is  an  eminently  usefulbook  for 

Eublic  or  private  libraries,  and  a  most  valuable 
ook  for  study  nnd  reference  by  every  man  in 
every  possible  business.  No  book  on  this  con- 
tinent was  ever  gotten  up  with  such  exquisite 
taste  in  its  mechanical  execution,  and  certainly 
none  that  will  be  of  greater  value  to  themasses 
of  men  and  women  —  old  and  young.  Whoever 
purchases  the  book  will  have  in  it  alone  a  valu- 
able library  at  very  small  cost.'* 

From  the  Suflfolk  Co.  (Mass.)  Jox'-nal. 
"  Of  its  inestimable  value  one  cannot  judge 
fully  without  examining  the  work.  Manyof  the 
most  eminent  men  in  our  country  have  given  it 
their  unqualified  praise,  having  bought  and  used 
it,  and  the  general  sentiment  among  them  is,  that 
having  once  possessed  it  and  become  acqiuiinted 
with  its  worth,  they  could  hardly  be  induced  to 
part  with  it  at  any  price.  Among  those  in  this 
section  of  country  are  Gov.  Gaston,  Gov.  Rice, 
C.  G.  Atwoodof  the  Boston  Board  of  Trade,  G. 
A.  Somerby,  Esq.,  and  many  others.  The  lead- 
ing educational  men  of  our  country  speak  of  it 
in  the  same  terms  of  praise." 

From  the  Fall  River  (Mass.)  Border 
City  Herald. 

*'  *  Hill's  Manual  of  Social  and  Business 
FouMS.' — This  is  a  valuable  new  work  of  real 
excellence,  and  forms  a  manual  comprehending 
instructions  and  examples  to  guide  the  scholar, 
the  man  of  business,  the  teacher,  and  the  general 
public  in  every  branch  of  enterprise  over  the  wide 
domain  of  human  effort.  The  work  is  of  the  most 
varied  character,  and  supplies  alike  the  wants  of 
the  old  and  the  demands  of  the  young  in  every 
phase  of  human  life.  \Ve  assure  all  who  pur- 
chase this  work  that  a  more  elegant,  useful,  and 
comprehensive  volume  of  instructions  and  ex- 
amples, suiting  all  ages  and  conditions  in  life  in 
both  sexes,  has  never  been  laid  upon  our  tables." 

From  the  Cambridge  (]\Iass.)  Chronicle. 
'*  'Hill's  Manual  of  Social  axd  Business 
FouMs'  is  one  of  the  most  useful  volumes  ever 
placed  upon  the  desk  of  a  business  or  profes- 
sional man,  or  upon  the  table  of  a  drawing-room. 
It  is  a  perfect  treasure  of  valuable  and  practical 
information  on  social  and  business  topics,  which 
are  of  immense  importance  to  every  one.  The 
items  confined  within  the  limits  of  the  book  em- 
brace instructions  and  guides  for  the  city  officer, 
student,  politician,  clergyman,  physician,  clerk. 
In  fact,  every  person  who  is  in  business'  or 
engaged  in  anycallingwhatevcr,  will  findinfor- 
mation  as  to  the  proper  manner  in  which  to 
write  any  document  entering  into  .he  various 
social  and  business  relations  of  life." 


IN  THE   MIDDLE   STATES. 


From  the  I'hrenolojcical  (N.  Y.)  Journal. 

"This  work  is  exceedingly  comprehensive. 
The  author  has  evidently  aimed  to  cover  all  the 
departments  of  practical  life  in  which  the  pen  is 
an  essential  instrumentality,  and  his  endeavor 
has  not  failtjd  of  eminent  success  in  producing 
a  most  useful  book.  We  have  been  informed 
that  upward  of  50,000  copies  have  been  sold  in 
a  short  time  ;  and  no  wotuier,  as  it  is  such  a 
work  as  an  agent  can  tilk  about,  if  talk  be  at 
all  necessary  besides  its  examination." 


From  tlic  Akron  (Ohio)  Beacon. 

"Let  it  be  placed  where  young  neople  may 
have  access  to  it;  and  in  the  hantls  of  every 
family,  where  children  can,  as  it  were,  gkow  up 
with  it,  so  that  its  principles  may  become  a  kind 
of  second  nature  to  them,  and  many  a  stream 
will  be  bridged  which  would  otherwise  separate 
them  from  positions  in  both  social  and  business 
life,  which  by  nature  they  are  fitted  to  fill.  The 
work  certainly  belongs  to  the  list  of  articles 
which  should  be  considered  a  necessity  in 
every  household,  and  a  timely,  helping  hand  to 
those  of  mature  years." 

From  the  Easton  (Penn.)  Free  Press. 

"  '  Hill's  Manual '  is  a  work  of  which  no  writ- 
ten description  can  give  a  properly  adequate 
idea.  It  must  be  examined,  that  its  merits  may 
be  appreciated.  The  author  seems  to  have 
studied  the  wants  of  almost  every  person  and 
family,  and  more  perfectly  met  these  wants  than 
it  would  seem  possible  to  do  in  volumes;  and 
yet  we  find  it  in  one  compact  book,  which  comes 
within  the  reach  of  all." 

From  the  Syracuse  (N.  Y.)  Daily  Jonrnal. 

"It  has  often  been  remarked  of  individuals 
that  'they  have  forgotten  more  in  a  minute' 
than  others  have  ieanied  in  a  lifetime.  Whether 
the  remark  is  to  b;  ta^en  is  a  :romplimPnt  to  the 
former  or  a  reflection  upon  the  latter,  matters  not 
particularly,  since  it  is  a  well-known  fact,  and 
one  most  frequently  and  sincerely  regretted  by 
everybody,  that  thousands  of  little  things  that 
contribute  to  daily  pleasure,  convenience  or 
knowledge  are  absolutely  forgotten  and  beyond 
recall  at  t^e  very  moment  when  most  they  are 
needed.  What  heart  ^lurning^  what  vexation  of 
spirit  would  be  averted,  what  incalculable  ma- 
terial benefits,  even,  would  often  accrue  were 
there  at  our  elbow  some  monitor,  visible  or  in- 
visible, embodying  in  its  inexhaustible  resources 
the  miiltiim  in  parvo  which  forgetful  mortals 
crave. 

"  Such  a  mentor,  nearly  if  not  alto^^ether  in- 
fallible, has  been  provided  in  *  Hill's  Alanual  of 
Social  and  Business  Forms  and  Guide  to  Correct 
\Vriting,*  a  copy  of  which  lies  before  us,  and 
the  examination  of  which  suggests  the  fitness 
of  the  above  title.  Its  external  appearance  and 
internal  composition  fit  it.  in  all  respects,  to  be 
the  guide  of  young  and  old,  male  Jind  female, 
business  man  of  whatever  trade,  calling  or  pro- 
fession, and  man  of  leisure,  dimce  .ind  scholar. 
'Hill's  Manual'  best  speaks  for  itself,  for  its 
compactness,  brevity  and  comprehensiveness 
brings  'vHl^z;  '^s  ?cvers  thousands  upon  thou- 
sands of  items  of  information  in  daily  practical 
use,  the  topical  enumeration  of  which,  in  the 
general  index,  occupies  seven  pages. 

"The  book  is  a  marvel  of  patience  and  pains- 
taking care.  It  is  the  work  of  years,  and  a  tri- 
umph at  last.  No  more  useful  book  can  be 
found  in  existence." 


IN  THE  WEST  AND  SOUTH 


From  the  Cliicatco  Kveiiinj;  Journul, 
Murdi  H,  1870. 

"The  people  of  Aurora,  III,,  yesterday  elected 
Thomas  K.  Hill  mayor  of  their  city,  without 
opposition.  The  press  and  the  people  unani- 
mously declared  him  to  be  so  eminently  fitted 
for  the  place,  by  wealth,  public  spirit  anti  enter- 
prise, that  all  classes  united  in  choosing  him  for 
the  place,  irrespective  of  party  or  political  feel- 
ing. Though  formerly,  for  several  years,  en- 
gaged in  teaching,  Mr,  Hill  has  latterly  made 
fourualism  his  profession.  He  is  best  known  to 
the  world,  however,  as  the  author  of  'Hill's 
Manual  of  Social  and  Business  Forms,'  a  book 
which,  though  a  very  large  volume,  has  had  the 
remarkable  sale  of  over  50,ocx>  copies  in  a  very 
brief  time." 

From  the  Chica^^o  Eveninpr  Post, 

"One  of  the  most  useful  volumes  that  was 
ever  laid  upon  the  counting-room  desk  or  the 
drawing-room  table,  is  '  Hill's  Manual  of  Busi- 
ness Forms.*  It  is  a  perfect  treasury  of  knowl- 
edge ;  a  complete  encyclop:edia  of  [Practical  in- 
formation. Scanning  the  table  of^contents,  it 
is  puzzling  to  conceive  how  so  much  can  have 
been  crowded  into  the  confines  of  a  single  book 
— impossible  to  believe  that  the  half  which  is 
there  promised  can  be  fulfilled.  But  turning 
over  the  pages,  one  by  one.  observing  the  freight 
they  bear,  the  method  of  its  arrangement,  its 
variety  ar.d  completeness,  incredulity  is  suc- 
ceeded by  astonishment  and  a<lmiration.  The 
work  is  a  marvel  of  ingenxuty  and  industry,  a 
prodigy  of  patient  and  skillful  labor." 

The  Preston  (Minn.)  Republican  says: 

"Hill's  Manual,  as  a  whole,  is  the  outgrowth 
of  many  years  of  preparation,  the  object  of  the 
author  bemg  to  give  in  a  concise  form,  and  in  one 
compendium,  much  that  has  been  heretofore  in- 
accessible, and  also  much  thai  could  be  obtained 
elsewhere  only  at  great  cost,  thus  placing  this 
import:tnt  informafion  in  convenient  form  for 
ready  reference,  within  the  reach  of  all.  In  the 
,  varied  departments  of  practical,  evcry-day  life, 
it  will  be  found  at  once  the  faithful  tutor,  the 
reliable  guide,  and  the  safe  adviser. 

"  For  the  business  man  or  mechanic,  the  pro 
fessional  man  or  farmer,  for  evcrv  lady,  the  stu- 
dent, the  young  or  old,  and  pre-eminently  for 
the  family,  the  work  has  never  had  its  equal,  as 
regards  real  practical  utility. 

"Meeting  an  existing  want  among  all  classes 
of  people,  the  sale  of  the  work  at  the  present 
time,  in  proportion  to  the  population,  has  rarely, 
if  ever,  been  equaled  by  any  other  work,  even 
in  the  most  prosperous  years  of  tlie  last  decade." 


From  the  I.oaisville  Commercial. 

"Hill's  Manual. — We  learn  that  this  useful 
book  is  meeting  with  the  favor  it  so  well  de- 
serves. Tt  is  a  peculiar  work,  in  the  respect  that 
no  desc.iption  will  give  a  person  a  true  idea  of 
it,  owing  to  the  diversit\*  of  subjects  treated  ; 
hence,  only  those  who  examine  the  \vork  can 
really  appreciate  it.  We  are  all,  to  some  extent, 
specialists,  having  given  more  attention  to  some 
one  line  of  business  or  study,  leaving  other  mat- 
ters of  equal  importance  but  partially  covered; 
and  just  here  this  work  will  be  found  to  meet  a 
want  which  almost  everyone  has  felt.  It  cer- 
tainly belongs  to  the  list  of  articles  which  should 
be  considered  a  necessity  in  every  office  and  li- 
brary, and  is  a  helping  hand  to  those  of  mature 
years." 


COMMENDATIONS 

FROM 

DISTINGUISHED  EDUCATORS  AND  EMINENT  MEN. 

NO  work  of  an  educational  character,  of  late  years,  has  met  with  such  universal  approval  from 
teachers  and  learned  inen  as  this.  While  the  book  is  most  warmly  welcomed  by  the 
illiterate,  it  is  equally  sought  for  by  the  educated.  Hundreds  of  testimonials  from  distinguished 
individuals  misfht  be  griven  similar  to  the  following: 


From  Samuel  Fallows,  ex-State  Supt. 
Pub.  Schools,  Wisconsin. 

"  I  am  highly  delighted  with  the  plan  and 
execution  ot  Hill's  Manual." 

From  Prof.  J,  G.  Cross,  Principal  of 
the  Northwestern  Business  College, 
Naperville,  111. 

"It  is  a  most  valuable  book,  which  ought  to 
be  multiplied  as  many  liines  as  there  are  families 
in  the  United  States.  I  have  adopted  it  as  a 
book  of  daily  reference  for  our  business  stu- 
dents." 

From  Theodore  B.  Boyd.  Principal  of 
the   Louisville  Commercial  College. 

"I  have  examined  'Hill's  Manual  of  Social 
and  Business  Forms.'  and  am  surprised  at  the 
amount  of  useful  information  contained  in  one 
volume.  Prof.  Hill  seems  to  have  studied  the 
wants  ®f  every  one.  It  is  one  of  the  most  use- 
ful books  that  was  ever  laid  upon  the  counting- 
room  desk  or  the  drawing-room  table." 

From   D.  S.  Burns,  Supt.  Puh,  Schools, 
Harrisburg,  Pa, 

*'  I  know  of  no  work  that  contains  so  great  a 
variety  of  valuable  information  on  social  and 
business  tonics  as  *  Hill's  Manual  of  Social  and 
Business  Forms.'  I  think  it  a  work  of  special 
value  to  those  who  have  not  had  opportunities 
of  an  extended  school  course,  or  becoming 
familiar  by  contact  with  the  conventionalities 
of  society." 

From  Wm.  Cornell,  Supt.  Pub,  Schools 
in  Fall  Kiver,  Mass. 

"  I  most  cheerfully  recommend  "Hill's  Man- 
ual of  Social  and  Business  Forms  *  as  a  very  full 
work  on  the  various  'Forms'  which  every  per- 
son is  likely  to  have  occasion  to  use  in  his  rela- 
tions with  persons  in  society.  A  thorough  study 
of  the  'book'  by  our  young  men  and  women 
would  repay  them  by  their  acquiring  a  large 
fund  of  very  valuable  and  practical  knowledge 
from  its  pages.  It  should  meet  with  a  large 
circulation." 

From  M.  M.  Ballou,  Distinguished  Au- 
thor, formerly  l'iit>lisher  of  '*  Boston 
<;i(»be,"  "  BaUoti's  IMouthly,"  etc. 

*' '  Hill's  Manual '  is  one  of  thnse  indispensa- 
ble books  of  reference  which  both  business  men 
and  families  should  always  have  at  hand.  It  is 
such  a  natural  outgrowth  of  the  spirit  of  the 
age  to  condense  and  put  in  available  form  im- 
portiint  information  upon  every  subject,  that, 
while  wc  are  much  gratified  to  possess  this  vol- 
ume, we  are  also  surprised  that  such  a  book  has 
not  before  been  produced.  It  is  exactly  what  its 
title  indicates,  a  book  of  'Social  and  Business 
F'orms  ' ;  but  it  would  require  too  much  space  to 
give  even  a  synopsis  of  this  valuable  compen- 
dium of  instruction  and  im]>ort:int  knowledge." 


From  D.  P.  Lindsley,  Author  of  Linds- 
ley's  System  of  Tachygraphy,  Ando- 
ver,  Mass. 

"  '  Hill's  Manual  *  is  really  the  most  compre- 
hensive, thorough  and  elegant  volume,  treating 
on  '  Social  and  Business  Forms,'  that  has  ever 
been  issued  in  this  country." 

From  Gov.  Gaston,  of  Massachusetts. 

'''Hill's  Manual  of  Social  and  Business 
Forms'  contains  much  valuable  and  useful  in- 
formation.  I  think  //  well  meets  a  public  ivant, 
"and  can  therefore  be  safely  and  properly  com- 
mended to  public  favor." 

From  President  McCollister,  of  Buch- 
tel  College,  Akron,  Ohio. 

"  *  Hill's  Manual  '  is  a  timely  book,  meeting 
a  public  want  which  has  not  been  filled  before. 
Every  family  should  own  this  book.  It  contains 
information  important  and  useful  to  all  classes. 
I  feel  all  who  examine  it  will  want  it." 

From  ^Vm.  31.  Cubery,  of  Cubery  &  Co., 
Publishers  of  the  **  Pacific  Church- 
man," San  Francisco,  Cal. 

*'  'Hill's  Manual  of  Social  and  Business 
Forms'  is  not  only  a  luxurv,  but  a  necessity  — 
eminently  serviceable  in  the  social  circle,  and 
indispensable  to  the  man  of  business  who 
would  save  time  and  money.  I  keep  a  copy 
in  my  e-ounting-room  for  ready  reference." 

From  Stephen  Walkley,  Treasurer  of 
the  Peck,  Stow  &  W'ilcox  Co.,  South- 
ington.  Conn. 

"  Hill's  Manual  is  remarkable  as  containing  a 
great  varietv  of  forms  fornumberless  little  things 
which  all  people  have  to  do  at  sometime  in  their 
lives,  but  which  most  people  do  so  seldom  that 
thev  entirely  forget  the  methods  in  ordinary  use, 
and  do  them  awkwardlv  or  not  at  all.  I  have 
known  even  well-educated  persons  travel  one  or 
two  miles  to  have  a  subscription  paper  drawn, 
just  for  the  lack  of  such  a  book  as  this.  I  am 
surprised  at  the  great  scope  of  the  work,  and 
have  yet  to  discover  anv  social  or  business  form 
needed  by  people  in  the  ordinary  walks  of  life 
which  is  not  there  given." 

From  Newton  Bateman,  ex-State  Supt. 
of  Public  Schools.  Illinois. 

"  Knox  College,  Galeshikg,  III. 
"'Hill's  Manual  of  Social  and  Business 
Forms  '  is  the  best  and  most  complete  work  of 
the  kind  that  has  yet  fallen  under  mv  notice. 
Indeed  I  do  not  see  how  it  could  well  be  more 
comprehensive  and  exhaustive  in  respect  to  the 
matters  of  which  it  treats.  It  contains,  in  com- 
paratively small  compass,  an  immense  amount 
of  useful  information  upon  a  great  variety  of 
practical  matters,  general  and  special,  with 
which  every  person  in  every  community  ought 
to  be  acqu. tinted." 


From  Geo.  Sonle,  President  of  Soule*B 
Commercial  and  Literary  Institute, 
New  Orleans. 

"I  am  pleased  to  say  that  I  regard  'Hill's 
Manual '  as  one  of  the  most  valuable  works  for 
all  classes  of  society  which  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury has  produced." 

From  Prof.  Worthy  Putnam,  Author  of 
Putnam's  Elocution  and  Oratory,  Ber- 
rien Springs,  Mich. 

"  have  bought  Hill's  Manual  —  I  like  it — I 
admire  it ;  and  so  says  my  household.  It  is  a 
little  encyclopa?diaof  use,  ornament,  and  knowl- 
edge for  both  men  and  women.  It  is  a  gem  of 
aufliorship,  artistic  execution  and  usefulness." 


From  the  venerable  Jared  P.  Kirtland, 
M.B.,  LL.B. 

"After  a  thorough  and  critical  examina- 
tion of  'Hill's  Manual,'  I  have  subscribed  for 
three  copies :  one  to  accompany  \Vebster's  Una  - 
bridged  Dictionary  on  my  wrfting  desk  for  my 
own  use,  the  others  for  mv  two  eldest  great- 
grandsons.  *  *  *  It  should  be  in  the  posses- 
sion of  every  class  of  persons,  from  the  young 
student  to  the  most  active  business  man  or 
woman."  Jared  P.  Kirtland. 


President  Grant  Subscribes. 

The  agent  of  Hill's  Manual  at  Long  Branch 
writes  :  "  By  ten  a.  m.  I  was  at  the  president's 
cottage,  tipped  and  doffed  my  hat,  announced 
my  business,  when  the  president  promptly  said 
he  did  not  want  to  subscribe.  I  obtained  per- 
mission to  show  it  to  him,  and  did  so  very  hur- 
riedly. At  the  conclusion,  he  took  my  specimen 
copy,  paid  me  the  cash,  and  added  his  name  to 
my  autograph  book." 


From  Major  Merwin,  Editor  "American 
Journal  of  Education,"  St.  Louis. 

"After  having  given  *  Hill's  Manual '  a  very 
careful  and  thorough  examination,  I  do  not  hesi- 
tate to  say  that  it  will  be  found  one  of  the  most 
useful  And  practical  works  to  put  into  the  schools 
of  the  country  that  has  ever  been  published.    It 

IS  A  1- IT  AND  almost  INDISPENSABLE  COM.PANION 

TO  Webster's  Unabridged  Dictionary  ;  con- 
taining in  a  compact  form  just  tliose  tilings  every 
person  who  transacts  any  business  needs  to 
know.  There  is  scarcely  a  subject  which  comes 
within  the  purview  of  any  individual,  either  in 
public  or  private  life,  but  what  is  explained  in 
this  elegant  volume.  If  it  could  be  consulted  in 
the  drawing  up  of  contracts,  nearly  all  the  mis- 
takes which  occur  might  be  avoided,  and  the  ill 
feeling  and  litigation  growing  out  of  misunder- 
standings would  be  a  thing  of  the  past.  I  wish 
every  person  in  the  Slate  could  be  supplied  with 
a  copy." 


SOLD  ONLY  BY  SUBSCRIPTION,  and  not  at  Bookstores.     AGENTS  WANTED.     Address,  for  terms, 

HILL   STANDARD  BOOK  €0.,  Piiblislicrs, 

No.  103  State  Street,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


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